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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, Memorials of Old London, Volume II (of 2),
-Edited by P. H. Peter Hampson) Ditchfield
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-
-Title: Memorials of Old London, Volume II (of 2)
-
-
-Editor: P. H. Peter Hampson) Ditchfield
-
-Release Date: February 7, 2015  [eBook #48187]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON, VOLUME II
-(OF 2)***
-
-
-E-text prepared by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
-
-
-
-Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
-      file which includes the original illustrations.
-      See 48187-h.htm or 48187-h.zip:
-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/48187/48187-h/48187-h.htm)
-      or
-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/48187/48187-h.zip)
-
-
-      Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.
-      Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28742
-
-
-
-
-
-Memorials of the Counties of England
-
-General Editor:
-
-REV. P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., F.R.Hist.S.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON
-
-VOLUME II.
-
-
-[Illustration: CRAB TREE INN, HAMMERSMITH 1898
-
-_From a painting by Philip Norman, LL.D._]
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON
-
-Edited by
-
-P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A.
-
-Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
-
-Author of
-_The City Companies of London and their Good Works_
-_The Story of our Towns_
-_The Cathedral Churches of Great Britain_
-_&c. &c._
-
-In Two Volumes
-
-VOL. II.
-
-With Many Illustrations
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-London
-Bemrose & Sons Limited, 4 Snow Hill, E.C.
-and Derby
-1908
-
-[All Rights Reserved]
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
-
-
-                                                                    Page
-
-The Palaces of London
-  By Rev. R. S. Mylne, B.C.L., F.S.A.                                  1
-
-Elizabethan London
-  By T. Fairman Ordish, F.S.A.                                        21
-
-Pepys's London
-  By H. B. Wheatley, F.S.A.                                           52
-
-The Old London Bridges
-  By J. Tavenor-Perry                                                 82
-
-The Clubs of London
-  By Sir Edwd. Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.                                 99
-
-The Inns of Old London
-  By Philip Norman, LL.D.                                            113
-
-The Old London Coffee-Houses
-  By G. L. Apperson, I.S.O.                                          135
-
-The Learned Societies of London
-  By Sir Edwd. Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.                                150
-
-Literary Shrines of Old London
-  By Elsie M. Lang                                                   166
-
-Crosby Hall
-  By the Editor                                                      182
-
-The Pageant of London; with some account of the City Churches,
-Christ's Hospital, etc.
-  By the Editor                                                      193
-
-Index                                                                223
-
-
-
-
-LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOL. II.
-
-
-Crab Tree Inn, Hammersmith, 1898                          _Frontispiece_
-    (_From a painting by Philip Norman, LL.D._)
-
-                                                                Page, or
-                                                             Facing Page
-
-The Houses of Parliament (_From a photo. by Mansell & Co._)            4
-
-A View of the Savoy Palace from the River Thames                       6
-    (_From an engraving published by the Society of Antiquaries
-     in 1750, from a plan by G. Virtue_)
-
-Portion of an exact Survey of the Streets, Lanes, and Churches         8
-    (_Comprehended by the order and directions of the Right
-    Honourable the Lord Mayor, 10th December, 1666_)
-
-The Prospect of Bridewell                                             10
-    (_Published according to Act of Parliament, 1755, for Stow's
-    Survey_)
-
-The Palace of Whitehall (_From a photo. by Mansell & Co._)            14
-
-St. James's Palace                "    "    "                         16
-
-St. James's Palace, from Pall Mall and from the Park                  18
-    (_From an old print_)
-
-Plan of London in the time of Queen Elizabeth (1563)                  24
-    (_From an old print_)
-
-Shooting Match by the London Archers in the Year 1583                 44
-    (_From an old print_)
-
-A View of London as it appeared before the Great Fire                 56
-    (_From an old print_)
-
-The Great Fire of London (_From an old print_)                        76
-
-South-West View of Old St. Paul's     "    "                          80
-
-Sir John Evelyn's Plan for Rebuilding London after the Great Fire
-    (_From an old print_)                                             82
-
-The Undercroft of St. Thomas of Canterbury on the Bridge              84
-
-The Surrey End of London Bridge (_Drawn by J. Tavenor-Perry_)         89
-
-The Foundation Stone Chair          "    "    "                       93
-
-Old Westminster Bridge              "    "    "                       96
-
-Badge of Bridge House Estates       "    "    "                       98
-
-An Early Letter of the Royal Society, dated January 18th, 1693-4     152
-
-Cheapside, with the Cross, as they appeared in 1660                  170
-    (_From an old print_)
-
-Crosby Hall (_From a drawing by Whichillo, engraved by Stour_)       184
-
-St. Paul's Cathedral, with Lord Mayor's Show on the water            190
-    (_From an engraving by Pugh, 1804_)
-
-Christ's Hospital (_From an old print_)                              194
-
-Carrying the Crug-basket                                             196
-
-Wooden Platters and Beer Jack                                        198
-
-Piggin, Wooden Spoon, Wooden Soup-ladle                              199
-
-Christ's Hospital: The Garden (_From a photo._)                      200
-
-Old Staircase at Christ's Hospital                                   202
-
-The Royal Exchange (_From an engraving by Hollar, 1644_)             218
-
-
-
-
-THE PALACES OF LONDON
-
-BY THE REV. R. S. MYLNE, B.C.L. (OXON), F.S.A. F.R.S. (SCOTS.)
-
-
-The housing of the Sovereign is always a matter of interest to the
-nation. It were natural to expect that some definite arrangement
-should be made for this purpose, planned and executed on a grand and
-appropriate scale. Yet as a matter of fact this is seldom the case
-amongst the western nations of Europe. Two different causes have
-operated in a contrary direction. One is the natural predilection of
-the ruler of the State for a commodious palace outside, but not far
-from, the capital. Thus the great Castle of Windsor has always been
-_par excellence_ the favourite residence of the King of England. The
-other is the growth of parliamentary institutions. Thus the entire
-space occupied by the original Royal Palace has become the official
-meeting-place of the Parliament; and the King himself has perforce been
-compelled to find accommodation elsewhere.
-
-Look at the actual history of the Royal Palace of _Westminster_, where
-the High Court of Parliament now is accustomed to assemble. It was on
-this very spot that Edward the Confessor lived and died, glorying in
-the close proximity of the noble abbey that seemed to give sanctity to
-his own abode. Here the last Saxon King entertained Duke William of
-Normandy, destined to be his own successor on the throne. Here he gave
-the famous feast in which he foretold the failure of the crusades, as
-Baring Gould records in his delightful _Myths of the Middle Ages_. Here
-Edward I. was born, and Edward III. died. The great hall was erected by
-William Rufus, and the chapel by King Stephen. Henry VIII. added the
-star chamber. The painted chamber, decorated with frescoes by Henry
-III., was probably the oldest portion of the mediæval palace, and just
-beyond was the prince's chamber with walls seven feet thick. There was
-also the ancient Court of Requests, which served as the House of Lords
-down to 1834. The beautiful Gothic Chapel of St. Stephen was used as
-the House of Commons from 1547 to 1834. The walls were covered with
-frescoes representing scenes from the Old and New Testaments. In modern
-times they resounded to the eloquence of Pitt, Fox, Burke, and Canning.
-
-The curious crypt beneath this chapel was carefully prepared by H.M.
-Office of Works for the celebration of the marriage of Lord Chancellor
-Loreburn last December, and a coffin was discovered while making
-certain reparations to the stonework, which is believed to contain the
-remains of the famous Dr. Lyndwode, Bishop of St. David's from 1442 to
-1446.
-
-In the terrible fire on the night of October 16, 1834, the entire
-palace was destroyed with the exception of the great hall, which, begun
-by William Rufus, received its present beautiful roof of chestnut wood
-from Henry Yeveley, architect or master mason to Richard II.
-
-The present magnificent Palace of Westminster was erected by Sir
-Charles Barry between 1840 and 1859 in the Gothic style, and is
-certainly one of the finest modern buildings in the world. The river
-front is remarkably effective, and presents an appearance which at once
-arrests the attention of every visitor. It is quite twice the size of
-the old palace, formerly occupied by the King, and cost three millions
-sterling. It is certainly the finest modern building in London.
-
-Some critics have objected to the minuteness of the decorative designs
-on the flat surfaces of the walls, but these are really quite in accord
-with the delicate genius of Gothic architecture, and fine examples of
-this kind of work are found in Belgium and other parts of the Continent.
-
-Every one must admit the elegance of proportion manifested in the
-architect's design, and this it is which makes the towers stand out so
-well above the main building from every point of view; moreover, this
-is the special characteristic which is often so terribly lacking in
-modern architecture. One wonders whether Vitruvius and kindred works
-receive their due meed of attention in this twentieth century.
-
-Within the palace the main staircase, with the lobby and corridors
-leading to either House of Parliament, are particularly fine, and form
-a worthy approach to the legislative chambers of the vast Empire of
-Great Britain.
-
-The Palace of the _Savoy_ also needs some notice. The original house
-was built by Peter, brother of Boniface, for so many years Archbishop
-of Canterbury, and uncle of Eleanor of Provence, wife of King Henry
-III. By his will Peter bequeathed this estate to the monks of Montjoy
-at Havering-at-Bower, who sold it to Queen Eleanor, and it became the
-permanent residence of her second son Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and
-his descendants. When King John of France was made a prisoner after the
-battle of Poitiers in 1356, he was assigned an apartment in the Savoy,
-and here he died on April 9, 1364. The sad event is thus mentioned in
-the famous chronicle of Froissart:--
-
-     "The King and Queen, and all the princes of the blood, and
-     all the nobles of England were exceedingly concerned from the
-     great love and affection King John had shewn them since the
-     conclusion of peace."
-
-The best-known member of the Lancastrian family who resided in this
-palace is the famous John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. During his
-time, so tradition has it, the well-known poet Chaucer was here
-married to Philippa, daughter of Sir Paon de Roet, one of the young
-ladies attached to the household of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster,
-and the sister of Catherine Swynford, who at a later period became
-the Duke's third wife. However this may be, the Savoy was at that
-time the favourite resort of the nobility of England, and John of
-Gaunt's hospitality was unbounded. Stow, in his _Chronicle_, declares
-"there was none other house in the realm to be compared for beauty and
-stateliness." Yet how very transitory is earthly glory, all the pride
-of place and power!
-
-In the terrible rebellion of Wat Tyler, in the year 1381, the Savoy
-was pillaged and burnt, and the Duke was compelled to flee for his
-life to the northern parts of Great Britain. His Grace had become very
-unpopular on account of the constant protection he had extended to the
-simple followers of Wickcliffe.
-
-After this dire destruction the Savoy was never restored to its former
-palatial proportions. The whole property passed to the Crown, and King
-Henry VII. rebuilt it, and by his will endowed it in a liberal manner
-as a hospital in honour of St. John the Baptist. This hospital was
-suppressed at the Reformation under Edward VI., most of the estates
-with which it was endowed passing to the great City Hospital of St.
-Thomas. But Queen Mary refounded the hospital as an almshouse with
-a master and other officers, and this latter foundation was finally
-dissolved in 1762.
-
-Over the gate, now long destroyed, of King Henry VII.'s foundation were
-these words:--
-
-    "Hospitium hoc inopi turbe Savoia vocatum
-    Septimus Henricus solo fundavit ab imo."
-
-[Illustration: THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.]
-
-The church, which is the only existing remnant of former splendour,
-was built as the chapel of Henry VII.'s Hospital, and is an
-interesting example of Perpendicular architecture, with a curious and
-picturesque belfry. In general design it resembles a college chapel,
-and the religious services held therein are well maintained. Her late
-Majesty Queen Victoria behaved with great generosity to the church of
-the Savoy. In her capacity of Duchess of Lancaster she restored the
-interior woodwork and fittings, and after a destructive fire in 1864
-effected a second restoration of the entire interior of this sacred
-edifice. There is now a rich coloured roof, and appropriate seats for
-clergy and people. There is also preserved a brass belonging to the
-year 1522 from the grave of Thomas Halsey, Bishop of Leighlin, and
-Gavin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, famous in Scottish history for his
-piety and learning. There is also a small figure from Lady Dalhousie's
-monument, but all the other tombs perished in the flames in 1864. The
-history of the central compartment of the triptych over the font is
-curious. It was painted for the Savoy Palace in the fourteenth century,
-afterwards lost, and then recovered in 1876.
-
-Amongst the famous ministers of the Savoy were Thomas Fuller, author of
-the _Worthies_, and Anthony Horneck. In the Savoy was held the famous
-conference between twelve bishops and twelve Nonconformists for the
-revision of the Liturgy soon after the accession of King Charles II. In
-this conference Richard Baxter took a prominent part.
-
-In this brief sketch nothing is more remarkable than the great variety
-of uses to which the palace of the Savoy has been put, as well as the
-gradual decay of mediæval splendour. Still, however, the name is very
-familiar to the multitudes of people who are continually passing up and
-down the Strand. Yet it is a far cry to the days of Archbishop Boniface
-of Savoy, and Edmund Earl of Lancaster.
-
-_Bridewell_ is situated on a low-lying strip of land between the Thames
-and the Fleet, just westwards of the south-western end of the Roman
-wall of London. In early days this open space only possessed a tower
-for defensive purposes, just as the famous Tower of London guarded the
-eastern end of the city. Hard by was the church of St. Bride, founded
-in the days of the Danes, most likely in the reign of King Canute, and
-here there was a holy well or spring. Hence arose the name of Bridewell.
-
-In 1087, ancient records relate, King William gave choice stones from
-his tower or castle, standing at the west end of the city, to Maurice,
-Bishop of London, for the repair of his cathedral church.
-
-From time to time various rooms were added to the original structure,
-which seem chiefly to have been used for some state ceremonial or
-judicial purpose. Thus in the seventh year of King John, Walter de
-Crisping, the Justiciar, gave judgment here in an important lawsuit.
-
-In 1522 the whole building was repaired for the reception of the famous
-Emperor Charles V., but that distinguished Sovereign actually stayed in
-the Black Friars, on the other side of the Fleet.
-
-King Henry VIII. made use of Bridewell for the trial of his famous
-divorce case. Cardinal Campeggio was President of the Court, and in the
-end gave judgment in favour of Queen Catharine of Aragon. Yet, despite
-the Cardinal, Henry would have nothing more to do with Catharine, and
-at the same time took a dislike to Bridewell, which was allowed to fall
-into decay--in fact, nothing of the older building now remains. King
-Edward VI., just before his own death in 1553, granted the charter
-which converted Bridewell into a charitable institution, and after many
-vicissitudes a great work is still carried on at this establishment for
-the benefit of the poor of London. In May, 1552, Dr. Ridley, Bishop
-of London, wrote this striking letter to Sir William Cecil, Knight, and
-Secretary to the King:--
-
-     "Good Master Cecyl,--I must be suitor with you in our Master
-     Christ's cause. I beseech you be good unto him. The matter is,
-     Sir, that he hath been too, too long abroad, without lodging,
-     in the streets of London, both hungry, naked and cold. There
-     is a large wide empty house of the King's Majesty called
-     Bridewell, which would wonderfully serve to lodge Christ in,
-     if he might find friends at Court to procure in his cause."
-
-Thus the philanthropic scheme was started, and brought to completion
-under the mayoralty of Alderman Sir George Barnes.
-
-[Illustration: A VIEW OF THE SAVOY PALACE FROM THE RIVER THAMES.
-
-_Published by the Society of Antiquaries in 1750, from a plan by G.
-Virtue._
-
-AAA The great building, now a barracks.
-
-BB Prison for the Savoy, and guards.
-
-CCC Church of St. Mary le Savoy.
-
-D Stairs to the waterside.
-
-EFG Churches of German Lutherans, French and German Calvinists.]
-
-_St. James's_ is the most important royal palace of London. For many a
-long year it has been most closely associated with our royal family,
-and the quaint towers and gateway looking up St. James's Street possess
-an antiquarian interest of quite an unique character. This palace,
-moreover, enshrines the memory of a greater number of famous events in
-the history of our land than any other domestic building situated in
-London, and for this reason is worthy of special attention.
-
-Its history is as follows:--Before the Norman Conquest there was a
-hospital here dedicated to St. James, for fourteen maiden lepers.
-A hospital continued to exist throughout the middle ages, but when
-Henry VIII. became King he obtained this property by an exchange, and
-converted it, as Holinshed bears witness, into "a fair mansion and
-park" when he was married to Anne Boleyn. The letters "H. A." can still
-be traced on the chimney-piece of the presence chamber or tapestry
-room, as well as a few other memorials of those distant days. And what
-days they were! Queen Anne Boleyn going to St. James's in all the
-joyous splendour of a royal bride, and how soon afterwards meeting her
-cruel fate at the hands of the executioner! Henry VIII. seldom lived at
-St. James's Palace, perhaps on account of the weird reminiscences of
-Anne Boleyn, but it became the favourite residence of Queen Mary after
-her husband Philip II. returned to Spain, and here she died in utter
-isolation during the dull November days of the autumn of 1558. Thus the
-old palace is first associated with the sad story of two unhappy queens!
-
-But brighter days were coming. Prince Henry, the eldest son of James
-I., settled here in 1610, and kept a brilliant and magnificent court,
-attached to which were nearly 300 salaried officials. Then in two
-short years he died, November 6, 1612. Then the palace was given to
-Charles, who afterwards ascended the throne in 1625, and much liked
-the place as a residence. It is closely associated with the stirring
-events of this romantic monarch's career. Here Charles II., James II.,
-and the Princess Elizabeth were born, and here Marie de Medici, the
-mother of Queen Henrietta Maria, took refuge in 1638, and maintained a
-magnificent household for three years. It is said her pension amounted
-to £3,000 a month! Her residence within the royal palace increased the
-unpopularity of the King, whose arbitrary treatment of Parliament led
-to the ruinous Civil War. The noble House of Stuart is ever unfortunate
-all down the long page of history, and the doleful prognostications of
-the Sortes Vergilianæ, sought for by the King, proved but too true in
-the event.
-
-We quote six lines of Dryden's translation from the sixth book of the
-_Æneid_, at the page at which the King by chance opened the book--
-
-    "Seek not to know, the ghost replied with tears,
-    The sorrows of thy sons in future years.
-    This youth, the blissful vision of a day,
-    Shall just be shewn on earth, and snatched away.
-
-           .       .       .       .       .
-
-    "Ah! couldst thou break through Fate's severe decree,
-    A new Marcellus shall arise in thee."
-
-Dr. Wellwood says Lord Falkland tried to laugh the matter off, but the
-King was pensive.
-
-[Illustration: PORTION OF AN EXACT SURVEY OF THE STREETS, LANES, AND
-CHURCHES.
-
-_Comprehended by the order and directions of the Right Honourable the
-Lord Mayor 10th December, 1666._]
-
-The fortunes of war were against this very attractive but weak monarch,
-who was actually brought as a prisoner of the Parliament from Windsor
-Castle to his own Palace of St. James, there to await his trial on a
-charge of high treason in Westminster Hall!
-
-Certain of his own subjects presumed to pass sentence of death upon
-their own Sovereign, and have become known to history as the regicides.
-Very pathetic is the story of the scenes which took place at St.
-James's on Sunday, January 28, 1649. A strong guard of parliamentary
-troops escorted King Charles from Whitehall to St. James's, and Juxon,
-the faithful Bishop of London, preached his last sermon to his beloved
-Sovereign from the words, "In the day when God shall judge the secrets
-of men by Jesus Christ, according to my Gospel." His Majesty then
-received the Sacrament, and spent much time in private devotion. On the
-morrow he bade farewell to his dear children the Duke of Gloucester and
-the Princess Elizabeth, praying them to forgive his enemies, and not to
-grieve, for he was about to die a glorious death for the maintenance of
-the laws and liberties of the land and the true Protestant religion.
-Then he took the little Duke of Gloucester on his knees, saying,
-"Sweetheart, now they will cut off thy father's head," and the young
-prince looked very earnestly and steadfastly at the King, who bade him
-be loyal to his brothers Charles and James, and all the ancient family
-of Stuart. And thus they parted.
-
-Afterwards His Majesty was taken from St. James's to the scaffold at
-Whitehall. There was enacted the most tragic scene connected with the
-entire history of the Royal Family of England. At the hands of Jacobite
-writers the highly-coloured narrative is like to induce tears of grief,
-but the Puritans love to dwell on the King's weaknesses and faults.
-Yet everyone must needs acknowledge the calm nobility and unwavering
-courage of the King's bearing and conduct.
-
-    "He nothing common did or mean
-    Upon that memorable scene,
-      But with his keener eye
-      The axe's edge did try;
-    Nor called the gods with vulgar spite
-    To vindicate his helpless right,
-      But bowed his comely head
-      Down, as upon a bed."
-
-The great German historian Leopold von Ranke is rightly regarded as
-the best and most impartial authority on the history of Europe in the
-seventeenth century. This is what he says on the martyrdom of Charles
-I.:--
-
-     "The scaffold was erected on the spot where the kings were
-     wont to show themselves to the people after their coronation.
-     Standing beside the block at which he was to die, he was
-     allowed once more to speak in public. He said that the war
-     and its horrors were unjustly laid to his charge.... If at
-     last he had been willing to give way to arbitrary power, and
-     the change of the laws by the sword, he would not have been
-     in this position: he was dying as the martyr of the people,
-     passing from a perishable kingdom to an imperishable. He died
-     in the faith of the Church of England, as he had received it
-     from his father. Then bending to the block, he himself gave
-     the sign for the axe to fall upon his neck. A moment, and the
-     severed head was shown to the people, with the words: 'This
-     is the head of a traitor.' All public places, the crossings
-     of the streets, especially the entrances of the city, were
-     occupied by soldiery on foot and on horseback. An incalculable
-     multitude had, however, streamed to the spot. Of the King's
-     words they heard nothing, but they were aware of their purport
-     through the cautious and guarded yet positive language of
-     their preachers. When they saw the severed head, they broke
-     into a cry, universal and involuntary, in which the feelings
-     of guilt and weakness were blended with terror--a sort of
-     voice of nature, whose terrible impression those who heard it
-     were never able to shake off."
-
-These weighty words of Ranke are well worth quoting, as well as the
-conclusion of the section of his great book in which he sums up his
-estimate of Charles's claim to the title of martyr:
-
-     "There was certainly something of a martyr in him, if the man
-     can be so called who values his own life less than the cause
-     for which he is fighting, and in perishing himself saves it
-     for the future."
-
-[Illustration: THE PROSPECT OF BRIDEWELL.
-
-_Published according to Act of Parliament, 1755, for Stow's Survey._]
-
-King Charles I., then, is fairly entitled to be called a martyr in the
-calm and unimpassioned judgment of the greatest historian of modern
-times in the learned Empire of Germany, who tests the royal claim
-by a clear and concise definition, framed without any regard to the
-passionate political feeling which distracted England in the days of
-the Stuarts.
-
-And it was in the Palace of St. James that Charles I. passed the last
-terrible days of his earthly life.
-
-On the Restoration, King Charles II. resided at Whitehall, and gave
-St. James's to his brother James, Duke of York. Here Queen Mary II.
-was born, and here she was married to William of Orange late in the
-evening on November 4, 1677. Here also Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, died
-in 1671, having lived many years more or less in seclusion in the old
-palace.
-
-James afterwards married Mary of Modena as his second wife, and here
-was born, on June 10, 1688, Prince James Edward, better known as the
-Old Pretender, whose long life was spent in wandering and exile, in
-futile attempts to gain the Crown, in unsuccessful schemes and ruinous
-plots, until he and his children found rest within the peaceful walls
-of Rome.
-
-Directly after he landed in England, King William III. came to St.
-James's, and resided here from time to time during his possession of
-the Crown, only towards the end of his reign allowing the Princess
-Anne to reside in this palace, where she first heard of King William's
-death. The bearer of the sad news was Dr. Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury.
-
-Immediately on his arrival in England, George I., Elector of Hanover,
-came straight to St. James's just as King William III. had done. In his
-_Reminiscences_, Walpole gives this quaint anecdote:--
-
-     "This is a strange country," remarked the King. "The first
-     morning after my arrival at St. James's, I looked out of the
-     window, and saw a park with walks and a canal, which they told
-     me were mine. The next day Lord Chetwynd, the ranger of my
-     park, sent me a fine brace of carp out of my canal: and I was
-     told I must give five guineas to Lord Chetwynd's servant for
-     bringing me my own carp, out of my own canal, in my own park."
-
-Many things seem to have surprised King George I. in his English
-dominions, and he really preferred Hanover, where he died in 1725.
-
-George II. resided at St. James's when Prince of Wales, and here his
-beloved wife, Queen Caroline of Anspach, died on November 20, 1737.
-Four years previously her daughter Anne had here been married to the
-Prince of Orange. It now became customary to assign apartments to
-younger children of the Sovereign in various parts of the palace, which
-thus practically ceased to be in the King's own occupation. The state
-apartments are handsome, and contain many good portraits of royal
-personages. The Chapel Royal has a fine ceiling, carved and painted,
-erected in 1540, and is constantly used by royalty. George III. hardly
-ever missed the Sunday services when in London.
-
-Of course the original palace covered more ground than is now the
-case, and included the site of Marlborough House and some adjacent
-gardens, now in private ownership. The German Chapel Royal, which now
-projects into the grounds of Marlborough House, was originally erected
-by Charles I. for the celebration of Roman Catholic worship for Queen
-Henrietta Maria, and at the time gave great offence to all the nobility
-and people of the land.
-
-"Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis." Marlborough House was
-originally built by Sir Christopher Wren for the great Duke of
-Marlborough, on a portion of St. James's Park given by Queen Anne for
-that purpose. Here died the Duke, and his famous Duchess Sarah. The
-house was bought by the Crown for the Princess Charlotte in 1817, and
-was settled on the Prince of Wales in 1850. There are still a number of
-interesting pictures in the grand salon of the victories of the Duke of
-Marlborough by Laguerre. The garden covers the space formerly occupied
-by the Great Yard of old St. James's Palace.
-
-Altogether, it is quite clear from the above brief account that St.
-James's is the most important of the royal palaces of London, and more
-closely connected than any other with the long history of English
-Royalty. From the days of Henry VIII. to the present time there has
-always been a close personal connection with the reigning Sovereign of
-the British Empire.
-
-The Palace of _Whitehall_ presents a long and strange history. Hubert
-de Burgh, Earl of Kent, Chief Minister of King Henry III., became
-possessed of the land by purchase from the monks of Westminster for
-140 marks of silver and the annual tribute of a wax taper. Hubert
-bequeathed the property by his will to the Black Friars of Holborn, who
-sold it in 1248 to Walter de Grey, Archbishop of York, for his Grace's
-town residence.
-
-When Cardinal Wolsey became possessed of the northern archiepiscopal
-See, he found York House too small for his taste, and he set to work
-to rebuild the greater part of this palace on a larger and more
-magnificent scale. On the completion of the works he took up his
-abode here with a household of 800 persons, and lived with more than
-regal splendour, from time to time entertaining the King himself to
-gorgeous banquets, followed by masked balls. At one of these grand
-entertainments they say King Henry first met Anne Boleyn. A chronicler
-says the Cardinal was "sweet as summer to all that sought him."
-
-When the great Cardinal fell into disgrace, and the Duke of Suffolk
-came to Whitehall to bid him resign the Great Seal of England, his
-Eminence left his palace by the privy stair and "took barge" to Putney,
-and thence to Esher; and Henry VIII. at once took possession of the
-vacant property, and began to erect new buildings, a vast courtyard,
-tennis court, and picture gallery, and two great gateways, all of which
-are now totally destroyed. It was in this palace that he died, January
-28, 1547.
-
-During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Whitehall was famous for its
-magnificent festivities, tournaments, and receptions of distinguished
-foreign princes. Especially was this the case in 1581, when the French
-commissioners came to urge the Queen's marriage with the Duke of
-Anjou. Here the Queen's corpse lay in state before the interment in
-March, 1603. James I. likewise entertained right royally at Whitehall,
-and here the Princess Elizabeth was married to the Elector Palatine
-on February 14, 1613. King James also employed that distinguished
-architect Inigo Jones to build the beautiful Banqueting House, which
-is all that now remains of Whitehall Palace, and is one of the finest
-architectural fragments in London. The proportions are most elegant,
-and the style perfect. Used as a chapel till 1890, it is now the United
-Service Museum, while the great painter Rubens decorated the ceiling
-for Charles I. in 1635.
-
-The whole plan of Inigo Jones remained unfinished, but Charles I. lived
-in regal splendour in the palace, entertaining on the most liberal
-scale, and forming the famous collection of pictures dispersed by the
-Parliament. Here it was that the masque of Comus was acted before the
-King, and other masques from time to time. After Charles's martyrdom,
-Oliver Cromwell came to live at Whitehall, and died there September 3,
-1658. On his restoration, in May, 1660, King Charles II. returned to
-Whitehall, and kept his court there in great splendour. Balls rather
-than masques were now the fashion, and Pepys and Evelyn have preserved
-full descriptions of these elegant and luxurious festivities, and all
-the gaiety, frivolity, and dissoluteness connected with them, and
-the manner of life at Charles's court. The King died in the palace
-on February 6, 1685, and was succeeded by his austere brother James,
-who, during his brief reign, set up a Roman Catholic chapel within the
-precincts of the royal habitation, from which he fled to France in 1688.
-
-[Illustration: THE PALACE OF WHITEHALL.]
-
-King William III. preferred other places of residence, and two
-fires--one in 1691, the other in 1698--destroyed the greater part of
-Whitehall, which was never rebuilt.
-
-_Buckingham_ Palace is now the principal residence in London of His
-Majesty King Edward VII. Though a fine pile of building it is hardly
-worthy of its position as the town residence of the mighty Sovereign of
-the greatest Empire of the world, situated in the largest city on the
-face of the globe.
-
-King George III. purchased Buckingham Palace in 1761 from Sir Charles
-Sheffield for £21,000, and in 1775 it was settled upon Queen Charlotte.
-In the reign of George IV. it was rebuilt from designs by Nash; and in
-1846, during the reign of Queen Victoria, the imposing eastern façade
-was erected from designs by Blore. The length is 360 feet, and the
-general effect is striking, though the architectural details are of
-little merit. In fact, it is a discredit to the nation that there is no
-London palace for the Sovereign which is worthy of comparison with the
-Royal Palace at Madrid, or the Papal Palace in Rome, though the reason
-for this peculiar fact is fully set forth in the historical sketch of
-the royal palaces already given. King Edward VII. was born here in
-1841, and here drawing-rooms and levées are usually held. The white
-marble staircase is fine, and there are glorious portraits of Charles
-I. and Queen Henrietta Maria by Van Dyck, as well as Queen Victoria
-and the Prince Consort by Winterhalter. There is also a full-length
-portrait of George IV. by Lawrence in the State dining-room.
-
-In the private apartments there are many interesting royal portraits,
-as well as a collection of presents from foreign princes. There is a
-lake of five acres in the gardens, and the whole estate comprises about
-fifty acres. There is a curious pavilion adorned with cleverly-painted
-scenes from Comus by famous English artists. The view from the east
-over St. James's Park towards the India Office is picturesque, and
-remarkably countrified for the heart of a great city. The lake in
-this park is certainly very pretty, and well stocked with various
-water-fowl. The Horse Guards, Admiralty, and other public offices at
-the eastern extremity of this park occupy the old site of the western
-side of the Palace of Whitehall.
-
-_Kensington_ Palace was the favourite abode of King William III. He
-purchased the property from the Earl of Nottingham, whose father had
-been Lord Chancellor, and employed Sir Christopher Wren to add a storey
-to the old house, and built anew the present south façade. Throughout
-his reign he spent much money in improving the place, and here his
-wife, Queen Mary II., died on December 28, 1694. In the same palace
-King William himself breathed his last breath on March 8, 1702.
-
-Queen Anne lived principally at St. James's, the natural residence for
-the Sovereigns of Great Britain; but she took much interest in the
-proper upkeep of Kensington, and it was here that her husband died on
-October 20, 1708, and herself on August 1, 1714. Shortly before, she
-had placed the treasurer's wand in the hands of the Duke of Shrewsbury,
-saying, "For God's sake use it for the good of my people," and all the
-acts of her prosperous reign point to the real validity of the popular
-title given by common consent--the good Queen Anne.
-
-She planted the trees on "Queen Anne's Mount," and gave gorgeous fêtes
-in the Royal Gardens, whose woodland scenery possesses a peculiar
-charm all its own. The noble groves and avenues of elm trees recall
-St. Cloud and St. Germain in the neighbourhood of Paris, and are quite
-exceptionally fine. Thus Matthew Arnold wrote:--
-
-    "In this lone open glade I lie,
-      Screened by deep boughs on either hand;
-    And at its end, to stay the eye,
-      Those black crowned, red-boled pine trees stand."
-
-[Illustration: ST. JAMES'S PALACE.]
-
-And Chateaubriand declares:--
-
-     "C'est dans ce parc de Kensington que j'ai médité l'Essai
-     historique: que, relisant le journal de mes courses d'outre
-     mer, j'en ai tiré les amours d'Atala."
-
-And Haydon says:--
-
-     "Here are some of the most poetical bits of tree and stump,
-     and sunny brown and green glens and tawny earth."
-
-George II. died here very suddenly on October 25, 1760, but the
-Sovereigns of the House of Hanover chiefly made use of the place
-by assigning apartments therein to their younger children and near
-relatives. Here it was that Edward Duke of Kent lived with his wife
-Victoria of Saxe-Coburg, and here their only daughter, the renowned
-Queen Victoria, was born, May 24, 1819, and here she resided till her
-accession to the throne in 1837.
-
-Kensington Palace, then, is chiefly celebrated for its associations
-with William III. and Queen Victoria. In the brief account of the royal
-palaces here given, it will be seen that none of the sites, with the
-exception of St. James's, remained for any long period of time the
-actual residence of the Sovereign, while three--Westminster, Bridewell,
-and the Savoy--had passed out of royal hands for residential purposes
-before the Reformation of religion was completed. Another curious fact
-relates to the origin of the title to these sites, inasmuch as three of
-these estates were obtained from some ecclesiastical corporation, as
-the Archbishop of York, or the Hospital of St. James, though Buckingham
-Palace was bought from Sir Charles Sheffield, and Kensington from the
-Earl of Nottingham.
-
-No account of the palaces of London can be regarded as complete which
-omits to mention Lambeth. For more than 700 years the Archbishops of
-Canterbury have resided at this beautiful abode, intensely interesting
-from its close association with all the most stirring events in the
-long history of England. The estate was obtained by Archbishop Baldwin
-in the year 1197 by exchange for some lands in Kent with Glanville,
-Bishop of Rochester. In Saxon times Goda, the sister of King Edward the
-Confessor, had bestowed this property upon the Bishopric of Rochester;
-so that it has been continuously in the hands of the Church for near
-900 years. The fine red-brick gateway with white stone dressings,
-standing close to the tower of Lambeth Church, is very imposing as
-seen from the road, and was built by Archbishop Cardinal Moreton in
-1490. In the Middle Ages it was the custom to give a farthing loaf
-twice a week to the poor of London at this gateway, and as many as
-4,000 were accustomed to partake of the archiepiscopal gift. Within
-the gateway is the outer courtyard of the palace, and at the further
-end, towards the river Thames, rises the picturesque Lollard's tower,
-built between 1434 and 1445 by that famous ecclesiastical statesman
-Archbishop Chicheley, founder of All Souls' College, Oxford. The quaint
-winding staircase, made of rough slabs of unplaned oak, is exactly
-as it was in Chicheley's time. In this tower is the famous chamber,
-entirely of oaken boards, called the Lollards' prison. It is 13 feet
-long, 12 feet broad, and 8 feet high, and eight iron rings remain to
-which prisoners were fastened. The door has a lock of wood, fastened
-with pegs of wood, and may be a relic of the older palace of Archbishop
-Sudbury. On the south side of the outer court stands the hall built by
-Archbishop Juxon during the opening years of Charles II.'s reign, with
-a fine timber roof, and Juxon's arms over the door leading into the
-palace. This Jacobean hall is now used as the library, and contains
-many precious manuscripts of priceless value, including the _Dictyes
-and Sayings of the Philosophers_, translated by Lord Rivers, in which
-is found a miniature illumination of the Earl presenting Caxton on his
-knees to Edward IV., who is supported by Elizabeth Woodville and her
-son Edward V. This manuscript contains the only known portrait of the
-latter monarch.
-
-[Illustration: ST. JAMES'S PALACE, FROM PALL MALL AND FROM THE PARK.]
-
-An earlier hall had been built on the same site by Archbishop Boniface
-in 1244.
-
-From the library we pass by a flight of stairs to the guard room, now
-used as the dining hall. The chief feature is the excellent series of
-oil portraits of the occupants of the primatial See of Canterbury,
-beginning in the year 1504. The mere mention of the principal names
-recalls prominent events in our national history.
-
-There is Warham painted by Holbein. He was also Lord Chancellor, and
-the last of the mediæval episcopate. There is Cranmer, burnt at Oxford,
-March 21, 1555. There is Cardinal Pole, the cousin and favourite of
-Queen Mary. There is Matthew Parker, the friend of Queen Elizabeth,
-well skilled in learning and a great collector of manuscripts, now for
-the most part in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
-There is William Laud, painted by Van Dyck, the favourite Counsellor
-and Adviser of Charles I. At the age of 71 he was beheaded by order of
-the House of Commons--an act of vengeance, not of justice. There is
-William Juxon, who stood by Charles I. on the scaffold, and heard the
-ill-fated King utter his last word on earth, "Remember." But we cannot
-even briefly recount all the famous portraits to be found at Lambeth.
-The above selection must suffice.
-
-The chapel, also, is a building of singular interest. Beneath is
-an ancient crypt said to have been erected by Archbishop Herbert
-Fitzwalter, while the chapel itself was built by Archbishop Boniface
-of Savoy between 1249 and 1270. The lancet windows are elegant, and
-were filled with stained glass by Archbishop Laud, all of which was
-duly broken to pieces during the Commonwealth. The supposed Popish
-character of this glass was made an article of impeachment against Laud
-at the trial at which he was sentenced to death. Here the majority of
-the archbishops have been consecrated since the reign of King Henry
-III. Archbishop Parker was both consecrated and also buried in the
-chapel, but his tomb was desecrated and his bones scattered by Scot
-and Hardyng, who possessed the palace under Oliver Cromwell. On the
-restoration they were re-interred by Sir William Dugdale. At the west
-end is a beautiful Gothic confessional, high up on the wall, erected
-by Archbishop Chicheley. Archbishop Laud presented the screen, and
-Archbishop Tait restored the whole of this sacred edifice, which
-measures 12 feet by 25 feet. Formerly the archbishops lived in great
-state. Thus, Cranmer's household comprised a treasurer, comptroller,
-steward, garnator, clerk of the kitchen, caterer, clerk of the spicery,
-yeoman of the ewery, bakers, pantlers, yeoman of the horse, yeoman
-ushers, besides numerous other less important officials.
-
-Cardinal Pole possessed a patent from Queen Mary, authorising a
-household of 100 servants. The modern part of the palace was built by
-Archbishop Howley in the Tudor style. He held the See from 1828 to
-1848, and was the last prelate to maintain the archiepiscopal state of
-the olden time.
-
-
-
-
-ELIZABETHAN LONDON
-
-BY T. FAIRMAN ORDISH, F.S.A.
-
-
-The leading feature of Elizabethan London was that it was a great port.
-William Camden, writing in his _Britannia_, remarked that the Thames,
-by its safe and deep channel, was able to entertain the greatest
-ships in existence, daily bringing in so great riches from all parts
-"that it striveth at this day with the Mart-townes of Christendome
-for the second prise, and affoordeth a most sure and beautiful Roade
-for shipping" (Holland's translation). Below the great bridge, one of
-the wonders of Europe, we see this shipping crowding the river in the
-maps and views of London belonging to the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
-The Tower and the bridge were the city's defences against attack by
-water. Near the Tower was the Custom House, where peaceful commerce
-paid its dues; and between the Custom House and the bridge was the
-great wharf of Billingsgate, where goods were landed for distribution.
-Near the centre of the bridge was a drawbridge, which admitted vessels
-to another great wharf, Queenhithe, at a point midway between London
-Bridge and Blackfriars. Between the bridge and Queenhithe was the
-Steelyard, the domain of the merchants of the Hanseatic League. Along
-the river front were numerous other wharves, where barges and lighters
-unloaded goods which they brought from the ships in the road, or from
-the upper reaches of the Thames. For the river was the great highway
-of London. It answered the needs of commerce, and it furnished the
-chief means of transit. The passenger traffic of Elizabethan London was
-carried on principally by means of rowing-boats. A passenger landed at
-the point nearest to his destination, and then walked; or a servant
-waited for him with a saddle-horse. The streets were too narrow for
-coaches, except in two or three main arteries.
-
-The characteristic of present-day London, at which all foreigners
-most marvel, is the amount of traffic in the streets. In Elizabethan
-London this characteristic existed in the chief highway--the Thames.
-The passenger-boats were generally described as "wherries," and they
-were likened by Elizabethan travellers to the gondolas of Venice; for
-instance, by Coryat, in his _Crudities_, who thought the playhouses
-of Venice very beggarly compared with those of London, but admired
-the gondoliers, because they were "altogether as swift as our rowers
-about London." The maps of the period reveal the extraordinary number
-of "stairs" for landing passengers along both banks of the river,
-besides the numerous wharves for goods. John Stow, the author of the
-_Survey of London_, published first in 1598, and again in a second
-edition in 1603, describes the traffic on the river. "By the Thames,"
-he says, "all kinds of merchandise be easily conveyed to London, the
-principal storehouse and staple of all commodities within this realm.
-So that, omitting to speak of great ships and other vessels of burthen,
-there pertaineth to the cities of London, Westminster, and borough of
-Southwark, above the number, as is supposed, of 2,000 wherries and
-other small boats, whereby 3,000 poor men at the least be set on work
-and maintained." Many of these watermen were old sailors, who had
-sailed and fought under Drake. The Armada deliverance was recalled
-by Drake's ship, which lay in the river below the bridge. The voyage
-of the Earl of Essex to Spain, the expeditions to Ireland and to the
-Low Countries, formed the staple of the gossip of these old sailors
-who found employment in the chief means of locomotion in Elizabethan
-London.
-
-There was only the single bridge, but there were several ferries.
-The principal ferry was from Blackfriars and the Fleet river to a
-point opposite on the Surrey side, called Paris Garden stairs--nearly
-in a line with the present Blackfriars Bridge. At Westminster was
-another, from the Horseferry Road to a point a little west of Lambeth
-Palace--almost in the line of the present Lambeth Bridge. The river was
-fordable at low tide at this point; horses crossed here--whence the
-name Horseferry--and possibly other cattle, when the tide was unusually
-low.
-
-The sea is the home of piety. Coast towns, ports, and havens, reached
-after voyages of peril, are invariably notable for their places of
-worship, and for customs which speak touchingly--like the blessing
-of fishermen's nets, for instance--of lives spent in uncertainty and
-danger. Thus, the leading characteristic of Elizabethan London being
-its association with the sea and its dependence on the river, we find
-that its next most striking characteristic was the extraordinary
-number of churches it contained. The great cathedral predominated more
-pronouncedly than its modern successor. From the hill on which it was
-based it reared its vast bulk; its great spire ascended the heavens,
-and the multitude of church towers and spires and belfries throughout
-the city seemed to follow it. The houses were small, the streets were
-narrow; but to envisage the city from the river, or from the Surrey
-side, was to have the eye led upwards from point to point to the summit
-of St. Paul's. The dignity and piety of London were thus expressed,
-in contradiction to human foibles and failings so conspicuous in
-Elizabethan drama. The spire of St. Paul's was destroyed by lightning
-early in the reign of Elizabeth; and the historian may see much
-significance in the fact that it was not rebuilt, even in thanksgiving
-and praise for the deliverance from the Great Armada. The piety of
-London dwindled until it flamed forth anew in the time of the Puritan
-revolt.
-
-The bridge was carried on nineteen arches. It had a defensive gate
-at the Southwark end, and another gateway at the northern end. In
-the centre was a beautiful chapel, dedicated to Thomas à Becket, and
-known as St. Thomas of the Bridge. Houses were built on the bridge,
-mostly shops with overhanging signs, as in the streets of the city.
-Booksellers and haberdashers predominated, but other trades were
-carried on also. After the chapel, the most conspicuous feature of the
-bridge was "Nonesuch House," so called to express the wonder that it
-was constructed in Holland entirely of wood, brought over the water
-piece by piece, and put together on the bridge by dovetailing and pegs,
-without the use of a single metal nail. Adjoining the northern gateway
-was an engine for raising water by means of a great wheel operated by
-the tide. Near the Southwark end were corn-mills, worked on the same
-principle, below the last two arches of the bridge. The gateway at the
-Southwark end, so well shown in Visscher's view of London, was finished
-in 1579, and the traitors' heads, which formerly surmounted a tower
-by the drawbridge, were transferred to it. Travellers from the south
-received this grim salutation as they approached the bridge, which
-led into the city; and when they glanced across the river, the Tower
-frowned upon them, and the Traitors' Gateway, like teeth in an open
-mouth, deepened the effect of warning and menace.
-
-But these terrors loomed darkling in the background for the most
-part. They belonged rather to the time when the sovereign's palaces
-at Westminster and at the Tower seemed to hold London in a grip. The
-palace at Westminster now languished in desuetude; the Tower was a
-State prison, and--with some ironical intent, perhaps--also the abode
-of the royal beasts, lions, tigers, leopards, and other captives.
-The Queen passed in her royal barge down the river with ceremonious
-pageantry from her palace of Whitehall; the drawbridge raised, the
-floating court passed the Tower as with lofty indifference on its way
-to "Placentia," Her Majesty's palace at Greenwich. Out of the silence
-of history a record speaks like a voice, and tells us that here, in
-1594, Shakespeare and his fellows performed at least two comedies or
-interludes before Her Majesty, and we know even the amounts that were
-paid them for their services.
-
-[Illustration: PLAN OF LONDON IN THE TIME OF QUEEN ELIZABETH (1563).]
-
-In the _Survey_ of John Stow we have three separable elements: the
-archæology and history of London, Stow's youthful recollections of
-London in the time of Henry the Eighth, and Stow's description of
-the great change which came over London after the dissolution of the
-religious houses, and continued in process throughout his lifetime.
-The mediæval conditions were not remote. He could remember when London
-was clearly defined by the wall, like a girdle, of which the Tower was
-the knot. No heroic change had befallen; the wall had not been cast
-down into its accompanying fosse to form a ring-street, as was done
-when Vienna was transformed from the mediæval state. London had simply
-filled up the ditch with its refuse; its buildings had simply swarmed
-over the wall and across the dike; shapeless and haphazard suburbs had
-grown up, till the surrounding villages became connected with the city.
-Even more grievous, in the estimation of Stow, was the change which he
-had witnessed within the city itself. The feudal lords had departed,
-and built themselves mansions outside the city. The precincts of the
-dissolved religious establishments had been converted into residential
-quarters, and a large proportion of the old monastic gardens had been
-built upon. The outlines of society had become blurred. Formerly, the
-noble, the priest, and the citizen were the defined social strata.
-Around each of these was grouped the rest of the social units in
-positions of dependence. A new type of denizen had arisen, belonging to
-none of the old categories--the typical Elizabethan Londoner.
-
-The outward aspect of Elizabethan London reflected this social change.
-On the south of the city, along the line of Thames Street, the wall
-had entirely disappeared. On the east and west it was in decay, and
-was becoming absorbed in fresh buildings. Only on the north side of
-the city, where it had been re-edified as late as 1474, did the wall
-suggest its uses for defence. In the map of Agas, executed early in the
-reign of Elizabeth, this portion of the wall, with its defensive towers
-and bastions, appears singularly well preserved. Thus the condition of
-the wall suggested the passing of the old and the coming of the new
-order. The gates which formerly defended the city, where the chief
-roadways pierced the wall, still remained as monuments, and they were
-admirably adapted to the purpose of civic pageantry and ceremonial
-shows. Indeed, the gateway on the Oxford road was rebuilt in 1586, and
-called Newgate, "from the newness thereof," and it was the "fairest"
-of all the gates of London. It is reckoned that this was the year that
-Shakespeare came to London from Stratford-on-Avon; and the assumption
-is generally allowed that he entered the city by Newgate, which
-would be his direct road. A new gate, of an artistic and ornamental
-character, set in the ancient wall, was a sign and a symbol of the new
-conditions in London, of which Shakespeare himself was destined to
-become the chief result.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-With the characteristics of London as a great mart and port is included
-the foreign elements in its population. In Lombard Street the merchants
-of Lombardy from early mediæval times had performed the operations
-of banking and foreign exchange; and around them were assembled the
-English merchants of all qualities and degrees. Business was conducted
-in the open street, and merchants merely adjourned into the adjoining
-houses to seal their bonds and make their formal settlements. Henry
-VIII. tried to induce the city to make use of the great building of
-Leadenhall for this purpose; but the innovation was resisted, and
-Lombard Street continued to be the burse of London till long after the
-accession of Elizabeth. The name of Galley Key remained in Tower Street
-ward to mark the spot on the river bank "where the galleys of Italy
-and other parts did discharge their wines and merchandises brought to
-this city." The men of the galleys lived as a colony by themselves
-in Mincing Lane; the street leading to their purlieus was called,
-indifferently, Galley Row and Petit Wales. Here was a great house, the
-official territorium of the Principality. The original of Shakespeare's
-"Fluellen" may very possibly have been a denizen of this quarter.
-
-Above the bridge, in Thames Street, was the territorium of the Hanse
-merchants, alluded to by Stow as "the merchants of Almaine," and by
-Camden as "the Easterlings or Dutch merchants of the Steelyard."
-Their position in the city was one of great importance: the export
-trade of the country in woollen goods was chiefly in their hands,
-and they had their own Guildhall in Upper Thames Street, called the
-_Gilda Teutonicorum_. The special privileges accorded to this foreign
-commercial community carried the obligation to maintain Bishopsgate in
-repair, and "to defend it at all times of danger and extremity." When
-the house of the Augustine Friars, Old Broad Street, was dissolved,
-and its extensive gardens became cut up and built upon, the Dutch
-colony settled there in residence, and the church of Austin Friars was
-specially assigned to them by Edward VI. Towards the end of the reign
-of Elizabeth the privileges of the Hanse merchants were revoked, and
-their guildhall was confiscated to the use of the navy. But the Dutch
-element continued as a part of the commercial life of the city, and the
-church of Austin Friars is still the "church of the Dutch nation in
-London."
-
-West of the Steelyard was the Vintry. Here the merchants of Bordeaux
-had been licensed to build their warehouses of stone, at the rear of a
-great wharf, on which were erected cranes for unloading the lighters
-and other boats which brought the casks from the ships below bridge.
-The trade of these foreign merchants gave the name of Vintry Ward to
-one of the divisions of the city. In Bishopsgate Ward, near the church
-of St. Botolph, was a French colony, their purlieus forming a quadrant,
-called Petty France.
-
-Elizabethan London was more cosmopolitan than many European capitals.
-In Lombard Street the merchants of Germany, France, and Italy were
-conspicuously differentiated by the varieties of costume. On the site
-of the present Royal Exchange, Sir Thomas Gresham laid the first
-stone of his great Bourse in 1566; the design was in imitation of the
-Bourse at Antwerp; the materials of its construction were imported
-from Flanders; the architect and builder was a Fleming, named Henryke.
-The opening of this building by Queen Elizabeth in state in January,
-1571, when Her Majesty commanded it to be proclaimed by herald and
-trumpet that the Bourse should be called The Royal Exchange from that
-time henceforth, is a familiar story, because it is, in fact, one of
-the most striking and significant events in the history of London. The
-trumpet of that herald, on January 23rd, 1571, announced a new era.
-
-The building was a quadrangle, enclosing an open space. The sides
-formed a cloister or sheltered walk; above this was a corridor, or
-walk, called "the pawn," with stalls or shops, like the Burlington
-Arcade of the present day; above this again was a tier of rooms. The
-great bell-tower stood on the Cornhill front; the bell was rung at
-noon and at six in the evening. On the north side, looking towards
-St. Margaret's, Lothbury, was a tall Corinthian column. Both tower
-and column were surmounted by a grasshopper--the Gresham crest. The
-inscription on the façade of the building was in French, German, and
-Italian. The motley scene of Lombard Street had been transferred to the
-Royal Exchange. The merchants of Amsterdam, of Antwerp, of Hamburg,
-of Paris, of Bordeaux, of Venice and Vienna, distinguishable to the
-eye by the dress of the nations they represented, and to the ear by
-the differences of language, conducted their exchanges with English
-merchants, and with each other, in this replica of the Bourse of
-Antwerp, the rialto of Elizabethan London.[1]
-
-Cheapside was called West Cheap in Elizabethan London, in
-contradistinction to East Cheap, famous for ever as the scene of the
-humours of "Dame Quickly" and "Falstaff." The change in West Cheap
-since the mediæval period was chiefly at the eastern end, on the
-north side. Here a large space opposite the church of St. Mary-le-Bow
-was formerly kept clear of building, although booths and stalls
-for market purposes occupied the ground temporarily. The space was
-otherwise reserved for the mediæval jousts, tournaments, and other
-civic pageantry. The site of Mercers' Hall was occupied by the _Militia
-Hospitalis_, called, after Thomas à Becket, St. Thomas of Acon. After
-the Dissolution this establishment was granted by Henry to the Mercers'
-Company, who adapted the existing buildings to the purposes of their
-hall, one of the principal features of Cheap in Elizabethan times. The
-district eastward of Mercers' Hall had become filled up with building,
-and the making of Cheap as a thoroughfare was now complete. The
-original road westward was from the top of New Fish Street, by East
-Cheap, Candlewick or Cannon Street, past London Stone (probably the
-Roman _Milliarium_), along Budge Row and Watling Street, to the site of
-St. Paul's, where it is conjectured a temple of Diana stood in Roman
-times. But Cheap, or West Cheap, was the chief traffic way westward
-in Elizabethan London; it was filled with shops and warehouses, a
-thriving business centre, the pride of the city. The name of "Cheap"
-was derived from the market, and several of the streets leading into
-it yet bear names which in Elizabethan times were descriptive of the
-trades there carried on. Thus the Poultry was the poulterers' market;
-ironmongers had their shops in Ironmonger Lane, as formerly they had
-their stalls in the same area; in Milk Street were the dairies; and
-towards the west end of Cheap was Bread Street, the market of the
-bakers, and Friday Street, where fishmongers predominated. Lying
-between these two streets, with frontages in both, was the Mermaid
-Tavern, the chief resort of "the breed of excellent and choice wits,"
-included by Camden among the glories of Elizabethan London. Stow does
-not refer to the Mermaid by name, but possibly he had it in mind when
-he wrote the following passage: "Bread Street, so called of bread sold
-there, as I said, is now wholly inhabited by rich merchants; and divers
-fair inns be there, for good receipt of carriers and other travellers
-to the city." The trades kept themselves in their special localities,
-although they did not always give the name to the street they occupied.
-Thus, to return to the eastern end of Cheap, there was Bucklersbury,
-where the pepperers or grocers were located, having given up their
-former quarters in Sopars' Lane to the cordwainers and curriers. With
-the grocers were mingled apothecaries and herbalists; and hence the
-protest of Falstaff, in the _Merry Wives of Windsor_, that he was not
-"like a many of these lisping hawthorn-buds, that come like women
-in men's apparel, and smell like Bucklesbury in simple time." In
-the midst of Cheap, at a point between Mercers' Hall and Old Jewry,
-opposite the end of Bucklersbury, was the water conduit--in the words
-of Stow, "The great conduit of sweet water, conveyed by pipes of lead
-underground from Paddington for the service of this city, castellated
-with stone, and cisterned in lead." Around the conduit stood the great
-jars used by the water-carriers to convey the water to the houses. The
-water-carrier, as a type of Elizabethan London, is preserved by Ben
-Jonson in the character of Cob in _Every Man in his Humour_. Going
-westward from the Conduit, another object stood out in the roadway--the
-Standard, a tall pillar at which the public executions of the city
-jurisdiction took place. Still further west, in the midst of Cheap,
-stood the Eleanor Cross, one of the most beautiful monuments in London
-at this time.
-
-The Guildhall stood where it stands to-day, accessible from Cheap by
-Ironmonger Lane and St. Lawrence Lane. Only the walls and the crypt
-of the original building remain; but the features of this great civic
-establishment, as well as its sumptuous character and beautiful
-adornments, were practically the same in the days of Gresham as at
-the present time. Stow describes the stately porch entering the great
-hall, the paving of Purbeck marble, the coloured glass windows, and,
-alas! the library which had been "borrowed" by the Protector Somerset
-in the preceding reign. Near the Guildhall was the church of St.
-Mary Aldermanbury, the predecessor of the existing edifice. In this
-parish dwelt Hemmings and Condell, "fellows" of Shakespeare--that is
-to say, players of his company, whom he remembered in his will. These
-men conferred a benefit on all future ages by collecting the poet's
-plays, seven years after his death, and publishing them in that folio
-edition which is one of the most treasured volumes in the world. In
-the churchyard a monument to their memory was erected in 1896. It is
-surmounted by a bust of the poet, who looks forth serenely greeting the
-passer-by from beneath the shade of trees in this quiet old churchyard
-in modern London.
-
-To return to Cheap, it remains to speak of a feature which attracted
-Queen Elizabeth, and was, indeed, one of the marvels of London. Here
-are the _ipsissima verba_ of Stow's contemporary description:
-
-     "Next to be noted, the most beautiful frame of fair houses
-     and shops that be within the walls of London, or elsewhere in
-     England, commonly called Goldsmiths' Row, betwixt Bread Street
-     end and the cross in Cheap ... the same was built by Thomas
-     Wood, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs of London, in the year
-     1491. It containeth in number ten fair dwelling-houses and
-     fourteen shops, all in one frame, uniformly built four stories
-     high, beautified towards the street with the Goldsmiths' arms
-     and the likeness of woodmen, in memory of his name, riding on
-     monstrous beasts, all which is cast in lead, richly painted
-     over and gilt. These he gave to the goldsmiths, with stocks of
-     money, to be lent to young men having those shops. This said
-     front was again new painted and gilt over in the year 1594;
-     Sir Richard Martin being then mayor, and keeping his mayoralty
-     in one of them."
-
-Beyond Goldsmiths' Row was the old Change; the name and the street both
-still exist. Beyond old Change were seven shops; then St. Augustine's
-Gate, leading into St. Paul's Churchyard; and then came Paternoster
-Row. Between Paternoster Row and Newgate Street stood the Church of
-St. Michael-le-Querne, stretching out into the middle of Cheap, where
-the statue of Sir Robert Peel now stands. Stretching out from the east
-end of the church, still further into the street, was a water conduit,
-which supplied all the neighbourhood hereabout, called "The Little
-Conduit," not because it was little, but to distinguish it from the
-great conduit at the other end of Cheap.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-We are concerned in this place not with the history of old St.
-Paul's, nor with the technique of its architecture, but with the
-great cathedral as a religious and social institution, the centre of
-Elizabethan London. Here the streams of life were gathered, and hence
-they radiated. It was the official place of worship of the Corporation;
-the merchants of the city followed. The monarch on special occasions
-attended the services; the nobility followed the royal example. The
-typical Elizabethan made the middle aisle his promenade, where he
-displayed the finery of his attire and the elegance of his deportment.
-The satirists found a grand opportunity in the humours of Paul's
-Walk; but the effect of the cathedral is not to be derived from such
-allusions in the literature of the time. All classes were attracted by
-the beautiful organ and the anthems so exquisitely sung by the choir.
-The impressive size and noble proportions of the building, the soaring
-height of the nave, the mystery of the open tower, where the ascending
-vision became lost in gathering obscurity, and where the chords from
-the organ died away; these spiritual associations, these appeals to the
-imagination, were uplifting influences so powerful that the vanities of
-Paul's Walk were negligible by comparison. As with the gargoyle on the
-outer walls, the prevailing effect was so sublime, that it was merely
-heightened by this element of the grotesque.[2]
-
-The cathedral stood in the midst of a churchyard. In the mediæval
-period this was enclosed by a wall. In the reign of Elizabeth the
-wall still existed, but, as Stow observes, "Now on both sides, to
-wit, within and without, it be hidden with dwelling-houses." In 1561
-the great steeple was struck by lightning and destroyed by fire, but
-the tower from which the spire arose remained. The tower was 260 feet
-high, and the height of the spire was the same, so that the pinnacle
-was 520 feet from the base.[3] Surmounting the pinnacle, in this
-earlier portion of Elizabeth's reign, was a weathercock, an object of
-curiosity to which Stow devotes a minute description. In the midst of
-the churchyard stood Paul's Cross--"a pulpit cross of timber, mounted
-upon steps of stone and covered with lead, in which are sermons
-preached every Sunday in the forenoon." Many of the monastic features
-of the establishment had disappeared; others were transformed and
-adapted to other uses. The great central fabric remained, and the
-school flourished--"Paul's School," in the east part of the churchyard,
-endowed by Dean Colet in 1512, and rebuilt in the later years of
-Elizabeth, where one hundred and fifty-three poor men's children were
-given a free education under a master, an usher, and a chaplain.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Newgate Street, Cheapside, Cornhill, Leadenhall, and Aldgate formed (as
-they do still) nearly a straight line, east and west. From this line to
-the wall on the north, in Plantagenet and early Tudor times, the city
-was largely composed of open spaces: chiefly the domains of religious
-houses; while south of the dividing line to the river the ground was
-thickly built over. After the Dissolution the transformation of the
-northern area began.
-
-Considerable building took place in the reign of Edward VI.; but at
-the time of Elizabeth's accession the generally open character of this
-area, as compared with the more southerly part of the city, still
-subsisted. The increase of population, however, due very largely to
-people who flocked to London from all parts of the country, led to
-rapid building, which produced the Queen's famous proclamation to
-stay its further progress. To evade the ordinance, and to meet the
-ever-increasing demand, large houses were converted into tenements,
-and a vast number of people were thus accommodated who lived chiefly
-out-of-doors and took their meals in the taverns, inns, and ordinaries
-which abounded in all parts of the city. The pressure of demand
-continued, and the open spaces became gradually built over. The Queen
-and her government, aghast at the incessant tide of increase, in
-terror of the plague, recognised the futility of further prohibition,
-and avoided communication with the city as much as possible. At the
-slightest hint of plague Her Majesty would start off on one of her
-Progresses, or betake herself to Richmond, to Hampton Court, or to
-Greenwich.
-
-Some of these transformations of ancient monastic purlieus may be
-briefly instanced. Within Newgate was the house and precinct of the
-Grey Friars. After the Dissolution the whole precinct was presented by
-Henry to the citizens of London, and here Edward VI. founded the school
-for poor fatherless children, which became famous as Christ's Hospital,
-"the Bluecoat school."
-
-Let a short passage from Stow describe this change from the old order
-to the new:
-
-     "In the year 1552 began the repairing of the Greyfriars house
-     for the poor fatherless children; and in the month of November
-     the children were taken into the same, to the number of almost
-     four hundred. On Christmas Day, in the afternoon, while the
-     Lord Mayor and Aldermen rode to Paules, the children of
-     Christ's Hospital stood from St. Lawrence Lane end in Cheape
-     towards Paules, all in one livery of russet cotton, three
-     hundred and forty in number; and in Easter next, they were in
-     blue at the Spittle, and so have continued ever since."
-
-The Greyfriars or Bluecoat school was one of the largest buildings in
-London. Its demesne extended to the city wall, in which there was a
-gate communicating with the grounds of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, the
-famous foundation of Rahere. The wall ran northward from the New Gate,
-the ground between the school and the wall on that side had been built
-over. There was a continuous line of building along Newgate Street to
-St. Martin's le Grand. The shambles or meat market occupied the centre
-of the street, called St. Nicholas Shambles, from a church which had
-been demolished since the Reformation.
-
-From Newgate Street and the top of Cheapside to St. Anne's Lane was
-formerly the territory of the Collegiate Church and Sanctuary of St.
-Martin's le Grand. The college was dismantled after the edict of
-dissolution, but the sanctuary remained.
-
-Some of the collegiate buildings had been converted into tenements,
-and other houses had been erected. These were occupied by "strangers
-born"--_i.e._, denizens who were not born Londoners--although within
-the walls the civic jurisdiction did not extend over this territory.
-Certain trades were carried on here outside the regulated industry of
-the city--_e.g._, tailoring and lace-making. The district became one
-of the resorts of the Elizabethan ruffler; and under the ægis of the
-ancient right of sanctuary a kind of Alsatia came into existence, the
-scene of many exciting episodes when debtors and fugitives from justice
-evaded their pursuers, and succeeded in reaching these precincts.
-
-In Broad Street the ancient glory of the Augustine Friars was still
-a memory, and much of their spacious domain had been divided into
-gardens. The beautiful church remained, but the spire was becoming
-ruinous from neglect. Stow described the gardens, the gates of the
-precinct, and the great house which had been built here by William
-Paulet, first Marquis of Winchester, Lord Treasurer of England, "in
-place of Augustine friar's house, cloister, gardens, etc." There is an
-admirable irony in the recital of Stow at this point:
-
-     "The friars church he pulled not down, but the west end
-     thereof, inclosed from the steeple and choir, was in the
-     year 1550 granted to the Dutch nation in London, to be their
-     preaching place: the other part--namely, the steeple, choir,
-     and side aisles to the choir adjoining--he reserved to
-     household uses, as for stowage of corn, coal and other things;
-     his son and heir, Marquis of Winchester, sold the monuments of
-     noblemen there buried in great number, the paving stone and
-     whatsoever (which cost many thousands) for one hundred pounds,
-     and in place thereof made fair stabling for horses. He caused
-     the lead to be taken from the roofs, and laid tile in place
-     thereof; which exchange proved not so profitable as he looked
-     for, but rather to his disadvantage."
-
-Between Broad Street and Bishopsgate Street the space was chiefly
-composed of gardens. One of the houses fronting Bishopsgate Street
-was the residence of Sir Thomas Gresham (perhaps his house in Lombard
-Street was reserved for business purposes).
-
-On the opposite side of Bishopsgate Street was Crosby Hall and the
-precinct of the dissolved nunnery of St. Helen, extending towards St.
-Mary Axe and the church of St. Andrew Undershaft. At the further end of
-St. Mary Axe was the "Papye," a building which had been a hospital for
-poor priests before the Reformation. In the year 1598 Shakespeare was
-living in the St. Helen's precinct, within the shadow of Crosby Hall,
-and John Stow, in his home near the church of St. Andrew Undershaft,
-had just corrected the proofs of the first edition of his _Survey of
-London_. Stow tells us about Gresham's House and about Crosby Hall. He
-tells us that Sir Francis Walsingham, the Secretary of State, resided
-at the Papye. He describes the church of St. Andrew Undershaft, where
-his own monument may be seen at the present day; he describes, too, the
-ancient church of the nunnery of St. Helen, in which a memorial window
-now commemorates Shakespeare. But he failed to mention the fact, which
-has since been recovered from the subsidy-roll in the Record Office,
-that William Shakespeare was a denizen of the precinct in 1598. Had
-Shakespeare built a water conduit in the neighbourhood, or endowed an
-almshouse, he might have been celebrated in the pages of John Stow.
-
-They were neighbours, and may have been acquainted. The district had
-been familiar to Stow from childhood, and he may have entertained the
-poet as he entertains us in his _Survey_ with recollections of the
-changes he had witnessed in his long lifetime. Describing Tower Hill,
-he recalls the abbey of nuns of the order of St. Clare, called the
-Minories, and after giving the facts of its history, proceeds:
-
-     "In place of this house of nuns is now built divers fair and
-     large storehouses for armour and habiliments of war, with
-     divers workhouses serving to the same purpose: there is a
-     small parish church for inhabitants of the close, called St.
-     Trinities. Near adjoining to this abbey, on the south side
-     thereof, was sometime a farm belonging to the said nunnery;
-     at the which farm I, myself, in my youth, have fetched many a
-     half-penny worth of milk, and never had less than three ale
-     pints for a half-penny in the summer, nor less than one ale
-     quart for a half-penny in the winter, always hot from the
-     kine, as the same was milked and strained. One Trolop, and
-     afterwards Goodman, were the farmers there, and had thirty
-     or forty kine to the pail. Goodman's son being heir to his
-     father's purchase, let out the ground, first for grazing of
-     horses, and then for garden-plots, and lived like a gentleman
-     thereby."
-
-Here we have the source of the name Goodman's Fields, a point of some
-interest for us; but how vastly more interesting to have rambled with
-Stow in Elizabethan London, listening to such stories of the old order
-which had passed, giving place to the new!
-
-We have strayed outside the wall, but not far. This road between
-Aldgate and the Postern Gate by the Tower, running parallel with the
-wall, is called the Minories, after the nunnery. Setting our faces
-towards Aldgate, to retrace our steps, we have the store-houses for
-armour and habiliments of war on our right; the wide ditch on our left
-has been filled up, and partly enclosed for cultivation. There are
-trees, and cows browsing, although the farm which Stow remembered no
-longer existed. Before us, just outside Aldgate, is the church of St.
-Buttolph, with its massive tower, standing in a spacious churchyard.
-Owing to the extensive building and development which had taken
-place outside the wall since the Reformation, it had been necessary
-to construct lofts and galleries in this church to accommodate the
-parishioners. At Aldgate the line of the wall turns westward towards
-Bishopsgate. Parallel to it a road has been made along the bank of the
-ditch, and leads into Bishopsgate Street. This is Houndsditch. The
-houses stand thickly along one side of the way looking towards the
-wall; the ditch has been filled up, and the wide surface is used for
-cattle pens or milking stalls.
-
-We will not go along Houndsditch, but turning sharply to the left from
-St. Buttolph's we pass through Aldgate. In doing so we immediately
-find ourselves in the midst of the remains of the great priory of Holy
-Trinity. The road leads southward into Fenchurch Street, branching off
-on the west into Leadenhall Street. At the junction of these streets
-stood the hospitium of the priory. Between Leadenhall Street and the
-city wall, from Aldgate nearly up to St. Andrew Undershaft, lies the
-ground-plan of the establishment of the Canons Regular, known as
-Christchurch, or the priory of Holy Trinity, the grandest of all the
-monastic institutions in Middlesex except Westminster. The heads of the
-establishment were aldermen of the City of London, representing the
-Portsoken Ward.
-
-     "These priors have sitten and ridden amongst the aldermen of
-     London, in livery like unto them, saving that his habit was
-     in shape of a spiritual person, as I, myself, have seen in my
-     childhood; at which time the prior kept a most bountiful house
-     of meat and drink, both for rich and poor, as well within
-     the house as at the gates, to all comers, according to their
-     estates" (Stow).
-
-In 1531 the King took possession of Christchurch; the canons were
-sent to other houses of the same order--St. Bartholomew the Great,
-Smithfield; St. Mary Overies, Southwark; and St. Mary Spital--"and the
-priory, with the appurtenances, King Henry gave to Sir Thomas Audley,
-newly knighted, and after made Lord Chancellor" (Stow). So extensive
-and so solid was the mass of building that Audley was at a loss to get
-the space cleared for the new house he wished to build here. He offered
-the great church of the priory to any one who would take it down and
-cart away the materials. But as this offer met with no response, Audley
-had to undertake the destruction himself. Stow could remember how the
-workmen employed on this work, "with great labour, beginning at the
-top"--the tower had pinnacles at each corner like the towers at St.
-Saviour's and St. Sepulchre's--"loosed stone from stone, and threw
-them down, whereby the most part of them were broken, and few remained
-whole; and those were sold very cheap, for all the buildings then made
-about the city were of brick and timber. At that time any man in the
-city might have a cart-load of hard stone for paving brought to his
-door for sixpence or sevenpence, with the carriage." Thus, in place of
-the priory and its noble church, was built the residence of Thomas,
-Lord Audley, and here he lived till his death in 1544. By marriage of
-his only daughter and heiress, the house passed into the possession of
-Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, and was then called Duke's Place.
-
-Turning our backs upon Duke's Place and continuing a little further
-along the way by which Stow used to fetch the milk from the farm at
-the Minories to his father's house on Cornhill, we come to Leadenhall,
-a great building which served as a public granary in ancient times,
-and later as the chief market hall of the city. Leaving aside all the
-particulars of its history which Stow gives, let us note what he tells
-us from his own recollections:
-
-     "The use of Leadenhall in my youth was thus:--In a part of the
-     north quadrant, on the east side of the north gate, were the
-     common beams for weighing of wool and other wares, as had been
-     accustomed; on the west side the gate were the scales to weigh
-     meal; the other three sides were reserved, for the most part,
-     to the making and resting of the pageants showed at Midsummer
-     in the watch; the remnant of the sides and quadrants was
-     employed for the stowage of wool sacks, but not closed up; the
-     lofts above were partly used by the painters in working for
-     the decking of pageants and other devices, for beautifying of
-     the watch and watchmen; the residue of the lofts were letten
-     out to merchants, the wool winders and packers therein to
-     wind and pack their wools. And thus much for Leadenhall may
-     suffice."
-
-The celebration of the Nativity of St. John and the civic pageantry
-of Midsummer Eve belonged to the past; but Stow could remember the
-assembly of the citizens arrayed in parti-coloured vestments of red
-and white over their armour, their lances coloured and decorated
-to distinguish the various wards they represented, their torches
-borne in cressets on long poles. He could remember the processions
-as they passed the bonfires which burned in the open spaces of the
-city thoroughfares, and the throng of faces at the open windows and
-casements as they appeared in the fitful glare. The pageantry had
-disappeared with the suppression of the religious houses; but the
-military organization was merely changed. The musters of the city
-soldiers when they were reviewed by Queen Elizabeth at the coming of
-the Armada was a recent memory.
-
-And so we turn into Bishopsgate Street again, and walk along to Crosby
-Hall, the ancient palace of Richard III. In the middle of the roadway,
-opposite the junction of Threadneedle Street with Bishopsgate Street,
-stands a well, with a windlass, which probably existed here before the
-conduit was made near the gateway in the time of Henry VIII. We enter
-the precinct of St. Helen's: the wall of Crosby's great chamber is on
-our right hand; before us is the church of the nunnery. The spirit
-of the place is upon us. The barriers of time are removed; past and
-present mingle in the current of our meditation. Lo! one bids us a
-courteous farewell: it is Master Stow, our cicerone, who goes away
-in the direction of St. Andrew Undershaft. The presence of another
-influence continues to be felt. We enter the dim church, and shadows
-of kneeling nuns seem to hover in the twilight of the northern nave.
-Invisible fingers touch the organ-keys; the strains of evensong arise
-from the choir. Our reverie is broken, an influence recedes from us.
-But turning our eyes towards the painted picture of Shakespeare which
-fills the memorial window in this ancient church, we join in the hymn
-of praise and thanksgiving.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-What chiefly impressed the Elizabethan was the newness of London, and
-the rapidity with which its ancient features were being obliterated.
-John Stow felt it incumbent upon him to make a record of the ancient
-city before it was entirely swept away and forgotten. In what was new
-to him we find a similar interest.
-
-Through Bishopsgate northward lies Shoreditch. The old church which
-stood here in Elizabethan times has disappeared, but on the site
-stands another church with the same dedication, to St. Leonard. The
-sweet peal of the bells from the old belfry, so much appreciated by
-the Elizabethans, is to be heard no more; but the muniment chest of
-the modern church contains the old registers, in which we may read the
-names of Tarleton, Queen Elizabeth's famous jester, of Burbage, and
-the colony of players who lived in this parish, in the precinct of the
-dissolved priory of Holywell. The road from Shoreditch to the precinct
-still exists, known as Holywell Lane.
-
-The priory of St. John Baptist, called Holywell, a house of nuns, had
-been rebuilt, in the earlier period of the reign of Henry VIII., by
-Sir Thomas Lovel, K.G., of Lincoln's Inn. He endowed the priory with
-fair lands, extended the buildings, and added a large chapel. He also
-built considerably in Lincoln's Inn, including the fine old gateway in
-Chancery Lane, which still stands as one of the few remaining memorials
-of ancient London. Sir Thomas figures as one of the characters in
-Shakespeare's play of _Henry VIII._ When he died he was duly buried in
-the large chapel which he had added to Holywell Priory, in accordance
-with his design; but a few years later, in 1539, the priory was
-surrendered to the King and dissolved. Stow tells us that the church
-was pulled down--it is doubtful if Lovel's chapel was spared--and
-that many houses were built within the precinct "for the lodgings of
-noblemen, of strangers born, and others."
-
-In the first edition of his _Survey_ Stow added:--
-
-     "And near thereunto are builded two publique houses for the
-     acting and shewe of comedies, tragedies and histories, for
-     recreation. Whereof one is called the Courtein, and the other
-     the Theatre; both standing on the south west side towards the
-     field."
-
-This passage was omitted from the second edition of the book published
-in 1603; but the whole extensive history of these playhouses, which
-was won from oblivion by the research of J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps,
-proceeded from this brief testimony of Stow.
-
-Against the background of the ancient priory this precinct of
-Holywell presented a perfect picture of the new conditions which
-constituted what was distinctively Elizabethan London. It comprehended
-the conditions of freedom required by the new life. Outside the
-jurisdiction of the city, but within the protection of the justices of
-Middlesex; lying open to the common fields of Finsbury, where archery
-and other sports were daily practised; its two playhouses affording
-varied entertainment in fencing matches, wrestling matches, and other
-"sports, shows, and pastimes," besides stage-plays performed by the
-various acting companies which visited them; this precinct of Holywell
-presented a microcosm of Elizabethan London society. The attraction
-of the plays brought visitors from all parts of the city. On the days
-when dramatic performances were to be given flags were hoisted in the
-morning over the playhouses; and after the early midday dinner the
-stream of playgoers began to flow from the gates. On horseback and
-on foot, over the fields from Cripplegate and Moorgate, or along the
-road from Bishopsgate, came men and women, citizens and gallants,
-visitors from the country, adventurers and pickpockets. All classes
-and conditions mingled in the Theatre or the Curtain, in the "common
-playhouses," as they were called, which only came into existence in
-1576, after the players had been banished from the city. It was all
-delightfully new and modern; the buildings were gorgeously decorated;
-the apparel of the players was rich and dazzling; the music was
-enthralling; the play was a magic dream.
-
-Some of the plays of Marlowe were performed at these Holywell theatres;
-and in 1596 a play by the new poet, William Shakespeare, called _Romeo
-and Juliet_, was produced at the Curtain, and caused a great sensation
-in Elizabethan London. The famous balcony scene of this play was
-cleverly adapted to the orchestra gallery above the stage. The stage
-itself projected into the arena, and the "groundlings" stood around it.
-Above were three tiers of seated galleries, and near the stage were
-"lords' rooms," the precursors of the private boxes of a later time.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-After the Theatre and Curtain had become a feature of Elizabethan
-London at Shoreditch, other playhouses came into existence on the other
-side of the river; first at Newington, outside the jurisdiction of
-the city, in conditions corresponding to those of Shoreditch. For the
-sports and pastimes of Finsbury Fields, in the neighbourhood of the
-playhouses, there were the sports and pastimes of St. George's Fields
-in the neighbourhood of the Newington Theatre. Playgoers from the city
-took boat to Paris Garden stairs and witnessed the bear-baiting on
-Bankside, or proceeded by road on horseback or on foot to St. George's
-Fields and Newington; or they went thither over the bridge all the way
-by road, walking or riding. The use of coaches was very limited, owing
-to the narrow roads and imperfect paving of Elizabethan London.
-
-[Illustration: SHOOTING MATCH BY THE LONDON ARCHERS IN THE YEAR 1583.]
-
-At Newington the proprietor and manager of the playhouse was Philip
-Henslowe, whose diary is the chief source of what information we have
-concerning the earlier period of Elizabethan drama. He was a man of
-business instinct, who conducted his dramatic enterprise on purely
-commercial lines. In 1584 he secured the lease of a house and two
-gardens on Bankside, and here, in the "liberty" of the Bishop of
-Winchester, nearer to the city but outside the civic jurisdiction, he
-erected his playhouse, called the Rose, in 1591. Henslowe thus brought
-the drama nearer to the city than it had been since the edict of 1575
-abolished the common stages which until then had been set up in inn
-yards or other convenient places in the city. The flag of the playhouse
-could be seen across the river; and from all points came the tide
-of playgoers, whose custom was a harvest to Henslowe and the Thames
-watermen.
-
-Midway between these two points of theatrical attraction--Holywell,
-Shoreditch on the north, and Newington and Bankside on the
-south--Shakespeare lodged in the precinct of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate.
-The company of players with whom he had become finally associated was
-that of the Lord Chamberlain. They derived their profits from three
-sources--from performances at court, from theatrical tours, and from
-performances at the Theatre and the Curtain. The Theatre was the
-property of the family of James Burbage, who had built it in 1576--his
-son Richard Burbage, the famous actor, and others. The interest of the
-proprietors may have suffered from Henslowe's enterprise in setting
-up a playhouse on Bankside; and they were in dispute with the ground
-landlord of their playhouse in regard to the renewal of their lease.
-In these circumstances the Burbages, with the co-operation of other
-members of the company, secured a site in the Winchester Liberty on
-Bankside, not far from the Rose but nearer the Bridge. They then took
-down their building in Holywell, vacated the land, and re-erected the
-playhouse on the other side of the river. Those who participated in
-this enterprise became "sharers," or partners, in the new playhouse.
-Shakespeare was one of these, and the name by which it was called--the
-Globe--was symbolical of the genius which reached its maturity in
-plays presented in this theatre during the closing years of the reign
-of Elizabeth and the first decade of the reign of her successor. "Totus
-mundus agit histrionem" was the inscription over the portal of the
-Globe. "All the world's a stage," said Shakespeare's Jaques in _As You
-Like It_. The life of Elizabethan London found its ultimate expression
-in that playhouse, which became celebrated then as "the glory of the
-Bank," and now is famous in all parts of the world where the glory of
-English literature is cherished.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-There were many reminiscences of mediæval times on the Surrey side. At
-Bermondsey were to be seen the extensive remains of the great abbey
-of St. Saviour. After the Dissolution its name became transferred to
-the church near the end of London Bridge, formerly known as St. Mary
-Overies, the splendid fane which in our time has worthily become the
-cathedral of Southwark. Between this church and the church of St.
-George were many inns, among them the Tabard, where travellers to and
-from Canterbury and Dover, or Winchester and Southampton, introduced
-an element of novelty, change, and bustle; where plays were performed
-in the inn yards before the playhouses were built on Bankside. At the
-end of Bankside, looking towards the church of St. Saviour, stood
-Winchester House, the London residence of the Bishop of Winchester
-since the twelfth century. Here Cardinal Beaufort and Stephen Gardiner,
-Bishop of Winchester, had lived in great state. The site, including
-the park, which extended parallel with the river as far as Paris
-Garden, was formerly the property of the priory of Bermondsey. This
-area was under the separate jurisdiction of the Bishops of Winchester,
-and was called their "Liberty." Here, in the early years of Queen
-Elizabeth, were two amphitheatres--one for bull-baiting, the other for
-bear-baiting. There were also ponds for fish, called the Pike Ponds.[4]
-The great Camden records an anecdote of these ponds or stews, "which
-are here to feed Pikes and Tenches fat, and to scour them from the
-strong and muddy fennish taste." All classes delighted in the cruel
-sport of bear-baiting on the Bankside: ambassadors and distinguished
-foreigners were always conducted to these performances; on special
-occasions the Queen had them at the palace.
-
-In 1583 one of the amphitheatres fell down, and when re-erected it was
-built on the model of the playhouses.[5] It then became known as the
-Bear Garden; the bull-baiting amphitheatre dropped out of existence;
-perhaps it was reconstructed by Henslowe as his Rose theatre. The point
-is not of much importance, except as regards the evolution of the
-playhouse.
-
-The second playhouse built on the Surrey side after the Rose was the
-Swan, opened in 1596. This was erected on a site in the manor of Paris
-Garden, separated only by a road from the Liberty of Winchester. The
-playhouse was in a line with the landing-stairs, opposite Blackfriars.
-
-After the Globe playhouse was built in 1599, the other
-playhouses--Henslowe's Rose and Langley's Swan--ceased to flourish.
-Here the outward facts corresponded with the inward: a lovely flower
-had opened into bloom on the Bankside; what was unnecessary to its
-support drooped earthward like a sheath.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Opposite Paris Garden, across the river, was Blackfriars; and here the
-change from the ancient order to what was distinctively Elizabethan
-London was most manifest. The ancient monastery had existed here from
-1276, when the Dominican or Black Friars moved hither from Holborn,
-until 1538, when the establishment was surrendered to King Henry VIII.
-It possessed a magnificent church, a vast palatial hall, and cloisters.
-Edward VI. had granted the whole precinct, with its buildings, to Sir
-Thomas Cawarden, the Master of the Revels. It became an aristocratic
-residential quarter; and in the earlier period of Queen Elizabeth's
-reign plays were performed here, probably in the ancient hall of the
-monastery, by the children of Her Majesty's chapel and the choir-boys
-of St. Paul's. At a later period--viz., in 1596--James Burbage,
-who built the theatre in Shoreditch, built a new playhouse in the
-precinct, or more probably adapted an existing building--the hall or
-part of the church--to serve the purpose of dramatic representation.
-This playhouse, consequently, was not open to the weather at the top
-like the common playhouses, and it was distinguished as the "private"
-theatre at Blackfriars.
-
-The west wall of the precinct was built along the bank of the Fleet
-river. Across the river opposite was the royal palace of Bridewell,
-which Edward VI. had given to the city of London to be a workhouse for
-the poor and a house of correction. This contiguity of a house for the
-poor and the remains of a monastery suggests a reflection on the social
-problem of Elizabethan London.
-
-Before the Reformation the religious houses were the agencies for
-the relief of the poor, the sick, the afflicted. The unemployed were
-assisted with lodging and food on their way as they journeyed in search
-of a market for their labour, paying for their entertainment at the
-religious houses by work either on the roads in the neighbourhood or
-on the buildings or in the gardens and fields, according to their
-trades and skill. It would seem that King Henry did not realise the
-importance and extent of this feature in the social economy, because,
-after he had suppressed the religious establishments, he complained
-very reproachfully of the number of masterless men and rogues that
-were everywhere to be found, especially about London. The good Bishop
-Ridley, in an eloquent appeal addressed to William Cecil, represented
-the poor and sick and starving in the streets of London in the person
-of Christ, beseeching the king to succour the poor and suffering Christ
-in the streets of London by bestowing his palace of Bridewell to be a
-home for the homeless, the starving, and the sick, where erring ones
-could be corrected and the good sustained. The good young monarch
-granted the bishop's request, and Bridewell Hospital was thus founded
-to do the social work in which Blackfriars monastery on the other side
-of the Fleet river had formerly borne its share. But single efforts of
-this kind were quite unequal to cope with the social difficulty; and
-early in the reign of Elizabeth the first Poor Law was passed and a
-system of relief came into operation.
-
-To meet the difficulty of unemployment, it was part of the policy of
-Queen Elizabeth's Government to encourage new industries, whether due
-to invention and discovery or to knowledge gained by visiting foreign
-countries to learn new processes and manufactures; the inventor or
-the introducer of the novelty was rewarded with a monopoly, and he
-received a licence "to take up workmen" to be taught the methods of the
-new industry. One of the manufactures which had been thus stimulated
-was glass-making; and in the precinct of Blackfriars was a famous
-glass-house or factory, a reminiscence of which still exists in the
-name Glasshouse Yard. It has been shown how the crafts and trades of
-Elizabethan London gravitated to separate areas: Blackfriars precinct
-was famous as the abode of artists; one may hazard the guess that some
-of the portraits of Elizabethan and Jacobean players in the Dulwich
-Gallery may have been painted here. In the reign of Charles I. Vandyke
-had his studio in Blackfriars, where the king paid him a visit to see
-his pictures. The precinct was famous also as the abode of glovers; and
-in the reigns of James and Charles it became a notorious stronghold
-of Puritans. The existing name of Playhouse Yard, at the back of
-_The Times_ newspaper office, affords some indication of the site of
-the theatre; and the name Cloister Court is the sole remnant of the
-cloisters of Blackfriars monastery.
-
-The eastern boundary of the precinct was St. Andrew's Hill, which still
-exists. On the site of the present church of St. Andrew in the Wardrobe
-stood a church of the same dedication in Elizabethan London. Stow wrote
-of "the parish church of St. Andrew in the Wardrobe, a proper church,
-but few monuments hath it." Near the church (the site being indicated
-by the existing court called the Wardrobe) was a building of State,
-which Stow calls "the King's Great Wardrobe." The Elizabethan use of
-the Wardrobe is described by Stow thus: "In this house of late years is
-lodged Sir John Fortescue, knight, master of the wardrobe, chancellor
-and under-treasurer of the exchequer, and one of her majesty's most
-honorable privy Council."
-
-Near the top of St. Andrew's Hill and within the precinct of
-Blackfriars was a house which Shakespeare purchased in 1613. It is
-described in the extant Deed of Conveyance as "now or late being in
-the tenure or occupation of one William Ireland ... abutting upon a
-street leading down to Puddle Wharf on the east part, right against the
-Kinges Majesties Wardrobe." Curiously enough, the name of this occupier
-survives in the existing Ireland Yard.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-ENVOY
-
-The omissions in this imperfect sketch of Elizabethan London are many
-and obvious. The design has been to show the tangible setting of a
-jewel rather than the jewel itself; the outward conditions in which
-the life of a new age was manifested. The background of destruction
-has been inevitably emphasised; but in Elizabethan London historic
-memorials existed on every hand. Nothing has been said of Baynard's
-Castle, its Norman walls rising from the margin of the river to
-the south of Blackfriars, or of St Bartholomew the Great, or the
-Charterhouse, or St. Giles's, Cripplegate; although an account of them
-would have completed the outer ring of our perambulation of the London
-described by Stow. The whole region westward--Holborn, Fleet Street,
-the Strand, and Westminster--has been left for another occasion. Here
-and there, however, we have been able to glance at historic buildings
-which had survived from earlier ages to witness the changes in London
-after the Reformation. It was those changes that led to the making of
-the playhouse and brought the conditions which enfolded the possibility
-realised in Shakespeare. This has been the point of view in the
-foregoing pages. A study of characteristics rather than a detailed
-account has been offered for the consideration of the reader.
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[1] Thomas Dekker, the pamphleteer and dramatist, describes the
-Exchange as it was in 1607, when "at every turn a man is put in mind of
-Babel, there is such a confusion of languages"; and as late as 1644 the
-picturesque dresses of the foreign merchants appear in an engraving by
-Hollar.
-
-[2] Camden speaks of "this so stately building," and in his terse
-fashion conveys the effect of the interior: "The west part, as also the
-Cross-yle, are spacious, high-built, and goodly to be seene by reason
-of the huge Pillars and a right beautiful arched Roof of stone."
-
-[3] This is Stow's figure. Camden gives the measurement as 534 feet.
-
-[4] The name survives in Pike Gardens, Bankside.
-
-[5] See the "Bear-house" near the "Play-house" (_i.e._, the Rose) in
-Norden's plan, 1593.
-
-
-
-
-PEPYS'S LONDON
-
-BY HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.
-
-
-The growth of population in London was almost stationary for many
-centuries; as, owing to the generally unhealthy condition of ancient
-cities, the births seldom exceeded the deaths, and in the case of
-frequent pestilences the deaths actually exceeded the births. Thus
-during its early history the walls of London easily contained its
-inhabitants, although at all times in its history London will be found
-to have taken a higher rank for healthy sanitary conditions than most
-of its continental contemporaries. In the later Middle Ages the city
-overflowed its borders, and its liberties were recognized and marked by
-Bars. Subsequently nothing was done to bring the further out-growths of
-London proper within the fold, and in Tudor times we first hear of the
-suburbs as disreputable quarters, a condemnation which was doubtless
-just, as the inhabitants mostly consisted of those who were glad to
-escape the restrictions of life within the city walls.
-
-The first great exodus westwards of the more aristocratic inhabitants
-of London took place in the reigns of James I. and Charles I.--first to
-Lincoln's Inn Fields and its neighbourhood, and then to Covent Garden,
-and both these suburbs were laid out by Inigo Jones, the greatest
-architect of beautiful street fronts that England has ever produced. It
-is an eternal disgrace to Londoners that so many of his noble buildings
-in Lincoln's Inn Fields have been destroyed. The period of construction
-of these districts is marked by the names of Henrietta and King
-Streets in Covent Garden, and Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields.
-
-After the Restoration modern London was founded. During the
-Commonwealth there had been a considerable stagnation in the movement
-of the population, and when the Royalists returned to England from
-abroad they found their family mansions in the city unfitted for their
-habitation, and in consequence established themselves in what is now
-the city of Westminster. Henry Jermyn, first Earl of St. Albans, began
-to provide houses for some of them in St. James's Square, and buildings
-in the district around were rapidly proceeded with.
-
-We have a faithful representation of London, as it appeared at the
-end of the Commonwealth period, in Newcourt and Faithorne's valuable
-Plan of London, dated 1658. A long growth of houses north of the
-Thames is seen stretching from the Tower to the neighbourhood of
-Westminster Abbey. Islington is found at the extreme north of the plan
-unconnected with the streets of the town, Hoxton connected with the
-city by Shoreditch, Bethnal Green almost alone, and Stepney at the
-extreme north-east. South of the Thames there are a few streets close
-to the river, and a small out-growth from London Bridge along the great
-southern road containing Southwark and Bermondsey. There is little at
-Lambeth but the Archbishop's Palace and the great marsh.
-
-On this plan we see what was the condition of the Haymarket and
-Piccadilly before the Restoration. This was soon to be changed, for
-between the years 1664 and 1668 were erected three great mansions in
-the "Road to Reading" (now Piccadilly), viz., Clarendon House (where
-Bond and Albemarle Streets now stand), Berkeley House (on the site
-now occupied by Devonshire House), and Burlington House. Piccadilly
-was the original name of the district after which Piccadilly Hall was
-called. The latter place was situated at the north-east corner of the
-Haymarket, nearly opposite to Panton Square, and close by Panton
-Street, named after Colonel Thomas Panton, the notorious gamester, who
-purchased Piccadilly Hall from Mrs. Baker, the widow of the original
-owner.
-
-There is much to be said in favour of associating the name of some
-well-known man with the London of his time, and thus showing how his
-descriptions illustrate the chief historical events of his time, with
-many of which he may have been connected. In the case of Samuel Pepys,
-we can see with his eyes many of the incidents of the early years of
-the Restoration period, and thus gain an insight into the inner life of
-the times. Pepys lived through some of the greatest changes that have
-passed over London, and in alluding to some of these we may quote his
-remarks with advantage. His friend, John Evelyn, also refers to many of
-the same events, and may also be quoted, more particularly as he was
-specially engaged at different periods of his life in improving several
-parts of London.
-
-We are truly fortunate in having two such admirable diarists at hand to
-help us to a proper understanding of the course of events and of the
-changes that took place in London during their long lives.
-
-When Pepys commenced his _Diary_ on January 1st, 1660, we find him
-living in a small house in Axe Yard, Westminster, a place which derived
-its name from a brewhouse on the west side of King Street, called
-"The Axe." He was then clerk to Mr. (afterwards Sir George) Downing,
-one of the Four Tellers of the Receipt of the Exchequer, from whom
-Downing Street obtained its name. Pepys was in the receipt of £50
-a year, and his household was not a large one, for it consisted of
-himself, his wife, and his servant Jane. He let the greater part of
-the house, and his family lived in the garrets. About 1767 Axe Yard
-was swept away, and Fludyer Street arose on its site, named after Sir
-Samuel Fludyer, who was Lord Mayor in 1761. Nearly a century afterwards
-(1864-65) this street also was swept away (with others) to make room
-for the Government offices, consisting of the India, Foreign and
-Colonial Offices, etc., so that all trace of Pepys's residence has now
-completely passed away.
-
-Macaulay, in the famous third chapter of his History, where he gives
-a brilliant picture of the state of England in 1685, and clearly
-describes London under the later Stuarts, writes: "Each of the two
-cities which made up the capital of England had its own centre of
-attraction." We may take this sentence as our text, and try to
-illustrate it by some notices of London life in the city and at the
-Court end of town. The two extremes were equally familiar to Pepys, and
-both were seen by him almost daily when he stepped into his boat by the
-Tower and out of it again at Westminster.
-
-To take the court life first, let us begin with the entry of the
-King into London on his birthday (May 29th, 1660). The enthusiastic
-reception of Charles II. is a commonplace of history, and from the
-Tower to Whitehall joy was exhibited by all that thronged the streets.
-Evelyn was spectator of the scene, which he describes in his _Diary_:--
-
-     "May 29th. This day his Majestie Charles the Second came to
-     London after a sad and long exile and calamitous suffering
-     both of the King and Church, being 17 yeares. This was also
-     his birthday, and with a triumph of above 20,000 horse
-     and foote, brandishing their swords and shouting with
-     inexpressible joy; the wayes strew'd with flowers, the bells
-     ringing, the streetes hung with tapissry, fountaines running
-     with wine; the Maior, Aldermen and all the Companies in their
-     liveries, chaines of gold and banners; Lords and nobles
-     clad in cloth of silver, gold and velvet; the windowes and
-     balconies all set with ladies; trumpets, music and myriads
-     of people flocking, even so far as Rochester, so as they
-     were seven houres in passing the citty, even from 2 in y^e
-     afternoon till 9 at night.
-
-     "I stood in the Strand and beheld it, and bless'd God. And
-     all this was done without one drop of blood shed, and by that
-     very army which rebell'd against him; but it was y^e Lord's
-     doing, for such a restauration was never mention'd in any
-     history antient or modern, since the returne of the Jews from
-     the Babylonish captivity; nor so joyfull a day and so bright
-     ever seene in this nation, this hapning when to expect or
-     effect it was past all human policy."
-
-One of the brilliant companies of young and comely men in white
-doublets who took part in the procession was led by Simon Wadlow,
-the vintner and host of the "Devil" tavern. This was the son of Ben
-Jonson's Simon Wadlow, "Old Simon the King," who gave his name to
-Squire Western's favourite song. From Rugge's curious MS. _Diurnal_ we
-learn how the young women of London were not behind the young men in
-the desire to join in the public rejoicings:--
-
-     "Divers maidens, in behalf of themselves and others, presented
-     a petition to the Lord Mayor of London, wherein they pray
-     his Lordship to grant them leave and liberty to meet his
-     Majesty on the day of his passing through the city; and if
-     their petition be granted that they will all be clad in white
-     waistcoats and crimson petticoats, and other ornaments of
-     triumph and rejoicing."
-
-Pepys was at sea at this time with Sir Edward Montagu, where the
-sailors had their own rejoicings and fired off three guns, but he
-enters in his _Diary_: "This day, it is thought, the King do enter the
-city of London."
-
-Charles, immediately on his arrival in London, settled himself in the
-Palace of Whitehall, which was his chief place of residence during the
-whole of his reign, but although he was very much at home in it, he
-felt keenly the inconveniences attending its situation by the river
-side, which caused it frequently to be flooded by high tides.
-
-The King alludes to this trouble in one of his amusingly chatty
-speeches to the House of Commons on March 1st, 1661-62, when
-arrangements were being made for the entry of Katharine of Braganza
-into London. He said:--
-
-     "The mention of my wife's arrival puts me in mind to desire
-     you to put that compliment upon her, that her entrance into
-     the town may be with more decency than the ways will now
-     suffer it to be; and for that purpose, I pray you would
-     quickly pass such laws as are before you, in order to the
-     amending those ways, and that she may not find Whitehall
-     surrounded by water."
-
-[Illustration: A VIEW OF LONDON AS IT APPEARED BEFORE THE GREAT FIRE.
-
-_From an old print._
-
-  1 St. Paul's.
-  2 St. Dunstan's.
-  3 Temple.
-  4 St. Bride's.
-  5 St. Andrew's.
-  6 Baynard's Castle.
-  7 St. Sepulchre's.
-  8 Bow Church.
-  9 Guildhall.
-  10 St. Michael's.
-  11 St. Laurence, Poultney.
-  12 Old Swan.
-  13 London Bridge.
-  14 St. Dunstan's East.
-  15 Billingsgate.
-  16 Custom House.
-  17 Tower.
-  18 Tower Wharf.
-  19 St. Olave's.
-  20 St. Saviour's.
-  21 Winchester House.
-  22 The Globe.
-  23 The Bear Garden.
-  24 Hampstead.
-  25 Highgate.
-  26 Hackney.]
-
-In the following year we read in Pepys's _Diary_ a piquant account
-of the putting out of Lady Castlemaine's kitchen fire on a certain
-occasion when Charles was engaged to sup with her:--
-
-     "October 13th, 1663. My Lady Castlemaine, I hear, is in as
-     great favour as ever, and the King supped with her the very
-     first night he came from Bath: and last night and the night
-     before supped with her; when there being a chine of beef
-     to roast, and the tide rising into their kitchen that it
-     could not be roasted there, and the cook telling her of it,
-     she answered, 'Zounds! she must set the house on fire, but
-     it should be roasted!' So it was carried to Mrs. Sarah's
-     husband's, and there it was roasted."
-
-The last sentence requires an explanation. Mrs. Sarah was Lord
-Sandwich's housekeeper, and Pepys had found out in November, 1662, that
-she had just been married, and that her husband was a cook. We are not
-told his name or where he lived.
-
-Lord Dorset, in the famous song, "To all you ladies now on land,"
-specially alludes to the periodical inundations at the Palace:--
-
-    "The King, with wonder and surprise,
-      Will swear the seas grow bold;
-    Because the tides will higher rise
-      Than e'er they did of old;
-    But let him know it is our tears
-    Bring floods of grief to Whitehall stairs."
-
-Pepys was a constant visitor to Whitehall, and the Index to the _Diary_
-contains over three pages of references to his visits. He refers to
-Henry VIII.'s Gallery, the Boarded Gallery, the Matted Gallery, the
-Shield Gallery, and the Vane Room. Lilly, the astrologer, mentions the
-Guard Room. The Adam and Eve Gallery was so called from a picture by
-Mabuse, now at Hampton Court. In the Matted Gallery was a ceiling by
-Holbein, and on a wall in the Privy Chamber a painting of Henry VII.
-and Henry VIII., with their Queens, by the same artist, of which a copy
-in small is preserved at Hampton Court. On another wall was a "Dance of
-Death," also by Holbein, of which Douce has given a description; and in
-the bedchamber of Charles II. a representation by Joseph Wright of the
-King's birth, his right to his dominions, and miraculous preservation,
-with the motto, _Terras Astræa revisit_.
-
-All these rooms, and most of the lodgings of the many residents, royal
-and non-royal, were in the portion of the Palace situated on the river
-side of the road, now known as Whitehall. This road was shut in by two
-gates erected by Henry VIII. when he enlarged the borders of the Palace
-after he had taken it from Wolsey. The one at the Westminster end was
-called the King Street gate, and the other, at the north end, designed
-by Holbein, was called by his name, and also Whitehall or Cock-pit gate.
-
-It is necessary to remember that Whitehall extended into St. James's
-Park. The Tilt Yard, where many tournaments and pageants were held
-in the reigns of Henry VIII., Elizabeth, and James I., fronted the
-Banqueting House, and occupied what is now the Horse Guards' Parade. On
-the south side of the Tilt Yard was the Cockpit, where Monk, Duke of
-Albemarle, lived for a time. His name was given to a tavern in the Tilt
-Yard ("The Monk's Head").
-
-On the north side was Spring Gardens, otherwise the King's Garden, but
-it subsequently became a place of public entertainment, and after the
-Restoration it was styled the Old Spring Garden; then the ground was
-built upon, and the entertainments removed to the New Spring Garden at
-Lambeth, afterwards called Vauxhall.
-
-The Cockpit was originally used for cock-fighting, but it cannot be
-definitely said when it ceased to be employed for this cruel sport. It
-was for a considerable time used as a royal theatre, and Malone wrote:--
-
-     "Neither Elizabeth, nor James I., nor Charles I., I believe,
-     ever went to the public theatre, but they frequently ordered
-     plays to be performed at Court, which were represented in the
-     royal theatre called the Cockpit."
-
-Malone is probably incorrect in respect to Elizabeth's use of the
-Cockpit, for certainly cock-fighting was practised here as late as
-1607, as may be seen from the following entry in the State Papers:--
-
-     "Aug. 4th, 1607. Warrant to pay 100 marks per annum to William
-     Gateacre for breeding, feeding, etc., the King's game cocks
-     during the life of George Coliner, Cockmaster."[6]
-
-It is, of course, possible that the players and the cocks occupied the
-place contemporaneously.
-
-The lodgings at the Cockpit were occupied by some well-known men.
-Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, saw Charles I. pass
-from St. James's to the scaffold at the Banqueting House from one
-of his windows, and he died in these apartments on January 23rd,
-1650. Oliver Cromwell, when Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, was given,
-by order of Parliament, "the use of the lodgings called the Cockpit,
-of the Spring Garden and St. James's House, and the command of St.
-James's Park," and when Protector, and in possession of Whitehall
-Palace, he still retained the Cockpit. When in 1657 he relaxed some
-of the prohibitions against the Theatre, he used the Cockpit stage
-occasionally for instrumental and vocal music.
-
-A little before the Restoration the apartments were assigned to General
-Monk, and Charles II. confirmed the arrangement. Here he died, as Duke
-of Albemarle, on January 3rd, 1670. In 1673 George Villiers, second
-Duke of Buckingham, became a resident, and at the Revolution of 1688
-the Princess Anne was living here.
-
-There has been some confusion in respect to the references to the
-Cockpit in Pepys's _Diary_, as two distinct theatres are referred to
-under this name. The references before November, 1660, are to the
-performances of the Duke's Company at the Cockpit in Drury Lane.
-Here Pepys saw the "Loyal Subject," "Othello," "Wit without Money,"
-and "The Woman's Prize or Tamer Tamed." The subsequent passages in
-which the Cockpit is referred to apply to the royal theatre attached
-to Whitehall Palace. Here Pepys saw "The Cardinal," "Claricilla,"
-"Humorous Lieutenant," "Scornful Lady," and the "Valiant Cid." It is
-useful to remember that the performances at Whitehall were in the
-evening, and those at the public theatre in the afternoon.
-
-The buildings of the Old Whitefriars Palace by the river side were
-irregular and unimposing outside, although they were handsome inside.
-The grand scheme of Inigo Jones for rebuilding initiated by James I.,
-and occasionally entertained by Charles I. and II. and William III.,
-came to nothing, but the noble Banqueting House remains to show what
-might have been.
-
-The Rev. Dr. Sheppard, in his valuable work on _The Old Palace of
-Whitehall_ (1902), refers to Grinling Gibbons's statue of James II.,
-which for many years stood in the Privy Garden, and is one of the very
-few good statues in London. He refers to the temporary removal of the
-statue to the front of Gwydyr House, and writes: "Since the statue has
-been removed to its present position an inscription (there was none
-originally) has been placed on its stone pedestal. It runs as follows:--
-
-                           JACOBUS SECUNDUS
-                   DEI GRATIA ANGLIÆ SCOTIÆ FRANCIÆ
-                           ET HIBERNIÆ REX.
-                   FIDEI DEFENSOR. ANNO MDCLXXXVI."
-
-This, however, is a mistake, and the inscription runs as follows:--
-
-                           JACOBUS SECUNDUS
-                              DEI GRATIÆ
-                             ANGLIÆ SCOTIÆ
-                              FRANCIÆ ET
-                               HIBERNIÆ
-                                  REX
-                            FIDEI DEFENSOR
-                            ANNO MDCLXXXVI
-
-in capitals, and without any stops.
-
-The present writer remembers well being taken as a little boy to
-read the inscription and find out the error in the Latin. The statue
-has since been removed to the front of the new buildings of the
-Admiralty between the Horse Guards' Parade and Spring Gardens, a very
-appropriate position for a Lord High Admiral. I am happy to see that
-the inscription has not been altered, and the incorrect "Dei gratiæ"
-appears as in my youth.
-
-James Duke of York, after the Restoration, occupied apartments in
-St. James's Palace, and his Secretary of the Admiralty, Sir William
-Coventry, had lodgings conveniently near him. The Duke sometimes moved
-from one palace to the other, as his father, Charles I., had done
-before him. Henrietta Maria took a fancy to the place, and most of
-their children were born at St. James's, the Duke being one of these.
-
-James's changes of residence are recorded in Pepys's _Diary_ as
-follows:--
-
-     "Jan. 23rd, 1664-65. Up and with Sir W. Batten and Sir W. Pen
-     to White Hall; but there finding the Duke gone to his lodgings
-     at St. James's for alltogether, his Duchesse being ready to
-     lie in, we to him and there did our usual business."
-
-     "May 3rd, 1667. Up and with Sir J. Minnes, W. Batten and W.
-     Pen in the last man's coach to St. James's, and thence up to
-     the Duke of York's chamber, which as it is now fretted at
-     the top, and the chimney-piece made handsome, is one of the
-     noblest and best-proportioned rooms that ever, I think, I saw
-     in my life."
-
-     "May 20th, 1668. Up and with Colonell Middleton in a new
-     coach he hath made him, very handsome, to White Hall, where
-     the Duke of York having removed his lodgings for this year
-     to St. James's we walked thither; and there find the Duke of
-     York coming to White Hall, and so back to the Council Chamber,
-     where the Committee of the Navy sat."
-
-In November, 1667, James fell ill of the smallpox in St. James's
-Palace, when the gallery doors were locked up. On March 31st, 1671,
-Anne Duchess of York, the daughter of Clarendon, died here. The
-Princess Mary was married to William Prince of Orange in November,
-1677, at eleven o'clock at night, in the Chapel Royal, and on July
-28th, 1683, Princess Anne to Prince George of Denmark, when the pair
-took up their residence at St. James's.
-
-When James came to the crown he went to live at Whitehall Palace, but
-he frequently stayed at St. James's. On June 9th, 1688, Queen Mary of
-Modena was taken to the latter place, and on the following day James
-Francis Edward, afterwards known as "The Pretender," was born in the
-Old Bedchamber. This room was situated at the east end of the south
-front. It had three doors, one leading to a private staircase at the
-head of the bed, and two windows opposite the bed.[7]
-
-The room was pulled down previous to the alterations made in the year
-1822.
-
-The anecdote of Charles II. and the chaplains of the Chapel Royal
-is often quoted, but it is worth repeating, as it shows the ready
-wit of the great preacher, Dr. South. A daily dinner was prepared
-at the Palace for the chaplains, and one day the King notified his
-intention of dining with them. There had been some talk of abolishing
-this practice, and South seized the opportunity of saying grace to do
-his best in opposition to the suggestion; so, instead of the regular
-formula, which was "God save the King and bless the dinner," said "God
-bless the King and save the dinner." Charles at once cried out, "And it
-shall be saved."
-
-The Duke of York and the King were fond of wandering about the park at
-all hours, and as Charles often walked by himself, even as far as the
-then secluded Constitution Hill, James having expressed fears for his
-safety, the elder brother made the memorable reply: "No kind of danger,
-James, for I am sure no man in England will take away my life to make
-you king."
-
-Pepys tells us on March 16th, 1661-2, that while he was walking in the
-park he met the King and Duke coming "to see their fowl play."
-
-Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany (then Hereditary Prince), made a
-"Tour through England" in 1669, and it will be remembered that Macaulay
-found the account of his travels a valuable help towards obtaining
-a picture of the state of England in the middle of the seventeenth
-century. Cosmo thus describes St. James's Park:--
-
-     "A large park enclosed on every side by a wall, and containing
-     a long, straight, and spacious walk, intended for the
-     amusement of the Mall, on each side of which grow large elms
-     whose shade render the promenade in that place in summer
-     infinitely pleasant and agreeable; close to it is a canal
-     of nearly the same length, on which are several species of
-     aquatic birds, brought up and rendered domestic--the work
-     of the Protector Cromwell; the rest of the park is left
-     uncultivated, and forms a wood for the retreat of deer and
-     other quadrupeds."
-
-His Highness was not quite correct in giving the credit of the
-collection of wild-fowl to Cromwell, as the water-fowl appear to have
-been kept in the park from the reign of Elizabeth, and the ponds were
-replenished after the Restoration.
-
-Evelyn gives a long account in his _Diary_ of the zoological
-collections (February 9th, 1664-65). He says:
-
-     "The parke was at this time stored with numerous flocks of
-     severall sorts of ordinary and extraordinary wild fowle,
-     breeding about the Decoy, which for being neere so greate a
-     citty, and among such a concourse of souldiers and people,
-     is a singular and diverting thing. There were also deere of
-     several countries, white; spotted like leopards; antelopes,
-     an elk, red deere, roebucks, staggs, guinea goates, Arabian
-     sheepe, etc. There were withy pots or nests for the wild fowle
-     to lay their eggs in, a little above y^e surface of y^e
-     water."
-
-Charles II. was a saunterer by nature, and he appears to have been
-quite happy in the park either chatting with Nell Gwyn, at the end of
-the garden of her Pall Mall house, in feeding the fowl, or in playing
-the game of Mall.
-
-This game was popular from the end of the sixteenth to the beginning
-of the eighteenth century, and then went out of fashion. At one time
-there were few large towns without a mall, or prepared ground where
-the game could be played. There is reason to believe that the game was
-introduced into England from Scotland on the accession of James VI. to
-the English throne, because the King names it in his "Basilicon Dōron"
-among other exercises as suited for his son Henry, who was afterwards
-Prince of Wales, and about the same time Sir R. Dallington, in his
-_Method of Travel_ (1598), expresses his surprise that the sport was
-not then introduced into England.
-
-The game was played in long shaded alleys, and on dry gravel walks.
-The mall in St. James's Park was nearly half a mile in length, and was
-kept with the greatest care. Pepys relates how he went to talk with the
-keeper of the mall, and how he learned the manner of mixing the earth
-for the floor, over which powdered cockle-shells were strewn. All this
-required such attention that a special person was employed for the
-purpose, who was called the cockle-strewer. In dry weather the surface
-was apt to turn to dust, and consequently to impede the flight of the
-ball, so that the cockle-strewer's office was by no means a sinecure.
-Richard Blome, writing in 1673, asserts that this mall was "said to
-be the best in Christendom," but Evelyn claims the pre-eminence for
-that at Tours, with its seven rows of tall elms, as "the noblest in
-Europe for length and shade." The game is praised by Sir R. Dallington
-"because it is a gentlemanlike sport, not violent, and yields good
-occasion and opportunity of discourse as they walke from one marke to
-the other," and Joseph Lauthier, who wrote a treatise on the subject,
-entitled _Le Jeu de Mail_, Paris, 1717 (which is now extremely scarce),
-uses the same form of recommendation.
-
-The chief requisites for the game were mallets, balls, two arches or
-hoops, one at either end of the mall, and a wooden border marked
-so as to show the position of the balls when played. The mallets
-were of different size and form to suit the various players, and
-Lauthier directs that the weight and height of the mallet should be in
-proportion to the strength and stature of the player. The balls were of
-various sizes and weights, and each size had its distinct name. In damp
-weather, when the soil was heavy, a lighter ball was required than when
-the soil was sandy. A gauge was used to ascertain its weight, and the
-weight of the mallet was adjusted to that of the ball. The arch or pass
-was about two feet high and two inches wide. The one at the west end
-of St. James's Park remained in its place for many years, and was not
-cleared away until the beginning of the reign of George III. In playing
-the game, the mallet was raised above the head and brought down with
-great force so as to strike the ball to a considerable distance. The
-poet Waller describes Charles II.'s stroke in the following lines:--
-
-    "Here a well-polished Mall gives us joy,
-    To see our prince his matchless force employ.
-    No sooner has he touch'd the flying ball,
-    But 'tis already more than half the Mall;
-    And such a fury from his arm has got,
-    As from a smoking culverin 'twere shot."
-
-Considerable skill and practice were required in the player, who, while
-attempting to make the ball skate along the ground with speed, had to
-be careful that he did not strike it in such a manner as to raise it
-from the ground. This is shown by what Charles Cotton writes:--
-
-    "But playing with the boy at Mall
-    (I rue the time and ever shall),
-    I struck the ball, I know not how,
-    (For that is not the play, you know),
-    A pretty height into the air."
-
-This boy was, perhaps, a caddie, for it will be seen that the game was
-a sort of cross between golf and croquet.
-
-Lauthier describes four ways of playing at pall mall, viz.:--(1) the
-_rouet_, or pool game; (2) _en partie_, a match game; (3) _à grands
-coups_, at long shots; and (4) _chicane_, or hockey. Moreover, he
-proposes a new game to be played like billiards.
-
-We may now pass from St. James's Park to Hyde Park, which became a
-place of public resort in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. It was
-then considered to be quite a country place. Ben Jonson mentions in
-the Prologue to his comedy, _The Staple of News_ (1625), the number of
-coaches which congregated there, and Shirley describes the horse-races
-in his comedy entitled _Hide Parke_ (1637).
-
-The park, being Crown property, was sold by order of Parliament in 1652
-for about £17,000 in three lots, the purchasers being Richard Wilcox,
-John Tracy, and Anthony Deane. Cromwell was a frequent visitor, and on
-one occasion when he was driving in the park his horses ran away, and
-he was thrown off his coach.
-
-After the Restoration the park was the daily resort of all the
-gallantry of the court, and Pepys found driving there very pleasant,
-although he complained of the dust. The Ring, which is described in
-Grammont's _Memoirs_ as "the rendezvous of magnificence and beauty,"
-was a small enclosure of trees round which the carriages circulated.
-
-Pepys writes April 4th, 1663:--
-
-     "After dinner to Hide Park ... At the Park was the King and in
-     another coach my Lady Castlemaine, they greeting one another
-     at every tour."
-
-This passage is illustrated in Wilson's _Memoirs_, 1719, where we are
-told that when the coaches "have turned for some time round one way,
-they face about and turn t'other."
-
-John Macky, in his _Journey through England_ (1724), affirms that in
-fine weather he had seen above three hundred coaches at a time making
-"the Grand Tour."
-
-Cosmo tells of the etiquette which was observed among the company:--
-
-     "The King and Queen are often there, and the duke and duchess,
-     towards whom at the first meeting and no more all persons show
-     the usual marks of respect, which are afterwards omitted,
-     although they should chance to meet again ever so often, every
-     one being at full liberty, and under no constraint whatever,
-     and to prevent the confusion and disorder which might arise
-     from the great number of lackies and footmen, these are not
-     permitted to enter Hyde Park, but stop at the gate waiting for
-     their masters."
-
-Oldys refers to a poem, printed in sixteen pages, which was entitled
-"The Circus, or British Olympicks: a Satyr on the Ring in Hyde Park."
-He says that the poem satirizes many well-known fops under fictitious
-names, and he raises the number of coaches seen on a fine evening from
-Macky's three hundred to a thousand. The Ring was partly destroyed at
-the time the Serpentine was formed by Caroline, Queen of George II.
-
-Although the Ring has disappeared, Hyde Park has remained from the
-Restoration period until the present day the most fashionable place in
-London, but now the whole park has been utilized.
-
-Charles II., in reviving the Stage, specially patronised it himself,
-and it may be referred to here from its connection with the Court.
-It has already been noticed that previous monarchs did not visit the
-public theatres.
-
-Pepys was an enthusiastic playgoer, and the _Diary_ contains a mass of
-information respecting the Stage not elsewhere to be found, so that we
-are able to trace the various advances made in the revival of the Stage
-from the incipient attempt of Davenant before the Restoration to the
-improvements in scenery introduced by the rivalry of the two managers,
-Davenant and Killigrew. Immediately after the Restoration two companies
-of actors were organized, who performed at two different houses. One
-theatre was known as the King's House, called by Pepys "The Theatre,"
-and the other as the Duke's House, called by Pepys "The Opera." Sir
-William Davenant obtained a patent for his company as "The Duke's
-Servants," named after the Duke of York, and Thomas Killigrew obtained
-one for "The King's Servants."
-
-Killigrew's Company first performed at the "Red Bull," Clerkenwell, and
-on November 8th removed to Gibbons's Tennis Court in Bear Yard, which
-was entered from Vere Street, Clare Market. Here the Company remained
-till 1663, when they removed to Drury Lane Theatre, which had been
-built for their reception, and was opened on May 7th.
-
-Davenant's Company first performed at the Cockpit, Drury Lane. They
-began to play at Salisbury Court Theatre on November 13th, 1660, and
-went to Cobham House, Blackfriars, on the site afterwards occupied
-by Apothecaries' Hall, in January, 1661. They then removed to the
-theatre in Portugal Row, built on the site of Lisle's Tennis Court.
-Rhodes, a bookseller, who had formerly been wardrobe keeper at the
-Blackfriars, had managed in 1659 to obtain a licence from the State,
-and John Downes affirms that his company acted at the Cockpit, but
-apparently he was acting at the Salisbury Court Theatre before Davenant
-went there. Killigrew, however, soon succeeded in suppressing Rhodes.
-Davenant planned a new building in Dorset Gardens, which was close
-to Salisbury Court, where the former theatre was situated. He died,
-however, before it was finished, but the company removed there in 1671,
-and the theatre was opened on the 9th of November with Dryden's play,
-_Sir Martin Mar-all_, which he had improved from a rough draft by the
-Duke of Newcastle. Pepys had seen it seven times in the years 1667-68.
-The Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre remained shut up until February, 1672,
-when the King's Company, burnt out of Drury Lane Theatre, made use of
-it till March, 1674, by which time the new building in Brydges Street,
-Covent Garden, was ready for their occupation.
-
-When Tom Killigrew died in 1682 the King's and the Duke's companies
-were united, and the Duke's servants removed from Dorset Gardens to
-Drury Lane. The two companies performed together for the first time on
-November 16th.
-
-These constant changes are very confusing, and the recital of them is
-not very entertaining, but it is necessary to make the matter clear
-for the proper understanding of the history of the time. The plan of
-the old theatres, with their platform stage, was no longer of use for
-the altered arrangements introduced at the Restoration. Successive
-improvements in the form of the houses were made, but we learn from
-Pepys that it was some time before the roofing of the building was
-water-tight.
-
-The public theatres were open in the afternoon, three o'clock being the
-usual hour for performance, and the plays were therefore partly acted
-in the summer by daylight. It was thus necessary to have skylights, but
-these were so slight that heavy rain came and wetted those below. On
-June 1st, 1664, Pepys wrote:--
-
-     "Before the play was done it fell such a storm of hail that we
-     in the middle of the pit were fain to rise, and all the house
-     in a disorder."
-
-Davenant was the original planner of the modern stage and its scenery,
-but Killigrew did his part in the improvement carried out. He was
-somewhat jealous of his brother manager, and on one occasion he
-explained to Pepys what he himself had done:--
-
-     "Feb. 12th, 1666-67. The stage is now by his pains a thousand
-     times better and more glorious than ever heretofore. Now, wax
-     candles, and many of them; then not above 3 lbs. of tallow:
-     now all things civil, no rudeness anywhere; then as in a bear
-     garden: then two or three fiddlers, now nine or ten of the
-     best: then nothing but rushes upon the ground, and everything
-     else mean; and now all otherwise; then the Queen seldom and
-     the King never would come; now, not the King only for State
-     but all civil people do think they may come as well as any."
-
-Killigrew complained that "the audience at his house was not above half
-as much as it used to be before the late fire," but in the following
-year (February 6th, 1667-8) there were crowds at the other house. Pepys
-relates:--
-
-     "Home to dinner, and my wife being gone before, I to the Duke
-     of York's playhouse; where a new play of Etheridge's called
-     'She Would if she Could,' and though I was there by two
-     o'clock, there were 1,000 people put back that could not have
-     room in the pit."
-
-Pepys's criticisms on the plays he saw acted at these theatres were not
-always satisfactory, and often they were contradictory. At the same
-time he was apparently judicious in the disposal of praise and blame
-on the actors he saw. Betterton was his ideal of the perfect actor,
-and, so far as it is possible to judge as to one who lived so long ago,
-public opinion formed by those capable of judging from contemporary
-report seems to be in agreement with that of Pepys.
-
-Pepys was a great frequenter of taverns and inns, as were most of his
-contemporaries. There are about one hundred and thirty London taverns
-mentioned in the _Diary_, but time has swept away nearly all of these
-houses, and it is difficult to find any place which Pepys frequented.
-
-These taverns may be considered as a link between the Court end of
-London and the city, for Pepys distributed his favours between the two
-places. King Street, Westminster, was full of inns, and Pepys seems to
-have frequented them all. Two of them--the "Dog" and the "Sun"--are
-mentioned in Herrick's address to the shade of "Glorious Ben":--
-
-    "Ah, Ben!
-    Say how or when
-    Shall we thy guests
-    Meet at these feasts
-    Made at the Sun,
-    The Dog, the Triple Tunne?
-    Where we such clusters had
-    As made us nobly wild, not mad!
-    And yet such verse of thine
-    Outdid the meate, outdid the frolic wine."
-
-The "Three Tuns" at Charing Cross, visited by Pepys, was probably the
-same house whose sign Herrick changes to "Triple Tun."
-
-Among the Westminster taverns may be mentioned "Heaven" and "Hell," two
-places of entertainment at Westminster Hall; the "Bull Head" and the
-"Chequers" and the "Swan" at Charing Cross; the "Cock" in Bow Street
-and the "Fleece" in York Street, Covent Garden; the "Canary" house by
-Exeter Change; and the "Blue Balls" in Lincoln's Inn Fields.
-
-The majority of these taverns patronised by Pepys were, however, in
-the city. There were several "Mitres" in London, but perhaps the most
-interesting one was that kept in Fenchurch Street by Daniel Rawlinson,
-a staunch royalist, who, when Charles I. was executed, hung his sign in
-mourning. Thomas Hearne says that naturally made him suspected by the
-Roundheads, but "endeared him so much to the Churchmen that he throve
-amain and got a good estate." His son, Sir Thomas Rawlinson, was Lord
-Mayor in 1700, and President of Bridewell Hospital. His two grandsons,
-Thomas and Richard Rawlinson, hold an honourable place in the roll
-of eminent book collectors. The "Samson" in St. Paul's Churchyard
-was another famous house, as also the "Dolphin" in Tower Street, a
-rendezvous of the Navy officers, which provided very good and expensive
-dinners.
-
-The "Cock" in Threadneedle Street was an old-established house when
-Pepys visited it on March 7th, 1659-60, and it lasted till 1840, when
-it was cleared away. In the eighteenth century it was a constant
-practice for the frequenters of the "Cock" to buy a chop or steak at
-the butcher's and bring it to be cooked, the charge for which was one
-penny. Fox's friend, the notorious Duke of Norfolk, known as "Jockey of
-Norfolk," often bought his chop and brought it here to be cooked, until
-his rank was discovered.
-
-The meetings of the Royal Society were held at Gresham College in
-Bishopsgate Street, and then at Arundel House in the Strand, which was
-lent to the Society by Henry Howard of Norfolk, afterwards Duke of
-Norfolk. Cosmo of Tuscany visited the latter place for a meeting of the
-Royal Society, and he gives in his _Travels_ an interesting account of
-the manner in which the proceedings were carried out.
-
-There are many references in Pepys's _Diary_ to the Lord Mayor and the
-Rulers of the City, and of the customs carried out there.
-
-The Lord Mayor, aldermen, and common councilmen visited Cosmo, who
-was staying at Lord St. Alban's mansion in St. James's Square. His
-Highness, having dined with the King at the Duke of Buckingham's, kept
-the city magnates waiting for a time, but Colonel Gascoyne, "to make
-the delay less tedious, had accommodated himself to the national taste
-by ordering liquor and amusing them with drinking toasts, till it was
-announced that His Highness was ready to give them audience." The
-description of the audience is very interesting.
-
-Pepys lived in the city at the Navy Office in Seething Lane (opposite
-St. Olave's, Hart Street, the church he attended) during the whole of
-the time he was writing his _Diary_, but when he was Secretary of the
-Admiralty he went, in 1684, to live at the end of Buckingham Street,
-Strand, in a house on the east side which looks on to the river.
-
-Mr. John Eliot Hodgkin possesses the original lease (dated September
-30th, 1687) from the governor and company of the New River for a supply
-of water through a half-inch pipe, and four small cocks of brass led
-from the main pipe in Villiers Street to Samuel Pepys's house in York
-Buildings, also a receipt for two quarters' rent for the same.[8]
-
-Two of the greatest calamities that could overtake any city occurred
-in London during the writing of the _Diary_, and were fully described
-by Pepys--viz., the Plague of 1665 and the Fire of 1666. Defoe's most
-interesting history of the plague year was written in 1722 at second
-hand, for the writer was only two years old when this scourge overran
-London. Pepys wrote of what he saw, and as he stuck to his duty during
-the whole time that the pestilence continued, he saw much that occurred.
-
-England was first visited with the plague in 1348-49, which, since 1833
-(when Hecker's work on the _Epidemics of the Middle Ages_ was first
-published in English), has been styled the Black Death--a translation
-of the German term "Der Schwarze Tod." This plague had the most
-momentous effect upon the history of England on account of the fearful
-mortality it caused. It paralysed industry, and permanently altered
-the position of the labourer. The statistics of the writers of the
-Middle Ages are of little value, and the estimates of those who died
-are various, but the statement that half the population of England died
-from the plague is probably not far from the truth. From 1348 to 1665
-plague was continually occurring in London, but it has not appeared
-since the last date, except on a small scale. Dr. Creighton gives
-particulars of the visitations in London in 1603, 1625, and 1665, from
-which it appears that the mortality in 1665 was more than double that
-in 1603, and about a third more than that in 1625.
-
-On the 7th of June, 1665, Pepys for the first time saw two or three
-houses marked with the red cross, and the words "Lord, have mercy upon
-us" upon the doors, and the sight made him feel so ill-at-ease that he
-was forced to buy some roll tobacco to smell and chew.[9] On the 27th
-of this month he writes: "The plague encreases mightily."
-
-According to the Bills of Mortality, the total number of deaths in
-London for the week ending June 27th was 684, of which number 267
-were deaths from the plague. The number of deaths rose week by week
-until September 19th, when the total was 8,297, and the deaths from
-the plague 7,165. On September 26th the total had fallen to 6,460, and
-deaths from the plague to 5,533. The number fell gradually, week by
-week, till October 31st, when the total was 1,388, and the deaths from
-the plague 1,031. On November 7th there was a rise to 1,787 and 1,414
-respectively. On November 14th the numbers had gone down to 1,359 and
-1,050 respectively. On December 12th the total had fallen to 442, and
-deaths from plague to 243. On December 19th there was a rise to 525 and
-281 respectively. The total of burials in 1665 was 97,306, of which
-number the plague claimed 68,596 victims. Most of the inhabitants of
-London who could get away took the first opportunity of escaping from
-the town, and in 1665 there were many places that the Londoner could
-visit with considerable chance of safety. The court went to Oxford, and
-afterwards came back to Hampton Court before venturing to return to
-Whitehall. The clergy and the doctors fled with very few exceptions,
-and several of those who stayed in town doing the duty of others, as
-well as their own, fell victims to the scourge.
-
-Queen Elizabeth would have none of these removals. Stow says that
-in the time of the plague of 1563, "a gallows was set up in the
-Market-place of Windsor to hang all such as should come there from
-London."
-
-Dr. Hodges, author of _Loimologia_, enumerates among those who assisted
-in the dangerous work of restraining the progress of the infection were
-the learned Dr. Gibson, Regius Professor at Cambridge; Dr. Francis
-Glisson, Dr. Nathaniel Paget, Dr. Peter Barwick, Dr. Humphrey Brookes,
-etc. Of those he mentions eight or nine fell in their work, among whom
-was Dr. William Conyers, to whose goodness and humanity he bears the
-most honourable testimony. Dr. Alexander Burnett, of Fenchurch Street,
-one of Pepys's friends, was another of the victims.
-
-Of those to whom honour is due special mention must be made of Monk,
-Duke of Albemarle, Evelyn, Pepys, Edmond Berry Godfrey; and there were,
-of course, others.
-
-The Duke of Albemarle stayed at the Cockpit; Evelyn sent his wife and
-family to Wotton, but he remained in town himself, and had very arduous
-duties to perform, for he was responsible for finding food and lodging
-for the prisoners of war, and he found it difficult to get money for
-these purposes. He tells in his _Diary_ how he was received by Charles
-II. and the Duke of York on January 29th, 1665-6, when the pestilence
-had partly abated and the court had ventured from Oxford to Hampton
-Court. The King
-
-     "... ran towards me, and in a most gracious manner gave
-     me his hand to kisse, with many thanks for my care and
-     faithfulnesse in his service in a time of such greate danger,
-     when everybody fled their employment; he told me he was much
-     obliged to me, and said he was several times concerned for me,
-     and the peril I underwent, and did receive my service most
-     acceptably (though in truth I did but do my duty, and O that
-     I had performed it as I ought!) After that his Majesty was
-     pleased to talke with me alone, neere an houre, of severall
-     particulars of my employment and ordered me to attend him
-     againe on the Thursday following at Whitehall. Then the Duke
-     came towards me, and embraced me with much kindnesse, telling
-     me if he had thought my danger would have been so greate,
-     he would not have suffered his Majesty to employ me in that
-     station."
-
-Pepys refers, on May 1st, 1667, to his visit to Sir Robert Viner's, the
-eminent goldsmith, where he saw "two or three great silver flagons,
-made with inscriptions as gifts of the King to such and such persons
-of quality as did stay in town [during] the late plague for keeping
-things in order in the town, which is a handsome thing." Godfrey was
-a recipient of a silver tankard, and he was knighted by the King in
-September, 1666, for his efforts to preserve order in the Great Fire.
-The remembrance of his death, which had so great an influence on the
-spread of the "Popish Plot" terror, is greater than that of his public
-spirit during the plague and the fire.
-
-Pepys lived at Greenwich and Woolwich during the height of the plague,
-but he was constantly in London. How much these men must have suffered
-is brought very visibly before us in one of the best letters Pepys ever
-wrote:
-
-     "To Lady Casteret, from Woolwich, Sept. 4, 1655. The absence
-     of the court and emptiness of the city takes away all occasion
-     of news, save only such melancholy stories as would rather
-     sadden than find your ladyship any divertissement in the
-     hearing. I have stayed in the city till about 7,400 died in
-     one week, and of them above 6,000 of the plague, and little
-     noise heard day or night but tolling of bells; till I could
-     walk Lumber Street and not meet twenty persons from one end to
-     the other, and not fifty on the Exchange; till whole families
-     have been swept away; till my very physician, Dr. Burnett, who
-     undertook to secure me against any infection, having survived
-     the month of his own house being shut up, died himself of the
-     plague; till the nights, though much lengthened, are grown
-     too short to conceal the burials of those that died the day
-     before, people thereby constrained to borrow daylight for that
-     service; lastly, till I could find neither meat nor drink
-     safe, the butchers being everywhere visited, my brewer's house
-     shut up, and my baker, with his whole family, dead of the
-     plague."
-
-[Illustration: THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON.
-
-_The view shows Ludgate in the foreground, and in the distance St.
-Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of St. Mary-le-Bow._]
-
-Before the first calamity of pestilence was ended the second calamity
-of fire commenced. On the night of September 1st, 1666, many houses
-were destroyed. At three o'clock in the morning of the 2nd (Sunday)
-his servant Jane awoke Pepys to tell him that a great fire was raging.
-Not thinking much of the information, he went to sleep again, but when
-he rose at seven he found that about 300 houses had been burned in the
-night. He went first to the Tower, and saw the Lieutenant. Then he took
-boat to Whitehall to see the King. He tells of what he has seen, and
-says that, unless His Majesty will command houses to be pulled down,
-nothing can stop the fire. On hearing this the King instructs him to
-go to the Lord Mayor (Sir Thomas Bludworth) and command him to pull
-down houses in every direction. The Mayor seems to have been but a poor
-creature, and when he heard the King's message
-
-     "... he cried like a fainting woman, 'Lord! what can I do? I
-     am spent: people will not obey me. I have been pulling down
-     houses, but the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it.'"
-
-Fortunately, most of the Londoners were more vigorous than the Mayor.
-The King and the Duke of York interested themselves in the matter, and
-did their best to help those who were busy in trying to stop the fire.
-Evelyn wrote on September 6th:--
-
-     "It is not indeede imaginable how extraordinary the vigilance
-     and activity of the King and the Duke was, even labouring
-     in person, and being present to command, order, reward, or
-     encourage workmen, by which he showed his affection to his
-     people and gained theirs."
-
-Sir William Penn and Pepys were ready in resource, and saw to the
-blowing up of houses to check the spread of the flames, the former
-bringing workmen out of the dockyards to help in the work. During the
-period when it was expected that the Navy Office would be destroyed,
-Pepys sent off his money, plate, and most treasured property to Sir
-W. Rider, at Bethnal Green, and then he and Penn dug a hole in their
-garden, in which they put their wine and parmezan cheese.
-
-On the 10th of September, Sir W. Rider let it be known that, as the
-town is full of the report respecting the wealth in his house, he will
-be glad if his friends will provide for the safety of their property
-elsewhere.
-
-On September 5th, when Evelyn went to Whitehall, the King commanded him
-
-     "... among the rest to looke after the quenching of Fetter
-     Lane end, to preserve if possible that part of Holborn, whilst
-     the rest of y^e gentlemen tooke their several posts, some
-     at one part, some at another (for now they began to bestir
-     themselves and not till now, who hitherto had stood as men
-     intoxicated with their hands acrosse) and began to consider
-     that nothing was likely to put a stop but the blowing up of
-     so many houses as might make a wider gap than any had yet
-     been made by the ordinary method of pulling them downe with
-     engines."
-
-The daily records of the fire and of the movements of the people are
-most striking. Now we see the river crowded with boats filled with the
-goods of those who are houseless, and then we pass to Moorfields, where
-are crowds carrying their belongings about with them, and doing their
-best to keep these separate till some huts can be built to receive
-them. Soon paved streets and two-storey houses were seen in Moorfields,
-the city authorities having let the land on leases for seven years.
-
-The wearied people complained that their feet were "ready to burn"
-through walking in the streets "among the hot coals."
-
-(September 5th, 1666.) Means were provided to save the unfortunate
-multitudes from starvation, and on this same day proclamation was made
-
-     "... ordering that for the supply of the distressed persons
-     left destitute ... great proportions of bread be brought
-     daily, not only to the former markets, but to those lately
-     ordained. Churches and public places were to be thrown open
-     for the reception of poor people and their goods."
-
-Westminster Hall was filled with "people's goods."
-
-On September 7th Evelyn went towards Islington and Highgate
-
-     "... where one might have seen 200,000 people of all ranks
-     and degrees dispers'd and lying along by their heapes of what
-     they could save from the fire, deploring their losse, and tho'
-     ready to perish for hunger and destitution yet not asking one
-     penny for reliefe, which to me appear'd a stranger sight than
-     any I had yet beheld."
-
-The fire was fairly got under on September 7th, but on the previous
-day Clothworkers' Hall was burning, as it had been for three days and
-nights, in one volume of flame. This was caused by the cellars being
-full of oil. How long the streets remained in a dangerous condition
-may be guessed by Pepys's mention, on May 16th, 1666-7, of the smoke
-issuing from the cellars in the ruined streets of London.
-
-The fire consumed about five-sixths of the whole city, and outside the
-walls a space was cleared about equal to an oblong square of a mile and
-a half in length and half a mile in breadth. Well might Evelyn say, "I
-went againe to y^e ruines for it was no longer a citty" (September
-10th, 1666).
-
-The destruction was fearful, and the disappearance of the grand old
-Cathedral of St. Paul's was among the most to be regretted of the
-losses. One reads these particulars with a sort of dulled apathy, and
-it requires such a terribly realistic picture as the following, by
-Evelyn, to bring the scene home to us in all its magnitude and horror:
-
-     "The conflagration was so universal, and the people so
-     astonish'd, that from the beginning I know not by what
-     despondency or fate, they hardly stirr'd to quench it, so
-     that there was nothing heard or seene but crying out and
-     lamentation, running about like distracted creatures without
-     at all attempting to save even their goods; such a strange
-     consternation there was upon them, so as it burned both in
-     breadth and length, the churches, public halls, Exchange,
-     hospitals, monuments and ornaments, leaping after a prodigious
-     manner, from house to house, and streete to streete, at greate
-     distances one from y^e other; for y^e heat with a long
-     set of faire and warm weather had even ignited the aire and
-     prepared the materials to conceive the fire, which devour'd
-     after an incredible manner houses, furniture, and every thing.
-     Here we saw the Thames cover'd with goods floating, all the
-     barges and boates laden with what some had time and courage to
-     save, as, on y^e other, y^e carts, &c., carrying out to
-     the fields, which for many miles were strew'd with moveables
-     of all sorts, and tents erecting to shelter both people
-     and what goods they could get away. Oh the miserable and
-     calamitous spectacle! Such as haply the world had not seene
-     since the foundation of it, nor be outdon till the universal
-     conflagration thereof. All the skie was of a fiery aspect,
-     like the top of a burning oven, and the light seene above 40
-     miles round about for many nights. God grant mine eyes may
-     never behold the like, who now saw above 10,000 houses all in
-     one flame; the noise and cracking and thunder of the impetuous
-     flames, y^e shrieking of women and children, the hurry of
-     people, the fall of towers, houses and churches was like a
-     hideous storme and the aire all about so hot and inflam'd that
-     at the last one was not able to approach it, so that they were
-     forc'd to stand still and let y^e flames burn on, which they
-     did neere two miles in length and one in breadth. The clouds
-     also of smoke were dismall and reach'd upon computation neer
-     50 miles in length. Thus I left it this afternoone burning, a
-     resemblance of Sodom, or the last day. It forcibly call'd to
-     mind that passage--_non enim hic habemus stabilem civitatem_:
-     the ruines resembling the picture of Troy. London was, but is
-     no more."--(Sept. 3rd, 1666.)
-
-Can we be surprised at the bewildered feelings of the people? Rather
-must we admire the practical and heroic conduct of the homeless
-multitude. It took long to rebuild the city, but directly anything
-could be done the workers were up and doing.
-
-An Act of Parliament was passed "for erecting a Judicature for
-determination of differences touching Houses burned or demolished by
-reason of the late Fire which happened in London" (18 and 19 Car. II.,
-cap. 7), and Sir Matthew Hale was the moving spirit in the planning it
-and in carrying out its provisions when it was passed. Burnet affirms
-that it was through his judgment and foresight "that the whole city
-was raised out of its ashes without any suits of law" (_History of
-his Own Time_, Book ii.). By a subsequent Act (18 and 19 Car. II.,
-cap. 8) the machinery for a satisfactory rebuilding of the city was
-arranged. The rulings of the judges appointed by these Acts gave
-general satisfaction, and after a time the city was rebuilt very much
-on the old lines, and things went on as before.[10] At one time it was
-supposed that the fire would cause a westward march of trade, but the
-city asserted the old supremacy when it was rebuilt.
-
-[Illustration: SOUTH-WEST VIEW OF OLD ST. PAUL'S.]
-
-Three great men, thoroughly competent to give valuable advice on the
-rebuilding of the city, viz., Wren, Robert Hooke, and Evelyn, presented
-to the King valuable plans for the best mode of arranging the new
-streets, but none of these schemes was accepted. One cannot but regret
-that the proposals of the great architect were not carried out.
-
-With the reference to the Plague and the Great Fire we may conclude
-this brief account of the later Stuart London. The picturesque, but
-dirty, houses were replaced by healthier and cleaner ones. The West
-End increased and extended its borders, but the growth to the north of
-Piccadilly was very gradual. All periods have their chroniclers, but
-no period has produced such delightful guides to the actual life of
-the town as the later half of the seventeenth century did in the pages
-of Evelyn and Pepys. It must ever be a sincere regret to all who love
-to understand the more intimate side of history that Pepys did not
-continue his _Diary_ to a later period. We must, however, be grateful
-for what we possess, and I hope this slight and imperfect sketch of
-Pepys's London may refresh the memories of my readers as to what the
-London of that time was really like.
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[6] _Cal. State Papers_, 1603-10, p. 367.
-
-[7] During the time that the Jacobites were formidable, and long after,
-it was firmly believed that the Old Pretender was brought into this
-room as a baby in a warming pan, and plans of the room were common to
-show how the fraud was committed.
-
-[8] _Rariora_, vol. i., p. 17.
-
-[9] Originally the crosses were of a blue colour, but Dr. Creighton
-says that the colour was changed to red before the plague of 1603.
-
-[10] A full account of the fire and of the rebuilding of the city has
-still to be written, and the materials for the latter are to hand in
-the remarkable "Fire Papers" in the British Museum. I have long desired
-to work on this congenial subject, but having been prevented by other
-duties from doing so, I hope that some London expert will be induced
-to give the public a general idea of the contents of these valuable
-collections.
-
-
-
-
-THE OLD LONDON BRIDGES
-
-BY J. TAVENOR-PERRY
-
-    "London Bridge is broken down,
-      Dance o'er my Lady Lee.
-    London Bridge is broken down
-      With a gay Ladee."
-
-
-At the beginning of the last century only three bridges spanned the
-Thames in its course through London, and of these two were scarcely
-fifty years old; but before the century closed there were no less
-than thirteen bridges across the river between Battersea and the
-Pool. The three old bridges have been rebuilt, and even some of the
-later ones have been reconstructed, whilst one has been removed
-bodily, and now spans the gorge of the Avon at Bristol. Of all these
-bridges unfortunately only two are constructed wholly of stone, and
-can lay claim to any architectural merit; and even one of these two
-has recently had the happy effect of its graceful arches destroyed by
-the addition of overhanging pathways. Of the rest, some are frankly
-utilitarian--mere iron girder railway bridges, with no attempt at
-decoration beyond gilding the rivets--whilst the others have their
-iron arches and construction disguised with coarse and meaningless
-ornaments. One only of the iron bridges is in anyway worthy of its
-position; in its perfect simplicity and the bold spans of its three
-arches, Southwark Bridge bears comparison with the best in Europe, but
-the gradients and approaches are so inconvenient that it is even now
-threatened with reconstruction.
-
-[Illustration: SIR JOHN EVELYN'S PLAN FOR REBUILDING LONDON AFTER THE
-GREAT FIRE.]
-
-Exactly when the first bridge was built across the Thames at London
-we can only surmise, for even tradition is silent on the subject, and
-we only know of the existence of one at an early date by very casual
-references, which, however, do not help us to realise the character
-of the work. Though no evidence remains of a Roman bridge, it seems
-unlikely, having regard to the importance of London, and to the fact
-that the great roads from the south coast converged on a point opposite
-to it, on the other side of the river, that they should have been left
-to end there without a bridge to carry them over. The difficulties of
-building across a great tidal river had not prevented the Romans from
-bridging the Medway at Rochester, as remains actually discovered have
-proved; and if no evidences of Roman work were actually met with in the
-rebuilding of London Bridge or the removal of the old one, this may be
-due to the fact that each successive bridge--and there have been at
-least three within historical times--was built some distance further up
-the stream than its predecessor.
-
-We know, however, with certainty that a bridge was standing in the
-reign of King Ethelred from the references made to it, and we may
-fairly assume that this must have been the Roman bridge, at least so
-far as its main construction was concerned; and, like other Roman
-bridges standing at that time in Gaul and in other parts of England, it
-would have consisted merely of piers of masonry, with a wooden roadway
-passing from one to the other. It was still standing, of sufficient
-strength for resistance, when the Danes under Canute sailed up the
-river, who, being unable to force a passage, tradition says--and
-antiquaries have imagined they could discover traces of it--cut a ship
-canal through the Surrey marshes from Bermondsey to Battersea, and
-passed their fleet through that way.
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 1--THE UNDERCROFT OF ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY ON
-THE BRIDGE.]
-
-The history of the bridge only opens with the beginning of the twelfth
-century. According to tradition, the convent of St. Mary Overie,
-Southwark, had been originally endowed with the profits of a ferry
-across the river, and had in consequence undertaken the duty of
-maintaining the bridge in a proper state of repair when a bridge was
-built. This convent was refounded in 1106 as a priory of Austin Canons;
-and it is not a little remarkable, having regard to the duties it had
-undertaken, that of its founders, who were two Norman Knights, one was
-William de Pont de l'Arche. At the Norman town, where stood his castle
-and from which he took his name, was a bridge of twenty-two openings,
-erected, it was said, by Charles the Bald, but most likely a Roman
-work, across the Seine at the highest point reached by the tide. It
-is a further curious coincidence that this same William appears as a
-witness to a deed executed by Henry I., excusing the manor of Alciston,
-in Sussex, from paying any dues for the repairs of London Bridge.
-
-It is recorded that in 1136 the bridge was burnt, which may perhaps
-merely mean that the deck was destroyed, whilst the piers remained
-sufficiently uninjured to allow of the structure being repaired; but
-in 1163 it had become so dangerous that Peter of Colechurch undertook
-the erection of a new bridge, which he constructed of elm timber. This
-sudden emergence of Peter from obscurity to carry out so important an
-engineering work is as dramatic as is that of St. Bénezet, who founded
-the confraternity of _Hospitaliers pontifices_, which undertook the
-building of bridges and the establishment of ferries. According to
-legend, this saint, although then only a young shepherd, essayed to
-bridge the Rhone at Avignon, and the ruined arches of his great work
-are still among the sights of that city. Peter may have possessed
-many more qualifications for building than a shepherd could have
-acquired, as large ecclesiastical works were in progress in London
-throughout his life, which he must have observed and perhaps profited
-by; but this is only surmise, as of his history, except in connection
-with his great work, we know no more than the fact that he was the
-chaplain of St. Mary Colechurch. His contemporary, Randulphus de
-Decito, Dean of London, says that he was a native of the city, so
-that it is scarcely likely that he had acquired his skill abroad; but
-we are told that he traversed the country to collect the moneys for
-his undertaking, and he may thus have obtained some knowledge of the
-many Roman bridges which still survived, or even have seen the great
-bridge which Bishop Flambard had recently erected across the Wear
-at Durham. His selection as the architect of the earlier bridge of
-1163 may perhaps not be due in any way to his especial engineering
-skill, but rather to some intimate connection with the priory of St.
-Mary Overie, whose canons were primarily responsible for the bridge
-repairs; indeed, since he is merely described as the chaplain of his
-church, he may himself have been one of the canons. But be the cause
-what it may--and it was not his success in erecting this first bridge,
-for it soon became dilapidated--thirteen years after its erection he
-started afresh, on a site further up the river, to erect a bridge of
-stone. In 1176, two years before St. Bénezet began his great bridge at
-Avignon, he commenced his work, and thirty-three years passed before
-its completion. Whether the delay was due to lack of funds or the
-incapacity of the architect we do not know, though probably to both,
-for before Peter's death King John, who had manifested considerable
-interest in the new bridge, had urged Peter's dismissal, and, under the
-advice of the Archbishop of Canterbury, suggested the appointment of
-Isembert of Saintes to complete the work. This Isembert was credited
-with the erection of the great bridge across the Charante at Saintes,
-although that bridge was undoubtedly a Roman one, and all he appears to
-have done was to turn arches between the original piers, and make it a
-stone bridge throughout. The same master was said to have built another
-bridge at La Rochelle, and had evidently gained much experience in
-such engineering work; and it is perhaps a misfortune that the King's
-advice was neglected, as a skilled architect, which Peter certainly
-was not, might have saved the city of London much eventual loss and
-trouble. Peter was, however, suffered to continue the bridge until his
-death in 1205, when a commission of three city merchants completed the
-work in four years.
-
-The bridge which these many years of labour had produced was in
-every way unsuitable to its position, and mean as compared to
-similar buildings erected elsewhere. Lacking the skill to form
-proper foundations, Peter had spread them out into wide piers, which
-formed an almost continuous dam, through the openings in which the
-water rushed like a mill-race. The result was that the scour soon
-affected the stability of the piers, which had to be protected round
-by masses of masonry and chalk in the form of sterlings, which still
-further contracted the narrow waterways. The passage of the bridge by
-boat--"shooting the bridge," it was called--was always a dangerous
-operation; and a writer of the last century speaks of "the noise of
-the falling waters, the clamours of the water-men, and the frequent
-shrieks of drowning wretches," in describing it. So imperfectly built
-was the bridge that within four years of its completion King John
-again interfered, and called upon the Corporation properly to repair
-it; and from this time, or perhaps from Peter's death, when the three
-merchants were elected to complete the work, the Corporation appears to
-have taken over the responsibility of the bridge; and for this purpose
-they were endowed with certain properties, which became the nucleus of
-the present "Bridge House Estates." The increasing dilapidation of the
-bridge, the debris of fallen arches, and the rubbish and waste material
-which was suffered to accumulate, still further impeded the natural
-flow of the water, and little effort at improvement was ever made. Of
-the three widest arches of the bridge, which were called the navigable
-locks, the most important had been the one nearest to the city end,
-which became known as the "Rock Lock," and it acquired that name on
-account of a popular delusion that in its fairway was a growing and
-vegetating rock, which was nothing more than an accumulation of fallen
-ruins, which caught and held the floating refuse carried to and fro by
-the tides. And thus year after year the river dam became more solid,
-and the waterfall increased in height until it was said by one who knew
-them both that it was almost as safe to attempt the Falls of Niagara as
-to shoot London Bridge.
-
-As years went by, not only did the waterways become congested, but the
-roadway above began to be encroached on by houses and other buildings,
-for which a bridge was most unfitted. Two edifices, however, from the
-first formed necessary, or at least customary, adjuncts to such a
-building--the bridge gate and the bridge chapel. It was a Roman custom
-to erect gates at one end, or in the centre of their bridges--not
-triumphal arches, but twin gates, such as they built to their walled
-towns, and such as stood at the end of the bridge at Saintes, when it
-was altered by Isembert. Such gates as survived in mediæval times were
-generally fortified, and formed the model for imitation by mediæval
-builders; and such a gate was erected at the Southwark end of London,
-which, under its name of Bridge Gate, became one of the principal gates
-of the city. It was erected directly on one of the main piers, and was
-therefore of a substantial character, but suffered much in the various
-attacks made upon London from the Kentish side. In 1436 it collapsed,
-together with the Southwark end of the bridge, but was rebuilt at
-the cost of the citizens, chief among whom was Sir John Crosby, the
-builder of Crosby House; and although the gate was again in great part
-destroyed by the attack on London made in 1471 by Fauconbridge, one of
-the towers of Crosby's gate survived until the eighteenth century. In
-1577 the tower which stood at the north end of the bridge, and on which
-were usually displayed the heads of traitors, became so dilapidated
-that it was taken down, and the heads then on it were transferred to
-the Bridge Gate, henceforward known as "Traitors' Gate." It was upon
-the earlier gate that the head of Sir Thomas More was affixed, when
-heads were so common that even his, as we know from its adventures
-until buried in the Roper vault at Canterbury, was thrown into the
-river to make room for a crowd of successors.
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 2--THE SURREY END OF LONDON BRIDGE.]
-
-Of the chapel, which the founder of the bridge is said to have erected,
-no account survives; and although it was believed at the time of
-the destruction of the bridge that his remains were discovered, no
-satisfactory evidence of their identity was forthcoming. The first
-chapel must have perished in one of the early misfortunes which befel
-the fabric, as no trace of any detail which could be referred to the
-thirteenth century was discovered when the pier on which the chapel
-stood was removed. The drawings made by Vertue before the last remains
-were cleared away show a structure which may be assigned to a date
-but little later than the Chapel Royal of St. Stephen at Westminster,
-to which, in many particulars, it must have borne a considerable
-resemblance. It consisted of two storeys, both apparently vaulted,
-measuring some sixty by twenty feet, with an apsidal termination. The
-undercroft was nearly twenty feet high, and our illustration (fig. 1)
-of a restoration of it, prepared from Vertue's drawings and dimensions,
-will give some idea of its beauty. The upper chapel seems to have been
-similar, but much more lofty, and had an arcade running round the walls
-under the windows. The buttresses of the exterior were crowned with
-crocketted pinnacles, and the effect of the whole, standing high above
-the surging waters of the river, must have been as striking as it was
-beautiful. The chapel was built on the centre pier of the bridge, on
-the east side, and the chapels were entered from the roadway, the lower
-one by a newel staircase, on which was found the holy-water stoup when
-the bridge was destroyed in the last century. At the Reformation the
-church was converted into a warehouse, but, thanks to the solidity of
-its construction, it remained almost intact till it was swept away with
-the houses in 1756.
-
-Of the other buildings on the bridge there is little to say, for,
-although they made up a picturesque composition, they were of a most
-flimsy character, and wanting at the last in any architectural merit.
-Our illustration (fig. 2), taken from an oil painting by Scott,
-belonging to the Fishmongers' Company, gives the principal group on the
-Surrey side, and in the sixth plate of Hogarth's _Marriage a la Mode_
-we get a view through the open window of another part in the last stage
-of dilapidation. There was, however, one exception to the commonplace
-among them, in a timber house, made in Holland, which was known as
-"Nonsuch House." It was erected, it was said, without nails, and placed
-athwart the roadway, hanging at the ends far over the river, with
-towers and spires at the angles, and over the great gate the arms of
-Queen Elizabeth. The top of the main front was surmounted, at a later
-date, with a pair of sundials, which bore the, for once, appropriate
-motto--"Time and Tide wait for no man."
-
-Had old London Bridge survived to this day, its waterfalls would
-doubtless have been utilized to generate electricity, and the idea of
-setting the Thames on fire realized in lighting the streets of London
-by its means; but the value of the force of the falling water was not
-overlooked by our ancestors. As early as 1582 one Peter Corbis, a
-Dutchman, erected an engine, worked by the stream, which lifted the
-water to a reservoir, whence it was distributed by means of leaden
-pipes through the city. With many alterations and improvements, these
-water works continued in use until the last century, and it was stated
-before the House of Commons, in 1820, that more than 26 millions of
-hogsheads of the pellucid waters of the river were thus daily delivered
-to the city householders for their domestic use.
-
-Such, shortly, is the history of the fabric, which, after enduring
-for more than six hundred years, was swept away to make room for the
-present structure. For any accounts of the many stirring events which
-occurred on it, or about it, we have no space here. Are they not
-written in the chronicles of England?
-
-In the Fishmongers' Hall is preserved a valuable memorial of the
-ancient structure, of which we give an illustration (fig. 3) by
-permission of the Worshipful Company. It consists of a chair with
-a seat of Purbeck marble, reminiscent in its arrangements of the
-coronation chair, on which is engraved this inscription:--
-
-     "I am the first stone that was put down for the foundation of
-     old London Bridge in June 1176 by a priest named Peter who was
-     vicar of Colechurch in London and I remained there undisturbed
-     safe on the same oak piles this chair is made from till the
-     Rev^d. William John Jollife curate of Colmer Hampshire took
-     me up in July 1832 when clearing away the old bridge after new
-     London Bridge was completed."
-
-The framework of the chair gives a pictorial chronicle of the city
-bridges; the top rail of the back shows old London Bridge after the
-removal of the houses, below which are new London Bridge, Southwark and
-old Blackfriars Bridges. The arms of the city are carved at the top,
-whilst the monogram of Peter of Colechurch and the device of the Bridge
-House Estates complete the decoration. This device, which appears to
-have been also the old badge of Southwark, was sometimes displayed
-upon a shield, thus:--Az., an annulet ensigned with a cross patée, Or;
-interlaced with a saltire enjoined in base, of the second. We give an
-illustration of this in figure 5.
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 3--THE FOUNDATION STONE CHAIR.
-
-_At the Fishmongers' Hall._]
-
-Westminster Bridge seems a very recent structure as compared to that
-of London, but it is the next in point of date. The growing importance
-of Westminster as the seat of the Court and Parliament had made the
-necessity for an approach to the south side of the Thames, independent
-of the circuitous and narrow ways of London, long apparent. In the
-reign of Charles II. the question was seriously considered, to the
-alarm of the Mayor and Corporation of the city, who feared that
-their vested interests were endangered, and "that London would be
-destroyed if carts were allowed to cross the Thames elsewhere"; but,
-knowing their man, they devoted some of their ample funds to secure
-that monarch's successful opposition to the scheme. In the middle
-of the eighteenth century, however, when there was no Stuart to buy
-off, the idea was revived, and in 1739, one Monsieur Labelye, a
-Swiss engineer--English engineers having, apparently, not sufficient
-experience--commenced a new stone bridge. His mode of putting in his
-foundations may have been scientific, but was certainly simple. The
-bridge piers were partly built in floating barges moored above the
-place where they were to be permanently erected. The barges were then
-sunk, their sides knocked out, and the piers completed. It is needless
-to say that the result was not satisfactory, and for years before the
-old bridge was pulled down many of its arches were filled up with
-a picturesque, but inconvenient, mass of shoring. Whether Henry,
-Earl of Pembroke, who laid the foundation stone, and of whom it was
-said no nobleman had a purer taste in architecture, was in any way
-responsible for the design, we cannot tell; but a French traveller of
-discrimination, who criticised the work after its completion, came to
-the conclusion that the peculiarly lofty parapets with which the bridge
-was adorned were so designed that they might check an Englishman's
-natural propensity to suicide by giving him time for reflection while
-surmounting such an obstacle. It will be noticed in our illustration
-(fig. 4), which is also taken from a painting by Scott, that the piers
-are crowned by alcoves, which provided a shelter from the blasts which
-blew over the river and from the mud scattered from the roadway. These
-were, doubtless, a survival of the spaces left above the cutwaters
-of mediæval bridges as refuges for pedestrians from vehicles when
-the roadways were very narrow, and those who remember the old wooden
-bridges of Battersea and Putney can appreciate their value.
-
-The city Corporation, which had so strenuously opposed the erection
-of a bridge at Westminster as unnecessary, set to work, as soon as
-that became an accomplished fact, to improve their own communications
-across the river. First, as we have seen, they cleared away the houses
-and other obstructions on old London Bridge, and next they started to
-build themselves a new bridge at Blackfriars. The land on both sides
-of the river at the point selected was very low and most unsuitable
-for the approaches, that on the north side being close to the mouth
-of the Fleet ditch, which there formed a creek large enough, in 1307,
-to form a haven for ships. The new bridge was begun in 1760, from the
-designs of Robert Mylne, a Scotch architect, who made an unsuccessful
-attempt to give an architectural effect to the structure by facing the
-piers with pairs of Ionic columns, standing on the cutwaters. The steep
-gradients of the bridge, necessitated by the lowness of the banks, made
-such a decoration peculiarly unsuitable, as each pair of columns had to
-be differently proportioned in height, although the cornice over them
-remained of the same depth throughout. But, in spite of its appearance
-of lightness, the structure was too heavy for its foundations, and for
-years this bridge rivalled that of Westminster in the picturesqueness
-of its dilapidation. The piers had been built on platforms of timber,
-so that when London Bridge was rebuilt, and the river flowed in an
-unchecked course, these became exposed to the scour and were soon
-washed out.
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 4--OLD WESTMINSTER BRIDGE.]
-
-Waterloo Bridge was completed in 1817, and still remains unaltered
-and as sound as when its builders left it. It is fortunate that the
-approach on the north side was an easy one, as but a short interval
-occurred between the Strand, at almost its highest point, and the river
-bank, which it was easy to fill up, with the result that the bridge
-passes across the river at a perfect level. The foundations of the
-piers were properly constructed by means of coffer-dams, and no sign
-of failure has ever shown itself in its superstructure. The architect
-repeated the use of the orders, as at Blackfriars, but with a more
-fortunate result, as, the work being straight throughout, no variations
-in the proportions were required, and he was wise enough to select the
-Doric order as more suitable to his purpose, and as suggesting more
-solidity.
-
-Londoners profess to be somewhat proud of Waterloo Bridge, and it is
-a tradition among them that Canova, when he saw it, said that it was
-worth a journey across Europe to see. It, therefore, seems the more
-incredible that the grandchildren of those who could build such a
-bridge and appreciate such a man, could have erected, and even affect
-to admire, such a monstrosity as the Tower Bridge.
-
-The last of the older bridges to be built was that of Southwark, which
-was the speculation of a private company, who hoped to profit by the
-continuously congested state of London Bridge; but the steepness of
-the gradients and the inconvenience of the approaches from the city
-made it from the first a failure. It was the first bridge in London to
-be constructed in iron; its model being the great single-span bridge
-across the Wear at Sunderland. It is in three great arches, the centre
-one being 240 feet across, or four feet more than that at Sunderland,
-and the mass of metal is such that an ordinary change of temperature
-will raise the arches an inch, and summer sunshine much more.
-
-Of the more recent bridges there is nothing to say worth the saying.
-The Thames, which was the busy and silent highway of our forefathers,
-is still silent, but busy no longer, and the appearance of its bridges
-is now no one's concern, since no one sees them. So long as they will
-safely carry the tramcar or the motor 'bus from side to side, they may
-become uglier even than they now are, if only that make them a little
-more cheap.
-
-[Illustration: FIG. 5--BADGE OF BRIDGE HOUSE ESTATES.]
-
-
-
-
-THE CLUBS OF LONDON
-
-BY SIR EDWARD BRABROOK, C.B., F.S.A.
-
-
-These are of many kinds. We suppose they are all more or less the
-lineal descendants of the taverns and coffee-houses that we associate
-with the memory of Ben Jonson, Dryden, Addison, and Samuel Johnson.
-
-    "Souls of poets dead and gone,
-    What elysium have ye known,
-    Happy field or mossy cavern,
-    Choicer than the Mermaid tavern?"
-
-The wits' coffee-house, where Claud Halcro carried a parcel for Master
-Thimblethwaite in order to get a sight of glorious John Dryden.
-Button's coffee-house, where the "Guardian" set up his Lion's Head. The
-Cock and the Cheshire Cheese, which resound with Johnson's sonorous
-echoes. If, indeed, the tavern has developed into the club, that palace
-of luxury, one can only say, as in the famous transmutation of alphana
-to equus, "C'est diablement changé sur la route."
-
-Intermediate is the host of clubs meeting occasionally, as the
-Breakfast Club, and the numerous dining clubs, one of which, the Royal
-Naval Club, established in 1765, is said to be a renewal of an earlier
-one dating from 1674. "The Club," which comes down from the time of
-Johnson and Reynolds, and still uses a notification to a new member
-drawn up by Gibbon; the Royal Society Club; the X Club, which consisted
-of ten members of the Athenæum; the Society of Noviomagus, and the
-Cocked Hat Club, consisting of members of the Society of Antiquaries;
-the Cosmos Club of the Royal Geographical Society; the Colquhoun Club
-of the Royal Society of Literature; and a host of others in connection
-with learned societies, most of which are content to add the word
-"club" to the name of the society. Of another, but cognate, kind is
-the famous "Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," which was founded in
-1735, and died (of inanition) in 1867. The members were not to exceed
-twenty-four in number. Beef steaks were to be the only meat for dinner.
-The broiling began at 2.0, and the tablecloth was removed at 3.30. In
-1785 the Prince of Wales, in 1790 the Duke of York, in 1808 the Duke of
-Sussex, became members. It had a laureate bard in the person of Charles
-Morris, elected a member in 1785, who died in 1838 at the age of 93
-years. In early times the members appeared in the uniform of a blue
-coat and buff waistcoat, with brass buttons bearing a gridiron and the
-motto "Beef and Liberty." The hour of meeting became later gradually,
-till in 1866 it was fixed at 8 o'clock; then the club quickly died out.
-Founded by John Rich, harlequin and machinist at Covent Garden, it had
-counted among its members William Hogarth, David Garrick, John Wilkes,
-John Kemble, William Linley, Henry Brougham (Lord Chancellor), and many
-other distinguished men. The Ettrick Shepherd gave an account, in 1833,
-of a visit he paid to this club:--
-
-     "They dine solely on beefsteaks--but what glorious beefsteaks!
-     They do not come up all at once--no, nor half-a-dozen times;
-     but up they come at long intervals, thick, tender, and as hot
-     as fire. And during these intervals the members sit drinking
-     their port, and breaking their wicked wit on each other, so
-     that every time a new service of steaks came up, we fell to
-     them with much the same zest as at the beginning. The dinner
-     was a perfect treat--a feast without alloy."
-
-Another somewhat similar club, though on a more modest scale, deserves
-a cursory notice, inasmuch as it had to do with a state of things
-that has passed away beyond hope of recovery. About 1870 the August
-Society of the Wanderers was established with the motto, "Pransuri
-vagamur." It selected all the remaining old inns at which a dinner
-could be obtained, and dined at each in succession. It also had a bard,
-Dr. Joseph Samuel Lavies, and, like the Beefsteaks, has left a poetic
-record of its convivialities. Of all such records, however, the salt
-quickly evaporates, and it is as well to leave them unquoted.
-
-Our main object in this chapter is to state a few incidents in the
-history of some of the great London clubs. The oldest existing club
-appears to be White's, founded in 1697. Boodle's, Brooks's, the Cocoa
-Tree, and Arthur's date from 1762 to 1765. Most of the others belong to
-the nineteenth century. The Guards' Club, which was the first of the
-service clubs, dates from 1813, but that is confined to officers of the
-Brigade of Guards. It was soon, however, followed by the establishment
-of a club for officers of other branches of military service.
-
-We have it on good authority that before that club was founded officers
-who came to London had no places of call but the old hotels and
-coffee-houses. On May 31st, 1815, General Lord Lynedoch, Viscount Hill,
-and others united in the establishment of a General Military Club. On
-the 24th January, 1816, it was extended to the Navy, and on the 16th
-February in the same year it adopted the name of the United Service
-Club. On the 1st March, 1817, the foundation stone of its house in
-Charles Street was laid. In November, 1828, it entered into occupation
-of its present house in Pall Mall, and handed over the Charles Street
-house to the Junior United Service Club. Its premises in Pall Mall were
-largely extended in 1858-59, and have recently been greatly improved
-at a cost of £20,000. The Club holds a lease from the Crown to 4th
-January, 1964. It has a fine collection of eighty-two pictures and
-busts, many of them of great merit as works of art, others of interest
-as the only portraits of the originals. The library contains several
-splendid portraits of Royal personages. The King is the patron of
-the Club, and, as Prince of Wales, was a member of it. The Prince of
-Wales, the Duke of Connaught, and Prince Christian, are now members.
-Ten high officers of state and persons of distinction are honorary
-members. Twelve kings and thirty princes are foreign honorary members.
-The number of ordinary members is 1,600, but officers below the rank of
-Commander in the Royal Navy, or Major in the Army, are not eligible.
-The entrance fee is £30, and the annual subscription £10. Members have
-the privilege of introducing guests. Games of hazard are not allowed to
-be played, or dice to be used. Play is not to exceed 2s. 6d. points at
-whist, or 10s. per hundred at bridge.
-
-As we have seen, this club shortly became full, and a Junior United
-Service Club was formed in April, 1827, on the same lines, under the
-patronage of the Duke of Wellington, but admitted officers of junior
-rank, and in 1828 entered into occupation of the premises in Charles
-Street, vacated by the Senior, on payment of £15,000. It erected its
-new house in 1856 at a cost of £81,000. The entrance fee is £40, and
-annual subscription eight guineas. It was not many years after its
-establishment that the list of candidates for membership of the Junior
-Club became so long that the necessity for the establishment of a third
-service club was felt. Sir E. Barnes and a few officers, just returned
-from India, joined in the movement, and in 1838 the Army and Navy Club
-was opened at the corner of King Street and St. James's Square--the
-house memorable as the scene of the party given by Mrs. Boehm on the
-night the news of the Battle of Waterloo arrived. Sir E. Barnes, who
-was its first president, died the same year. In 1851 the club moved
-to its present stately building, the site of which includes that of a
-house granted by Charles II. on the 1st of April, in the seventeenth
-year of his reign, to Nell Gwynne, where Evelyn saw him in familiar
-discourse with her. The club possesses a mirror that belonged to her,
-and a portrait by Sir Peter Lely, which was supposed to be of her,
-until it was discovered to be one of Louise de Querouaille, Duchess
-of Portsmouth, and is also rich in pictures, statuary, and other
-works of art--among them, two fine mantelpieces carved by Canova,
-and a miniature of Lady Hamilton found in Lord Nelson's cabin after
-his death; it has also autograph letters of Nelson and Wellington.
-It derives its popular name of the "Rag and Famish" from a tradition
-that Captain Duff came late one night asking for supper, and being
-discontented with the bill of fare, called it a rag and famish affair.
-In memory of the event he designed a button which used to be worn by
-many members, and bore the device of a ragged man devouring a bone.
-Napoleon III. was an honorary member of the club, and frequently used
-it. He presented it with a fine piece of Gobelin tapestry in 1849. The
-regular number of members is 2,400. The club has a scheme for granting
-annuities or pensions to its servants.
-
-Of the group of social clubs bearing names derived from the original
-proprietors of the club-houses--as White's, Boodle's, Brooks's, and
-Arthur's--Brooks's may be taken as a specimen. A roll of its members
-from the date of its foundation in 1764 to 1900 has recently been
-published under the title _Memorials of Brooks's_, and contains much
-interesting information. The editors, Messrs. V. A. Williamson, S.
-Lyttelton and S. Simeon, state that the first London Clubs were
-instituted with the object of providing the world of fashion with a
-central office for making wagers, and a registry for recording them.
-In their early days gambling was unlimited. Brooks's was not political
-in its origin. The twenty-seven original members included the Dukes of
-Roxburgh, Portland, and Gordon. In the 136 years 3,465 members have
-been admitted.
-
-The original house was on or near the site of the present Marlborough
-Club, and Almack was the first manager or master. About 1774 he was
-succeeded by Brooks, from whom the club derives its name. He died in
-1782, and was succeeded by one Griffin. In 1795 the system was altered,
-and six managers were appointed. The present house in St. James' Street
-was constructed in 1889-90, when 2, Park Place, was incorporated
-with it. The entrance fee in 1791 was five guineas, and was raised
-successively in 1815, 1881, 1892, and 1901, to nine, fifteen,
-twenty-five and thirty guineas. The subscription was at first four
-guineas, raised in 1779 to eight guineas, and in 1791 to ten guineas.
-
-An offshoot of Brooks's is the Fox Club, a dining club, probably
-a continuation of an earlier Whig Club. Up to 1843 it met at the
-Clarendon Hotel, and since then at Brooks's. It is said to have been
-constituted for the purpose of paying Fox's debts, for which his
-friends, in 1793, raised £70,000. Sir Augustus Keppel Stephenson was
-the secretary of this club from 1867 until his death in 1904. He was
-the son of a distinguished member of Brooks's, who had joined that club
-in 1818, the Fox Club in 1829, was secretary of the Sublime Society of
-Beef Steaks, and the last man to wear Hessian boots.
-
-The Travellers' Club dates from 1819, the Union from 1821, and the
-United University from 1822.
-
-The Union Club is composed of noblemen, members of Parliament, and
-gentlemen of the first distinction and character who are British
-subjects, and has 1,250 members. Election is by open voting in the
-committee. Foreign and Colonial persons of distinction may be made
-temporary honorary members. The entrance fee is twenty-one guineas; the
-annual subscription ten guineas.
-
-The United University Club has 1,000 members, of whom 500 belong to
-Oxford and 500 to Cambridge. The King is a member. Cabinet ministers,
-bishops, judges, etc., may be admitted without ballot. All members of
-either University are qualified to be candidates, but only graduates,
-persons who have resided in college or hall for two years, holders
-of honorary degrees, and students in civil law of above three years'
-standing, are qualified to be members. The club has recently rebuilt
-its house at the corner of Suffolk Street and Pall Mall East.
-
-The Athenæum was originated by Mr. John Wilson Croker, after
-consultation with Sir Humphry Davy, president of the Royal Society,
-and was founded in 1824 for the association of individuals known for
-their scientific or literary attainments, artists of eminence in any
-class of the fine arts, and noblemen and gentlemen distinguished as
-liberal patrons of science, literature, or the arts. It is essential
-to the maintenance of the Athenæum, in conformity with the principles
-upon which it was originally founded, that the annual introduction
-of a certain number of persons of distinguished eminence in science,
-literature, or the arts, or for public services, should be secured.
-Accordingly, nine persons of such qualifications are elected by the
-committee each year. The club entrusts this privilege to the committee,
-in the entire confidence that they will only elect persons who shall
-have attained to distinguished eminence in science, literature, or the
-arts, or for public services. The General Committee may also elect
-princes of the blood Royal, cabinet ministers, bishops, speakers of
-the House of Commons, judges, and foreign ambassadors, or ministers
-plenipotentiary of not less than three years' residence at the Court of
-St. James's, to be extraordinary members; and may invite, as honorary
-members during temporary residence in England, the heads of foreign
-missions, foreign members of the Royal Society, and not more than
-fifteen other foreigners or colonists of distinction. The ordinary
-members of the club are 1,200 in number. The entrance fee is thirty
-guineas, and the annual subscription eight guineas. The presidents for
-the time being of the Royal Society, of the Society of Antiquaries, and
-of the Royal Academy of Arts, if members, are ex-officio members of the
-General Committee. An Executive Committee of nine is selected from the
-General Committee to manage the domestic and other ordinary affairs of
-the club. No elected member can remain on the General Committee more
-than three consecutive years, unless he is a member of the Executive
-Committee, in which case he may be re-elected for a second term of
-three years. No higher stake than half-a-guinea points shall be played
-for. No game of mere chance shall be played in the house for money. No
-member shall make use of the club as an address in any advertisement.
-
-The history of the club has been told by the Rev. J. G. Waugh in an
-interesting book printed for private circulation in 1900. Its first
-house was 12, Waterloo Place, where it remained until 1827, when it
-obtained its present site. Its success was so great that within four
-months of the preliminary meeting in 1824 it had a list of 506 members,
-including the then Prime Minister and seven persons who afterwards
-became Prime Ministers. By 1827 it was full, and had a list of 270
-candidates waiting for election. The present house was planned by
-Decimus Burton, and an attic storey was added to it in 1899-1900. It is
-a successful building, striking attention by the statue of Minerva over
-the porch, the frieze, and the noble hall and grand staircase. The hall
-was re-decorated in 1891 under the direction of Sir L. Alma Tadema.
-Originally, a soirée was held every Wednesday, to which ladies were
-admitted. That has long been discontinued, and, as a satirical member
-observed, "Minerva is kept out in the cold, while her owls are gorging
-within." Among the members of the club have been the following great
-actors: Macready, Mathews, Kemble, Terry, Kean, Young, and Irving.
-
-The Oriental Club was also established in 1824, at a meeting held eight
-days after that at which the Athenæum had been established. Sir John
-Malcolm presided. The club was intended for the benefit of persons
-who had been long resident abroad in the service of the Crown, or of
-the East India Company. By May, 1826, it had 928 members, and in that
-year it took possession of the site of 18, Hanover Square, and employed
-Mr. B. D. Wyatt as the architect of its house. Its history has been
-written by Mr. Alexander F. Baillie, in a book published in 1901.
-Mr. Wyatt provided a grand staircase, but no smoking-room, and only
-one billiard-room. At that time and until 1842 the club provided its
-members gratuitously with snuff at a cost of £25 per year. In 1874 the
-present smoking-room was opened; and now the handsome drawing-room is a
-place where those can retire who desire solitude, and the smoking-room
-and billiard-rooms are overcrowded. The club has a fine library. It
-claims among its members the prototype of Colonel Newcome. The members
-have a custom of securing a table for dinner by inverting a plate upon
-it.
-
-In 1855 the Oriental Club agreed to take over, without entrance fee,
-the members of the Alfred Club, which had been established in 1808,
-and was then being dissolved. Nearly 400 members availed themselves of
-the offer. The history of that club has some points of interest. It
-was largely intended for literary men, but it is said that Canning,
-vexed at overhearing a member asking who he was, gave it the nickname
-of the "Half-read" Club, which stuck to it. Its early career was
-prosperous, and by 1811 it had 354 candidates and only six vacancies;
-but its popularity waned. The real cause of its dissolution was the
-firm conservatism of the committee. They would not recognise the
-growing demand of accommodation for smokers. The clubhouse, No. 23,
-Albemarle Street, had been built and arranged in the days when no
-such accommodation had been considered necessary, and the committee
-resolutely refused to make any concession to the members who desired to
-smoke.
-
-The Garrick Club was founded in 1831. It was instituted for the
-general patronage of the drama; for the purpose of combining the use
-of a club on economical principles with the advantage of a literary
-society; for bringing together the supporters of the drama; and for
-the foundation of a national library, with works on costume. The
-number of members is limited to 650, who pay an entrance fee of twenty
-guineas, and an annual subscription of ten guineas. The club is more
-than usually hospitable, as it allows a member to invite three visitors
-to dinner, and admits the public to see its magnificent collection of
-dramatic pictures daily from 10 to 1.
-
-The Carlton Club was established in 1832. It is famous as the rallying
-ground for the Conservative party, the temple of Toryism. From it, and
-its resources, candidates in that interest derive much encouragement
-and support, and it may not unreasonably be inferred that some of that
-encouragement and support is material as well as moral.
-
-The Reform Club was established in 1837, and then held the same
-position towards the Liberal party. It was instituted for the purpose
-of promoting the social intercourse of the Reformers of the United
-Kingdom. All candidates are to declare themselves to be reformers,
-but no definition of a "reformer" is given. If, however, a member is
-believed not to be a reformer, fifty members may call a general meeting
-for his expulsion. Members of Parliament and peers may be admitted by
-general ballot, with priority of election. The committee elect each
-year two gentlemen of distinguished eminence for public service, or in
-science, literature, or arts. The Political Committee of fifty members
-elect each year two persons who have proved their attachment to the
-Liberal cause by marked and obvious services. Other members are elected
-by general ballot, one black ball in ten excluding. The club has 1400
-members. It has a fine library. It has liberal regulations as to the
-admission of guests, and ladies may be admitted to view the club from
-11.0 a.m. to 5.0 p.m. Members may inspect the books and accounts and
-take extracts from them. The admission fee is £40, and the annual
-subscription ten guineas.
-
-The Conservative Club was established in 1840, and the National Club
-in 1845. The object of the National Club is to promote Protestant
-principles, and to encourage united action among Protestants in
-political and social questions by establishing a central organisation
-to obtain and spread information on such questions, by affording
-facilities for conference thereon, and by providing in the metropolis
-a central place of meeting to devise the fittest means for promoting
-the object in view. Its members must hold the doctrines and principles
-of the reformed faith, as revealed in Holy Scripture, asserted at the
-Reformation, and generally embodied in the Articles of the Church
-of England. It has a general committee, house committee, library
-committee, prayer and religious committee, wine committee, finance
-committee, and Parliamentary committee. The General Committee has power
-to elect as honorary members of the club not more than twenty persons
-distinguished by their zeal and exertions on behalf of the Protestant
-cause; these are mostly clergymen. All meetings of committees are to
-be opened with prayer. The household are to attend the reading of the
-Word of God and prayers morning and evening in the committee room. The
-Parliamentary committee are to watch all proceedings in Parliament
-and elsewhere affecting the Protestant principles of the club. Its
-fundamental principles are declared to be:
-
-     (1) The maintenance of the Protestant constitution,
-     succession, and faith.
-
-     (2) The recognition of Holy Scripture in national education.
-
-     (3) The improvement of the moral and social condition of the
-     people.
-
-The club is singular in having these definite religious purposes, and
-no doubt has in its time done much for the Protestant cause; but there
-is a little incongruity between the earnestness of its purpose and
-the self-indulgence which club life almost necessarily implies; and
-religious opinion, which claims to be the most stable of all things, is
-really one of the most fluid. Most men, who think at all, pass through
-many phases of it in their lives. It would not be surprising if this
-early earnestness had somewhat cooled down.
-
-Another group of clubs consists of those the members of which are bound
-together by a common interest in some athletic sport or pursuit--as the
-Marylebone Cricket Club, which dates from 1787; the Alpine Club, which
-was founded in 1857; the Hurlingham Club, in 1868; and to these may
-perhaps be added, as approximating to the same class, the Bath Club,
-1894.
-
-The gradual filling up of old clubs, which we observed in the case
-of the service clubs, and the congested state of their lists of
-candidates, leading to long delay before an intending member had the
-chance of election, has led to the establishment of junior clubs; thus,
-in 1864, the Junior Athenæum and the Junior Carlton were founded.
-
-A further development has been the establishment of clubs for women.
-The Albemarle Club, founded in 1874, admits both men and women, and
-adjusts its lists of candidates so as to provide for the election of
-nearly equal numbers of both.
-
-The Marlborough Club should also be mentioned specially, as it was
-founded by the King, and no person can be admitted a member except upon
-His Majesty's special approval.
-
-The Authors' Club was established in 1891 by the late Sir Walter
-Besant, and is especially noted for its house dinners, at which some
-person of distinction is invited to be the guest of the club.
-
-Altogether, the clubs of London are very numerous, and we have only
-been able to draw attention to the peculiarities of a few of them. Like
-every other human institution, they are subject to continual change,
-and there are pessimists who go about saying that they are decaying
-and losing their popularity and their usefulness. The long lists of
-candidates on the books of the principal clubs do not lend much colour
-to this suggestion. Social habits alter with every generation of men,
-and it is possible that many men do not use their clubs in the same way
-that the founders did, but the fact remains that they do use them, and
-that clubs still form centres of pleasure and convenience to many.
-
-One particular in which the change of social habits is especially
-noticeable is with respect to gaming. This, as we have seen, was almost
-the _raison d'être_ of some of the early clubs, and there are numerous
-tales of the recklessness with which it was pursued, and the fortunes
-lost and won at the gaming table. We have quoted from one or two clubs
-the regulations which now prevail, and similar regulations are adopted
-in most of the other clubs. Games of chance are wholly prohibited; and
-limits are provided to the amount that may be staked on games of cards.
-Each club has also a billiard room.
-
-With respect to smoking, the habitués of clubs have experienced a great
-change. Formerly the smoking room, if any, was small and far away;
-now the luxury of the club is concentrated in it, and the question
-is rather in what rooms smoking is not to be allowed. Very few clubs
-retain the old tradition that smoking is a thing to be discouraged and
-kept out of sight.
-
-Other signs of change are the increase in the cost of membership and
-the later hours for dining. It need hardly be said that the clubs pay
-great attention to their kitchens. We have it on the authority of Major
-A. Griffiths (_Fortnightly Review_, April, 1907) that the salary of the
-chef is between £200 and £300 a year.
-
-The customs of the clubs with regard to the admission of visitors
-vary. At one end of the scale is the Athenæum, which will not allow
-its members to give a stranger even a cup of cold water, and allows of
-conversation with strangers only in the open hall or in a small room
-by the side of the doorway. At the other end are clubs which provide
-special rooms for the entertainment of visitors, and encourage their
-members to treat their friends hospitably, and to show them what the
-club is able to do in the matter of cooking and wines.
-
-The social ethics of clubs vary in like manner. In some clubs,
-notably those of the Bohemian type, but including several which would
-claim not to belong to that group, mere membership of the club is a
-sufficient introduction to justify a member in addressing another, and
-conversation in the common rooms of the club becomes general. This
-is delightful--within limits: it is not always possible to create by
-the atmosphere of the club a sentiment that will restrain all its
-members from sometimes overstepping those bounds of mutual courtesy
-and consideration which alone can make such general conversation
-altogether pleasant. The greater clubs go to the opposite extreme,
-and members of them may meet day after day for many years in perfect
-unconsciousness of the existence of each other; yet, even in these, the
-association of those who know each other outside the club, but without
-its opportunities would rarely meet, though they have similar interests
-and pursuits, is a very desirable and useful thing. Many an excellent
-measure, originating in the mind of one member, has been matured by
-conversation with others, to the general good. So may the Clubs of
-London continue to prosper and flourish.
-
-
-
-
-THE INNS OF OLD LONDON
-
-BY PHILIP NORMAN, LL.D.
-
-
-To write a detailed account of London inns and houses of entertainment
-generally would require not a few pages, but several volumes. The inns,
-first established to supply the modest wants of an unsophisticated age,
-came by degrees to fulfil the functions of our modern hotels, railway
-stations, and parcel offices; they were places of meeting for business
-and social entertainment--in short, they formed a necessary part of the
-life of all Londoners, and of all who resorted to London, except the
-highest and the lowest. The taverns, successors of mediæval cook-shops,
-were frequented by most of the leading spirits of each generation from
-Elizabethan times to the early part of the nineteenth century, and
-their place has now been taken by clubs and restaurants. About these a
-mass of information is available, also on coffee-houses, a development
-of the taverns, in which, for the most part, they were gradually
-merged. As to the various forms of public-house, their whimsical
-signs alone have amused literary men, and perhaps their readers, from
-the time of _The Spectator_ until now. In this chapter I propose to
-confine my remarks to the inns "for receipt of travellers," so often
-referred to by John Stow in his _Survey of London_, which, largely
-established in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, continued on the
-same sites, mostly until years after the advent of railways had caused
-a social revolution. These inns, with rare exceptions, had a galleried
-courtyard, a plan of building also common on the Continent, which came
-perhaps originally from the East. In such courtyards, as we shall see,
-during Tudor times theatrical performances often took place, and in
-form they probably gave a hint to the later theatres.
-
-Before the fifteenth century it was usual for travellers to seek the
-hospitality of religious houses, the great people being lodged in
-rooms set apart for them, while the poorer sort found shelter in the
-guest-house. But as time went on this proved inadequate, and inns on
-a commercial basis came into existence, being frequented by those who
-could hardly demand special consideration from the religious houses,
-and were not fitting recipients of charity. Naturally enough, these
-inns, when once their usefulness became recognised, were soon to be
-found in the main thoroughfares leading out of the metropolis, and they
-were particularly plentiful in Southwark on each side of what we now
-call the Borough High Street, extending for a quarter of a mile or more
-from London Bridge along the main road to the south-eastern counties
-and the Continent. The first thus established, and one of the earliest
-in this country, had to some extent a religious origin--namely, the
-
-                        "Gentle hostelrye
-    That hight the Tabard, fasté by the Belle,"
-
-about which and about the Southwark inns generally I propose now to say
-a few words, for although well known, they are of such extreme interest
-that they demand a foremost place in an account of this kind. From the
-literary point of view the "Tabard" is immortalized, owing to the fact
-that Chaucer has selected it as the starting-point of his pilgrims
-in _The Canterbury Tales_. Historically, it may be mentioned that as
-early as the year 1304 the Abbot and Convent of Hyde, near Winchester,
-purchased in Southwark two tenements, on the sites of which he built
-for himself a town dwelling, and at the same time, it is believed, a
-hostelry for the convenience of travellers. In 1307 he obtained license
-to build a chapel at or by the inn, and in a later deed we are told
-that "the abbott's lodginge was wyninge to the backside of the Tabarde
-and had a garden attached." From that time onwards frequent allusions
-can be found to this house, the sign of which (a sleeveless coat,
-such as that worn by heralds) got somehow corrupted into the Talbot,
-a species of dog, by which it was known for a couple of centuries
-or more, almost to the time of its final destruction. Although the
-contrary has been asserted, the inn was undoubtedly burnt in the Great
-Southwark Fire of 1676, but was rebuilt soon afterwards in the old
-fashion, and continued to be a picturesque example of architecture
-until 1875, when the whole was swept away, hop merchants' offices and a
-modern "old Tabard" now occupying the site.
-
-Equal in interest to the last-named inn was the "White Hart." At the
-one Chaucer gave life and reality to a fancied scene; at the other
-occurred an historical event, the bald facts of which Shakespeare has
-lighted up with a halo of romance. The White Hart appears to have dated
-from the latter part of the fourteenth century, the sign being a badge
-of Richard II., derived from his mother, Joan of Kent. In the summer
-of 1450 it was Jack Cade's headquarters while he was striving to gain
-possession of London. Hall, in his _Chronicle_, records this, and adds
-that he prohibited "murder, rape and robbery by which colour he allured
-to him the hartes of the common people." It was here, nevertheless,
-that "one Hawaydyne of sent Martyns was beheaded," and here, during
-the outbreak, a servant of Sir John Fastolf, who had property in the
-neighbourhood, was with difficulty saved from assassination. His
-chattels were pillaged, his wife left with "no more gode but her
-kyrtyll and her smook," and he thrust into the forefront of a fight
-then raging on London Bridge, where he was "woundyd and hurt nere
-hand to death." Cade's success was of short duration; his followers
-wavered, he said, or might have said, in the words attributed to him by
-Shakespeare (2 Henry VI., act iv., scene 8), "Hath my sword therefore
-broken through London gate that you should leave me at the White Hart
-in Southwark?" The rebellion collapsed, and our inn is not heard of
-for some generations. Want of space prevents our recording the various
-vicissitudes through which it passed, and the historic names connected
-with it, until the time of the Southwark Fire of 1676, when, like the
-"Tabard," it was burnt down, but rebuilt on the old foundations. In
-1720 Strype describes it as large and of considerable trade, and it so
-continued until the time when Dickens, who was intimately acquainted
-with the neighbourhood, gave his graphic description of Sam Weller
-at the White Hart in the tenth chapter of _Pickwick_. In 1865-66 the
-south side of the building was replaced by a modern tavern, but the
-old galleries on the north and east sides remained until 1889, being
-latterly let out in tenements.
-
-There were several other galleried inns in Southwark, dating at least
-from the time of Queen Elizabeth, which survived until the nineteenth
-century, but we only have space briefly to allude to three. The "King's
-Head" and the "Queen's Head" was each famous in its way. The former
-had been originally the "Pope's Head," the sign being changed at the
-Reformation. In 1534 the Abbot of Waverley, whose town house was not
-far off, writes, apparently on business, that he will be at the "Pope's
-Head" in Southwark--eight years afterwards it appears as the "King's
-Head." In a deed belonging to Mr. G. Eliot Hodgkin, F.S.A., the two
-names are given. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the house
-belonged to various noteworthy people; among the rest, to Thomas Cure,
-a local benefactor, and to Humble, Lord Ward. It was burnt in the
-Great Southwark Fire, and the last fragment of the galleried building,
-erected immediately afterwards, was pulled down in January, 1885.
-
-The "Queen's Head" was the only one of the Southwark houses we are
-describing that escaped the Fire of 1676, perhaps owing to the fact
-that, by way of precaution, a tenement was blown up at the gateway. It
-stood on the site of a house called the "Crowned or Cross Keys," which
-in 1529 was an armoury or store-place for the King's harness. In 1558
-it had a brew-house attached to it, and had lately been rebuilt. In
-1634 the house had become the "Queen's Head," and the owner was John
-Harvard, of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, who afterwards migrated to
-America, and gave his name to Harvard University, Massachusetts. About
-this time it was frequented by carriers, as we learn from John Taylor,
-"the water-poet." The main building, destroyed in 1895, was found to
-be of half-timbered construction, dating perhaps from the sixteenth
-century. A galleried portion, also of considerable age, survived until
-the year 1900.
-
-Of another Southwark inn, the "George," we can fortunately speak in
-the present tense. It seems to have come into existence in the early
-part of the sixteenth century, and is mentioned with the sign of "St.
-George" in 1554:--
-
-    "St. George that swindg'd the Dragon, and e'er since
-    Sits on his horseback at mine hostess' door."
-
-The owner in 1558 was Humfrey Colet, or Collet, who had been Member
-of Parliament for Southwark. Soon after the middle of the seventeenth
-century, in a book called _Musarum Deliciæ, or the Muses' Recreation_,
-compiled by Sir John Mennes (Admiral and Chief Comptroller of the Navy)
-and Dr. James Smith, appeared some lines, "upon a surfeit caught by
-drinking bad sack at 'the George' in Southwark." Perhaps the landlord
-mended his ways; in any case, the rent was shortly afterwards £150 a
-year--a large sum for those days. The "George" was a great coaching
-and carriers' inn. Only a fragment of it, but a picturesque one,
-now exists; it is still galleried, and dates from shortly after the
-Southwark Fire of 1676. The rest of the building was pulled down in
-1889-90. All the inns to which allusion has been made were clustered
-together on the east side of the Borough High Street, the gateways of
-those most distant from each other being only about 140 yards apart.
-
-Another leading thoroughfare from London to the east was the
-road through Aldgate to Whitechapel. Here, though the houses of
-entertainment were historically far less interesting than those of
-Southwark, they flourished for many years. Where a modern hotel with
-the same sign now stands, next to the Metropolitan railway station on
-the north side of Aldgate High Street, there was once a well-known
-inn, the "Three Nuns," so called, perhaps, from the contiguity of
-the nuns of St. Clare, or _sorores minores_, who gave a name to the
-Minories. The "Three Nuns" inn is mentioned by Defoe in his _Journal
-of the Plague_, which, though it describes events that happened
-when he was little more than an infant, has an air of authenticity
-suggesting personal experience. We are told by him that near this inn
-was the "dreadful gulf--for such it was rather than a pit"--in which,
-during the Plague of 1665, not less than 1,114 bodies were buried
-in a fortnight, from the 6th to the 20th of September. Throughout
-the eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth centuries this
-house was much frequented by coaches and carriers. The late Mr.
-Edwin Edwards, who etched it in 1871, was told by the landlord that
-a four-horse coach was then running from there to Southend during
-the summer months. A painting of the holy nuns still appeared on the
-sign-board. The house was rebuilt soon after the formation of the
-Metropolitan Railway. A short distance west of the "Three Nuns," at 31,
-Aldgate High Street, the premises of Messrs. Adkin and Sons, wholesale
-tobacconists, occupy the site of the old "Blue Boar" coaching inn,
-which they replaced in 1861. The sculptured sign of the "Blue Boar,"
-let into the wall in front, was put up at the time of the rebuilding.
-The former inn, described on a drawing in the Crace collection as the
-oldest in London, is held by some to be the same as that referred to
-in an order of the Privy Council to the Lord Mayor, dated from St.
-James's, September 5th, 1557, wherein he is told to "apprehende and to
-comitt to safe warde" certain actors who are about to perform in "a
-lewde Playe called a Sacke full of Newse" at the "Boar's Head" without
-Aldgate.
-
-A few years ago, at No. 25, the entrance might still be seen of another
-famous inn called the "Bull," formerly the "Black Bull." Above the
-gateway was a fine piece of ironwork, and the old painted sign was
-against the wall of the passage. This house flourished greatly a little
-before the advent of railways, when Mrs. Anne Nelson, coach proprietor,
-was the landlady, and could make up nearly two hundred beds there. Most
-of her business was to Essex and Suffolk, but she also owned the Exeter
-coach. She must have been landlady on the memorable occasion when Mr.
-Pickwick arrived in a cab after "two mile o' danger at eightpence," and
-it was through this very gateway that he and his companions were driven
-by the elder Weller when they started on their adventurous journey to
-Ipswich. The house is now wholly destroyed and the yard built over.
-
-A common sign in former days was the "Saracen's Head." We shall have
-occasion to refer to several in London. One of them stood by Aldgate,
-just within the limits of the city. Here a block of old buildings
-is in existence on the south side, which once formed the front of a
-well-known coaching inn, with this sign. The spacious inn yard remains,
-the house on the east side of its entrance having fine pilasters. From
-the "Saracen's Head," Aldgate, coaches plied to Norwich as long ago as
-1681, and here there is, or was quite recently, a carrier's booking
-office.
-
-Another thoroughfare which, within the memory of some who hardly admit
-that they are past middle age, contained several famous inns, was that
-leading to the north, and known in its various parts as Gracechurch
-Street and Bishopsgate Street Within and Without. One of the best known
-was the "Cross Keys" in Bishopsgate Street, mentioned in the preface to
-Dodsley's _Old Plays_ as a house at which theatrical performances took
-place. It was here that, in the latter part of the sixteenth century,
-Bankes exhibited the extraordinary feats of his horse Marocco. One
-of them, if we may believe an old jest-book, was to select and draw
-forth Tarlton with its mouth as "the veriest fool in the company." In
-more modern times, until the advent of railways, the "Cross Keys" was
-a noted coaching and carriers' establishment. Destroyed in the Great
-Fire, and again burnt down in 1734, but rebuilt in the old style, it
-was still standing on the west side of the street, immediately south
-of Bell Yard, when Larwood and Hotten published their _History of
-Signboards_ in 1866. Another inn with this sign stood appropriately
-near the site of St. Peter's Church in Wood Street, Cheapside, and was
-pulled down probably about the same time as the more famous house in
-Gracechurch Street.
-
-Of equal note was the "Spread Eagle," the site of which has mostly been
-absorbed by the extension of Leadenhall Market. Like the "Cross Keys,"
-it was burnt in the Great Fire, but rebuilt in the old style with
-an ample galleried yard. In the basement some mediæval arches still
-remained. At the "Spread Eagle" that original writer George Borrow
-had been staying with his future wife, Mrs. Mary Clarke, and various
-friends, when they were married at St. Peter's Church, Cornhill, on
-April 23rd, 1840, her daughter, Henrietta, signing the register. Before
-its destruction in 1865 it had been for some time a receiving office
-of Messrs. Chaplin and Horne. The site, of about 1,200 square feet,
-was sold for no less a sum than £95,000. Another Gracechurch inn, the
-"Tabard," which long ago disappeared, had, like the immortal hostelry
-in Southwark, become the "Talbot," and its site is marked by Talbot
-Court.
-
-In Bishopsgate Street Within three galleried inns lingered long enough
-to have been often seen by the writer. These were the "Bull," the
-"Green Dragon," and the "Four Swans," each with something of a history,
-and to them might be added the picturesque, though less important,
-"Vine" and the "Flower Pot," from which last house a seventeenth
-century trade token was issued. The "Bull," the most southern of these
-inns, all of which were on the west side of the highway, was at least
-as old as the latter part of the fifteenth century, for in one of the
-chronicles of London lately edited by Mr. C. L. Kingsford, I find
-it, under the date 1498, associated with a painful incident--namely,
-the execution of the son of a cordwainer, "dwellyng at the Bulle in
-Bisshoppesgate Strete," for calling himself the Earl of Warwick. Hall
-gives his name as Ralph Wilford. Anthony Bacon, elder brother of
-Francis, during the year 1594 hired a lodging in Bishopsgate Street,
-but the fact of its being near the "Bull," where plays and interludes
-were performed, so troubled his mother that for her sake he removed to
-Chelsea. Shortly afterwards, as may be learnt from _Tarlton's Jests_,
-the old drama called "The Famous Victories of Henry the Fifth" was
-here played, "wherein the judge was to take a boxe on the eare, and
-because he was absent that should take the blow, Tarlton himselfe, ever
-forward to please, tooke upon him to play the judge, besides his own
-part of the clown." The "Bull" was the house of call of old Hobson, the
-carrier, to whose rigid rule about the letting of his saddle horses we
-are supposed to owe the phrase, "Hobson's Choice." Milton wrote his
-epitaph in the well-known lines beginning:--
-
-    "Here lies old Hobson; Death hath broke his girt,
-    And here, alas! hath laid him in the dirt."
-
-In his second edition of _Milton's Poems_, p. 319, Wharton alludes to
-Hobson's "portrait in fresco" as having then lately been in existence
-at the inn, and it is mentioned in _The Spectator_, No. 509. There is
-a print of it representing a bearded old man in hat and cloak with a
-money bag, which in the original painting had the inscription, "The
-fruitful mother of an hundred more." He bequeathed property for a
-conduit to supply Cambridge with water; the conduit head still exists,
-though not in its original position. In 1649, by a Council of War, six
-Puritan troopers were condemned to death for a mutiny at the "Bull."
-The house remained till 1866.
-
-Further north, at No. 86, was the "Green Dragon," the last of the
-galleried inns that survived in Bishopsgate Street. It is mentioned
-in De Laune's _Present State of London_, 1681, as a place of resort
-for coachmen and carriers, and I have before me an advertisement
-sheet of the early nineteenth century, showing that coaches were then
-plying from here to Norwich, Yarmouth, Cambridge, Colchester, Ware,
-Hertford, Brighton, and many other places. There is a capital etching
-of the house by Edwin Edwards. It was closed in 1877, its site being
-soon afterwards built over. At the sale of the effects eleven bottles
-of port wine fetched 37s. 6d. each. The "Four Swans," immediately to
-the north of the inn last named, although it did not survive so long,
-remained to the end a more complete specimen of its class, having three
-tiers of galleries perfect on each side, and two tiers at the west end.
-The "water-poet" tells us that in 1637 "a waggon or coach" came here
-once a week from Hertford. Other references to it might be quoted from
-books of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but the story told
-on an advertisement sheet issued by a former landlord about a fight
-here between Roundheads, led by Ireton, and a troop of Royalists, is
-apocryphal.
-
-Not far off, in Bishopsgate Street Without, there was until lately a
-"Two Swan" inn yard, and a "One Swan" with a large yard--an old place
-of call for carriers and waggons. These lingered on until the general
-clearance by the Great Eastern Railway Company a few years ago, when
-the remains of Sir Paul Pindar's mansion, latterly a tavern, were also
-removed; the finely-carved timber front and a stuccoed ceiling finding
-their way into the Victoria and Albert Museum. Another old Bishopsgate
-house was the "White Hart," near St. Botolph's Church, a picturesque
-building with projecting storeys, and in front the date 1480, but the
-actual structure was probably much less ancient. It was drawn by J.
-T. Smith and others early in the nineteenth century, and did not long
-survive. The site is still marked by White Hart Court. On the opposite
-side of the way was an inn, the "Dolphin," which, as Stow tells us,
-was given in 1513 by Margaret Ricroft, widow, with a charge in favour
-of the Grey Friars. It disappeared in the first half of the eighteenth
-century. The old "Catherine Wheel," a galleried inn hard by, mentioned
-by De Laune in 1681, was not entirely destroyed till 1894.
-
-Another road out of London richly furnished with inns was that from
-Newgate westward. The first one came to was the "Saracen's Head"
-on Snow Hill, an important house, to which the late Mr. Heckethorn
-assigned a very early origin. Whether or not it existed in the
-fourteenth century, as he asserts, it was certainly flourishing when
-Stow in his _Survey_ described it as "a fair and large inn for receipt
-of travellers." It continued for centuries to be largely used, and
-here Nicholas Nickleby and his uncle waited on Squeers, the Yorkshire
-schoolmaster, whom Dickens must have modelled from various real
-personages. In a _Times_ advertisement for January 3rd, 1801, I read
-that "at Mr. Simpson's Academy, Wodencroft Lodge, near Greta Bridge,
-Yorkshire, young gentlemen are boarded and accurately instructed in the
-English, Latin, and Greek languages, writing, arithmetic, merchants'
-accounts, and the most useful branches of the mathematics, at 16
-guineas per annum, if under nine years of age, and above that age
-17 guineas; French taught by a native of France at 1 guinea extra.
-Mr. Simpson is now in town, and may be treated with from eleven
-till two o'clock every day at the 'Saracen's Head,' Snow Hill." In
-the early part of last century the landlady was Sarah Ann Mountain,
-coach proprietor, and worthy rival of Mrs. Nelson, of the "Bull" Inn,
-Aldgate. The "Saracen's Head" disappeared in the early part of 1868,
-when this neighbourhood was entirely changed by the formation of the
-Holborn Viaduct. Another Snow Hill inn was the "George," or "George and
-Dragon," mentioned by Strype as very large and of considerable trade. A
-sculptured sign from there is in the Guildhall Museum.
-
-In Holborn there were once nine or ten galleried inns. We will only
-allude to those still in existence within the memory of the writer.
-The most famous of them, perhaps, was the "George and Blue Boar,"
-originally the "Blue Boar," the site of which is covered by the Inns of
-Court Hotel. The house is named in the burial register of St. Andrew's,
-Holborn, as early as 1616, but it is chiefly known from a story related
-by the Rev. Thomas Morrice, in his _Memoir of Roger Earl of Orrery_
-(1742), that Cromwell and Ireton, in the disguise of troopers, here
-intercepted a letter sewn in the flap of a saddle from Charles I. to
-his Queen, in which he wrote that he was being courted by the Scotch
-Presbyterians and the army, and that he thought of closing with the
-former. Cromwell is supposed to have said, "From that time forward
-we resolved on his ruin." The writer ventured to ask that excellent
-historian, Dr. Samuel Gardiner, what he thought of the statement. In
-August, 1890, he most kindly replied by letter as follows:--"The tale
-has generally been repudiated without enquiry, and I am rather inclined
-to believe, at least, in its substantial accuracy. The curious thing
-is, that there are two lines of tradition about intercepted letters,
-as it seems to me quite distinct." We may, therefore, without being
-over credulous, cherish the belief that the picturesque incident
-referred to was one that actually occurred. There is an advertisement
-of December 27th, 1779, offering the lease of the "George and Blue
-Boar," which helps us to realize the value and capacity of an important
-inn of that period. We are told that it contains forty bedrooms,
-stabling for fifty-two horses, seven coach-houses, and a dry ride sixty
-yards long; also that it returns about £2,000 a year. In George Colman
-the younger's "Heir at Law," act i., scene 2, this house is said by one
-of the characters to be "in tumble downish kind of a condition," but it
-survived until 1864, when it made way for the Inns of Court Hotel.
-
-A group of inns which remained more recently were Ridler's "Bell and
-Crown," the old "Bell," and the "Black Bull," all on the north side of
-Holborn. Of these, the most picturesque was the "Bell," about which I
-have been able to ascertain some curious facts. The earliest notice of
-it that has come to light was on the 14th of March, 1538, when William
-Barde sold a messuage with garden called the "Bell," in the parish of
-St. Andrew, Holborn, to Richard Hunt, citizen and girdler. The latter,
-who died in 1569, gave thirty sacks of charcoal yearly for ever, as a
-charge on the property, to be distributed to thirty poor persons of
-the parish. After various changes of ownership, in 1679-80 it passed
-into the hands of Ralph Gregge, and his grandson sold it in 1722 to
-Christ's Hospital. In the deed of sale three houses are mentioned and
-described as "formerly one great mansion-house or inn known as the Bell
-or Blue Bell." About two years before, the front of the premises facing
-Holborn had been rebuilt, when the sculptured arms of Gregge were let
-into the wall in front; these arms are now at the Guildhall Museum. The
-"Bell" became a coaching house of considerable reputation, that part of
-the business being about the year 1836 in the hands of Messrs. B. W.
-and H. Horne, who, as coach proprietors, were second only to William
-Chaplin. For many years, until finally closed in September, 1897, the
-house was managed by the Bunyer family. It was the last galleried inn
-on the Middlesex side of the water, the galleries being perhaps as old
-as the reign of Charles II. A still older portion was a cellar built of
-stone immediately to the left of the entrance, which might almost have
-been mediæval. The rest of the building seems to have dated from the
-early part of the eighteenth century. There is a sympathetic reference
-to the old "Bell" by William Black in his _Strange Adventures of a
-Phæton_. Another noteworthy "Bell" Inn was that in Carter Lane, whence
-Richard Quyney wrote in 1598 to his "loveing good ffrend and contreyman
-Mr. Willm Shackespere," the only letter addressed to our greatest
-poet which is known to exist. There is still a Bell yard connecting
-Carter Lane with Knightrider Street. The first scene of the _Harlot's
-Progress_, by Hogarth, is laid in front of an inn, with the sign of the
-"Bell" in Wood Street. Above the door are chequers.
-
-A short distance west of the Holborn house was the "Crown" Inn,
-latterly Ridler's "Bell and Crown," destroyed about 1899. It had been
-a coaching centre, but years ago the yard was built over, and it
-flourished to the end as a quiet family hotel. Next to the "Bell" on
-the east side was the "Black Bull," the front of which, with the carved
-sign of a bull in a violent state of excitement, remained after the
-rest of the inn had disappeared, outliving its neighbour for a brief
-period. It was in existence for a couple of hundred years or more, but
-future generations will probably only remember it as the house where
-Mr. Lewson was taken ill, and placed under the tender mercies of Betsy
-Prig and Mrs. Gamp; whence also, when convalescent, he was assisted
-into a coach, Mould the undertaker eyeing him with regret as he felt
-himself baulked of a piece of legitimate business.
-
-A few short years ago if, on leaving this group of Holborn inns, we had
-turned down Fetter Lane in the direction of Fleet Street, after passing
-two or three gabled buildings still standing on the right hand side,
-we should have come to another old hostelry called the "White Horse,"
-of which there is a well-known coloured print from a drawing made by
-Pollard in 1814, with a coach in front called the Cambridge Telegraph.
-It gradually fell into decay, became partly a "pub" and partly a common
-lodging-house, and with its roomy stabling at the back was swept away
-in 1897-98. Most of the structure was of the eighteenth century,
-but there were remains of an earlier wooden building. Its northern
-boundary touched the precinct of Barnard's Inn, an inn of chancery, now
-disestablished and adapted for the purposes of the Mercers' School.
-
-Continuing our course southward, a short walk would formerly have taken
-us to the "Bolt-in-Tun," I think the only coaching establishment in
-Fleet Street, which possessed so many taverns and coffee-houses. The
-inn was of ancient origin, the White Friars having had a grant of the
-"Hospitium vocatum Le Bolt en ton" as early as the year 1443. The sign
-is the well-known rebus on the name of Bolton, the bird-bolt through a
-tun or barrel, which was the device of a prior of St. Bartholomew's,
-Smithfield, and may still be seen in the church there, and at
-Canonbury, where the priors had a country house. The _City Press_ for
-September 12th, 1882, announces the then impending destruction of the
-"Bolt-in-Tun," and in the following year we are told that although a
-remnant of it in Fleet Street exists as a booking office for parcels,
-by far the larger portion, represented chiefly by the Sussex Hotel,
-Bouverie Street, which bore on it the date 1692, has just disappeared.
-
-Further east, on Ludgate Hill, La Belle Sauvage Yard, where Messrs.
-Cassell & Co. carry on their important business, marks the site of an
-historic house, and perpetuates an error of nomenclature. Its original
-title, as proved by a document of the year 1452, was "Savage's" Inn,
-otherwise called the "Bell on the Hoop," but in the seventeenth century
-a trade token was issued from here, having on it an Indian woman
-holding a bow and arrow, and in 1676 "Bell Sauvage" Inn, on Ludgate
-Hill, consisting of about forty rooms, with good cellarage and stabling
-for about one hundred horses, was to be let. The mistake is repeated
-in _The Spectator_, No. 28, where we are told of a beautiful girl who
-was found in the wilderness, and whose fame was perpetuated in a French
-romance. As we learn from Howe, in his continuation of _Stow's Annals_,
-on a seat outside this inn Sir Thomas Wyat rested, after failing in an
-attempt to enter the city during his ill-advised rebellion in the reign
-of Mary Tudor. From Lambarde we gather that this was one of the houses
-where plays were performed before the time of Shakespeare. Writing in
-1576, he says, "Those who go to Paris Garden, the Bell Savage, or the
-Theatre to behold bear-baiting, interludes, or fence play, must not
-account of any pleasant spectacle unless first they pay one pennie
-at the gate, another at the entrie of the scaffold, and a third for
-quiet standing." Here, as at the "Cross Keys," Gracechurch Street,
-Bankes exhibited his horse, and here, in 1683, "a very strange beast
-called a Rhynoceros--the first that ever was in England," could be seen
-daily. Stow affirms the inn to have been given to the Cutlers' Company
-by Isabella Savage; but, in fact, the donor was John Craythorne, who
-conveyed the reversion of it to them in 1568. The sculptured elephant
-and castle representing their crest is still on a wall in La Belle
-Sauvage Yard. The inn, which has left its mark in the annals of
-coaching, was taken down in 1873.
-
-A thoroughfare, formerly containing several fine mansions and various
-inns for travellers, was Aldersgate Street, the continuation of St.
-Martin's-le-Grand. There are allusions in print to the "Bell," the
-"George" (previously the "White Hart"), and to the "Cock" Inn, where,
-after years of wandering, Fynes Moryson arrived one Sunday morning in
-1595; but these all passed away long ago. The last to linger in the
-neighbourhood was the "Bull and Mouth," St Martin's-le-Grand, finally
-called the "Queen's" Hotel, absorbed by the General Post Office in
-1886. The name is generally supposed to be a corruption of Boulogne
-Mouth, the entrance to Boulogne Harbour, that town having been taken
-by Henry VIII. George Steevens, the Shakespearean commentator, seems
-to have suggested this, and his idea has been generally accepted; but
-it is more likely that our inn was identical with the house called in
-1657 "the Mouth near Aldersgate in London, then the usual meeting-place
-for Quakers," to which the Body of John Lilburne was conveyed in August
-of that year. We learn from Ellwood's _Autobiography_ that five years
-afterwards he was arrested at the "Bull and Mouth," Aldersgate. The
-house was at its zenith as a coaching centre in the early years of the
-nineteenth century, when Edward Sherman had become landlord. He rebuilt
-the old galleried house in 1830. When coaching for business purposes
-ceased to be, the gateway from St. Martin's-le-Grand was partially
-blocked up and converted into the main entrance, the inn continuing
-under its changed name for many years. The sculptured signs were not
-removed until the destruction of the building. One, which was over the
-main entrance, is a statuette of a Bull within a gigantic open Mouth;
-below are bunches of grapes; above, a bust of Edward VI. and the arms
-of Christ's Hospital, to which institution the ground belonged. Beneath
-is a tablet inscribed with the following doggerel rhyme:--
-
-    "Milo the Cretonian an ox slew with his fist,
-    And ate it up at one meal, ye Gods what a glorious twist."
-
-Another version of the sign, the Mouth appearing below the Bull, was
-over what had been a back entrance to the yard in Angel Street. These
-signs are now both in the Guildhall Museum. I had almost overlooked
-one house, the "Castle and Falcon," Aldersgate, closed within the last
-few months, and now destroyed. The structure was uninteresting, but it
-stood on an old site--that of John Day's printing-house in the reign of
-Queen Elizabeth. At the present inn on April 12th, 1799, was founded
-the Church Missionary Society; here also its centenary was celebrated.
-
-Besides being plentiful in the main thoroughfares, important inns,
-like the churches, were often crammed away in narrow and inconvenient
-lanes. This was the case with the "Oxford Arms" and the "Bell," both
-in Warwick Lane. The former was approached by a passage, being bounded
-on the west by the line of the old city wall, or by a later wall a few
-feet to the east of it, and touching Amen Corner on the south. It was a
-fine example of its kind. As was said by a writer in _The Athenæum_ of
-May 20th, 1876, just before it was destroyed:
-
-     "Despite the confusion, the dirt and the decay, he who stands
-     in the yard of this ancient inn may get an excellent idea of
-     what it was like in the days of its prosperity, when not only
-     travellers in coach or saddle rode into or out of the yard,
-     but poor players and mountebanks set up their stage for the
-     entertainment of spectators, who hung over the galleries or
-     looked on from their rooms--a name by which the boxes of a
-     theatre were first known."
-
-The house must have been rebuilt after the Great Fire, which raged
-over this area. That it existed before is proved by the following odd
-advertisement of March, 1672-73:
-
-     "These are to give notice that Edward Bartlet, Oxford Carrier,
-     hath removed his inn in London from the Swan at Holborn Bridge
-     to the Oxford Arms in Warwick Lane, where he did Inn before
-     the Fire. His coaches and waggons going forth on their usual
-     days, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. He hath also a hearse
-     and all things convenient to carry a Corps to any part of
-     England."
-
-The "Bell" Inn, also galleried, was on the east side of Warwick Lane.
-There Archbishop Leighton died in 1684. As Burnet tells us, he had
-often said that "if he were to choose a place to die in it should be an
-Inn; it looked like a pilgrim's going home, to whom this world was all
-as an Inn, and who was weary of the noise and confusion in it." Thus
-his desire was fulfilled. There is a view of the old house in Chambers'
-_Book of Days_, vol. i., p. 278. It was demolished in 1865, when the
-value of the unclaimed parcels, some of which had been there many
-years, is said to have been considerable. According to one statement,
-the jewellery was worth £700 or £800.
-
-The few remaining inns to which reference will be made may best perhaps
-be taken in alphabetical order. The old "Angel" Inn, at the end of Wych
-Street, Strand, already existed in February, 1503, when a letter was
-directed to Sir Richard Plumpton "at the Angell behind St. Clement's
-Kirk." From this inn Bishop Hooper was taken to Gloucester in 1554 to
-be burnt at the stake. A trade token was issued there in 1657. Finally,
-the business, largely dependent on coaches, faded away; the building
-was rased to the ground in 1853, and the set of offices called Danes
-Inn built on the site. These in their turn have now succumbed. The
-"Axe" in Aldermanbury was a famous carriers' inn. It is mentioned in
-drunken Barnabee's _Journal_, and from there the first line of stage
-waggons from London to Liverpool was established about the middle of
-the seventeenth century. It took many days to perform the journey.
-
-In Laurence Lane, near the Guildhall, was a noteworthy house called
-"Blossoms" Inn, which, according to Stow, had "to sign St. Laurence the
-Deacon in a border of blossoms of flowers." In 1522, when the Emperor
-Charles V. came to visit Henry VIII. in London, certain inns were set
-apart for the reception of his retinue, among them "St. Laurence,
-otherwise called Bosoms Yn, was to have ready XX beddes and a stable
-for LX horses." In Ben Jonson's _Masque of Christmas_, presented
-at Court in 1616, "Tom of Bosomes Inn," apparently a real person,
-is introduced as representing Mis-rule. That the house was early
-frequented by carriers is shown in the epistle dedicatory to _Have at
-you at Saffron Walden_, 1596:--"Yet have I naturally cherisht and hugt
-it in my bosome, even as a carrier at Bosome's Inne doth a cheese under
-his arm." A satirical tract about Bankes and his horse Marocco gives
-the name of the authors as "John Dande the wiredrawer of Hadley, and
-Harrie Hunt head ostler of Bosomes inn." There is a view of this famous
-hostelry in the Crace collection, date 1855; the yard is now a depôt
-for railway goods.
-
-In 1852 London suffered a sad loss architecturally by the removal of
-the fine groined crypt of Gerard's Hall, Basing Lane, which dated
-perhaps from the end of the thirteenth century, and had formed part of
-the mansion of a famous family of citizens, by name Gysors. In Stow's
-time it was "a common hostrey for receipt of travellers." He gives a
-long account of it, mixing fact with fiction. The house and hall were
-destroyed in the Great Fire, but the crypt escaped, and on it an inn
-was built with, in front, a carved wooden effigy of that mythical
-personage, Gerard the Giant, which is now in the Guildhall Museum. On
-the removal of the crypt the stones were numbered and presented to the
-Crystal Palace Company, with a view to its erection in their building
-or grounds. It is said, however, that after a time the stones were used
-for mending roads.
-
-A rather unimportant-looking inn was the "Nag's Head," on the east side
-of Whitcomb Street, formerly Hedge Lane, but it is worthy of mention
-for one or two reasons. We learn from a manuscript note-book, which
-was in the possession of the late Mr. F. Locker Lampson, that Hogarth
-in his later days, when he set up a coach and horses, kept them at the
-"Nag's Head." He was then living on the east side of Leicester Square.
-According to a pencil note on an old drawing, which belongs to the
-writer, "this inn did the posting exclusively for the Royal family from
-George I. to William IV." It was latterly used as a livery stable, but
-retained its picturesque galleries until, the lease having come to an
-end, it was closed in 1890. The space remained vacant for some years,
-and is now covered by the fine publishing office of Messrs. Macmillan &
-Co.
-
-Two "Saracen's Head" inns have already been described, and though
-one feels how imperfect this account must of necessity be, and that
-some houses of note are altogether omitted, I am tempted to mention
-a third--the house with that sign in Friday Street. It came into the
-hands of the Merchant Taylors' Company as early as the year 1400, and
-after several rebuildings was finally swept away in 1844. The adjoining
-house, said by tradition to have been occupied by Sir Christopher Wren,
-was destroyed at the same time.
-
-It was in the early thirties of last century that coaching reached
-its zenith, and perhaps the greatest coaching centre in London was
-the "Swan with Two Necks," Lad Lane. It was an old inn, mentioned by
-Machyn as early as 1556. In 1637 carriers from Manchester and other
-places used to lodge there, but it will be best remembered as it
-appears in a well-known print during the heyday of its prosperity, the
-courtyard crowded with life and movement. The gateway was so narrow
-that it required some horsemanship to drive a fast team out of the said
-courtyard, and some care on the part of the guard that his horn or
-bugle basket was not jammed against the gate-post. The proprietor of
-this establishment was Mr. William Chaplin who, originally a coachman,
-became perhaps the greatest coach proprietor that ever lived. About
-1835 he occupied the yards of no fewer than five famous and important
-inns in London, to all of which allusion has been made--the "Spread
-Eagle" and "Cross Keys" in Gracechurch Street, the "Swan with Two
-Necks," the "White Horse," Fetter Lane, and the "Angel" behind St.
-Clement's. He had 1,300 horses at work on various roads, and about
-that time horsed fourteen out of the twenty-seven coaches leaving
-London every night. When the railways came he bowed to the inevitable,
-and, in partnership with Mr. Horne, established the great carrying
-business, which still flourishes on the site of the old "Swan with
-Two Necks." In 1845 Lad Lane was absorbed by Gresham Street. The
-origin of the sign has been often discussed, but it is perhaps well
-to conclude this chapter by adding a few words about it. The swans on
-the upper reaches of the Thames are owned respectively by the Crown
-and the Dyers and the Vintners' Company, and, according to ancient
-custom, the representatives of these several owners make an excursion
-each year up the river to mark the cygnets. The visitors' mark used to
-consist of the chevron or letter V and two nicks on the beak. The word
-nicks has been corrupted into necks, and as the Vintners were often
-tavern-keepers, the "Swan with Two Necks" became a common sign.
-
-
-
-
-THE OLD LONDON COFFEE-HOUSES
-
-BY G. L. APPERSON, I.S.O.
-
-
-For something like a century and a half the coffee-houses formed a
-distinctive feature of London life. The first is said to have been
-established by a man named Bowman, servant to a Turkey merchant, who
-opened a coffee-house in St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, in 1652. The
-honour of being the second has been claimed for the "Rainbow" in Fleet
-Street, by the Inner Temple Gate, opposite Chancery Lane. Aubrey,
-speaking of Sir Henry Blount, a beau in the time of Charles II., says:
-"When coffee first came in, he was a great upholder of it, and had
-ever since been a constant frequenter of coffee-houses, especially
-Mr. Farre's, at the 'Rainbow,' by Inner Temple Gate." But according
-to _The Daily Post_ of May 15th, 1728, "Old Man's" Coffee-house,
-at Charing Cross, "was the Second that was set up in the Cities of
-London and Westminster." The question of priority, however, is of no
-importance. It is quite certain that in a surprisingly short space of
-time coffee-houses became very numerous. A manuscript of 1659, quoted
-in _The Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1852 (Part I., pp. 477-9), says that
-at that date there was
-
-     "a Turkish drink to be sould almost in eury street, called
-     Coffee, and another kind of drink called Tee, and also a drink
-     called Chocolate, which was a very harty drink."
-
-Tea made its way slowly; but coffee took the town by storm.
-
-The coffee-houses, as resorts for men of different classes and
-occupations, survived till the early years of the nineteenth
-century; but their palmy days were over some time before the end of
-the eighteenth century. They were at the height of their fame and
-usefulness from the Restoration till the earlier years of George III.'s
-reign.
-
-From the description given in _The Spectator_ and other contemporary
-writings--such as "facetious" Tom Brown's _Trip through London_ of
-1728, and the like--it is easy to reconstruct in imagination the
-interior of one of these resorts as they appeared in the time of
-Queen Anne. Occasionally the coffee-room, as at the famous "Will's"
-in Russell Street, Covent Garden, was on the first floor. Tables
-were disposed about the sanded floor--the erection of boxes did not
-come in until a later date--while on the walls were numerous flaming
-advertisements of quack medicines, pills and tinctures, salves and
-electuaries, which were as abundant then as now, and of other wares
-which might be bought at the bar. The bar was at the entrance to the
-temple of coffee and gossip, and was presided over by the predecessors
-of the modern barmaids--grumbled at in _The Spectator_ as "idols," who
-there received homage from their admirers, and who paid more attention
-to customers who flirted with them than to more sober-minded visitors;
-and described by Tom Brown as "a charming Phillis or two, who invite
-you by their amorous glances into their smoaky territories."
-
-At the bar messages were left and letters taken in for regular
-customers. In the early days of Swift's friendship with Addison,
-Stella was instructed to address her letters to the former under
-cover to Addison at the "St. James's" Coffee-house, in St. James's
-Street; but as the friendship between the two men cooled the cover was
-dispensed with, and the letters were addressed to Swift himself at the
-coffee-house, where they were placed, doubtless with many others, in
-the glass frame behind the bar. Stella's handwriting was very like that
-of her famous correspondent, and one day Harley, afterwards Earl of
-Oxford, seeing one of Stella's letters in the glass frame and thinking
-the writing was Swift's, asked the latter, when he met him shortly
-afterwards, how long he had learned the trick of writing to himself.
-Swift says he could hardly persuade him that he was mistaken in the
-writing.
-
-The coffee-houses were the haunts of clubs and coteries almost from the
-date of their first establishment. Steele, in the familiar introduction
-to _The Tatler_, tells us how accounts of gallantry, pleasure and
-entertainment were to come from "White's" Chocolate-house; poetry from
-"Will's" Coffee-house; learning from the "Grecian"; and foreign and
-domestic news from the "St. James's." Nearly fifty years later, Bonnell
-Thornton, in the first number of _The Connoisseur_, January 31st, 1754,
-similarly enumerates some of the leading houses. "White's" was still
-the fashionable resort; "Garraway's" was for stock-jobbers; "Batson's"
-for doctors; the "Bedford" for "wits" and men of parts; the "Chapter"
-for book-sellers; and "St. Paul's" for the clergy. Mackay, in his
-_Journey through England_, published in 1724, says that
-
-     "about twelve the _beau-monde_ assembles in several chocolate
-     and coffee-houses, the best of which are the Cocoa Tree and
-     White's Chocolate-houses, St. James's, the Smyrna, and the
-     British Coffee-houses; and all these so near one another that
-     in less than an hour you see the company of them all....
-     I must not forget to tell you that the parties have their
-     different places, where, however, a stranger is always well
-     received; but a Whig will no more go to the Cocoa Tree or
-     Ozinda's than a Tory will be seen at the coffee-house of
-     St. James's. The Scots go generally to the British, and a
-     mixture of all sorts to the Smyrna. There are other little
-     coffee-houses much frequented in this neighbourhood--Young
-     Man's for officers, Old Man's for stock-jobbers, paymasters,
-     and courtiers, and Little Man's for sharpers."
-
-It was only natural that people of similar occupations or tastes should
-gravitate in their hours of leisure to common social centres, and no
-one classification, such as that just quoted, can exhaust the subject.
-
-The devotees of whist had their own houses. The game began to be
-popular about 1730, and some of those who first played scientific
-whist--possibly including Hoyle himself--were accustomed to meet at the
-"Crown" Coffee-house in Bedford Row. Other groups soon met at other
-houses. A pirated edition of Hoyle's _Whist_, printed at Dublin in
-1743, contains an advertisement of "A Short Treatise on the Game of
-Whist, as play'd at Court, White's, and George's Chocolate-houses, at
-Slaughter's, and the Crown Coffee-houses, etc., etc." At "Rawthmell's"
-Coffee-house in Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, the Society of Arts
-was founded in 1754. "Old Slaughter's" in St. Martin's Lane was a
-great resort in the second half of the eighteenth century of artists.
-Here Roubillac the sculptor, Hogarth, Bourguignon or Gravelot the book
-illustrator, Moser the keeper of the St. Martin's Lane Academy, Luke
-Sullivan the engraver, and many others of the fraternity were wont
-to foregather. Near by was "Young Slaughter's," a meeting-place for
-scientific and literary men.
-
-R. L. Edgeworth, in his _Memoirs_ (p. 118, Ed. 1844), says:--
-
-     "I was introduced by Mr. Keir into a society of literary
-     and scientific men, who used formerly to meet once a week
-     at Jack's Coffee-house [_i.e., circa 1780_] in London, and
-     afterwards at Young Slaughter's Coffee-house. Without any
-     formal name, this meeting continued for years to be frequented
-     by men of real science and of distinguished merit. John Hunter
-     was our chairman. Sir Joseph Banks, Solander, Sir A. Blagden,
-     Dr. George Fordyce, Milne, Maskelyne, Captain Cook, Sir G.
-     Shuckburgh, Lord Mulgrave, Smeaton and Ramsden, were among
-     our members. Many other gentlemen of talents belonged to this
-     club, but I mention those only with whom I was individually
-     acquainted."
-
-A favourite resort of men of letters during the middle and later years
-of the eighteenth century was the "Bedford" Coffee-house, under the
-Piazza, in Covent Garden. This house, it may be said, inherited the
-tradition from Button's, which that famous coffee-house had taken
-over from Will's. To the "Bedford" came Fielding, Foote, Garrick,
-Churchill, Sheridan, Hogarth, and many another man of note. Another
-haunt of literary men, as well as of book-sellers, was the "Chapter"
-Coffee-house in Paternoster Row. Chatterton wrote to his mother in
-May, 1770: "I am quite familiar at the 'Chapter' Coffee-house, and
-know all the geniuses there." Goldsmith was one of its frequenters.
-It was here that he came to sup one night as the invited guest of
-Churchill's friend, Charles Lloyd. The supper was served and enjoyed,
-whereupon Lloyd, without a penny in his pocket to pay for the meal
-he had ordered, coolly walked off and left Goldsmith to discharge
-the reckoning. It was at the same house that Foote, one day when a
-distressed player passed his hat round the coffee-room circle with an
-appeal for help, made the malicious remark: "If Garrick hear of this he
-will certainly send in his hat."
-
-Close by was the "St. Paul's" Coffee-house, where, according to Bonnell
-Thornton, "tattered crapes," or poor parsons, were wont to ply "for an
-occasional burial or sermon, with the same regularity as the happier
-drudges who salute us with the cry of 'Coach, sir,' or 'Chair, your
-honour.'" The same writer relates how a party of bucks, by a hoaxing
-proffer of a curacy, "drew all the poor parsons to 'St. Paul's'
-Coffee-house, where the bucks themselves sat in another box to smoke
-their rusty wigs and brown cassocks."
-
-Business men gathered at "Jonathan's" and "Garraway's," both in
-Exchange Alley, where the sale and purchase of stocks and bonds and
-merchandise of every kind formed the staple talk. The former house
-was a centre of operations for both bubblers and bubbled in the mania
-year of 1720. "Lloyd's" Coffee-house was for very many years a famous
-auction mart.
-
-    "Then to Lloyd's coffee-house he never fails,
-    To read the letters, and attend the sales,"
-
-says the author of _The Wealthy Shopkeeper_, published in 1700.
-Addison, in No. 46 of _The Spectator_, tells how he was accustomed to
-make notes or "minutes" of anything likely to be useful for future
-papers, and of how one day he accidentally dropped one of these papers
-at "Lloyd's Coffee-house, where the auctions are usually kept." It was
-picked up and passed from hand to hand, to the great amusement of all
-who saw it. Finally, the "boy of the coffee-house," having in vain
-asked for the owner of the paper, was made "to get up into the auction
-pulpit and read it to the whole room." The "Jerusalem" Coffee-house, in
-Exchange Alley, was for generations the resort of merchants and traders
-interested in the East.
-
-The doctors met at "Batson's" or "Child's." The pseudonymous author
-of Don Manoel Gonzales' _Voyage to Great Britain_, 1745, speaking of
-the London physicians, says: "You find them at Batson's or Child's
-Coffee-house usually in the morning, and they visit their patients
-in the afternoon." The Jacobites had two well-known houses of
-call--"Bromefield's" Coffee-house in Spring Gardens, and, later, the
-"Smyrna" in Pall Mall. Mr. J. H. MacMichael, in his valuable book on
-_Charing Cross_, 1906, quotes an order "given at their Majesties' Board
-of Green Cloth at Hampton Court" in 1689, to Sir Christopher Wren,
-Surveyor of Their Majesties' Works, to have "bricked or otherwise
-so closed up as you shall judge most fit for the security of their
-Majesties' Palace of Whitehall" a certain door which led out of
-Buckingham Court into Spring Garden, because Bromefield's Coffee-house
-in that court was resorted to by "a great and numerous concourse
-of Papists and other persons disaffected to the Government." Mr.
-MacMichael suggests that probably "Bromefield's" was identical with
-the coffee-house known as "Young Man's." "The Smyrna," in Pall Mall,
-was the Jacobite resort in Georgian days. It was also a house of many
-literary associations. Thomson, the poet, there received subscriptions
-for his _Seasons_; Swift and Prior and Arbuthnot frequented it. In
-1703 Lord Peterborough wrote to Arbuthnot from Spain:--"I would faine
-save Italy and yett drink tea with you at the Smirna this Winter." But
-it is impossible to catalogue fully all the different coffee-house
-centres. The "Grecian" in Devereux Court, Strand, was devoted to
-learning; barristers frequented "Serle's," at the corner of Serle and
-Portugal Streets, Lincoln's Inn Fields; the Templars went to "Dick's,"
-and later to the "Grecian"; and so the list might be prolonged.
-
-In the earlier days of the coffee-houses the coterie or club of regular
-frequenters foregathered by the fire, or in some particular part of
-the general room, or in an inner room. At "Will's" in Russell Street,
-Covent Garden, where Mr. Pepys used to drop in to hear the talk,
-Dryden, the centre of the literary circle which there assembled, had
-his big arm-chair in winter by the fireside, and in summer on the
-balcony. Around him gathered many men of letters, including Addison,
-Wycherley, Congreve, and the juvenile Pope, and all who aspired to
-be known as "wits." On the outskirts of the charmed circle hovered
-the more humble and modest frequenters of the coffee-room, who were
-proud to obtain the honour even of a pinch of snuff from the poet's
-box. Across the road at "Button's," a trifle later, Addison became the
-centre of a similar circle, though here the tone was political quite
-as much as literary. Whig men of letters discussed politics as well as
-books. Steele, Tickell, Budgell, Rowe, and Ambrose Phillips were among
-the leading figures in this coterie. Pope was of it for a time, but
-withdrew after his quarrel with Addison.
-
-Whig politicians met at the "St. James's"; and Addison, in a
-_Spectator_ of 1712, pictures the scene. A rumour of the death of Louis
-XIV. had set the tongues going of all the gossips and quidnuncs in
-town; and the essayist relates how he made a tour of the town to hear
-how the news was received, and to catch the drift of popular opinion
-on so momentous an event. In the course of his peregrinations the
-silent gentleman visited the "St. James's," where he found the whole
-outer room in a buzz of politics. The quality of the talk improved as
-he advanced from the door to the upper end of the room; but the most
-thorough-going politicians were to be found "in the inner room, with
-the steam of the coffee-pot," and in this sanctum, says the humorist,
-"I heard the whole Spanish monarchy disposed of, and all the line of
-Bourbon provided for, in less than a quarter of an hour."
-
-In later days coffee-house clubs became more exclusive. The members of
-a club or coterie were allotted a room of their own, to which admission
-ceased to be free and open, and thus was marked the beginning of the
-transition from the coffee-house of the old style to the club-house
-of the new. In _The Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1841 (Part II., pp.
-265-9) is printed a paper of proposals, dated January 23rd, 1768, for
-enlarging the accommodation for the club accustomed to meet at Tom's
-Coffee-house, Great Russell Street, Covent Garden, by taking into the
-coffee-room the first floor of the adjoining house. Admission to this
-club was obtained by ballot.
-
-Coffee-houses were frequented for various purposes besides coffee,
-conversation, and business--professional or otherwise. The refreshments
-supplied were by no means confined to such innocuous beverages
-as tea and coffee and chocolate. Wines and spirits were freely
-consumed--"laced" coffee, or coffee dashed with brandy, being decidedly
-popular. Swift relates how on the occasion of his christening the
-child of Elliot, the proprietor of the "St. James's," he sat at the
-coffee-house among some "scurvy companions" over a bowl of punch so
-late that when he came home he had no time to write to Stella. The
-prolonged sittings and too copious libations of the company at Button's
-Coffee-house gave the feeble and delicate Pope many a headache; and
-Addison, who was notoriously a hard drinker, did not, we may feel
-sure, confine himself during those prolonged sittings to coffee.
-
-The coffee-houses were also public reading-rooms. There could be read
-the newspapers and other periodical publications of the day. When Sir
-Roger de Coverley entered "Squire's," near Gray's Inn Gate, he "called
-for a clean pipe, a paper of tobacco, a dish of coffee, a wax candle,
-and _The Supplement_."
-
-Mackay, in his _Journey through England_, already quoted, says that "in
-all the Coffee-houses you have not only the foreign prints, but several
-English ones with the Foreign Occurrences, besides papers of morality
-and party disputes." Swift, writing to Stella, November 18th, 1711,
-says, "Do you read the _Spectators_? I never do; they never come in my
-way; I go to no coffee-houses"; and when _The Tatler_ had disappeared,
-a little earlier, Gay wrote that "the coffee-houses began to be
-sensible that the Esquire's lucubrations alone had brought them more
-customers than all their other newspapers put together." Periodical
-publications were filed for reference; and at all the better houses
-_The London Gazette_, and, during the session, the Parliamentary Votes
-could be seen. At least one house possessed a library. This was the
-"Chapter," in Paternoster Row, already referred to as a literary haunt.
-Dr. Thomas Campbell, the author of a _Diary of a Visit to England in
-1775_, which was published at Sydney in 1854, says that he had heard
-that the "Chapter" was remarkable for a large collection of books and a
-reading society.
-
-The coffee-houses served as writing-rooms as well as reading-rooms.
-Many of Steele's numerous love-letters to "dear Prue," the lady who
-became his wife, the lovely Mary Scurlock, written both before and
-after his marriage, are dated from the "St. James's," the "Tennis
-Court," "Button's," or other coffee-house. But a popular coffee-room
-could hardly have been an ideal place for either reading or writing. A
-poet of 1690 says that
-
-    "The murmuring buzz which thro' the room was sent,
-    Did bee-hives' noise exactly represent,
-    And like a bee-hive, too, 'twas filled, and thick,
-    All tasting of the Honey Politick
-    Called 'News,' which they all greedily sucked in."
-
-And many years later, Gilly Williams, in a letter to George Selwyn,
-dated November 1st, 1764, says: "I write this in a full coffee-house,
-and with such materials, that you have good luck if you can read two
-lines of it."
-
-A curious proof of the close and intimate way in which the
-coffee-houses were linked with social life is to be seen in the
-occasional references, both in dramatic and prose literature, to
-some of the well-known servants of the coffee-houses. Steele, in the
-first number of _The Tatler_, refers familiarly to Humphrey Kidney,
-the waiter and keeper of book debts at the "St. James's"--he "has the
-ear of the greatest politicians that come hither"--and when Kidney
-resigned, it was advertised that he had been "succeeded by John
-Sowton, to whose place of caterer of messages and first coffee-grinder
-William Bird is promoted, and Samuel Bardock comes as shoe-cleaner in
-the room of the said Bird." "Robin, the Porter who waits at Will's
-Coffee-house," plays a prominent part in a little romance narrated in
-No. 398 of _The Spectator_. He is described as "the best man in the
-town for carrying a billet; the fellow has a thin body, swift step,
-demure looks, sufficient sense, and knows the town." A waiter of the
-same name at Locket's, in Spring Gardens, is alluded to in Congreve's
-_The Way of the World_, where the fashionable Lady Wishfort, when she
-threatens to marry a "drawer" (or waiter), says, "I'll send for Robin
-from Locket's immediately."
-
-The coffee-houses were employed as agencies for the sale of many
-things other than their own refreshments. Most of them sold the quack
-medicines that were staringly advertised on their walls. Some sold
-specific proprietary articles. A newspaper advertisement of 1711 says
-that the water of Epsom Old Well was "pumped out almost every night,
-that you may have the new mineral every morning," and that "the water
-is sold at Sam's Coffee-house in Ludgate Street, Hargrave's at the
-Temple Gate, Holtford's at the lower end of Queen's Street near Thames
-Street, and nowhere else in London." A "Ticket of the seal of the
-Wells" was affixed, so that purchasers "might not be cheated in their
-waters." The "Royal" Coffee-house at Charing Cross, which flourished in
-the time of Charles II., sold "Anderson's Pills"--a compound of cloves,
-jalap, and oil of aniseed. At the same house were to be had tickets for
-the various county feasts, then popular, which were an anticipation of
-the annual dinners of county associations so common nowadays.
-
-Razor-strops of a certain make were to be bought in 1705 at John's
-Coffee-house, Exchange Alley. In 1742 it was advertised that "silver
-tickets" (season tickets) for Ranelagh Gardens were to be had at any
-hour of the day at Forrest's Coffee-house, near Charing Cross. "All
-Sorts of the newest fashion'd Tye Perukes, made of fresh string, Humane
-Hair, far exceeding any Country Work," were advertised in 1725 as to be
-bought at Brown's Coffee-house in Spring Gardens.
-
-House agents, professional men, and other folk of more questionable
-kind, were all wont to advertise that they could be seen by clients
-at this or that coffee-house. The famous and impudent Mrs. Mapp, "the
-bone-setter," drove into town daily from Epsom in her own carriage,
-and was to be seen (and heard) at the "Grecian." Most of the houses
-were willing to receive letters in answer to advertisements, and
-from the nature of the latter must often, it is pretty certain, have
-been assisting parties to fraud and chicanery of various kind. At
-some houses, besides those like Lloyd's specially devoted to auction
-business, sales were held. A black boy was advertised to be sold at
-Denis's Coffee-house in Finch Lane in 1708. In the middle of the
-eighteenth century sales were often held at the "Apollo" Coffee-house,
-just within Temple Bar, and facing Temple Gate. Picture sales were
-usually held at coffee-houses. The catalogue of one such sale, held at
-the "Barbadoes" Coffee-house in February, 1689/90, contains a glowing
-address on the art of painting by Millington, the Auctioneer, written
-in the style made famous later by George Robins. Says the eloquent
-Millington:
-
-     "This incomparable art at the same time informs the Judgment,
-     pleases the Fancy, recreates the Eye, and touches the Soul,
-     entertains the Curious with silent Instruction, by expressing
-     our most noble Passions, and never fails of rewarding its
-     admirers with the greatest Pleasures, so Innocent and
-     Ravishing, that the severest Moralists, the Morosest _Stoicks_
-     cannot be offended therewith,"
-
-and so on and so on.
-
-Many of the early book sales, too, were held at coffee-houses. The
-third book auction in England, that of the library of the Rev. William
-Greenhill, was held on February 18th, 1677/78, "in the House of
-Ferdinand Stable, Coffee-Seller, at the Sign of the 'Turk's Head,'" in
-Bread Street. When sales were held elsewhere, catalogues could usually
-be had at some of the leading coffee-houses.
-
-Besides serving as reading, writing and sale rooms, they seem sometimes
-to have been used as lecture rooms. William Whiston, in his _Memoirs_
-written by himself (1749), says:
-
-     "Mr. Addison, with his friend Sir Richard Steele, brought me
-     upon my banishment from Cambridge, to have many astronomical
-     lectures at Mr. Button's coffee-house, near Covent Garden, to
-     the agreeable entertainment of a great number of persons, and
-     the procuring me and my family some comfortable support under
-     my banishment."
-
-Some of the houses, as an additional attraction to visitors, offered
-exhibitions of collections of curiosities. The most famous collection
-of this kind was that to be seen for many years at Don Saltero's
-Coffee-house at Chelsea. Don Saltero, by the way, was simply plain
-James Salter disguised. Some of his exhibits were supplied by his
-former master, Sir Hans Sloane, and by other scientific friends and
-patrons. But mixed with things of genuine interest were to be seen all
-sorts of rubbish. Steele made fun of the collection in _The Tatler_.
-But people came to see the "piece of nun's skin tanned," "Job's tears,
-which grow on a tree, and of which anodyne necklaces are made," a
-"waistcoat to prevent sweating," and the many other strange articles
-which were shown side by side with the wooden shoe (of doubtful
-authenticity, one would think) which was placed under Mr. Speaker's
-chair in the time of James II., the King of Morocco's tobacco pipe,
-Oliver Cromwell's sword, and the like "historical" curiosities; and
-Mr. Salter had no reason to be dissatisfied with the results of his
-ingenuity. The most interesting association of this coffee-house,
-perhaps, is Pennant's story of how it was frequented by Richard
-Cromwell, the quondam Lord Protector, described in his peaceful age as
-"a little and very neat old man, with a most placid countenance, the
-effect of his innocent and unambitious life."
-
-Not far from Don Saltero's was the old Chelsea Bun-house, which also
-contained a museum. The last relics of this collection were sold in
-April, 1839, and included a few pictures, plaster casts, a model of
-the bun-house, another, in cut paper, of St. Mary Redcliff Church, and
-other things of a still more trumpery character.
-
-Richard Thoresby tells us that when he was in London, in the summer
-of 1714, he met his "old friend Dr. Sloane at the coffee-house of Mr.
-Miers, who hath a handsome collection of curiosities in the room where
-the virtuosi meet." As the name of the proprietor only is given, it is
-not easy to identify this house, but possibly it was the "Grecian" in
-Devereux Court, which was a favourite resort of the learned. It was
-at the "Grecian," by the way, that Goldsmith, in the latter years of
-his life, was often the life and soul of the Templars who were wont
-to meet there. In their company he sometimes amused himself with the
-flute, or with whist--"neither of which he played very well." When he
-took what he called a "Shoemaker's holiday," Goldsmith, after his day's
-excursion, "concluded by supping at the 'Grecian' or 'Temple-Exchange'
-Coffee-house, or at the 'Globe' in Fleet Street."
-
-A word must be said as to the manners of the frequenters of
-coffee-houses. The author of _A Trip through London_, 1728, tells
-of fops who stare you out of countenance, and describes one man as
-standing with his back to the fire "in a great coffee-house near the
-Temple," and there spouting poetry--a remarkable specimen, indeed, of
-the bore; but on the whole the evidence goes to show that bad manners
-were usually resented by the rest of the company, and that good humour
-and good manners were marked characteristics of coffee-house life.
-There were exceptional incidents, of course. A fatal duel once resulted
-from a heated argument at the "Grecian" about a Greek accent. One
-day, soon after the first appearance of _The Tatler_, two or three
-well-dressed men walked into the coffee-room of the "St. James's,"
-and began in a loud, truculent manner to abuse Steele as the author
-of that paper. One of them at last swore that he would cut Steele's
-throat or teach him better manners. Among the company present was Lord
-Forbes, with two friends, officers of high rank in the army. When the
-cut-throat had uttered his threat, Lord Forbes said significantly,
-"In this country you will find it easier to cut a purse than to cut a
-throat," and with the aid of the military gentlemen the bullies were
-ignominiously turned out of the house. Many years later, in 1776, the
-"St. James's" was the scene of a singular act of senseless violence. It
-is tersely described in a letter from Lord Carlisle to George Selwyn.
-He writes:
-
-     "The Baron de Lingsivy ran a French officer through the body
-     on Thursday for laughing in the St. James's Coffee-house. I
-     find he did not pretend that he himself was laughed at, but at
-     that moment he chose that the world should be grave. The man
-     won't die, and the baron will not be hanged."
-
-Incidents of this kind, however, were of rare occurrence.
-
-But it is impossible to attempt to exhaust the subject of the Old
-London Coffee-houses in one brief chapter. For a hundred years they
-focussed the life of the town. Within their hospitable walls men of
-all classes and occupations, independently, or in clubs and coteries,
-met not only for refreshment, but for social intercourse--to read and
-hear the news, to discuss the topics of the day, to entertain and be
-entertained. This was the chief end they served. Incidentally, as we
-have seen, they served a number of other subsidiary and more of less
-useful purposes. They died slowly. Gradually the better-class houses
-became more exclusive, and were merged in clubs of the modern kind.
-The inferior houses were driven from public favour by the taverns and
-public-houses, or, degenerating from their former condition, lingered
-on as coffee-houses still, but of the lower type, which is not yet
-quite extinct.
-
-
-
-
-THE LEARNED SOCIETIES OF LONDON
-
-BY SIR EDWARD BRABROOK, C.B., F.S.A.
-
-
-In a sense some of the City Guilds are entitled to be called "learned
-societies"--as the Apothecaries, the Parish Clerks, the Stationers,
-and the Surgeons--but they are dealt with under their proper head. By
-the learned societies of London, we mean here those voluntary bodies
-existing with or without royal patronage, but relying wholly for
-support on the contributions of their members, which have taken upon
-themselves the promotion of knowledge in one or more of its branches.
-The earliest which we have been able to trace is that Society of
-Antiquaries which was founded in 1572, the fourteenth year of Queen
-Elizabeth, at the house of Sir Robert Cotton, under the presidency of
-Archbishop Parker. It counted among its members Lancelot Andrewes,
-Bishop of Winchester, William Camden, Sir William Dethicke, Garter,
-William Lambarde, James Ley, Earl of Marlborough, John Stow, Mr.
-Justice Whitelock, and other antiquaries of distinction. It is said
-that James I. became alarmed for the arcana of his Government and, as
-some thought, for the established Church, and accordingly put an end to
-the existence of the society in 1604.
-
-His grandson, Charles II., founded the Royal Society of London for
-improving natural knowledge in the year 1660, and thus gave effect to a
-project which had been in the minds of many learned men for some time,
-is expounded by Bacon in his scheme of Solomon's house, and is perhaps
-best embodied in a letter which was addressed by John Evelyn to the
-Hon. Robert Boyle on September 1, 1659. The first meeting recorded in
-the journals of the society was held on November 28, 1660, and Evelyn
-was elected a member on December 26 of that year. Sir R. Moray was the
-first president. Graunt aptly called the society "The King's Privy
-Council for Philosophy." Statutes were duly framed by the society, and
-received the King's approval in January, 1662-3. For many years it held
-its meetings at Gresham College, with an interval of about four years
-(1669-1673), when it occupied Chelsea College. Its charters (dated
-1662, 1663, and 1669) gave it many privileges, among others that of
-using a mace, and it was formerly said that the one used by the society
-was the identical mace or "bauble" of the Long Parliament, but that is
-an error. The society began in 1663 the excellent practice, which has
-continued to the present day, of celebrating the anniversary by dining
-together on St. Andrew's Day (November 30). It began on February 21,
-1665-6, the formation of its museum, a catalogue of which was published
-in 1681. Many of its meetings were devoted to practical experiment;
-thus, on November 14, 1666, the operation of the transfusion of blood
-from one dog to another was performed in the presence of the members.
-In 1671 Isaac Newton sent his reflecting telescope to the society, and
-on January 11, 1671-2, he was elected a fellow. On April 28, 1686,
-the manuscript of his _Principia_ was presented to the society, and
-it was published by the society in the following year. Many great men
-have been presidents of the society. Among them may be mentioned Sir
-Christopher Wren, elected president January 12, 1680-1; Samuel Pepys,
-1684; Lord Somers, Chancellor of England, 1698; Isaac Newton, 1703; Sir
-Hans Sloane, on the death of Newton, 1726-7; Martin Folkes, who was
-also a well-remembered President of the Society of Antiquaries, 1741;
-the Earl of Macclesfield, 1753; succeeded on his death by the Earl of
-Morton, 1764; James West, 1768; James Barrow, and shortly afterwards,
-Sir John Pringle, 1772; Sir Joseph Banks, 1777; Wollaston, 1820; Davies
-Gilbert, 1826. In 1830, a contested election took place between the
-Duke of Sussex and Herschel the astronomer, when His Royal Highness was
-elected by 119 votes to 111.
-
-The Government have frequently availed themselves of the existence
-of the Royal Society to entrust it with important public duties. On
-December 12, 1710, the fellows of the society were appointed visitors
-of the Royal Observatory. On February 7, 1712/3, the King requested
-the society to supply enquiries for his ambassadors. In 1742, and
-afterwards, it assisted in the determination of the standards. In 1780
-its public services were recognised by the grant of apartments in
-Somerset House. In 1784 it undertook a geodetical survey. Recently it
-has been entrusted by Parliament with a sum of £4,000 a year, which it
-allots towards encouraging scientific research. It has promoted many
-public movements, such as Arctic expeditions, magnetic observations,
-and the like. Originally its members were drawn from two classes--the
-working-men of science and the patrons of science; and the idea is
-even now maintained by certain privileges in respect of election given
-to privy councillors and peers; but the recent tendency has been to
-restrict its fellowship to persons eminent in physical science. The
-Royal Society Club was founded in 1743, and still flourishes.
-
-After the summary proceedings of James I., in 1604, the antiquaries
-seem to have allowed the whole of the seventeenth century to pass
-without any further attempt at organisation, though we learn from Mr.
-Ashmole that on July 2, 1659, an antiquaries' feast was held, and many
-renowned antiquaries, such as Dugdale, Spelman, Selden, and Anthony à
-Wood flourished at that time. On November 5, 1707, three antiquaries
-met at the "Bear" Tavern in the Strand, and agreed to hold a weekly
-meeting at the same place on Fridays at 6 o'clock, "and sit till ten at
-farthest." Other antiquaries joined them, and they removed next year to
-the "Young Devil" Tavern in Fleet Street, where Le Neve became their
-president.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-THE
-
-ROYAL SOCIETY'S
-
-LETTER.
-
-I have (by Order of the Royal Society) seen and examined the Method
-used by Mr JOHN MARSHALL, for grinding Glasses; and find that he
-performs the said Work with greater Ease and Certainty than hitherto
-has been practised; by means of an Invention which I take to be
-his own, and New; and whereby he is enabled to make a great number
-of Optick-Glasses at one time, and all exactly alike; which having
-reported to the Royal Society, they were pleased to approve thereof, as
-an Invention of great use; and highly to deserve Encouragement.
-
-  Lond. Jan. 18.       By the Command of the
-  1693, 4.              Royal Society.
-
-  EDM. HALLEY.
-
-_Note_, There are several Persons who pretend to have the Approbation
-of the ROYAL SOCIETY; but none has, or ever had it, but my self; as my
-Letter can testifie.
-
-_Marshall_s True SPECTACLES.
-
-AN EARLY LETTER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, DATED JANUARY 18TH, 1693-4.]
-
-In 1717 they resolved to form themselves into a society, which is the
-Society of Antiquaries now existing. Its minutes have been regularly
-kept since January 1, 1718. The first volume bears the motto:
-
-  "Nec veniam antiquis, sed honorem et præmia posci.
-
-                        "Stukeley, secr., 1726";
-
-and the whole of the volume appears to be in Stukeley's autograph.
-
-In a quaint preliminary memorandum, he enumerates the "antient
-monuments" the society was to study, as:
-
-     "Old Citys, Stations, Camps, public Buildings, Roads, Temples,
-     Abbys, Churches, Statues, Tombs, Busts, Inscriptions,
-     Castles, Ruins, Altars, Ornaments, Utensils, Habits, Seals,
-     Armour, Pourtraits, Medals, Urns, Pavements, Mapps, Charts,
-     Manuscripts, Genealogy, Historys, Observations, Emendations of
-     Books, already published, and whatever may properly belong to
-     the History of Bryttish Antiquitys."
-
-The earlier publications of the society consisted of a series of
-fine prints engraved by George Vertue. In 1747 it began the issue of
-_Vetusta Monumenta_, and in 1770 the first edition of the first volume
-of _Archæologia, or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity_,
-appeared. The Society's resources were modest. In the year 1736 its
-income was only £61, but its expenditure was not more than £11, and its
-accumulated funds amounted to £134. In 1752 it obtained from George
-II., who declared himself to be the founder and patron of the society,
-a Royal Charter of Incorporation, reciting that:
-
-     "the study of Antiquity and the History of former times, has
-     ever been esteemed highly commendable and usefull, not only to
-     improve the minds of men, but also to incite them to virtuous
-     and noble actions, and such as may hereafter render them
-     famous and worthy examples to late posterity."
-
-The qualifications of a fellow are thus defined in the charter:--
-
-     "By how much any persons shall be more excelling in the
-     knowledge of the Antiquities and History of this and other
-     nations; by how much the more they are desirous to promote
-     the Honour, Business, and Emoluments of this Society; and by
-     how much the more eminent they shall be for Piety, Virtue,
-     Integrity, and Loyalty: by so much the more fit and worthy
-     shall such person be judged of being elected and admitted into
-     the said Society."
-
-Like the Royal Society, the Society of Antiquaries was to have
-and employ a sergeant-at-mace, and apartments were allotted to it
-in Somerset House. From this close neighbourhood grew an intimate
-association between the two societies. Many persons belonged to both,
-and although the paths of the two societies have since diverged, that
-is still so in the case of about twenty fellows. A practice grew up
-of attending each other's meetings. For more than forty years that
-agreeable form of interchange has ceased, and the societies contemplate
-each other from opposite corners of the quadrangle of Burlington House.
-The Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries dined together for many years
-on St. George's Day, April 23, the day prescribed for their anniversary
-by the charter; but after a while the custom fell into disuse, and it
-has only been revived of late years.
-
-In 1753 the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and
-Commerce, now called the Royal Society of Arts, was established. It
-held its first public meeting in March, 1754. It was incorporated by
-Royal Charter in 1847, and has for its objects:--
-
-     "the encouragement of the arts, manufactures, and commerce
-     of the country, by bestowing rewards for such productions,
-     inventions, or improvements as tend to the employment of the
-     poor, to the increase of trade, and to the riches and honour
-     of the kingdom; and for meritorious works in the various
-     departments of the fine arts; for discoveries, inventions
-     and improvements in agriculture, chemistry, mechanics,
-     manufactures, and other useful arts; for the application
-     of such natural and artificial products, whether of home,
-     colonial, or foreign growth and manufacture, as may appear
-     likely to afford fresh objects of industry, and to increase
-     the trade of the realm by extending the sphere of British
-     commerce; and generally to assist in the advancement,
-     development, and practical application of every department
-     of science in connection with the arts, manufactures, and
-     commerce of this country."
-
-Between 1754 and 1783 it distributed £28,434 by way of premiums for
-inventions. For more than a century and a half the society has devoted
-itself with unabated zeal to the promotion of its objects--by meetings,
-examinations, exhibitions, and in many other ways.
-
-On January 13, 1800, the Royal Institution was founded. In the words
-of one of its most distinguished professors, it has been a fertile
-source of the popularity of science. By means of its lectures, its
-laboratories, its libraries, and its rewards for research, it greatly
-stimulated public interest in scientific pursuits when there were few
-other bodies in existence capable of doing so. It continues to perform
-the same useful function, notwithstanding the great increase in the
-number of specialist societies since it was established. A feature of
-its lectures is the annual course "adapted to a juvenile auditory." It
-has appointed as its professors some of the most illustrious scientific
-men, such as Sir Humphry Davy (up to 1812), Brande (1813 to 1852, and
-afterwards as honorary professor), Faraday (1852), and Tyndall (1853).
-The late Prince Consort (Albert the Good) took great interest in its
-work, and frequently presided at its weekly meetings. It has a Board of
-Managers, and also a Committee of Visitors, annually elected, and the
-visitors make an annual report on the state of the institution. After
-some early pecuniary difficulties it entered on a career of steady
-prosperity.
-
-In 1807 the Geological Society was founded. The science of geology
-was very much opposed to popular notions derived from a literal
-interpretation of the Hebrew cosmogony, and was accordingly unpopular
-among those who held those notions; but the society steadily pursued
-its object, and can now look back upon the hundred years of its
-existence with pride and satisfaction. In one of his presidential
-addresses Sir Charles Lyell quoted the observation of Hutton, that
-"We can see neither the beginning nor the end of that vast series of
-phenomena which it is our business as geologists to investigate."
-Leonard Horner, another distinguished president, claimed that the
-society had been a "powerful instrument for the advancement of
-geological science, a centre of good fellowship, and a band of
-independent scientific men, who steadily and fearlessly promote the
-cause of truth." The society grants an annual medal, founded in memory
-of Wollaston, which has been frequently awarded to foreign geologists
-of distinction; and it also administers a fund bequeathed by him to
-promote useful researches in geology.
-
-In November, 1820, Dr. Burgess, the Bishop of St. David's, obtained
-an audience of King George IV., and laid before him a plan for the
-establishment of a Royal Society of Literature. The King took so
-warm an interest in the project as to assign out of his privy purse
-an annual sum of 1,100 guineas, out of which pensions of 100 guineas
-each were awarded to ten royal associates of the society, and two
-medals annually granted to distinguished literary men. Among the
-royal associates were Samuel Taylor Coleridge, T. R. Malthus, William
-Roscoe, and Sharon Turner. Among the medallists were Dugald Stewart,
-Walter Scott, Robert Southey, Washington Irving, and Henry Hallam. Upon
-September 15, 1825, the society received its Charter of Incorporation,
-in which its object is defined to be:--
-
-     "the advancement of literature by the publication of inedited
-     remains of ancient literature, and of such works as may be
-     of great intrinsic value, but not of that popular character
-     which usually claims the attention of publishers; by the
-     promotion of discoveries in literature; by endeavouring to fix
-     the standard, as far as is practicable, and to preserve the
-     purity of the English language; by the critical improvement
-     of English lexicography; by the reading at public meetings of
-     interesting papers on history, philosophy, poetry, philology,
-     and the arts, and the publication of such of those papers as
-     shall be approved of; by the assigning of honorary rewards to
-     works of great literary merit, and to important discoveries in
-     literature; and by establishing a correspondence with learned
-     men in foreign countries for the purpose of literary enquiry
-     and information."
-
-The first method, the publication of inedited and other works, has
-been greatly promoted by a bequest to the society of £1,692 from the
-Rev. Dr. Richards. Out of the income of this fund the _Orations of
-Hyperides_, edited by the Rev. Churchill Babington; the _Discourses
-of Philoxenus_, by Dr. E. A. Wallis Budge; the _Chronicle of Adam
-of Usk_, by Sir E. Maunde Thompson; Coleridge's _Christabel_, by
-E. H. Coleridge; and other valuable works have been provided. The
-_Transactions_ of the society also contain many important papers. On
-the death of George IV. the annual gift of 100 guineas to each of
-the ten royal associates was withdrawn. The society now acknowledges
-literary merit by the award of the diploma of Honorary Fellow. In this
-capacity many distinguished authors, both in this country and abroad,
-have been and are associated with the society.
-
-In its early years the society was hotly attacked by Macaulay, who
-held that its claim to be an appreciator of excellence in literature
-involved a claim to condemn literature of which it disapproved, and
-was equivalent to the establishment of a literary star-chamber. He
-illustrated this by a rather feeble apologue, and nothing in the
-subsequent history of the society has shown that his apprehensions
-had any foundation. It has been very modest in the exercise of the
-functions conferred upon it by its charter, which included the
-foundation of a college and the appointment of professors. At one time
-it did appoint a professor of English archæology and history, and it
-called upon every royal associate on his admission to select some
-branch of literature on which it should be his duty, once a year at
-least, to communicate some disquisition or essay. The subject chosen by
-Coleridge was a characteristic one:--
-
-     "The relations of opposition and conjunction, in which the
-     poetry (the Homeric and tragic), the religion, and the
-     mysteries of ancient Greece stood each to the other; with
-     the differences between the sacerdotal and popular religion;
-     and the influences of theology and scholastic logic on the
-     language and literature of Christendom from the 11th century."
-
-In pursuance of this undertaking he communicated a disquisition on the
-"Prometheus" of Æschylus.
-
-In 1827 the Royal Asiatic Society was founded. As its title implies,
-it devotes itself to the study of the languages, the literature, the
-history, and the traditions of the peoples of Asia, especially of those
-inhabiting our Indian dependency. It has enrolled in its ranks many,
-if not all, the great Indian administrators and the most distinguished
-Asiatic scholars. Daughter societies have been established in the three
-Presidencies, and have contributed to the collection of materials for
-its work. Its transactions are of acknowledged value and authority.
-In its rooms at Albemarle Street a library and museum have been
-collected. Its latest publication is a collection of Baluchi poems by
-Mr. Longworth Dames, which has also been issued to the members of the
-Folk-lore Society.
-
-On September 26, 1831, the British Association for the Advancement
-of Science held its first meeting at York. It originated in a letter
-addressed by Sir David Brewster to Professor Phillips, as secretary to
-the York Philosophical Society. The statement of its objects appended
-to its rules, as drawn up by the Rev. William Vernon Harcourt, is as
-follows:--
-
-     "The Association contemplates no interference with the ground
-     occupied by other institutions. Its objects are:--To give a
-     stronger impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific
-     inquiry--to promote the intercourse of those, who cultivate
-     science in different parts of the British Empire, with one
-     another and with foreign philosophers--to obtain a more
-     general attention to the objects of science, and a removal of
-     any disadvantages of a public kind which impede its progress."
-
-The association was well described by the late Mr. Spottiswoode
-as "general in its comprehensiveness; special in its sectional
-arrangement." The general business of its meetings consists (1) in
-receiving and discussing communications upon scientific subjects at
-the various sections into which it is divided; (2) in distributing,
-under the advice of a Committee of Recommendations, the funds arising
-from the subscriptions of members and associates; and (3) in electing
-a council upon whom devolves the conduct of affairs until the next
-meeting. Although the meetings are held in all parts of the United
-Kingdom, and have been held in Canada and South Africa, the British
-Association may be correctly described as a London learned society, as
-its headquarters are in London, where the council meets and directs
-its continuous activities. One principal feature of its work, that
-of the Research Committees, which, either with or without a grant of
-money, pursue special enquiries with the view of reporting to the
-next annual meeting, continues throughout the year. The original
-designation of what are now the sections was "Committees of Sciences,"
-and these were--(1) mathematics and general physics, (2) chemistry and
-mineralogy, (3) geology and geography, (4) zoology and botany, (5)
-anatomy and physiology, (6) statistics. The sectional arrangement was
-begun in 1835, and the sections are now constituted as follows--(_a_)
-mathematical and physical science, (_b_) chemistry, (_c_) geology,
-(_d_) zoology, (_e_) geography, (_f_) economic science and statistics,
-(_g_) engineering, (_h_) anthropology, (_i_) physiology, (_k_) botany,
-(_l_) educational science. At each annual meeting, which lasts a week,
-the president of the next meeting is chosen, but the previous president
-remains in office until the first day (Wednesday) of that meeting, when
-he introduces his successor, who delivers an address. Many memorable
-addresses have been delivered by the distinguished men who have held
-that office. Each section has also a president, chosen for the year,
-and he delivers an address at the opening of the proceedings of his
-section. These addresses usually relate to the progress during the
-year, or during recent years, of the science dealt with by the section,
-or to some interesting matter developed by the personal researches of
-the president himself. Men of eminence in the various sciences are
-generally selected for and willingly accept the office of Sectional
-President. The meetings of the British Association have been called
-a "Parliament of Science," and its influence in promoting scientific
-movements and rendering science popular has been very great.
-
-In 1833 the Royal Geographical Society was founded. It may fairly be
-called the most popular of all the special societies, having about
-4,000 members. It is also one of the most wealthy, having an income of
-about £10,000 a year. It has accumulated a fine series of maps, and a
-large library of geographical literature. Its quarterly journal is a
-store-house of the most recent information relating to geographical
-exploration. By medals and other rewards to explorers, by prizes
-awarded in schools and training colleges, by the loan of instruments to
-travellers, by the preparation of codes of instruction for their use,
-and in many other ways, it applies its resources to the extension of
-geographical knowledge. It has taken an active part in the promotion
-of Arctic and Antarctic exploration. As geographical researches are
-matters of great public interest, its meetings are sometimes important
-social functions, as on a recent occasion, when a foreign prince was
-the lecturer, and our King attended and spoke.
-
-On March 15, 1834, the Statistical Society (now Royal Statistical) was
-founded. It was one of the first fruits of the activity of the British
-Association, which established a Statistical Committee at the Cambridge
-meeting in 1833, with Babbage as president. Their report recommended
-the formation of a society for the careful collection, arrangement,
-discussion, and publication of facts bearing on or illustrating the
-complex relations of modern society in its social, economical, and
-political aspects, especially facts which can be stated numerically and
-arranged in tables. The first president was the Marquis of Lansdowne,
-and among his successors have been many statesmen, such as Lord John
-Russell, Mr. Gladstone, and Lord Goschen; authorities on finance, as
-Lord Overstone, Mr. Newmarch, and Lord Avebury; and eminent writers on
-statistics, as Dr. Farr, Sir Robert Giffen, and the Right Hon. Charles
-Booth. As becomes the orderly mind of a statistician, the society has
-been very regular in its publications, having for seventy years issued
-a yearly volume in quarterly parts, which form a veritable mine of
-statistical information.
-
-The society presents a Guy medal (in memory of Dr. W. A. Guy) to the
-authors of valuable papers or to others who have promoted its work, and
-a Howard medal (in memory of the great philanthropist) to the author of
-the best essay on a prescribed subject, generally having relation to
-the public health. It has accumulated a fine library of about 40,000
-volumes of a special character, containing the statistical publications
-of all civilised countries. It has conducted some special enquiries--as
-into medical charities, the production and consumption of meat and
-milk, and the farm school system of the Continent--upon which it has
-published reports.
-
-Among recent developments of statistical method in which the society
-has taken part may be mentioned the use of index-numbers for affording
-a standard of comparison between statistics of different years, and
-a means of correction of errors that would otherwise arise; and the
-increasing use of the higher mathematical analysis in determining
-the probabilities of error and defining the curves of frequency in
-statistical observations. Professor Edgeworth, Messrs. Bowley, Yule,
-Hooker, and others, have made contributions to the _Journal_ of the
-society on these matters.
-
-In 1844 an Ethnological Society was established, under the presidency
-of Sir Charles Malcolm. Dr. Richard King, the founder, became its
-secretary. In 1846 Dr. J. C. Prichard became president, and he and
-Dr. King fulfilled respectively the same functions in an ethnological
-sub-section of the section of zoology of the British Association, which
-then met for the first time. In Prichard's first anniversary address
-to the society, he defines ethnology as "the history of human races
-or of the various tribes of men who constitute the population of the
-world. It comprehends all that can be learned as to their origin and
-relations to each other." Prichard died in 1848, and Sir C. Malcolm
-resumed the presidency, which he held until his death on November 12,
-1851. In that year ethnology was transferred from the zoological to
-the geographical section of the British Association. Sir B. C. Brodie
-became the next president of the society. He retired in 1854, and was
-succeeded by Sir James Clark. The fourth and last volume of the first
-series of the society's _Journal_ was published in 1856, and a series
-of _Transactions_ begun in 1861. At that time Mr. John Crawfurd was
-president of the society, and he retained the office until his death in
-1868, when he was succeeded by Professor Huxley.
-
-In 1862 Dr. James Hunt, the Honorary Foreign Secretary of the
-Ethnological Society, withdrew from it, and founded the Anthropological
-Society of London, which held its first meeting on February 24, 1863,
-under his presidency. In his inaugural address, he defined anthropology
-as the science of the whole nature of man, and ethnology as the
-history or science of nations or races. The new society was active
-and aggressive. It published translations of works of such writers
-as Broca, Pouchet, Vogt, and Waitz, and of the famous treatise of
-Blumenbach. Some of the papers read before it attracted much attention,
-and were thought to have a political bias. Many men whose names were
-well known in the scientific world adhered to the Ethnological
-Society, and that society, under Mr. Crawfurd, entered upon a more
-active career. The rivalry between the two societies was prosecuted
-with great vigour until January, 1871, when Professor Huxley effected
-an amalgamation between them.
-
-The title of the combined societies was agreed upon as the
-"Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland," to which,
-in 1907, has been added by the King's command the prefix "Royal." In
-1871 the department of ethnology in the section of biology in the
-British Association became the department of anthropology, and in 1884
-anthropology became a section of itself. This was the final recognition
-by the Parliament of Science that Hunt had fought for twenty years
-before. In the interval, the claim of anthropology to this recognition
-had been established by many great works, such as Huxley's _Man's
-Place in Nature_, Darwin's _Descent of Man_, Tylor's _Early History
-of Mankind_, and Lubbock's _Prehistoric Times_. Besides its annual
-_Journal_, the Anthropological Institute publishes a monthly periodical
-entitled _Man_, and it has issued several separate monographs. In
-1878 the branch of anthropology, aptly termed "Folk-lore" by the late
-Mr. W. J. Thoms, became so popular as to call for the establishment
-of a separate society, which publishes a quarterly journal entitled
-_Folk-lore_, and has annually issued one or more volumes of collections
-of folk-lore.
-
-In 1844 a new departure was taken by the establishment of the British
-Archæological Association, a body which was intended to take the
-same place with regard to archæology that the British Association
-occupied with regard to science, holding meetings in various parts of
-the country where there existed objects of specially archæological
-interest. It held its first meeting at Canterbury, under the presidency
-of Lord Albert Conyngham (afterwards Lord Londesborough), and arranged
-its work in four sections--primæval, mediæval, architectural, and
-historical. Before a second meeting could be held, violent dissensions
-arose, and the association split into two. In the result honours were
-divided between the two bodies, those who retained the leadership
-of Lord Albert retaining also the title of British Archæological
-Association; while those who had for their president the Marquis of
-Northampton retained the control of the _Archæological Journal_, and
-adopted the title of "Archæological Institute of Great Britain and
-Ireland," to which has since been prefixed the word "Royal." Both
-bodies still exist, though the causes of controversy have long died out.
-
-Shortly afterwards, County Archæological Societies in London and
-greater London began to be formed. In 1846 the Sussex Society, in 1853
-the Essex Society, in 1854 the Surrey Society, in 1855 the London and
-Middlesex Society, and in 1857 the Kent Society were established.
-Each of these societies has published transactions and other works of
-solid value. In each the annual or more frequent excursion to places
-of archæological interest within the county is an essential feature,
-tending to the dissemination of knowledge and to the preservation
-of antiquities, and affording the advantages of social intercourse.
-Societies have also been established for the like purposes within
-more restricted areas, as in Hampstead, Battersea, Balham, Lewisham,
-Whitechapel, and elsewhere.
-
-Of merely publishing societies, the Percy, the Camden, the Shakespeare,
-and the Arundel have run their course; but many others, as the
-Roxburgh, the Harleian, the New Palæographic, and the Palæontological
-still exist to delight their subscribers with the reproduction of rare
-works.
-
-In this summary account of the principal Learned Societies of London it
-has not been possible to include many societies of great importance,
-such as the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, the numerous
-societies connected with other professional pursuits, the Linnæan,
-Zoological, Botanical, and other societies devoted to natural history;
-the Royal Astronomical Society, which has important public functions;
-the Royal Academy, and other institutions devoted to art. The roll of
-Learned Societies is being constantly increased. Among recent additions
-may be mentioned the British Academy for Historical Studies, and the
-Sociological Society.
-
-
-
-
-LITERARY SHRINES OF OLD LONDON
-
-BY ELSIE M. LANG
-
-From the Borough to St. James's
-
-
-Leigh Hunt was of opinion that "one of the best secrets of enjoyment is
-the art of cultivating pleasant associations," and, with his example
-before us, we will endeavour to recall some of those that are to be
-met with on a walk from the Borough to St. James's, from one of the
-poorest parts of our city to one of the richest. The Borough, dusty,
-noisy, toil-worn as it is, is yet, he tells us, "the most classical
-ground in the metropolis." From the "Tabard" inn--now only a memory,
-though its contemporary, the "George," hard by, gives us some idea
-of its look in mediæval times--there rode forth, one bright spring
-morning, "Sir Jeffrey Chaucer" and "nyne and twenty" pilgrims "in a
-companye ... to wenden on (a) pilgrimage to Caunterbury with ful devout
-courage." A fellow-poet of Chaucer's, John Gower, lies buried close at
-hand in Southwark Cathedral, "under a tomb of stone, with his image of
-stone also over him." He was one of the earliest benefactors of this
-church, then known as St. Mary Overy, and founded therein a chantry,
-where masses should be said for the benefit of his soul. Stones in
-the pavement of the choir likewise commemorate John Fletcher, Philip
-Massinger, and Edmund Shakespeare, who lie in unmarked graves somewhere
-within the precincts of the cathedral.
-
-Not a stone's throw from the Borough is the Bankside, extending from
-Blackfriars Bridge out beyond Southwark, a mean and dirty thoroughfare,
-with the grey Thames on one side, and on the other dull houses, grimy
-warehouses, and gloomy offices. How changed from the semi-rural resort
-of Elizabethan days, when swans floated on the river, and magnificent
-barges, laden with gaily dressed nobles and their attendants, were
-continually passing by! Great must have been the pleasure traffic
-then, for according to Taylor, "the Water Poet," who plied his trade
-as waterman and wrote his verses on the Bankside in the early days of
-Elizabeth's successor, "the number of watermen and those that live
-and are maintained by them, and by the labour of the oar and scull,
-between the bridge of Windsor and Gravesend, cannot be fewer than
-forty thousand; the cause of the greater half of which multitude hath
-been the players playing on the Bankside." Besides the players, the
-brilliant band of dramatists who shed lustre on the reign of the maiden
-Queen frequented it, not only on account of the pleasantness of its
-situation, but because of the near proximity of the theatres, for the
-Globe, the Rose, and the Hope all stood on the site now occupied by
-the brewery of Messrs. Barclay and Perkins, while the Swan was not
-far off. It is a well-authenticated fact that both Shakespeare and
-Ben Jonson played at the Globe, and patronised the "Falcon" tavern,
-the name of which still lingers in Falcon Dock and Falcon Wharf, Nos.
-79 and 80, Bankside; and while in the meantime they were producing
-their masterpieces, Chapman, Dekker, and Middleton were at the height
-of their fame, Beaumont and Fletcher about to begin their career, and
-Philip Massinger was newly arrived in town. Some of these Bankside
-dramatists were well born and rich--such as Francis Beaumont, whose
-father was a Knight and a Justice of the Common Pleas; and John
-Fletcher, who was a son of the Bishop of London. Others were of
-obscure birth and penniless--like Ben Jonson, who had been forced to
-follow the trade of a bricklayer, and Dekker and Marston, whom he
-twitted "with their defective doublet and ravelled satin sleeves," and
-Philip Massinger, who in early days went about begging urgently for
-the loan of £5. But whatever they had or lacked, certain it is that
-their common art levelled all barriers between them, for though the
-chief of all the friendships on the Bankside was that of Beaumont and
-Fletcher--between whom was "a wonderful consimilarity of fancy ...
-which caused the dearnesse of friendship between them so that they
-lived together on the Bankside ... (and had) the same cloaths and
-cloaks between them"--yet Massinger collaborated with Fletcher in at
-least thirteen plays, with Dekker in one, and with Ford in two, while
-Dekker was occasionally associated with Middleton, and Middleton with
-Webster and Drayton. But the Elizabethan dramatists did not confine
-themselves to the Bankside; on certain nights they repaired to the
-"Mermaid" tavern, which used to stand on the south side of Cheapside,
-between Bread and Friday Streets, to attend the meetings of the famous
-Mermaid Club, said to have been founded by Sir Walter Raleigh. Here
-were to be found Shakespeare, Spenser, Beaumont, Fletcher, Ben Jonson,
-Carew, Donne, and many others, in eager witty converse. Beaumont
-well described the brilliancy of these gatherings in his poem to Ben
-Jonson:--
-
-    "What things have we seen
-    Done at the Mermaid! Heard words that have been
-    So nimble, and so full of subtle flame,
-    As if that everyone from whence they came
-    Had meant to put his whole wit in a jest
-    And had resolved to live a fool the rest
-    Of his dull life."
-
-Another favourite haunt of theirs was the "Boar's Head," which stood
-on the spot now marked by the statue of William IV., at the junction
-of Eastcheap and Gracechurch Street. At this tavern Falstaff and
-Prince Hal concocted many of their wildest pranks. In later days the
-Elizabethan poets and dramatists, led by Ben Jonson, went even further
-afield--to the "Devil" tavern, which stood at No. 1, Fleet Street,
-where they held their meetings in a room called the "Apollo," the chief
-adornments of which, a bust of Apollo and a board with an inscription,
-"Welcome to the oracle of Apollo," are still to be seen in an upper
-room of Messrs. Child's Bank, which now occupies the site. Ben Jonson
-tells us that "the first speech in my 'Catiline,' spoken to _Scylla's
-Ghost_, was writ after I had parted with my friends at the 'Devil'
-tavern; I had drank well that night, and had brave notions."
-
-We have records of the deaths of two at least of these dramatists on
-the Bankside--viz., that of Philip Massinger, who died "in his own
-house, near the play-house on the Bankside," in 1639; and Fletcher,
-"who dyed of the plague on the 19th of August, 1625." "The parish
-clerk," says Aubrey, "told me that he was his (Fletcher's) Taylor, and
-that Mr. Fletcher staying for a suit of cloathes before he retired into
-the country, Death stopped his journey and laid him low there."
-
-Cheapside, so named from the Chepe, or old London market, along the
-south side of the site of which it runs, has been a place of barter
-ever since the reign of Henry VI., when a market was held there daily
-for the sale of every known commodity. It is easy to see where the
-vendors of some of the articles had their stands by the names of the
-surrounding streets--Bread Street, Fish Street, Milk Street, etc.
-Later on the stalls were transformed into permanent shops, with a
-dwelling-place for their owners above, and a fair-sized garden at the
-back. Despite the commercial spirit that has always pervaded this
-region, it has given birth to two famous poets--the sweet songster
-Herrick, who sings in one of his poems of
-
-    "The golden Cheapside where the earth
-    Of Julia Herrick gave to me my birth,"
-
-golden, perhaps, having reference to his father, who was a goldsmith;
-and greater still, John Milton, who first saw the light in Bread
-Street, at the sign of the "Spread Eagle," in a house which was
-afterwards destroyed in the Great Fire. It must have been a house
-of comfortable dimensions, for it covered the site now occupied by
-Nos. 58 to 63, the business premises of a firm who exhibit a bust of
-Milton, with an inscription, in a room on their top floor. Milton's
-father, moreover, had grown rich in his profession, which was that of
-a scrivener, had been made a Judge, and knighted five years before
-the birth of his son, so it is evident the poet began life in easy
-circumstances. He was baptised in All Hallows, a church in Bread Street
-destroyed in 1897. In Bow Church there is a tablet in memory of Milton,
-which was taken from All Hallows. When he was ten years of age he
-began to go to Paul's School, which stood in those days on the east
-side of St. Paul's Churchyard, between Watling Street and Cheapside.
-Aubrey records that "when he went to schoole, when he was very young,
-he studied very hard, and sat up very late, commonly till twelve or
-one o'clock at night, and his father ordered the mayde to sitt up for
-him, and at these years (ten) he composed many copies of verses which
-might well have become a riper age." He continued at this school, the
-old site of which is marked by a tablet on a warehouse, until he was
-sixteen. Some twenty years later Samuel Pepys was a pupil at Paul's
-School, and later on in life witnessed its destruction in the Great
-Fire. Milton would seem to have always cherished a great affection for
-the city, for after his return from his travels he seldom lived beyond
-the sound of Bow Bells, once only venturing as far as Westminster;
-and when he died he was buried in St. Giles's, Cripplegate, in the
-same grave as his father. Indeed, the city proper was the birthplace
-of several poets, for was not Pope born in Lombard Street, Gray in
-Cornhill, and Edmund Spenser in East Smithfield, while Lord Macaulay
-spent his earlier years in Birchin Lane?
-
-[Illustration: CHEAPSIDE, WITH THE CROSS, AS THEY APPEARED IN 1660.]
-
-In the narrow confines of Paternoster Row, where the tall fronts of
-the houses are so close together that only a thin strip of sky is
-visible between them, Charlotte Brontë and her sister Anne, fresh from
-the rugged solitudes of their bleak Yorkshire moors, awoke on the
-morning of their first visit to the great capital of which they had
-so often dreamed, and, looking out of the dim windows of the Chapter
-Coffee-house, saw "the risen sun struggling through the fog, and
-overhead above the house-tops, co-elevate almost with the clouds ... a
-solemn orbed mass dark blue and dim the dome" (of St. Paul's).
-
-Fleet Street has always been the haunt of the "knights of the pen,"
-and even in these modern days the names of newspapers stare at the
-passer-by on every side, while at every step he jostles an ink-stained
-satellite of some great journal. But although these ink-stained ones
-are to be met with in Fleet Street at every hour of the day and night,
-they do not live there like the writers of old time--Michael Drayton,
-for instance, who "lived at ye baye-windowe house next the east end
-of St. Dunstan's Church"; and Izaak Walton, who kept a linen-draper's
-shop "in a house two doors west of the end of Chancery Lane," and on
-his infrequent holidays went a-fishing in the River Lea at Tottenham
-High Cross. Abraham Cowley, again, was born over his father's grocer's
-shop, which "abutted on Sargeants' Inn," and here, as a little child,
-he devoured the _Faerie Queen_, and was made "irrecoverably a poet."
-James Shirley lived near the Inner Temple Lane; John Locke in Dorset
-Court. In Salisbury Square, formerly Salisbury Court, Thomas Sackville,
-first Earl of Dorset, the precursor of Spenser, John Dryden, and Samuel
-Richardson, all had a residence at one time or another. Richardson
-built a large printing establishment on the site now occupied by
-Lloyd's newspaper offices, where he continued to carry on business many
-years after he had removed his private residence to the West End. He
-was buried, moreover, in St. Bride's Church in 1761, a large stone in
-the nave between pews 12 and 13 recording the fact. But greatest and
-most constant of Fleet Street habitués was Dr. Johnson. For ten years
-he lived at 17, Gough Square, busy in an upper room upon his great
-Dictionary. Here he lost his "beloved Tetty," to whose memory he ever
-remained faithful. "All his affection had been concentrated on her. He
-had neither brother nor sister, neither son nor daughter." Although
-twenty years his senior, with a complexion reddened and coarsened
-by the too liberal use of both paint and strong cordials, yet "to
-him she was beautiful as the Gunnings, and witty as Lady Mary." On
-leaving Gough Square he lived for a few years in the Temple, where he
-received his first visit from Boswell, and made the acquaintance of
-Oliver Goldsmith. The latter was then living at 6, Wine Office Court,
-Fleet Street, where Johnson, visiting him one morning in response
-to an urgent message, found that "his landlady had arrested him for
-his rent." He showed Johnson his MS. of the just-completed _Vicar of
-Wakefield_, which he looked into, and instantly comprehending its
-merit, went out and sold it to a bookseller for sixty pounds. In 1765
-Johnson returned to Fleet Street, and lived for eleven years at 7,
-Johnson's Court. Here Boswell dined with him for the first time on
-Easter Day, 1773, and found to his surprise "everything in very good
-order." Walking up the Court one day in company with Topham Beauclerk,
-Boswell confessed to him that he "had a veneration" for it, because
-the great doctor lived there, and was much gratified to learn that
-Beauclerk felt the same "reverential enthusiasm." In later years
-Dickens stole up this Court one dark December evening, and, with
-beating heart, dropped his first original MS. into the letter-box
-of _The Monthly Magazine_, the office of which stood on the site
-now occupied by Mr. Henry Sell's premises. No. 8, Bolt Court, was
-the next and last residence of Dr. Johnson; here, on December 13th,
-1784, he met the inevitable crisis, for which he had always felt an
-indescribable terror and loathing, and passed peacefully and happily
-away. Johnson had always had a great predilection for club or tavern
-life, partly because it enabled him to escape for a while from the
-hypochondria which always dogged his footsteps. He loved nothing so
-much as to gather kindred spirits around him and spend long evenings
-in congenial conversation. He would sit, "the Jupiter of a little
-circle, sometimes indeed nodding approbation, but always prompt on the
-slightest contradiction to launch the thunders of rebuke and sarcasm."
-There was not much expense attached to these gatherings, for it is
-recorded of one of the clubs he founded that the outlay was not to
-exceed sixpence per person an evening, with a fine of twopence for
-those who did not attend. Among the Fleet Street haunts thus frequently
-resorted to by Dr. Johnson and his friends were the "Cocke," patronised
-in former years by Pepys, and in later years by Thackeray, Dickens,
-and Tennyson; the "Cheshire Cheese," the only house of the kind which
-remains as it was in Dr. Johnson's day; the "Mitre," also formerly
-patronised by Pepys; and the "Devil," where the poets laureate had been
-wont to repair and read their birthday odes. St. Clement Danes, too, is
-connected with Johnson, for, in spite of his love of festivity, he was
-devout, and regularly attended this church, occupying pew No. 18 in the
-north gallery, now marked by a brass plate. Boswell records that "he
-carried me with him to the church of St. Clement Danes, where he had
-his seat, and his behaviour was, as I had imagined to myself, solemnly
-devout."
-
-One more memory of Fleet Street before we leave it, in connection
-with Dick's Coffee-house, which used to stand at Nos. 7 and 8. In
-December, 1763, the poet Cowper, then a student in the Inner Temple,
-was appointed Clerk of the Journals of the House of Lords. Delicate,
-shy, intensely sensitive, and with a strong predisposition to insanity,
-the dread of these onerous public duties disturbed the balance of
-his morbid brain. His madness broke out one morning at Dick's, as he
-himself afterwards narrated. He said:
-
-     "At breakfast I read the newspaper, and in it a letter,
-     which the further I perused it the more closely engaged my
-     attention. I cannot now recollect the purport of it; but
-     before I had finished it, it appeared demonstratively true to
-     me that it was a libel or satire upon me. The author appeared
-     to be acquainted with my purpose of self-destruction, and
-     to have written that letter on purpose to secure and hasten
-     the execution of it. My mind probably at this time began to
-     be disordered; however it was, I was certainly given to a
-     strong delusion. I said within myself, 'Your cruelty shall be
-     gratified, you shall have your revenge,' and flinging down the
-     paper in a fit of strong passion, I rushed hastily out of the
-     room, directing my way towards the fields, where I intended
-     to find some lane to die in, or if not, determined to poison
-     myself in a ditch, when I could meet with one sufficiently
-     retired."
-
-This paroxysm ended in Cowper trying to hang himself, but, the rope
-breaking, he went down to the Thames to the Custom House Quay and
-threatened to drown himself. This attempt, however, also failed, and
-friends interfering, he was removed to an asylum, where he remained
-eighteen months.
-
-From Fleet Street it is but a step to the Temple, with its grey quiet
-corners full of echoing memories, stretching back even to the days of
-Shakespeare, whose _Twelfth Night_ was performed before an audience
-of his contemporaries in the self-same Middle Temple Hall that still
-confronts us. The names of Henry Fielding, Edmund Burke, John Gower,
-Thomas Shadwell, William Wycherley, Nicholas Rowe, Francis Beaumont,
-William Congreve, John Horne Tooke, Thomas Day, Tom Moore, Sheridan,
-George Colman, jun., Marston, and Ford, are all upon the Temple rolls
-and each must in his day have been a familiar figure among the ancient
-buildings. But Charles Lamb is the presiding genius of the place.
-
-     "I was born and passed the first seven years of my life in the
-     Temple," he tells us. "Its church, its halls, its garden, its
-     fountains, its river ... these are my oldest recollections.
-     Indeed it is the most elegant spot in the metropolis. What
-     a transition for a countryman visiting London for the first
-     time, the passing from the crowded Strand or Fleet Street, by
-     unexpected avenues into its magnificent ample squares, its
-     classic green recesses. What a cheerful liberal look hath that
-     portion of it, which from three sides, overlooks the greater
-     gardens, that goodly pile ... confronting with massy contrast,
-     the lighter, older, more fantastically shrouded one, named
-     of Harcourt, with the cheerful Crown Office Row (place of my
-     kindly engendure) right opposite the stately stream, which
-     washes the garden foot.... A man would give something to have
-     been born in such a place."
-
-When Lamb was twenty-five years of age he went back to live in the
-Temple, at 16, Mitre Court Buildings, in an "attic storey for the air."
-His bed faced the river, and by "perking on my haunches and supporting
-my carcase with my elbows, without much wrying my neck I can see,"
-he wrote to a friend, "the white sails glide by the bottom of King's
-Bench Walk as I lie in my bed." Here he passed nine happy years, and
-then, after a short stay in Southampton Buildings, he returned to the
-Temple for the second time, to 4, Inner Temple Lane, fully intending
-to pass the remainder of his life within its precincts. His new set of
-chambers "looked out upon a gloomy churchyard-like court, called Hare
-Court, with three trees and a pump in it." But fate intervened, and
-he and his sister soon after left the Temple, never to return. It was
-no easy parting, however, for he wrote in after years, "I thought we
-never could have been torn up from the Temple. Indeed it was an ugly
-wrench.... We never can strike root so deep in any other ground."
-
-It was when Dr. Johnson had a set of chambers on the first floor of No.
-1, Inner Temple Lane, that Boswell first went to see him. Boswell wrote:
-
-     "He received me very courteously, but it must be confessed
-     that his apartment, furniture, and morning dress were
-     sufficiently uncouth. His brown suit of clothes looked very
-     rusty, he had on a little old shrivelled unpowdered wig which
-     was too small for his head, his shirt-neck and knees of his
-     breeches were loose, his black worsted stockings ill drawn up,
-     and he had a pair of unbuckled shoes by way of slippers. But
-     all these slovenly peculiarities were forgotten the moment
-     that he began to talk."
-
-Boswell, indeed, conceived so violent an admiration for him that he
-took rooms in Farrar's Buildings in order to be near him. Oliver
-Goldsmith seems to have followed his example, for he went to lodge
-first in 2, Garden Court, and afterwards in 2, Brick Court, on the
-right-hand side, looking out over the Temple Garden. Thackeray, who,
-years afterwards, lodged in the same set of rooms, wrote:
-
-     "I have been many a time in the Chambers in the Temple which
-     were his, and passed up the staircase, which Johnson and Burke
-     and Reynolds trod to see their friend, their poet, their kind
-     Goldsmith--the stair on which the poor women sat weeping
-     bitterly when they heard that the greatest and most generous
-     of men was dead within the black oak door."
-
-A stone slab with the inscription, "Here lies Oliver Goldsmith," was
-placed on the north side of Temple Church, as near as possible to the
-spot where he is supposed to have been buried.
-
-No. 2, Fountain Court, was the last house of William Blake, the
-poet-painter, the seer of visions, who had a set of rooms on the first
-floor, from whence a glimpse of the river was to be obtained. It was
-very poorly furnished, though always clean and orderly, and decorated
-only with his own pictures, but to the eager young disciples who
-flocked around him it was "the house of the Interpreter." When he lay
-there upon his death-bed, at the close of a blazing August day in 1827,
-beautiful songs in praise of his Creator fell from his lips, and as
-his wife, his faithful companion of forty-five years of struggle and
-stress, drew near to catch them more distinctly, he told her with a
-smile, "My beloved! they are not mine! no, they are not mine!"
-
-Passing out into the Strand, we are confronted by the Law Courts. In
-former days this site was occupied by a network of streets, one of
-which was Shire Lane, where the members of the Kit Cat Club first held
-their gatherings, and toasted Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, when, as a
-child of seven, enthroned on her proud father's knee, she spent "the
-happiest hour of her life," overwhelmed with caresses, compliments,
-and sweetmeats. The famous "Grecian" stood in Devereux Court, and the
-"Fountain" where Johnson, on his first arrival in London, read his
-tragedy _Irene_ to his fellow-traveller Garrick, on the site since
-occupied by Simpson's for several generations. The Strand "Turk's Head"
-was at No. 142, and patronised by Johnson, because "the mistress of
-it is a good civil woman and has not much business"; and the "Coal
-Hole," immortalised by Thackeray as the "Cave of Harmony" in _The
-Newcomes_, where Terry's Theatre now uprears its front. But the chief
-literary association of the Strand is that of Congreve, who spent
-his last years in Surrey Street, "almost blind with cataracts," and
-"never rid of the gout," but looking, as Swift wrote to Stella, "young
-and fresh and cheerful as ever." He had always been a favourite with
-society, and Surrey Street was thronged by his visitors, among whom
-were four of the most beautiful women of the day--Mrs. Bracegirdle,
-Mrs. Oldfield, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and Henrietta Duchess of
-Marlborough. Voltaire, too, who greatly admired his work, sought him
-out when staying at the "White Peruke," Covent Garden, and was much
-disgusted by the affectation with which Congreve begged to be regarded
-as a man of fashion, who produced airy trifles for the amusement of his
-idle hours. "If you had been so unfortunate as to have been a _mere_
-gentleman," said Voltaire, "I should never have taken the trouble of
-coming to see you." In spite of the looseness of his life, Congreve had
-early acquired habits of frugality, and continuing to practise them
-when the need for economy had disappeared, he contrived to amass a
-fortune of £10,000, which, on his death in 1789, he bequeathed to the
-Duchess of Marlborough, his latest infatuation. This sum, which would
-have restored the fallen fortunes of his nearest relatives, was a mere
-nothing to the wealthy beauty, who expended it in the purchase of a
-magnificent diamond necklace, which she continually wore in memory of
-the dead dramatist.
-
-The whole of Covent Garden is classic ground, from its association
-with the wits of Dryden's time, when Bow Street and Tavistock Street
-were in turn regarded as the Bond Street of the fashionable world.
-Edmund Waller, William Wycherley, and Henry Fielding, each lived in
-Bow Street. In Russell Street stood the three great coffee-houses of
-the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries--Wills', Button's, and Tom's.
-Wills' stood at No. 21, at the corner of Russell Street and Bow Street;
-here Pepys stopped one February evening on his way to fetch his wife,
-and heard much "witty and pleasant discourse"; here Dryden had his
-special arm-chair, in winter by the fire, and in summer on the balcony,
-and was always ready to arbitrate in any literary dispute. It is said
-that Pope, before he was twelve years old, persuaded his friends to
-bring him here, so that he might gaze upon the aged Dryden, the hero of
-his childish imagination. Dr. Johnson, Addison, Steele, and Smollett
-were all regular visitors. Button's, which stood on the south side of
-Russell Street, and Tom's at No. 17, were equally popular, and the
-Bedford Coffee-house "under the piazza in Covent Garden" was another
-favourite resort.
-
-It was in Russell Street, in the bookshop of Thomas Davies, the actor,
-that Boswell had his eagerly desired first meeting with Dr. Johnson,
-which he describes as follows:--
-
-     "At last, on Monday, the 16th of May, when I was sitting in
-     Mr. Davies' back parlour, after having drunk tea with him and
-     Mrs. Davies, Johnson came unexpectedly into the shop, and Mr.
-     Davies having perceived him through the glass door in the room
-     in which we were sitting advancing towards us, he announced
-     his awful approach to me somewhat in the manner of an actor
-     in the part of Horatio, when he addresses Hamlet on the
-     appearance of his father's ghost: 'Look, my lord, he comes.'"
-
-In St. Paul's, Covent Garden, were buried Samuel Butler, author
-of _Hudibras_, Mrs. Centlivre, Thomas Southerne, John Wolcot, and
-Wycherley, but when the church was burned down in 1786 all trace of
-their graves disappeared.
-
-One other literary memory before we leave the Strand; it is connected
-with what was once No. 30, Hungerford Stairs (now part of Villiers
-Street), where stood Warren's blacking factory, in which the child
-Dickens passed days of miserable drudgery, labelling pots of blacking
-for a few shillings a week. He describes it in _David Copperfield_,
-under the name of "Murdstone and Grimsby's warehouse, down in
-Blackfriars." It was "a crazy old house, with a wharf of its own,
-abutting on the water when the tide was in, and on the mud when the
-tide was out, and literally overrun with rats."
-
-Pall Mall, the centre of club-land, in the eighteenth century was
-the "ordinary residence of all strangers," probably on account of
-its proximity to the fashionable chocolate and coffee-houses (the
-forerunners of the clubs), which, as Defoe wrote, "were all so close
-together that in an hour you could see the company at them all." In
-Pall Mall itself were the "Smyrna," the "King's Arms," and the "Star
-and Garter." At the "King's Arms" the Kit Cat Club met when it had
-quitted its quarters in Shire Lane, and at the "Star and Garter" the
-"Brothers" were presided over by Swift. The "Tully's Head," a bookshop
-kept by the wonderful Robert Dodsley, footman, poet, dramatist, and
-publisher, was another favourite lounging place of the times.
-
-In Charing Cross were the "Rummer," at No. 45, kept by the uncle of
-Matthew Prior; Lockett's, two doors off; the "Turk's Head," next door
-to No. 17; and the British Coffee-house, which stood on the site now
-occupied by the offices of the London County Council.
-
-In St. James's Street the great coffee and chocolate-houses positively
-elbowed each other up and down, just as the clubs which succeeded them
-do in the present day. The "Thatched House," where the Literary Club,
-founded by Dr. Johnson, held its meetings under the presidency of Swift
-and his contemporaries; the "St. James's," where Addison "appeared
-on Sunday nights," and "Swift was a notable figure," for "those who
-frequented the place had been astonished day after day, by the entry
-of a clergyman, unknown to any there, who laid his hat on the table,
-and strode up and down the room with rapid steps, heeding no one, and
-absorbed in his own thoughts. His strange manner earned him, unknown as
-he was to all, the name of the "mad parson""; White's, to which Colley
-Cibber was the only English actor ever admitted; and the "Cocoa Tree,"
-nicknamed the "Wits' Coffee-house," which, in Gibbon's time, afforded
-"every evening a sight truly English. Twenty or thirty, perhaps, of the
-finest men in the kingdom, in point of fashion and fortune, supping at
-little tables covered with a napkin, in the middle of a coffee-room,
-upon a bit of cold meat or a sandwich and drinking a glass of punch."
-
-Lord Byron was the most romantic literary figure connected with St.
-James's Street. His first home in London, after his youthful days, was
-at No. 8, where he went to live after the publication of his _English
-Bards and Scotch Reviewers_. From this house the proud and gloomy young
-man set forth to take his seat in the House of Lords as a peer of the
-realm. Moore wrote:
-
-     "In a state more alone and unfriended, perhaps, than any youth
-     of his high station had ever before been reduced to on such
-     an occasion--not having a single individual of his own class,
-     either to take him by the hand as friend, or acknowledge him
-     as an acquaintance."
-
-But this state of affairs was not to endure. On February 29th, 1812,
-_Childe Harold_ appeared.
-
-     "The effect was electric; his fame had not to wait for any
-     of the ordinary gradations, but seemed to spring up like the
-     palace of a fairy tale--in a night.... From morning till
-     night flattering testimonies of his success reached him; the
-     highest in the land besieged his door, and he who had been so
-     friendless found himself the idol of London society."
-
-Perhaps we cannot do better than end these literary associations of
-club-land with a few words about a man who in his time was one of its
-most brilliant figures--Theodore Hook. When he was released from the
-King's Bench prison, with his debt to the Crown still hanging over him,
-
-     "he took a large and handsome house in Cleveland Row. Here he
-     gave dinners on an extensive scale, and became a member of all
-     the best clubs, particularly frequenting those where high play
-     was the rule. His visiting book included all that was loftiest
-     and gayest and in every sense most distinguished in London
-     society. The editor of _John Bull_, the fashionable novelist,
-     the wittiest and most vivid talker of the time, his presence
-     was not only everywhere welcome but everywhere coveted and
-     clamoured for. But the whirl of extravagant dissipation
-     emptied his pocket, fevered his brain, and shortened the
-     precious hours in which alone his subsistence could be gained."
-
-In the height of his social triumphs there always hung inexorably over
-him the Damocles sword of debt. When at last he gave way under the
-strain, and went into comparative retirement at Fulham, the number of
-dinners at the Athenæum Club, where he had always had a particular
-table kept for him near the door (nicknamed Temperance Corner), fell
-off by upwards of three hundred per annum.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-These are a few out of the many literary memories that we may encounter
-in an afternoon's stroll from the Borough to St. James's, along one of
-the great city's busiest highways; others, indeed, there are, meeting
-us at every corner, but space forbids our dwelling upon them, and
-regretfully we must pass them by.
-
-
-
-
-CROSBY HALL
-
-BY THE EDITOR
-
-
-Few old mansions in the city of London could rival the ancient
-dwelling-place of the brave old knight, Sir John Crosby. Its
-architectural beauties and historical associations endeared it to all
-lovers of old London, and many a groan was heard when its fate was
-doomed, and the decree went forth that it was to be numbered among the
-departed glories of the city. Unhappily, the hand of the destroyer
-could not be stayed, and the earnest hope had to be abandoned that
-many a generation of Londoners might be permitted to see this relic
-of ancient civic life, and to realise from this example the kind of
-dwelling-place wherein the city merchants of olden days made their
-homes, and the salient features of mediæval domestic architecture.
-Shorn of its former magnificence, reduced to a fraction of its original
-size, it retained evidences of its ancient state and grandeur, and
-every stone and timber told of its departed glories, and of the great
-events of which Crosby Hall had been the scene. It has been associated
-with many a name that shines forth in the annals of English history,
-and imagination could again people the desolate hall with a gay company
-of courtiers and conspirators, of knights and dames, of city merchants
-gorgeous in their liveries of "scarlet and green," or "murrey and
-plunket," when pomp and pageantry, tragedy and death, dark councils
-and mirth, and gaiety and revellings followed each other through the
-portals of the mansion in one long and varied procession. It will be
-our pleasure to recall some of these scenes which were enacted long
-ago, and to tell of the royal, noble, and important personages who made
-this house their home.
-
-Many people who live in our great overgrown modern London--who dwell
-in the West End, and never wander further east than Drury Lane Theatre
-or St. Pancras Station--have never seen Crosby Hall, and know not
-where it stood. If you go along Cheapside and to the end of Cornhill,
-and then turn to the left, up Bishopsgate, the old house stood on the
-right hand side; or you may approach along Holborn and London Wall.
-Alas! the pilgrimage is no longer possible. Bishopsgate is historic
-ground. The name is derived from the ancient gate of the city that
-was built, according to Stow, by some Bishop of London, "though now
-unknown when or by whom, for ease of passengers toward the east, and by
-north, as into Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, &c." Some authorities
-name Bishop Erkenwald, son of King Offa, as the first builder of
-Bishopsgate, and state that Bishop William, the Norman, repaired the
-gate in the time of his namesake, the Conqueror. Henry III. confirmed
-to the German merchants of the Hanse certain liberties and privileges,
-which were also confirmed by Edward I. in the tenth year of his reign,
-when it was discovered that the merchants were bound to repair the
-gate. Thereupon Gerald Marbod, alderman of the Hanse, and other Hanse
-merchants, granted 210 marks sterling to the Mayor and citizens, and
-covenanted that they and their successors should from time to time
-repair the gate. In 1479, in the reign of Edward IV., it was entirely
-rebuilt by these merchants, and was a fine structure adorned with the
-effigies of two bishops, probably those named above, and with two
-other figures supposed to represent King Alfred and Alred, Earl of
-Mercia, to whom Alfred entrusted the care of the gate. This repair
-was probably necessary on account of the assault of the bastard
-Falconbridge on this and other gates of the city, who shot arrows and
-guns into London, fired the suburbs, and burnt more than three-score
-houses. The gate has been frequently repaired and rebuilt, its last
-appearance being very modern, with a bishop's mitre on the key-stone
-of the arch, and surmounted by the city arms with guarding griffins.
-London "improvements" have banished the gate, as they have so many
-other interesting features of the city.
-
-The neighbourhood is interesting. Foremost among the attractions of
-Bishopsgate Street is the beautiful church of St. Helen, formerly the
-church of the Nunnery of St. Helen, the Westminster of the city, where
-lie so many illustrious merchants and knights and dames, and amongst
-them the founder of Crosby Hall and other owners of the mansion. The
-church is closely associated with the hall. There in that fine house
-they lived. There in the church hard by their bodies sleep, and their
-gorgeous tombs and inscriptions tell the story of their deeds. St.
-Helen's Church was one of the few which escaped destruction at the
-Great Fire of London. There was an early Saxon church here, but the
-earliest parts of the existing building date back to the thirteenth
-century. There are some blocked-up lancet windows of the transept, a
-staircase doorway in the south-east corner, another doorway which led
-from the nun's choir into the convent, and a lancet window. There is a
-Renaissance porch, the work of Inigo Jones, erected in 1663. The main
-part of the structure is Decorated and Perpendicular, the fifteenth
-century work being due to the builder of Crosby Hall, who left 500
-marks for its restoration and improvement. The whole church possesses
-many interesting features, of which want of space prevents a full
-description.
-
-[Illustration: CROSBY HALL.]
-
-Sir John Crosby determined to seek a site for his house close to this
-church and the Nunnery of St. Helen, and in 1466 obtained a lease from
-Alice Ashford, prioress of the Nunnery, of some lands and tenements
-for a period of ninety-nine years for the yearly rent of £11 6s. 8d.
-Doubtless many good citizens of London in the present day would like to
-make so good a bargain.
-
-Sir John Crosby, whose honoured name is preserved to this day by
-the noble house which he built, was a worthy and eminent citizen of
-London--one of the men who laid the foundations of English trade and
-commercial pre-eminence. He attained to great wealth, and his actions
-and his bequests prove that he was a very worthy man. Some idle story
-stated that, like the famous Dick Whittington, he was of humble origin
-and unknown parentage. Stow says: "I hold it a fable said of him,
-to be named Crosby, from his being found by a cross." A very pretty
-conceit! He was discovered, when an infant, or having attained the age
-of boyhood, sleeping on the steps of the market cross at Cheapside
-or Charing; and the sympathetic folk who found him there named him
-Cross-by! Our ancestors, like ourselves, loved a romance, a nice
-cheerful story of a poor boy attaining to rank and opulence, marrying
-his master's daughter and doing brave deeds for his King and country.
-The notable career of Sir Richard Whittington, thrice Lord Mayor of
-London, was so embellished with romantic incident. He was no poor
-man's son who begged his way to London, accompanied by his favourite
-cat. Was he not the youngest son of Sir William Whittington, the owner
-of Pauntley Manor in Gloucestershire, and of Solers Hope, Hereford?
-and was not his famous cat the name of his ship which brought him
-wealth and affluence? Or shall we accept the story of the sale of the
-cat to the King of Barbary? So the legend of the foundling Crosby is
-equally a fable, woven by the skilful imaginations of our Elizabethan
-forefathers. Sir John came of goodly parentage. There was a Johan de
-Crosbie, King's Clerk in Chancery, in the time of Edward II.; a Sir
-John Crosbie, Knight, and Alderman of London, in the reign of Edward
-III.; and a John Crosby, Esquire, and servant of King Henry IV., who
-gave to him the wardship of Joan, daughter and sole heir of John
-Jordaine, Fishmonger--_i.e._, a member of the Worshipful Company of
-Fishmongers of the City of London. This John Crosby was, according to
-Stow, either the father or grandfather of the builder of Crosby Hall.
-
-The family held the manor and advowson of the church of
-Hanworth-on-the-Thames, not far from Hampton Court. This manor was
-owned by the Sir John Crosbie who lived in the time of King Edward
-III., and after his death it was placed in the hands of a certain
-Thomas Rigby for safe custody until John Crosbie, the son and heir
-of the knight, should have grown up to man's estate and attained his
-majority. This estate seems afterwards to have passed into the hands of
-King Henry VIII., who, on account of its pleasant situation, delighted
-in it above any other of his houses.
-
-The father of the founder of the Hall was a friend of Henry Lord
-Scrope, of Masham, the unfortunate nobleman who was beheaded at
-Southampton for complicity in a plot against the life of Henry V. He
-bequeathed to his friend, John Crosbie, "a woollen gown without furs
-and one hundred shillings."
-
-_Bene natus_, _bene vestitus_, and doubtless _modice doctus_, the
-qualifications of an All Souls' Fellow, John Crosby began his career,
-embarking in trade and commerce, and undertaking the duties of a
-worthy citizen of London. The palmy days of commercial enterprise
-inaugurated by King Henry VII. had not yet set in. Before his time
-the trade between England and the Continent was much more in the
-hands of foreigners than of English merchants. English trading ships
-going abroad to sell English goods and bring back cargoes of foreign
-commodities were few in number. The English merchant usually stayed
-at home, and sold his wares to the strangers who came each year to
-London and the other trading ports, or bartered them for the produce of
-other lands, with which their ships were freighted. The German Hanse
-merchants, the Flemish traders, the Lombards, and many others, enjoyed
-great privileges in their commerce with England. But, in spite of this,
-men like Crosby were able to amass wealth and make large profits. Sir
-John's dealings extended far into other countries, and he had important
-connections with the Friscobaldi of Florence, who with the Medici were
-the great bankers and engrossers of the commerce of Europe.
-
-Of the great merchants who laid the foundations of our English commerce
-we often know little more than their names, the offices they held,
-with a meagre catalogue of their most philanthropic labours and their
-wills. It is possible, however, to gather a little more information
-concerning the owner of Crosby Place. The records at Guildhall tell
-us that in 1466, the seventh year of Edward IV., John Crosby, Grocer,
-was elected with three others a Member of Parliament. He was also
-elected in the same year one of the auditors of the City and Bridge
-House. In 1468 we find him elected Alderman of Broad Street Ward, and
-two years later Sheriff of London. He took a prominent part in the old
-city life of London, and was a prominent member of two of the old City
-Companies, the Grocers and the Woolmen. Of the former he twice served
-the office of warden, and preserved a strong affection for his company,
-bequeathing to it by his will considerable gifts. The honourable and
-important post of Mayor of the Staple at Calais was also conferred upon
-him.
-
-He seems to have been a brave and valiant man, as well as a successful
-trader and good citizen. During his time the safety of the City of
-London was endangered owing to the attack of Thomas Nevil, the bastard
-Lord Falconbridge, to which reference has already been made. Stow
-tells the story graphically. This filibusterer came with his rebel
-company and a great navy of ships near to the Tower--
-
-     "Whereupon the mayor and aldermen fortified all along the
-     Thames side, from Baynard's Castle to the Tower, with armed
-     men, guns and other instruments of war, to resist the invasion
-     of the mariners, whereby the Thames side was safely preserved
-     and kept by the aldermen and other citizens that assembled
-     thither in great numbers. Whereupon the rebels, being denied
-     passage through the city that way, set upon Aeldgate,
-     Bishopsgate, Criplegate, Aeldersgate, London Bridge, and along
-     the river of Thames, shooting arrows and guns into the city,
-     fired the suburbs, and burnt more than three score houses.
-     And farther, on Sunday, the eleventh of May, five thousand of
-     them assaulting Aeldgate, won the bulwarks, and entered the
-     city; but the portclose being let down, such as had entered
-     were slain, and Robert Basset, portcullis alderman of Aeldgate
-     ward, with the recorder, commanded in the name of God to
-     draw up the portclose; which being done, they issued out,
-     and with sharp shot and fierce fight, put their enemies back
-     so far as St. Bottolph's Church, by which time Earl Rivers,
-     and lieutenant of the Tower, was come with a fresh company,
-     which joining together discomfited the rebels, and put them to
-     flight, whom the said Rober, Basset with the other citizens
-     chased to the Mile's End, and from thence, some to Poplar,
-     some to Stratford, slew many, and took many of them prisoners.
-     In which space the Bastard, having assayed other places on the
-     water side, and little prevailed, fled toward his ships."
-
-In this determined defence of the city against a formidable attack,
-John Crosbie took a leading part, bravely contending against the forces
-of the foe and fighting fiercely. Twelve aldermen with the recorder
-were knighted in the field by King Edward IV., and amongst those so
-honoured were the Lord Mayor of London, William Taylor, and John
-Crosby. Our hero was no carpet knight, no poor-spirited tradesman and
-man of peace. Like many other famous citizens of his age, he could don
-his armour and fight for his King and country, and proved himself a
-gallant leader of a citizen army, the best sort of army in the world.
-He was a devoted adherent of the House of York, and a favourite of
-Edward IV., who sent him on an important embassage to the Duke of
-Burgundy, who had married Elizabeth of York, the King's sister. The
-secret object of the mission was an alliance against Francis I. of
-France. The embassy was also sent to the Duke of Brittany with the same
-object, and also to secure the persons of the Earls of Richmond and
-Pembroke, who had taken refuge in France, and there felt themselves
-secure. The future Richard III. was nearly persuaded to return to
-England; his foot was almost on the ship's deck, when, fortunately for
-him, his voyage was prevented. If he had continued his journey he would
-never have worn a crown, as he would have lacked a head whereon to
-place it.
-
-Sir John Crosby not long before his death began to build the beautiful
-house in Bishopsgate "in the place of certain tenements, with their
-appurtenances let to him by Alice Ashfield, Prioress of St. Helen's....
-This house he built of stone and timber, very large and beautiful,
-and the highest at that time in London," as Stow records. The whole
-structure was known as Crosby Place, and rivalled the dimensions of a
-palace. All that remained of this magnificent building was the Hall,
-together with the Council Room and an ante-room, forming two sides
-of a quadrangle. It was built of stone, and measured 54 feet by 27
-feet, and was 40 feet in height. The Hall was lighted by a series of
-eight Perpendicular windows on one side and six on the other, and by
-a beautifully-constructed octagonal bay window. It had a fine roof
-of exquisite workmanship richly ornamented, and a wide chimney. Much
-of the original stone pavement had vanished. The Council Chamber was
-nearly as large as the hall, being only 14 feet less in length.
-
-Crosby Hall has been the scene of many notable historic scenes. In the
-play of "Edward IV." by Heywood, Sir John Crosby figures as Lord Mayor
-of London, a position which he never occupied, and the King dines with
-him and the Alderman after the defeat of the rebel Falconbridge at
-Crosby Hall. He had just received the honour of knighthood, and thus
-muses:--
-
-    "Ay, marry, Crosby! this befits thee well.
-    But some will marvel that, with scarlet gown,
-    I wear a gilded rapier by my side."
-
-It is quite possible that the King thus dined with his favourite, but
-there is no historical account that confirms the poet's play. The
-builder did not long enjoy his beautiful house, and died in 1475,
-leaving a second wife and a daughter by his first wife, whom he seemed
-to have loved with a more ardent affection than his second spouse. Soon
-after his death the man whom he tried to trap in France, Richard, Duke
-of Gloucester, came to reside here, and made it the scene of endless
-plots and conspiracies against his luckless nephews and his many
-enemies. Crosby Place is frequently alluded to by Shakespeare in his
-play, "Richard the Third." Gloucester tells Catesby to report to him at
-Crosby Place the treacherous murder of the Princes in the Tower, and he
-bids the Lady Anne to "presently repair to Crosby Place."
-
-[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, WITH LORD MAYOR'S SHOW ON THE
-WATER.
-
-_Engraved by Pugh, 1804._]
-
-The house in 1502 passed into the possession of Sir Bartholomew Reed,
-Lord Mayor, and then to John Best, Alderman, from whom it was purchased
-by Sir Thomas More, the famous Lord Chancellor. Doubtless it was in the
-chambers of Crosby Place that he wrote his _Utopia_. He sold the lease
-to his beloved friend, Antonio Bonvisi, an Italian gentleman, who had
-long lived in England; and when the Dissolution of Monasteries took
-place, and the possessions of the Priory of St. Helen's were seized by
-the Crown, the King allowed the Italian to retain possession of Crosby
-Place. We need not record all its worthy owners. It was frequently used
-as a fitting place for the lodging of foreign ambassadors, and here
-Sir John Spencer, having restored the house, kept his mayoralty in
-1594. Enormously wealthy, he lived in great splendour and entertained
-lavishly. He was a great favourite of Queen Elizabeth. It was not
-from Crosby Hall, but from his house at Canonbury, that his only
-daughter effected her escape in a baker's basket in order to wed the
-handsome Lord Compton. Terrible was the father's wrath, and everyone
-knows the charming story of the Queen's tactful intervention, how she
-induced Sir John to stand as sponsor with her for an unknown boy, whom
-Sir John declared should be the heir of all his wealth, and how this
-boy was, of course, Lady Compton's child, and how a full reconciliation
-was effected. It is a very pretty story. It is not so pleasant to read
-of the disastrous effect of the possession of so much wealth had on
-the brain of Lord Compton, when he came into possession of his lady's
-riches. She was a little vixenish, spoilt and exacting, if she really
-intended seriously the literal meaning of that well-known letter which
-she wrote setting forth her needs and requirements. It is too long to
-quote. Lord Compton was created Earl of Northampton, and that precious
-child of his when he grew to man's estate was killed fighting for the
-Royalist cause in the Civil War.
-
-During that disastrous time Crosby became a prison for Royalists, and
-later on a great part of the house was destroyed by fire, and its
-ancient glories departed. For a hundred years the Hall was used as a
-Nonconformist chapel. In 1778 part of the premises was converted into
-a place of business by Messrs. Holmes and Hall, the rest being used
-as private dwellings. It provided a model for the banqueting-hall of
-Arundel Castle, and some of the carved stones of the Council Chamber
-were removed to Henley-upon-Thames to adorn a dairy. Alien buildings
-soon covered the site of the destroyed portion of the old house. In
-1831 it was left forlorn and untenanted, and in a state of considerable
-decay. Then arose a considerable excitement, of which the struggle
-of the present year reminds us. Crosby Hall was doomed. But zealous
-lovers of the antiquities of the city determined to try to save it.
-An appeal was made, and a restoration fund started, though, like many
-other restoration funds, it proved itself inadequate. A benevolent
-lady, Miss Hackett, gallantly came to the rescue, and practically saved
-Crosby Hall. Her idea was to convert it into a lecture hall for the
-Gresham Professors; but this plan came to nothing, though the building
-was repaired, the south wall of the Throne and Council Chambers
-being rebuilt. Then a company was formed to take over Miss Hackett's
-interest, and the Crosby Hall Literary and Scientific Institution
-was formed, but that scheme came to nothing. Then it was bought by
-Messrs. F. Gordon & Co., who restored the building, attached to it an
-annex of half-timbered construction, and converted the premises into
-a restaurant. Thus it remained for several years. Recently the site
-was acquired by a banking company, and its demolition was threatened.
-Immediate action was taken by Sir Vesey Strong, the Lord Mayor, and
-others, to save the building. The fight was fought strenuously and
-bravely. Apathy was found in some quarters where it would least have
-been expected, and all efforts were fruitless. It is deplorable to have
-to record that the last of the mansions of the old city magnates has
-been allowed to disappear, and that Crosby Hall is now only a memory.
-
-
-
-
-THE PAGEANT OF LONDON
-
-BY THE EDITOR
-
-
-We have stated in the Preface that London needs no pageant or special
-spectacular display in order to set forth its wonderful attractions.
-London is in itself a pageant, far more interesting than any theatrical
-representation; and in this final chapter we will enumerate some
-of those other features of Old London life which have not found
-description in the preceding pictures. We will "stand by and let the
-pageant pass," or, rather, pass along the streets and make our own
-pageant.
-
-The great city is always changing its appearance, and travellers
-who have not seen it for several years scarcely know where they are
-when visiting some of the transformed localities. But however great
-the change, the city still exercises its powerful fascination on
-all who have once felt its strangely magnetic force, its singular
-attractiveness. Though the London County Council have effected amazing
-"improvements," constructing a street which nobody wants and nobody
-uses, and spending millions in widening Piccadilly; though private
-enterprise pulls down ancient dwellings and rears huge hotels and
-business premises in their places--it is still possible to conjure up
-the memories of the past, and to picture to ourselves the multitudinous
-scenes of historic interest which Old London has witnessed. Learned
-writers have already in these volumes enabled us to transport ourselves
-at will to the London of bygone times--to the mediæval city, with its
-monasteries, its churches, its palaces, its tragedies; to Elizabethan
-London, bright and gay, with young life pulsing through its veins; to
-the London of Pepys, with its merry-makings, its coarseness, and its
-vice. In this concluding chapter we will recall some other memories,
-and try to fill the background to the picture.
-
-Westminster, the rival city, the city of the court, with its abbey and
-its hall, we have not attempted to include in our survey. She must be
-left in solitary state until, perhaps, a new volume of this series
-may presume to describe her graces and perfections. The ever-growing
-suburbs of the great city, the West End, the fashionable quarter,
-Southern London across the river, with Lambeth and its memories of
-archbishops--all this, and much else that deserves an honoured place in
-the chronicles of the metropolis, we must perforce omit in our survey.
-Some of the stories are too modern to please the taste of those who
-revel in the past; and if the curious reader detects omissions, he may
-console himself by referring to some of the countless other books and
-guides which the attractions of London are ever forcing industrious
-scribes to produce.
-
-
-Christ's Hospital
-
-Many regrets were expressed when it was found necessary to remove
-this ancient school from London, and to destroy the old buildings. Of
-course, "everything is for the best in this best of possible worlds."
-Boys, like plants, thrive better in the open country, and London
-fogs are apt to becloud the brain as well as injure health. But the
-antiquary may be allowed to utter his plaint over the demolition of
-the old features of London life. The memorials of this ancient school
-cannot be omitted from our collection.
-
-[Illustration: CHRIST'S HOSPITAL.]
-
-We are carried back in thought to the Friars, clad in grey habits,
-girt with cord, and sandal shod, who settled in the thirteenth century
-on the north side of what we now call Newgate Street, and, by the
-generosity of pious citizens, founded their monastery. Thus John Ewin
-gave them the land in the ward of Farringdon Without, and in the parish
-of St. Nicholas Shambles; William Joyner built the choir; William
-Wallis the nave; William Porter the chapter house; Gregory Bokesby
-the dormitories, furnishing it with beds; Bartholomew de Castello
-the refectory, where he feasted the friars on St. Bartholomew's Day.
-Queen Margaret, the second wife of Edward I., was a great benefactor
-of the order, and advanced two thousand marks towards the cost of a
-large church, which was completed in 1327, and was a noble structure,
-300 feet in length, 89 feet in breadth, and 74 feet high. "Dick"
-Whittington built for the friars a splendid library, which was finished
-in 1424. The church was the favoured resting-place of the illustrious
-dead. Four queens, four duchesses, four countesses, one duke, two
-earls, eight barons, and some thirty-five knights reposed therein. In
-the choir there were nine tombs of alabaster and marble, surrounded
-by iron railings, and monuments of marble and brass abounded. The
-dissolution of monasteries came with greedy Henry, and the place was
-rifled. The crown seized the goodly store of treasure; the church
-became a receptacle for the prizes taken from the French; and Sir
-Martin Bowes, Mayor of London, for the sum of £50, obtained all the
-beautiful tombs and brasses, marble and alabaster, which were carted
-away from the desecrated shrine.
-
-But Henry's conscience smote him. The death of Charles Brandon, Duke
-of Suffolk, the King's boon companion, moved him "to bethink himself
-of his end, and to do some good work thereunto," as Fuller states.
-The church was reopened for worship, and Bishop Ridley, preaching at
-Paul's Cross, announced the King's gift of the conventual grounds and
-buildings, with the hospital of St. Bartholomew, for the relief of the
-poor. Letters patent were issued in 1545, making over to the Mayor
-and Commonalty of London for ever "the Grey Friars' Church, with all
-the edifices and ground, the fratry, library, dortor, chapter-house,
-great cloister, and the lesser tenements and vacant grounds, lead,
-stone, iron, etc.; the hospital of St. Bartholomew, West Smithfield,
-the church of the same, the lead, bells, and ornaments of the same
-hospital, with all messuages, tenements, and appurtenances."
-
-It was a poor return to the Church for all of that the King had robbed
-her. Moreover, he did not altogether abandon a little profit. He made
-the monastic church, now called the Christ Church, do duty for the
-parishes of St. Nicholas in the Shambles, St. Ewins, and part of St.
-Sepulchre, uniting these into one parish, and pulling down the churches
-of the first two parishes. It would be curious to discover what became
-of the endowments of these parishes, and of the fabrics.
-
-[Illustration: Carrying the Crug-basket]
-
-For some years nothing was done to further the cause of this charity,
-but in 1552, when Bishop Ridley, who was a mightily convincing
-preacher, was discoursing upon charity before Edward VI., the boy-King
-was so moved that he conversed with the bishop, and, together with
-the Lord Mayor and aldermen of the city, determined to found three
-hospitals--Christ's Hospital for the education of poor children, St.
-Thomas's for the relief of the sick and diseased, and Bridewell for
-the correction and amendment of the idle and the vagabond. Before his
-last illness, Edward had just strength enough to sign the charter for
-the founding of these institutions, ejaculating: "Lord, I yield Thee
-most hearty thanks that Thou hast given me life thus long to finish
-this work to the glory of Thy name." The good citizens of London, with
-their accustomed charity, immediately set to work, before the granting
-of the charter, to subscribe money for the repair of the old monastic
-buildings, and in 1552 three hundred and forty children were admitted,
-not so much for educational purposes as for their rescue from the
-streets, and the provision of shelter, food, and clothing. It must have
-been a welcome sight to the citizens to see them clothed in livery of
-russet cotton, the boys with red caps, the girls with kerchiefs on
-their heads, lining the procession when the Lord Mayor and aldermen
-rode to St. Paul's on Christmas Day. On the following Easter the boys
-and "mayden children" were in "plonket," or blue--hence the hospital
-derived the name of the Blue Coat School. The dress of the boys,
-concerning the origin of which many fanciful interpretations have been
-made, is the costume of the period generally worn by apprentices and
-serving men, consisting of a long blue coat, with leathern girdle, a
-sleeveless yellow waistcoat and yellow stockings, clerical bands and a
-small black cap completing the dress. "Four thousand marks by the year"
-from the royal exchequer were granted by the King for the maintenance
-of the school, which sum was largely supplemented by the citizens and
-other pious benefactors, such as Lady Ramsay, who founded "a free
-writing schoole for poor men's children" at the hospital. Camden says
-that at the beginning of the seventeenth century six hundred children
-were maintained and educated, and one thousand two hundred and forty
-pensioners relieved by the hospital in alms, and, later on, as many as
-one thousand one hundred and twenty children were cared for by this
-institution. The governors, moreover, started "place houses" in other
-districts--at Hertford, Ware, Reading, and Bloxburn--where boys were
-educated.
-
-[Illustration: Wooden Platters and Beer Jack.]
-
-The buildings were greatly injured by the fire of 1666, when the
-old monastic church was entirely destroyed. The great hall was soon
-rebuilt by Sir John Frederick, and then the famous Royal Mathematical
-School was founded through the exertions of Sir Robert Clayton, Sir
-Jonas Moore, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir Charles Scarbrough, and Samuel
-Pepys. King Charles II. granted a charter and £1,000 a year for seven
-years, and the forty boys who composed the school were called "King's
-boys." They were instructed in navigation, and wore a badge on the
-left shoulder. A subordinate mathematical school, consisting of
-twelve scholars, denoted "the Twelves," who wore a badge on the right
-shoulder, was subsequently formed. Pepys took a keen interest in the
-school, and a series of a large number of his letters is in existence
-which show the efforts he made to maintain the mathematical school. He
-tells also of a little romance connected with the hospital, which is
-worth recording. There was at that time a grammar school for boys and
-a separate school for girls. Two wealthy citizens left their estates,
-one to a bluecoat boy, and the other to a bluecoat girl. Some of
-the governors thought that it would be well if these two fortunate
-recipients were married. So a public wedding was arranged at the
-Guildhall chapel, where the ceremony was performed by the Dean of St.
-Paul's, the bride, supported by two bluecoat boys, being given away by
-the Lord Mayor, and the bridegroom, attired in blue satin, being led to
-the altar by two bluecoat girls.
-
-[Illustration: Piggin: Wooden Spoon. Wooden Soup-ladle.]
-
-A noble gift of Sir Robert Clayton enabled the governors to rebuild the
-east cloister and south front. The writing school was erected by Sir
-Christopher Wren in 1694, at the expense of Sir John Moore. The ward
-over the east side cloister was rebuilt in 1705 by Sir Francis Child,
-the banker, and in 1795 the grammar school was erected. Some of the
-buildings of the old monastery survived until the beginning of the last
-century, but they were somewhat ruinous and unsafe, hence, in 1803,
-a great building fund was formed. The hall erected after the great
-fire was pulled down, and a vast building in the Tudor style begun in
-1825, which was so familiar to all who passed along the eastern end
-of Holborn. John Shaw was the architect. You will remember the open
-arcade, the buttresses and octagonal towers, and the embattled and
-pinnacled walls, and, above all, you will remember the crowd of happy
-boys, clad in their picturesque garb, kicking about the merry football.
-The dining hall was one of the finest rooms in London, being 187 feet
-long, 51 feet wide, and 47 feet high; lighted by nine large windows,
-those on the south side being filled with stained glass. There hung the
-huge charter picture, representing Edward VI. presenting the charter
-to the Lord Mayor, the Chancellor, officers of State, and children of
-the school being in attendance. This picture has been attributed to
-Holbein, but since the event occurred in 1553, and that artist could
-have produced no work later than 1534, the tradition is erroneous. Two
-portraits of Edward VI. are also in the possession of the hospital
-attributed to Holbein, but they have been proved to be the work of a
-later artist. Verrio's portrait of Charles II., and his picture of
-James II. receiving the mathematical boys, are very large canvases.
-
-It is unnecessary to describe all the buildings which so recently
-existed, but have now been swept away. It is more interesting to note
-some of the curious customs which exist or formerly existed in the
-school, and some of the noted of the old "Blues." Christ's Hospital was
-a home of old customs, some of them, perhaps, little relished by the
-scholars. Each boy had a wooden "piggin" for drinking small beer served
-out of a leathern or wooden jack; a platter, spoon, and soup-ladle of
-the same material. There was a quaint custom of supping in public on
-Sundays during Lent, when visitors were admitted, and the Lord Mayor
-or president of the governors sat in state. Quaint wooden candlesticks
-adorned the tables, and, after the supper, were carried away in
-procession, together with the tablecloths, crug-baskets, or baskets
-used for carrying bread, bowls, jacks, and piggins. Before the supper
-a hymn was sung, and a "Grecian," or head boy, read the prayers from
-the pulpit, silence being enforced by three blows of a wooden hammer.
-The supper then began, consisting of bread and cheese, and the visitors
-used to walk about between the tables. Then followed the solemn
-procession of the boys carrying their goods, and bowing repeatedly to
-the governors and their guests. It was a pleasing custom, honoured
-by the presence of many distinguished guests, and Queen Victoria and
-Prince Albert on one occasion witnessed the spectacle.
-
-[Illustration: CHRIST'S HOSPITAL: THE GARDEN.]
-
-Then there were the annual orations on St. Matthew's Day, commemorating
-the foundation of the school, and attended by the civic magnates.
-A state service was held in Christ Church, Newgate Street, and,
-afterwards, the Grecians delivered speeches, and a collection was made
-for the support of these headboys when they went to the University.
-The beadles delivered up their staves to the Court, and if no fault
-was found with these officers their badges were returned to them. The
-Company was regaled with "sweet cakes and burnt wine."
-
-At Easter there were solemn processions--first, on Easter Monday, to
-the Mansion House, when the Lord Mayor was escorted by the boys to
-Christ Church to hear the Spital or hospital sermon. On Easter Tuesday
-again the scholars repaired to the Mansion House, and were regaled
-with a glass of wine, in lieu of which lemonade, in more recent times,
-could be obtained, two buns, and a shilling fresh from the Mint,
-the senior scholars receiving an additional sum, and the Grecians
-obtained a guinea. Again the Spital sermon was preached. The boys were
-entitled, by ancient custom, to sundry privileges--to address the
-sovereign on his visiting the city, and the "King's boys" were entitled
-to be presented at the first drawing-room of the season, to present
-their charts for inspection, and to receive sundry gifts. By ancient
-privilege they were entitled to inspect all the curiosities in the
-Tower of London free of any charge, and these at one time included a
-miniature zoological garden.
-
-[Illustration: OLD STAIRCASE.]
-
-Many are the notable men renowned in literature and art who have sprung
-from this famous school. Charles Lamb, S. T. Coleridge, Leigh Hunt,
-and countless other men might be mentioned who have done honour to
-their school. Some of their recollections of old manners reveal some
-strange educational methods--the severe thrashings, the handcuffing of
-runaways, the confining in dungeons, wretched holes, where the boys
-could just find room to lie down on straw, and were kept in solitary
-confinement and fed worse than prisoners in modern gaols. Bread and
-beer breakfasts were hardly the best diet for boys, and the meat does
-not always appear to have been satisfactory. However, all these bygone
-abuses have long ago disappeared. For some years the future of the
-hospital was shrouded in uncertainty. At length it was resolved to
-quit London, and now the old buildings have been pulled down, and the
-school has taken a new lease of life and settled at Horsham, where
-all will wish that it may have a long and prosperous career. We may
-well conclude this brief notice of the old school in the words of the
-School Commissioners of 1867, who stated: "Christ's Hospital is a thing
-without parallel in the country and _sui generis_. It is a grand relic
-of the mediæval spirit--a monument of the profuse munificence of that
-spirit, and of that constant stream of individual beneficence, which
-is so often found to flow around institutions of that character. It
-has kept up its main features, its traditions, its antique ceremonies,
-almost unchanged, for a period of upwards of three centuries. It has
-a long and goodly list of worthies." We know not how many of these
-antique ceremonies have survived its removal, but we venture to hope
-that they may still exist, and that the authorities have not failed to
-maintain the traditions that Time has consecrated.
-
-
-The City Churches
-
-In the pageant of London no objects are more numerous and conspicuous
-than the churches which greet us at every step. In spite of the large
-number which have disappeared, there are very many left. There they
-stand in the centre of important thoroughfares, in obscure courts and
-alleys--here surrounded by high towering warehouses; there maintaining
-proud positions, defying the attacks of worldly business and affairs. A
-whole volume would be required to do justice to the city churches, and
-we can only glance at some of the most striking examples.
-
-The Great Fire played havoc with the ancient structures, and involved
-in its relentless course many a beautiful and historic church. But some
-few of them are left to us. We have already seen St. Bartholomew's,
-Smithfield, and glanced at the church of St. Helen, Bishopsgate, and
-old St Paul's. Wren's St. Paul's Cathedral has so often been described
-that it is not necessary to tell again the story of its building.[11]
-"Destroyed by the Great Fire, rebuilt by Wren," is the story of most of
-the city churches; but there were some few which escaped. At the east
-end of Great Tower Street stands All Hallows Barking, so called from
-having belonged to the abbey of Barking, Essex. This narrowly escaped
-the fire, which burned the dial, and porch, and vicarage house. Its
-style is mainly Perpendicular, with a Decorated east window, and has
-some good brasses. St. Andrew's Undershaft, Leadenhall Street, opposite
-to which the May-pole was annually raised until "Evil May-day" put an
-end to the merry-makings, was rebuilt in 1520-32, and contains some
-mural paintings, much stained glass, and many brasses and monuments,
-including that of John Stow, the famous London antiquary. St. Catherine
-Cree, in the same street, was rebuilt in 1629, and consecrated by
-Laud. St. Dunstan's-in-the-East was nearly destroyed, and restored
-by Wren, the present nave being rebuilt in 1817. St. Dunstan's,
-Stepney, preserves its fifteenth century fabric, and St. Ethelburga's,
-Bishopsgate, retains some of its Early English masonry, and St.
-Ethelreda's, Ely Place, is the only surviving portion of the ancient
-palace of the Bishops of Ely. St. Giles', Cripplegate, stands near the
-site of a Saxon church built in 1090 by Alfun, the first hospitaller of
-the Priory of St. Bartholomew. Suffering from a grievous fire in 1545,
-it was partially rebuilt, and in 1682 the tower was raised fifteen
-feet. Many illustrious men were buried here, including John Fox, John
-Speed, the historian, John Milton and his father, several actors of
-the Fortune Theatre, and Sir Martin Frobisher. In 1861 the church
-was restored in memory of Milton, and a monument raised to him. This
-church saw the nuptials of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bowchier in
-1620. All Hallows Staining, Mark Lane, escaped the fire, and its tower
-and west end are ancient. St. James', Aldgate, was built in 1622, and
-escaped the fire, which might have spared more important edifices;
-and St. Olave's, Hart Street, a building which shows Norman, Early
-English, Decorated, and Perpendicular work, was happily preserved. This
-is sometimes called Pepys's church, since he often mentions it in his
-diary, and lies buried here. There are other interesting monuments,
-and in the churchyard lie some of the victims of the Great Plague. St.
-Sepulchre's, near Newgate, was damaged by the fire, and refitted by
-Wren, but the main building is fifteenth century work. Several churches
-escaped the Great Fire, but were subsequently pulled down and rebuilt.
-Amongst these are St. Alphege, London Wall; St. Botolph-without,
-Aldersgate; St. Botolph's, St. Martin's Outwich. St. Mary Woolnoth was
-also damaged by the fire, and repaired by Wren. It stands on the site
-of an early church, which was rebuilt in the fifteenth century; but the
-greater part of the present church was built by Hawksmoor in 1716.
-
-A strange, weird, desolate city met the eyes of the people of London
-when the Great Fire had died away. No words can describe that scene
-of appalling ruin and desolation. But, with the energy for which
-Englishmen are remarkable, they at once set to work to restore their
-loss, and a master-mind was discovered who could grapple with the
-difficulty and bring order out of chaos. This wonderful genius was Sir
-Christopher Wren. He devised a grand scheme for the rebuilding of the
-city. Evelyn planned another. But property owners were tenacious of
-their rights, and clung to their own parcels of ground; so these great
-schemes came to nothing. However, to Wren fell the task of rebuilding
-the fallen churches, and no less than fifty-two were entrusted to his
-care. He had no one to guide him; no school of artists or craftsmen
-to help him in the detail of his buildings; no great principles of
-architecture to direct him. Gothic architecture was dead, if we except
-the afterglow that shone in Oxford. He might have followed his great
-predecessor, Inigo Jones, and produced works after an Italian model.
-But he was no copyist. Taking the classic orders as his basis, he
-devised a style of his own, suitable for the requirements of the time
-and climate, and for the form of worship and religious usages of the
-Anglican Church. "It is enough for Romanists to hear the murmur of the
-mass, and see the elevation of the Host; but our churches are to be
-fitted for auditories," he once said.
-
-Of the churches built by Wren, eighteen beautiful buildings have
-already been destroyed. St. Christopher-le-Stocks is swallowed up
-by the Bank of England; St. Michael, Crooked Lane, disappeared
-in 1841, when approaches were made to New London Bridge; St.
-Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange made way for the Sun Fire Office; and
-St. Benet Fink was pulled down because of its nearness to the Royal
-Exchange. Since the passing of the Union of City Benefices Act in 1860,
-fourteen churches designed by Wren have succumbed, and attacks on
-others have been with difficulty warded off.[12]
-
-The characteristics of Wren's genius were his versatility, imagination,
-and originality. We will notice some of the results of these qualities
-of mind. The tower hardly ever enters into the architectural treatment
-of the interior. It is used as an entrance lobby or vestry. His
-simplest plan was a plain oblong, without columns or recesses, such
-as St. Mildred's, Bread Street, or St. Nicholas', Cole Abbey. St.
-Margaret, Lothbury, St. Vedast, St. Clement, Eastcheap, have this
-simple form, with the addition of an aisle or a recess. His next plan
-consists of the central nave and two aisles, with or without clerestory
-windows; of this St. Andrew Wardrobe and St. Magnus the Martyr furnish
-good examples. The third plan is the domed church, such as St. Swithun
-and St. Mary Abchurch. The merits and architectural beauties of Wren's
-churches have been recently described in an able lecture delivered by
-Mr. Arthur Keen before the Architectural Association, a lecture which
-we should like to see expanded to the size of a book, and enriched with
-copious drawings. It would be of immense service in directing the minds
-of the citizens of London to the architectural treasures of which they
-are the heirs.
-
-The churches are remarkable for their beautifully carved woodwork,
-often executed or designed by Grinling Gibbons or his pupils. Pews,
-pulpits, with elaborate sounding boards, organ cases, altar pieces,
-were all elaborately carved, and a gallery usually was placed at the
-west end. Paintings by Sir James Thornhill and other artists adorn
-his churches, and the art of Strong the master mason, Jennings the
-carpenter, and Tijou the metal worker, all combined to beautify his
-structures.
-
-Within the limits of our space it is only possible to glance at the
-interiors of a few of these churches, and note some of the treasures
-therein contained. St. Andrew's, Holborn, has its original fifteenth
-century tower, recarved in 1704. It is known as the "Poet's Church,"
-on account of the singers connected with it, including a contemporary
-of Shakespeare, John Webster, Robert Savage, Chatterton, and Henry
-Neele, and can boast of such illustrious rectors as Bishops Hacket
-and Stillingfleet, and Dr. Sacheverel. The spire of Christ Church,
-Spitalfields, built by Hawksmoor, is the loftiest in London, and
-has a fine peal of bells. In the church there is an early work of
-Flaxman--the monument of Sir Robert Ladbrooke, Lord Mayor. The name
-of St. Clement Danes reminds us of the connection of the sea-rovers
-with London. Strype says that the church was so named "because Harold,
-a Danish King, and other Danes, were buried there, and in that
-churchyard." He tells how this Harold, an illegitimate son of Canute,
-reigned three years, and was buried at Westminster; but, afterwards,
-Hardicanute, the lawful son of Canute, in revenge for the injury done
-to his mother and brother, ordered the body to be dug up and thrown
-into the Thames, where it was found by a fisherman and buried in this
-churchyard. There seems to be no doubt that there was a colony of
-peaceful Danes in this neighbourhood, as testified by the Danish word
-"Wych" given to a street hard by, and preserved in the modern Aldwych.
-It was the oldest suburb of London, the village of Ældwic, and called
-Aldewych. Oldwych close was in existence in the time of the Stuarts.
-These people were allowed to reside between the Isle of Thorney, or
-Westminster, and Ludgate, and, having become Christians, they built a
-church for themselves, which was called _Ecclesia Clementis Danorum_.
-
-There is a wild story of the massacre of the Danes in this church in
-the days of Ethelred, as recorded in Strype's _Continuation of Stow_,
-and in the _Jomsvikinga Saga_. As Mr. Loftie has not found space in
-_Saxon London_ to mention this colony of Danes and their doings, I
-venture to quote a passage from Mr. Lethaby's _Pre-Conquest London_,
-which contains some interesting allusions to these people:
-
-     "We are told that Sweyn made warfare in the land of
-     King Ethelred, and drove him out of the land; he put
-     _Thingumannalid_ in two places. The one in Lundunaborg
-     (London) was ruled by Eilif Thorgilsson, who had sixty ships
-     in the Temps (Thames); the other was north in Sleswik. The
-     Thingamen made a law that no one should stay away a whole
-     night. They gathered at the Bura Church every night when a
-     large bell was rung, but without weapons. He who had command
-     in the town (London) was Ædric Streona. Ulfkel Snilling ruled
-     over the northern part of England (East Anglia). The power of
-     the Thingamen was great. There was a fair there (in London)
-     twice every twelve month, one about midsummer and the other
-     about midwinter. The English thought it would be the easiest
-     to slay the Thingamen while Cnut was young (he was ten winters
-     old) and Sweyn dead. About Yule, waggons went into the town to
-     the market, and they were all tented over by the treacherous
-     advice of Ulfkel Snelling and Ethelred's sons. Thord, a man
-     of the Thingumannalid, went out of the town to the house of
-     his mistress, who asked him to stay, because the death was
-     planned of all the Thingamen by Englishmen concealed in the
-     waggons, when the Danes would go unarmed to the church. Thord
-     went into the town and told it to Eilif. They heard the bell
-     ringing, and when they came to the churchyard there was a
-     great crowd who attacked them. Eilif escaped with three ships
-     and went to Denmark. Some time after, Edmund was made King.
-     After three winters, Cnut, Thorkel and Eric went with eight
-     hundred ships to England. Thorkel had thirty ships, and slew
-     Ulfkel Snilling, and married Ulfhild, his wife, daughter of
-     King Ethelred. With Ulfkel was slain every man on sixty ships,
-     and Cnut took Lundunaborg."
-
-Matthew, of Westminster, also records this massacre of the Danes, and
-other authorities consider that the account in the _Saga_ is founded
-on fact. However that may be, the Danes undoubtedly had a colony here
-of their traders, merchants, and seamen, and dedicated their church
-to their favourite saint, St. Clement, the patron of mariners, whose
-constant emblem is an anchor. Nor was this the only location of the
-Northmen. Southwark was their fortified trading place, where they
-had a church dedicated to St. Olaf, the patron saint of Norway. His
-name remains in Tooley Street, not a very evident but certainly true
-derivative of St. Olaf's Street. There are three churches dedicated to
-St. Olave, who was none other than St. Olaf. St. Magnus, too, tells
-of the Northmen, who was one of their favourite saints. Going back to
-the church of St. Clement Danes, we notice that it was rebuilt in 1682
-under the advice of Wren, the tower and steeple being added forty years
-later. Dr. Johnson used to attend here, and a pillar near his seat
-bears the inscription:
-
-     "In this pew and beside this pillar, for many years attended
-     Divine Service, the celebrated Dr. Johnson, the philosopher,
-     the poet, the great lexicographer, the profound moralist, and
-     chief writer of his time. Born 1709, died 1794. In remembrance
-     and honour of noble faculties, nobly employed, some
-     inhabitants of the parish of St. Clement Danes have placed
-     this slight memorial, A.D. 1851."
-
-One of the most important city churches is St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside.
-It is one of Wren's finest works; but the old church, destroyed by the
-Great Fire, had a notable history, being one of the earliest Norman
-buildings in the country. Stow says it was named St. Mary _de Arcubus_
-from its being built on arches of stone, these arches forming a crypt,
-which still exists. The tower was a place of sanctuary, but not a very
-effectual one, as Longbeard, a ringleader of a riot, was forced out of
-his refuge by fire in 1190, and Ducket, a goldsmith, was murdered. The
-Bow bells are famous, and one of them was rung nightly for the closing
-of shops. Everyone knows the protesting rhyme of the 'prentices of the
-Cheap when the clerk rang the bell late, and the reassuring reply of
-that officer, who probably feared the blows of their staves. Lanterns
-hung in the arches of the spire as beacons for travellers. The bells
-of Bow are said to have recalled Dick Whittington, and those who have
-always lived in the district where their sound can be heard are deemed
-very ignorant folk by their country cousins. Whittington's church was
-St. Michael's Paternoster Royal, Thames Street, which he rebuilt, and
-wherein he was buried, though his body has been twice disturbed. The
-church was destroyed by the Great Fire, and rebuilt by Wren.
-
-It is impossible for us to visit all the churches, each of which
-possesses some feature of interest, some historical association. They
-impart much beauty to every view of the city, and not one of them can
-be spared. Sometimes, in this utilitarian age, wise men tell us that
-we should pull down many of these ancient buildings, sell the valuable
-sites, and build other churches in the suburbs, where they would be
-more useful. Eighteen of Wren's churches have been thus destroyed,
-besides several of later date. The city merchants of old built their
-churches, and made great sacrifices in doing so, for the honour of God
-and the good of their fellow-men, and it is not for their descendants
-to pull them down. If suburban people want churches, they should
-imitate the example of their forefathers, and make sacrifices in order
-to build them. Streets, old palaces, interesting houses, are fast
-vanishing; the churches--at least, some of them--remain to tell the
-story of the ancient civic life, to point the way to higher things amid
-the bustling scenes of mercantile activity and commercial unrest. The
-readers of these Memorials will wish "strength i' th' arme" to the City
-Churches Preservation Society to do battle for these historic landmarks
-of ancient London.
-
-
-The Pageant of the Streets
-
-Nothing helps us to realise the condition of ancient London, its growth
-and expansion, like a careful study of its street-names. It shows
-that in the Middle Ages London was very different from that great,
-overcrowded, noisy, and far-extending metropolis which we see to-day.
-It is difficult for us in these days to realise the small extent of
-ancient London, when Charing was a village situated between the cities
-of Westminster and London; or, indeed, to go back in imagination even
-a century or two ago, when the citizens could go a-nutting on Notting
-Hill, and when it was possible to see Temple Bar from Leicester Square,
-then called Leicester Fields, and with a telescope observe the heads of
-the Scotch rebels which adorned the spikes of the old gateway. In the
-early coaching days, on account of the impassable roads, it required
-three hours to journey from Paddington to the city. Kensington,
-Islington, Brompton, and Paddington were simply country villages,
-separated by fields and pastures from London; and the names of such
-districts as Spitalfields, Bethnal Green, Smithfield, Moorfields, and
-many others, now crowded with houses, indicate the once rural character
-of the neighbourhood.
-
-The area enclosed by the city walls was not larger than Hyde Park.
-Their course has been already traced, but we can follow them on the
-map of London by means of the names of the streets. Thus, beginning
-at the Tower, we pass on to Aldgate, and then to Bishopsgate. Outside
-was a protecting moat, which survives in the name Houndsditch, wherein
-doubtless dead dogs found a resting place. Then we pass on to London
-Wall, a street which sufficiently tells its derivation. Outside this
-part of the wall there was a fen, or bog, or moor, which survives in
-Moorfields, Moorgate Street, and possibly Finsbury; and Artillery
-Street shows where the makers of bows and arrows had their shops,
-near the artillery ground, where the users of these weapons practised
-at the butts. The name of the Barbican tells of a tower that guarded
-Aldersgate, and some remains of the wall can still be seen in Castle
-Street and in the churchyard of St. Giles', Cripplegate, the derivation
-of which has at length been satisfactorily determined by Mr. Loftie in
-our first chapter, and has nothing to do with the multitude of cripples
-which Stow imagined congregated there. Thence we go to Newgate and the
-Old Bailey, names that tell of walls and fortifications. Everyone knows
-the name of the Bailey court of a castle, which intervened between the
-keep or stronger portion of the defences and the outer walls or gate.
-The court of the Old Bailey suggests to modern prisoners other less
-pleasing ideas. Now the wall turns southward, in the direction of
-Ludgate, where it was protected by a stream called the Fleet, whence
-the name Fleet Street is derived. Canon Isaac Taylor suggests that
-Fleet Street is really Flood Street, from which Ludgate or Floodgate
-takes its name. We prefer the derivation given by Mr. Loftie. On the
-south of Ludgate, and on the bank of the Thames, stood a mighty strong
-castle, called Baynard Castle, constructed by William the Conqueror to
-aid him, with the Tower of London, to keep the citizens in order. It
-has entirely disappeared, but if you look closely at the map you will
-find a wharf which records its memory, and a ward of the city also is
-named after the long vanished stronghold. Now the course of the wall
-follows the north bank of the river Thames, and the names Dowgate and
-Billingsgate record its memory and of the city gates, which allowed
-peaceable citizens to enter, but were strong to resist foes and rebels.
-
-Within these walls craftsmen and traders had their own particular
-localities, the members of each trade working together side by side in
-their own street or district; and although now some of the trades have
-disappeared, and traders are no longer confined to one district, the
-street-names record the ancient home of their industries. The two great
-markets were the Eastcheap and Westcheap, now Cheapside. The former, in
-the days of Lydgate, was the abode of the butchers. Martin Lyckpenny
-sings:
-
-    "Then I hyed me into Est-chepe
-    One cryes ribbes of befe and many a pye."
-
-And near the butchers naturally were the cooks, who flourished in
-Cooks' Row, along Thames Street. Candlewick Street took its name from
-the chandlers. Cornhill marks the site of the ancient corn market.
-Haymarket, where the theatre is so well known, was the site of a
-market for hay, but that is comparatively modern. The citizens did
-not go so far out of the city to buy and sell hay. Stow says: "Then
-higher in Grasse Street is that parish church of St. Bennet, called
-Grasse Church, of the herb market there kept"; and though he thinks
-Fenchurch Street may be derived from a fenny or moorish ground,
-"others be of opinion that it took that name of _Fænum_, that is, hay
-sold there, as Grasse Street took the name of grass, or herbs, there
-sold." Wool was sold near the church of St. Mary Woolchurch, which
-stood on the site of the present Mansion House, and in the churchyard
-was a beam for the weighing of wool. The name survives in that of St.
-Mary Woolnoth, with which parish the other was united when St. Mary
-Woolchurch was destroyed by the Great Fire. Lombard Street marks the
-settlement of the great Lombardi merchants, the Italian financiers,
-bankers, and pawnbrokers, who found a convenient centre for their
-transactions midway between the two great markets, Eastcheap and
-Cheapside. Sometimes the name of the street has been altered in course
-of time, so that it is difficult to determine the original meaning.
-Thus Sermon Lane has nothing to do with parsons, but is a corruption
-of Sheremoniers' Lane, who "cut and rounded the plates to be coined
-and stamped into sterling pence," as Stow says. Near this lane was the
-Old Exchange, where money was coined. Later on, this coining was done
-at a place still called the mint, in Bermondsey. Stow thought that
-Lothbury was so called because it was a loathsome place, on account
-of the noise made by the founders; but it is really a corruption
-of Lattenbury, the place where these founders "cast candlesticks,
-chafing-dishes, spice mortars, and such like copper or laton works."
-Of course, people sold their fowls in the Poultry; fish and milk and
-bread shops were to be found in the streets bearing these names; and
-leather in Leather Lane and, perhaps, Leadenhall Market, said to be
-a corruption of Leatherhall, though Stow does not give any hint of
-this. Sopers' Lane was the abode of the soapmakers; Smithfield of the
-smiths. Coleman Street derives its name from the man who first built
-and owned it, says Stow; but later authorities place there the coalmen
-or charcoal-burners. As was usual in mediæval towns, the Jews had a
-district for themselves, and resided in Old Jewry and Jewin Street.
-
-The favourite haunt of booksellers and publishers, Paternoster
-Row, derives its name, according to Stow, "from the stationers or
-text-writers that dwelled there, who wrote and sold all sorts of books
-then in use, namely, A. B. C. or Absies, with the Paternoster, Ave,
-Creed, Graces, etc. There dwelled also turners of beads, and they are
-called Paternoster-makers. At the end of Paternoster Row is Ave Mary
-Lane, so called upon the like occasion of text-writers and bead-makers
-then dwelling there." Creed Lane and Amen Corner make up the names of
-these streets where the worshippers in Old St. Paul's found their helps
-to devotion.
-
-Old London was a city of palaces as well as of trade. All the great
-nobles of England had their town houses, or inns, as they were called.
-They had vast retinues of armed men, and required no small lodging.
-The Dukes of Exeter and Somerset, the Earl of Northumberland, and many
-others, had their town houses, every vestige of which has passed away,
-though their names are preserved by the streets and sites on which they
-stood. The Strand, for example, is full of the memories of these old
-mansions, which began to be erected along the river bank when the Wars
-of the Roses had ceased, and greater security was felt by the people
-of England, who then began to perceive that it might be possible to
-live in safety outside the walls of the city. Northumberland Avenue
-tells of the house of the Earls of Northumberland, which stood so
-late as 1875; Burleigh Street and Essex Street recall the famous Sir
-William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, whose son was created Earl of Essex.
-Arundel House, the mansion of the Howards, is marked by Arundel Street,
-Surrey Street, Howard Street, Norfolk Street, these being the titles
-borne by scions of this famous family. The readers of the chapter on
-the Royal Palaces need not be told of the traditions preserved by the
-names Somerset House and the Savoy. Cecil Street and Salisbury Street
-recall the memory of Salisbury House, built by Sir Robert Cecil, Earl
-of Salisbury, brother of the Earl of Essex mentioned above. Then we
-have Bedford Street, with Russell Street, Southampton Street, Tavistock
-Street, around Covent Garden. These names unfold historical truths.
-Covent Garden is an abbreviated form of Convent Garden, the garden
-of the monks of Westminster. It was granted to the Russell family at
-the dissolution of monasteries, and the Russells, Earls of Bedford,
-erected a mansion here, which has long disappeared, but has left traces
-behind in the streets named after the various titles to which members
-of the Russell family attained. In another part of London we find
-traces of the same family. After leaving Covent Garden they migrated
-to Bloomsbury, and there we find Bedford Square, Southampton Street,
-Russell Square, Tavistock Square, and Chenies Street, this latter being
-named after their seat in Buckinghamshire. Craven buildings, near
-Drury Lane, tells of the home of Lord Craven, the devoted admirer of
-the "Queen of Hearts," the beautiful Queen of Bohemia. Clare House,
-the mansion of the Earls of Clare, survives in Clare Market; and
-Leicester Square points to the residence of the favourite of Queen
-Elizabeth, and Villiers Street and Buckingham Street to that of another
-court favourite, the Duke of Buckingham. The bishops also had their
-town houses, and their sites are recorded by such names as Ely Place,
-Salisbury Square, Bangor Court, and Durham Street.
-
-We might wander westward, and trace the progress of building and of
-fashion, and mark the streets that bear witness to the memories of
-great names in English history; but that would take us far beyond our
-limits. Going back citywards, we should find many other suggestive
-names of streets--those named after churches; those that record the
-memories of religious houses, such as Blackfriars, Austin Friars,
-Crutched Friars; those that mark the course of many streams and brooks
-that now find their way underground to the great river. All these names
-recall glimpses of Old London, and must be cherished as priceless
-memorials of ancient days.
-
-
-The Heart of the City
-
-In the centre of London, at the eastern end of Cheapside, stand the
-Royal Exchange, the Mansion House, and Bank of England, all of which
-merit attention. The official residence of the Lord Mayor--associated
-with the magnificent hospitality of the city, with the memory of many
-distinguished men who have held the office of Chief Magistrate, and
-with the innumerable charitable schemes which have been initiated
-there--was built by Dance, and completed in 1753. It is in the Italian
-style, and resembles a Palladian Palace. Its conspicuous front, with
-Corinthian columns supporting a pediment, in the centre of which is a
-group of allegorical sculpture, is well known to all frequenters of
-the city. Formerly it had an open court, but this has been roofed over
-and converted into a grand banquetting hall, known as the Egyptian
-Hall. There are other dining rooms, a ball room, and drawing room, all
-superbly decorated, and the Mansion House is a worthy home for the Lord
-Mayor of London.
-
-The Bank of England commenced its career in 1691; founded by William
-Paterson, a Scotsman, and incorporated by William III. The greatest
-monetary establishment in the world at first managed to contain its
-wealth in a single chest, not much larger than a seaman's box. Its
-first governor was Sir John Houblon, who appears largely in the recent
-interesting volume on the records of the Houblon family, and whose
-house and garden were on part of the site of the present bank. The
-halls of the mercers and grocers provided a home for the officials in
-their early dealings. The site of the bank was occupied by a church,
-St. Christopher-le-Stocks, three taverns, and several houses. These
-have all been removed to make room for the extensions which from time
-to time were found necessary. The back of the Threadneedle Street front
-is the earliest portion--built in 1734, to which Sir Robert Taylor
-added two wings; and then Sir John Soane was appointed architect, and
-constructed the remainder of the present buildings in the Corinthian
-style, after the model of the Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli. There
-have been several subsequent additions, including the heightening of
-the Cornhill front by an attic in 1850. There have been many exciting
-scenes without those sombre-looking walls. It has been attacked by
-rioters. Panics have created "runs" on the bank; in 1745 the managers
-just saved themselves by telling their agents to demand payment for
-large sums in sixpences, which took a long time to count, the agents
-then paying in the sixpences, which had to be again counted, and thus
-preventing _bonâ-fide_ holders of notes presenting them. At one time
-the corporation had a very insignificant amount of money in the bank,
-and just saved themselves by issuing one pound notes. The history of
-forgeries on the bank would make an interesting chapter, and the story
-of its defence in the riots of 1780, when old inkstands were used as
-bullets by the gallant defenders, fills a page of old-world romance.
-
-[Illustration: THE ROYAL EXCHANGE.
-
-_Engraved by Hollar, 1644._]
-
-But interesting as these buildings are, their stories pale before
-that of the Royal Exchange. The present building was finished in
-1844, and opened by her late Majesty Queen Victoria with a splendid
-state and civic function. Its architecture is something after the
-style of the Pantheon at Rome. Why the architects of that and earlier
-periods always chose Italian models for their structures is one of the
-mysteries of human error; but, as we have seen, all these three main
-buildings in the heart of the city are copied from Italian structures.
-William Tite was the architect, and he achieved no mean success. The
-great size of the portico, the vastness of the columns, the frieze and
-sculptured tympanum, and striking figures, all combine to make it an
-imposing building. Upon the pedestal of the figure of "Commerce" is the
-inscription: "The earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof." The
-interior has been enriched by a series of mural paintings, representing
-scenes from the municipal life of London, the work of eminent artists.
-
-This exchange is the third which has stood upon this site. The first
-was built by Sir Thomas Gresham, one of the famous family of merchants
-to whom London owes many benefits. It was a "goodly Burse," of Flemish
-design, having been built by a Flemish architect and Flemish workmen,
-and closely resembled the great Burse of Antwerp. The illustration,
-taken from an old engraving by Hollar, 1644, shows the building with
-its large court, with an arcade, a corridor or "pawn" of stalls above,
-and, in the high-pitched roof, chambers with dormer windows. Above
-the roofs a high bell-tower is seen, from which, at twelve o'clock at
-noon and at six in the evening, a bell sounded forth that proclaimed
-the call to 'Change. The merchants are shown walking or sitting on the
-benches transacting their business. Each nationality or trade had its
-own "walk." Thus there were the "Scotch walk," "Hanbro'," "Irish,"
-"East country," "Swedish," "Norway," "American," "Jamaica," "Spanish,"
-"Portugal," "French," "Greek," and "Dutch and Jewellers'" walks. When
-Queen Elizabeth came to open the Exchange, the tradesmen began to use
-the hundred shops in the corridor, and "milliners or haberdashers sold
-mouse-traps, bird-cages, shoeing-horns, Jews' trumps, etc.; armourers,
-that sold both old and new armour; apothecaries, booksellers,
-goldsmiths, and glass-sellers." The Queen declared that this beautiful
-building should be no longer called the Burse, but gave it the name
-"The Royal Exchange." In the illustration some naughty boys have
-trespassed upon the seclusion of the busy merchants, and the beadle is
-endeavouring to drive them out of the quadrangle.
-
-This fine building was destroyed by the Great Fire, when all the
-statues fell down save that of the founder, Sir Thomas Gresham. His
-trustees, now known as the Gresham Committee, set to work to rebuild
-it, and employed Edward German as their architect, though Wren gave
-advice concerning the project. As usual, the citizens were not very
-long in accomplishing their task, and three years after the fire the
-second Exchange was opened, and resembled in plan its predecessor. Many
-views of it appear in the Crace collection in the British Museum. In
-1838 it was entirely destroyed by fire. In the clock-tower there was
-a set of chimes, and the last tune they played, appropriately, was,
-"There's nae luck about the house." As we have seen, in a few years the
-present Royal Exchange arose, which we trust will be more fortunate
-than its predecessors, and never fall a victim to the flames.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-There is much else that we should like to see in Old London, and record
-in these Memorials. We should like to visit the old fairs, especially
-Bartholomew Fair, Smithfield, either in the days of the monks or with
-my Lady Castlemaine, who came in her coach, and mightily enjoyed a
-puppet show; and the wild beasts, dwarfs, operas, tight-rope dancing,
-sarabands, dogs dancing the Morrice, hare beating a tabor, a tiger
-pulling the feathers from live fowls, the humours of Punchinello, and
-drolls of every degree. Pages might be written of the celebrities of
-the fair, of the puppet shows, where you could see such incomparable
-dramas as _Whittington and his Cat_, _Dr. Faustus_, _Friar Bacon_,
-_Robin Hood and Little John_, _Mother Shipton_, together with "the
-tuneful warbling pig of Italian race." But our pageant is passing,
-and little space remains. We should like to visit the old prisons. A
-friend of the writer, Mr. Milliken, has allowed himself to be locked
-in all the ancient gaols which have remained to our time, and taken
-sketches of all the cells wherein famous prisoners have been confined;
-of gates, and bars, and bolts and doors, which have once restrained
-nefarious gaol-birds. Terrible places they were, these prisons, wherein
-prisoners were fleeced and robbed by governors and turnkeys, and, if
-they had no money, were kicked and buffeted in the most merciless
-manner. Old Newgate, which has just disappeared, has perhaps the most
-interesting history. It began its career as a prison in the form of a
-tower or part of the city gate. Thus it continued until the Great Fire,
-after which it was restored by Wren. In our illustration of the old
-gatehouse, it will be seen that it had a windmill at the top. This was
-an early attempt at ventilation, in order to overcome the dread malady
-called "gaol distemper," which destroyed many prisoners. Many notable
-names appear on the list of those who suffered here, including several
-literary victims, whose writings caused them grievous sufferings.
-The prison so lately destroyed was designed by George Dance in 1770.
-A recent work on architecture describes it as almost perfect of its
-kind. Before it was completed it was attacked by the Gordon rioters,
-who released the prisoners and set it on fire. It was repaired and
-finished in 1782. Outwardly so imposing, inwardly it was, for a long
-period, one of the worst prisons in London, full of vice and villainy,
-unchecked, unreformed; while outside frequently gathered tumultuous
-crowds to see the condemned prisoners hanged. We might have visited
-also the debtors' prisons with Mr. Pickwick and other notables, if
-our minds were not surfeited with prison fare; and even followed the
-hangman's cart to Tyburn, to see the last of some notorious criminals.
-Where the Ludgate Railway Station now stands was the famous Fleet
-prison, which had peculiar privileges, the Liberty of the Fleet
-allowing prisoners to go on bail and lodge in the neighbourhood of
-the prison. The district extended from the entrance to St. Paul's
-churchyard, Old Bailey, Ludgate Hill, to the Thames. Everyone has heard
-of the Fleet marriages that took place in this curious neighbourhood.
-On the other side of New Bridge Street there was a wild district called
-Alsatia, extending from Fleet Street to the Thames, wherein, until
-1697, cheats and scoundrels found a safe sanctuary, and could not be
-disturbed.
-
-Again, we should like to visit the old public gardens, Vauxhall and
-Ranelagh, in company with Horace Walpole, or with Miss Burney's
-_Evelina_ or Fielding's _Amelia_, and note "the extreme beauty and
-elegance of the place, with its 1,000 lamps"; "and happy is it for me,"
-the young lady remarks, "since to give an adequate idea of it would
-exceed my power of description."
-
-But the pageant must at length pass on, and we must wake from the
-dreams of the past to find ourselves in our ever growing, ever
-changing, modern London. It is sufficient for us to reflect sometimes
-on the past life of the great city, to see again the scenes which took
-place in the streets and lanes we know so well, to form some ideas of
-the characters and manners of our forefathers, and to gather together
-some memorials of the greatest and most important city in the world.
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[11] _Cf._ _Cathedral Churches of Great Britain._ (Dent & Co.)
-
-[12] _Cf._ Mr. Philip Norman's notes on a recent lecture by Mr. Arthur
-Keen. _Architect_, December 27th, 1907.
-
-
-
-
-INDEX
-
-
-Abbey, Bermondsey, ii., 46
-
-Abbot of Westminster and monks in Tower prison, i., 59
-
----- of Malmesbury, i., 159
-
-Actor, Thomas Davies the, ii., 178
-
-Addison at Wills' Coffee-house, ii., 178
-
-Albemarle Club, ii., 110
-
----- Monk, Duke of, ii., 75
-
-Albus, Liber, i., 122
-
-Aldermanbury, St. Mary, ii., 31
-
-Aldersgate, i., 21
-
-Aldgate, i., 24; ii., 39
-
-Aldwych, ii., 208
-
-Alfred Club, ii., 107
-
----- the Great, i., 13, 19, 111
-
-All Hallows Barking ii., 204
-
----- Staining, Mark Lane, ii., 205
-
----- the More, Church of, i., 230
-
-Alpine Club, ii., 110
-
-Alsatia, ii., 36
-
-Anecdote of Charles II. and the Chaplains' dinner, ii., 62
-
-"Angel Inn," Wych Street, ii., 131
-
-Anglo-Saxon houses, i., 114
-
-Anlaf the Dane, i., 10
-
-Anthropological Institute, ii., 163
-
----- Society, ii., 162
-
-Antiquaries, Society of, ii., 150, 153
-
-Apothecaries' Company, i., 200
-
-Apprentices of London, i., 123
-
----- dress of, i., 124
-
----- flogging of, i., 124
-
-Archæological Association, British, ii., 163
-
----- Institute, ii., 164
-
-Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, i., 68
-
-Archdeacon Hale, reforms of, i., 103
-
-Archery, ii., 43
-
-Architect, George Dance, i., 182
-
----- of Palace of Westminster, ii., 2
-
----- of Tower, Gundulf, i., 32, 33
-
-Architecture, Crusaders' influence on, i., 134
-
-_Armory, London's_, i., 240
-
-Armourers' and Braziers' Company, i., 200, 201
-
-Arms of the City and See of London, i., 233
-
-Army and Navy Club, ii., 102
-
-Arsenal, Tower an, i., 56, 60
-
-Arthur's Club, ii., 101
-
-Artillery Street, ii., 212
-
-Artists, Blackfriars as abode of, ii., 49
-
-Artizans' Houses, i., 125
-
-Arts, Society of, ii., 154
-
-Arundel House, ii., 216
-
-Asiatic Society, Royal, ii., 158
-
-Associates of the Temple, i., 136
-
-Association, British Archæological, ii., 163
-
----- for the Advancement of Science, British, ii., 158
-
-Associations of Covent Garden, Literary, ii., 178
-
----- of Pall Mall, Literary, ii., 179
-
----- of St. James' Street, Literary, ii., 180
-
----- of the Temple, Literary, i., 146
-
-Athenæum Club, ii., 105
-
-Augustine Friars, ii., 36
-
-August Society of the Wanderers Club, ii., 101
-
-Aulus Plautius, i., 6
-
-Austin Friars, ii., 27, 217
-
-Authors' Club, ii., 110
-
-Authors of the Temple, ii., 174
-
-Ave Mary Lane, ii., 215
-
-Avenue, Northumberland, ii., 215
-
-"Axe" Inn, Aldermanbury, ii., 131
-
-Axe Yard, Westminster, ii., 54
-
-
-Bacon, Sir Francis, i., 101
-
-Bacon's Inn, i., 174
-
-Bailey, Old, i., 25; ii., 212
-
-Bakers' Company, i., 201
-
-Bank of England, ii., 217
-
-Bankside, ii., 45
-
-"Banqueting Hall," Tower, i., 35
-
-Banqueting House, Whitehall, ii., 14
-
-Banquets, City, i., 188
-
-Barbers', or Barber Surgeons' Company i., 201
-
-Barbican, ii., 212
-
----- destroyed, i., 53
-
-Barges of City Companies, i., 195
-
-Barnard's Inn, i., 168
-
-Barry, Sir Charles, ii., 2
-
-Bars, London, ii., 52
-
-Bartholomew Fair, ii., 220
-
----- the Great, St., Smithfield, i., 66
-
-Basilica, Roman, i., 7
-
-Bath Club, ii., 110
-
----- Roman, i., 7
-
-"Batson's" Coffee-house, ii., 137
-
-Battle at Crayford, i., 14
-
-Baynard Castle, i., 30, 122; ii., 213
-
-Bear-baiting, ii., 44, 47
-
-Bear Garden, ii., 47
-
-Beauchamp, Monument of Sir John, i., 118
-
-Beauvale, Nottinghamshire, i., 87
-
-"Bedford" Coffee-house, ii., 137, 138
-
-Bedford, Earls of, ii., 216
-
-"Bell and Crown" Inn, Holborn, ii., 125
-
-"Bell" Inn, Warwick Lane, ii., 131
-
-Bell Inn, ii., 114
-
-Bells of Bow, The, ii., 210
-
-Belmie, Richard de, Bishop of London, i., 68
-
-Berkeley House, ii., 53
-
-Bermondsey Abbey, ii., 46
-
-Berwick Bridge and Bribery, i., 101
-
-Bethnal Green, ii., 53
-
-Billingsgate, i., 8, 126; ii., 21
-
-Bishop of London, Mellitus, first, i., 16
-
----- Richard de Belmies, i., 68
-
-Bishopsgate, i., 18, 228; ii., 183
-
-Bishops of London, seals of, i., 236
-
-Bishops' houses, ii., 216
-
-Bishopric of London, i., 89
-
-Black death, i., 88
-
-Blackfriars, ii., 47, 217
-
----- abode of artists, ii., 49
-
----- Bridge, ii., 95
-
----- Glovers in, ii., 49
-
----- playhouse near, ii., 48
-
----- Shakespeare's house in, ii., 50
-
----- Vandyke's studio in, ii., 49
-
-Blacksmiths' Company, i., 201
-
-Blackwell Hall, i., 183
-
-Blake, William, poet, painter, ii., 176
-
-Bloody Gate Tower, i., 47, 61
-
-"Blossoms" Inn, ii., 131
-
-"Blue Boar" Inn, ii., 118
-
-"Boar's Head" Inn, ii., 168
-
-"Bolt-in-Tun" Inn, Fleet Street, ii., 127
-
-Bolton, William, prior of St. Bartholomew, i., 76
-
-Bonfires, ii., 41
-
-Boodle's Club, ii., 101
-
-Borough, The, ii., 166
-
-Boswell, ii., 176
-
-Bow Bells, ii., 210
-
-Bowyers' Company, i., 201
-
-Braziers' Company, Armourers' and, i., 200, 201
-
-Bread Street, ii., 30
-
----- John Milton born in, ii., 170
-
-Brewers' Company, i., 201
-
-Bribery and Berwick Bridge, i., 101
-
----- Extraordinary, i., 101
-
-Brick building by the Hansa, i., 229
-
-Bridewell, ii., 6
-
----- Hospital, ii., 49, 196
-
----- Palace of, ii., 48
-
-Bridge, Blackfriars, ii., 95
-
----- Chapel, ii., 88, 90
-
----- Gate, ii., 88, 90
-
----- Old London, i., 6, 10, 125
-
----- of London, ii., 21, 24, 28
-
----- St. Thomas of the, ii., 24
-
----- Southwark, ii., 82, 97
-
----- Waterloo, ii., 97
-
----- Westminster, ii., 94
-
-"Bridge House Estates," ii., 87
-
-British Archæological Association, ii., 163
-
----- Association for the Advancement of Science, ii., 158
-
-Broad Street, ii., 36
-
-Broderers' Company, i., 201
-
-Brontë, Charlotte and Anne, ii., 171
-
-Brook, Turnmill, i., 149
-
-Brooks's Club, ii., 101, 103
-
-_Brooks's, Memorials of_, ii., 103
-
-Brown, Dr. Haig, i., 104
-
-Buckingham Palace, ii., 15
-
-Bucklersbury, ii., 30
-
-Builder of Tower of London, Gundulf, i., 32, 33
-
----- Westminster Bridge, Labelye, ii., 94
-
-Building, Goldsmith, i., 146
-
----- Lamb, i., 147
-
----- operations at the Tower, Henry III., i., 50
-
----- Wren's, i., 144
-
-Buildings, Craven, ii., 216
-
----- Harcourt, i., 146
-
----- Johnson's, i., 146
-
----- Mitre Court, i., 147
-
-"Bull and Mouth" Inn, St. Martin's-le-Grand, ii., 129
-
-Bull-Baiting, ii., 46
-
-"Bull" Inn, ii., 119
-
----- in Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121
-
-Burbage, James, ii., 45
-
-Burleigh Street, ii., 215
-
-Burlington House, ii., 53
-
-Butler, Samuel, ii., 179
-
-Button's Coffee-house, ii., 99
-
-Byron, Lord, ii., 180
-
-
-Camden's description of St. Paul's Cathedral, ii., 33
-
-Candlewick Street, ii., 213
-
-Cannon Street, i., 116
-
-Canterbury, William de Corbeil, Archbishop of, i., 68
-
-Capital of Kings of Essex, i., 12
-
-Cardinal Wolsey, ii., 13
-
----- Wolsey's Palace, i., 116
-
-Carlton Club, ii., 108
-
-Carpenters' Company, i., 200, 202
-
-Carthusian house, first, i., 87
-
----- Order, i., 86
-
-Carved woodwork in City Churches, ii., 207
-
-Cassius, Dion, i., 3
-
-Castle, Baynard, i., 30, 122; ii., 213
-
-Castles of earth and timber, Early, i., 49
-
-Cathedral, St. Paul's, i., 16, 24
-
-"Catherine Wheel" Inn, ii., 123
-
-Cedd, St., i., 16
-
-Celtic London, i., 1-5
-
----- site of, i., 2
-
-Chair in Fishmongers' Hall, ii., 92
-
-Chancery, difference between the Inns of Court and, i., 161
-
----- Holborn and the Inns of Court and, i., 149, 177
-
----- Inns of, i., 167
-
----- Lane, i., 133, 153
-
-Change, Old, ii., 32
-
-Chantry Chapel of St. Bartholomew, built by de Walden, i., 72
-
-Chapel, Bridge, ii., 88, 90
-
----- Guildhall, i., 182
-
----- London Bridge, ii., 24
-
----- of St. John, i., 36
-
----- of St. Peter and Vincula, i., 42, 49, 57
-
----- Pardon Churchyard and, i., 88
-
----- Royal, at St. James's Palace, ii., 12
-
----- Savoy, ii., 4
-
-"Chapter" Coffee-house, ii., 137, 139
-
-Charing Cross, the "Rummer" in, ii., 179
-
----- "Three Tuns" at, ii., 71
-
-Charles I. a prisoner in St. James's Palace, ii., 9
-
----- his execution, ii., 10
-
-Charles II. and the Chaplains' dinner, anecdote of, ii., 62
-
----- Evelyn's description of Restoration of, ii., 55
-
-Charles the Martyr, ii., 10
-
-Charnel-house, St. Bartholomew, i., 78
-
-Charter of William I., i., 22
-
-Charterhouse, i., 86
-
----- alterations in sixteenth century, i., 97
-
----- ejection of schoolmaster, i., 103
-
----- fifteenth century plan of, i., 94
-
----- Hospital, i., 98
-
----- John Houghton, Prior of, i., 91
-
----- Monastery, destruction of, i., 93
-
----- Palace, i., 94
-
----- Refectory, i., 94
-
----- reforms of Archdeacon Hale, i., 103
-
----- School, i., 102
-
----- ---- moved to Godalming, i., 104
-
-Chaucer, i., 124
-
----- marriage of, ii., 4
-
-Cheapside, i., 126; ii., 29, 30
-
----- St. Mary-le-Bow, ii., 210
-
-"Cheshire Cheese," ii., 173
-
-Cheshire Cheese Club, ii., 99
-
-Christchurch, ii., 39
-
-Christ Church, Spitalfields, ii., 207
-
-Christ's Hospital, ii., 35, 194, 196
-
----- ---- pictures at, ii., 200
-
----- ---- removed to Horsham, ii., 203
-
----- ---- Samuel Pepys and, ii., 198
-
-_Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London_, i., 109
-
-Church, All Hallows the More, i., 230
-
----- consecrated by Heraclius, Temple, i., 133
-
----- desecration of Temple, i., 145
-
----- effigies in Temple, i., 136
-
----- Life of the City, i., 127
-
----- Organ, Temple, i., 145
-
----- St. Andrew in Holborn, i., 164
-
----- St. Andrew in the Wardrobe, ii., 50
-
----- St. Bartholomew the Great, former neglected condition of, i., 66
-
----- St. Bride, ii., 6
-
----- St. Buttolph, ii., 38
-
----- St. Helen, ii., 184
-
----- St. Leonard's, ii., 42
-
----- St. Mary le Bow, i., 24
-
----- St. Michael-le-Querne, ii., 32
-
-Churches, carved woodwork in City, ii., 207
-
----- City, ii., 203
-
----- destroyed, Wren's, ii., 206
-
----- in London, number of, ii., 23
-
----- Plays in, i., 129
-
-Churchyard and Chapel, Pardon, i., 88
-
-Citizens, liveries of, i., 192
-
----- Middlesex granted to the, i., 23
-
-City and See of London, Arms of the, i., 233
-
----- banquets, i., 188
-
----- Churches, carved woodwork in, ii., 207
-
----- ---- ii., 203
-
----- Church life of the, i., 127
-
----- Companies, i., 191
-
----- ---- barges of the, i., 195
-
----- ---- Charity and Religion of, i., 195
-
----- ---- Patron Saints of, i., 196
-
----- ---- promotion of trade by, i., 196
-
----- Customs of the, i., 187
-
----- Feasts, i., 192
-
----- Freedom of the, i., 185
-
----- Gates of, i., 11
-
----- Heart of the, ii., 217
-
----- of palaces, ii., 215
-
-Civil War troubles, i., 102
-
-Clare Market, ii., 216
-
-Clarendon House, ii., 53
-
-Clement's Inn, i., 175
-
-Clerkenwell, i., 129, 140
-
-Clerks' Company, Parish, i., 129
-
-Cleveland Row, Theodore Hook in, ii., 181
-
-Clifford's Inn, i., 175
-
-Clipping or "sweating" coin, i., 109
-
-Clockmakers' Company, i., 202
-
-Cloister Court, ii., 50
-
-Cloth Fair, Smithfield, i., 116
-
-Clothworkers' Company, i., 199
-
----- Hall, i., 222
-
-Club, Albemarle, ii., 110
-
----- Alfred, ii., 107
-
----- Alpine, ii., 110
-
----- Army and Navy, ii., 102
-
----- Arthur's, ii., 101
-
----- Athenæum, ii., 105
-
----- August Society of the Wanderers, ii., 101
-
----- Authors', ii., 110
-
----- Bath, ii., 110
-
----- Boodle's, ii., 101
-
----- Brooks's, ii., 101, 103
-
----- Button's Coffee-house, ii., 99
-
----- Carlton, ii., 108
-
----- Cheshire Cheese, ii., 99
-
----- Cock, ii., 99
-
----- Cocoa Tree, ii., 101, 180
-
----- Conservative, ii., 109
-
----- Fox, ii., 104
-
----- Garrick, ii., 107
-
----- Guards', ii., 101
-
----- Hurlingham, ii., 110
-
----- Junior United Service, ii., 102
-
----- Kit Cat, ii., 177
-
----- Literary, ii., 180
-
----- Marlborough, ii., 110
-
----- Marylebone Cricket, ii., 110
-
----- National, ii., 109
-
----- Oriental, ii., 106
-
----- "Rag and Famish," ii., 103
-
----- Reform, ii., 108
-
----- "Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," ii., 100
-
----- "Thatched House," ii., 180
-
----- Travellers', ii., 104
-
----- Union, ii., 104
-
----- United Service, ii., 101
-
----- United University, ii., 104
-
----- White's, ii., 101
-
-Clubs of London, ii., 99
-
-Coach and Coach-Harness Company, i., 202
-
-"Coal Hole," ii., 177
-
-Cock Club, ii., 99
-
-"Cock" Inn, ii., 71
-
-Cockpit Theatre, ii., 58, 59
-
-Cocoa Tree Club, ii., 101, 180
-
-Coffee, first introduction of, ii., 135
-
-Coffee-house, Button's, ii., 99
-
-Coffee-houses, Old London, ii., 135
-
----- as lecture rooms, ii., 146
-
----- as public reading-rooms, ii., 143
-
----- Manners and modes in, ii., 148
-
----- Museums at, ii., 146
-
----- Quack medicines sold at, ii., 144
-
----- Sales at, ii., 146
-
-Coin, clipping or "sweating," i., 109
-
-Coins found in the Thames, i., 10
-
-Colchester keep, compared with the keep of the Tower, i., 33
-
-Cold Harbour Gate, i., 41
-
-Colechurch, Peter of, ii., 85
-
-Coleman Street, i., 18
-
-Colet, i., 86
-
-Collections, Zoological, ii., 63
-
-Colony, Danish, ii., 208
-
-Commerce, Trade and, ii., 186
-
-Common Hall, i., 186
-
-"Common Playhouses," ii., 43
-
-Companies, Barges of City, i., 195
-
----- Charity and Religion of City, i., 195
-
----- City, i., 191
-
----- Halls of the, i., 217
-
----- Patron Saints of City, i., 196
-
----- Promotion of trade by City, i., 196
-
----- Spoliation of the, i., 214
-
-Company, Apothecaries', i., 201
-
----- Armourers' and Braziers', i., 201
-
----- Bakers', i., 201
-
----- Barbers' or Barber Surgeons', i., 201
-
----- Blacksmiths', i., 201
-
----- Bowyers', i., 201
-
----- Brewers', i., 201
-
----- Broderers', i., 201
-
----- Carpenters', i., 200, 202
-
----- Clockmakers', i., 202
-
----- Clockworkers', i., 199
-
----- Coach and Coach Harness, i., 202
-
----- Cooks', i., 202
-
----- Coopers', i., 203
-
----- Cordwainers', i., 203
-
----- Curriers', i., 203
-
----- Cutlers', i., 203
-
----- Distillers', i., 203
-
----- Drapers', i., 198
-
----- Dyers', i., 203
-
----- Fanmakers', i., 204
-
----- Farriers', i., 204
-
----- Feltmakers', i., 204
-
----- Fishmongers', i., 195, 197, 198
-
----- Fletchers', 201, 204
-
----- Founders', i., 204
-
----- Framework Knitters', i., 205
-
----- Fruiterers', i., 205
-
----- Girdlers', i., 205
-
----- Glass-sellers', i., 206
-
----- Glaziers', i., 206
-
----- Glovers', i., 206
-
----- Goldsmiths', i., 195, 197
-
----- Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers', i., 206
-
----- Grocers', i., 197
-
----- Gunmakers', i., 206
-
----- Haberdashers', i., 199
-
----- Horners', i., 207
-
----- Innholders', i., 207
-
----- Ironmongers', i., 199
-
----- Joiners', i., 207
-
----- Leathersellers', i., 200, 207
-
----- Loriners', i., 208
-
----- Masons', i., 208
-
----- Mercers', i., 197
-
----- Merchant Taylors', i., 198
-
----- Musicians', i., 208
-
----- Needlemakers', i., 208
-
----- Painters' or Painter-stainers', i., 208
-
----- Parish Clerks', i., 129
-
----- Pattenmakers', i., 209
-
----- Pewterers', i., 209
-
----- Plaisterers', i., 209
-
----- Playing-card Makers', i., 209
-
----- Plumbers', i., 209
-
----- Poulters', i., 210
-
----- Saddlers', i., 200, 210
-
----- Salters', i., 199
-
----- Scriveners', i., 210
-
----- Shipwrights', i., 211
-
----- Skinners', i., 196, 199
-
----- Spectacle-makers', i., 211
-
----- Stationers', i., 212
-
----- Tallow Chandlers', i., 212
-
----- Tin-plate Workers', i., 212
-
----- Turners' or Wood-potters', i., 212
-
----- Tylers' and Bricklayers', i., 212
-
----- Upholders', i., 212
-
----- Vintners', i., 197, 199
-
----- Wax Chandlers', i., 212
-
----- Weavers', i., 213
-
----- Wheelwrights', i., 213
-
----- Woolmen's, i., 213
-
-"Concentric" Castle, i., 40
-
-Conduit, ii., 31
-
-"Conduit, The Little," ii., 32
-
-Conference, Savoy, ii., 5
-
-Congreve, ii., 177
-
-Consecration of the Temple Church by Heraclius, i., 133
-
-Conservative Club, ii., 109
-
-Constable of the Tower, Geoffrey de Mandeville, i., 41
-
----- William Puinctel, i., 45
-
-Conversion of Jews, i., 108
-
-Cooks' Company, i., 202
-
----- Row, ii., 213
-
-Coopers' Company, i., 203
-
-Corbeil, William de, Archbishop of Canterbury, i., 68
-
-Corbis, Peter--Water engineer, ii., 91
-
-Cordwainers' Company, i., 203
-
-Cornhill, i., 126; ii., 213
-
----- Gray born in, ii., 171
-
-Corporation, religious services of the, i., 183
-
-Corpus Christi Day, i., 127
-
-Court and Chancery, difference between the Inns of, i., 161
-
----- ---- Holborn and the Inns of, i., 149, 177
-
----- Buildings, Mitre, i., 147
-
----- Cloister, ii., 50
-
----- Hare, i., 145
-
----- Northumberland, i., 154
-
----- of Requests, ii., 2
-
----- Plays in halls of Inns of, i., 143
-
----- Tanfield, i., 146
-
----- Wardrobe, ii., 50
-
-Covent Garden, ii., 52, 216
-
----- ---- Literary associations of, ii., 178
-
-Cowley, Abraham, ii., 171
-
-Cowper, ii., 174
-
-Craven Buildings, ii., 216
-
-Crayford, Battle at, i., 14
-
-Cripplegate, i., 11, 21
-
----- wooden houses, i., 115
-
-Croft, Spittle, i., 89
-
-Crooked Streets, Narrow and, i., 112
-
-Crosby estate at Hanworth-on-Thames, ii., 186
-
----- Hall, i., 123; ii., 37, 182
-
----- Place, i., 115, 122
-
----- Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at, ii., 190
-
----- Sir John, i., 122; ii., 88, 185
-
----- Thomas More at, ii., 190
-
-Cross, Demolition of St. Paul's, i., 120
-
----- Eleanor, ii., 31
-
-Crossbows, i., 56
-
-"Cross Keys" in Bishopsgate Street, ii., 120
-
-Cross, Paul's, i., 119; ii., 34
-
-"Crown" Coffee-house, ii., 138
-
----- Inn, Holborn, ii., 126
-
-"Crowned or Cross Keys" Inn, ii., 117
-
-"Crug-baskets," ii., 200
-
-Crusaders, their influence on architecture, i., 134
-
-Crutched Friars, ii., 217
-
-Crypt of St. Ann's Chapel, i., 139
-
-Crypts, Guildhall, i., 180
-
-Cursitors' Inn, i., 174
-
-Custom House, ii., 21
-
-Customs of the City, i., 187
-
-Cutlers' Company, i., 203
-
-
-Dance, George, Architect, i., 182
-
-Dane, Anlaf the, i., 10
-
-Danes destroyed London, i., 13
-
----- massacre of the, ii., 208
-
-Danish colony, ii., 208
-
----- invasion, i., 19
-
-Davenant, ii., 69
-
-Davies, Thomas, the actor, ii., 178
-
-Davy's Inn, i., 155, 165, 172
-
-Death, Black, i., 88
-
-Dekker, ii., 168
-
-Demolition of Paul's Cross, i., 120
-
-Description of Restoration of Charles II., Evelyn's, ii., 55
-
-Desecration of Temple Church, i., 145
-
-Destruction of Charterhouse monastery, i., 93
-
----- of Monuments, ii., 36
-
----- of Wren's churches, ii., 206
-
-"Devil" Inn, ii., 173
-
-Devonshire House, ii., 53
-
-Dickens' days in Hungerford Stairs, ii., 179
-
-Difference between Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery, i., 161
-
-"Dine with Duke Humphrey, to," i., 117
-
-Dinner, anecdote of Charles II. and the Chaplains', ii., 62
-
-Dion Cassius, i., 3
-
-Disabilities of Jews, i., 107
-
-Distillers' Company, i., 203
-
-_Diurnal_, Rugge's, ii., 56
-
-Doctors, Heroic, ii., 74
-
-"Dog" Inn, ii., 70
-
-"Dolphin" Inn, ii., 123
-
-Dominicans' monastery in Shoe Lane, i., 150
-
-Dorset Gardens Theatre, ii., 68
-
----- Thomas Sackville, first Earl of, ii., 171
-
-Dowgate, i., 8
-
-Downing Street, ii., 54
-
-Drapers' Company, i., 198
-
-Drayton, Michael, ii., 171
-
-Dress of apprentices, i., 124
-
-Drury Lane Theatre, ii., 68
-
-Dryden, ii., 178
-
-"Duke Humphrey, to dine with," i., 117
-
-Duke of Albemarle, Monk, ii., 75
-
----- of Gloucester, at Crosby Hall, Richard, ii., 190
-
-Duke's House Theatre, ii., 67
-
----- Place, ii., 40
-
-Dyers' Company, i., 203
-
-
-Earl of Warwick, Inn of, in Warwick Lane, i., 123
-
-Earls of Bedford, ii., 216
-
-Early castles of earth and timber, i., 49
-
----- Times, London in, i., 1-26
-
-Earth and timber, early castles of, i., 49
-
-Eastcheap, i., 126
-
----- and Westcheap, markets of, ii., 213
-
-East Smithfield, Edmund Spenser born in, ii., 171
-
-Effigies in Temple Church, i., 136
-
-Ejection of Charterhouse Schoolmaster, i., 103
-
-Eleanor Cross, ii., 31
-
-Elizabeth, Industries encouraged by, ii., 49
-
-Elizabethan London, ii., 21
-
-England, Bank of, ii., 217
-
-Enlargement of the Tower by Richard I., i., 44
-
-Erkenwald, Bishop of London, i., 17
-
-Ermin Street, i., 7
-
-Escape from the Tower of Flambard, Bishop of Durham, i., 39
-
-Essex, capital of the Kings of, i., 12
-
----- Street, ii., 215
-
-"Estates, Bridge House," ii., 87
-
-Ethnological Society, ii., 161
-
-Etiquette in Hyde Park, ii., 67
-
-Etymology of London, i., 2
-
-Eve, Midsummer, ii., 40
-
-Evelyn, John, ii., 54
-
-Evelyn's description of Restoration of Charles II., ii., 55
-
-Exchange, Old, ii., 214
-
----- Royal, ii., 28, 217, 218
-
-Execution of Charles I., ii., 10
-
-Expulsion of Jews, i., 110
-
-Extraordinary bribery, i., 101
-
-
-Fair, Bartholomew, ii., 220
-
----- Smithfield Cloth, i., 116
-
-Fanmakers' Company, i., 204
-
-Farriers' Company, i., 204
-
-Father Gerard, prisoner in Tower, i., 63
-
-Feasts, City, i., 192
-
-Feltmakers' Company, i., 204
-
-Fenchurch Street, ii., 214
-
-Ferries, Thames, ii., 23
-
-Fields, Goodman's, ii., 38
-
-Finsbury, ii., 43
-
-Fire, Great, i., 179, 215; ii., 73, 76
-
----- London rebuilt after Great, ii., 80
-
-Fires at the Temple, i., 144
-
----- Frequency of, i., 125
-
-First Bishop of London, Mellitus, i., 16
-
----- Carthusian house, i., 87
-
----- Introduction of Coffee, ii., 135
-
----- Prisoners sent to the Tower, i., 50
-
-Fishmongers' Company, i., 195, 197, 198
-
----- Hall, i., 218
-
----- ---- chairs in, ii., 92
-
-FitzStephen's _Description of London_, i., 38
-
-Flambard, Bishop of Durham, escape from the Tower of, i., 39
-
-Fleet, Liberty of the, ii., 222
-
----- Prison, ii., 222
-
----- River, i., 149
-
-Fletcher, ii., 168
-
-Fletchers' Company, i., 201, 204
-
-Flogging of apprentices, i., 124
-
-Floods at Whitehall, ii., 57
-
-Florence, Friscobaldi of, ii., 187
-
-Fludyer Street, ii., 54
-
-Folkmote, i., 23
-
-Ford across Thames, i., 4
-
-"Foreigners," i., 123
-
-Foreigners in London, ii., 26
-
-Former neglected condition of St. Bartholomew's Church, i., 66
-
-Founder of Lincoln's Inn, Henry de Lacy, i., 150
-
-Founders' Company, i., 204
-
-"Four Swans" Inn in Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121, 122
-
-Fox Club, ii., 104
-
-Framework Knitters' Company, i., 205
-
-France, Petty, ii., 28
-
-Franklin, Benjamin, i., 83
-
-Freedom of London, i., 152
-
----- of the City, i., 185
-
-Frequency of fires, i., 125
-
-Friars, Augustine, ii., 36
-
----- Austin, ii., 27, 217
-
----- Black, ii., 217
-
----- Crutched, ii., 217
-
-_Friars of London, Chronicle of the Grey_, i., 109
-
-Friscobaldi of Florence, ii., 187
-
-Fruiterers' Company, i., 205
-
-Furnival's Inn, i., 167
-
-
-Galleried Inns, ii., 116
-
-Game of Mall, ii., 64
-
-"Game of Swans," i., 204
-
-Garden, Bear, ii., 47
-
----- Covent, ii., 52, 216
-
----- Old Spring, ii., 58
-
----- Stairs, Paris, ii., 44
-
----- Temple, i., 142
-
-"Garraway's" Coffee-house, ii., 137
-
-Garrick Club, ii., 107
-
-Gate, Bridge, ii., 88, 90
-
----- Traitors', ii., 24, 90
-
-Gates of City, i., 11
-
-Gaunt at Savoy Palace, John of, ii., 3
-
-Geographical Society, Royal, ii., 160
-
-Geological Society, ii., 155
-
-"George" Inn, ii., 117, 166
-
-Gerard prisoner in Tower, Father, i., 63
-
-"Gerard's Hall" Inn, ii., 132
-
-German Hanse Merchants, ii., 187
-
-Gibbons's Statue of James II., Grinling, ii., 60
-
-_Gilda Teutonicorum_, ii., 27
-
-Girdlers' Company, i., 205
-
-Glasshouse Yard, ii., 49
-
-Glass-making, ii., 49
-
-Glass-sellers' Company, i., 206
-
-Glaziers' Company, i., 206
-
-Globe Theatre, ii., 45
-
-Glovers' Company, i., 206
-
-Glovers in Blackfriars, i., 206
-
-Godalming, Charterhouse School moved to, i., 104
-
-Gog and Magog, i., 180
-
-Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers' Company, i., 206
-
-Goldsmith Building, i., 146
-
----- Oliver, ii., 172, 176
-
-Goldsmiths' Company, i., 195, 197
-
----- Hall, i., 219
-
----- Row, ii., 32
-
-Goodman's Fields, ii., 38
-
-Gordon Riots, ii., 221
-
-"Governance of London, the," i., 15
-
-"Grand Tour, the," ii., 66
-
-Grasse Church, ii., 214
-
-Gray born in Cornhill, ii., 171
-
-Gray's Inn, i., 161, 162
-
-Great Fire, i., 121, 179, 215; ii., 73, 76
-
----- ---- a blessing, i., 115
-
----- ---- London rebuilt after, ii., 80
-
----- Plague, ii., 73
-
----- Tower Hill, scaffold on, i., 64
-
-"Grecian," ii., 200
-
----- Coffee-house, ii., 137
-
-"Green Dragon" Inn, in Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121, 122
-
-Greenwich, Palace at, ii., 25
-
-Gresham, residence of Sir Thomas, ii., 37
-
----- Sir Thomas, ii., 219
-
-_Grey Friars of London, Chronicle of the_, i., 109
-
-Grey Friars' monastery, ii., 195
-
----- Reginald de, i., 161
-
-Griffin, prisoner in Tower keep, i., 55
-
-Grocers' Company, i., 197
-
----- Hall, i., 179, 218
-
-Guards' Club, ii., 101
-
-Guild, i., 22
-
-Guilda Aula Teutonicorum, i., 227
-
-Guildhall, The, i., 178, 190; ii., 31
-
----- Chapel, i., 182
-
----- Crypts, i., 180
-
----- Historic scenes in the, i., 187
-
----- Library, i., 183
-
----- "Little Ease" at the, i., 186
-
----- of the Steel-yard, i., 230
-
----- Portraits at the, i., 184
-
----- Windows in the, i., 189
-
-_Gull's Horne-Book, The_, i., 118
-
-Gundulf, architect of Tower, i., 32, 33
-
-Gunmakers' Company, i., 206
-
-Gunpowder manufactured in Tower, i., 60
-
-Guy Fawkes, prison of, i., 35
-
-Gwynne's house, Nell, ii., 102
-
-
-Haberdashers' Company, i., 199
-
----- Hall, i., 221
-
-Hale, Reforms of Archdeacon, i., 103
-
-Half-timbered houses, i., 113
-
-Hall, Crosby, a prison for Royalists, ii., 191
-
----- Blackwell, i., 183
-
----- Chair in Fishmongers', ii., 92
-
----- Clothworkers', i., 222
-
----- Common, i., 186
-
----- Crosby, i., 123; ii., 37, 182
-
----- Fishmongers', i., 218
-
----- Goldsmiths', i., 219
-
----- Grocers', i., 179, 218
-
----- Haberdashers', i., 221
-
----- Inner Temple, i., 139
-
----- Ironmongers', i., 222
-
----- Mercers', i., 218
-
----- Merchant Taylors', i., 179, 219
-
----- Middle Temple, i., 143
-
----- Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at Crosby, ii., 190
-
----- Salters', i., 221
-
----- Skinners', i., 221
-
----- Thomas More at Crosby, ii., 190
-
----- Vintners', i., 222
-
----- Westminster, ii., 2
-
-Halls of Inns of Court, Plays in, i., 143
-
----- of the Companies, i., 217
-
-Hamburg, i., 226
-
-Hanged, Three hundred Jews, i., 109
-
-Hansa, i., 225
-
----- brick building by the, i., 229
-
-Hanseatic League, i., 224
-
-Hanse Merchants, German, ii., 27, 187
-
-Hanworth-on-Thames, Crosby Estate at, ii., 186
-
-Harcourt Buildings, i., 146
-
-Hare Court, i., 145
-
-Haymarket, ii., 53
-
-"Head, The Monk's," ii., 58
-
-Heads on Bridge Gate, ii., 90
-
-Heart of the City, ii., 217
-
-Henry III.'s building operations at the Tower, i., 50
-
----- VIII.'s buildings, i., 61
-
-Henslowe, Philip, ii., 44
-
-Heraclius, Temple Church consecrated by, i., 133
-
-Herber, the, i., 122
-
-Herfleets' Inn, i., 174
-
-Hermitage in the Tower, i., 55
-
-Heroic Doctors, ii., 74
-
-Herrick, ii., 169
-
-Hill, St. Andrew's, ii., 50
-
-Hinton, Somersetshire, i., 87
-
-Historic Scenes in the Guildhall, i., 187
-
-"Hobson's Choice," ii., 121
-
-Holborn and the Inns of Court and Chancery, i., 149-177
-
----- Church of St. Andrew in, i., 164
-
----- Inns, ii., 124
-
----- Old Temple, in, i., 153
-
----- Origin of name, i., 149
-
----- Viaduct, i., 149
-
-Holeburn, Manor of, i., 150
-
-Holy Trinity, Priory of, ii., 39
-
-Holywell, ii., 42
-
-Hook, Theodore, in Cleveland Row, ii., 181
-
-_Horne-Book, The Gull's_, i., 118
-
-Horners' Company, i., 207
-
-Horse Races at Smithfield, i., 132
-
-Horsham, Christ's Hospital removed to, ii., 203
-
-Hospital, Bridewell, ii., 49, 196
-
----- Charterhouse, i., 98
-
----- Christ's, ii., 35, 194, 196
-
----- ---- removed to Horsham, ii., 203
-
----- for lepers, ii., 7
-
----- Pictures at Christ's, ii., 200
-
----- St. Bartholomew's, ii., 35, 196
-
----- St. Thomas's, ii., 196
-
----- Samuel Pepys and Christ's, ii., 198
-
-Houghton, John, Prior of Charterhouse in 1531, i., 91
-
-Houndsditch, ii., 39
-
-House, Arundel, ii., 216
-
----- Banqueting, Whitehall, ii., 14
-
----- Berkeley, ii., 53
-
----- Burlington, ii., 53
-
----- Clarendon, ii., 53
-
----- Custom, ii., 21
-
----- Devonshire, ii., 53
-
-"House Estates, Bridge," ii., 87
-
----- First Carthusian, i., 87
-
----- Howard, i., 98
-
----- in Blackfriars, Shakespeare's, ii., 50
-
----- Marlborough, ii., 12
-
----- Marquis of Winchester's, ii., 36
-
----- Nell Gwynne's, ii., 102
-
----- "Nonesuch," ii., 24
-
----- Salisbury, ii., 216
-
----- Sessions, without Newgate, i., 164
-
----- Southampton, i., 154
-
----- twelfth century, i., 112
-
----- Winchester, ii., 46
-
----- York, ii., 13
-
-Houses, Anglo-Saxon, i., 114
-
----- and shops on old London Bridge, i., 112
-
----- Artizans', i., 125
-
----- Bishops', ii., 216
-
----- half-timbered, i., 113
-
----- merchants', i., 123
-
----- near Temple, wooden, i., 116
-
----- of nobility, i., 122
-
----- wooden, Cripplegate, i., 115
-
-"Humphrey, to dine with Duke," i., 117
-
-Hungerford Stairs, Dickens' days in, ii., 179
-
-Hunting, i., 132
-
-Hurlingham Club, ii., 110
-
-Hurriers, i., 199
-
-Hyde Park, ii., 66, 67
-
-
-Imprisoned in Tower, Jews, i., 58
-
-Imprisonment of Knights Templars, i., 59
-
-Industries encouraged by Queen Elizabeth, ii., 49
-
-Influence on Architecture, Crusaders', i., 134
-
-Inner Temple, i., 141
-
----- and Middle Temples, i., 161
-
----- Temple Hall, i., 139
-
-Inn, Henry de Lacy, founder of Lincoln's, i., 150
-
----- Bacon's i., 174
-
----- Barnard's, i., 168
-
----- Clement's, i., 175
-
----- Clifford's, i., 175
-
----- Cursitors', i., 174
-
----- Davy's, i., 155, 165, 172
-
----- Earl of Warwick, in Warwick Lane, i., 123
-
----- Furnival's, i., 167
-
----- Gray's, i., 161, 162
-
----- Herfleet's, i., 174
-
----- Kidderminster, i., 174
-
----- Lincoln's, i., 155, 157, 160, 166; ii., 42
-
----- Lyon's, i., 167, 176
-
----- New, i., 173
-
----- Scrope's, i., 176
-
----- Six Clerks, i., 174
-
----- Staple, i., 116, 153, 160, 170, 171
-
-Innholders' Company, i., 207
-
-Inns of Chancery, i., 167
-
----- of Court and Inns of Chancery, difference between, i., 161
-
----- ---- Plays in halls of, i., 143
-
----- ---- and Chancery, Holborn and the, i., 149, 177
-
----- at Southwark, ii., 114
-
----- and Taverns, old, ii., 46, 70, 113
-
----- Angel, Wych Street, ii., 131
-
----- Axe, Aldermanbury, ii., 131
-
----- Bell, Warwick Lane, ii., 131
-
----- Bell and Crown, Holborn, ii., 125
-
----- Belle, ii., 114
-
----- Blossoms, ii., 131
-
----- Blue Boar, ii., 118
-
----- Boars' Head, ii., 168
-
----- Bolt-in-Tun, ii., 127
-
----- Bull, ii., 119
-
----- ---- Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121
-
----- ---- and Mouth, ii., 129
-
----- Catherine Wheel, ii., 123
-
----- "Cheshire Cheese," ii., 173
-
----- Cross Keys, Bishopsgate Street, ii., 120
-
----- Crown, Holborn, ii., 126
-
----- Crowned or Cross Keys, ii., 117
-
----- "Devil," ii., 173
-
----- Dolphin, ii., 123
-
----- Four Swans, Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121, 122
-
----- Galleried, ii., 116
-
----- George, ii., 117, 166
-
----- Gerard's Hall, ii., 132
-
----- Green Dragon, Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121, 122
-
----- Holborn, ii., 124
-
----- in King Street, Westminster, ii., 70
-
----- King's Head, ii., 116
-
----- "Mitre," ii., 173
-
----- Nag's Head, Whitcomb Street, ii., 132
-
----- Oxford Arms, ii., 130
-
----- Queen's Head, ii., 116, 117
-
----- St. George's, ii., 117
-
----- Saracen's Head, ii., 119, 123
-
----- Spread Eagle, ii., 120
-
----- Swan with Two Necks, ii., 133
-
----- Tabard, ii., 114, 121, 166
-
----- Three Nuns, ii., 118
-
----- "Two Swan," ii., 122
-
----- White Hart, ii., 115, 123
-
----- White Horse, ii., 127
-
-Insanitary condition of Old London, i., 115
-
-Installation of the Lord Mayor, i., 186
-
-Institute, Archæological, ii., 164
-
----- Anthropological, ii., 163
-
-Introduction of Coffee, first, ii., 135
-
-Invasion, Danish, i., 19
-
-Ireland Yard, ii., 50
-
-Ironmongers' Company, i., 199
-
----- Hall, i., 222
-
-Islington, ii., 53
-
-
-Jacobite Coffee-houses, ii., 140
-
-James I. and the Temple, i., 144
-
----- II., Grinling Gibbons's statue of, ii., 60
-
-Jeffreys, Judge, and Temple Church organ, i., 145
-
-Jewry Lane, Poor, i., 108
-
----- Leicester, i., 108
-
----- Old, i., 108
-
----- Street, i., 108
-
-Jews, ii., 215
-
----- Conversion of, i., 108
-
----- disabilities of, i., 107
-
----- expulsion of, i., 110
-
----- Imprisoned in Tower, i., 58
-
----- in London, i., 106
-
----- Money-lending by, i., 107
-
----- plundered, i., 122
-
----- prejudice against, i., 109
-
----- three hundred hanged, i., 109
-
-Johnson, Dr., in Fleet Street, ii., 172
-
-Johnson's Buildings, i., 146
-
-Joiners' Company, i., 207
-
-Jomsborg, i., 225
-
-Jones, Inigo, ii., 14, 52
-
-Jonson, Ben, ii., 168
-
-Jousts at Smithfield, i., 130
-
-Junior United Service Club, ii., 102
-
-
-Keep of Tower of London compared with Colchester keep, i., 33
-
-Kensington Palace, ii., 16
-
-Kidderminster Inn, i., 174
-
-Killigrew, ii., 69
-
-King Street, Westminster, Inns in, ii., 70
-
-King's Bench Walk, i., 144
-
-"King's Head" Inn, ii., 116
-
-"King's House," i., 61; ii., 67
-
-Kings of Essex, capital of, i., 12
-
-Kit Cat Club, ii., 177
-
-Knights Hospitallers, i., 140
-
----- Templars, imprisonment, i., 59
-
-Kontors of the League, i., 226
-
-
-La Belle Sauvage Yard, ii., 127
-
-Labelye, builder of Westminster Bridge, ii., 94
-
-Lacy, Henry de, founder of Lincoln's Inn, i., 150
-
-Lady Chapel and printing shop, i., 82, 83
-
-Lamb Building, i., 147
-
----- Charles, ii., 175
-
-Lambeth Palace, ii., 17
-
-Lane, Ave Mary, ii., 215
-
----- Chancery, i., 133, 153
-
----- Inn of Earl of Warwick in Warwick, i., 123
-
----- Mincing, i., 8; ii., 27
-
----- "Poor Jewry," i., 108
-
----- Sermon, ii., 214
-
----- Shoe, i., 150
-
----- Sopars', ii., 30
-
-Lawyers in the Temple, settlement of, i., 140
-
-Leadenhall, ii., 27, 40, 214
-
-League, The Hanseatic, i., 224
-
----- Kontors of the, i., 226
-
-Learned Societies of London, ii., 150
-
-Leather-sellers' Company, i., 200, 207
-
-Lecture rooms, Coffee-houses as, ii., 146
-
-Leicester Jewry, i., 108
-
----- Square, ii., 216
-
-Lepers, Hospital for, ii., 7
-
-_Liber Albus_, i., 122
-
-Liberty of the Fleet, ii., 222
-
-Library, Guildhall, i., 183
-
-Life of the City, Church, i., 127
-
----- Street, i., 127
-
-Lincoln's Inn, i., 155, 157, 160, 161; ii., 42
-
----- Henry de Lacy, founder of, i., 150
-
-Literary associations of Covent Garden, ii., 178
-
----- ---- Pall Mall, ii., 179
-
----- ---- St. James' Street, ii., 180
-
----- ---- The Temple, i., 146
-
----- Club, ii., 180
-
----- Shrines of Old London, ii., 166
-
-Literature, Royal Society of, ii., 156
-
-"Little Conduit, The," ii., 32
-
-"Little Ease," i., 34, 58
-
----- ---- at the Guildhall, i., 186
-
-Liveries of Citizens, i., 192
-
-Lives of the People, i., 121
-
-"Lloyd's" Coffee-house, ii., 139
-
-Locke, John, ii., 171
-
-"Lock, Rock," ii., 88
-
-Lombard Street, ii., 27, 214
-
----- ---- Pope born in, ii., 171
-
-Lombardy merchants, ii., 26
-
-_London's Armory_, i., 240
-
-Lord Mayor, Installation of the, i., 186
-
-Loriners' Company, i., 208
-
-Lothbury, ii., 214
-
-Lovel, Sir Thomas, ii., 42
-
-Lübeck, i., 226
-
-Ludgate, i., 11, 24; ii., 213
-
-Lydgate's _London's Lickpenny_, i., 125
-
-_Lynn, dun_, i., 2
-
-Lyon's Inn, i., 167, 176
-
-
-Macaulay's picture of London, ii., 55
-
-Mall, the game of, ii., 63, 64
-
-Malmesbury, Abbot of, i., 159
-
-Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Constable of the Tower, i., 41
-
-Manners and modes in Coffee-houses, ii., 148
-
-Manny, Sir Walter de, i., 89
-
-Manor of Holeburn, i., 150
-
-Mansion, Sir Paul Pindar's, ii., 123
-
-Manufacture of _gunpowder_ in Tower, i., 60
-
-Mariners, St. Clement patron saint of, ii., 209
-
-Market, Clare, ii., 216
-
-Markets of Eastcheap and Westcheap, ii., 213
-
-Marlborough Club, ii., 110
-
----- House, ii., 12
-
-Marriage of Chaucer, ii., 4
-
-Marylebone Cricket Club, ii., 110
-
-Masons' Company, i., 208
-
-Masques, i., 144
-
-Massacre of the Danes, ii., 208
-
-Massinger, Philip, ii., 168, 169
-
-Mathematical School, Royal, ii., 198
-
-Mayor, Installation of the Lord, i., 186
-
-May-poles, i., 132
-
-Meat Market, Shambles or, ii., 35
-
-Mediæval London, i., 106
-
-Mellitus, first Bishop of London, i., 16
-
-_Memorials of Brooks's_, ii., 103
-
-Menagerie at the Tower, i., 52
-
-Mercers' Company, i., 197
-
----- Hall, i., 218
-
-Merchant Taylors' Company, i., 198
-
----- ---- Hall, 1., 179, 219
-
----- ---- School, i., 94, 104
-
-Merchants, German Hanse, ii., 187
-
----- of Lombardy, ii., 26
-
----- Hanse, ii., 27
-
-Merchants' houses, i., 123
-
-Mermaid Tavern, ii., 30, 168
-
-Middle Temple, i., 141, 165
-
----- ---- Hall, i., 143
-
----- Temples, Inner and, i., 161
-
-Middlesex granted to the citizens, i., 23
-
-Midsummer Eve, ii., 40
-
-Millianers, i., 199
-
-Milton, John, born in Bread Street, ii., 170
-
-Mincing Lane, i., 8; ii., 27
-
-Minories, ii., 38
-
-Mint, Tower, i., 64
-
-Mitre Court Buildings, i., 147
-
-"Mitre" Inn, ii., 173
-
-Mob, Tower surprised by, i., 53
-
-Modern London founded after the Restoration, ii., 53
-
-Monastery, destruction of Charterhouse, i., 93
-
----- Grey Friars, ii., 195
-
----- in Shoe Lane, Dominicans', i., 150
-
-Money-lending by Jews, i., 107
-
-Monk, Duke of Albemarle, ii., 75
-
-"Monk's Head, The," ii., 58
-
-Monks tortured and executed, i.,92
-
-Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, ii., 177
-
-Monument of Sir John Beauchamp, i., 118
-
-Monuments in the Temple, i., 139
-
----- destruction of, ii., 36
-
-Moorgate, i., 25
-
-Moorfields, i., 122
-
-More, i., 86
-
----- Thomas, at Crosby Hall, ii., 190
-
-Mosaic pavements, i., 12
-
-Museums at Coffee-houses, ii., 146
-
-Musicians' Company, i., 208
-
-
-"Nag's Head" Inn, Whitcomb Street, ii., 132
-
-Name Holborn, Origin of the, i., 149
-
-Names of Streets, i., 123
-
-Narrow and crooked streets, i., 112
-
----- and unsavoury streets, i., 125
-
----- escape of Richard III., ii., 189
-
-National Club, ii., 109
-
-Needlemakers' Company, i., 208
-
-Newgate, ii., 26
-
----- Sessions House without, i., 164
-
-Newington, playhouse at, ii., 44
-
-New Inn, i., 173
-
----- Temple, i., 163
-
-Nobility, houses of, i., 122
-
-"Nonesuch House," ii., 24, 91
-
-Norfolk, Duke of, i., 96
-
-Norman London, i., 21, 26
-
----- Well, i., 62
-
-North, Sir Edward, i., 95
-
-Northburgh, Michael de, i., 89
-
-Northumberland Avenue, ii., 215
-
----- Court, i., 154
-
-Norway, St. Olaf patron saint of, ii., 209
-
-Number of Churches in London, ii., 23
-
-
-Office, Rolls, i., 153
-
-Old Bailey, i., 25; ii., 212
-
----- Bridges, ii., 82
-
----- Change, ii., 32
-
----- Exchange, ii., 214
-
----- Inns, ii., 46
-
----- ---- in Westminster, ii., 70, 71
-
----- Jewry, i., 108
-
----- London Bridge, houses and shops on, i., 112
-
----- Prisons, ii., 221
-
----- St. Paul's, i., 116
-
----- Spring Garden, ii., 58
-
----- Temple in Holborn, i., 153
-
----- Theatres, ii., 167
-
----- time punishments, i., 130
-
-Order, Carthusian, i., 86
-
-Orderic, i., 30, 31
-
-Ordinance of the Staple, i., 171
-
-Organ, Temple Church, i., 145
-
-Oriental Club, ii., 106
-
-Origin of the name Holborn, i., 149
-
-"Oxford Arms" Inn, ii., 130
-
-
-Pageant of London, ii., 193
-
----- of the Streets, ii., 211
-
-Pageants, i., 192
-
----- on the Thames, i., 194
-
-Painters' or Painter-stainers' Company, i., 208
-
-Palace, Bridewell, ii., 48
-
----- Buckingham, ii., 15, 16
-
----- Cardinal Wolsey's, i., 116
-
----- Charterhouse, i., 94
-
----- Greenwich, ii., 25
-
----- Lambeth, ii., 17
-
----- St. James's, ii., 7, 61
-
----- Savoy, ii., 3
-
----- Westminster, ii., 1, 2
-
----- Whitefriars, ii., 60
-
----- Whitehall, ii., 9, 11, 13, 56
-
-Palaces, City of, ii., 215
-
----- of London, ii., 1
-
-Pall Mall, ii., 63
-
----- ---- Literary Associations of, ii., 179
-
-Panton Street, ii., 54
-
-"Papye," ii., 37
-
-Pardon Churchyard and Chapel, i., 88
-
-Paris Garden Stairs, ii., 44
-
-Parish Clerks' Company, i., 129
-
-Park, Hyde, ii., 66, 67
-
----- St. James's, ii., 63
-
-Passage, Subterranean, i., 62
-
-Paternoster Row, ii., 215
-
-Patron Saint of Norway, St. Olaf, ii., 209
-
----- ---- of Mariners, ii., 209
-
----- Saints of City Companies, i., 196
-
-Pattenmakers' Company, i., 209
-
-Paul's Cathedral, St., i., 16, 24
-
----- Cross, i., 119; ii., 34
-
----- ---- Demolition of, i., 120
-
-"Paul's School," ii., 34
-
-Paul's Walk, i., 117; ii., 33
-
-Pavements, Mosaic, i., 12
-
-Penn, Sir William, ii., 77
-
-Penthouse, i., 125
-
-People, Lives of the, i., 121
-
-Pepys, Samuel, ii., 54
-
----- ---- and Christ's Hospital, ii., 198
-
----- as a dramatic critic, ii., 70
-
----- as a playgoer, ii., 67
-
-Pepys's London, ii., 52
-
-Peter of Colechurch, ii., 85
-
-Petty France, ii., 28
-
-Pewterers' Company, i., 209
-
-Piccadilly, ii., 53
-
-Picture of London, Macaulay's, ii., 55
-
-Pictures at Christ's Hospital, ii., 200
-
-"Piggin," ii., 200
-
-Pike Ponds, ii., 47
-
-Pillory, i., 130
-
-Pindar's mansion, Sir Paul, ii., 123
-
-Place, Duke's, ii., 40
-
-Plague, Great, ii., 73
-
-Plaisterers' Company, i., 209
-
-Plan of Charterhouse, fifteenth century, i., 94
-
-Plantation, Ulster, i., 214
-
-Playhouse at Newington, ii., 44
-
----- near Blackfriars, ii., 48
-
----- the Rose, ii., 45, 47
-
----- Swan, ii., 47
-
----- Yard, ii., 50
-
-"Playhouses, Common," ii., 43, 44
-
-Playing-card Makers' Company, i., 209
-
-Plays, ii., 43
-
----- in Churches, i., 129
-
----- in Halls of Inns of Court, i., 143
-
----- Religious, i., 129
-
-Plowden, Edmund, i., 143, 145
-
-Plumbers' Company, i., 209
-
-Plundered Jews, i., 122
-
-Poet-painter, William Blake, The, ii., 176
-
-Pomerium, i., 108
-
-Ponds, Pike, ii., 47
-
-"Poor Jewry Lane," i., 108
-
-Pope born in Lombard Street, ii., 171
-
-Port of London, ii., 21
-
-Portraits at the Guildhall, i., 184
-
-Portreeve, i., 22, 23
-
-Portugal Row, Theatre in, ii., 68
-
-Pottery, Roman, i., 5
-
-Poulters' Company, i., 210
-
-Poultry, The, ii., 30, 214
-
-"Pound sterling," i., 232
-
-Prejudice against Jews, i., 109
-
-Princes murdered in the Tower, i., 36
-
-Printing-house, Richardson's, ii., 172
-
-Printing-shop, Lady Chapel and, i., 82, 83
-
-Prior, John Walford, i., 72
-
----- of Charterhouse in 1531, John Houghton, i., 91
-
----- of St. Bartholomew, William Bolton, i., 76
-
-Priory of Holy Trinity, ii., 39
-
----- of St. Mary Overie, ii., 86
-
-Prison, Abbot of Westminster and Monks in, i., 59
-
----- Fleet, ii., 222
-
----- for Royalists, Crosby a, ii., 191
-
----- of Guy Fawkes, i., 35
-
----- of Ranulph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, i., 39
-
----- of Sir Walter Raleigh, i., 35
-
----- Subterranean, i., 62
-
-Prisoner in St. James's Palace, Charles I. a., ii., 9
-
-Prisoners in Tower, Scotch, i., 59
-
----- Royal, i., 60
-
----- sent to the Tower, First, i., 50
-
-Prisons, Old, ii., 221
-
-Proceedings, _quo warranto_, i., 216
-
-Projecting storeys of houses, i., 114
-
-Promotion of Trade by City Companies, i., 197
-
-Puinctel, William, Constable of the Tower, i., 45
-
-Punishments, Old-time, i., 130
-
----- School, ii., 202
-
-"Purgatory," St. Bartholomew, i., 78
-
-
-Quack medicines sold at Coffee-houses, ii., 144
-
-Queenhithe, ii., 21
-
-"Queen's Head" Inn, ii., 116, 117
-
-Quintain, i., 132
-
-_Quo warranto_ proceedings, i., 216
-
-
-Races at Smithfield, Horse, i., 132
-
-"Rag and Famish," ii., 103
-
-Rahere, i., 67
-
-Rahere's vision, i., 67
-
-"Rainbow" in Fleet Street, ii., 135
-
-Raleigh, Prison of Sir Walter, i., 35
-
-Ranelagh, Vauxhall and, ii., 222
-
-Rawlinson, Daniel, a loyal innkeeper, ii., 71
-
-Rebuilt after great fire, London, ii., 80
-
-Refectory, Charterhouse, i., 94
-
-Reform Club, ii., 108
-
-Reforms of Archdeacon Hale, i., 103
-
-Relics in the Temple, Treasures and, i., 138
-
-Religion, City Companies, their charity and, i., 195
-
-Religious plays, i., 129
-
----- services of the Corporation, i., 183
-
-Renovations of the Tower, Wren's, i., 35
-
-Requests, Court of, ii., 2
-
-Residence of Sir Thomas Gresham, ii., 37
-
-Restoration of Charles II., Evelyn's description of, ii., 55
-
----- of St. Bartholomew, i., 81, 84
-
----- Modern London founded after the, ii., 53
-
-Rich, Sir Richard, i., 78
-
-Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at Crosby Hall, ii., 190
-
----- I.'s enlargement of the Tower, i., 44
-
----- III., Narrow escape of, ii., 189
-
-Richardson's printing-house, ii., 172
-
-"Ridings," i., 124
-
-Riots, London, ii., 221
-
-"Rock Lock," ii., 88
-
-Rolls Office, i., 153
-
-Roman basilica, i., 7
-
----- bath, i., 7
-
----- London, i., 6-12
-
----- ---- Bridge, i., 10
-
----- pottery, i., 5
-
----- remains, i., 28
-
----- wall, i., 11
-
-Rose playhouse, The, ii., 45, 47
-
-Row, Cooks', ii., 213
-
----- Goldsmiths', ii., 32
-
----- Paternoster, ii., 215
-
-Royal Asiatic Society, ii., 158
-
----- Chapel, at St. James's Palace, ii., 12
-
----- Exchange, ii., 28, 217, 218
-
----- Geographical Society, ii., 160
-
----- Institution, ii., 154
-
----- Mathematical School, ii., 198
-
----- Prisoners, i., 60
-
----- Society, ii., 72, 150
-
----- Society of Literature, ii., 156
-
-Royalists, Crosby a prison for, ii., 191
-
-Rugge's _Diurnal_, ii., 56
-
-"Rummer" in Charing Cross, The, ii., 179
-
-Russell Street, ii., 178
-
-Rutland Place, i., 96
-
-
-Sackville, Thomas, first Earl of Dorset, ii., 171
-
-Saddlers' Company, i., 200, 210
-
-St. Andrew, Holborn, Church of, i., 164; ii., 207
-
----- in the Wardrobe, Church of, ii., 50
-
----- Undershaft, ii., 37, 204
-
-St. Andrew's Hill, ii., 50
-
----- Holborn, ii., 207
-
-St. Ann's Chapel, Crypt of, i., 139
-
-St. Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield, i., 66
-
----- Restoration of, i., 81, 84
-
-St. Bartholomew's Hospital, ii., 35, 196
-
-St. Bénezet, ii., 85
-
-St. Bride, Church of, ii., 6
-
-St. Bruno, i., 86
-
-St. Buttolph, Church of, ii., 38
-
-St. Catherine Cree, ii., 204
-
-St. Cedd, i., 16
-
-St. Clement Danes, ii., 208
-
-St. Clement, patron saint of mariners, ii., 209
-
-St. Dunstan's, Stepney, ii., 204
-
-St. Ethelreda's, Ely Place, ii., 204
-
-St. George's Inn, i., 171
-
-St. Giles', Cripplegate, ii., 204
-
-St. Helen, Church of, ii., 41, 184
-
-"St. James's," Addison at the, ii., 180
-
----- Coffee-house, ii., 137, 141
-
----- Palace, ii., 7, 61
-
----- Park, ii., 63
-
----- Square, ii., 53
-
----- Street, Literary associations of, ii., 180
-
----- Swift at the, ii., 180
-
-St. John, Chapel of, i., 36
-
-St. Leonard's Church, ii., 42
-
-St. Margaret's, Lothbury, Screen in, i., 230
-
-St. Martin's le Grand, ii., 36
-
-St. Mary, Aldermanbury, ii., 31
-
----- Axe, ii., 37
-
-St. Mary-le-Bow, Church of, i., 24
-
----- Cheapside, ii., 210
-
-St. Mary Overie, ii., 46
-
----- ---- Priory, ii., 86
-
----- Woolchurch, ii., 214
-
-St. Michael-le-Querne, Church of, ii., 32
-
-St. Olaf, patron saint of Norway, ii., 209
-
-St. Olave's, Hart Street, ii., 205
-
-St. Paul's Cathedral, i., 16, 24; ii., 23
-
----- Camden's description of, ii., 33
-
----- Coffee-house, ii., 139
-
----- Old, i., 116
-
-St. Peter ad Vincula, Chapel of, i., 42, 49, 57
-
-St. Sepulchre's, near Newgate, ii., 205
-
-St. Thomas of the Bridge, ii., 24
-
-St. Thomas's Hospital, ii., 196
-
-Saints of City Companies, Patron, i., 196
-
-"Saladin Tithe," i., 134
-
-Sales at Coffee-houses, ii., 146
-
-Salisbury House, ii., 216
-
-Salters' Company, i., 199
-
----- Hall, i., 221
-
-"Saracen's Head" Inn, ii., 119
-
----- ---- on Snow Hill, ii., 123
-
-Savoy Chapel, ii., 4
-
----- Conference, ii., 5
-
----- Palace of the, ii., 3
-
----- ---- pillaged by Wat Tyler, ii., 4
-
-Saxon London, i., 12-21
-
-Scaffold on Great Tower Hill, i., 64
-
-Scenes in the Guildhall, Historic, i., 187
-
-School, Charterhouse, i., 102
-
----- ---- moved to Godalming, i., 104
-
----- Merchant Taylors', i., 94, 104
-
----- Paul's, ii., 34
-
----- Punishments, ii., 202
-
----- Royal Mathematical, ii., 198
-
-Schoolmaster, Ejection of Charterhouse, i., 103
-
-Science, British Association for the Advancement of, ii., 158
-
-Scotch prisoners in Tower, i., 59
-
-Screen in St. Margaret's, Lothbury, i., 230
-
-Scriveners' Company, i., 210
-
-Scrope's Inn, i., 176
-
-Sculpture in the Temple, i., 135
-
-Seal of Bishops of London, i., 236
-
-Sebert, i., 16
-
-See of London, Arms of the City and, i., 233
-
-Sergeants-at-Law, i., 142
-
-Sermon Lane, ii., 214
-
-Sessions House, without Newgate, i., 164
-
-Settlement at Westminster, Roman, i., 11
-
----- of lawyers in the Temple, i., 140
-
-Shakespeare, ii., 45
-
----- in London, ii., 26, 37
-
-Shakespeare's house in Blackfriars, ii., 50
-
-Shambles, or meat market, ii., 35
-
-Shipwrights' Company, i., 211
-
-Shirley, James, ii., 171
-
-Shoe Lane, i., 150
-
-Shops on Old London Bridge, houses and, i., 112
-
-Shoreditch, ii., 42
-
-Site of Celtic London, i., 2
-
-_Six Clerks Inn_, i., 174
-
-Skating on the Thames, i., 131
-
-Skinners' Company, i., 196, 199
-
----- Hall, i., 221
-
-Smithfield, Cloth Fair, i., 116
-
----- horse races at, i., 132
-
----- jousts at, i., 130
-
-Societies of London, Learned, ii., 150
-
-Society, Anthropological, ii., 162
-
----- Ethnological, ii., 161
-
----- Geological, ii., 155
-
----- of Antiquaries, ii., 150, 153
-
----- of Arts, Royal, ii., 154
-
----- of Literature, Royal, ii., 156
-
----- Royal, ii., 150
-
----- Royal Asiatic, ii., 156
-
----- Royal Geographical, ii., 160
-
----- Royal Statistical, ii., 160
-
-Sopars' Lane, ii., 30
-
-Southampton House, i., 154
-
-Southwark Bridge, ii., 82, 97
-
----- Inns at, ii., 114
-
-Spectacle-makers' Company, i., 211
-
-Spencer, Sir John, ii., 190
-
-Spenser, Edmund, born in East Smithfield, ii., 171
-
-Spittle Croft, i., 89
-
-Spoliation of the Companies, i., 214
-
-Sports of London youths, i., 131
-
-"Spread Eagle" Inn, ii., 120
-
-Square, St. James's, ii., 53
-
----- Leicester, ii., 216
-
-Stairs, Paris Garden, ii., 44
-
----- Thames, ii., 22
-
-Standard, The, ii., 31
-
-Staple Inn, i., 116, 153, 160, 170, 171
-
----- Ordinance of the, i., 171
-
-Stationers' Company, i., 212
-
-Statistical Society, Royal, ii., 160
-
-Statue of James II., Grinling Gibbons's, ii., 60
-
-Steel-yard, i., 227; ii., 21
-
----- Guildhall of the, i., 230
-
-Stepney, ii., 53
-
-"Sterling, a pound," i., 232
-
-Stone, London, i., 7, 28, 126
-
-Stow, i., 8, 11, 13; ii., 41
-
-Stow's _Survey_, ii., 25
-
-Strand, i., 126
-
-Street, Artillery, ii., 212
-
----- Bread, ii., 30
-
----- Broad, ii., 36
-
----- Burleigh, ii., 215
-
----- Candlewick, ii., 213
-
----- Cannon, i., 116
-
----- Coleman, i., 18
-
----- Downing, ii., 54
-
----- Ermin, i., 7
-
----- Essex, ii., 215
-
----- Fenchurch, ii., 214
-
----- Fludyer, ii., 54
-
----- Jewry, i., 108
-
----- Lombard, ii., 27, 214
-
----- Panton, ii., 54
-
----- Tooley, ii., 209
-
----- Watling, i., 6
-
-Streets, Life of the, i., 127
-
----- Names of, i., 123
-
----- Narrow and crooked, i., 112
-
----- Narrow and unsavoury, i., 125
-
----- Pageant of the, ii., 211
-
-"Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," ii., 100
-
-Subterranean passage, i., 62
-
----- prison, i., 62
-
-"Sun" Inn, ii., 70
-
-Surprised by mob, Tower, i., 53
-
-Surrender of London to William I., i., 30
-
-_Survey_, Stow's, ii., 25
-
-Sutton, Thomas, i., 98
-
-"Swans, Game of," i., 204
-
-Swan-marking, i., 204
-
-Swan playhouse, ii., 47
-
-"Swan with Two Necks," Lad Lane, ii., 133
-
-"Sweating" coin, Clipping or, i., 109
-
-Swift at the "St. James's," ii., 180
-
-Sword in the City Arms, i., 235
-
-
-Tabard Inn, ii., 46, 114, 166
-
-"Tabard" Inn in Gracechurch Street, ii., 120, 121
-
-Tacitus, i., 6, 7
-
-Tallow Chandlers' Company, i., 212
-
-Tanfield Court, i., 146
-
-Tavern, Mermaid, ii., 30, 168
-
-Taverns and Inns, ii., 70, 113
-
-Templars, the, i., 139
-
-"Temple, Associates of the," i., 136
-
-Temple, Authors of the, ii., 174
-
----- Church consecrated by Heraclius, i., 133
-
----- ---- desecration of, i., 145
-
----- ---- effigies in, i., 136
-
----- ---- organ, i., 145
-
----- Fires at the, i., 144
-
----- Garden, i., 142
-
----- Hall, Inner, i., 139
-
----- ---- Middle, i., 143
-
----- in Holborn, Old, i., 153
-
----- Inner, i., 141
-
----- James I. and the, i., 144
-
----- Literary Associations of the, i., 146
-
----- Middle, i., 141, 165
-
----- Monuments in the, i., 139
-
----- New, i., 163
-
----- Settlement of lawyers in the, i., 140
-
----- Sculpture in the, i., 135
-
----- The, i., 133-148
-
----- Treasures and relics in the, i., 138
-
----- Wooden houses near, i., 116
-
-Temples, Inner and Middle, i., 161
-
-_Teutonicorum, Gilda_, ii., 27
-
-Thames, i., 4
-
----- Coins found in the, i., 10
-
----- Ferries, ii., 23
-
----- Ford across, i., 4
-
----- Pageants on the, i., 195
-
----- Skating on the, i., 131
-
----- "Stairs," ii., 22
-
-Thames' watermen, ii., 22, 167
-
-"Thatched House" Club, ii., 180
-
-Theatre, Cockpit, ii., 59
-
----- Dorset Gardens, ii., 68
-
----- Drury Lane, ii., 68
-
----- Duke's House, ii., 67
-
----- Globe, ii., 45
-
----- in Portugal Row, ii., 68
-
----- King's House, ii., 67
-
-Theatres, Old, ii., 44, 167
-
-Thorney, i., 12
-
-Three hundred Jews hanged, i., 109
-
-"Three Nuns" Inn, ii., 118
-
----- Tuns" at Charing Cross, ii., 71
-
-Tilt Yard, ii., 58
-
-Timber, Early Castles of earth and, i., 49
-
-Tin-plate Workers' Company, i., 212
-
-"Tithe, Saladin," i., 134
-
-Tooley Street, ii., 209
-
-"Tour, The Grand," ii., 66
-
-Tower, Gundulf, architect of, i., 32, 33
-
----- of London, i., 27-65
-
----- keep compared with Colchester keep, i., 33
-
----- Wren's renovations of, i., 35
-
-Town of London, a walled, i., 110
-
-Trade and commerce, ii., 186
-
----- City Companies; their promotion of, i., 196
-
-"Traitors' Gate," i., 51, 65; ii., 24, 90
-
-Travellers' Club, ii., 104
-
-Treasures and relics in the Temple, i., 138
-
-Troubles, Civil War, i., 102
-
-Turners' or "Wood-potters'" Company, i., 212
-
-Turnmill Brook, i., 149
-
-Twelfth century house, i., 112
-
-"Two Swan" Inn yard, ii., 122
-
-Tyler, Wat, Savoy Palace pillaged by, ii., 4
-
----- Wat, i., 235
-
-Tylers' and Bricklayers' Company, i., 212
-
-
-Ulster Plantation, i., 214
-
-Undershaft, St. Andrew, ii., 37
-
-Union Club, ii., 104
-
-United Service Club, ii., 101
-
----- University Club, ii., 104
-
-Unsavoury Streets, Narrow and, i., 125
-
-Upholders' Company, i., 212
-
-
-Vandyke's Studio in Blackfriars, ii., 49
-
-Vauxhall, ii., 58
-
----- and Ranelagh, ii., 222
-
-Viaduct, Holborn, i., 149
-
-Vikings, i., 225
-
-Vintners' Company, i., 197, 199
-
----- Hall, i., 222
-
-Vintry, ii., 28
-
-Vision of Rahere, i., 67
-
-Wadlow, Simon, ii., 56
-
-
-Walbrook, i., 5
-
-Walden, Roger de, builds chantry chapel of St. Bartholomew, i., 72
-
-Walford, Prior John, i., 72
-
-Walk, King's Bench, i., 144
-
----- Paul's, i., 117; ii., 33
-
-Walled Town, London a, i., 110
-
-Walls, London, ii., 212
-
----- of London, i., 122
-
----- Roman, i., 11
-
-Walton, Izaac, ii., 171
-
-Walworth, Sir William, i., 235
-
-Wardrobe, Church of St. Andrew in the, ii., 50
-
----- Court, ii., 50
-
-Warwick Lane, Inn of Earl of Warwick in, i., 123
-
-Wash House Court, i., 94
-
-Water-engineer, Peter Corbis, ii., 91
-
-Waterloo Bridge, ii., 97
-
-Watermen, Thames', ii., 22, 167
-
-Watling Street, i., 6
-
-Wax Chandlers' Company, i., 212
-
-Weavers' Company, i., 213
-
-Westcheap, ii., 30
-
----- markets of Eastcheap and, ii., 213
-
-Westminster, i., 126
-
----- abbot and monks of, in prison, i., 59
-
----- Axe Yard, ii., 54
-
----- Bridge, ii., 94
-
----- Hall, ii., 2
-
----- Old inns in, ii., 70, 71
-
----- Palace of, ii., 1
-
----- Roman settlement at, i., 111
-
-Wheelwrights' Company, i., 213
-
-"Wherries," ii., 22
-
-Whist played at Coffee-houses, ii., 138
-
-Whitefriars Palace, ii., 60
-
-Whitehall, ii., 57
-
----- Banqueting House, ii., 14
-
----- Floods at, ii., 57
-
----- Palace of, ii., 9, 11, 13, 56, 57
-
-"White Hart" Inn, ii., 115, 123
-
-"White Horse" Inn, ii., 127
-
-White Tower, i., 34
-
-"White's" Chocolate-house, ii., 137
-
----- Club, ii., 101
-
-Whittington, Sir Richard, i., 178
-
-Wild-fowl in St. James's Park, ii., 63
-
-William I., Charter of, i., 22
-
----- i., 29
-
----- surrender of London to, i., 30
-
-"Will's" Coffee-house in Russell Street, ii., 137, 141
-
-Winchester House, ii., 46
-
----- House of Marquis of, ii., 36
-
-Windows in the Guildhall, i., 189
-
-Witham, Somersetshire, i., 87
-
-Wolsey, Cardinal, ii., 13
-
-Wolsey's Palace, Cardinal, i., 116
-
-Wooden houses near Temple, i., 116
-
----- ---- at Cripplegate, i., 115
-
-Woodwork in City Churches, Carved, ii., 207
-
-Woolcombers, i., 213
-
-Woolmen's Company, i., 213
-
-Wren, Sir Christopher, i., 43; ii., 205
-
-Wren's building, i., 144
-
----- churches destroyed, ii., 206
-
----- renovations of the Tower, i., 35
-
-
-Yard, Glasshouse, ii., 49
-
----- Ireland, ii., 50
-
----- Playhouse, ii., 50
-
----- Tilt, ii., 58
-
----- Westminster, Axe, ii., 54
-
-York House, ii., 13
-
-Youths, Sports of London, i., 131
-
-
-Zoological collections, ii., 63
-
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-     politicians look back with affection. We must refer the reader
-     to the volume itself ... and only wish that we had space to
-     quote extracts from its interesting pages."--_Spectator._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD DEVONSHIRE.
-
-Edited by F. J. SNELL, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Right
-Hon. Viscount Ebrington.
-
-     "A fascinating volume, which will be prized by thoughtful
-     Devonians wherever they may be found ... richly illustrated,
-     some rare engravings being represented."--_North Devon
-     Journal._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD HEREFORDSHIRE.
-
-Edited by the Rev. COMPTON READE, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to
-Sir John G. Cotterell, Bart.
-
-     "Another of these interesting volumes like the 'Memorials of
-     Old Devonshire,' which we noted a week or two ago, containing
-     miscellaneous papers on the history, topography, and families
-     of the county by competent writers, with photographs and other
-     illustrations."--_Times._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD HERTFORDSHIRE.
-
-Edited by PERCY CROSS STANDING. Dedicated by kind permission to the
-Right Hon. the Earl of Clarendon, G.C.B.
-
-     "The book, which contains some magnificent illustrations,
-     will be warmly welcomed by all lovers of our county and its
-     entertaining history."--_West Herts and Watford Observer._
-
-     "The volume as a whole is an admirable and informing one, and
-     all Hertfordshire folk should possess it, if only as a partial
-     antidote to the suburbanism which threatens to overwhelm their
-     beautiful county."--_Guardian._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD HAMPSHIRE.
-
-Edited by the Rev. G. E. JEANS, M.A., F.S.A. Dedicated by kind
-permission to His Grace the Duke of Wellington, K.G.
-
-     "'Memorials of the Counties of England' is worthily carried on
-     in this interesting and readable volume."--_Scotsman._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD SOMERSET.
-
-Edited by F. J. SNELL, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Most
-Hon. the Marquis of Bath.
-
-     "In these pages, as in a mirror, the whole life of the
-     county, legendary, romantic, historical, comes into view,
-     for in truth the book is written with a happy union of
-     knowledge and enthusiasm--a fine bit of glowing mosaic put
-     together by fifteen writers into a realistic picture of the
-     county."--_Standard._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD WILTSHIRE.
-
-Edited by ALICE DRYDEN.
-
-     "The admirable series of County Memorials ... will, it is
-     safe to say, include no volume of greater interest than that
-     devoted to Wiltshire."--_Daily Telegraph._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD SHROPSHIRE.
-
-Edited by the Rev. THOMAS AUDEN, M.A., F.S.A.
-
-     "Quite the best volume which has appeared so far in a series
-     that has throughout maintained a very high level."--_Tribune._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD KENT.
-
-Edited by the Rev. P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A., and GEORGE
-CLINCH, F.G.S. Dedicated by special permission to the Rt. Hon. Lord
-Northbourne, F.S.A.
-
-     "A very delightful addition to a delightful series. Kent, rich
-     in honour and tradition as in beauty, is a fruitful subject
-     of which the various contributors have taken full advantage,
-     archæology, topography, and gossip being pleasantly combined
-     to produce a volume both attractive and valuable."--_Standard._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD DERBYSHIRE.
-
-Edited by the Rev. J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A. Dedicated by kind
-permission to His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G.
-
-     "A valuable addition to our county history, and will possess
-     a peculiar fascination for all who devote their attention
-     to historical, archæological, or antiquarian research, and
-     probably to a much wider circle."--_Derbyshire Advertiser._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD DORSET.
-
-Edited by the Rev. THOMAS PERKINS, M.A., and the Rev. HERBERT PENTIN,
-M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Right Hon. Lord Eustace Cecil,
-F.R.G.S.
-
-     "The volume, in fine, forms a noteworthy accession to the
-     valuable series of books in which it appears."--_Scotsman._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD WARWICKSHIRE.
-
-Edited by ALICE DRYDEN.
-
-     "Worthy of an honoured place on our shelves. It is also one of
-     the best, if not the best, volume in a series of exceptional
-     interest and usefulness."--_Birmingham Gazette._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD NORFOLK.
-
-Edited by the Rev. H. J. DUKINFIELD ASTLEY, M.A., Litt.D., F.R.Hist.S.
-Dedicated by kind permission to the Right Hon. Viscount Coke, C.M.G.,
-C.V.O.
-
-     "This latest contribution to the history and archæology of
-     Norfolk deserves a foremost place among local works.... The
-     tasteful binding, good print, and paper are everything that
-     can be desired."--_Eastern Daily Press._
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON. Two vols. Price 25/- net. Edited by the Rev.
-P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A.
-
-     CONTENTS: Celtic, Roman, Saxon, and Norman London, by the
-     Rev. W. J. Loftie, F.S.A.--The Tower of London, by Harold
-     Sands, F.S.A.--St. Bartholomew's Church, Smithfield, by
-     J. Tavenor-Perry.--The Charterhouse, by the Rev. A. G. B.
-     Atkinson, M.A.--Glimpses of Mediæval London, by G. Clinch,
-     F.G.S.--The Palaces of London, by the Rev. R. S. Mylne,
-     LL.D., F.S.A.--The Temple, by the Rev. H. G. Woods, D.D.,
-     Master.--The Inns of Court, by E. Williams--The Guildhall,
-     by C. Welsh, F.S.A.--The City Companies, by the Editor.--The
-     Kontor of the Hanse, by J. Tavenor-Perry.--The Arms of London,
-     by J. Tavenor-Perry.--Elizabethan London, by T. Fairman
-     Ordish, F.S.A.--The London of Pepys, by H. B. Wheatley,
-     F.S.A.--The Thames and its Bridges, by J. Tavenor-Perry.--The
-     Old Inns of London, by Philip Norman, LL.D.--London Clubs,
-     by Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.--The Coffee Houses,
-     by G. L. Apperson.--Learned Societies of London, by Sir
-     Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.--Literary Shrines, by Mrs.
-     Lang.--Crosby Hall, by the Editor.--The Pageant of London;
-     with some account of the City Churches, Christ's Hospital,
-     etc., by the Editor.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD ESSEX. Edited by A. CLIFTON KELWAY, F.R.Hist.S.
-
-     Among the contributors are: Guy Maynard, Francis W. Reader,
-     Rev. J. Charles Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., C. Forbes, T. Grose Lloyd,
-     C. Fell Smith, Alfred Kingston, Miller Christy, F.L.S., W. W.
-     Porteous, E. Bertram Smith, Thomas Fforster, Edward Smith, and
-     the Editor.
-
-
-_The following volumes are in preparation:--_
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD SUFFOLK. Edited by VINCENT B. REDSTONE, F.R.Hist.S.
-
-     Among the contributors will be: F. Seymour Stevenson, M.A.,
-     Rev. J. Charles Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., L. P. Steele Hutton,
-     Rev. Rowland Maitland, B.A., B. J. Balding, P. Turner, H. J.
-     Hitchcock, and the Editor.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD SUSSEX. Edited by PERCY D. MUNDY.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD LANCASHIRE. Two vols. Price 25/- net. Edited by
-LIEUT.-COLONEL FISHWICK, F.S.A.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD YORKSHIRE. Edited by T. M. FALLOW, M.A., F.S.A.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Edited by P. W. P. PHILLIMORE, M.A.,
-B.C.L.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD LINCOLNSHIRE. Edited by CANON HUDSON, M.A.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Edited by P. W. P. PHILLIMORE, M.A.,
-B.C.L.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF NORTH WALES. Edited by E. ALFRED JONES.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD MANXLAND. Edited by the Rev. JOHN QUINE, M.A.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF SOUTH WALES. Edited by E. ALFRED JONES.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD STAFFORDSHIRE. Edited by the Rev. W. BERESFORD.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD MONMOUTHSHIRE. Edited by COLONEL BRADNEY, F.S.A., and
-J. KYRLE FLETCHER.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD WORCESTERSHIRE. Edited by F. B. ANDREWS, F.R.I.B.A.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD LEICESTERSHIRE. Edited by ALICE DRYDEN.
-
-
-MEMORIALS OF OLD CHESHIRE. Edited by the VEN. THE ARCHDEACON OF
-CHESTER, and the Rev. P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A.
-
-
-OLD ENGLISH GOLD PLATE.
-
-By E. ALFRED JONES. With numerous Illustrations of existing specimens
-of Old English Gold Plate, which by reason of their great rarity and
-historic value deserve publication in book form. The examples are
-from the collections of Plate belonging to His Majesty the King, the
-Dukes of Devonshire, Newcastle, Norfolk, Portland, and Rutland, the
-Marquis of Ormonde, the Earls of Craven, Derby, and Yarborough, Earl
-Spencer, Lord Fitzhardinge, Lord Waleran, Mr. Leopold de Rothschild,
-the Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, &c. Royal 4to, buckram, gilt top.
-Price 21/- net.
-
-     "Pictures, descriptions, and introduction make a book that
-     must rank high in the estimation of students of its subject,
-     and of the few who are well off enough to be collectors in
-     this Corinthian field of luxury."--_Scotsman._
-
-
-LONGTON HALL PORCELAIN.
-
-Being further information relating to this interesting fabrique, by
-the late WILLIAM BEMROSE, F.S.A., author of _Bow, Chelsea and Derby
-Porcelain_. Illustrated with 27 Coloured Art Plates, 21 Collotype
-Plates, and numerous line and half-tone Illustrations in the text.
-Bound in handsome "Longton-blue" cloth cover, suitably designed. Price
-42/- net.
-
-     "This magnificent work on the famous Longton Hall ware will be
-     indispensable to the collector."--_Bookman._
-
-     "The collector will find Mr. Bemrose's explanations of the
-     technical features which characterize the Longton Hall
-     pottery of great assistance in identifying specimens,
-     and he will be aided thereto by the many well-selected
-     illustrations."--_Athenæum._
-
-
-THE VALUES OF OLD ENGLISH SILVER & SHEFFIELD PLATE, FROM THE FIFTEENTH
-TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURIES.
-
-By J. W. CALDICOTT. Edited by J. STARKIE GARDNER, F.S.A. 3,000 Selected
-Auction Sale Records; 1,600 Separate Valuations; 660 Articles.
-Illustrated with 87 Collotype Plates. 300 pages. Royal 4to Cloth. Price
-42/- net.
-
-     "A most comprehensive and abundantly illustrated volume....
-     Enables even the most inexperienced to form a fair opinion of
-     the value either of a single article or a collection, while as
-     a reference and reminder it must prove of great value to an
-     advanced student."--_Daily Telegraph._
-
-
-HISTORY OF OLD ENGLISH PORCELAIN AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
-
-With an Artistic, Industrial and Critical Appreciation of their
-Productions. By M. L. SOLON, the well-known Potter-Artist and
-Collector. In one handsome volume. Royal 8vo, well printed in clear
-type on good paper, and beautifully illustrated with 20 full-page
-Coloured Collotype and Photo-Chromotype Plates and 48 Collotype Plates
-on Tint. Artistically bound. Price 52/6 net.
-
-     "Mr. Solon writes not only with the authority of the master of
-     technique, but likewise with that of the accomplished artist,
-     whose exquisite creations command the admiration of the
-     connoisseurs of to-day."--_Athenæum._
-
-
-MANX CROSSES; or The Inscribed and Sculptured Monuments of the Isle of
-Man, from about the end of the Fifth to the beginning of the Thirteenth
-Century.
-
-By P. M. C. KERMODE, F.S.A.Scot., &c. The illustrations are from
-drawings specially prepared by the Author, founded upon rubbings, and
-carefully compared with photographs and with the stones themselves.
-In one handsome Quarto Volume 11-1/8 in. by 8-5/8 in., printed on Van
-Gelder hand-made paper, bound in full buckram, gilt top, with special
-design on the side. Price 63/- net. The edition is limited to 400
-copies.
-
-     "We have now a complete account of the subject in this very
-     handsome volume, which Manx patriotism, assisted by the
-     appreciation of the public in general, will, we hope, make a
-     success."--_Spectator._
-
-
-DERBYSHIRE CHARTERS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIBRARIES AND MUNIMENT ROOMS.
-
-Compiled, with Preface and Indexes, for Sir Henry Howe Bemrose, Kt.,
-by ISAAC HERBERT JEAYES, Assistant Keeper in the Department of MSS.,
-British Museum. Royal 8vo, cloth, gilt top. Price 42/- net.
-
-     "The book must always prove of high value to investigators in
-     its own recondite field of research, and would form a suitable
-     addition to any historical library."--_Scotsman._
-
-
-SOME DORSET MANOR HOUSES, WITH THEIR LITERARY AND HISTORICAL
-ASSOCIATIONS.
-
-By SIDNEY HEATH, with a fore-word by R. Bosworth Smith, of Bingham's
-Melcombe. Illustrated with forty drawings by the Author, in addition
-to numerous rubbings of Sepulchral Brasses by W. de C. Prideaux,
-reproduced by permission of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
-Field Club. Dedicated by kind permission to the most Hon. the Marquis
-of Salisbury. Royal 4to, cloth, bevelled edges. Price 30/- net.
-
-     "Dorset is rich in old-world manor houses; and in this
-     large, attractive volume twenty are dealt with in pleasant,
-     descriptive and antiquarian chapters, fully illustrated with
-     pen-and-ink drawings by Mr. Heath and rubbings from brasses by
-     W. de C. Prideaux."--_Times._
-
-
-THE CHURCH PLATE OF THE DIOCESE OF BANGOR.
-
-By E. ALFRED JONES. With Illustrations of about one hundred pieces
-of Old Plate, including a pre-Reformation Silver Chalice, hitherto
-unknown; a Mazer Bowl, a fine Elizabethan Domestic Cup and Cover, a
-Tazza of the same period, several Elizabethan Chalices, and other
-important Plate from James I. to Queen Anne. Demy 4to, buckram. Price
-21/- net.
-
-     "This handsome volume is the most interesting book on Church
-     Plate hitherto issued."--_Athenæum._
-
-
-THE OLD CHURCH PLATE OF THE ISLE OF MAN.
-
-By E. ALFRED JONES. With many illustrations, including a
-pre-Reformation Silver Chalice and Paten, an Elizabethan Beaker, and
-other important pieces of Old Silver Plate and Pewter. Crown 4to,
-buckram. Price 10/6 net.
-
-     "A beautifully illustrated descriptive account of the
-     many specimens of Ecclesiastical Plate to be found in the
-     Island."--_Manchester Courier._
-
-
-GARDEN CITIES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE.
-
-By A. R. SENNETT, A.M.I.C.E., &c. Large Crown 8vo. Two vols.,
-attractively bound in cloth, with 400 Plates, Plans and Illustrations.
-Price 21/- net.
-
-     "... What Mr. Sennett has to say here deserves, and will no
-     doubt command, the careful consideration of those who govern
-     the future fortunes of the Garden City."--_Bookseller._
-
-
-DERBY: ITS RISE AND PROGRESS.
-
-By A. W. DAVISON, illustrated with 12 plates and two maps. Crown 8vo,
-cloth. Price 5/-.
-
-     "A volume with which Derby and its people should be well
-     satisfied."--_Scotsman._
-
-
-THE CORPORATION PLATE AND INSIGNIA OF OFFICE OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS OF
-ENGLAND AND WALES.
-
-By the late LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A. Edited and completed with large
-additions by W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A. Fully illustrated, 2 vols.,
-Crown 4to, buckram, 84/- net. Large paper, 2 vols., Royal 4to, 105/-
-net.
-
-     "It is difficult to praise too highly the careful research
-     and accurate information throughout these two handsome
-     quartos."--_Athenæum._
-
-
-THE RELIQUARY: AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE FOR ANTIQUARIES, ARTISTS, AND
-COLLECTORS.
-
-A Quarterly Journal and Review devoted to the study of primitive
-industries, mediæval handicrafts, the evolution of ornament, religious
-symbolism, survival of the past in the present, and ancient art
-generally. Edited by the Rev. J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A. New Series.
-Vols. 1 to 13, Super Royal 8vo, buckram, price 12/- each net. Special
-terms for sets.
-
-     "Of permanent interest to all who take an interest in the
-     many and wide branches of which it furnishes not only
-     information and research, but also illumination in pictorial
-     form."--_Scotsman._
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-LONDON: BEMROSE & SONS LTD., 4 SNOW HILL, E.C.; AND DERBY.
-
-
-
-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON, VOLUME II
-(OF 2)***
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48187 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 48187-h.htm or 48187-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/48187/48187-h/48187-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/48187/48187-h.zip)
+
+
+      Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.
+      Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28742
+
+
+
+
+
+Memorials of the Counties of England
+
+General Editor:
+
+REV. P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., F.R.Hist.S.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON
+
+VOLUME II.
+
+
+[Illustration: CRAB TREE INN, HAMMERSMITH 1898
+
+_From a painting by Philip Norman, LL.D._]
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON
+
+Edited by
+
+P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A.
+
+Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
+
+Author of
+_The City Companies of London and their Good Works_
+_The Story of our Towns_
+_The Cathedral Churches of Great Britain_
+_&c. &c._
+
+In Two Volumes
+
+VOL. II.
+
+With Many Illustrations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+London
+Bemrose & Sons Limited, 4 Snow Hill, E.C.
+and Derby
+1908
+
+[All Rights Reserved]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
+
+
+                                                                    Page
+
+The Palaces of London
+  By Rev. R. S. Mylne, B.C.L., F.S.A.                                  1
+
+Elizabethan London
+  By T. Fairman Ordish, F.S.A.                                        21
+
+Pepys's London
+  By H. B. Wheatley, F.S.A.                                           52
+
+The Old London Bridges
+  By J. Tavenor-Perry                                                 82
+
+The Clubs of London
+  By Sir Edwd. Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.                                 99
+
+The Inns of Old London
+  By Philip Norman, LL.D.                                            113
+
+The Old London Coffee-Houses
+  By G. L. Apperson, I.S.O.                                          135
+
+The Learned Societies of London
+  By Sir Edwd. Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.                                150
+
+Literary Shrines of Old London
+  By Elsie M. Lang                                                   166
+
+Crosby Hall
+  By the Editor                                                      182
+
+The Pageant of London; with some account of the City Churches,
+Christ's Hospital, etc.
+  By the Editor                                                      193
+
+Index                                                                223
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOL. II.
+
+
+Crab Tree Inn, Hammersmith, 1898                          _Frontispiece_
+    (_From a painting by Philip Norman, LL.D._)
+
+                                                                Page, or
+                                                             Facing Page
+
+The Houses of Parliament (_From a photo. by Mansell & Co._)            4
+
+A View of the Savoy Palace from the River Thames                       6
+    (_From an engraving published by the Society of Antiquaries
+     in 1750, from a plan by G. Virtue_)
+
+Portion of an exact Survey of the Streets, Lanes, and Churches         8
+    (_Comprehended by the order and directions of the Right
+    Honourable the Lord Mayor, 10th December, 1666_)
+
+The Prospect of Bridewell                                             10
+    (_Published according to Act of Parliament, 1755, for Stow's
+    Survey_)
+
+The Palace of Whitehall (_From a photo. by Mansell & Co._)            14
+
+St. James's Palace                "    "    "                         16
+
+St. James's Palace, from Pall Mall and from the Park                  18
+    (_From an old print_)
+
+Plan of London in the time of Queen Elizabeth (1563)                  24
+    (_From an old print_)
+
+Shooting Match by the London Archers in the Year 1583                 44
+    (_From an old print_)
+
+A View of London as it appeared before the Great Fire                 56
+    (_From an old print_)
+
+The Great Fire of London (_From an old print_)                        76
+
+South-West View of Old St. Paul's     "    "                          80
+
+Sir John Evelyn's Plan for Rebuilding London after the Great Fire
+    (_From an old print_)                                             82
+
+The Undercroft of St. Thomas of Canterbury on the Bridge              84
+
+The Surrey End of London Bridge (_Drawn by J. Tavenor-Perry_)         89
+
+The Foundation Stone Chair          "    "    "                       93
+
+Old Westminster Bridge              "    "    "                       96
+
+Badge of Bridge House Estates       "    "    "                       98
+
+An Early Letter of the Royal Society, dated January 18th, 1693-4     152
+
+Cheapside, with the Cross, as they appeared in 1660                  170
+    (_From an old print_)
+
+Crosby Hall (_From a drawing by Whichillo, engraved by Stour_)       184
+
+St. Paul's Cathedral, with Lord Mayor's Show on the water            190
+    (_From an engraving by Pugh, 1804_)
+
+Christ's Hospital (_From an old print_)                              194
+
+Carrying the Crug-basket                                             196
+
+Wooden Platters and Beer Jack                                        198
+
+Piggin, Wooden Spoon, Wooden Soup-ladle                              199
+
+Christ's Hospital: The Garden (_From a photo._)                      200
+
+Old Staircase at Christ's Hospital                                   202
+
+The Royal Exchange (_From an engraving by Hollar, 1644_)             218
+
+
+
+
+THE PALACES OF LONDON
+
+BY THE REV. R. S. MYLNE, B.C.L. (OXON), F.S.A. F.R.S. (SCOTS.)
+
+
+The housing of the Sovereign is always a matter of interest to the
+nation. It were natural to expect that some definite arrangement
+should be made for this purpose, planned and executed on a grand and
+appropriate scale. Yet as a matter of fact this is seldom the case
+amongst the western nations of Europe. Two different causes have
+operated in a contrary direction. One is the natural predilection of
+the ruler of the State for a commodious palace outside, but not far
+from, the capital. Thus the great Castle of Windsor has always been
+_par excellence_ the favourite residence of the King of England. The
+other is the growth of parliamentary institutions. Thus the entire
+space occupied by the original Royal Palace has become the official
+meeting-place of the Parliament; and the King himself has perforce been
+compelled to find accommodation elsewhere.
+
+Look at the actual history of the Royal Palace of _Westminster_, where
+the High Court of Parliament now is accustomed to assemble. It was on
+this very spot that Edward the Confessor lived and died, glorying in
+the close proximity of the noble abbey that seemed to give sanctity to
+his own abode. Here the last Saxon King entertained Duke William of
+Normandy, destined to be his own successor on the throne. Here he gave
+the famous feast in which he foretold the failure of the crusades, as
+Baring Gould records in his delightful _Myths of the Middle Ages_. Here
+Edward I. was born, and Edward III. died. The great hall was erected by
+William Rufus, and the chapel by King Stephen. Henry VIII. added the
+star chamber. The painted chamber, decorated with frescoes by Henry
+III., was probably the oldest portion of the mediæval palace, and just
+beyond was the prince's chamber with walls seven feet thick. There was
+also the ancient Court of Requests, which served as the House of Lords
+down to 1834. The beautiful Gothic Chapel of St. Stephen was used as
+the House of Commons from 1547 to 1834. The walls were covered with
+frescoes representing scenes from the Old and New Testaments. In modern
+times they resounded to the eloquence of Pitt, Fox, Burke, and Canning.
+
+The curious crypt beneath this chapel was carefully prepared by H.M.
+Office of Works for the celebration of the marriage of Lord Chancellor
+Loreburn last December, and a coffin was discovered while making
+certain reparations to the stonework, which is believed to contain the
+remains of the famous Dr. Lyndwode, Bishop of St. David's from 1442 to
+1446.
+
+In the terrible fire on the night of October 16, 1834, the entire
+palace was destroyed with the exception of the great hall, which, begun
+by William Rufus, received its present beautiful roof of chestnut wood
+from Henry Yeveley, architect or master mason to Richard II.
+
+The present magnificent Palace of Westminster was erected by Sir
+Charles Barry between 1840 and 1859 in the Gothic style, and is
+certainly one of the finest modern buildings in the world. The river
+front is remarkably effective, and presents an appearance which at once
+arrests the attention of every visitor. It is quite twice the size of
+the old palace, formerly occupied by the King, and cost three millions
+sterling. It is certainly the finest modern building in London.
+
+Some critics have objected to the minuteness of the decorative designs
+on the flat surfaces of the walls, but these are really quite in accord
+with the delicate genius of Gothic architecture, and fine examples of
+this kind of work are found in Belgium and other parts of the Continent.
+
+Every one must admit the elegance of proportion manifested in the
+architect's design, and this it is which makes the towers stand out so
+well above the main building from every point of view; moreover, this
+is the special characteristic which is often so terribly lacking in
+modern architecture. One wonders whether Vitruvius and kindred works
+receive their due meed of attention in this twentieth century.
+
+Within the palace the main staircase, with the lobby and corridors
+leading to either House of Parliament, are particularly fine, and form
+a worthy approach to the legislative chambers of the vast Empire of
+Great Britain.
+
+The Palace of the _Savoy_ also needs some notice. The original house
+was built by Peter, brother of Boniface, for so many years Archbishop
+of Canterbury, and uncle of Eleanor of Provence, wife of King Henry
+III. By his will Peter bequeathed this estate to the monks of Montjoy
+at Havering-at-Bower, who sold it to Queen Eleanor, and it became the
+permanent residence of her second son Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and
+his descendants. When King John of France was made a prisoner after the
+battle of Poitiers in 1356, he was assigned an apartment in the Savoy,
+and here he died on April 9, 1364. The sad event is thus mentioned in
+the famous chronicle of Froissart:--
+
+     "The King and Queen, and all the princes of the blood, and
+     all the nobles of England were exceedingly concerned from the
+     great love and affection King John had shewn them since the
+     conclusion of peace."
+
+The best-known member of the Lancastrian family who resided in this
+palace is the famous John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. During his
+time, so tradition has it, the well-known poet Chaucer was here
+married to Philippa, daughter of Sir Paon de Roet, one of the young
+ladies attached to the household of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster,
+and the sister of Catherine Swynford, who at a later period became
+the Duke's third wife. However this may be, the Savoy was at that
+time the favourite resort of the nobility of England, and John of
+Gaunt's hospitality was unbounded. Stow, in his _Chronicle_, declares
+"there was none other house in the realm to be compared for beauty and
+stateliness." Yet how very transitory is earthly glory, all the pride
+of place and power!
+
+In the terrible rebellion of Wat Tyler, in the year 1381, the Savoy
+was pillaged and burnt, and the Duke was compelled to flee for his
+life to the northern parts of Great Britain. His Grace had become very
+unpopular on account of the constant protection he had extended to the
+simple followers of Wickcliffe.
+
+After this dire destruction the Savoy was never restored to its former
+palatial proportions. The whole property passed to the Crown, and King
+Henry VII. rebuilt it, and by his will endowed it in a liberal manner
+as a hospital in honour of St. John the Baptist. This hospital was
+suppressed at the Reformation under Edward VI., most of the estates
+with which it was endowed passing to the great City Hospital of St.
+Thomas. But Queen Mary refounded the hospital as an almshouse with
+a master and other officers, and this latter foundation was finally
+dissolved in 1762.
+
+Over the gate, now long destroyed, of King Henry VII.'s foundation were
+these words:--
+
+    "Hospitium hoc inopi turbe Savoia vocatum
+    Septimus Henricus solo fundavit ab imo."
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.]
+
+The church, which is the only existing remnant of former splendour,
+was built as the chapel of Henry VII.'s Hospital, and is an
+interesting example of Perpendicular architecture, with a curious and
+picturesque belfry. In general design it resembles a college chapel,
+and the religious services held therein are well maintained. Her late
+Majesty Queen Victoria behaved with great generosity to the church of
+the Savoy. In her capacity of Duchess of Lancaster she restored the
+interior woodwork and fittings, and after a destructive fire in 1864
+effected a second restoration of the entire interior of this sacred
+edifice. There is now a rich coloured roof, and appropriate seats for
+clergy and people. There is also preserved a brass belonging to the
+year 1522 from the grave of Thomas Halsey, Bishop of Leighlin, and
+Gavin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, famous in Scottish history for his
+piety and learning. There is also a small figure from Lady Dalhousie's
+monument, but all the other tombs perished in the flames in 1864. The
+history of the central compartment of the triptych over the font is
+curious. It was painted for the Savoy Palace in the fourteenth century,
+afterwards lost, and then recovered in 1876.
+
+Amongst the famous ministers of the Savoy were Thomas Fuller, author of
+the _Worthies_, and Anthony Horneck. In the Savoy was held the famous
+conference between twelve bishops and twelve Nonconformists for the
+revision of the Liturgy soon after the accession of King Charles II. In
+this conference Richard Baxter took a prominent part.
+
+In this brief sketch nothing is more remarkable than the great variety
+of uses to which the palace of the Savoy has been put, as well as the
+gradual decay of mediæval splendour. Still, however, the name is very
+familiar to the multitudes of people who are continually passing up and
+down the Strand. Yet it is a far cry to the days of Archbishop Boniface
+of Savoy, and Edmund Earl of Lancaster.
+
+_Bridewell_ is situated on a low-lying strip of land between the Thames
+and the Fleet, just westwards of the south-western end of the Roman
+wall of London. In early days this open space only possessed a tower
+for defensive purposes, just as the famous Tower of London guarded the
+eastern end of the city. Hard by was the church of St. Bride, founded
+in the days of the Danes, most likely in the reign of King Canute, and
+here there was a holy well or spring. Hence arose the name of Bridewell.
+
+In 1087, ancient records relate, King William gave choice stones from
+his tower or castle, standing at the west end of the city, to Maurice,
+Bishop of London, for the repair of his cathedral church.
+
+From time to time various rooms were added to the original structure,
+which seem chiefly to have been used for some state ceremonial or
+judicial purpose. Thus in the seventh year of King John, Walter de
+Crisping, the Justiciar, gave judgment here in an important lawsuit.
+
+In 1522 the whole building was repaired for the reception of the famous
+Emperor Charles V., but that distinguished Sovereign actually stayed in
+the Black Friars, on the other side of the Fleet.
+
+King Henry VIII. made use of Bridewell for the trial of his famous
+divorce case. Cardinal Campeggio was President of the Court, and in the
+end gave judgment in favour of Queen Catharine of Aragon. Yet, despite
+the Cardinal, Henry would have nothing more to do with Catharine, and
+at the same time took a dislike to Bridewell, which was allowed to fall
+into decay--in fact, nothing of the older building now remains. King
+Edward VI., just before his own death in 1553, granted the charter
+which converted Bridewell into a charitable institution, and after many
+vicissitudes a great work is still carried on at this establishment for
+the benefit of the poor of London. In May, 1552, Dr. Ridley, Bishop
+of London, wrote this striking letter to Sir William Cecil, Knight, and
+Secretary to the King:--
+
+     "Good Master Cecyl,--I must be suitor with you in our Master
+     Christ's cause. I beseech you be good unto him. The matter is,
+     Sir, that he hath been too, too long abroad, without lodging,
+     in the streets of London, both hungry, naked and cold. There
+     is a large wide empty house of the King's Majesty called
+     Bridewell, which would wonderfully serve to lodge Christ in,
+     if he might find friends at Court to procure in his cause."
+
+Thus the philanthropic scheme was started, and brought to completion
+under the mayoralty of Alderman Sir George Barnes.
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW OF THE SAVOY PALACE FROM THE RIVER THAMES.
+
+_Published by the Society of Antiquaries in 1750, from a plan by G.
+Virtue._
+
+AAA The great building, now a barracks.
+
+BB Prison for the Savoy, and guards.
+
+CCC Church of St. Mary le Savoy.
+
+D Stairs to the waterside.
+
+EFG Churches of German Lutherans, French and German Calvinists.]
+
+_St. James's_ is the most important royal palace of London. For many a
+long year it has been most closely associated with our royal family,
+and the quaint towers and gateway looking up St. James's Street possess
+an antiquarian interest of quite an unique character. This palace,
+moreover, enshrines the memory of a greater number of famous events in
+the history of our land than any other domestic building situated in
+London, and for this reason is worthy of special attention.
+
+Its history is as follows:--Before the Norman Conquest there was a
+hospital here dedicated to St. James, for fourteen maiden lepers.
+A hospital continued to exist throughout the middle ages, but when
+Henry VIII. became King he obtained this property by an exchange, and
+converted it, as Holinshed bears witness, into "a fair mansion and
+park" when he was married to Anne Boleyn. The letters "H. A." can still
+be traced on the chimney-piece of the presence chamber or tapestry
+room, as well as a few other memorials of those distant days. And what
+days they were! Queen Anne Boleyn going to St. James's in all the
+joyous splendour of a royal bride, and how soon afterwards meeting her
+cruel fate at the hands of the executioner! Henry VIII. seldom lived at
+St. James's Palace, perhaps on account of the weird reminiscences of
+Anne Boleyn, but it became the favourite residence of Queen Mary after
+her husband Philip II. returned to Spain, and here she died in utter
+isolation during the dull November days of the autumn of 1558. Thus the
+old palace is first associated with the sad story of two unhappy queens!
+
+But brighter days were coming. Prince Henry, the eldest son of James
+I., settled here in 1610, and kept a brilliant and magnificent court,
+attached to which were nearly 300 salaried officials. Then in two
+short years he died, November 6, 1612. Then the palace was given to
+Charles, who afterwards ascended the throne in 1625, and much liked
+the place as a residence. It is closely associated with the stirring
+events of this romantic monarch's career. Here Charles II., James II.,
+and the Princess Elizabeth were born, and here Marie de Medici, the
+mother of Queen Henrietta Maria, took refuge in 1638, and maintained a
+magnificent household for three years. It is said her pension amounted
+to £3,000 a month! Her residence within the royal palace increased the
+unpopularity of the King, whose arbitrary treatment of Parliament led
+to the ruinous Civil War. The noble House of Stuart is ever unfortunate
+all down the long page of history, and the doleful prognostications of
+the Sortes Vergilianæ, sought for by the King, proved but too true in
+the event.
+
+We quote six lines of Dryden's translation from the sixth book of the
+_Æneid_, at the page at which the King by chance opened the book--
+
+    "Seek not to know, the ghost replied with tears,
+    The sorrows of thy sons in future years.
+    This youth, the blissful vision of a day,
+    Shall just be shewn on earth, and snatched away.
+
+           .       .       .       .       .
+
+    "Ah! couldst thou break through Fate's severe decree,
+    A new Marcellus shall arise in thee."
+
+Dr. Wellwood says Lord Falkland tried to laugh the matter off, but the
+King was pensive.
+
+[Illustration: PORTION OF AN EXACT SURVEY OF THE STREETS, LANES, AND
+CHURCHES.
+
+_Comprehended by the order and directions of the Right Honourable the
+Lord Mayor 10th December, 1666._]
+
+The fortunes of war were against this very attractive but weak monarch,
+who was actually brought as a prisoner of the Parliament from Windsor
+Castle to his own Palace of St. James, there to await his trial on a
+charge of high treason in Westminster Hall!
+
+Certain of his own subjects presumed to pass sentence of death upon
+their own Sovereign, and have become known to history as the regicides.
+Very pathetic is the story of the scenes which took place at St.
+James's on Sunday, January 28, 1649. A strong guard of parliamentary
+troops escorted King Charles from Whitehall to St. James's, and Juxon,
+the faithful Bishop of London, preached his last sermon to his beloved
+Sovereign from the words, "In the day when God shall judge the secrets
+of men by Jesus Christ, according to my Gospel." His Majesty then
+received the Sacrament, and spent much time in private devotion. On the
+morrow he bade farewell to his dear children the Duke of Gloucester and
+the Princess Elizabeth, praying them to forgive his enemies, and not to
+grieve, for he was about to die a glorious death for the maintenance of
+the laws and liberties of the land and the true Protestant religion.
+Then he took the little Duke of Gloucester on his knees, saying,
+"Sweetheart, now they will cut off thy father's head," and the young
+prince looked very earnestly and steadfastly at the King, who bade him
+be loyal to his brothers Charles and James, and all the ancient family
+of Stuart. And thus they parted.
+
+Afterwards His Majesty was taken from St. James's to the scaffold at
+Whitehall. There was enacted the most tragic scene connected with the
+entire history of the Royal Family of England. At the hands of Jacobite
+writers the highly-coloured narrative is like to induce tears of grief,
+but the Puritans love to dwell on the King's weaknesses and faults.
+Yet everyone must needs acknowledge the calm nobility and unwavering
+courage of the King's bearing and conduct.
+
+    "He nothing common did or mean
+    Upon that memorable scene,
+      But with his keener eye
+      The axe's edge did try;
+    Nor called the gods with vulgar spite
+    To vindicate his helpless right,
+      But bowed his comely head
+      Down, as upon a bed."
+
+The great German historian Leopold von Ranke is rightly regarded as
+the best and most impartial authority on the history of Europe in the
+seventeenth century. This is what he says on the martyrdom of Charles
+I.:--
+
+     "The scaffold was erected on the spot where the kings were
+     wont to show themselves to the people after their coronation.
+     Standing beside the block at which he was to die, he was
+     allowed once more to speak in public. He said that the war
+     and its horrors were unjustly laid to his charge.... If at
+     last he had been willing to give way to arbitrary power, and
+     the change of the laws by the sword, he would not have been
+     in this position: he was dying as the martyr of the people,
+     passing from a perishable kingdom to an imperishable. He died
+     in the faith of the Church of England, as he had received it
+     from his father. Then bending to the block, he himself gave
+     the sign for the axe to fall upon his neck. A moment, and the
+     severed head was shown to the people, with the words: 'This
+     is the head of a traitor.' All public places, the crossings
+     of the streets, especially the entrances of the city, were
+     occupied by soldiery on foot and on horseback. An incalculable
+     multitude had, however, streamed to the spot. Of the King's
+     words they heard nothing, but they were aware of their purport
+     through the cautious and guarded yet positive language of
+     their preachers. When they saw the severed head, they broke
+     into a cry, universal and involuntary, in which the feelings
+     of guilt and weakness were blended with terror--a sort of
+     voice of nature, whose terrible impression those who heard it
+     were never able to shake off."
+
+These weighty words of Ranke are well worth quoting, as well as the
+conclusion of the section of his great book in which he sums up his
+estimate of Charles's claim to the title of martyr:
+
+     "There was certainly something of a martyr in him, if the man
+     can be so called who values his own life less than the cause
+     for which he is fighting, and in perishing himself saves it
+     for the future."
+
+[Illustration: THE PROSPECT OF BRIDEWELL.
+
+_Published according to Act of Parliament, 1755, for Stow's Survey._]
+
+King Charles I., then, is fairly entitled to be called a martyr in the
+calm and unimpassioned judgment of the greatest historian of modern
+times in the learned Empire of Germany, who tests the royal claim
+by a clear and concise definition, framed without any regard to the
+passionate political feeling which distracted England in the days of
+the Stuarts.
+
+And it was in the Palace of St. James that Charles I. passed the last
+terrible days of his earthly life.
+
+On the Restoration, King Charles II. resided at Whitehall, and gave
+St. James's to his brother James, Duke of York. Here Queen Mary II.
+was born, and here she was married to William of Orange late in the
+evening on November 4, 1677. Here also Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, died
+in 1671, having lived many years more or less in seclusion in the old
+palace.
+
+James afterwards married Mary of Modena as his second wife, and here
+was born, on June 10, 1688, Prince James Edward, better known as the
+Old Pretender, whose long life was spent in wandering and exile, in
+futile attempts to gain the Crown, in unsuccessful schemes and ruinous
+plots, until he and his children found rest within the peaceful walls
+of Rome.
+
+Directly after he landed in England, King William III. came to St.
+James's, and resided here from time to time during his possession of
+the Crown, only towards the end of his reign allowing the Princess
+Anne to reside in this palace, where she first heard of King William's
+death. The bearer of the sad news was Dr. Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury.
+
+Immediately on his arrival in England, George I., Elector of Hanover,
+came straight to St. James's just as King William III. had done. In his
+_Reminiscences_, Walpole gives this quaint anecdote:--
+
+     "This is a strange country," remarked the King. "The first
+     morning after my arrival at St. James's, I looked out of the
+     window, and saw a park with walks and a canal, which they told
+     me were mine. The next day Lord Chetwynd, the ranger of my
+     park, sent me a fine brace of carp out of my canal: and I was
+     told I must give five guineas to Lord Chetwynd's servant for
+     bringing me my own carp, out of my own canal, in my own park."
+
+Many things seem to have surprised King George I. in his English
+dominions, and he really preferred Hanover, where he died in 1725.
+
+George II. resided at St. James's when Prince of Wales, and here his
+beloved wife, Queen Caroline of Anspach, died on November 20, 1737.
+Four years previously her daughter Anne had here been married to the
+Prince of Orange. It now became customary to assign apartments to
+younger children of the Sovereign in various parts of the palace, which
+thus practically ceased to be in the King's own occupation. The state
+apartments are handsome, and contain many good portraits of royal
+personages. The Chapel Royal has a fine ceiling, carved and painted,
+erected in 1540, and is constantly used by royalty. George III. hardly
+ever missed the Sunday services when in London.
+
+Of course the original palace covered more ground than is now the
+case, and included the site of Marlborough House and some adjacent
+gardens, now in private ownership. The German Chapel Royal, which now
+projects into the grounds of Marlborough House, was originally erected
+by Charles I. for the celebration of Roman Catholic worship for Queen
+Henrietta Maria, and at the time gave great offence to all the nobility
+and people of the land.
+
+"Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis." Marlborough House was
+originally built by Sir Christopher Wren for the great Duke of
+Marlborough, on a portion of St. James's Park given by Queen Anne for
+that purpose. Here died the Duke, and his famous Duchess Sarah. The
+house was bought by the Crown for the Princess Charlotte in 1817, and
+was settled on the Prince of Wales in 1850. There are still a number of
+interesting pictures in the grand salon of the victories of the Duke of
+Marlborough by Laguerre. The garden covers the space formerly occupied
+by the Great Yard of old St. James's Palace.
+
+Altogether, it is quite clear from the above brief account that St.
+James's is the most important of the royal palaces of London, and more
+closely connected than any other with the long history of English
+Royalty. From the days of Henry VIII. to the present time there has
+always been a close personal connection with the reigning Sovereign of
+the British Empire.
+
+The Palace of _Whitehall_ presents a long and strange history. Hubert
+de Burgh, Earl of Kent, Chief Minister of King Henry III., became
+possessed of the land by purchase from the monks of Westminster for
+140 marks of silver and the annual tribute of a wax taper. Hubert
+bequeathed the property by his will to the Black Friars of Holborn, who
+sold it in 1248 to Walter de Grey, Archbishop of York, for his Grace's
+town residence.
+
+When Cardinal Wolsey became possessed of the northern archiepiscopal
+See, he found York House too small for his taste, and he set to work
+to rebuild the greater part of this palace on a larger and more
+magnificent scale. On the completion of the works he took up his
+abode here with a household of 800 persons, and lived with more than
+regal splendour, from time to time entertaining the King himself to
+gorgeous banquets, followed by masked balls. At one of these grand
+entertainments they say King Henry first met Anne Boleyn. A chronicler
+says the Cardinal was "sweet as summer to all that sought him."
+
+When the great Cardinal fell into disgrace, and the Duke of Suffolk
+came to Whitehall to bid him resign the Great Seal of England, his
+Eminence left his palace by the privy stair and "took barge" to Putney,
+and thence to Esher; and Henry VIII. at once took possession of the
+vacant property, and began to erect new buildings, a vast courtyard,
+tennis court, and picture gallery, and two great gateways, all of which
+are now totally destroyed. It was in this palace that he died, January
+28, 1547.
+
+During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Whitehall was famous for its
+magnificent festivities, tournaments, and receptions of distinguished
+foreign princes. Especially was this the case in 1581, when the French
+commissioners came to urge the Queen's marriage with the Duke of
+Anjou. Here the Queen's corpse lay in state before the interment in
+March, 1603. James I. likewise entertained right royally at Whitehall,
+and here the Princess Elizabeth was married to the Elector Palatine
+on February 14, 1613. King James also employed that distinguished
+architect Inigo Jones to build the beautiful Banqueting House, which
+is all that now remains of Whitehall Palace, and is one of the finest
+architectural fragments in London. The proportions are most elegant,
+and the style perfect. Used as a chapel till 1890, it is now the United
+Service Museum, while the great painter Rubens decorated the ceiling
+for Charles I. in 1635.
+
+The whole plan of Inigo Jones remained unfinished, but Charles I. lived
+in regal splendour in the palace, entertaining on the most liberal
+scale, and forming the famous collection of pictures dispersed by the
+Parliament. Here it was that the masque of Comus was acted before the
+King, and other masques from time to time. After Charles's martyrdom,
+Oliver Cromwell came to live at Whitehall, and died there September 3,
+1658. On his restoration, in May, 1660, King Charles II. returned to
+Whitehall, and kept his court there in great splendour. Balls rather
+than masques were now the fashion, and Pepys and Evelyn have preserved
+full descriptions of these elegant and luxurious festivities, and all
+the gaiety, frivolity, and dissoluteness connected with them, and
+the manner of life at Charles's court. The King died in the palace
+on February 6, 1685, and was succeeded by his austere brother James,
+who, during his brief reign, set up a Roman Catholic chapel within the
+precincts of the royal habitation, from which he fled to France in 1688.
+
+[Illustration: THE PALACE OF WHITEHALL.]
+
+King William III. preferred other places of residence, and two
+fires--one in 1691, the other in 1698--destroyed the greater part of
+Whitehall, which was never rebuilt.
+
+_Buckingham_ Palace is now the principal residence in London of His
+Majesty King Edward VII. Though a fine pile of building it is hardly
+worthy of its position as the town residence of the mighty Sovereign of
+the greatest Empire of the world, situated in the largest city on the
+face of the globe.
+
+King George III. purchased Buckingham Palace in 1761 from Sir Charles
+Sheffield for £21,000, and in 1775 it was settled upon Queen Charlotte.
+In the reign of George IV. it was rebuilt from designs by Nash; and in
+1846, during the reign of Queen Victoria, the imposing eastern façade
+was erected from designs by Blore. The length is 360 feet, and the
+general effect is striking, though the architectural details are of
+little merit. In fact, it is a discredit to the nation that there is no
+London palace for the Sovereign which is worthy of comparison with the
+Royal Palace at Madrid, or the Papal Palace in Rome, though the reason
+for this peculiar fact is fully set forth in the historical sketch of
+the royal palaces already given. King Edward VII. was born here in
+1841, and here drawing-rooms and levées are usually held. The white
+marble staircase is fine, and there are glorious portraits of Charles
+I. and Queen Henrietta Maria by Van Dyck, as well as Queen Victoria
+and the Prince Consort by Winterhalter. There is also a full-length
+portrait of George IV. by Lawrence in the State dining-room.
+
+In the private apartments there are many interesting royal portraits,
+as well as a collection of presents from foreign princes. There is a
+lake of five acres in the gardens, and the whole estate comprises about
+fifty acres. There is a curious pavilion adorned with cleverly-painted
+scenes from Comus by famous English artists. The view from the east
+over St. James's Park towards the India Office is picturesque, and
+remarkably countrified for the heart of a great city. The lake in
+this park is certainly very pretty, and well stocked with various
+water-fowl. The Horse Guards, Admiralty, and other public offices at
+the eastern extremity of this park occupy the old site of the western
+side of the Palace of Whitehall.
+
+_Kensington_ Palace was the favourite abode of King William III. He
+purchased the property from the Earl of Nottingham, whose father had
+been Lord Chancellor, and employed Sir Christopher Wren to add a storey
+to the old house, and built anew the present south façade. Throughout
+his reign he spent much money in improving the place, and here his
+wife, Queen Mary II., died on December 28, 1694. In the same palace
+King William himself breathed his last breath on March 8, 1702.
+
+Queen Anne lived principally at St. James's, the natural residence for
+the Sovereigns of Great Britain; but she took much interest in the
+proper upkeep of Kensington, and it was here that her husband died on
+October 20, 1708, and herself on August 1, 1714. Shortly before, she
+had placed the treasurer's wand in the hands of the Duke of Shrewsbury,
+saying, "For God's sake use it for the good of my people," and all the
+acts of her prosperous reign point to the real validity of the popular
+title given by common consent--the good Queen Anne.
+
+She planted the trees on "Queen Anne's Mount," and gave gorgeous fêtes
+in the Royal Gardens, whose woodland scenery possesses a peculiar
+charm all its own. The noble groves and avenues of elm trees recall
+St. Cloud and St. Germain in the neighbourhood of Paris, and are quite
+exceptionally fine. Thus Matthew Arnold wrote:--
+
+    "In this lone open glade I lie,
+      Screened by deep boughs on either hand;
+    And at its end, to stay the eye,
+      Those black crowned, red-boled pine trees stand."
+
+[Illustration: ST. JAMES'S PALACE.]
+
+And Chateaubriand declares:--
+
+     "C'est dans ce parc de Kensington que j'ai médité l'Essai
+     historique: que, relisant le journal de mes courses d'outre
+     mer, j'en ai tiré les amours d'Atala."
+
+And Haydon says:--
+
+     "Here are some of the most poetical bits of tree and stump,
+     and sunny brown and green glens and tawny earth."
+
+George II. died here very suddenly on October 25, 1760, but the
+Sovereigns of the House of Hanover chiefly made use of the place
+by assigning apartments therein to their younger children and near
+relatives. Here it was that Edward Duke of Kent lived with his wife
+Victoria of Saxe-Coburg, and here their only daughter, the renowned
+Queen Victoria, was born, May 24, 1819, and here she resided till her
+accession to the throne in 1837.
+
+Kensington Palace, then, is chiefly celebrated for its associations
+with William III. and Queen Victoria. In the brief account of the royal
+palaces here given, it will be seen that none of the sites, with the
+exception of St. James's, remained for any long period of time the
+actual residence of the Sovereign, while three--Westminster, Bridewell,
+and the Savoy--had passed out of royal hands for residential purposes
+before the Reformation of religion was completed. Another curious fact
+relates to the origin of the title to these sites, inasmuch as three of
+these estates were obtained from some ecclesiastical corporation, as
+the Archbishop of York, or the Hospital of St. James, though Buckingham
+Palace was bought from Sir Charles Sheffield, and Kensington from the
+Earl of Nottingham.
+
+No account of the palaces of London can be regarded as complete which
+omits to mention Lambeth. For more than 700 years the Archbishops of
+Canterbury have resided at this beautiful abode, intensely interesting
+from its close association with all the most stirring events in the
+long history of England. The estate was obtained by Archbishop Baldwin
+in the year 1197 by exchange for some lands in Kent with Glanville,
+Bishop of Rochester. In Saxon times Goda, the sister of King Edward the
+Confessor, had bestowed this property upon the Bishopric of Rochester;
+so that it has been continuously in the hands of the Church for near
+900 years. The fine red-brick gateway with white stone dressings,
+standing close to the tower of Lambeth Church, is very imposing as
+seen from the road, and was built by Archbishop Cardinal Moreton in
+1490. In the Middle Ages it was the custom to give a farthing loaf
+twice a week to the poor of London at this gateway, and as many as
+4,000 were accustomed to partake of the archiepiscopal gift. Within
+the gateway is the outer courtyard of the palace, and at the further
+end, towards the river Thames, rises the picturesque Lollard's tower,
+built between 1434 and 1445 by that famous ecclesiastical statesman
+Archbishop Chicheley, founder of All Souls' College, Oxford. The quaint
+winding staircase, made of rough slabs of unplaned oak, is exactly
+as it was in Chicheley's time. In this tower is the famous chamber,
+entirely of oaken boards, called the Lollards' prison. It is 13 feet
+long, 12 feet broad, and 8 feet high, and eight iron rings remain to
+which prisoners were fastened. The door has a lock of wood, fastened
+with pegs of wood, and may be a relic of the older palace of Archbishop
+Sudbury. On the south side of the outer court stands the hall built by
+Archbishop Juxon during the opening years of Charles II.'s reign, with
+a fine timber roof, and Juxon's arms over the door leading into the
+palace. This Jacobean hall is now used as the library, and contains
+many precious manuscripts of priceless value, including the _Dictyes
+and Sayings of the Philosophers_, translated by Lord Rivers, in which
+is found a miniature illumination of the Earl presenting Caxton on his
+knees to Edward IV., who is supported by Elizabeth Woodville and her
+son Edward V. This manuscript contains the only known portrait of the
+latter monarch.
+
+[Illustration: ST. JAMES'S PALACE, FROM PALL MALL AND FROM THE PARK.]
+
+An earlier hall had been built on the same site by Archbishop Boniface
+in 1244.
+
+From the library we pass by a flight of stairs to the guard room, now
+used as the dining hall. The chief feature is the excellent series of
+oil portraits of the occupants of the primatial See of Canterbury,
+beginning in the year 1504. The mere mention of the principal names
+recalls prominent events in our national history.
+
+There is Warham painted by Holbein. He was also Lord Chancellor, and
+the last of the mediæval episcopate. There is Cranmer, burnt at Oxford,
+March 21, 1555. There is Cardinal Pole, the cousin and favourite of
+Queen Mary. There is Matthew Parker, the friend of Queen Elizabeth,
+well skilled in learning and a great collector of manuscripts, now for
+the most part in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
+There is William Laud, painted by Van Dyck, the favourite Counsellor
+and Adviser of Charles I. At the age of 71 he was beheaded by order of
+the House of Commons--an act of vengeance, not of justice. There is
+William Juxon, who stood by Charles I. on the scaffold, and heard the
+ill-fated King utter his last word on earth, "Remember." But we cannot
+even briefly recount all the famous portraits to be found at Lambeth.
+The above selection must suffice.
+
+The chapel, also, is a building of singular interest. Beneath is
+an ancient crypt said to have been erected by Archbishop Herbert
+Fitzwalter, while the chapel itself was built by Archbishop Boniface
+of Savoy between 1249 and 1270. The lancet windows are elegant, and
+were filled with stained glass by Archbishop Laud, all of which was
+duly broken to pieces during the Commonwealth. The supposed Popish
+character of this glass was made an article of impeachment against Laud
+at the trial at which he was sentenced to death. Here the majority of
+the archbishops have been consecrated since the reign of King Henry
+III. Archbishop Parker was both consecrated and also buried in the
+chapel, but his tomb was desecrated and his bones scattered by Scot
+and Hardyng, who possessed the palace under Oliver Cromwell. On the
+restoration they were re-interred by Sir William Dugdale. At the west
+end is a beautiful Gothic confessional, high up on the wall, erected
+by Archbishop Chicheley. Archbishop Laud presented the screen, and
+Archbishop Tait restored the whole of this sacred edifice, which
+measures 12 feet by 25 feet. Formerly the archbishops lived in great
+state. Thus, Cranmer's household comprised a treasurer, comptroller,
+steward, garnator, clerk of the kitchen, caterer, clerk of the spicery,
+yeoman of the ewery, bakers, pantlers, yeoman of the horse, yeoman
+ushers, besides numerous other less important officials.
+
+Cardinal Pole possessed a patent from Queen Mary, authorising a
+household of 100 servants. The modern part of the palace was built by
+Archbishop Howley in the Tudor style. He held the See from 1828 to
+1848, and was the last prelate to maintain the archiepiscopal state of
+the olden time.
+
+
+
+
+ELIZABETHAN LONDON
+
+BY T. FAIRMAN ORDISH, F.S.A.
+
+
+The leading feature of Elizabethan London was that it was a great port.
+William Camden, writing in his _Britannia_, remarked that the Thames,
+by its safe and deep channel, was able to entertain the greatest
+ships in existence, daily bringing in so great riches from all parts
+"that it striveth at this day with the Mart-townes of Christendome
+for the second prise, and affoordeth a most sure and beautiful Roade
+for shipping" (Holland's translation). Below the great bridge, one of
+the wonders of Europe, we see this shipping crowding the river in the
+maps and views of London belonging to the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
+The Tower and the bridge were the city's defences against attack by
+water. Near the Tower was the Custom House, where peaceful commerce
+paid its dues; and between the Custom House and the bridge was the
+great wharf of Billingsgate, where goods were landed for distribution.
+Near the centre of the bridge was a drawbridge, which admitted vessels
+to another great wharf, Queenhithe, at a point midway between London
+Bridge and Blackfriars. Between the bridge and Queenhithe was the
+Steelyard, the domain of the merchants of the Hanseatic League. Along
+the river front were numerous other wharves, where barges and lighters
+unloaded goods which they brought from the ships in the road, or from
+the upper reaches of the Thames. For the river was the great highway
+of London. It answered the needs of commerce, and it furnished the
+chief means of transit. The passenger traffic of Elizabethan London was
+carried on principally by means of rowing-boats. A passenger landed at
+the point nearest to his destination, and then walked; or a servant
+waited for him with a saddle-horse. The streets were too narrow for
+coaches, except in two or three main arteries.
+
+The characteristic of present-day London, at which all foreigners
+most marvel, is the amount of traffic in the streets. In Elizabethan
+London this characteristic existed in the chief highway--the Thames.
+The passenger-boats were generally described as "wherries," and they
+were likened by Elizabethan travellers to the gondolas of Venice; for
+instance, by Coryat, in his _Crudities_, who thought the playhouses
+of Venice very beggarly compared with those of London, but admired
+the gondoliers, because they were "altogether as swift as our rowers
+about London." The maps of the period reveal the extraordinary number
+of "stairs" for landing passengers along both banks of the river,
+besides the numerous wharves for goods. John Stow, the author of the
+_Survey of London_, published first in 1598, and again in a second
+edition in 1603, describes the traffic on the river. "By the Thames,"
+he says, "all kinds of merchandise be easily conveyed to London, the
+principal storehouse and staple of all commodities within this realm.
+So that, omitting to speak of great ships and other vessels of burthen,
+there pertaineth to the cities of London, Westminster, and borough of
+Southwark, above the number, as is supposed, of 2,000 wherries and
+other small boats, whereby 3,000 poor men at the least be set on work
+and maintained." Many of these watermen were old sailors, who had
+sailed and fought under Drake. The Armada deliverance was recalled
+by Drake's ship, which lay in the river below the bridge. The voyage
+of the Earl of Essex to Spain, the expeditions to Ireland and to the
+Low Countries, formed the staple of the gossip of these old sailors
+who found employment in the chief means of locomotion in Elizabethan
+London.
+
+There was only the single bridge, but there were several ferries.
+The principal ferry was from Blackfriars and the Fleet river to a
+point opposite on the Surrey side, called Paris Garden stairs--nearly
+in a line with the present Blackfriars Bridge. At Westminster was
+another, from the Horseferry Road to a point a little west of Lambeth
+Palace--almost in the line of the present Lambeth Bridge. The river was
+fordable at low tide at this point; horses crossed here--whence the
+name Horseferry--and possibly other cattle, when the tide was unusually
+low.
+
+The sea is the home of piety. Coast towns, ports, and havens, reached
+after voyages of peril, are invariably notable for their places of
+worship, and for customs which speak touchingly--like the blessing
+of fishermen's nets, for instance--of lives spent in uncertainty and
+danger. Thus, the leading characteristic of Elizabethan London being
+its association with the sea and its dependence on the river, we find
+that its next most striking characteristic was the extraordinary
+number of churches it contained. The great cathedral predominated more
+pronouncedly than its modern successor. From the hill on which it was
+based it reared its vast bulk; its great spire ascended the heavens,
+and the multitude of church towers and spires and belfries throughout
+the city seemed to follow it. The houses were small, the streets were
+narrow; but to envisage the city from the river, or from the Surrey
+side, was to have the eye led upwards from point to point to the summit
+of St. Paul's. The dignity and piety of London were thus expressed,
+in contradiction to human foibles and failings so conspicuous in
+Elizabethan drama. The spire of St. Paul's was destroyed by lightning
+early in the reign of Elizabeth; and the historian may see much
+significance in the fact that it was not rebuilt, even in thanksgiving
+and praise for the deliverance from the Great Armada. The piety of
+London dwindled until it flamed forth anew in the time of the Puritan
+revolt.
+
+The bridge was carried on nineteen arches. It had a defensive gate
+at the Southwark end, and another gateway at the northern end. In
+the centre was a beautiful chapel, dedicated to Thomas à Becket, and
+known as St. Thomas of the Bridge. Houses were built on the bridge,
+mostly shops with overhanging signs, as in the streets of the city.
+Booksellers and haberdashers predominated, but other trades were
+carried on also. After the chapel, the most conspicuous feature of the
+bridge was "Nonesuch House," so called to express the wonder that it
+was constructed in Holland entirely of wood, brought over the water
+piece by piece, and put together on the bridge by dovetailing and pegs,
+without the use of a single metal nail. Adjoining the northern gateway
+was an engine for raising water by means of a great wheel operated by
+the tide. Near the Southwark end were corn-mills, worked on the same
+principle, below the last two arches of the bridge. The gateway at the
+Southwark end, so well shown in Visscher's view of London, was finished
+in 1579, and the traitors' heads, which formerly surmounted a tower
+by the drawbridge, were transferred to it. Travellers from the south
+received this grim salutation as they approached the bridge, which
+led into the city; and when they glanced across the river, the Tower
+frowned upon them, and the Traitors' Gateway, like teeth in an open
+mouth, deepened the effect of warning and menace.
+
+But these terrors loomed darkling in the background for the most
+part. They belonged rather to the time when the sovereign's palaces
+at Westminster and at the Tower seemed to hold London in a grip. The
+palace at Westminster now languished in desuetude; the Tower was a
+State prison, and--with some ironical intent, perhaps--also the abode
+of the royal beasts, lions, tigers, leopards, and other captives.
+The Queen passed in her royal barge down the river with ceremonious
+pageantry from her palace of Whitehall; the drawbridge raised, the
+floating court passed the Tower as with lofty indifference on its way
+to "Placentia," Her Majesty's palace at Greenwich. Out of the silence
+of history a record speaks like a voice, and tells us that here, in
+1594, Shakespeare and his fellows performed at least two comedies or
+interludes before Her Majesty, and we know even the amounts that were
+paid them for their services.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF LONDON IN THE TIME OF QUEEN ELIZABETH (1563).]
+
+In the _Survey_ of John Stow we have three separable elements: the
+archæology and history of London, Stow's youthful recollections of
+London in the time of Henry the Eighth, and Stow's description of
+the great change which came over London after the dissolution of the
+religious houses, and continued in process throughout his lifetime.
+The mediæval conditions were not remote. He could remember when London
+was clearly defined by the wall, like a girdle, of which the Tower was
+the knot. No heroic change had befallen; the wall had not been cast
+down into its accompanying fosse to form a ring-street, as was done
+when Vienna was transformed from the mediæval state. London had simply
+filled up the ditch with its refuse; its buildings had simply swarmed
+over the wall and across the dike; shapeless and haphazard suburbs had
+grown up, till the surrounding villages became connected with the city.
+Even more grievous, in the estimation of Stow, was the change which he
+had witnessed within the city itself. The feudal lords had departed,
+and built themselves mansions outside the city. The precincts of the
+dissolved religious establishments had been converted into residential
+quarters, and a large proportion of the old monastic gardens had been
+built upon. The outlines of society had become blurred. Formerly, the
+noble, the priest, and the citizen were the defined social strata.
+Around each of these was grouped the rest of the social units in
+positions of dependence. A new type of denizen had arisen, belonging to
+none of the old categories--the typical Elizabethan Londoner.
+
+The outward aspect of Elizabethan London reflected this social change.
+On the south of the city, along the line of Thames Street, the wall
+had entirely disappeared. On the east and west it was in decay, and
+was becoming absorbed in fresh buildings. Only on the north side of
+the city, where it had been re-edified as late as 1474, did the wall
+suggest its uses for defence. In the map of Agas, executed early in the
+reign of Elizabeth, this portion of the wall, with its defensive towers
+and bastions, appears singularly well preserved. Thus the condition of
+the wall suggested the passing of the old and the coming of the new
+order. The gates which formerly defended the city, where the chief
+roadways pierced the wall, still remained as monuments, and they were
+admirably adapted to the purpose of civic pageantry and ceremonial
+shows. Indeed, the gateway on the Oxford road was rebuilt in 1586, and
+called Newgate, "from the newness thereof," and it was the "fairest"
+of all the gates of London. It is reckoned that this was the year that
+Shakespeare came to London from Stratford-on-Avon; and the assumption
+is generally allowed that he entered the city by Newgate, which
+would be his direct road. A new gate, of an artistic and ornamental
+character, set in the ancient wall, was a sign and a symbol of the new
+conditions in London, of which Shakespeare himself was destined to
+become the chief result.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With the characteristics of London as a great mart and port is included
+the foreign elements in its population. In Lombard Street the merchants
+of Lombardy from early mediæval times had performed the operations
+of banking and foreign exchange; and around them were assembled the
+English merchants of all qualities and degrees. Business was conducted
+in the open street, and merchants merely adjourned into the adjoining
+houses to seal their bonds and make their formal settlements. Henry
+VIII. tried to induce the city to make use of the great building of
+Leadenhall for this purpose; but the innovation was resisted, and
+Lombard Street continued to be the burse of London till long after the
+accession of Elizabeth. The name of Galley Key remained in Tower Street
+ward to mark the spot on the river bank "where the galleys of Italy
+and other parts did discharge their wines and merchandises brought to
+this city." The men of the galleys lived as a colony by themselves
+in Mincing Lane; the street leading to their purlieus was called,
+indifferently, Galley Row and Petit Wales. Here was a great house, the
+official territorium of the Principality. The original of Shakespeare's
+"Fluellen" may very possibly have been a denizen of this quarter.
+
+Above the bridge, in Thames Street, was the territorium of the Hanse
+merchants, alluded to by Stow as "the merchants of Almaine," and by
+Camden as "the Easterlings or Dutch merchants of the Steelyard."
+Their position in the city was one of great importance: the export
+trade of the country in woollen goods was chiefly in their hands,
+and they had their own Guildhall in Upper Thames Street, called the
+_Gilda Teutonicorum_. The special privileges accorded to this foreign
+commercial community carried the obligation to maintain Bishopsgate in
+repair, and "to defend it at all times of danger and extremity." When
+the house of the Augustine Friars, Old Broad Street, was dissolved,
+and its extensive gardens became cut up and built upon, the Dutch
+colony settled there in residence, and the church of Austin Friars was
+specially assigned to them by Edward VI. Towards the end of the reign
+of Elizabeth the privileges of the Hanse merchants were revoked, and
+their guildhall was confiscated to the use of the navy. But the Dutch
+element continued as a part of the commercial life of the city, and the
+church of Austin Friars is still the "church of the Dutch nation in
+London."
+
+West of the Steelyard was the Vintry. Here the merchants of Bordeaux
+had been licensed to build their warehouses of stone, at the rear of a
+great wharf, on which were erected cranes for unloading the lighters
+and other boats which brought the casks from the ships below bridge.
+The trade of these foreign merchants gave the name of Vintry Ward to
+one of the divisions of the city. In Bishopsgate Ward, near the church
+of St. Botolph, was a French colony, their purlieus forming a quadrant,
+called Petty France.
+
+Elizabethan London was more cosmopolitan than many European capitals.
+In Lombard Street the merchants of Germany, France, and Italy were
+conspicuously differentiated by the varieties of costume. On the site
+of the present Royal Exchange, Sir Thomas Gresham laid the first
+stone of his great Bourse in 1566; the design was in imitation of the
+Bourse at Antwerp; the materials of its construction were imported
+from Flanders; the architect and builder was a Fleming, named Henryke.
+The opening of this building by Queen Elizabeth in state in January,
+1571, when Her Majesty commanded it to be proclaimed by herald and
+trumpet that the Bourse should be called The Royal Exchange from that
+time henceforth, is a familiar story, because it is, in fact, one of
+the most striking and significant events in the history of London. The
+trumpet of that herald, on January 23rd, 1571, announced a new era.
+
+The building was a quadrangle, enclosing an open space. The sides
+formed a cloister or sheltered walk; above this was a corridor, or
+walk, called "the pawn," with stalls or shops, like the Burlington
+Arcade of the present day; above this again was a tier of rooms. The
+great bell-tower stood on the Cornhill front; the bell was rung at
+noon and at six in the evening. On the north side, looking towards
+St. Margaret's, Lothbury, was a tall Corinthian column. Both tower
+and column were surmounted by a grasshopper--the Gresham crest. The
+inscription on the façade of the building was in French, German, and
+Italian. The motley scene of Lombard Street had been transferred to the
+Royal Exchange. The merchants of Amsterdam, of Antwerp, of Hamburg,
+of Paris, of Bordeaux, of Venice and Vienna, distinguishable to the
+eye by the dress of the nations they represented, and to the ear by
+the differences of language, conducted their exchanges with English
+merchants, and with each other, in this replica of the Bourse of
+Antwerp, the rialto of Elizabethan London.[1]
+
+Cheapside was called West Cheap in Elizabethan London, in
+contradistinction to East Cheap, famous for ever as the scene of the
+humours of "Dame Quickly" and "Falstaff." The change in West Cheap
+since the mediæval period was chiefly at the eastern end, on the
+north side. Here a large space opposite the church of St. Mary-le-Bow
+was formerly kept clear of building, although booths and stalls
+for market purposes occupied the ground temporarily. The space was
+otherwise reserved for the mediæval jousts, tournaments, and other
+civic pageantry. The site of Mercers' Hall was occupied by the _Militia
+Hospitalis_, called, after Thomas à Becket, St. Thomas of Acon. After
+the Dissolution this establishment was granted by Henry to the Mercers'
+Company, who adapted the existing buildings to the purposes of their
+hall, one of the principal features of Cheap in Elizabethan times. The
+district eastward of Mercers' Hall had become filled up with building,
+and the making of Cheap as a thoroughfare was now complete. The
+original road westward was from the top of New Fish Street, by East
+Cheap, Candlewick or Cannon Street, past London Stone (probably the
+Roman _Milliarium_), along Budge Row and Watling Street, to the site of
+St. Paul's, where it is conjectured a temple of Diana stood in Roman
+times. But Cheap, or West Cheap, was the chief traffic way westward
+in Elizabethan London; it was filled with shops and warehouses, a
+thriving business centre, the pride of the city. The name of "Cheap"
+was derived from the market, and several of the streets leading into
+it yet bear names which in Elizabethan times were descriptive of the
+trades there carried on. Thus the Poultry was the poulterers' market;
+ironmongers had their shops in Ironmonger Lane, as formerly they had
+their stalls in the same area; in Milk Street were the dairies; and
+towards the west end of Cheap was Bread Street, the market of the
+bakers, and Friday Street, where fishmongers predominated. Lying
+between these two streets, with frontages in both, was the Mermaid
+Tavern, the chief resort of "the breed of excellent and choice wits,"
+included by Camden among the glories of Elizabethan London. Stow does
+not refer to the Mermaid by name, but possibly he had it in mind when
+he wrote the following passage: "Bread Street, so called of bread sold
+there, as I said, is now wholly inhabited by rich merchants; and divers
+fair inns be there, for good receipt of carriers and other travellers
+to the city." The trades kept themselves in their special localities,
+although they did not always give the name to the street they occupied.
+Thus, to return to the eastern end of Cheap, there was Bucklersbury,
+where the pepperers or grocers were located, having given up their
+former quarters in Sopars' Lane to the cordwainers and curriers. With
+the grocers were mingled apothecaries and herbalists; and hence the
+protest of Falstaff, in the _Merry Wives of Windsor_, that he was not
+"like a many of these lisping hawthorn-buds, that come like women
+in men's apparel, and smell like Bucklesbury in simple time." In
+the midst of Cheap, at a point between Mercers' Hall and Old Jewry,
+opposite the end of Bucklersbury, was the water conduit--in the words
+of Stow, "The great conduit of sweet water, conveyed by pipes of lead
+underground from Paddington for the service of this city, castellated
+with stone, and cisterned in lead." Around the conduit stood the great
+jars used by the water-carriers to convey the water to the houses. The
+water-carrier, as a type of Elizabethan London, is preserved by Ben
+Jonson in the character of Cob in _Every Man in his Humour_. Going
+westward from the Conduit, another object stood out in the roadway--the
+Standard, a tall pillar at which the public executions of the city
+jurisdiction took place. Still further west, in the midst of Cheap,
+stood the Eleanor Cross, one of the most beautiful monuments in London
+at this time.
+
+The Guildhall stood where it stands to-day, accessible from Cheap by
+Ironmonger Lane and St. Lawrence Lane. Only the walls and the crypt
+of the original building remain; but the features of this great civic
+establishment, as well as its sumptuous character and beautiful
+adornments, were practically the same in the days of Gresham as at
+the present time. Stow describes the stately porch entering the great
+hall, the paving of Purbeck marble, the coloured glass windows, and,
+alas! the library which had been "borrowed" by the Protector Somerset
+in the preceding reign. Near the Guildhall was the church of St.
+Mary Aldermanbury, the predecessor of the existing edifice. In this
+parish dwelt Hemmings and Condell, "fellows" of Shakespeare--that is
+to say, players of his company, whom he remembered in his will. These
+men conferred a benefit on all future ages by collecting the poet's
+plays, seven years after his death, and publishing them in that folio
+edition which is one of the most treasured volumes in the world. In
+the churchyard a monument to their memory was erected in 1896. It is
+surmounted by a bust of the poet, who looks forth serenely greeting the
+passer-by from beneath the shade of trees in this quiet old churchyard
+in modern London.
+
+To return to Cheap, it remains to speak of a feature which attracted
+Queen Elizabeth, and was, indeed, one of the marvels of London. Here
+are the _ipsissima verba_ of Stow's contemporary description:
+
+     "Next to be noted, the most beautiful frame of fair houses
+     and shops that be within the walls of London, or elsewhere in
+     England, commonly called Goldsmiths' Row, betwixt Bread Street
+     end and the cross in Cheap ... the same was built by Thomas
+     Wood, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs of London, in the year
+     1491. It containeth in number ten fair dwelling-houses and
+     fourteen shops, all in one frame, uniformly built four stories
+     high, beautified towards the street with the Goldsmiths' arms
+     and the likeness of woodmen, in memory of his name, riding on
+     monstrous beasts, all which is cast in lead, richly painted
+     over and gilt. These he gave to the goldsmiths, with stocks of
+     money, to be lent to young men having those shops. This said
+     front was again new painted and gilt over in the year 1594;
+     Sir Richard Martin being then mayor, and keeping his mayoralty
+     in one of them."
+
+Beyond Goldsmiths' Row was the old Change; the name and the street both
+still exist. Beyond old Change were seven shops; then St. Augustine's
+Gate, leading into St. Paul's Churchyard; and then came Paternoster
+Row. Between Paternoster Row and Newgate Street stood the Church of
+St. Michael-le-Querne, stretching out into the middle of Cheap, where
+the statue of Sir Robert Peel now stands. Stretching out from the east
+end of the church, still further into the street, was a water conduit,
+which supplied all the neighbourhood hereabout, called "The Little
+Conduit," not because it was little, but to distinguish it from the
+great conduit at the other end of Cheap.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We are concerned in this place not with the history of old St.
+Paul's, nor with the technique of its architecture, but with the
+great cathedral as a religious and social institution, the centre of
+Elizabethan London. Here the streams of life were gathered, and hence
+they radiated. It was the official place of worship of the Corporation;
+the merchants of the city followed. The monarch on special occasions
+attended the services; the nobility followed the royal example. The
+typical Elizabethan made the middle aisle his promenade, where he
+displayed the finery of his attire and the elegance of his deportment.
+The satirists found a grand opportunity in the humours of Paul's
+Walk; but the effect of the cathedral is not to be derived from such
+allusions in the literature of the time. All classes were attracted by
+the beautiful organ and the anthems so exquisitely sung by the choir.
+The impressive size and noble proportions of the building, the soaring
+height of the nave, the mystery of the open tower, where the ascending
+vision became lost in gathering obscurity, and where the chords from
+the organ died away; these spiritual associations, these appeals to the
+imagination, were uplifting influences so powerful that the vanities of
+Paul's Walk were negligible by comparison. As with the gargoyle on the
+outer walls, the prevailing effect was so sublime, that it was merely
+heightened by this element of the grotesque.[2]
+
+The cathedral stood in the midst of a churchyard. In the mediæval
+period this was enclosed by a wall. In the reign of Elizabeth the
+wall still existed, but, as Stow observes, "Now on both sides, to
+wit, within and without, it be hidden with dwelling-houses." In 1561
+the great steeple was struck by lightning and destroyed by fire, but
+the tower from which the spire arose remained. The tower was 260 feet
+high, and the height of the spire was the same, so that the pinnacle
+was 520 feet from the base.[3] Surmounting the pinnacle, in this
+earlier portion of Elizabeth's reign, was a weathercock, an object of
+curiosity to which Stow devotes a minute description. In the midst of
+the churchyard stood Paul's Cross--"a pulpit cross of timber, mounted
+upon steps of stone and covered with lead, in which are sermons
+preached every Sunday in the forenoon." Many of the monastic features
+of the establishment had disappeared; others were transformed and
+adapted to other uses. The great central fabric remained, and the
+school flourished--"Paul's School," in the east part of the churchyard,
+endowed by Dean Colet in 1512, and rebuilt in the later years of
+Elizabeth, where one hundred and fifty-three poor men's children were
+given a free education under a master, an usher, and a chaplain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Newgate Street, Cheapside, Cornhill, Leadenhall, and Aldgate formed (as
+they do still) nearly a straight line, east and west. From this line to
+the wall on the north, in Plantagenet and early Tudor times, the city
+was largely composed of open spaces: chiefly the domains of religious
+houses; while south of the dividing line to the river the ground was
+thickly built over. After the Dissolution the transformation of the
+northern area began.
+
+Considerable building took place in the reign of Edward VI.; but at
+the time of Elizabeth's accession the generally open character of this
+area, as compared with the more southerly part of the city, still
+subsisted. The increase of population, however, due very largely to
+people who flocked to London from all parts of the country, led to
+rapid building, which produced the Queen's famous proclamation to
+stay its further progress. To evade the ordinance, and to meet the
+ever-increasing demand, large houses were converted into tenements,
+and a vast number of people were thus accommodated who lived chiefly
+out-of-doors and took their meals in the taverns, inns, and ordinaries
+which abounded in all parts of the city. The pressure of demand
+continued, and the open spaces became gradually built over. The Queen
+and her government, aghast at the incessant tide of increase, in
+terror of the plague, recognised the futility of further prohibition,
+and avoided communication with the city as much as possible. At the
+slightest hint of plague Her Majesty would start off on one of her
+Progresses, or betake herself to Richmond, to Hampton Court, or to
+Greenwich.
+
+Some of these transformations of ancient monastic purlieus may be
+briefly instanced. Within Newgate was the house and precinct of the
+Grey Friars. After the Dissolution the whole precinct was presented by
+Henry to the citizens of London, and here Edward VI. founded the school
+for poor fatherless children, which became famous as Christ's Hospital,
+"the Bluecoat school."
+
+Let a short passage from Stow describe this change from the old order
+to the new:
+
+     "In the year 1552 began the repairing of the Greyfriars house
+     for the poor fatherless children; and in the month of November
+     the children were taken into the same, to the number of almost
+     four hundred. On Christmas Day, in the afternoon, while the
+     Lord Mayor and Aldermen rode to Paules, the children of
+     Christ's Hospital stood from St. Lawrence Lane end in Cheape
+     towards Paules, all in one livery of russet cotton, three
+     hundred and forty in number; and in Easter next, they were in
+     blue at the Spittle, and so have continued ever since."
+
+The Greyfriars or Bluecoat school was one of the largest buildings in
+London. Its demesne extended to the city wall, in which there was a
+gate communicating with the grounds of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, the
+famous foundation of Rahere. The wall ran northward from the New Gate,
+the ground between the school and the wall on that side had been built
+over. There was a continuous line of building along Newgate Street to
+St. Martin's le Grand. The shambles or meat market occupied the centre
+of the street, called St. Nicholas Shambles, from a church which had
+been demolished since the Reformation.
+
+From Newgate Street and the top of Cheapside to St. Anne's Lane was
+formerly the territory of the Collegiate Church and Sanctuary of St.
+Martin's le Grand. The college was dismantled after the edict of
+dissolution, but the sanctuary remained.
+
+Some of the collegiate buildings had been converted into tenements,
+and other houses had been erected. These were occupied by "strangers
+born"--_i.e._, denizens who were not born Londoners--although within
+the walls the civic jurisdiction did not extend over this territory.
+Certain trades were carried on here outside the regulated industry of
+the city--_e.g._, tailoring and lace-making. The district became one
+of the resorts of the Elizabethan ruffler; and under the ægis of the
+ancient right of sanctuary a kind of Alsatia came into existence, the
+scene of many exciting episodes when debtors and fugitives from justice
+evaded their pursuers, and succeeded in reaching these precincts.
+
+In Broad Street the ancient glory of the Augustine Friars was still
+a memory, and much of their spacious domain had been divided into
+gardens. The beautiful church remained, but the spire was becoming
+ruinous from neglect. Stow described the gardens, the gates of the
+precinct, and the great house which had been built here by William
+Paulet, first Marquis of Winchester, Lord Treasurer of England, "in
+place of Augustine friar's house, cloister, gardens, etc." There is an
+admirable irony in the recital of Stow at this point:
+
+     "The friars church he pulled not down, but the west end
+     thereof, inclosed from the steeple and choir, was in the
+     year 1550 granted to the Dutch nation in London, to be their
+     preaching place: the other part--namely, the steeple, choir,
+     and side aisles to the choir adjoining--he reserved to
+     household uses, as for stowage of corn, coal and other things;
+     his son and heir, Marquis of Winchester, sold the monuments of
+     noblemen there buried in great number, the paving stone and
+     whatsoever (which cost many thousands) for one hundred pounds,
+     and in place thereof made fair stabling for horses. He caused
+     the lead to be taken from the roofs, and laid tile in place
+     thereof; which exchange proved not so profitable as he looked
+     for, but rather to his disadvantage."
+
+Between Broad Street and Bishopsgate Street the space was chiefly
+composed of gardens. One of the houses fronting Bishopsgate Street
+was the residence of Sir Thomas Gresham (perhaps his house in Lombard
+Street was reserved for business purposes).
+
+On the opposite side of Bishopsgate Street was Crosby Hall and the
+precinct of the dissolved nunnery of St. Helen, extending towards St.
+Mary Axe and the church of St. Andrew Undershaft. At the further end of
+St. Mary Axe was the "Papye," a building which had been a hospital for
+poor priests before the Reformation. In the year 1598 Shakespeare was
+living in the St. Helen's precinct, within the shadow of Crosby Hall,
+and John Stow, in his home near the church of St. Andrew Undershaft,
+had just corrected the proofs of the first edition of his _Survey of
+London_. Stow tells us about Gresham's House and about Crosby Hall. He
+tells us that Sir Francis Walsingham, the Secretary of State, resided
+at the Papye. He describes the church of St. Andrew Undershaft, where
+his own monument may be seen at the present day; he describes, too, the
+ancient church of the nunnery of St. Helen, in which a memorial window
+now commemorates Shakespeare. But he failed to mention the fact, which
+has since been recovered from the subsidy-roll in the Record Office,
+that William Shakespeare was a denizen of the precinct in 1598. Had
+Shakespeare built a water conduit in the neighbourhood, or endowed an
+almshouse, he might have been celebrated in the pages of John Stow.
+
+They were neighbours, and may have been acquainted. The district had
+been familiar to Stow from childhood, and he may have entertained the
+poet as he entertains us in his _Survey_ with recollections of the
+changes he had witnessed in his long lifetime. Describing Tower Hill,
+he recalls the abbey of nuns of the order of St. Clare, called the
+Minories, and after giving the facts of its history, proceeds:
+
+     "In place of this house of nuns is now built divers fair and
+     large storehouses for armour and habiliments of war, with
+     divers workhouses serving to the same purpose: there is a
+     small parish church for inhabitants of the close, called St.
+     Trinities. Near adjoining to this abbey, on the south side
+     thereof, was sometime a farm belonging to the said nunnery;
+     at the which farm I, myself, in my youth, have fetched many a
+     half-penny worth of milk, and never had less than three ale
+     pints for a half-penny in the summer, nor less than one ale
+     quart for a half-penny in the winter, always hot from the
+     kine, as the same was milked and strained. One Trolop, and
+     afterwards Goodman, were the farmers there, and had thirty
+     or forty kine to the pail. Goodman's son being heir to his
+     father's purchase, let out the ground, first for grazing of
+     horses, and then for garden-plots, and lived like a gentleman
+     thereby."
+
+Here we have the source of the name Goodman's Fields, a point of some
+interest for us; but how vastly more interesting to have rambled with
+Stow in Elizabethan London, listening to such stories of the old order
+which had passed, giving place to the new!
+
+We have strayed outside the wall, but not far. This road between
+Aldgate and the Postern Gate by the Tower, running parallel with the
+wall, is called the Minories, after the nunnery. Setting our faces
+towards Aldgate, to retrace our steps, we have the store-houses for
+armour and habiliments of war on our right; the wide ditch on our left
+has been filled up, and partly enclosed for cultivation. There are
+trees, and cows browsing, although the farm which Stow remembered no
+longer existed. Before us, just outside Aldgate, is the church of St.
+Buttolph, with its massive tower, standing in a spacious churchyard.
+Owing to the extensive building and development which had taken
+place outside the wall since the Reformation, it had been necessary
+to construct lofts and galleries in this church to accommodate the
+parishioners. At Aldgate the line of the wall turns westward towards
+Bishopsgate. Parallel to it a road has been made along the bank of the
+ditch, and leads into Bishopsgate Street. This is Houndsditch. The
+houses stand thickly along one side of the way looking towards the
+wall; the ditch has been filled up, and the wide surface is used for
+cattle pens or milking stalls.
+
+We will not go along Houndsditch, but turning sharply to the left from
+St. Buttolph's we pass through Aldgate. In doing so we immediately
+find ourselves in the midst of the remains of the great priory of Holy
+Trinity. The road leads southward into Fenchurch Street, branching off
+on the west into Leadenhall Street. At the junction of these streets
+stood the hospitium of the priory. Between Leadenhall Street and the
+city wall, from Aldgate nearly up to St. Andrew Undershaft, lies the
+ground-plan of the establishment of the Canons Regular, known as
+Christchurch, or the priory of Holy Trinity, the grandest of all the
+monastic institutions in Middlesex except Westminster. The heads of the
+establishment were aldermen of the City of London, representing the
+Portsoken Ward.
+
+     "These priors have sitten and ridden amongst the aldermen of
+     London, in livery like unto them, saving that his habit was
+     in shape of a spiritual person, as I, myself, have seen in my
+     childhood; at which time the prior kept a most bountiful house
+     of meat and drink, both for rich and poor, as well within
+     the house as at the gates, to all comers, according to their
+     estates" (Stow).
+
+In 1531 the King took possession of Christchurch; the canons were
+sent to other houses of the same order--St. Bartholomew the Great,
+Smithfield; St. Mary Overies, Southwark; and St. Mary Spital--"and the
+priory, with the appurtenances, King Henry gave to Sir Thomas Audley,
+newly knighted, and after made Lord Chancellor" (Stow). So extensive
+and so solid was the mass of building that Audley was at a loss to get
+the space cleared for the new house he wished to build here. He offered
+the great church of the priory to any one who would take it down and
+cart away the materials. But as this offer met with no response, Audley
+had to undertake the destruction himself. Stow could remember how the
+workmen employed on this work, "with great labour, beginning at the
+top"--the tower had pinnacles at each corner like the towers at St.
+Saviour's and St. Sepulchre's--"loosed stone from stone, and threw
+them down, whereby the most part of them were broken, and few remained
+whole; and those were sold very cheap, for all the buildings then made
+about the city were of brick and timber. At that time any man in the
+city might have a cart-load of hard stone for paving brought to his
+door for sixpence or sevenpence, with the carriage." Thus, in place of
+the priory and its noble church, was built the residence of Thomas,
+Lord Audley, and here he lived till his death in 1544. By marriage of
+his only daughter and heiress, the house passed into the possession of
+Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, and was then called Duke's Place.
+
+Turning our backs upon Duke's Place and continuing a little further
+along the way by which Stow used to fetch the milk from the farm at
+the Minories to his father's house on Cornhill, we come to Leadenhall,
+a great building which served as a public granary in ancient times,
+and later as the chief market hall of the city. Leaving aside all the
+particulars of its history which Stow gives, let us note what he tells
+us from his own recollections:
+
+     "The use of Leadenhall in my youth was thus:--In a part of the
+     north quadrant, on the east side of the north gate, were the
+     common beams for weighing of wool and other wares, as had been
+     accustomed; on the west side the gate were the scales to weigh
+     meal; the other three sides were reserved, for the most part,
+     to the making and resting of the pageants showed at Midsummer
+     in the watch; the remnant of the sides and quadrants was
+     employed for the stowage of wool sacks, but not closed up; the
+     lofts above were partly used by the painters in working for
+     the decking of pageants and other devices, for beautifying of
+     the watch and watchmen; the residue of the lofts were letten
+     out to merchants, the wool winders and packers therein to
+     wind and pack their wools. And thus much for Leadenhall may
+     suffice."
+
+The celebration of the Nativity of St. John and the civic pageantry
+of Midsummer Eve belonged to the past; but Stow could remember the
+assembly of the citizens arrayed in parti-coloured vestments of red
+and white over their armour, their lances coloured and decorated
+to distinguish the various wards they represented, their torches
+borne in cressets on long poles. He could remember the processions
+as they passed the bonfires which burned in the open spaces of the
+city thoroughfares, and the throng of faces at the open windows and
+casements as they appeared in the fitful glare. The pageantry had
+disappeared with the suppression of the religious houses; but the
+military organization was merely changed. The musters of the city
+soldiers when they were reviewed by Queen Elizabeth at the coming of
+the Armada was a recent memory.
+
+And so we turn into Bishopsgate Street again, and walk along to Crosby
+Hall, the ancient palace of Richard III. In the middle of the roadway,
+opposite the junction of Threadneedle Street with Bishopsgate Street,
+stands a well, with a windlass, which probably existed here before the
+conduit was made near the gateway in the time of Henry VIII. We enter
+the precinct of St. Helen's: the wall of Crosby's great chamber is on
+our right hand; before us is the church of the nunnery. The spirit
+of the place is upon us. The barriers of time are removed; past and
+present mingle in the current of our meditation. Lo! one bids us a
+courteous farewell: it is Master Stow, our cicerone, who goes away
+in the direction of St. Andrew Undershaft. The presence of another
+influence continues to be felt. We enter the dim church, and shadows
+of kneeling nuns seem to hover in the twilight of the northern nave.
+Invisible fingers touch the organ-keys; the strains of evensong arise
+from the choir. Our reverie is broken, an influence recedes from us.
+But turning our eyes towards the painted picture of Shakespeare which
+fills the memorial window in this ancient church, we join in the hymn
+of praise and thanksgiving.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What chiefly impressed the Elizabethan was the newness of London, and
+the rapidity with which its ancient features were being obliterated.
+John Stow felt it incumbent upon him to make a record of the ancient
+city before it was entirely swept away and forgotten. In what was new
+to him we find a similar interest.
+
+Through Bishopsgate northward lies Shoreditch. The old church which
+stood here in Elizabethan times has disappeared, but on the site
+stands another church with the same dedication, to St. Leonard. The
+sweet peal of the bells from the old belfry, so much appreciated by
+the Elizabethans, is to be heard no more; but the muniment chest of
+the modern church contains the old registers, in which we may read the
+names of Tarleton, Queen Elizabeth's famous jester, of Burbage, and
+the colony of players who lived in this parish, in the precinct of the
+dissolved priory of Holywell. The road from Shoreditch to the precinct
+still exists, known as Holywell Lane.
+
+The priory of St. John Baptist, called Holywell, a house of nuns, had
+been rebuilt, in the earlier period of the reign of Henry VIII., by
+Sir Thomas Lovel, K.G., of Lincoln's Inn. He endowed the priory with
+fair lands, extended the buildings, and added a large chapel. He also
+built considerably in Lincoln's Inn, including the fine old gateway in
+Chancery Lane, which still stands as one of the few remaining memorials
+of ancient London. Sir Thomas figures as one of the characters in
+Shakespeare's play of _Henry VIII._ When he died he was duly buried in
+the large chapel which he had added to Holywell Priory, in accordance
+with his design; but a few years later, in 1539, the priory was
+surrendered to the King and dissolved. Stow tells us that the church
+was pulled down--it is doubtful if Lovel's chapel was spared--and
+that many houses were built within the precinct "for the lodgings of
+noblemen, of strangers born, and others."
+
+In the first edition of his _Survey_ Stow added:--
+
+     "And near thereunto are builded two publique houses for the
+     acting and shewe of comedies, tragedies and histories, for
+     recreation. Whereof one is called the Courtein, and the other
+     the Theatre; both standing on the south west side towards the
+     field."
+
+This passage was omitted from the second edition of the book published
+in 1603; but the whole extensive history of these playhouses, which
+was won from oblivion by the research of J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps,
+proceeded from this brief testimony of Stow.
+
+Against the background of the ancient priory this precinct of
+Holywell presented a perfect picture of the new conditions which
+constituted what was distinctively Elizabethan London. It comprehended
+the conditions of freedom required by the new life. Outside the
+jurisdiction of the city, but within the protection of the justices of
+Middlesex; lying open to the common fields of Finsbury, where archery
+and other sports were daily practised; its two playhouses affording
+varied entertainment in fencing matches, wrestling matches, and other
+"sports, shows, and pastimes," besides stage-plays performed by the
+various acting companies which visited them; this precinct of Holywell
+presented a microcosm of Elizabethan London society. The attraction
+of the plays brought visitors from all parts of the city. On the days
+when dramatic performances were to be given flags were hoisted in the
+morning over the playhouses; and after the early midday dinner the
+stream of playgoers began to flow from the gates. On horseback and
+on foot, over the fields from Cripplegate and Moorgate, or along the
+road from Bishopsgate, came men and women, citizens and gallants,
+visitors from the country, adventurers and pickpockets. All classes
+and conditions mingled in the Theatre or the Curtain, in the "common
+playhouses," as they were called, which only came into existence in
+1576, after the players had been banished from the city. It was all
+delightfully new and modern; the buildings were gorgeously decorated;
+the apparel of the players was rich and dazzling; the music was
+enthralling; the play was a magic dream.
+
+Some of the plays of Marlowe were performed at these Holywell theatres;
+and in 1596 a play by the new poet, William Shakespeare, called _Romeo
+and Juliet_, was produced at the Curtain, and caused a great sensation
+in Elizabethan London. The famous balcony scene of this play was
+cleverly adapted to the orchestra gallery above the stage. The stage
+itself projected into the arena, and the "groundlings" stood around it.
+Above were three tiers of seated galleries, and near the stage were
+"lords' rooms," the precursors of the private boxes of a later time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+After the Theatre and Curtain had become a feature of Elizabethan
+London at Shoreditch, other playhouses came into existence on the other
+side of the river; first at Newington, outside the jurisdiction of
+the city, in conditions corresponding to those of Shoreditch. For the
+sports and pastimes of Finsbury Fields, in the neighbourhood of the
+playhouses, there were the sports and pastimes of St. George's Fields
+in the neighbourhood of the Newington Theatre. Playgoers from the city
+took boat to Paris Garden stairs and witnessed the bear-baiting on
+Bankside, or proceeded by road on horseback or on foot to St. George's
+Fields and Newington; or they went thither over the bridge all the way
+by road, walking or riding. The use of coaches was very limited, owing
+to the narrow roads and imperfect paving of Elizabethan London.
+
+[Illustration: SHOOTING MATCH BY THE LONDON ARCHERS IN THE YEAR 1583.]
+
+At Newington the proprietor and manager of the playhouse was Philip
+Henslowe, whose diary is the chief source of what information we have
+concerning the earlier period of Elizabethan drama. He was a man of
+business instinct, who conducted his dramatic enterprise on purely
+commercial lines. In 1584 he secured the lease of a house and two
+gardens on Bankside, and here, in the "liberty" of the Bishop of
+Winchester, nearer to the city but outside the civic jurisdiction, he
+erected his playhouse, called the Rose, in 1591. Henslowe thus brought
+the drama nearer to the city than it had been since the edict of 1575
+abolished the common stages which until then had been set up in inn
+yards or other convenient places in the city. The flag of the playhouse
+could be seen across the river; and from all points came the tide
+of playgoers, whose custom was a harvest to Henslowe and the Thames
+watermen.
+
+Midway between these two points of theatrical attraction--Holywell,
+Shoreditch on the north, and Newington and Bankside on the
+south--Shakespeare lodged in the precinct of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate.
+The company of players with whom he had become finally associated was
+that of the Lord Chamberlain. They derived their profits from three
+sources--from performances at court, from theatrical tours, and from
+performances at the Theatre and the Curtain. The Theatre was the
+property of the family of James Burbage, who had built it in 1576--his
+son Richard Burbage, the famous actor, and others. The interest of the
+proprietors may have suffered from Henslowe's enterprise in setting
+up a playhouse on Bankside; and they were in dispute with the ground
+landlord of their playhouse in regard to the renewal of their lease.
+In these circumstances the Burbages, with the co-operation of other
+members of the company, secured a site in the Winchester Liberty on
+Bankside, not far from the Rose but nearer the Bridge. They then took
+down their building in Holywell, vacated the land, and re-erected the
+playhouse on the other side of the river. Those who participated in
+this enterprise became "sharers," or partners, in the new playhouse.
+Shakespeare was one of these, and the name by which it was called--the
+Globe--was symbolical of the genius which reached its maturity in
+plays presented in this theatre during the closing years of the reign
+of Elizabeth and the first decade of the reign of her successor. "Totus
+mundus agit histrionem" was the inscription over the portal of the
+Globe. "All the world's a stage," said Shakespeare's Jaques in _As You
+Like It_. The life of Elizabethan London found its ultimate expression
+in that playhouse, which became celebrated then as "the glory of the
+Bank," and now is famous in all parts of the world where the glory of
+English literature is cherished.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There were many reminiscences of mediæval times on the Surrey side. At
+Bermondsey were to be seen the extensive remains of the great abbey
+of St. Saviour. After the Dissolution its name became transferred to
+the church near the end of London Bridge, formerly known as St. Mary
+Overies, the splendid fane which in our time has worthily become the
+cathedral of Southwark. Between this church and the church of St.
+George were many inns, among them the Tabard, where travellers to and
+from Canterbury and Dover, or Winchester and Southampton, introduced
+an element of novelty, change, and bustle; where plays were performed
+in the inn yards before the playhouses were built on Bankside. At the
+end of Bankside, looking towards the church of St. Saviour, stood
+Winchester House, the London residence of the Bishop of Winchester
+since the twelfth century. Here Cardinal Beaufort and Stephen Gardiner,
+Bishop of Winchester, had lived in great state. The site, including
+the park, which extended parallel with the river as far as Paris
+Garden, was formerly the property of the priory of Bermondsey. This
+area was under the separate jurisdiction of the Bishops of Winchester,
+and was called their "Liberty." Here, in the early years of Queen
+Elizabeth, were two amphitheatres--one for bull-baiting, the other for
+bear-baiting. There were also ponds for fish, called the Pike Ponds.[4]
+The great Camden records an anecdote of these ponds or stews, "which
+are here to feed Pikes and Tenches fat, and to scour them from the
+strong and muddy fennish taste." All classes delighted in the cruel
+sport of bear-baiting on the Bankside: ambassadors and distinguished
+foreigners were always conducted to these performances; on special
+occasions the Queen had them at the palace.
+
+In 1583 one of the amphitheatres fell down, and when re-erected it was
+built on the model of the playhouses.[5] It then became known as the
+Bear Garden; the bull-baiting amphitheatre dropped out of existence;
+perhaps it was reconstructed by Henslowe as his Rose theatre. The point
+is not of much importance, except as regards the evolution of the
+playhouse.
+
+The second playhouse built on the Surrey side after the Rose was the
+Swan, opened in 1596. This was erected on a site in the manor of Paris
+Garden, separated only by a road from the Liberty of Winchester. The
+playhouse was in a line with the landing-stairs, opposite Blackfriars.
+
+After the Globe playhouse was built in 1599, the other
+playhouses--Henslowe's Rose and Langley's Swan--ceased to flourish.
+Here the outward facts corresponded with the inward: a lovely flower
+had opened into bloom on the Bankside; what was unnecessary to its
+support drooped earthward like a sheath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Opposite Paris Garden, across the river, was Blackfriars; and here the
+change from the ancient order to what was distinctively Elizabethan
+London was most manifest. The ancient monastery had existed here from
+1276, when the Dominican or Black Friars moved hither from Holborn,
+until 1538, when the establishment was surrendered to King Henry VIII.
+It possessed a magnificent church, a vast palatial hall, and cloisters.
+Edward VI. had granted the whole precinct, with its buildings, to Sir
+Thomas Cawarden, the Master of the Revels. It became an aristocratic
+residential quarter; and in the earlier period of Queen Elizabeth's
+reign plays were performed here, probably in the ancient hall of the
+monastery, by the children of Her Majesty's chapel and the choir-boys
+of St. Paul's. At a later period--viz., in 1596--James Burbage,
+who built the theatre in Shoreditch, built a new playhouse in the
+precinct, or more probably adapted an existing building--the hall or
+part of the church--to serve the purpose of dramatic representation.
+This playhouse, consequently, was not open to the weather at the top
+like the common playhouses, and it was distinguished as the "private"
+theatre at Blackfriars.
+
+The west wall of the precinct was built along the bank of the Fleet
+river. Across the river opposite was the royal palace of Bridewell,
+which Edward VI. had given to the city of London to be a workhouse for
+the poor and a house of correction. This contiguity of a house for the
+poor and the remains of a monastery suggests a reflection on the social
+problem of Elizabethan London.
+
+Before the Reformation the religious houses were the agencies for
+the relief of the poor, the sick, the afflicted. The unemployed were
+assisted with lodging and food on their way as they journeyed in search
+of a market for their labour, paying for their entertainment at the
+religious houses by work either on the roads in the neighbourhood or
+on the buildings or in the gardens and fields, according to their
+trades and skill. It would seem that King Henry did not realise the
+importance and extent of this feature in the social economy, because,
+after he had suppressed the religious establishments, he complained
+very reproachfully of the number of masterless men and rogues that
+were everywhere to be found, especially about London. The good Bishop
+Ridley, in an eloquent appeal addressed to William Cecil, represented
+the poor and sick and starving in the streets of London in the person
+of Christ, beseeching the king to succour the poor and suffering Christ
+in the streets of London by bestowing his palace of Bridewell to be a
+home for the homeless, the starving, and the sick, where erring ones
+could be corrected and the good sustained. The good young monarch
+granted the bishop's request, and Bridewell Hospital was thus founded
+to do the social work in which Blackfriars monastery on the other side
+of the Fleet river had formerly borne its share. But single efforts of
+this kind were quite unequal to cope with the social difficulty; and
+early in the reign of Elizabeth the first Poor Law was passed and a
+system of relief came into operation.
+
+To meet the difficulty of unemployment, it was part of the policy of
+Queen Elizabeth's Government to encourage new industries, whether due
+to invention and discovery or to knowledge gained by visiting foreign
+countries to learn new processes and manufactures; the inventor or
+the introducer of the novelty was rewarded with a monopoly, and he
+received a licence "to take up workmen" to be taught the methods of the
+new industry. One of the manufactures which had been thus stimulated
+was glass-making; and in the precinct of Blackfriars was a famous
+glass-house or factory, a reminiscence of which still exists in the
+name Glasshouse Yard. It has been shown how the crafts and trades of
+Elizabethan London gravitated to separate areas: Blackfriars precinct
+was famous as the abode of artists; one may hazard the guess that some
+of the portraits of Elizabethan and Jacobean players in the Dulwich
+Gallery may have been painted here. In the reign of Charles I. Vandyke
+had his studio in Blackfriars, where the king paid him a visit to see
+his pictures. The precinct was famous also as the abode of glovers; and
+in the reigns of James and Charles it became a notorious stronghold
+of Puritans. The existing name of Playhouse Yard, at the back of
+_The Times_ newspaper office, affords some indication of the site of
+the theatre; and the name Cloister Court is the sole remnant of the
+cloisters of Blackfriars monastery.
+
+The eastern boundary of the precinct was St. Andrew's Hill, which still
+exists. On the site of the present church of St. Andrew in the Wardrobe
+stood a church of the same dedication in Elizabethan London. Stow wrote
+of "the parish church of St. Andrew in the Wardrobe, a proper church,
+but few monuments hath it." Near the church (the site being indicated
+by the existing court called the Wardrobe) was a building of State,
+which Stow calls "the King's Great Wardrobe." The Elizabethan use of
+the Wardrobe is described by Stow thus: "In this house of late years is
+lodged Sir John Fortescue, knight, master of the wardrobe, chancellor
+and under-treasurer of the exchequer, and one of her majesty's most
+honorable privy Council."
+
+Near the top of St. Andrew's Hill and within the precinct of
+Blackfriars was a house which Shakespeare purchased in 1613. It is
+described in the extant Deed of Conveyance as "now or late being in
+the tenure or occupation of one William Ireland ... abutting upon a
+street leading down to Puddle Wharf on the east part, right against the
+Kinges Majesties Wardrobe." Curiously enough, the name of this occupier
+survives in the existing Ireland Yard.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+ENVOY
+
+The omissions in this imperfect sketch of Elizabethan London are many
+and obvious. The design has been to show the tangible setting of a
+jewel rather than the jewel itself; the outward conditions in which
+the life of a new age was manifested. The background of destruction
+has been inevitably emphasised; but in Elizabethan London historic
+memorials existed on every hand. Nothing has been said of Baynard's
+Castle, its Norman walls rising from the margin of the river to
+the south of Blackfriars, or of St Bartholomew the Great, or the
+Charterhouse, or St. Giles's, Cripplegate; although an account of them
+would have completed the outer ring of our perambulation of the London
+described by Stow. The whole region westward--Holborn, Fleet Street,
+the Strand, and Westminster--has been left for another occasion. Here
+and there, however, we have been able to glance at historic buildings
+which had survived from earlier ages to witness the changes in London
+after the Reformation. It was those changes that led to the making of
+the playhouse and brought the conditions which enfolded the possibility
+realised in Shakespeare. This has been the point of view in the
+foregoing pages. A study of characteristics rather than a detailed
+account has been offered for the consideration of the reader.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Thomas Dekker, the pamphleteer and dramatist, describes the
+Exchange as it was in 1607, when "at every turn a man is put in mind of
+Babel, there is such a confusion of languages"; and as late as 1644 the
+picturesque dresses of the foreign merchants appear in an engraving by
+Hollar.
+
+[2] Camden speaks of "this so stately building," and in his terse
+fashion conveys the effect of the interior: "The west part, as also the
+Cross-yle, are spacious, high-built, and goodly to be seene by reason
+of the huge Pillars and a right beautiful arched Roof of stone."
+
+[3] This is Stow's figure. Camden gives the measurement as 534 feet.
+
+[4] The name survives in Pike Gardens, Bankside.
+
+[5] See the "Bear-house" near the "Play-house" (_i.e._, the Rose) in
+Norden's plan, 1593.
+
+
+
+
+PEPYS'S LONDON
+
+BY HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.
+
+
+The growth of population in London was almost stationary for many
+centuries; as, owing to the generally unhealthy condition of ancient
+cities, the births seldom exceeded the deaths, and in the case of
+frequent pestilences the deaths actually exceeded the births. Thus
+during its early history the walls of London easily contained its
+inhabitants, although at all times in its history London will be found
+to have taken a higher rank for healthy sanitary conditions than most
+of its continental contemporaries. In the later Middle Ages the city
+overflowed its borders, and its liberties were recognized and marked by
+Bars. Subsequently nothing was done to bring the further out-growths of
+London proper within the fold, and in Tudor times we first hear of the
+suburbs as disreputable quarters, a condemnation which was doubtless
+just, as the inhabitants mostly consisted of those who were glad to
+escape the restrictions of life within the city walls.
+
+The first great exodus westwards of the more aristocratic inhabitants
+of London took place in the reigns of James I. and Charles I.--first to
+Lincoln's Inn Fields and its neighbourhood, and then to Covent Garden,
+and both these suburbs were laid out by Inigo Jones, the greatest
+architect of beautiful street fronts that England has ever produced. It
+is an eternal disgrace to Londoners that so many of his noble buildings
+in Lincoln's Inn Fields have been destroyed. The period of construction
+of these districts is marked by the names of Henrietta and King
+Streets in Covent Garden, and Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields.
+
+After the Restoration modern London was founded. During the
+Commonwealth there had been a considerable stagnation in the movement
+of the population, and when the Royalists returned to England from
+abroad they found their family mansions in the city unfitted for their
+habitation, and in consequence established themselves in what is now
+the city of Westminster. Henry Jermyn, first Earl of St. Albans, began
+to provide houses for some of them in St. James's Square, and buildings
+in the district around were rapidly proceeded with.
+
+We have a faithful representation of London, as it appeared at the
+end of the Commonwealth period, in Newcourt and Faithorne's valuable
+Plan of London, dated 1658. A long growth of houses north of the
+Thames is seen stretching from the Tower to the neighbourhood of
+Westminster Abbey. Islington is found at the extreme north of the plan
+unconnected with the streets of the town, Hoxton connected with the
+city by Shoreditch, Bethnal Green almost alone, and Stepney at the
+extreme north-east. South of the Thames there are a few streets close
+to the river, and a small out-growth from London Bridge along the great
+southern road containing Southwark and Bermondsey. There is little at
+Lambeth but the Archbishop's Palace and the great marsh.
+
+On this plan we see what was the condition of the Haymarket and
+Piccadilly before the Restoration. This was soon to be changed, for
+between the years 1664 and 1668 were erected three great mansions in
+the "Road to Reading" (now Piccadilly), viz., Clarendon House (where
+Bond and Albemarle Streets now stand), Berkeley House (on the site
+now occupied by Devonshire House), and Burlington House. Piccadilly
+was the original name of the district after which Piccadilly Hall was
+called. The latter place was situated at the north-east corner of the
+Haymarket, nearly opposite to Panton Square, and close by Panton
+Street, named after Colonel Thomas Panton, the notorious gamester, who
+purchased Piccadilly Hall from Mrs. Baker, the widow of the original
+owner.
+
+There is much to be said in favour of associating the name of some
+well-known man with the London of his time, and thus showing how his
+descriptions illustrate the chief historical events of his time, with
+many of which he may have been connected. In the case of Samuel Pepys,
+we can see with his eyes many of the incidents of the early years of
+the Restoration period, and thus gain an insight into the inner life of
+the times. Pepys lived through some of the greatest changes that have
+passed over London, and in alluding to some of these we may quote his
+remarks with advantage. His friend, John Evelyn, also refers to many of
+the same events, and may also be quoted, more particularly as he was
+specially engaged at different periods of his life in improving several
+parts of London.
+
+We are truly fortunate in having two such admirable diarists at hand to
+help us to a proper understanding of the course of events and of the
+changes that took place in London during their long lives.
+
+When Pepys commenced his _Diary_ on January 1st, 1660, we find him
+living in a small house in Axe Yard, Westminster, a place which derived
+its name from a brewhouse on the west side of King Street, called
+"The Axe." He was then clerk to Mr. (afterwards Sir George) Downing,
+one of the Four Tellers of the Receipt of the Exchequer, from whom
+Downing Street obtained its name. Pepys was in the receipt of £50
+a year, and his household was not a large one, for it consisted of
+himself, his wife, and his servant Jane. He let the greater part of
+the house, and his family lived in the garrets. About 1767 Axe Yard
+was swept away, and Fludyer Street arose on its site, named after Sir
+Samuel Fludyer, who was Lord Mayor in 1761. Nearly a century afterwards
+(1864-65) this street also was swept away (with others) to make room
+for the Government offices, consisting of the India, Foreign and
+Colonial Offices, etc., so that all trace of Pepys's residence has now
+completely passed away.
+
+Macaulay, in the famous third chapter of his History, where he gives
+a brilliant picture of the state of England in 1685, and clearly
+describes London under the later Stuarts, writes: "Each of the two
+cities which made up the capital of England had its own centre of
+attraction." We may take this sentence as our text, and try to
+illustrate it by some notices of London life in the city and at the
+Court end of town. The two extremes were equally familiar to Pepys, and
+both were seen by him almost daily when he stepped into his boat by the
+Tower and out of it again at Westminster.
+
+To take the court life first, let us begin with the entry of the
+King into London on his birthday (May 29th, 1660). The enthusiastic
+reception of Charles II. is a commonplace of history, and from the
+Tower to Whitehall joy was exhibited by all that thronged the streets.
+Evelyn was spectator of the scene, which he describes in his _Diary_:--
+
+     "May 29th. This day his Majestie Charles the Second came to
+     London after a sad and long exile and calamitous suffering
+     both of the King and Church, being 17 yeares. This was also
+     his birthday, and with a triumph of above 20,000 horse
+     and foote, brandishing their swords and shouting with
+     inexpressible joy; the wayes strew'd with flowers, the bells
+     ringing, the streetes hung with tapissry, fountaines running
+     with wine; the Maior, Aldermen and all the Companies in their
+     liveries, chaines of gold and banners; Lords and nobles
+     clad in cloth of silver, gold and velvet; the windowes and
+     balconies all set with ladies; trumpets, music and myriads
+     of people flocking, even so far as Rochester, so as they
+     were seven houres in passing the citty, even from 2 in y^e
+     afternoon till 9 at night.
+
+     "I stood in the Strand and beheld it, and bless'd God. And
+     all this was done without one drop of blood shed, and by that
+     very army which rebell'd against him; but it was y^e Lord's
+     doing, for such a restauration was never mention'd in any
+     history antient or modern, since the returne of the Jews from
+     the Babylonish captivity; nor so joyfull a day and so bright
+     ever seene in this nation, this hapning when to expect or
+     effect it was past all human policy."
+
+One of the brilliant companies of young and comely men in white
+doublets who took part in the procession was led by Simon Wadlow,
+the vintner and host of the "Devil" tavern. This was the son of Ben
+Jonson's Simon Wadlow, "Old Simon the King," who gave his name to
+Squire Western's favourite song. From Rugge's curious MS. _Diurnal_ we
+learn how the young women of London were not behind the young men in
+the desire to join in the public rejoicings:--
+
+     "Divers maidens, in behalf of themselves and others, presented
+     a petition to the Lord Mayor of London, wherein they pray
+     his Lordship to grant them leave and liberty to meet his
+     Majesty on the day of his passing through the city; and if
+     their petition be granted that they will all be clad in white
+     waistcoats and crimson petticoats, and other ornaments of
+     triumph and rejoicing."
+
+Pepys was at sea at this time with Sir Edward Montagu, where the
+sailors had their own rejoicings and fired off three guns, but he
+enters in his _Diary_: "This day, it is thought, the King do enter the
+city of London."
+
+Charles, immediately on his arrival in London, settled himself in the
+Palace of Whitehall, which was his chief place of residence during the
+whole of his reign, but although he was very much at home in it, he
+felt keenly the inconveniences attending its situation by the river
+side, which caused it frequently to be flooded by high tides.
+
+The King alludes to this trouble in one of his amusingly chatty
+speeches to the House of Commons on March 1st, 1661-62, when
+arrangements were being made for the entry of Katharine of Braganza
+into London. He said:--
+
+     "The mention of my wife's arrival puts me in mind to desire
+     you to put that compliment upon her, that her entrance into
+     the town may be with more decency than the ways will now
+     suffer it to be; and for that purpose, I pray you would
+     quickly pass such laws as are before you, in order to the
+     amending those ways, and that she may not find Whitehall
+     surrounded by water."
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW OF LONDON AS IT APPEARED BEFORE THE GREAT FIRE.
+
+_From an old print._
+
+  1 St. Paul's.
+  2 St. Dunstan's.
+  3 Temple.
+  4 St. Bride's.
+  5 St. Andrew's.
+  6 Baynard's Castle.
+  7 St. Sepulchre's.
+  8 Bow Church.
+  9 Guildhall.
+  10 St. Michael's.
+  11 St. Laurence, Poultney.
+  12 Old Swan.
+  13 London Bridge.
+  14 St. Dunstan's East.
+  15 Billingsgate.
+  16 Custom House.
+  17 Tower.
+  18 Tower Wharf.
+  19 St. Olave's.
+  20 St. Saviour's.
+  21 Winchester House.
+  22 The Globe.
+  23 The Bear Garden.
+  24 Hampstead.
+  25 Highgate.
+  26 Hackney.]
+
+In the following year we read in Pepys's _Diary_ a piquant account
+of the putting out of Lady Castlemaine's kitchen fire on a certain
+occasion when Charles was engaged to sup with her:--
+
+     "October 13th, 1663. My Lady Castlemaine, I hear, is in as
+     great favour as ever, and the King supped with her the very
+     first night he came from Bath: and last night and the night
+     before supped with her; when there being a chine of beef
+     to roast, and the tide rising into their kitchen that it
+     could not be roasted there, and the cook telling her of it,
+     she answered, 'Zounds! she must set the house on fire, but
+     it should be roasted!' So it was carried to Mrs. Sarah's
+     husband's, and there it was roasted."
+
+The last sentence requires an explanation. Mrs. Sarah was Lord
+Sandwich's housekeeper, and Pepys had found out in November, 1662, that
+she had just been married, and that her husband was a cook. We are not
+told his name or where he lived.
+
+Lord Dorset, in the famous song, "To all you ladies now on land,"
+specially alludes to the periodical inundations at the Palace:--
+
+    "The King, with wonder and surprise,
+      Will swear the seas grow bold;
+    Because the tides will higher rise
+      Than e'er they did of old;
+    But let him know it is our tears
+    Bring floods of grief to Whitehall stairs."
+
+Pepys was a constant visitor to Whitehall, and the Index to the _Diary_
+contains over three pages of references to his visits. He refers to
+Henry VIII.'s Gallery, the Boarded Gallery, the Matted Gallery, the
+Shield Gallery, and the Vane Room. Lilly, the astrologer, mentions the
+Guard Room. The Adam and Eve Gallery was so called from a picture by
+Mabuse, now at Hampton Court. In the Matted Gallery was a ceiling by
+Holbein, and on a wall in the Privy Chamber a painting of Henry VII.
+and Henry VIII., with their Queens, by the same artist, of which a copy
+in small is preserved at Hampton Court. On another wall was a "Dance of
+Death," also by Holbein, of which Douce has given a description; and in
+the bedchamber of Charles II. a representation by Joseph Wright of the
+King's birth, his right to his dominions, and miraculous preservation,
+with the motto, _Terras Astræa revisit_.
+
+All these rooms, and most of the lodgings of the many residents, royal
+and non-royal, were in the portion of the Palace situated on the river
+side of the road, now known as Whitehall. This road was shut in by two
+gates erected by Henry VIII. when he enlarged the borders of the Palace
+after he had taken it from Wolsey. The one at the Westminster end was
+called the King Street gate, and the other, at the north end, designed
+by Holbein, was called by his name, and also Whitehall or Cock-pit gate.
+
+It is necessary to remember that Whitehall extended into St. James's
+Park. The Tilt Yard, where many tournaments and pageants were held
+in the reigns of Henry VIII., Elizabeth, and James I., fronted the
+Banqueting House, and occupied what is now the Horse Guards' Parade. On
+the south side of the Tilt Yard was the Cockpit, where Monk, Duke of
+Albemarle, lived for a time. His name was given to a tavern in the Tilt
+Yard ("The Monk's Head").
+
+On the north side was Spring Gardens, otherwise the King's Garden, but
+it subsequently became a place of public entertainment, and after the
+Restoration it was styled the Old Spring Garden; then the ground was
+built upon, and the entertainments removed to the New Spring Garden at
+Lambeth, afterwards called Vauxhall.
+
+The Cockpit was originally used for cock-fighting, but it cannot be
+definitely said when it ceased to be employed for this cruel sport. It
+was for a considerable time used as a royal theatre, and Malone wrote:--
+
+     "Neither Elizabeth, nor James I., nor Charles I., I believe,
+     ever went to the public theatre, but they frequently ordered
+     plays to be performed at Court, which were represented in the
+     royal theatre called the Cockpit."
+
+Malone is probably incorrect in respect to Elizabeth's use of the
+Cockpit, for certainly cock-fighting was practised here as late as
+1607, as may be seen from the following entry in the State Papers:--
+
+     "Aug. 4th, 1607. Warrant to pay 100 marks per annum to William
+     Gateacre for breeding, feeding, etc., the King's game cocks
+     during the life of George Coliner, Cockmaster."[6]
+
+It is, of course, possible that the players and the cocks occupied the
+place contemporaneously.
+
+The lodgings at the Cockpit were occupied by some well-known men.
+Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, saw Charles I. pass
+from St. James's to the scaffold at the Banqueting House from one
+of his windows, and he died in these apartments on January 23rd,
+1650. Oliver Cromwell, when Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, was given,
+by order of Parliament, "the use of the lodgings called the Cockpit,
+of the Spring Garden and St. James's House, and the command of St.
+James's Park," and when Protector, and in possession of Whitehall
+Palace, he still retained the Cockpit. When in 1657 he relaxed some
+of the prohibitions against the Theatre, he used the Cockpit stage
+occasionally for instrumental and vocal music.
+
+A little before the Restoration the apartments were assigned to General
+Monk, and Charles II. confirmed the arrangement. Here he died, as Duke
+of Albemarle, on January 3rd, 1670. In 1673 George Villiers, second
+Duke of Buckingham, became a resident, and at the Revolution of 1688
+the Princess Anne was living here.
+
+There has been some confusion in respect to the references to the
+Cockpit in Pepys's _Diary_, as two distinct theatres are referred to
+under this name. The references before November, 1660, are to the
+performances of the Duke's Company at the Cockpit in Drury Lane.
+Here Pepys saw the "Loyal Subject," "Othello," "Wit without Money,"
+and "The Woman's Prize or Tamer Tamed." The subsequent passages in
+which the Cockpit is referred to apply to the royal theatre attached
+to Whitehall Palace. Here Pepys saw "The Cardinal," "Claricilla,"
+"Humorous Lieutenant," "Scornful Lady," and the "Valiant Cid." It is
+useful to remember that the performances at Whitehall were in the
+evening, and those at the public theatre in the afternoon.
+
+The buildings of the Old Whitefriars Palace by the river side were
+irregular and unimposing outside, although they were handsome inside.
+The grand scheme of Inigo Jones for rebuilding initiated by James I.,
+and occasionally entertained by Charles I. and II. and William III.,
+came to nothing, but the noble Banqueting House remains to show what
+might have been.
+
+The Rev. Dr. Sheppard, in his valuable work on _The Old Palace of
+Whitehall_ (1902), refers to Grinling Gibbons's statue of James II.,
+which for many years stood in the Privy Garden, and is one of the very
+few good statues in London. He refers to the temporary removal of the
+statue to the front of Gwydyr House, and writes: "Since the statue has
+been removed to its present position an inscription (there was none
+originally) has been placed on its stone pedestal. It runs as follows:--
+
+                           JACOBUS SECUNDUS
+                   DEI GRATIA ANGLIÆ SCOTIÆ FRANCIÆ
+                           ET HIBERNIÆ REX.
+                   FIDEI DEFENSOR. ANNO MDCLXXXVI."
+
+This, however, is a mistake, and the inscription runs as follows:--
+
+                           JACOBUS SECUNDUS
+                              DEI GRATIÆ
+                             ANGLIÆ SCOTIÆ
+                              FRANCIÆ ET
+                               HIBERNIÆ
+                                  REX
+                            FIDEI DEFENSOR
+                            ANNO MDCLXXXVI
+
+in capitals, and without any stops.
+
+The present writer remembers well being taken as a little boy to
+read the inscription and find out the error in the Latin. The statue
+has since been removed to the front of the new buildings of the
+Admiralty between the Horse Guards' Parade and Spring Gardens, a very
+appropriate position for a Lord High Admiral. I am happy to see that
+the inscription has not been altered, and the incorrect "Dei gratiæ"
+appears as in my youth.
+
+James Duke of York, after the Restoration, occupied apartments in
+St. James's Palace, and his Secretary of the Admiralty, Sir William
+Coventry, had lodgings conveniently near him. The Duke sometimes moved
+from one palace to the other, as his father, Charles I., had done
+before him. Henrietta Maria took a fancy to the place, and most of
+their children were born at St. James's, the Duke being one of these.
+
+James's changes of residence are recorded in Pepys's _Diary_ as
+follows:--
+
+     "Jan. 23rd, 1664-65. Up and with Sir W. Batten and Sir W. Pen
+     to White Hall; but there finding the Duke gone to his lodgings
+     at St. James's for alltogether, his Duchesse being ready to
+     lie in, we to him and there did our usual business."
+
+     "May 3rd, 1667. Up and with Sir J. Minnes, W. Batten and W.
+     Pen in the last man's coach to St. James's, and thence up to
+     the Duke of York's chamber, which as it is now fretted at
+     the top, and the chimney-piece made handsome, is one of the
+     noblest and best-proportioned rooms that ever, I think, I saw
+     in my life."
+
+     "May 20th, 1668. Up and with Colonell Middleton in a new
+     coach he hath made him, very handsome, to White Hall, where
+     the Duke of York having removed his lodgings for this year
+     to St. James's we walked thither; and there find the Duke of
+     York coming to White Hall, and so back to the Council Chamber,
+     where the Committee of the Navy sat."
+
+In November, 1667, James fell ill of the smallpox in St. James's
+Palace, when the gallery doors were locked up. On March 31st, 1671,
+Anne Duchess of York, the daughter of Clarendon, died here. The
+Princess Mary was married to William Prince of Orange in November,
+1677, at eleven o'clock at night, in the Chapel Royal, and on July
+28th, 1683, Princess Anne to Prince George of Denmark, when the pair
+took up their residence at St. James's.
+
+When James came to the crown he went to live at Whitehall Palace, but
+he frequently stayed at St. James's. On June 9th, 1688, Queen Mary of
+Modena was taken to the latter place, and on the following day James
+Francis Edward, afterwards known as "The Pretender," was born in the
+Old Bedchamber. This room was situated at the east end of the south
+front. It had three doors, one leading to a private staircase at the
+head of the bed, and two windows opposite the bed.[7]
+
+The room was pulled down previous to the alterations made in the year
+1822.
+
+The anecdote of Charles II. and the chaplains of the Chapel Royal
+is often quoted, but it is worth repeating, as it shows the ready
+wit of the great preacher, Dr. South. A daily dinner was prepared
+at the Palace for the chaplains, and one day the King notified his
+intention of dining with them. There had been some talk of abolishing
+this practice, and South seized the opportunity of saying grace to do
+his best in opposition to the suggestion; so, instead of the regular
+formula, which was "God save the King and bless the dinner," said "God
+bless the King and save the dinner." Charles at once cried out, "And it
+shall be saved."
+
+The Duke of York and the King were fond of wandering about the park at
+all hours, and as Charles often walked by himself, even as far as the
+then secluded Constitution Hill, James having expressed fears for his
+safety, the elder brother made the memorable reply: "No kind of danger,
+James, for I am sure no man in England will take away my life to make
+you king."
+
+Pepys tells us on March 16th, 1661-2, that while he was walking in the
+park he met the King and Duke coming "to see their fowl play."
+
+Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany (then Hereditary Prince), made a
+"Tour through England" in 1669, and it will be remembered that Macaulay
+found the account of his travels a valuable help towards obtaining
+a picture of the state of England in the middle of the seventeenth
+century. Cosmo thus describes St. James's Park:--
+
+     "A large park enclosed on every side by a wall, and containing
+     a long, straight, and spacious walk, intended for the
+     amusement of the Mall, on each side of which grow large elms
+     whose shade render the promenade in that place in summer
+     infinitely pleasant and agreeable; close to it is a canal
+     of nearly the same length, on which are several species of
+     aquatic birds, brought up and rendered domestic--the work
+     of the Protector Cromwell; the rest of the park is left
+     uncultivated, and forms a wood for the retreat of deer and
+     other quadrupeds."
+
+His Highness was not quite correct in giving the credit of the
+collection of wild-fowl to Cromwell, as the water-fowl appear to have
+been kept in the park from the reign of Elizabeth, and the ponds were
+replenished after the Restoration.
+
+Evelyn gives a long account in his _Diary_ of the zoological
+collections (February 9th, 1664-65). He says:
+
+     "The parke was at this time stored with numerous flocks of
+     severall sorts of ordinary and extraordinary wild fowle,
+     breeding about the Decoy, which for being neere so greate a
+     citty, and among such a concourse of souldiers and people,
+     is a singular and diverting thing. There were also deere of
+     several countries, white; spotted like leopards; antelopes,
+     an elk, red deere, roebucks, staggs, guinea goates, Arabian
+     sheepe, etc. There were withy pots or nests for the wild fowle
+     to lay their eggs in, a little above y^e surface of y^e
+     water."
+
+Charles II. was a saunterer by nature, and he appears to have been
+quite happy in the park either chatting with Nell Gwyn, at the end of
+the garden of her Pall Mall house, in feeding the fowl, or in playing
+the game of Mall.
+
+This game was popular from the end of the sixteenth to the beginning
+of the eighteenth century, and then went out of fashion. At one time
+there were few large towns without a mall, or prepared ground where
+the game could be played. There is reason to believe that the game was
+introduced into England from Scotland on the accession of James VI. to
+the English throne, because the King names it in his "Basilicon Dōron"
+among other exercises as suited for his son Henry, who was afterwards
+Prince of Wales, and about the same time Sir R. Dallington, in his
+_Method of Travel_ (1598), expresses his surprise that the sport was
+not then introduced into England.
+
+The game was played in long shaded alleys, and on dry gravel walks.
+The mall in St. James's Park was nearly half a mile in length, and was
+kept with the greatest care. Pepys relates how he went to talk with the
+keeper of the mall, and how he learned the manner of mixing the earth
+for the floor, over which powdered cockle-shells were strewn. All this
+required such attention that a special person was employed for the
+purpose, who was called the cockle-strewer. In dry weather the surface
+was apt to turn to dust, and consequently to impede the flight of the
+ball, so that the cockle-strewer's office was by no means a sinecure.
+Richard Blome, writing in 1673, asserts that this mall was "said to
+be the best in Christendom," but Evelyn claims the pre-eminence for
+that at Tours, with its seven rows of tall elms, as "the noblest in
+Europe for length and shade." The game is praised by Sir R. Dallington
+"because it is a gentlemanlike sport, not violent, and yields good
+occasion and opportunity of discourse as they walke from one marke to
+the other," and Joseph Lauthier, who wrote a treatise on the subject,
+entitled _Le Jeu de Mail_, Paris, 1717 (which is now extremely scarce),
+uses the same form of recommendation.
+
+The chief requisites for the game were mallets, balls, two arches or
+hoops, one at either end of the mall, and a wooden border marked
+so as to show the position of the balls when played. The mallets
+were of different size and form to suit the various players, and
+Lauthier directs that the weight and height of the mallet should be in
+proportion to the strength and stature of the player. The balls were of
+various sizes and weights, and each size had its distinct name. In damp
+weather, when the soil was heavy, a lighter ball was required than when
+the soil was sandy. A gauge was used to ascertain its weight, and the
+weight of the mallet was adjusted to that of the ball. The arch or pass
+was about two feet high and two inches wide. The one at the west end
+of St. James's Park remained in its place for many years, and was not
+cleared away until the beginning of the reign of George III. In playing
+the game, the mallet was raised above the head and brought down with
+great force so as to strike the ball to a considerable distance. The
+poet Waller describes Charles II.'s stroke in the following lines:--
+
+    "Here a well-polished Mall gives us joy,
+    To see our prince his matchless force employ.
+    No sooner has he touch'd the flying ball,
+    But 'tis already more than half the Mall;
+    And such a fury from his arm has got,
+    As from a smoking culverin 'twere shot."
+
+Considerable skill and practice were required in the player, who, while
+attempting to make the ball skate along the ground with speed, had to
+be careful that he did not strike it in such a manner as to raise it
+from the ground. This is shown by what Charles Cotton writes:--
+
+    "But playing with the boy at Mall
+    (I rue the time and ever shall),
+    I struck the ball, I know not how,
+    (For that is not the play, you know),
+    A pretty height into the air."
+
+This boy was, perhaps, a caddie, for it will be seen that the game was
+a sort of cross between golf and croquet.
+
+Lauthier describes four ways of playing at pall mall, viz.:--(1) the
+_rouet_, or pool game; (2) _en partie_, a match game; (3) _à grands
+coups_, at long shots; and (4) _chicane_, or hockey. Moreover, he
+proposes a new game to be played like billiards.
+
+We may now pass from St. James's Park to Hyde Park, which became a
+place of public resort in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. It was
+then considered to be quite a country place. Ben Jonson mentions in
+the Prologue to his comedy, _The Staple of News_ (1625), the number of
+coaches which congregated there, and Shirley describes the horse-races
+in his comedy entitled _Hide Parke_ (1637).
+
+The park, being Crown property, was sold by order of Parliament in 1652
+for about £17,000 in three lots, the purchasers being Richard Wilcox,
+John Tracy, and Anthony Deane. Cromwell was a frequent visitor, and on
+one occasion when he was driving in the park his horses ran away, and
+he was thrown off his coach.
+
+After the Restoration the park was the daily resort of all the
+gallantry of the court, and Pepys found driving there very pleasant,
+although he complained of the dust. The Ring, which is described in
+Grammont's _Memoirs_ as "the rendezvous of magnificence and beauty,"
+was a small enclosure of trees round which the carriages circulated.
+
+Pepys writes April 4th, 1663:--
+
+     "After dinner to Hide Park ... At the Park was the King and in
+     another coach my Lady Castlemaine, they greeting one another
+     at every tour."
+
+This passage is illustrated in Wilson's _Memoirs_, 1719, where we are
+told that when the coaches "have turned for some time round one way,
+they face about and turn t'other."
+
+John Macky, in his _Journey through England_ (1724), affirms that in
+fine weather he had seen above three hundred coaches at a time making
+"the Grand Tour."
+
+Cosmo tells of the etiquette which was observed among the company:--
+
+     "The King and Queen are often there, and the duke and duchess,
+     towards whom at the first meeting and no more all persons show
+     the usual marks of respect, which are afterwards omitted,
+     although they should chance to meet again ever so often, every
+     one being at full liberty, and under no constraint whatever,
+     and to prevent the confusion and disorder which might arise
+     from the great number of lackies and footmen, these are not
+     permitted to enter Hyde Park, but stop at the gate waiting for
+     their masters."
+
+Oldys refers to a poem, printed in sixteen pages, which was entitled
+"The Circus, or British Olympicks: a Satyr on the Ring in Hyde Park."
+He says that the poem satirizes many well-known fops under fictitious
+names, and he raises the number of coaches seen on a fine evening from
+Macky's three hundred to a thousand. The Ring was partly destroyed at
+the time the Serpentine was formed by Caroline, Queen of George II.
+
+Although the Ring has disappeared, Hyde Park has remained from the
+Restoration period until the present day the most fashionable place in
+London, but now the whole park has been utilized.
+
+Charles II., in reviving the Stage, specially patronised it himself,
+and it may be referred to here from its connection with the Court.
+It has already been noticed that previous monarchs did not visit the
+public theatres.
+
+Pepys was an enthusiastic playgoer, and the _Diary_ contains a mass of
+information respecting the Stage not elsewhere to be found, so that we
+are able to trace the various advances made in the revival of the Stage
+from the incipient attempt of Davenant before the Restoration to the
+improvements in scenery introduced by the rivalry of the two managers,
+Davenant and Killigrew. Immediately after the Restoration two companies
+of actors were organized, who performed at two different houses. One
+theatre was known as the King's House, called by Pepys "The Theatre,"
+and the other as the Duke's House, called by Pepys "The Opera." Sir
+William Davenant obtained a patent for his company as "The Duke's
+Servants," named after the Duke of York, and Thomas Killigrew obtained
+one for "The King's Servants."
+
+Killigrew's Company first performed at the "Red Bull," Clerkenwell, and
+on November 8th removed to Gibbons's Tennis Court in Bear Yard, which
+was entered from Vere Street, Clare Market. Here the Company remained
+till 1663, when they removed to Drury Lane Theatre, which had been
+built for their reception, and was opened on May 7th.
+
+Davenant's Company first performed at the Cockpit, Drury Lane. They
+began to play at Salisbury Court Theatre on November 13th, 1660, and
+went to Cobham House, Blackfriars, on the site afterwards occupied
+by Apothecaries' Hall, in January, 1661. They then removed to the
+theatre in Portugal Row, built on the site of Lisle's Tennis Court.
+Rhodes, a bookseller, who had formerly been wardrobe keeper at the
+Blackfriars, had managed in 1659 to obtain a licence from the State,
+and John Downes affirms that his company acted at the Cockpit, but
+apparently he was acting at the Salisbury Court Theatre before Davenant
+went there. Killigrew, however, soon succeeded in suppressing Rhodes.
+Davenant planned a new building in Dorset Gardens, which was close
+to Salisbury Court, where the former theatre was situated. He died,
+however, before it was finished, but the company removed there in 1671,
+and the theatre was opened on the 9th of November with Dryden's play,
+_Sir Martin Mar-all_, which he had improved from a rough draft by the
+Duke of Newcastle. Pepys had seen it seven times in the years 1667-68.
+The Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre remained shut up until February, 1672,
+when the King's Company, burnt out of Drury Lane Theatre, made use of
+it till March, 1674, by which time the new building in Brydges Street,
+Covent Garden, was ready for their occupation.
+
+When Tom Killigrew died in 1682 the King's and the Duke's companies
+were united, and the Duke's servants removed from Dorset Gardens to
+Drury Lane. The two companies performed together for the first time on
+November 16th.
+
+These constant changes are very confusing, and the recital of them is
+not very entertaining, but it is necessary to make the matter clear
+for the proper understanding of the history of the time. The plan of
+the old theatres, with their platform stage, was no longer of use for
+the altered arrangements introduced at the Restoration. Successive
+improvements in the form of the houses were made, but we learn from
+Pepys that it was some time before the roofing of the building was
+water-tight.
+
+The public theatres were open in the afternoon, three o'clock being the
+usual hour for performance, and the plays were therefore partly acted
+in the summer by daylight. It was thus necessary to have skylights, but
+these were so slight that heavy rain came and wetted those below. On
+June 1st, 1664, Pepys wrote:--
+
+     "Before the play was done it fell such a storm of hail that we
+     in the middle of the pit were fain to rise, and all the house
+     in a disorder."
+
+Davenant was the original planner of the modern stage and its scenery,
+but Killigrew did his part in the improvement carried out. He was
+somewhat jealous of his brother manager, and on one occasion he
+explained to Pepys what he himself had done:--
+
+     "Feb. 12th, 1666-67. The stage is now by his pains a thousand
+     times better and more glorious than ever heretofore. Now, wax
+     candles, and many of them; then not above 3 lbs. of tallow:
+     now all things civil, no rudeness anywhere; then as in a bear
+     garden: then two or three fiddlers, now nine or ten of the
+     best: then nothing but rushes upon the ground, and everything
+     else mean; and now all otherwise; then the Queen seldom and
+     the King never would come; now, not the King only for State
+     but all civil people do think they may come as well as any."
+
+Killigrew complained that "the audience at his house was not above half
+as much as it used to be before the late fire," but in the following
+year (February 6th, 1667-8) there were crowds at the other house. Pepys
+relates:--
+
+     "Home to dinner, and my wife being gone before, I to the Duke
+     of York's playhouse; where a new play of Etheridge's called
+     'She Would if she Could,' and though I was there by two
+     o'clock, there were 1,000 people put back that could not have
+     room in the pit."
+
+Pepys's criticisms on the plays he saw acted at these theatres were not
+always satisfactory, and often they were contradictory. At the same
+time he was apparently judicious in the disposal of praise and blame
+on the actors he saw. Betterton was his ideal of the perfect actor,
+and, so far as it is possible to judge as to one who lived so long ago,
+public opinion formed by those capable of judging from contemporary
+report seems to be in agreement with that of Pepys.
+
+Pepys was a great frequenter of taverns and inns, as were most of his
+contemporaries. There are about one hundred and thirty London taverns
+mentioned in the _Diary_, but time has swept away nearly all of these
+houses, and it is difficult to find any place which Pepys frequented.
+
+These taverns may be considered as a link between the Court end of
+London and the city, for Pepys distributed his favours between the two
+places. King Street, Westminster, was full of inns, and Pepys seems to
+have frequented them all. Two of them--the "Dog" and the "Sun"--are
+mentioned in Herrick's address to the shade of "Glorious Ben":--
+
+    "Ah, Ben!
+    Say how or when
+    Shall we thy guests
+    Meet at these feasts
+    Made at the Sun,
+    The Dog, the Triple Tunne?
+    Where we such clusters had
+    As made us nobly wild, not mad!
+    And yet such verse of thine
+    Outdid the meate, outdid the frolic wine."
+
+The "Three Tuns" at Charing Cross, visited by Pepys, was probably the
+same house whose sign Herrick changes to "Triple Tun."
+
+Among the Westminster taverns may be mentioned "Heaven" and "Hell," two
+places of entertainment at Westminster Hall; the "Bull Head" and the
+"Chequers" and the "Swan" at Charing Cross; the "Cock" in Bow Street
+and the "Fleece" in York Street, Covent Garden; the "Canary" house by
+Exeter Change; and the "Blue Balls" in Lincoln's Inn Fields.
+
+The majority of these taverns patronised by Pepys were, however, in
+the city. There were several "Mitres" in London, but perhaps the most
+interesting one was that kept in Fenchurch Street by Daniel Rawlinson,
+a staunch royalist, who, when Charles I. was executed, hung his sign in
+mourning. Thomas Hearne says that naturally made him suspected by the
+Roundheads, but "endeared him so much to the Churchmen that he throve
+amain and got a good estate." His son, Sir Thomas Rawlinson, was Lord
+Mayor in 1700, and President of Bridewell Hospital. His two grandsons,
+Thomas and Richard Rawlinson, hold an honourable place in the roll
+of eminent book collectors. The "Samson" in St. Paul's Churchyard
+was another famous house, as also the "Dolphin" in Tower Street, a
+rendezvous of the Navy officers, which provided very good and expensive
+dinners.
+
+The "Cock" in Threadneedle Street was an old-established house when
+Pepys visited it on March 7th, 1659-60, and it lasted till 1840, when
+it was cleared away. In the eighteenth century it was a constant
+practice for the frequenters of the "Cock" to buy a chop or steak at
+the butcher's and bring it to be cooked, the charge for which was one
+penny. Fox's friend, the notorious Duke of Norfolk, known as "Jockey of
+Norfolk," often bought his chop and brought it here to be cooked, until
+his rank was discovered.
+
+The meetings of the Royal Society were held at Gresham College in
+Bishopsgate Street, and then at Arundel House in the Strand, which was
+lent to the Society by Henry Howard of Norfolk, afterwards Duke of
+Norfolk. Cosmo of Tuscany visited the latter place for a meeting of the
+Royal Society, and he gives in his _Travels_ an interesting account of
+the manner in which the proceedings were carried out.
+
+There are many references in Pepys's _Diary_ to the Lord Mayor and the
+Rulers of the City, and of the customs carried out there.
+
+The Lord Mayor, aldermen, and common councilmen visited Cosmo, who
+was staying at Lord St. Alban's mansion in St. James's Square. His
+Highness, having dined with the King at the Duke of Buckingham's, kept
+the city magnates waiting for a time, but Colonel Gascoyne, "to make
+the delay less tedious, had accommodated himself to the national taste
+by ordering liquor and amusing them with drinking toasts, till it was
+announced that His Highness was ready to give them audience." The
+description of the audience is very interesting.
+
+Pepys lived in the city at the Navy Office in Seething Lane (opposite
+St. Olave's, Hart Street, the church he attended) during the whole of
+the time he was writing his _Diary_, but when he was Secretary of the
+Admiralty he went, in 1684, to live at the end of Buckingham Street,
+Strand, in a house on the east side which looks on to the river.
+
+Mr. John Eliot Hodgkin possesses the original lease (dated September
+30th, 1687) from the governor and company of the New River for a supply
+of water through a half-inch pipe, and four small cocks of brass led
+from the main pipe in Villiers Street to Samuel Pepys's house in York
+Buildings, also a receipt for two quarters' rent for the same.[8]
+
+Two of the greatest calamities that could overtake any city occurred
+in London during the writing of the _Diary_, and were fully described
+by Pepys--viz., the Plague of 1665 and the Fire of 1666. Defoe's most
+interesting history of the plague year was written in 1722 at second
+hand, for the writer was only two years old when this scourge overran
+London. Pepys wrote of what he saw, and as he stuck to his duty during
+the whole time that the pestilence continued, he saw much that occurred.
+
+England was first visited with the plague in 1348-49, which, since 1833
+(when Hecker's work on the _Epidemics of the Middle Ages_ was first
+published in English), has been styled the Black Death--a translation
+of the German term "Der Schwarze Tod." This plague had the most
+momentous effect upon the history of England on account of the fearful
+mortality it caused. It paralysed industry, and permanently altered
+the position of the labourer. The statistics of the writers of the
+Middle Ages are of little value, and the estimates of those who died
+are various, but the statement that half the population of England died
+from the plague is probably not far from the truth. From 1348 to 1665
+plague was continually occurring in London, but it has not appeared
+since the last date, except on a small scale. Dr. Creighton gives
+particulars of the visitations in London in 1603, 1625, and 1665, from
+which it appears that the mortality in 1665 was more than double that
+in 1603, and about a third more than that in 1625.
+
+On the 7th of June, 1665, Pepys for the first time saw two or three
+houses marked with the red cross, and the words "Lord, have mercy upon
+us" upon the doors, and the sight made him feel so ill-at-ease that he
+was forced to buy some roll tobacco to smell and chew.[9] On the 27th
+of this month he writes: "The plague encreases mightily."
+
+According to the Bills of Mortality, the total number of deaths in
+London for the week ending June 27th was 684, of which number 267
+were deaths from the plague. The number of deaths rose week by week
+until September 19th, when the total was 8,297, and the deaths from
+the plague 7,165. On September 26th the total had fallen to 6,460, and
+deaths from the plague to 5,533. The number fell gradually, week by
+week, till October 31st, when the total was 1,388, and the deaths from
+the plague 1,031. On November 7th there was a rise to 1,787 and 1,414
+respectively. On November 14th the numbers had gone down to 1,359 and
+1,050 respectively. On December 12th the total had fallen to 442, and
+deaths from plague to 243. On December 19th there was a rise to 525 and
+281 respectively. The total of burials in 1665 was 97,306, of which
+number the plague claimed 68,596 victims. Most of the inhabitants of
+London who could get away took the first opportunity of escaping from
+the town, and in 1665 there were many places that the Londoner could
+visit with considerable chance of safety. The court went to Oxford, and
+afterwards came back to Hampton Court before venturing to return to
+Whitehall. The clergy and the doctors fled with very few exceptions,
+and several of those who stayed in town doing the duty of others, as
+well as their own, fell victims to the scourge.
+
+Queen Elizabeth would have none of these removals. Stow says that
+in the time of the plague of 1563, "a gallows was set up in the
+Market-place of Windsor to hang all such as should come there from
+London."
+
+Dr. Hodges, author of _Loimologia_, enumerates among those who assisted
+in the dangerous work of restraining the progress of the infection were
+the learned Dr. Gibson, Regius Professor at Cambridge; Dr. Francis
+Glisson, Dr. Nathaniel Paget, Dr. Peter Barwick, Dr. Humphrey Brookes,
+etc. Of those he mentions eight or nine fell in their work, among whom
+was Dr. William Conyers, to whose goodness and humanity he bears the
+most honourable testimony. Dr. Alexander Burnett, of Fenchurch Street,
+one of Pepys's friends, was another of the victims.
+
+Of those to whom honour is due special mention must be made of Monk,
+Duke of Albemarle, Evelyn, Pepys, Edmond Berry Godfrey; and there were,
+of course, others.
+
+The Duke of Albemarle stayed at the Cockpit; Evelyn sent his wife and
+family to Wotton, but he remained in town himself, and had very arduous
+duties to perform, for he was responsible for finding food and lodging
+for the prisoners of war, and he found it difficult to get money for
+these purposes. He tells in his _Diary_ how he was received by Charles
+II. and the Duke of York on January 29th, 1665-6, when the pestilence
+had partly abated and the court had ventured from Oxford to Hampton
+Court. The King
+
+     "... ran towards me, and in a most gracious manner gave
+     me his hand to kisse, with many thanks for my care and
+     faithfulnesse in his service in a time of such greate danger,
+     when everybody fled their employment; he told me he was much
+     obliged to me, and said he was several times concerned for me,
+     and the peril I underwent, and did receive my service most
+     acceptably (though in truth I did but do my duty, and O that
+     I had performed it as I ought!) After that his Majesty was
+     pleased to talke with me alone, neere an houre, of severall
+     particulars of my employment and ordered me to attend him
+     againe on the Thursday following at Whitehall. Then the Duke
+     came towards me, and embraced me with much kindnesse, telling
+     me if he had thought my danger would have been so greate,
+     he would not have suffered his Majesty to employ me in that
+     station."
+
+Pepys refers, on May 1st, 1667, to his visit to Sir Robert Viner's, the
+eminent goldsmith, where he saw "two or three great silver flagons,
+made with inscriptions as gifts of the King to such and such persons
+of quality as did stay in town [during] the late plague for keeping
+things in order in the town, which is a handsome thing." Godfrey was
+a recipient of a silver tankard, and he was knighted by the King in
+September, 1666, for his efforts to preserve order in the Great Fire.
+The remembrance of his death, which had so great an influence on the
+spread of the "Popish Plot" terror, is greater than that of his public
+spirit during the plague and the fire.
+
+Pepys lived at Greenwich and Woolwich during the height of the plague,
+but he was constantly in London. How much these men must have suffered
+is brought very visibly before us in one of the best letters Pepys ever
+wrote:
+
+     "To Lady Casteret, from Woolwich, Sept. 4, 1655. The absence
+     of the court and emptiness of the city takes away all occasion
+     of news, save only such melancholy stories as would rather
+     sadden than find your ladyship any divertissement in the
+     hearing. I have stayed in the city till about 7,400 died in
+     one week, and of them above 6,000 of the plague, and little
+     noise heard day or night but tolling of bells; till I could
+     walk Lumber Street and not meet twenty persons from one end to
+     the other, and not fifty on the Exchange; till whole families
+     have been swept away; till my very physician, Dr. Burnett, who
+     undertook to secure me against any infection, having survived
+     the month of his own house being shut up, died himself of the
+     plague; till the nights, though much lengthened, are grown
+     too short to conceal the burials of those that died the day
+     before, people thereby constrained to borrow daylight for that
+     service; lastly, till I could find neither meat nor drink
+     safe, the butchers being everywhere visited, my brewer's house
+     shut up, and my baker, with his whole family, dead of the
+     plague."
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON.
+
+_The view shows Ludgate in the foreground, and in the distance St.
+Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of St. Mary-le-Bow._]
+
+Before the first calamity of pestilence was ended the second calamity
+of fire commenced. On the night of September 1st, 1666, many houses
+were destroyed. At three o'clock in the morning of the 2nd (Sunday)
+his servant Jane awoke Pepys to tell him that a great fire was raging.
+Not thinking much of the information, he went to sleep again, but when
+he rose at seven he found that about 300 houses had been burned in the
+night. He went first to the Tower, and saw the Lieutenant. Then he took
+boat to Whitehall to see the King. He tells of what he has seen, and
+says that, unless His Majesty will command houses to be pulled down,
+nothing can stop the fire. On hearing this the King instructs him to
+go to the Lord Mayor (Sir Thomas Bludworth) and command him to pull
+down houses in every direction. The Mayor seems to have been but a poor
+creature, and when he heard the King's message
+
+     "... he cried like a fainting woman, 'Lord! what can I do? I
+     am spent: people will not obey me. I have been pulling down
+     houses, but the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it.'"
+
+Fortunately, most of the Londoners were more vigorous than the Mayor.
+The King and the Duke of York interested themselves in the matter, and
+did their best to help those who were busy in trying to stop the fire.
+Evelyn wrote on September 6th:--
+
+     "It is not indeede imaginable how extraordinary the vigilance
+     and activity of the King and the Duke was, even labouring
+     in person, and being present to command, order, reward, or
+     encourage workmen, by which he showed his affection to his
+     people and gained theirs."
+
+Sir William Penn and Pepys were ready in resource, and saw to the
+blowing up of houses to check the spread of the flames, the former
+bringing workmen out of the dockyards to help in the work. During the
+period when it was expected that the Navy Office would be destroyed,
+Pepys sent off his money, plate, and most treasured property to Sir
+W. Rider, at Bethnal Green, and then he and Penn dug a hole in their
+garden, in which they put their wine and parmezan cheese.
+
+On the 10th of September, Sir W. Rider let it be known that, as the
+town is full of the report respecting the wealth in his house, he will
+be glad if his friends will provide for the safety of their property
+elsewhere.
+
+On September 5th, when Evelyn went to Whitehall, the King commanded him
+
+     "... among the rest to looke after the quenching of Fetter
+     Lane end, to preserve if possible that part of Holborn, whilst
+     the rest of y^e gentlemen tooke their several posts, some
+     at one part, some at another (for now they began to bestir
+     themselves and not till now, who hitherto had stood as men
+     intoxicated with their hands acrosse) and began to consider
+     that nothing was likely to put a stop but the blowing up of
+     so many houses as might make a wider gap than any had yet
+     been made by the ordinary method of pulling them downe with
+     engines."
+
+The daily records of the fire and of the movements of the people are
+most striking. Now we see the river crowded with boats filled with the
+goods of those who are houseless, and then we pass to Moorfields, where
+are crowds carrying their belongings about with them, and doing their
+best to keep these separate till some huts can be built to receive
+them. Soon paved streets and two-storey houses were seen in Moorfields,
+the city authorities having let the land on leases for seven years.
+
+The wearied people complained that their feet were "ready to burn"
+through walking in the streets "among the hot coals."
+
+(September 5th, 1666.) Means were provided to save the unfortunate
+multitudes from starvation, and on this same day proclamation was made
+
+     "... ordering that for the supply of the distressed persons
+     left destitute ... great proportions of bread be brought
+     daily, not only to the former markets, but to those lately
+     ordained. Churches and public places were to be thrown open
+     for the reception of poor people and their goods."
+
+Westminster Hall was filled with "people's goods."
+
+On September 7th Evelyn went towards Islington and Highgate
+
+     "... where one might have seen 200,000 people of all ranks
+     and degrees dispers'd and lying along by their heapes of what
+     they could save from the fire, deploring their losse, and tho'
+     ready to perish for hunger and destitution yet not asking one
+     penny for reliefe, which to me appear'd a stranger sight than
+     any I had yet beheld."
+
+The fire was fairly got under on September 7th, but on the previous
+day Clothworkers' Hall was burning, as it had been for three days and
+nights, in one volume of flame. This was caused by the cellars being
+full of oil. How long the streets remained in a dangerous condition
+may be guessed by Pepys's mention, on May 16th, 1666-7, of the smoke
+issuing from the cellars in the ruined streets of London.
+
+The fire consumed about five-sixths of the whole city, and outside the
+walls a space was cleared about equal to an oblong square of a mile and
+a half in length and half a mile in breadth. Well might Evelyn say, "I
+went againe to y^e ruines for it was no longer a citty" (September
+10th, 1666).
+
+The destruction was fearful, and the disappearance of the grand old
+Cathedral of St. Paul's was among the most to be regretted of the
+losses. One reads these particulars with a sort of dulled apathy, and
+it requires such a terribly realistic picture as the following, by
+Evelyn, to bring the scene home to us in all its magnitude and horror:
+
+     "The conflagration was so universal, and the people so
+     astonish'd, that from the beginning I know not by what
+     despondency or fate, they hardly stirr'd to quench it, so
+     that there was nothing heard or seene but crying out and
+     lamentation, running about like distracted creatures without
+     at all attempting to save even their goods; such a strange
+     consternation there was upon them, so as it burned both in
+     breadth and length, the churches, public halls, Exchange,
+     hospitals, monuments and ornaments, leaping after a prodigious
+     manner, from house to house, and streete to streete, at greate
+     distances one from y^e other; for y^e heat with a long
+     set of faire and warm weather had even ignited the aire and
+     prepared the materials to conceive the fire, which devour'd
+     after an incredible manner houses, furniture, and every thing.
+     Here we saw the Thames cover'd with goods floating, all the
+     barges and boates laden with what some had time and courage to
+     save, as, on y^e other, y^e carts, &c., carrying out to
+     the fields, which for many miles were strew'd with moveables
+     of all sorts, and tents erecting to shelter both people
+     and what goods they could get away. Oh the miserable and
+     calamitous spectacle! Such as haply the world had not seene
+     since the foundation of it, nor be outdon till the universal
+     conflagration thereof. All the skie was of a fiery aspect,
+     like the top of a burning oven, and the light seene above 40
+     miles round about for many nights. God grant mine eyes may
+     never behold the like, who now saw above 10,000 houses all in
+     one flame; the noise and cracking and thunder of the impetuous
+     flames, y^e shrieking of women and children, the hurry of
+     people, the fall of towers, houses and churches was like a
+     hideous storme and the aire all about so hot and inflam'd that
+     at the last one was not able to approach it, so that they were
+     forc'd to stand still and let y^e flames burn on, which they
+     did neere two miles in length and one in breadth. The clouds
+     also of smoke were dismall and reach'd upon computation neer
+     50 miles in length. Thus I left it this afternoone burning, a
+     resemblance of Sodom, or the last day. It forcibly call'd to
+     mind that passage--_non enim hic habemus stabilem civitatem_:
+     the ruines resembling the picture of Troy. London was, but is
+     no more."--(Sept. 3rd, 1666.)
+
+Can we be surprised at the bewildered feelings of the people? Rather
+must we admire the practical and heroic conduct of the homeless
+multitude. It took long to rebuild the city, but directly anything
+could be done the workers were up and doing.
+
+An Act of Parliament was passed "for erecting a Judicature for
+determination of differences touching Houses burned or demolished by
+reason of the late Fire which happened in London" (18 and 19 Car. II.,
+cap. 7), and Sir Matthew Hale was the moving spirit in the planning it
+and in carrying out its provisions when it was passed. Burnet affirms
+that it was through his judgment and foresight "that the whole city
+was raised out of its ashes without any suits of law" (_History of
+his Own Time_, Book ii.). By a subsequent Act (18 and 19 Car. II.,
+cap. 8) the machinery for a satisfactory rebuilding of the city was
+arranged. The rulings of the judges appointed by these Acts gave
+general satisfaction, and after a time the city was rebuilt very much
+on the old lines, and things went on as before.[10] At one time it was
+supposed that the fire would cause a westward march of trade, but the
+city asserted the old supremacy when it was rebuilt.
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH-WEST VIEW OF OLD ST. PAUL'S.]
+
+Three great men, thoroughly competent to give valuable advice on the
+rebuilding of the city, viz., Wren, Robert Hooke, and Evelyn, presented
+to the King valuable plans for the best mode of arranging the new
+streets, but none of these schemes was accepted. One cannot but regret
+that the proposals of the great architect were not carried out.
+
+With the reference to the Plague and the Great Fire we may conclude
+this brief account of the later Stuart London. The picturesque, but
+dirty, houses were replaced by healthier and cleaner ones. The West
+End increased and extended its borders, but the growth to the north of
+Piccadilly was very gradual. All periods have their chroniclers, but
+no period has produced such delightful guides to the actual life of
+the town as the later half of the seventeenth century did in the pages
+of Evelyn and Pepys. It must ever be a sincere regret to all who love
+to understand the more intimate side of history that Pepys did not
+continue his _Diary_ to a later period. We must, however, be grateful
+for what we possess, and I hope this slight and imperfect sketch of
+Pepys's London may refresh the memories of my readers as to what the
+London of that time was really like.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] _Cal. State Papers_, 1603-10, p. 367.
+
+[7] During the time that the Jacobites were formidable, and long after,
+it was firmly believed that the Old Pretender was brought into this
+room as a baby in a warming pan, and plans of the room were common to
+show how the fraud was committed.
+
+[8] _Rariora_, vol. i., p. 17.
+
+[9] Originally the crosses were of a blue colour, but Dr. Creighton
+says that the colour was changed to red before the plague of 1603.
+
+[10] A full account of the fire and of the rebuilding of the city has
+still to be written, and the materials for the latter are to hand in
+the remarkable "Fire Papers" in the British Museum. I have long desired
+to work on this congenial subject, but having been prevented by other
+duties from doing so, I hope that some London expert will be induced
+to give the public a general idea of the contents of these valuable
+collections.
+
+
+
+
+THE OLD LONDON BRIDGES
+
+BY J. TAVENOR-PERRY
+
+    "London Bridge is broken down,
+      Dance o'er my Lady Lee.
+    London Bridge is broken down
+      With a gay Ladee."
+
+
+At the beginning of the last century only three bridges spanned the
+Thames in its course through London, and of these two were scarcely
+fifty years old; but before the century closed there were no less
+than thirteen bridges across the river between Battersea and the
+Pool. The three old bridges have been rebuilt, and even some of the
+later ones have been reconstructed, whilst one has been removed
+bodily, and now spans the gorge of the Avon at Bristol. Of all these
+bridges unfortunately only two are constructed wholly of stone, and
+can lay claim to any architectural merit; and even one of these two
+has recently had the happy effect of its graceful arches destroyed by
+the addition of overhanging pathways. Of the rest, some are frankly
+utilitarian--mere iron girder railway bridges, with no attempt at
+decoration beyond gilding the rivets--whilst the others have their
+iron arches and construction disguised with coarse and meaningless
+ornaments. One only of the iron bridges is in anyway worthy of its
+position; in its perfect simplicity and the bold spans of its three
+arches, Southwark Bridge bears comparison with the best in Europe, but
+the gradients and approaches are so inconvenient that it is even now
+threatened with reconstruction.
+
+[Illustration: SIR JOHN EVELYN'S PLAN FOR REBUILDING LONDON AFTER THE
+GREAT FIRE.]
+
+Exactly when the first bridge was built across the Thames at London
+we can only surmise, for even tradition is silent on the subject, and
+we only know of the existence of one at an early date by very casual
+references, which, however, do not help us to realise the character
+of the work. Though no evidence remains of a Roman bridge, it seems
+unlikely, having regard to the importance of London, and to the fact
+that the great roads from the south coast converged on a point opposite
+to it, on the other side of the river, that they should have been left
+to end there without a bridge to carry them over. The difficulties of
+building across a great tidal river had not prevented the Romans from
+bridging the Medway at Rochester, as remains actually discovered have
+proved; and if no evidences of Roman work were actually met with in the
+rebuilding of London Bridge or the removal of the old one, this may be
+due to the fact that each successive bridge--and there have been at
+least three within historical times--was built some distance further up
+the stream than its predecessor.
+
+We know, however, with certainty that a bridge was standing in the
+reign of King Ethelred from the references made to it, and we may
+fairly assume that this must have been the Roman bridge, at least so
+far as its main construction was concerned; and, like other Roman
+bridges standing at that time in Gaul and in other parts of England, it
+would have consisted merely of piers of masonry, with a wooden roadway
+passing from one to the other. It was still standing, of sufficient
+strength for resistance, when the Danes under Canute sailed up the
+river, who, being unable to force a passage, tradition says--and
+antiquaries have imagined they could discover traces of it--cut a ship
+canal through the Surrey marshes from Bermondsey to Battersea, and
+passed their fleet through that way.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1--THE UNDERCROFT OF ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY ON
+THE BRIDGE.]
+
+The history of the bridge only opens with the beginning of the twelfth
+century. According to tradition, the convent of St. Mary Overie,
+Southwark, had been originally endowed with the profits of a ferry
+across the river, and had in consequence undertaken the duty of
+maintaining the bridge in a proper state of repair when a bridge was
+built. This convent was refounded in 1106 as a priory of Austin Canons;
+and it is not a little remarkable, having regard to the duties it had
+undertaken, that of its founders, who were two Norman Knights, one was
+William de Pont de l'Arche. At the Norman town, where stood his castle
+and from which he took his name, was a bridge of twenty-two openings,
+erected, it was said, by Charles the Bald, but most likely a Roman
+work, across the Seine at the highest point reached by the tide. It
+is a further curious coincidence that this same William appears as a
+witness to a deed executed by Henry I., excusing the manor of Alciston,
+in Sussex, from paying any dues for the repairs of London Bridge.
+
+It is recorded that in 1136 the bridge was burnt, which may perhaps
+merely mean that the deck was destroyed, whilst the piers remained
+sufficiently uninjured to allow of the structure being repaired; but
+in 1163 it had become so dangerous that Peter of Colechurch undertook
+the erection of a new bridge, which he constructed of elm timber. This
+sudden emergence of Peter from obscurity to carry out so important an
+engineering work is as dramatic as is that of St. Bénezet, who founded
+the confraternity of _Hospitaliers pontifices_, which undertook the
+building of bridges and the establishment of ferries. According to
+legend, this saint, although then only a young shepherd, essayed to
+bridge the Rhone at Avignon, and the ruined arches of his great work
+are still among the sights of that city. Peter may have possessed
+many more qualifications for building than a shepherd could have
+acquired, as large ecclesiastical works were in progress in London
+throughout his life, which he must have observed and perhaps profited
+by; but this is only surmise, as of his history, except in connection
+with his great work, we know no more than the fact that he was the
+chaplain of St. Mary Colechurch. His contemporary, Randulphus de
+Decito, Dean of London, says that he was a native of the city, so
+that it is scarcely likely that he had acquired his skill abroad; but
+we are told that he traversed the country to collect the moneys for
+his undertaking, and he may thus have obtained some knowledge of the
+many Roman bridges which still survived, or even have seen the great
+bridge which Bishop Flambard had recently erected across the Wear
+at Durham. His selection as the architect of the earlier bridge of
+1163 may perhaps not be due in any way to his especial engineering
+skill, but rather to some intimate connection with the priory of St.
+Mary Overie, whose canons were primarily responsible for the bridge
+repairs; indeed, since he is merely described as the chaplain of his
+church, he may himself have been one of the canons. But be the cause
+what it may--and it was not his success in erecting this first bridge,
+for it soon became dilapidated--thirteen years after its erection he
+started afresh, on a site further up the river, to erect a bridge of
+stone. In 1176, two years before St. Bénezet began his great bridge at
+Avignon, he commenced his work, and thirty-three years passed before
+its completion. Whether the delay was due to lack of funds or the
+incapacity of the architect we do not know, though probably to both,
+for before Peter's death King John, who had manifested considerable
+interest in the new bridge, had urged Peter's dismissal, and, under the
+advice of the Archbishop of Canterbury, suggested the appointment of
+Isembert of Saintes to complete the work. This Isembert was credited
+with the erection of the great bridge across the Charante at Saintes,
+although that bridge was undoubtedly a Roman one, and all he appears to
+have done was to turn arches between the original piers, and make it a
+stone bridge throughout. The same master was said to have built another
+bridge at La Rochelle, and had evidently gained much experience in
+such engineering work; and it is perhaps a misfortune that the King's
+advice was neglected, as a skilled architect, which Peter certainly
+was not, might have saved the city of London much eventual loss and
+trouble. Peter was, however, suffered to continue the bridge until his
+death in 1205, when a commission of three city merchants completed the
+work in four years.
+
+The bridge which these many years of labour had produced was in
+every way unsuitable to its position, and mean as compared to
+similar buildings erected elsewhere. Lacking the skill to form
+proper foundations, Peter had spread them out into wide piers, which
+formed an almost continuous dam, through the openings in which the
+water rushed like a mill-race. The result was that the scour soon
+affected the stability of the piers, which had to be protected round
+by masses of masonry and chalk in the form of sterlings, which still
+further contracted the narrow waterways. The passage of the bridge by
+boat--"shooting the bridge," it was called--was always a dangerous
+operation; and a writer of the last century speaks of "the noise of
+the falling waters, the clamours of the water-men, and the frequent
+shrieks of drowning wretches," in describing it. So imperfectly built
+was the bridge that within four years of its completion King John
+again interfered, and called upon the Corporation properly to repair
+it; and from this time, or perhaps from Peter's death, when the three
+merchants were elected to complete the work, the Corporation appears to
+have taken over the responsibility of the bridge; and for this purpose
+they were endowed with certain properties, which became the nucleus of
+the present "Bridge House Estates." The increasing dilapidation of the
+bridge, the debris of fallen arches, and the rubbish and waste material
+which was suffered to accumulate, still further impeded the natural
+flow of the water, and little effort at improvement was ever made. Of
+the three widest arches of the bridge, which were called the navigable
+locks, the most important had been the one nearest to the city end,
+which became known as the "Rock Lock," and it acquired that name on
+account of a popular delusion that in its fairway was a growing and
+vegetating rock, which was nothing more than an accumulation of fallen
+ruins, which caught and held the floating refuse carried to and fro by
+the tides. And thus year after year the river dam became more solid,
+and the waterfall increased in height until it was said by one who knew
+them both that it was almost as safe to attempt the Falls of Niagara as
+to shoot London Bridge.
+
+As years went by, not only did the waterways become congested, but the
+roadway above began to be encroached on by houses and other buildings,
+for which a bridge was most unfitted. Two edifices, however, from the
+first formed necessary, or at least customary, adjuncts to such a
+building--the bridge gate and the bridge chapel. It was a Roman custom
+to erect gates at one end, or in the centre of their bridges--not
+triumphal arches, but twin gates, such as they built to their walled
+towns, and such as stood at the end of the bridge at Saintes, when it
+was altered by Isembert. Such gates as survived in mediæval times were
+generally fortified, and formed the model for imitation by mediæval
+builders; and such a gate was erected at the Southwark end of London,
+which, under its name of Bridge Gate, became one of the principal gates
+of the city. It was erected directly on one of the main piers, and was
+therefore of a substantial character, but suffered much in the various
+attacks made upon London from the Kentish side. In 1436 it collapsed,
+together with the Southwark end of the bridge, but was rebuilt at
+the cost of the citizens, chief among whom was Sir John Crosby, the
+builder of Crosby House; and although the gate was again in great part
+destroyed by the attack on London made in 1471 by Fauconbridge, one of
+the towers of Crosby's gate survived until the eighteenth century. In
+1577 the tower which stood at the north end of the bridge, and on which
+were usually displayed the heads of traitors, became so dilapidated
+that it was taken down, and the heads then on it were transferred to
+the Bridge Gate, henceforward known as "Traitors' Gate." It was upon
+the earlier gate that the head of Sir Thomas More was affixed, when
+heads were so common that even his, as we know from its adventures
+until buried in the Roper vault at Canterbury, was thrown into the
+river to make room for a crowd of successors.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2--THE SURREY END OF LONDON BRIDGE.]
+
+Of the chapel, which the founder of the bridge is said to have erected,
+no account survives; and although it was believed at the time of
+the destruction of the bridge that his remains were discovered, no
+satisfactory evidence of their identity was forthcoming. The first
+chapel must have perished in one of the early misfortunes which befel
+the fabric, as no trace of any detail which could be referred to the
+thirteenth century was discovered when the pier on which the chapel
+stood was removed. The drawings made by Vertue before the last remains
+were cleared away show a structure which may be assigned to a date
+but little later than the Chapel Royal of St. Stephen at Westminster,
+to which, in many particulars, it must have borne a considerable
+resemblance. It consisted of two storeys, both apparently vaulted,
+measuring some sixty by twenty feet, with an apsidal termination. The
+undercroft was nearly twenty feet high, and our illustration (fig. 1)
+of a restoration of it, prepared from Vertue's drawings and dimensions,
+will give some idea of its beauty. The upper chapel seems to have been
+similar, but much more lofty, and had an arcade running round the walls
+under the windows. The buttresses of the exterior were crowned with
+crocketted pinnacles, and the effect of the whole, standing high above
+the surging waters of the river, must have been as striking as it was
+beautiful. The chapel was built on the centre pier of the bridge, on
+the east side, and the chapels were entered from the roadway, the lower
+one by a newel staircase, on which was found the holy-water stoup when
+the bridge was destroyed in the last century. At the Reformation the
+church was converted into a warehouse, but, thanks to the solidity of
+its construction, it remained almost intact till it was swept away with
+the houses in 1756.
+
+Of the other buildings on the bridge there is little to say, for,
+although they made up a picturesque composition, they were of a most
+flimsy character, and wanting at the last in any architectural merit.
+Our illustration (fig. 2), taken from an oil painting by Scott,
+belonging to the Fishmongers' Company, gives the principal group on the
+Surrey side, and in the sixth plate of Hogarth's _Marriage a la Mode_
+we get a view through the open window of another part in the last stage
+of dilapidation. There was, however, one exception to the commonplace
+among them, in a timber house, made in Holland, which was known as
+"Nonsuch House." It was erected, it was said, without nails, and placed
+athwart the roadway, hanging at the ends far over the river, with
+towers and spires at the angles, and over the great gate the arms of
+Queen Elizabeth. The top of the main front was surmounted, at a later
+date, with a pair of sundials, which bore the, for once, appropriate
+motto--"Time and Tide wait for no man."
+
+Had old London Bridge survived to this day, its waterfalls would
+doubtless have been utilized to generate electricity, and the idea of
+setting the Thames on fire realized in lighting the streets of London
+by its means; but the value of the force of the falling water was not
+overlooked by our ancestors. As early as 1582 one Peter Corbis, a
+Dutchman, erected an engine, worked by the stream, which lifted the
+water to a reservoir, whence it was distributed by means of leaden
+pipes through the city. With many alterations and improvements, these
+water works continued in use until the last century, and it was stated
+before the House of Commons, in 1820, that more than 26 millions of
+hogsheads of the pellucid waters of the river were thus daily delivered
+to the city householders for their domestic use.
+
+Such, shortly, is the history of the fabric, which, after enduring
+for more than six hundred years, was swept away to make room for the
+present structure. For any accounts of the many stirring events which
+occurred on it, or about it, we have no space here. Are they not
+written in the chronicles of England?
+
+In the Fishmongers' Hall is preserved a valuable memorial of the
+ancient structure, of which we give an illustration (fig. 3) by
+permission of the Worshipful Company. It consists of a chair with
+a seat of Purbeck marble, reminiscent in its arrangements of the
+coronation chair, on which is engraved this inscription:--
+
+     "I am the first stone that was put down for the foundation of
+     old London Bridge in June 1176 by a priest named Peter who was
+     vicar of Colechurch in London and I remained there undisturbed
+     safe on the same oak piles this chair is made from till the
+     Rev^d. William John Jollife curate of Colmer Hampshire took
+     me up in July 1832 when clearing away the old bridge after new
+     London Bridge was completed."
+
+The framework of the chair gives a pictorial chronicle of the city
+bridges; the top rail of the back shows old London Bridge after the
+removal of the houses, below which are new London Bridge, Southwark and
+old Blackfriars Bridges. The arms of the city are carved at the top,
+whilst the monogram of Peter of Colechurch and the device of the Bridge
+House Estates complete the decoration. This device, which appears to
+have been also the old badge of Southwark, was sometimes displayed
+upon a shield, thus:--Az., an annulet ensigned with a cross patée, Or;
+interlaced with a saltire enjoined in base, of the second. We give an
+illustration of this in figure 5.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3--THE FOUNDATION STONE CHAIR.
+
+_At the Fishmongers' Hall._]
+
+Westminster Bridge seems a very recent structure as compared to that
+of London, but it is the next in point of date. The growing importance
+of Westminster as the seat of the Court and Parliament had made the
+necessity for an approach to the south side of the Thames, independent
+of the circuitous and narrow ways of London, long apparent. In the
+reign of Charles II. the question was seriously considered, to the
+alarm of the Mayor and Corporation of the city, who feared that
+their vested interests were endangered, and "that London would be
+destroyed if carts were allowed to cross the Thames elsewhere"; but,
+knowing their man, they devoted some of their ample funds to secure
+that monarch's successful opposition to the scheme. In the middle
+of the eighteenth century, however, when there was no Stuart to buy
+off, the idea was revived, and in 1739, one Monsieur Labelye, a
+Swiss engineer--English engineers having, apparently, not sufficient
+experience--commenced a new stone bridge. His mode of putting in his
+foundations may have been scientific, but was certainly simple. The
+bridge piers were partly built in floating barges moored above the
+place where they were to be permanently erected. The barges were then
+sunk, their sides knocked out, and the piers completed. It is needless
+to say that the result was not satisfactory, and for years before the
+old bridge was pulled down many of its arches were filled up with
+a picturesque, but inconvenient, mass of shoring. Whether Henry,
+Earl of Pembroke, who laid the foundation stone, and of whom it was
+said no nobleman had a purer taste in architecture, was in any way
+responsible for the design, we cannot tell; but a French traveller of
+discrimination, who criticised the work after its completion, came to
+the conclusion that the peculiarly lofty parapets with which the bridge
+was adorned were so designed that they might check an Englishman's
+natural propensity to suicide by giving him time for reflection while
+surmounting such an obstacle. It will be noticed in our illustration
+(fig. 4), which is also taken from a painting by Scott, that the piers
+are crowned by alcoves, which provided a shelter from the blasts which
+blew over the river and from the mud scattered from the roadway. These
+were, doubtless, a survival of the spaces left above the cutwaters
+of mediæval bridges as refuges for pedestrians from vehicles when
+the roadways were very narrow, and those who remember the old wooden
+bridges of Battersea and Putney can appreciate their value.
+
+The city Corporation, which had so strenuously opposed the erection
+of a bridge at Westminster as unnecessary, set to work, as soon as
+that became an accomplished fact, to improve their own communications
+across the river. First, as we have seen, they cleared away the houses
+and other obstructions on old London Bridge, and next they started to
+build themselves a new bridge at Blackfriars. The land on both sides
+of the river at the point selected was very low and most unsuitable
+for the approaches, that on the north side being close to the mouth
+of the Fleet ditch, which there formed a creek large enough, in 1307,
+to form a haven for ships. The new bridge was begun in 1760, from the
+designs of Robert Mylne, a Scotch architect, who made an unsuccessful
+attempt to give an architectural effect to the structure by facing the
+piers with pairs of Ionic columns, standing on the cutwaters. The steep
+gradients of the bridge, necessitated by the lowness of the banks, made
+such a decoration peculiarly unsuitable, as each pair of columns had to
+be differently proportioned in height, although the cornice over them
+remained of the same depth throughout. But, in spite of its appearance
+of lightness, the structure was too heavy for its foundations, and for
+years this bridge rivalled that of Westminster in the picturesqueness
+of its dilapidation. The piers had been built on platforms of timber,
+so that when London Bridge was rebuilt, and the river flowed in an
+unchecked course, these became exposed to the scour and were soon
+washed out.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4--OLD WESTMINSTER BRIDGE.]
+
+Waterloo Bridge was completed in 1817, and still remains unaltered
+and as sound as when its builders left it. It is fortunate that the
+approach on the north side was an easy one, as but a short interval
+occurred between the Strand, at almost its highest point, and the river
+bank, which it was easy to fill up, with the result that the bridge
+passes across the river at a perfect level. The foundations of the
+piers were properly constructed by means of coffer-dams, and no sign
+of failure has ever shown itself in its superstructure. The architect
+repeated the use of the orders, as at Blackfriars, but with a more
+fortunate result, as, the work being straight throughout, no variations
+in the proportions were required, and he was wise enough to select the
+Doric order as more suitable to his purpose, and as suggesting more
+solidity.
+
+Londoners profess to be somewhat proud of Waterloo Bridge, and it is
+a tradition among them that Canova, when he saw it, said that it was
+worth a journey across Europe to see. It, therefore, seems the more
+incredible that the grandchildren of those who could build such a
+bridge and appreciate such a man, could have erected, and even affect
+to admire, such a monstrosity as the Tower Bridge.
+
+The last of the older bridges to be built was that of Southwark, which
+was the speculation of a private company, who hoped to profit by the
+continuously congested state of London Bridge; but the steepness of
+the gradients and the inconvenience of the approaches from the city
+made it from the first a failure. It was the first bridge in London to
+be constructed in iron; its model being the great single-span bridge
+across the Wear at Sunderland. It is in three great arches, the centre
+one being 240 feet across, or four feet more than that at Sunderland,
+and the mass of metal is such that an ordinary change of temperature
+will raise the arches an inch, and summer sunshine much more.
+
+Of the more recent bridges there is nothing to say worth the saying.
+The Thames, which was the busy and silent highway of our forefathers,
+is still silent, but busy no longer, and the appearance of its bridges
+is now no one's concern, since no one sees them. So long as they will
+safely carry the tramcar or the motor 'bus from side to side, they may
+become uglier even than they now are, if only that make them a little
+more cheap.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5--BADGE OF BRIDGE HOUSE ESTATES.]
+
+
+
+
+THE CLUBS OF LONDON
+
+BY SIR EDWARD BRABROOK, C.B., F.S.A.
+
+
+These are of many kinds. We suppose they are all more or less the
+lineal descendants of the taverns and coffee-houses that we associate
+with the memory of Ben Jonson, Dryden, Addison, and Samuel Johnson.
+
+    "Souls of poets dead and gone,
+    What elysium have ye known,
+    Happy field or mossy cavern,
+    Choicer than the Mermaid tavern?"
+
+The wits' coffee-house, where Claud Halcro carried a parcel for Master
+Thimblethwaite in order to get a sight of glorious John Dryden.
+Button's coffee-house, where the "Guardian" set up his Lion's Head. The
+Cock and the Cheshire Cheese, which resound with Johnson's sonorous
+echoes. If, indeed, the tavern has developed into the club, that palace
+of luxury, one can only say, as in the famous transmutation of alphana
+to equus, "C'est diablement changé sur la route."
+
+Intermediate is the host of clubs meeting occasionally, as the
+Breakfast Club, and the numerous dining clubs, one of which, the Royal
+Naval Club, established in 1765, is said to be a renewal of an earlier
+one dating from 1674. "The Club," which comes down from the time of
+Johnson and Reynolds, and still uses a notification to a new member
+drawn up by Gibbon; the Royal Society Club; the X Club, which consisted
+of ten members of the Athenæum; the Society of Noviomagus, and the
+Cocked Hat Club, consisting of members of the Society of Antiquaries;
+the Cosmos Club of the Royal Geographical Society; the Colquhoun Club
+of the Royal Society of Literature; and a host of others in connection
+with learned societies, most of which are content to add the word
+"club" to the name of the society. Of another, but cognate, kind is
+the famous "Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," which was founded in
+1735, and died (of inanition) in 1867. The members were not to exceed
+twenty-four in number. Beef steaks were to be the only meat for dinner.
+The broiling began at 2.0, and the tablecloth was removed at 3.30. In
+1785 the Prince of Wales, in 1790 the Duke of York, in 1808 the Duke of
+Sussex, became members. It had a laureate bard in the person of Charles
+Morris, elected a member in 1785, who died in 1838 at the age of 93
+years. In early times the members appeared in the uniform of a blue
+coat and buff waistcoat, with brass buttons bearing a gridiron and the
+motto "Beef and Liberty." The hour of meeting became later gradually,
+till in 1866 it was fixed at 8 o'clock; then the club quickly died out.
+Founded by John Rich, harlequin and machinist at Covent Garden, it had
+counted among its members William Hogarth, David Garrick, John Wilkes,
+John Kemble, William Linley, Henry Brougham (Lord Chancellor), and many
+other distinguished men. The Ettrick Shepherd gave an account, in 1833,
+of a visit he paid to this club:--
+
+     "They dine solely on beefsteaks--but what glorious beefsteaks!
+     They do not come up all at once--no, nor half-a-dozen times;
+     but up they come at long intervals, thick, tender, and as hot
+     as fire. And during these intervals the members sit drinking
+     their port, and breaking their wicked wit on each other, so
+     that every time a new service of steaks came up, we fell to
+     them with much the same zest as at the beginning. The dinner
+     was a perfect treat--a feast without alloy."
+
+Another somewhat similar club, though on a more modest scale, deserves
+a cursory notice, inasmuch as it had to do with a state of things
+that has passed away beyond hope of recovery. About 1870 the August
+Society of the Wanderers was established with the motto, "Pransuri
+vagamur." It selected all the remaining old inns at which a dinner
+could be obtained, and dined at each in succession. It also had a bard,
+Dr. Joseph Samuel Lavies, and, like the Beefsteaks, has left a poetic
+record of its convivialities. Of all such records, however, the salt
+quickly evaporates, and it is as well to leave them unquoted.
+
+Our main object in this chapter is to state a few incidents in the
+history of some of the great London clubs. The oldest existing club
+appears to be White's, founded in 1697. Boodle's, Brooks's, the Cocoa
+Tree, and Arthur's date from 1762 to 1765. Most of the others belong to
+the nineteenth century. The Guards' Club, which was the first of the
+service clubs, dates from 1813, but that is confined to officers of the
+Brigade of Guards. It was soon, however, followed by the establishment
+of a club for officers of other branches of military service.
+
+We have it on good authority that before that club was founded officers
+who came to London had no places of call but the old hotels and
+coffee-houses. On May 31st, 1815, General Lord Lynedoch, Viscount Hill,
+and others united in the establishment of a General Military Club. On
+the 24th January, 1816, it was extended to the Navy, and on the 16th
+February in the same year it adopted the name of the United Service
+Club. On the 1st March, 1817, the foundation stone of its house in
+Charles Street was laid. In November, 1828, it entered into occupation
+of its present house in Pall Mall, and handed over the Charles Street
+house to the Junior United Service Club. Its premises in Pall Mall were
+largely extended in 1858-59, and have recently been greatly improved
+at a cost of £20,000. The Club holds a lease from the Crown to 4th
+January, 1964. It has a fine collection of eighty-two pictures and
+busts, many of them of great merit as works of art, others of interest
+as the only portraits of the originals. The library contains several
+splendid portraits of Royal personages. The King is the patron of
+the Club, and, as Prince of Wales, was a member of it. The Prince of
+Wales, the Duke of Connaught, and Prince Christian, are now members.
+Ten high officers of state and persons of distinction are honorary
+members. Twelve kings and thirty princes are foreign honorary members.
+The number of ordinary members is 1,600, but officers below the rank of
+Commander in the Royal Navy, or Major in the Army, are not eligible.
+The entrance fee is £30, and the annual subscription £10. Members have
+the privilege of introducing guests. Games of hazard are not allowed to
+be played, or dice to be used. Play is not to exceed 2s. 6d. points at
+whist, or 10s. per hundred at bridge.
+
+As we have seen, this club shortly became full, and a Junior United
+Service Club was formed in April, 1827, on the same lines, under the
+patronage of the Duke of Wellington, but admitted officers of junior
+rank, and in 1828 entered into occupation of the premises in Charles
+Street, vacated by the Senior, on payment of £15,000. It erected its
+new house in 1856 at a cost of £81,000. The entrance fee is £40, and
+annual subscription eight guineas. It was not many years after its
+establishment that the list of candidates for membership of the Junior
+Club became so long that the necessity for the establishment of a third
+service club was felt. Sir E. Barnes and a few officers, just returned
+from India, joined in the movement, and in 1838 the Army and Navy Club
+was opened at the corner of King Street and St. James's Square--the
+house memorable as the scene of the party given by Mrs. Boehm on the
+night the news of the Battle of Waterloo arrived. Sir E. Barnes, who
+was its first president, died the same year. In 1851 the club moved
+to its present stately building, the site of which includes that of a
+house granted by Charles II. on the 1st of April, in the seventeenth
+year of his reign, to Nell Gwynne, where Evelyn saw him in familiar
+discourse with her. The club possesses a mirror that belonged to her,
+and a portrait by Sir Peter Lely, which was supposed to be of her,
+until it was discovered to be one of Louise de Querouaille, Duchess
+of Portsmouth, and is also rich in pictures, statuary, and other
+works of art--among them, two fine mantelpieces carved by Canova,
+and a miniature of Lady Hamilton found in Lord Nelson's cabin after
+his death; it has also autograph letters of Nelson and Wellington.
+It derives its popular name of the "Rag and Famish" from a tradition
+that Captain Duff came late one night asking for supper, and being
+discontented with the bill of fare, called it a rag and famish affair.
+In memory of the event he designed a button which used to be worn by
+many members, and bore the device of a ragged man devouring a bone.
+Napoleon III. was an honorary member of the club, and frequently used
+it. He presented it with a fine piece of Gobelin tapestry in 1849. The
+regular number of members is 2,400. The club has a scheme for granting
+annuities or pensions to its servants.
+
+Of the group of social clubs bearing names derived from the original
+proprietors of the club-houses--as White's, Boodle's, Brooks's, and
+Arthur's--Brooks's may be taken as a specimen. A roll of its members
+from the date of its foundation in 1764 to 1900 has recently been
+published under the title _Memorials of Brooks's_, and contains much
+interesting information. The editors, Messrs. V. A. Williamson, S.
+Lyttelton and S. Simeon, state that the first London Clubs were
+instituted with the object of providing the world of fashion with a
+central office for making wagers, and a registry for recording them.
+In their early days gambling was unlimited. Brooks's was not political
+in its origin. The twenty-seven original members included the Dukes of
+Roxburgh, Portland, and Gordon. In the 136 years 3,465 members have
+been admitted.
+
+The original house was on or near the site of the present Marlborough
+Club, and Almack was the first manager or master. About 1774 he was
+succeeded by Brooks, from whom the club derives its name. He died in
+1782, and was succeeded by one Griffin. In 1795 the system was altered,
+and six managers were appointed. The present house in St. James' Street
+was constructed in 1889-90, when 2, Park Place, was incorporated
+with it. The entrance fee in 1791 was five guineas, and was raised
+successively in 1815, 1881, 1892, and 1901, to nine, fifteen,
+twenty-five and thirty guineas. The subscription was at first four
+guineas, raised in 1779 to eight guineas, and in 1791 to ten guineas.
+
+An offshoot of Brooks's is the Fox Club, a dining club, probably
+a continuation of an earlier Whig Club. Up to 1843 it met at the
+Clarendon Hotel, and since then at Brooks's. It is said to have been
+constituted for the purpose of paying Fox's debts, for which his
+friends, in 1793, raised £70,000. Sir Augustus Keppel Stephenson was
+the secretary of this club from 1867 until his death in 1904. He was
+the son of a distinguished member of Brooks's, who had joined that club
+in 1818, the Fox Club in 1829, was secretary of the Sublime Society of
+Beef Steaks, and the last man to wear Hessian boots.
+
+The Travellers' Club dates from 1819, the Union from 1821, and the
+United University from 1822.
+
+The Union Club is composed of noblemen, members of Parliament, and
+gentlemen of the first distinction and character who are British
+subjects, and has 1,250 members. Election is by open voting in the
+committee. Foreign and Colonial persons of distinction may be made
+temporary honorary members. The entrance fee is twenty-one guineas; the
+annual subscription ten guineas.
+
+The United University Club has 1,000 members, of whom 500 belong to
+Oxford and 500 to Cambridge. The King is a member. Cabinet ministers,
+bishops, judges, etc., may be admitted without ballot. All members of
+either University are qualified to be candidates, but only graduates,
+persons who have resided in college or hall for two years, holders
+of honorary degrees, and students in civil law of above three years'
+standing, are qualified to be members. The club has recently rebuilt
+its house at the corner of Suffolk Street and Pall Mall East.
+
+The Athenæum was originated by Mr. John Wilson Croker, after
+consultation with Sir Humphry Davy, president of the Royal Society,
+and was founded in 1824 for the association of individuals known for
+their scientific or literary attainments, artists of eminence in any
+class of the fine arts, and noblemen and gentlemen distinguished as
+liberal patrons of science, literature, or the arts. It is essential
+to the maintenance of the Athenæum, in conformity with the principles
+upon which it was originally founded, that the annual introduction
+of a certain number of persons of distinguished eminence in science,
+literature, or the arts, or for public services, should be secured.
+Accordingly, nine persons of such qualifications are elected by the
+committee each year. The club entrusts this privilege to the committee,
+in the entire confidence that they will only elect persons who shall
+have attained to distinguished eminence in science, literature, or the
+arts, or for public services. The General Committee may also elect
+princes of the blood Royal, cabinet ministers, bishops, speakers of
+the House of Commons, judges, and foreign ambassadors, or ministers
+plenipotentiary of not less than three years' residence at the Court of
+St. James's, to be extraordinary members; and may invite, as honorary
+members during temporary residence in England, the heads of foreign
+missions, foreign members of the Royal Society, and not more than
+fifteen other foreigners or colonists of distinction. The ordinary
+members of the club are 1,200 in number. The entrance fee is thirty
+guineas, and the annual subscription eight guineas. The presidents for
+the time being of the Royal Society, of the Society of Antiquaries, and
+of the Royal Academy of Arts, if members, are ex-officio members of the
+General Committee. An Executive Committee of nine is selected from the
+General Committee to manage the domestic and other ordinary affairs of
+the club. No elected member can remain on the General Committee more
+than three consecutive years, unless he is a member of the Executive
+Committee, in which case he may be re-elected for a second term of
+three years. No higher stake than half-a-guinea points shall be played
+for. No game of mere chance shall be played in the house for money. No
+member shall make use of the club as an address in any advertisement.
+
+The history of the club has been told by the Rev. J. G. Waugh in an
+interesting book printed for private circulation in 1900. Its first
+house was 12, Waterloo Place, where it remained until 1827, when it
+obtained its present site. Its success was so great that within four
+months of the preliminary meeting in 1824 it had a list of 506 members,
+including the then Prime Minister and seven persons who afterwards
+became Prime Ministers. By 1827 it was full, and had a list of 270
+candidates waiting for election. The present house was planned by
+Decimus Burton, and an attic storey was added to it in 1899-1900. It is
+a successful building, striking attention by the statue of Minerva over
+the porch, the frieze, and the noble hall and grand staircase. The hall
+was re-decorated in 1891 under the direction of Sir L. Alma Tadema.
+Originally, a soirée was held every Wednesday, to which ladies were
+admitted. That has long been discontinued, and, as a satirical member
+observed, "Minerva is kept out in the cold, while her owls are gorging
+within." Among the members of the club have been the following great
+actors: Macready, Mathews, Kemble, Terry, Kean, Young, and Irving.
+
+The Oriental Club was also established in 1824, at a meeting held eight
+days after that at which the Athenæum had been established. Sir John
+Malcolm presided. The club was intended for the benefit of persons
+who had been long resident abroad in the service of the Crown, or of
+the East India Company. By May, 1826, it had 928 members, and in that
+year it took possession of the site of 18, Hanover Square, and employed
+Mr. B. D. Wyatt as the architect of its house. Its history has been
+written by Mr. Alexander F. Baillie, in a book published in 1901.
+Mr. Wyatt provided a grand staircase, but no smoking-room, and only
+one billiard-room. At that time and until 1842 the club provided its
+members gratuitously with snuff at a cost of £25 per year. In 1874 the
+present smoking-room was opened; and now the handsome drawing-room is a
+place where those can retire who desire solitude, and the smoking-room
+and billiard-rooms are overcrowded. The club has a fine library. It
+claims among its members the prototype of Colonel Newcome. The members
+have a custom of securing a table for dinner by inverting a plate upon
+it.
+
+In 1855 the Oriental Club agreed to take over, without entrance fee,
+the members of the Alfred Club, which had been established in 1808,
+and was then being dissolved. Nearly 400 members availed themselves of
+the offer. The history of that club has some points of interest. It
+was largely intended for literary men, but it is said that Canning,
+vexed at overhearing a member asking who he was, gave it the nickname
+of the "Half-read" Club, which stuck to it. Its early career was
+prosperous, and by 1811 it had 354 candidates and only six vacancies;
+but its popularity waned. The real cause of its dissolution was the
+firm conservatism of the committee. They would not recognise the
+growing demand of accommodation for smokers. The clubhouse, No. 23,
+Albemarle Street, had been built and arranged in the days when no
+such accommodation had been considered necessary, and the committee
+resolutely refused to make any concession to the members who desired to
+smoke.
+
+The Garrick Club was founded in 1831. It was instituted for the
+general patronage of the drama; for the purpose of combining the use
+of a club on economical principles with the advantage of a literary
+society; for bringing together the supporters of the drama; and for
+the foundation of a national library, with works on costume. The
+number of members is limited to 650, who pay an entrance fee of twenty
+guineas, and an annual subscription of ten guineas. The club is more
+than usually hospitable, as it allows a member to invite three visitors
+to dinner, and admits the public to see its magnificent collection of
+dramatic pictures daily from 10 to 1.
+
+The Carlton Club was established in 1832. It is famous as the rallying
+ground for the Conservative party, the temple of Toryism. From it, and
+its resources, candidates in that interest derive much encouragement
+and support, and it may not unreasonably be inferred that some of that
+encouragement and support is material as well as moral.
+
+The Reform Club was established in 1837, and then held the same
+position towards the Liberal party. It was instituted for the purpose
+of promoting the social intercourse of the Reformers of the United
+Kingdom. All candidates are to declare themselves to be reformers,
+but no definition of a "reformer" is given. If, however, a member is
+believed not to be a reformer, fifty members may call a general meeting
+for his expulsion. Members of Parliament and peers may be admitted by
+general ballot, with priority of election. The committee elect each
+year two gentlemen of distinguished eminence for public service, or in
+science, literature, or arts. The Political Committee of fifty members
+elect each year two persons who have proved their attachment to the
+Liberal cause by marked and obvious services. Other members are elected
+by general ballot, one black ball in ten excluding. The club has 1400
+members. It has a fine library. It has liberal regulations as to the
+admission of guests, and ladies may be admitted to view the club from
+11.0 a.m. to 5.0 p.m. Members may inspect the books and accounts and
+take extracts from them. The admission fee is £40, and the annual
+subscription ten guineas.
+
+The Conservative Club was established in 1840, and the National Club
+in 1845. The object of the National Club is to promote Protestant
+principles, and to encourage united action among Protestants in
+political and social questions by establishing a central organisation
+to obtain and spread information on such questions, by affording
+facilities for conference thereon, and by providing in the metropolis
+a central place of meeting to devise the fittest means for promoting
+the object in view. Its members must hold the doctrines and principles
+of the reformed faith, as revealed in Holy Scripture, asserted at the
+Reformation, and generally embodied in the Articles of the Church
+of England. It has a general committee, house committee, library
+committee, prayer and religious committee, wine committee, finance
+committee, and Parliamentary committee. The General Committee has power
+to elect as honorary members of the club not more than twenty persons
+distinguished by their zeal and exertions on behalf of the Protestant
+cause; these are mostly clergymen. All meetings of committees are to
+be opened with prayer. The household are to attend the reading of the
+Word of God and prayers morning and evening in the committee room. The
+Parliamentary committee are to watch all proceedings in Parliament
+and elsewhere affecting the Protestant principles of the club. Its
+fundamental principles are declared to be:
+
+     (1) The maintenance of the Protestant constitution,
+     succession, and faith.
+
+     (2) The recognition of Holy Scripture in national education.
+
+     (3) The improvement of the moral and social condition of the
+     people.
+
+The club is singular in having these definite religious purposes, and
+no doubt has in its time done much for the Protestant cause; but there
+is a little incongruity between the earnestness of its purpose and
+the self-indulgence which club life almost necessarily implies; and
+religious opinion, which claims to be the most stable of all things, is
+really one of the most fluid. Most men, who think at all, pass through
+many phases of it in their lives. It would not be surprising if this
+early earnestness had somewhat cooled down.
+
+Another group of clubs consists of those the members of which are bound
+together by a common interest in some athletic sport or pursuit--as the
+Marylebone Cricket Club, which dates from 1787; the Alpine Club, which
+was founded in 1857; the Hurlingham Club, in 1868; and to these may
+perhaps be added, as approximating to the same class, the Bath Club,
+1894.
+
+The gradual filling up of old clubs, which we observed in the case
+of the service clubs, and the congested state of their lists of
+candidates, leading to long delay before an intending member had the
+chance of election, has led to the establishment of junior clubs; thus,
+in 1864, the Junior Athenæum and the Junior Carlton were founded.
+
+A further development has been the establishment of clubs for women.
+The Albemarle Club, founded in 1874, admits both men and women, and
+adjusts its lists of candidates so as to provide for the election of
+nearly equal numbers of both.
+
+The Marlborough Club should also be mentioned specially, as it was
+founded by the King, and no person can be admitted a member except upon
+His Majesty's special approval.
+
+The Authors' Club was established in 1891 by the late Sir Walter
+Besant, and is especially noted for its house dinners, at which some
+person of distinction is invited to be the guest of the club.
+
+Altogether, the clubs of London are very numerous, and we have only
+been able to draw attention to the peculiarities of a few of them. Like
+every other human institution, they are subject to continual change,
+and there are pessimists who go about saying that they are decaying
+and losing their popularity and their usefulness. The long lists of
+candidates on the books of the principal clubs do not lend much colour
+to this suggestion. Social habits alter with every generation of men,
+and it is possible that many men do not use their clubs in the same way
+that the founders did, but the fact remains that they do use them, and
+that clubs still form centres of pleasure and convenience to many.
+
+One particular in which the change of social habits is especially
+noticeable is with respect to gaming. This, as we have seen, was almost
+the _raison d'être_ of some of the early clubs, and there are numerous
+tales of the recklessness with which it was pursued, and the fortunes
+lost and won at the gaming table. We have quoted from one or two clubs
+the regulations which now prevail, and similar regulations are adopted
+in most of the other clubs. Games of chance are wholly prohibited; and
+limits are provided to the amount that may be staked on games of cards.
+Each club has also a billiard room.
+
+With respect to smoking, the habitués of clubs have experienced a great
+change. Formerly the smoking room, if any, was small and far away;
+now the luxury of the club is concentrated in it, and the question
+is rather in what rooms smoking is not to be allowed. Very few clubs
+retain the old tradition that smoking is a thing to be discouraged and
+kept out of sight.
+
+Other signs of change are the increase in the cost of membership and
+the later hours for dining. It need hardly be said that the clubs pay
+great attention to their kitchens. We have it on the authority of Major
+A. Griffiths (_Fortnightly Review_, April, 1907) that the salary of the
+chef is between £200 and £300 a year.
+
+The customs of the clubs with regard to the admission of visitors
+vary. At one end of the scale is the Athenæum, which will not allow
+its members to give a stranger even a cup of cold water, and allows of
+conversation with strangers only in the open hall or in a small room
+by the side of the doorway. At the other end are clubs which provide
+special rooms for the entertainment of visitors, and encourage their
+members to treat their friends hospitably, and to show them what the
+club is able to do in the matter of cooking and wines.
+
+The social ethics of clubs vary in like manner. In some clubs,
+notably those of the Bohemian type, but including several which would
+claim not to belong to that group, mere membership of the club is a
+sufficient introduction to justify a member in addressing another, and
+conversation in the common rooms of the club becomes general. This
+is delightful--within limits: it is not always possible to create by
+the atmosphere of the club a sentiment that will restrain all its
+members from sometimes overstepping those bounds of mutual courtesy
+and consideration which alone can make such general conversation
+altogether pleasant. The greater clubs go to the opposite extreme,
+and members of them may meet day after day for many years in perfect
+unconsciousness of the existence of each other; yet, even in these, the
+association of those who know each other outside the club, but without
+its opportunities would rarely meet, though they have similar interests
+and pursuits, is a very desirable and useful thing. Many an excellent
+measure, originating in the mind of one member, has been matured by
+conversation with others, to the general good. So may the Clubs of
+London continue to prosper and flourish.
+
+
+
+
+THE INNS OF OLD LONDON
+
+BY PHILIP NORMAN, LL.D.
+
+
+To write a detailed account of London inns and houses of entertainment
+generally would require not a few pages, but several volumes. The inns,
+first established to supply the modest wants of an unsophisticated age,
+came by degrees to fulfil the functions of our modern hotels, railway
+stations, and parcel offices; they were places of meeting for business
+and social entertainment--in short, they formed a necessary part of the
+life of all Londoners, and of all who resorted to London, except the
+highest and the lowest. The taverns, successors of mediæval cook-shops,
+were frequented by most of the leading spirits of each generation from
+Elizabethan times to the early part of the nineteenth century, and
+their place has now been taken by clubs and restaurants. About these a
+mass of information is available, also on coffee-houses, a development
+of the taverns, in which, for the most part, they were gradually
+merged. As to the various forms of public-house, their whimsical
+signs alone have amused literary men, and perhaps their readers, from
+the time of _The Spectator_ until now. In this chapter I propose to
+confine my remarks to the inns "for receipt of travellers," so often
+referred to by John Stow in his _Survey of London_, which, largely
+established in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, continued on the
+same sites, mostly until years after the advent of railways had caused
+a social revolution. These inns, with rare exceptions, had a galleried
+courtyard, a plan of building also common on the Continent, which came
+perhaps originally from the East. In such courtyards, as we shall see,
+during Tudor times theatrical performances often took place, and in
+form they probably gave a hint to the later theatres.
+
+Before the fifteenth century it was usual for travellers to seek the
+hospitality of religious houses, the great people being lodged in
+rooms set apart for them, while the poorer sort found shelter in the
+guest-house. But as time went on this proved inadequate, and inns on
+a commercial basis came into existence, being frequented by those who
+could hardly demand special consideration from the religious houses,
+and were not fitting recipients of charity. Naturally enough, these
+inns, when once their usefulness became recognised, were soon to be
+found in the main thoroughfares leading out of the metropolis, and they
+were particularly plentiful in Southwark on each side of what we now
+call the Borough High Street, extending for a quarter of a mile or more
+from London Bridge along the main road to the south-eastern counties
+and the Continent. The first thus established, and one of the earliest
+in this country, had to some extent a religious origin--namely, the
+
+                        "Gentle hostelrye
+    That hight the Tabard, fasté by the Belle,"
+
+about which and about the Southwark inns generally I propose now to say
+a few words, for although well known, they are of such extreme interest
+that they demand a foremost place in an account of this kind. From the
+literary point of view the "Tabard" is immortalized, owing to the fact
+that Chaucer has selected it as the starting-point of his pilgrims
+in _The Canterbury Tales_. Historically, it may be mentioned that as
+early as the year 1304 the Abbot and Convent of Hyde, near Winchester,
+purchased in Southwark two tenements, on the sites of which he built
+for himself a town dwelling, and at the same time, it is believed, a
+hostelry for the convenience of travellers. In 1307 he obtained license
+to build a chapel at or by the inn, and in a later deed we are told
+that "the abbott's lodginge was wyninge to the backside of the Tabarde
+and had a garden attached." From that time onwards frequent allusions
+can be found to this house, the sign of which (a sleeveless coat,
+such as that worn by heralds) got somehow corrupted into the Talbot,
+a species of dog, by which it was known for a couple of centuries
+or more, almost to the time of its final destruction. Although the
+contrary has been asserted, the inn was undoubtedly burnt in the Great
+Southwark Fire of 1676, but was rebuilt soon afterwards in the old
+fashion, and continued to be a picturesque example of architecture
+until 1875, when the whole was swept away, hop merchants' offices and a
+modern "old Tabard" now occupying the site.
+
+Equal in interest to the last-named inn was the "White Hart." At the
+one Chaucer gave life and reality to a fancied scene; at the other
+occurred an historical event, the bald facts of which Shakespeare has
+lighted up with a halo of romance. The White Hart appears to have dated
+from the latter part of the fourteenth century, the sign being a badge
+of Richard II., derived from his mother, Joan of Kent. In the summer
+of 1450 it was Jack Cade's headquarters while he was striving to gain
+possession of London. Hall, in his _Chronicle_, records this, and adds
+that he prohibited "murder, rape and robbery by which colour he allured
+to him the hartes of the common people." It was here, nevertheless,
+that "one Hawaydyne of sent Martyns was beheaded," and here, during
+the outbreak, a servant of Sir John Fastolf, who had property in the
+neighbourhood, was with difficulty saved from assassination. His
+chattels were pillaged, his wife left with "no more gode but her
+kyrtyll and her smook," and he thrust into the forefront of a fight
+then raging on London Bridge, where he was "woundyd and hurt nere
+hand to death." Cade's success was of short duration; his followers
+wavered, he said, or might have said, in the words attributed to him by
+Shakespeare (2 Henry VI., act iv., scene 8), "Hath my sword therefore
+broken through London gate that you should leave me at the White Hart
+in Southwark?" The rebellion collapsed, and our inn is not heard of
+for some generations. Want of space prevents our recording the various
+vicissitudes through which it passed, and the historic names connected
+with it, until the time of the Southwark Fire of 1676, when, like the
+"Tabard," it was burnt down, but rebuilt on the old foundations. In
+1720 Strype describes it as large and of considerable trade, and it so
+continued until the time when Dickens, who was intimately acquainted
+with the neighbourhood, gave his graphic description of Sam Weller
+at the White Hart in the tenth chapter of _Pickwick_. In 1865-66 the
+south side of the building was replaced by a modern tavern, but the
+old galleries on the north and east sides remained until 1889, being
+latterly let out in tenements.
+
+There were several other galleried inns in Southwark, dating at least
+from the time of Queen Elizabeth, which survived until the nineteenth
+century, but we only have space briefly to allude to three. The "King's
+Head" and the "Queen's Head" was each famous in its way. The former
+had been originally the "Pope's Head," the sign being changed at the
+Reformation. In 1534 the Abbot of Waverley, whose town house was not
+far off, writes, apparently on business, that he will be at the "Pope's
+Head" in Southwark--eight years afterwards it appears as the "King's
+Head." In a deed belonging to Mr. G. Eliot Hodgkin, F.S.A., the two
+names are given. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the house
+belonged to various noteworthy people; among the rest, to Thomas Cure,
+a local benefactor, and to Humble, Lord Ward. It was burnt in the
+Great Southwark Fire, and the last fragment of the galleried building,
+erected immediately afterwards, was pulled down in January, 1885.
+
+The "Queen's Head" was the only one of the Southwark houses we are
+describing that escaped the Fire of 1676, perhaps owing to the fact
+that, by way of precaution, a tenement was blown up at the gateway. It
+stood on the site of a house called the "Crowned or Cross Keys," which
+in 1529 was an armoury or store-place for the King's harness. In 1558
+it had a brew-house attached to it, and had lately been rebuilt. In
+1634 the house had become the "Queen's Head," and the owner was John
+Harvard, of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, who afterwards migrated to
+America, and gave his name to Harvard University, Massachusetts. About
+this time it was frequented by carriers, as we learn from John Taylor,
+"the water-poet." The main building, destroyed in 1895, was found to
+be of half-timbered construction, dating perhaps from the sixteenth
+century. A galleried portion, also of considerable age, survived until
+the year 1900.
+
+Of another Southwark inn, the "George," we can fortunately speak in
+the present tense. It seems to have come into existence in the early
+part of the sixteenth century, and is mentioned with the sign of "St.
+George" in 1554:--
+
+    "St. George that swindg'd the Dragon, and e'er since
+    Sits on his horseback at mine hostess' door."
+
+The owner in 1558 was Humfrey Colet, or Collet, who had been Member
+of Parliament for Southwark. Soon after the middle of the seventeenth
+century, in a book called _Musarum Deliciæ, or the Muses' Recreation_,
+compiled by Sir John Mennes (Admiral and Chief Comptroller of the Navy)
+and Dr. James Smith, appeared some lines, "upon a surfeit caught by
+drinking bad sack at 'the George' in Southwark." Perhaps the landlord
+mended his ways; in any case, the rent was shortly afterwards £150 a
+year--a large sum for those days. The "George" was a great coaching
+and carriers' inn. Only a fragment of it, but a picturesque one,
+now exists; it is still galleried, and dates from shortly after the
+Southwark Fire of 1676. The rest of the building was pulled down in
+1889-90. All the inns to which allusion has been made were clustered
+together on the east side of the Borough High Street, the gateways of
+those most distant from each other being only about 140 yards apart.
+
+Another leading thoroughfare from London to the east was the
+road through Aldgate to Whitechapel. Here, though the houses of
+entertainment were historically far less interesting than those of
+Southwark, they flourished for many years. Where a modern hotel with
+the same sign now stands, next to the Metropolitan railway station on
+the north side of Aldgate High Street, there was once a well-known
+inn, the "Three Nuns," so called, perhaps, from the contiguity of
+the nuns of St. Clare, or _sorores minores_, who gave a name to the
+Minories. The "Three Nuns" inn is mentioned by Defoe in his _Journal
+of the Plague_, which, though it describes events that happened
+when he was little more than an infant, has an air of authenticity
+suggesting personal experience. We are told by him that near this inn
+was the "dreadful gulf--for such it was rather than a pit"--in which,
+during the Plague of 1665, not less than 1,114 bodies were buried
+in a fortnight, from the 6th to the 20th of September. Throughout
+the eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth centuries this
+house was much frequented by coaches and carriers. The late Mr.
+Edwin Edwards, who etched it in 1871, was told by the landlord that
+a four-horse coach was then running from there to Southend during
+the summer months. A painting of the holy nuns still appeared on the
+sign-board. The house was rebuilt soon after the formation of the
+Metropolitan Railway. A short distance west of the "Three Nuns," at 31,
+Aldgate High Street, the premises of Messrs. Adkin and Sons, wholesale
+tobacconists, occupy the site of the old "Blue Boar" coaching inn,
+which they replaced in 1861. The sculptured sign of the "Blue Boar,"
+let into the wall in front, was put up at the time of the rebuilding.
+The former inn, described on a drawing in the Crace collection as the
+oldest in London, is held by some to be the same as that referred to
+in an order of the Privy Council to the Lord Mayor, dated from St.
+James's, September 5th, 1557, wherein he is told to "apprehende and to
+comitt to safe warde" certain actors who are about to perform in "a
+lewde Playe called a Sacke full of Newse" at the "Boar's Head" without
+Aldgate.
+
+A few years ago, at No. 25, the entrance might still be seen of another
+famous inn called the "Bull," formerly the "Black Bull." Above the
+gateway was a fine piece of ironwork, and the old painted sign was
+against the wall of the passage. This house flourished greatly a little
+before the advent of railways, when Mrs. Anne Nelson, coach proprietor,
+was the landlady, and could make up nearly two hundred beds there. Most
+of her business was to Essex and Suffolk, but she also owned the Exeter
+coach. She must have been landlady on the memorable occasion when Mr.
+Pickwick arrived in a cab after "two mile o' danger at eightpence," and
+it was through this very gateway that he and his companions were driven
+by the elder Weller when they started on their adventurous journey to
+Ipswich. The house is now wholly destroyed and the yard built over.
+
+A common sign in former days was the "Saracen's Head." We shall have
+occasion to refer to several in London. One of them stood by Aldgate,
+just within the limits of the city. Here a block of old buildings
+is in existence on the south side, which once formed the front of a
+well-known coaching inn, with this sign. The spacious inn yard remains,
+the house on the east side of its entrance having fine pilasters. From
+the "Saracen's Head," Aldgate, coaches plied to Norwich as long ago as
+1681, and here there is, or was quite recently, a carrier's booking
+office.
+
+Another thoroughfare which, within the memory of some who hardly admit
+that they are past middle age, contained several famous inns, was that
+leading to the north, and known in its various parts as Gracechurch
+Street and Bishopsgate Street Within and Without. One of the best known
+was the "Cross Keys" in Bishopsgate Street, mentioned in the preface to
+Dodsley's _Old Plays_ as a house at which theatrical performances took
+place. It was here that, in the latter part of the sixteenth century,
+Bankes exhibited the extraordinary feats of his horse Marocco. One
+of them, if we may believe an old jest-book, was to select and draw
+forth Tarlton with its mouth as "the veriest fool in the company." In
+more modern times, until the advent of railways, the "Cross Keys" was
+a noted coaching and carriers' establishment. Destroyed in the Great
+Fire, and again burnt down in 1734, but rebuilt in the old style, it
+was still standing on the west side of the street, immediately south
+of Bell Yard, when Larwood and Hotten published their _History of
+Signboards_ in 1866. Another inn with this sign stood appropriately
+near the site of St. Peter's Church in Wood Street, Cheapside, and was
+pulled down probably about the same time as the more famous house in
+Gracechurch Street.
+
+Of equal note was the "Spread Eagle," the site of which has mostly been
+absorbed by the extension of Leadenhall Market. Like the "Cross Keys,"
+it was burnt in the Great Fire, but rebuilt in the old style with
+an ample galleried yard. In the basement some mediæval arches still
+remained. At the "Spread Eagle" that original writer George Borrow
+had been staying with his future wife, Mrs. Mary Clarke, and various
+friends, when they were married at St. Peter's Church, Cornhill, on
+April 23rd, 1840, her daughter, Henrietta, signing the register. Before
+its destruction in 1865 it had been for some time a receiving office
+of Messrs. Chaplin and Horne. The site, of about 1,200 square feet,
+was sold for no less a sum than £95,000. Another Gracechurch inn, the
+"Tabard," which long ago disappeared, had, like the immortal hostelry
+in Southwark, become the "Talbot," and its site is marked by Talbot
+Court.
+
+In Bishopsgate Street Within three galleried inns lingered long enough
+to have been often seen by the writer. These were the "Bull," the
+"Green Dragon," and the "Four Swans," each with something of a history,
+and to them might be added the picturesque, though less important,
+"Vine" and the "Flower Pot," from which last house a seventeenth
+century trade token was issued. The "Bull," the most southern of these
+inns, all of which were on the west side of the highway, was at least
+as old as the latter part of the fifteenth century, for in one of the
+chronicles of London lately edited by Mr. C. L. Kingsford, I find
+it, under the date 1498, associated with a painful incident--namely,
+the execution of the son of a cordwainer, "dwellyng at the Bulle in
+Bisshoppesgate Strete," for calling himself the Earl of Warwick. Hall
+gives his name as Ralph Wilford. Anthony Bacon, elder brother of
+Francis, during the year 1594 hired a lodging in Bishopsgate Street,
+but the fact of its being near the "Bull," where plays and interludes
+were performed, so troubled his mother that for her sake he removed to
+Chelsea. Shortly afterwards, as may be learnt from _Tarlton's Jests_,
+the old drama called "The Famous Victories of Henry the Fifth" was
+here played, "wherein the judge was to take a boxe on the eare, and
+because he was absent that should take the blow, Tarlton himselfe, ever
+forward to please, tooke upon him to play the judge, besides his own
+part of the clown." The "Bull" was the house of call of old Hobson, the
+carrier, to whose rigid rule about the letting of his saddle horses we
+are supposed to owe the phrase, "Hobson's Choice." Milton wrote his
+epitaph in the well-known lines beginning:--
+
+    "Here lies old Hobson; Death hath broke his girt,
+    And here, alas! hath laid him in the dirt."
+
+In his second edition of _Milton's Poems_, p. 319, Wharton alludes to
+Hobson's "portrait in fresco" as having then lately been in existence
+at the inn, and it is mentioned in _The Spectator_, No. 509. There is
+a print of it representing a bearded old man in hat and cloak with a
+money bag, which in the original painting had the inscription, "The
+fruitful mother of an hundred more." He bequeathed property for a
+conduit to supply Cambridge with water; the conduit head still exists,
+though not in its original position. In 1649, by a Council of War, six
+Puritan troopers were condemned to death for a mutiny at the "Bull."
+The house remained till 1866.
+
+Further north, at No. 86, was the "Green Dragon," the last of the
+galleried inns that survived in Bishopsgate Street. It is mentioned
+in De Laune's _Present State of London_, 1681, as a place of resort
+for coachmen and carriers, and I have before me an advertisement
+sheet of the early nineteenth century, showing that coaches were then
+plying from here to Norwich, Yarmouth, Cambridge, Colchester, Ware,
+Hertford, Brighton, and many other places. There is a capital etching
+of the house by Edwin Edwards. It was closed in 1877, its site being
+soon afterwards built over. At the sale of the effects eleven bottles
+of port wine fetched 37s. 6d. each. The "Four Swans," immediately to
+the north of the inn last named, although it did not survive so long,
+remained to the end a more complete specimen of its class, having three
+tiers of galleries perfect on each side, and two tiers at the west end.
+The "water-poet" tells us that in 1637 "a waggon or coach" came here
+once a week from Hertford. Other references to it might be quoted from
+books of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but the story told
+on an advertisement sheet issued by a former landlord about a fight
+here between Roundheads, led by Ireton, and a troop of Royalists, is
+apocryphal.
+
+Not far off, in Bishopsgate Street Without, there was until lately a
+"Two Swan" inn yard, and a "One Swan" with a large yard--an old place
+of call for carriers and waggons. These lingered on until the general
+clearance by the Great Eastern Railway Company a few years ago, when
+the remains of Sir Paul Pindar's mansion, latterly a tavern, were also
+removed; the finely-carved timber front and a stuccoed ceiling finding
+their way into the Victoria and Albert Museum. Another old Bishopsgate
+house was the "White Hart," near St. Botolph's Church, a picturesque
+building with projecting storeys, and in front the date 1480, but the
+actual structure was probably much less ancient. It was drawn by J.
+T. Smith and others early in the nineteenth century, and did not long
+survive. The site is still marked by White Hart Court. On the opposite
+side of the way was an inn, the "Dolphin," which, as Stow tells us,
+was given in 1513 by Margaret Ricroft, widow, with a charge in favour
+of the Grey Friars. It disappeared in the first half of the eighteenth
+century. The old "Catherine Wheel," a galleried inn hard by, mentioned
+by De Laune in 1681, was not entirely destroyed till 1894.
+
+Another road out of London richly furnished with inns was that from
+Newgate westward. The first one came to was the "Saracen's Head"
+on Snow Hill, an important house, to which the late Mr. Heckethorn
+assigned a very early origin. Whether or not it existed in the
+fourteenth century, as he asserts, it was certainly flourishing when
+Stow in his _Survey_ described it as "a fair and large inn for receipt
+of travellers." It continued for centuries to be largely used, and
+here Nicholas Nickleby and his uncle waited on Squeers, the Yorkshire
+schoolmaster, whom Dickens must have modelled from various real
+personages. In a _Times_ advertisement for January 3rd, 1801, I read
+that "at Mr. Simpson's Academy, Wodencroft Lodge, near Greta Bridge,
+Yorkshire, young gentlemen are boarded and accurately instructed in the
+English, Latin, and Greek languages, writing, arithmetic, merchants'
+accounts, and the most useful branches of the mathematics, at 16
+guineas per annum, if under nine years of age, and above that age
+17 guineas; French taught by a native of France at 1 guinea extra.
+Mr. Simpson is now in town, and may be treated with from eleven
+till two o'clock every day at the 'Saracen's Head,' Snow Hill." In
+the early part of last century the landlady was Sarah Ann Mountain,
+coach proprietor, and worthy rival of Mrs. Nelson, of the "Bull" Inn,
+Aldgate. The "Saracen's Head" disappeared in the early part of 1868,
+when this neighbourhood was entirely changed by the formation of the
+Holborn Viaduct. Another Snow Hill inn was the "George," or "George and
+Dragon," mentioned by Strype as very large and of considerable trade. A
+sculptured sign from there is in the Guildhall Museum.
+
+In Holborn there were once nine or ten galleried inns. We will only
+allude to those still in existence within the memory of the writer.
+The most famous of them, perhaps, was the "George and Blue Boar,"
+originally the "Blue Boar," the site of which is covered by the Inns of
+Court Hotel. The house is named in the burial register of St. Andrew's,
+Holborn, as early as 1616, but it is chiefly known from a story related
+by the Rev. Thomas Morrice, in his _Memoir of Roger Earl of Orrery_
+(1742), that Cromwell and Ireton, in the disguise of troopers, here
+intercepted a letter sewn in the flap of a saddle from Charles I. to
+his Queen, in which he wrote that he was being courted by the Scotch
+Presbyterians and the army, and that he thought of closing with the
+former. Cromwell is supposed to have said, "From that time forward
+we resolved on his ruin." The writer ventured to ask that excellent
+historian, Dr. Samuel Gardiner, what he thought of the statement. In
+August, 1890, he most kindly replied by letter as follows:--"The tale
+has generally been repudiated without enquiry, and I am rather inclined
+to believe, at least, in its substantial accuracy. The curious thing
+is, that there are two lines of tradition about intercepted letters,
+as it seems to me quite distinct." We may, therefore, without being
+over credulous, cherish the belief that the picturesque incident
+referred to was one that actually occurred. There is an advertisement
+of December 27th, 1779, offering the lease of the "George and Blue
+Boar," which helps us to realize the value and capacity of an important
+inn of that period. We are told that it contains forty bedrooms,
+stabling for fifty-two horses, seven coach-houses, and a dry ride sixty
+yards long; also that it returns about £2,000 a year. In George Colman
+the younger's "Heir at Law," act i., scene 2, this house is said by one
+of the characters to be "in tumble downish kind of a condition," but it
+survived until 1864, when it made way for the Inns of Court Hotel.
+
+A group of inns which remained more recently were Ridler's "Bell and
+Crown," the old "Bell," and the "Black Bull," all on the north side of
+Holborn. Of these, the most picturesque was the "Bell," about which I
+have been able to ascertain some curious facts. The earliest notice of
+it that has come to light was on the 14th of March, 1538, when William
+Barde sold a messuage with garden called the "Bell," in the parish of
+St. Andrew, Holborn, to Richard Hunt, citizen and girdler. The latter,
+who died in 1569, gave thirty sacks of charcoal yearly for ever, as a
+charge on the property, to be distributed to thirty poor persons of
+the parish. After various changes of ownership, in 1679-80 it passed
+into the hands of Ralph Gregge, and his grandson sold it in 1722 to
+Christ's Hospital. In the deed of sale three houses are mentioned and
+described as "formerly one great mansion-house or inn known as the Bell
+or Blue Bell." About two years before, the front of the premises facing
+Holborn had been rebuilt, when the sculptured arms of Gregge were let
+into the wall in front; these arms are now at the Guildhall Museum. The
+"Bell" became a coaching house of considerable reputation, that part of
+the business being about the year 1836 in the hands of Messrs. B. W.
+and H. Horne, who, as coach proprietors, were second only to William
+Chaplin. For many years, until finally closed in September, 1897, the
+house was managed by the Bunyer family. It was the last galleried inn
+on the Middlesex side of the water, the galleries being perhaps as old
+as the reign of Charles II. A still older portion was a cellar built of
+stone immediately to the left of the entrance, which might almost have
+been mediæval. The rest of the building seems to have dated from the
+early part of the eighteenth century. There is a sympathetic reference
+to the old "Bell" by William Black in his _Strange Adventures of a
+Phæton_. Another noteworthy "Bell" Inn was that in Carter Lane, whence
+Richard Quyney wrote in 1598 to his "loveing good ffrend and contreyman
+Mr. Willm Shackespere," the only letter addressed to our greatest
+poet which is known to exist. There is still a Bell yard connecting
+Carter Lane with Knightrider Street. The first scene of the _Harlot's
+Progress_, by Hogarth, is laid in front of an inn, with the sign of the
+"Bell" in Wood Street. Above the door are chequers.
+
+A short distance west of the Holborn house was the "Crown" Inn,
+latterly Ridler's "Bell and Crown," destroyed about 1899. It had been
+a coaching centre, but years ago the yard was built over, and it
+flourished to the end as a quiet family hotel. Next to the "Bell" on
+the east side was the "Black Bull," the front of which, with the carved
+sign of a bull in a violent state of excitement, remained after the
+rest of the inn had disappeared, outliving its neighbour for a brief
+period. It was in existence for a couple of hundred years or more, but
+future generations will probably only remember it as the house where
+Mr. Lewson was taken ill, and placed under the tender mercies of Betsy
+Prig and Mrs. Gamp; whence also, when convalescent, he was assisted
+into a coach, Mould the undertaker eyeing him with regret as he felt
+himself baulked of a piece of legitimate business.
+
+A few short years ago if, on leaving this group of Holborn inns, we had
+turned down Fetter Lane in the direction of Fleet Street, after passing
+two or three gabled buildings still standing on the right hand side,
+we should have come to another old hostelry called the "White Horse,"
+of which there is a well-known coloured print from a drawing made by
+Pollard in 1814, with a coach in front called the Cambridge Telegraph.
+It gradually fell into decay, became partly a "pub" and partly a common
+lodging-house, and with its roomy stabling at the back was swept away
+in 1897-98. Most of the structure was of the eighteenth century,
+but there were remains of an earlier wooden building. Its northern
+boundary touched the precinct of Barnard's Inn, an inn of chancery, now
+disestablished and adapted for the purposes of the Mercers' School.
+
+Continuing our course southward, a short walk would formerly have taken
+us to the "Bolt-in-Tun," I think the only coaching establishment in
+Fleet Street, which possessed so many taverns and coffee-houses. The
+inn was of ancient origin, the White Friars having had a grant of the
+"Hospitium vocatum Le Bolt en ton" as early as the year 1443. The sign
+is the well-known rebus on the name of Bolton, the bird-bolt through a
+tun or barrel, which was the device of a prior of St. Bartholomew's,
+Smithfield, and may still be seen in the church there, and at
+Canonbury, where the priors had a country house. The _City Press_ for
+September 12th, 1882, announces the then impending destruction of the
+"Bolt-in-Tun," and in the following year we are told that although a
+remnant of it in Fleet Street exists as a booking office for parcels,
+by far the larger portion, represented chiefly by the Sussex Hotel,
+Bouverie Street, which bore on it the date 1692, has just disappeared.
+
+Further east, on Ludgate Hill, La Belle Sauvage Yard, where Messrs.
+Cassell & Co. carry on their important business, marks the site of an
+historic house, and perpetuates an error of nomenclature. Its original
+title, as proved by a document of the year 1452, was "Savage's" Inn,
+otherwise called the "Bell on the Hoop," but in the seventeenth century
+a trade token was issued from here, having on it an Indian woman
+holding a bow and arrow, and in 1676 "Bell Sauvage" Inn, on Ludgate
+Hill, consisting of about forty rooms, with good cellarage and stabling
+for about one hundred horses, was to be let. The mistake is repeated
+in _The Spectator_, No. 28, where we are told of a beautiful girl who
+was found in the wilderness, and whose fame was perpetuated in a French
+romance. As we learn from Howe, in his continuation of _Stow's Annals_,
+on a seat outside this inn Sir Thomas Wyat rested, after failing in an
+attempt to enter the city during his ill-advised rebellion in the reign
+of Mary Tudor. From Lambarde we gather that this was one of the houses
+where plays were performed before the time of Shakespeare. Writing in
+1576, he says, "Those who go to Paris Garden, the Bell Savage, or the
+Theatre to behold bear-baiting, interludes, or fence play, must not
+account of any pleasant spectacle unless first they pay one pennie
+at the gate, another at the entrie of the scaffold, and a third for
+quiet standing." Here, as at the "Cross Keys," Gracechurch Street,
+Bankes exhibited his horse, and here, in 1683, "a very strange beast
+called a Rhynoceros--the first that ever was in England," could be seen
+daily. Stow affirms the inn to have been given to the Cutlers' Company
+by Isabella Savage; but, in fact, the donor was John Craythorne, who
+conveyed the reversion of it to them in 1568. The sculptured elephant
+and castle representing their crest is still on a wall in La Belle
+Sauvage Yard. The inn, which has left its mark in the annals of
+coaching, was taken down in 1873.
+
+A thoroughfare, formerly containing several fine mansions and various
+inns for travellers, was Aldersgate Street, the continuation of St.
+Martin's-le-Grand. There are allusions in print to the "Bell," the
+"George" (previously the "White Hart"), and to the "Cock" Inn, where,
+after years of wandering, Fynes Moryson arrived one Sunday morning in
+1595; but these all passed away long ago. The last to linger in the
+neighbourhood was the "Bull and Mouth," St Martin's-le-Grand, finally
+called the "Queen's" Hotel, absorbed by the General Post Office in
+1886. The name is generally supposed to be a corruption of Boulogne
+Mouth, the entrance to Boulogne Harbour, that town having been taken
+by Henry VIII. George Steevens, the Shakespearean commentator, seems
+to have suggested this, and his idea has been generally accepted; but
+it is more likely that our inn was identical with the house called in
+1657 "the Mouth near Aldersgate in London, then the usual meeting-place
+for Quakers," to which the Body of John Lilburne was conveyed in August
+of that year. We learn from Ellwood's _Autobiography_ that five years
+afterwards he was arrested at the "Bull and Mouth," Aldersgate. The
+house was at its zenith as a coaching centre in the early years of the
+nineteenth century, when Edward Sherman had become landlord. He rebuilt
+the old galleried house in 1830. When coaching for business purposes
+ceased to be, the gateway from St. Martin's-le-Grand was partially
+blocked up and converted into the main entrance, the inn continuing
+under its changed name for many years. The sculptured signs were not
+removed until the destruction of the building. One, which was over the
+main entrance, is a statuette of a Bull within a gigantic open Mouth;
+below are bunches of grapes; above, a bust of Edward VI. and the arms
+of Christ's Hospital, to which institution the ground belonged. Beneath
+is a tablet inscribed with the following doggerel rhyme:--
+
+    "Milo the Cretonian an ox slew with his fist,
+    And ate it up at one meal, ye Gods what a glorious twist."
+
+Another version of the sign, the Mouth appearing below the Bull, was
+over what had been a back entrance to the yard in Angel Street. These
+signs are now both in the Guildhall Museum. I had almost overlooked
+one house, the "Castle and Falcon," Aldersgate, closed within the last
+few months, and now destroyed. The structure was uninteresting, but it
+stood on an old site--that of John Day's printing-house in the reign of
+Queen Elizabeth. At the present inn on April 12th, 1799, was founded
+the Church Missionary Society; here also its centenary was celebrated.
+
+Besides being plentiful in the main thoroughfares, important inns,
+like the churches, were often crammed away in narrow and inconvenient
+lanes. This was the case with the "Oxford Arms" and the "Bell," both
+in Warwick Lane. The former was approached by a passage, being bounded
+on the west by the line of the old city wall, or by a later wall a few
+feet to the east of it, and touching Amen Corner on the south. It was a
+fine example of its kind. As was said by a writer in _The Athenæum_ of
+May 20th, 1876, just before it was destroyed:
+
+     "Despite the confusion, the dirt and the decay, he who stands
+     in the yard of this ancient inn may get an excellent idea of
+     what it was like in the days of its prosperity, when not only
+     travellers in coach or saddle rode into or out of the yard,
+     but poor players and mountebanks set up their stage for the
+     entertainment of spectators, who hung over the galleries or
+     looked on from their rooms--a name by which the boxes of a
+     theatre were first known."
+
+The house must have been rebuilt after the Great Fire, which raged
+over this area. That it existed before is proved by the following odd
+advertisement of March, 1672-73:
+
+     "These are to give notice that Edward Bartlet, Oxford Carrier,
+     hath removed his inn in London from the Swan at Holborn Bridge
+     to the Oxford Arms in Warwick Lane, where he did Inn before
+     the Fire. His coaches and waggons going forth on their usual
+     days, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. He hath also a hearse
+     and all things convenient to carry a Corps to any part of
+     England."
+
+The "Bell" Inn, also galleried, was on the east side of Warwick Lane.
+There Archbishop Leighton died in 1684. As Burnet tells us, he had
+often said that "if he were to choose a place to die in it should be an
+Inn; it looked like a pilgrim's going home, to whom this world was all
+as an Inn, and who was weary of the noise and confusion in it." Thus
+his desire was fulfilled. There is a view of the old house in Chambers'
+_Book of Days_, vol. i., p. 278. It was demolished in 1865, when the
+value of the unclaimed parcels, some of which had been there many
+years, is said to have been considerable. According to one statement,
+the jewellery was worth £700 or £800.
+
+The few remaining inns to which reference will be made may best perhaps
+be taken in alphabetical order. The old "Angel" Inn, at the end of Wych
+Street, Strand, already existed in February, 1503, when a letter was
+directed to Sir Richard Plumpton "at the Angell behind St. Clement's
+Kirk." From this inn Bishop Hooper was taken to Gloucester in 1554 to
+be burnt at the stake. A trade token was issued there in 1657. Finally,
+the business, largely dependent on coaches, faded away; the building
+was rased to the ground in 1853, and the set of offices called Danes
+Inn built on the site. These in their turn have now succumbed. The
+"Axe" in Aldermanbury was a famous carriers' inn. It is mentioned in
+drunken Barnabee's _Journal_, and from there the first line of stage
+waggons from London to Liverpool was established about the middle of
+the seventeenth century. It took many days to perform the journey.
+
+In Laurence Lane, near the Guildhall, was a noteworthy house called
+"Blossoms" Inn, which, according to Stow, had "to sign St. Laurence the
+Deacon in a border of blossoms of flowers." In 1522, when the Emperor
+Charles V. came to visit Henry VIII. in London, certain inns were set
+apart for the reception of his retinue, among them "St. Laurence,
+otherwise called Bosoms Yn, was to have ready XX beddes and a stable
+for LX horses." In Ben Jonson's _Masque of Christmas_, presented
+at Court in 1616, "Tom of Bosomes Inn," apparently a real person,
+is introduced as representing Mis-rule. That the house was early
+frequented by carriers is shown in the epistle dedicatory to _Have at
+you at Saffron Walden_, 1596:--"Yet have I naturally cherisht and hugt
+it in my bosome, even as a carrier at Bosome's Inne doth a cheese under
+his arm." A satirical tract about Bankes and his horse Marocco gives
+the name of the authors as "John Dande the wiredrawer of Hadley, and
+Harrie Hunt head ostler of Bosomes inn." There is a view of this famous
+hostelry in the Crace collection, date 1855; the yard is now a depôt
+for railway goods.
+
+In 1852 London suffered a sad loss architecturally by the removal of
+the fine groined crypt of Gerard's Hall, Basing Lane, which dated
+perhaps from the end of the thirteenth century, and had formed part of
+the mansion of a famous family of citizens, by name Gysors. In Stow's
+time it was "a common hostrey for receipt of travellers." He gives a
+long account of it, mixing fact with fiction. The house and hall were
+destroyed in the Great Fire, but the crypt escaped, and on it an inn
+was built with, in front, a carved wooden effigy of that mythical
+personage, Gerard the Giant, which is now in the Guildhall Museum. On
+the removal of the crypt the stones were numbered and presented to the
+Crystal Palace Company, with a view to its erection in their building
+or grounds. It is said, however, that after a time the stones were used
+for mending roads.
+
+A rather unimportant-looking inn was the "Nag's Head," on the east side
+of Whitcomb Street, formerly Hedge Lane, but it is worthy of mention
+for one or two reasons. We learn from a manuscript note-book, which
+was in the possession of the late Mr. F. Locker Lampson, that Hogarth
+in his later days, when he set up a coach and horses, kept them at the
+"Nag's Head." He was then living on the east side of Leicester Square.
+According to a pencil note on an old drawing, which belongs to the
+writer, "this inn did the posting exclusively for the Royal family from
+George I. to William IV." It was latterly used as a livery stable, but
+retained its picturesque galleries until, the lease having come to an
+end, it was closed in 1890. The space remained vacant for some years,
+and is now covered by the fine publishing office of Messrs. Macmillan &
+Co.
+
+Two "Saracen's Head" inns have already been described, and though
+one feels how imperfect this account must of necessity be, and that
+some houses of note are altogether omitted, I am tempted to mention
+a third--the house with that sign in Friday Street. It came into the
+hands of the Merchant Taylors' Company as early as the year 1400, and
+after several rebuildings was finally swept away in 1844. The adjoining
+house, said by tradition to have been occupied by Sir Christopher Wren,
+was destroyed at the same time.
+
+It was in the early thirties of last century that coaching reached
+its zenith, and perhaps the greatest coaching centre in London was
+the "Swan with Two Necks," Lad Lane. It was an old inn, mentioned by
+Machyn as early as 1556. In 1637 carriers from Manchester and other
+places used to lodge there, but it will be best remembered as it
+appears in a well-known print during the heyday of its prosperity, the
+courtyard crowded with life and movement. The gateway was so narrow
+that it required some horsemanship to drive a fast team out of the said
+courtyard, and some care on the part of the guard that his horn or
+bugle basket was not jammed against the gate-post. The proprietor of
+this establishment was Mr. William Chaplin who, originally a coachman,
+became perhaps the greatest coach proprietor that ever lived. About
+1835 he occupied the yards of no fewer than five famous and important
+inns in London, to all of which allusion has been made--the "Spread
+Eagle" and "Cross Keys" in Gracechurch Street, the "Swan with Two
+Necks," the "White Horse," Fetter Lane, and the "Angel" behind St.
+Clement's. He had 1,300 horses at work on various roads, and about
+that time horsed fourteen out of the twenty-seven coaches leaving
+London every night. When the railways came he bowed to the inevitable,
+and, in partnership with Mr. Horne, established the great carrying
+business, which still flourishes on the site of the old "Swan with
+Two Necks." In 1845 Lad Lane was absorbed by Gresham Street. The
+origin of the sign has been often discussed, but it is perhaps well
+to conclude this chapter by adding a few words about it. The swans on
+the upper reaches of the Thames are owned respectively by the Crown
+and the Dyers and the Vintners' Company, and, according to ancient
+custom, the representatives of these several owners make an excursion
+each year up the river to mark the cygnets. The visitors' mark used to
+consist of the chevron or letter V and two nicks on the beak. The word
+nicks has been corrupted into necks, and as the Vintners were often
+tavern-keepers, the "Swan with Two Necks" became a common sign.
+
+
+
+
+THE OLD LONDON COFFEE-HOUSES
+
+BY G. L. APPERSON, I.S.O.
+
+
+For something like a century and a half the coffee-houses formed a
+distinctive feature of London life. The first is said to have been
+established by a man named Bowman, servant to a Turkey merchant, who
+opened a coffee-house in St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, in 1652. The
+honour of being the second has been claimed for the "Rainbow" in Fleet
+Street, by the Inner Temple Gate, opposite Chancery Lane. Aubrey,
+speaking of Sir Henry Blount, a beau in the time of Charles II., says:
+"When coffee first came in, he was a great upholder of it, and had
+ever since been a constant frequenter of coffee-houses, especially
+Mr. Farre's, at the 'Rainbow,' by Inner Temple Gate." But according
+to _The Daily Post_ of May 15th, 1728, "Old Man's" Coffee-house,
+at Charing Cross, "was the Second that was set up in the Cities of
+London and Westminster." The question of priority, however, is of no
+importance. It is quite certain that in a surprisingly short space of
+time coffee-houses became very numerous. A manuscript of 1659, quoted
+in _The Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1852 (Part I., pp. 477-9), says that
+at that date there was
+
+     "a Turkish drink to be sould almost in eury street, called
+     Coffee, and another kind of drink called Tee, and also a drink
+     called Chocolate, which was a very harty drink."
+
+Tea made its way slowly; but coffee took the town by storm.
+
+The coffee-houses, as resorts for men of different classes and
+occupations, survived till the early years of the nineteenth
+century; but their palmy days were over some time before the end of
+the eighteenth century. They were at the height of their fame and
+usefulness from the Restoration till the earlier years of George III.'s
+reign.
+
+From the description given in _The Spectator_ and other contemporary
+writings--such as "facetious" Tom Brown's _Trip through London_ of
+1728, and the like--it is easy to reconstruct in imagination the
+interior of one of these resorts as they appeared in the time of
+Queen Anne. Occasionally the coffee-room, as at the famous "Will's"
+in Russell Street, Covent Garden, was on the first floor. Tables
+were disposed about the sanded floor--the erection of boxes did not
+come in until a later date--while on the walls were numerous flaming
+advertisements of quack medicines, pills and tinctures, salves and
+electuaries, which were as abundant then as now, and of other wares
+which might be bought at the bar. The bar was at the entrance to the
+temple of coffee and gossip, and was presided over by the predecessors
+of the modern barmaids--grumbled at in _The Spectator_ as "idols," who
+there received homage from their admirers, and who paid more attention
+to customers who flirted with them than to more sober-minded visitors;
+and described by Tom Brown as "a charming Phillis or two, who invite
+you by their amorous glances into their smoaky territories."
+
+At the bar messages were left and letters taken in for regular
+customers. In the early days of Swift's friendship with Addison,
+Stella was instructed to address her letters to the former under
+cover to Addison at the "St. James's" Coffee-house, in St. James's
+Street; but as the friendship between the two men cooled the cover was
+dispensed with, and the letters were addressed to Swift himself at the
+coffee-house, where they were placed, doubtless with many others, in
+the glass frame behind the bar. Stella's handwriting was very like that
+of her famous correspondent, and one day Harley, afterwards Earl of
+Oxford, seeing one of Stella's letters in the glass frame and thinking
+the writing was Swift's, asked the latter, when he met him shortly
+afterwards, how long he had learned the trick of writing to himself.
+Swift says he could hardly persuade him that he was mistaken in the
+writing.
+
+The coffee-houses were the haunts of clubs and coteries almost from the
+date of their first establishment. Steele, in the familiar introduction
+to _The Tatler_, tells us how accounts of gallantry, pleasure and
+entertainment were to come from "White's" Chocolate-house; poetry from
+"Will's" Coffee-house; learning from the "Grecian"; and foreign and
+domestic news from the "St. James's." Nearly fifty years later, Bonnell
+Thornton, in the first number of _The Connoisseur_, January 31st, 1754,
+similarly enumerates some of the leading houses. "White's" was still
+the fashionable resort; "Garraway's" was for stock-jobbers; "Batson's"
+for doctors; the "Bedford" for "wits" and men of parts; the "Chapter"
+for book-sellers; and "St. Paul's" for the clergy. Mackay, in his
+_Journey through England_, published in 1724, says that
+
+     "about twelve the _beau-monde_ assembles in several chocolate
+     and coffee-houses, the best of which are the Cocoa Tree and
+     White's Chocolate-houses, St. James's, the Smyrna, and the
+     British Coffee-houses; and all these so near one another that
+     in less than an hour you see the company of them all....
+     I must not forget to tell you that the parties have their
+     different places, where, however, a stranger is always well
+     received; but a Whig will no more go to the Cocoa Tree or
+     Ozinda's than a Tory will be seen at the coffee-house of
+     St. James's. The Scots go generally to the British, and a
+     mixture of all sorts to the Smyrna. There are other little
+     coffee-houses much frequented in this neighbourhood--Young
+     Man's for officers, Old Man's for stock-jobbers, paymasters,
+     and courtiers, and Little Man's for sharpers."
+
+It was only natural that people of similar occupations or tastes should
+gravitate in their hours of leisure to common social centres, and no
+one classification, such as that just quoted, can exhaust the subject.
+
+The devotees of whist had their own houses. The game began to be
+popular about 1730, and some of those who first played scientific
+whist--possibly including Hoyle himself--were accustomed to meet at the
+"Crown" Coffee-house in Bedford Row. Other groups soon met at other
+houses. A pirated edition of Hoyle's _Whist_, printed at Dublin in
+1743, contains an advertisement of "A Short Treatise on the Game of
+Whist, as play'd at Court, White's, and George's Chocolate-houses, at
+Slaughter's, and the Crown Coffee-houses, etc., etc." At "Rawthmell's"
+Coffee-house in Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, the Society of Arts
+was founded in 1754. "Old Slaughter's" in St. Martin's Lane was a
+great resort in the second half of the eighteenth century of artists.
+Here Roubillac the sculptor, Hogarth, Bourguignon or Gravelot the book
+illustrator, Moser the keeper of the St. Martin's Lane Academy, Luke
+Sullivan the engraver, and many others of the fraternity were wont
+to foregather. Near by was "Young Slaughter's," a meeting-place for
+scientific and literary men.
+
+R. L. Edgeworth, in his _Memoirs_ (p. 118, Ed. 1844), says:--
+
+     "I was introduced by Mr. Keir into a society of literary
+     and scientific men, who used formerly to meet once a week
+     at Jack's Coffee-house [_i.e., circa 1780_] in London, and
+     afterwards at Young Slaughter's Coffee-house. Without any
+     formal name, this meeting continued for years to be frequented
+     by men of real science and of distinguished merit. John Hunter
+     was our chairman. Sir Joseph Banks, Solander, Sir A. Blagden,
+     Dr. George Fordyce, Milne, Maskelyne, Captain Cook, Sir G.
+     Shuckburgh, Lord Mulgrave, Smeaton and Ramsden, were among
+     our members. Many other gentlemen of talents belonged to this
+     club, but I mention those only with whom I was individually
+     acquainted."
+
+A favourite resort of men of letters during the middle and later years
+of the eighteenth century was the "Bedford" Coffee-house, under the
+Piazza, in Covent Garden. This house, it may be said, inherited the
+tradition from Button's, which that famous coffee-house had taken
+over from Will's. To the "Bedford" came Fielding, Foote, Garrick,
+Churchill, Sheridan, Hogarth, and many another man of note. Another
+haunt of literary men, as well as of book-sellers, was the "Chapter"
+Coffee-house in Paternoster Row. Chatterton wrote to his mother in
+May, 1770: "I am quite familiar at the 'Chapter' Coffee-house, and
+know all the geniuses there." Goldsmith was one of its frequenters.
+It was here that he came to sup one night as the invited guest of
+Churchill's friend, Charles Lloyd. The supper was served and enjoyed,
+whereupon Lloyd, without a penny in his pocket to pay for the meal
+he had ordered, coolly walked off and left Goldsmith to discharge
+the reckoning. It was at the same house that Foote, one day when a
+distressed player passed his hat round the coffee-room circle with an
+appeal for help, made the malicious remark: "If Garrick hear of this he
+will certainly send in his hat."
+
+Close by was the "St. Paul's" Coffee-house, where, according to Bonnell
+Thornton, "tattered crapes," or poor parsons, were wont to ply "for an
+occasional burial or sermon, with the same regularity as the happier
+drudges who salute us with the cry of 'Coach, sir,' or 'Chair, your
+honour.'" The same writer relates how a party of bucks, by a hoaxing
+proffer of a curacy, "drew all the poor parsons to 'St. Paul's'
+Coffee-house, where the bucks themselves sat in another box to smoke
+their rusty wigs and brown cassocks."
+
+Business men gathered at "Jonathan's" and "Garraway's," both in
+Exchange Alley, where the sale and purchase of stocks and bonds and
+merchandise of every kind formed the staple talk. The former house
+was a centre of operations for both bubblers and bubbled in the mania
+year of 1720. "Lloyd's" Coffee-house was for very many years a famous
+auction mart.
+
+    "Then to Lloyd's coffee-house he never fails,
+    To read the letters, and attend the sales,"
+
+says the author of _The Wealthy Shopkeeper_, published in 1700.
+Addison, in No. 46 of _The Spectator_, tells how he was accustomed to
+make notes or "minutes" of anything likely to be useful for future
+papers, and of how one day he accidentally dropped one of these papers
+at "Lloyd's Coffee-house, where the auctions are usually kept." It was
+picked up and passed from hand to hand, to the great amusement of all
+who saw it. Finally, the "boy of the coffee-house," having in vain
+asked for the owner of the paper, was made "to get up into the auction
+pulpit and read it to the whole room." The "Jerusalem" Coffee-house, in
+Exchange Alley, was for generations the resort of merchants and traders
+interested in the East.
+
+The doctors met at "Batson's" or "Child's." The pseudonymous author
+of Don Manoel Gonzales' _Voyage to Great Britain_, 1745, speaking of
+the London physicians, says: "You find them at Batson's or Child's
+Coffee-house usually in the morning, and they visit their patients
+in the afternoon." The Jacobites had two well-known houses of
+call--"Bromefield's" Coffee-house in Spring Gardens, and, later, the
+"Smyrna" in Pall Mall. Mr. J. H. MacMichael, in his valuable book on
+_Charing Cross_, 1906, quotes an order "given at their Majesties' Board
+of Green Cloth at Hampton Court" in 1689, to Sir Christopher Wren,
+Surveyor of Their Majesties' Works, to have "bricked or otherwise
+so closed up as you shall judge most fit for the security of their
+Majesties' Palace of Whitehall" a certain door which led out of
+Buckingham Court into Spring Garden, because Bromefield's Coffee-house
+in that court was resorted to by "a great and numerous concourse
+of Papists and other persons disaffected to the Government." Mr.
+MacMichael suggests that probably "Bromefield's" was identical with
+the coffee-house known as "Young Man's." "The Smyrna," in Pall Mall,
+was the Jacobite resort in Georgian days. It was also a house of many
+literary associations. Thomson, the poet, there received subscriptions
+for his _Seasons_; Swift and Prior and Arbuthnot frequented it. In
+1703 Lord Peterborough wrote to Arbuthnot from Spain:--"I would faine
+save Italy and yett drink tea with you at the Smirna this Winter." But
+it is impossible to catalogue fully all the different coffee-house
+centres. The "Grecian" in Devereux Court, Strand, was devoted to
+learning; barristers frequented "Serle's," at the corner of Serle and
+Portugal Streets, Lincoln's Inn Fields; the Templars went to "Dick's,"
+and later to the "Grecian"; and so the list might be prolonged.
+
+In the earlier days of the coffee-houses the coterie or club of regular
+frequenters foregathered by the fire, or in some particular part of
+the general room, or in an inner room. At "Will's" in Russell Street,
+Covent Garden, where Mr. Pepys used to drop in to hear the talk,
+Dryden, the centre of the literary circle which there assembled, had
+his big arm-chair in winter by the fireside, and in summer on the
+balcony. Around him gathered many men of letters, including Addison,
+Wycherley, Congreve, and the juvenile Pope, and all who aspired to
+be known as "wits." On the outskirts of the charmed circle hovered
+the more humble and modest frequenters of the coffee-room, who were
+proud to obtain the honour even of a pinch of snuff from the poet's
+box. Across the road at "Button's," a trifle later, Addison became the
+centre of a similar circle, though here the tone was political quite
+as much as literary. Whig men of letters discussed politics as well as
+books. Steele, Tickell, Budgell, Rowe, and Ambrose Phillips were among
+the leading figures in this coterie. Pope was of it for a time, but
+withdrew after his quarrel with Addison.
+
+Whig politicians met at the "St. James's"; and Addison, in a
+_Spectator_ of 1712, pictures the scene. A rumour of the death of Louis
+XIV. had set the tongues going of all the gossips and quidnuncs in
+town; and the essayist relates how he made a tour of the town to hear
+how the news was received, and to catch the drift of popular opinion
+on so momentous an event. In the course of his peregrinations the
+silent gentleman visited the "St. James's," where he found the whole
+outer room in a buzz of politics. The quality of the talk improved as
+he advanced from the door to the upper end of the room; but the most
+thorough-going politicians were to be found "in the inner room, with
+the steam of the coffee-pot," and in this sanctum, says the humorist,
+"I heard the whole Spanish monarchy disposed of, and all the line of
+Bourbon provided for, in less than a quarter of an hour."
+
+In later days coffee-house clubs became more exclusive. The members of
+a club or coterie were allotted a room of their own, to which admission
+ceased to be free and open, and thus was marked the beginning of the
+transition from the coffee-house of the old style to the club-house
+of the new. In _The Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1841 (Part II., pp.
+265-9) is printed a paper of proposals, dated January 23rd, 1768, for
+enlarging the accommodation for the club accustomed to meet at Tom's
+Coffee-house, Great Russell Street, Covent Garden, by taking into the
+coffee-room the first floor of the adjoining house. Admission to this
+club was obtained by ballot.
+
+Coffee-houses were frequented for various purposes besides coffee,
+conversation, and business--professional or otherwise. The refreshments
+supplied were by no means confined to such innocuous beverages
+as tea and coffee and chocolate. Wines and spirits were freely
+consumed--"laced" coffee, or coffee dashed with brandy, being decidedly
+popular. Swift relates how on the occasion of his christening the
+child of Elliot, the proprietor of the "St. James's," he sat at the
+coffee-house among some "scurvy companions" over a bowl of punch so
+late that when he came home he had no time to write to Stella. The
+prolonged sittings and too copious libations of the company at Button's
+Coffee-house gave the feeble and delicate Pope many a headache; and
+Addison, who was notoriously a hard drinker, did not, we may feel
+sure, confine himself during those prolonged sittings to coffee.
+
+The coffee-houses were also public reading-rooms. There could be read
+the newspapers and other periodical publications of the day. When Sir
+Roger de Coverley entered "Squire's," near Gray's Inn Gate, he "called
+for a clean pipe, a paper of tobacco, a dish of coffee, a wax candle,
+and _The Supplement_."
+
+Mackay, in his _Journey through England_, already quoted, says that "in
+all the Coffee-houses you have not only the foreign prints, but several
+English ones with the Foreign Occurrences, besides papers of morality
+and party disputes." Swift, writing to Stella, November 18th, 1711,
+says, "Do you read the _Spectators_? I never do; they never come in my
+way; I go to no coffee-houses"; and when _The Tatler_ had disappeared,
+a little earlier, Gay wrote that "the coffee-houses began to be
+sensible that the Esquire's lucubrations alone had brought them more
+customers than all their other newspapers put together." Periodical
+publications were filed for reference; and at all the better houses
+_The London Gazette_, and, during the session, the Parliamentary Votes
+could be seen. At least one house possessed a library. This was the
+"Chapter," in Paternoster Row, already referred to as a literary haunt.
+Dr. Thomas Campbell, the author of a _Diary of a Visit to England in
+1775_, which was published at Sydney in 1854, says that he had heard
+that the "Chapter" was remarkable for a large collection of books and a
+reading society.
+
+The coffee-houses served as writing-rooms as well as reading-rooms.
+Many of Steele's numerous love-letters to "dear Prue," the lady who
+became his wife, the lovely Mary Scurlock, written both before and
+after his marriage, are dated from the "St. James's," the "Tennis
+Court," "Button's," or other coffee-house. But a popular coffee-room
+could hardly have been an ideal place for either reading or writing. A
+poet of 1690 says that
+
+    "The murmuring buzz which thro' the room was sent,
+    Did bee-hives' noise exactly represent,
+    And like a bee-hive, too, 'twas filled, and thick,
+    All tasting of the Honey Politick
+    Called 'News,' which they all greedily sucked in."
+
+And many years later, Gilly Williams, in a letter to George Selwyn,
+dated November 1st, 1764, says: "I write this in a full coffee-house,
+and with such materials, that you have good luck if you can read two
+lines of it."
+
+A curious proof of the close and intimate way in which the
+coffee-houses were linked with social life is to be seen in the
+occasional references, both in dramatic and prose literature, to
+some of the well-known servants of the coffee-houses. Steele, in the
+first number of _The Tatler_, refers familiarly to Humphrey Kidney,
+the waiter and keeper of book debts at the "St. James's"--he "has the
+ear of the greatest politicians that come hither"--and when Kidney
+resigned, it was advertised that he had been "succeeded by John
+Sowton, to whose place of caterer of messages and first coffee-grinder
+William Bird is promoted, and Samuel Bardock comes as shoe-cleaner in
+the room of the said Bird." "Robin, the Porter who waits at Will's
+Coffee-house," plays a prominent part in a little romance narrated in
+No. 398 of _The Spectator_. He is described as "the best man in the
+town for carrying a billet; the fellow has a thin body, swift step,
+demure looks, sufficient sense, and knows the town." A waiter of the
+same name at Locket's, in Spring Gardens, is alluded to in Congreve's
+_The Way of the World_, where the fashionable Lady Wishfort, when she
+threatens to marry a "drawer" (or waiter), says, "I'll send for Robin
+from Locket's immediately."
+
+The coffee-houses were employed as agencies for the sale of many
+things other than their own refreshments. Most of them sold the quack
+medicines that were staringly advertised on their walls. Some sold
+specific proprietary articles. A newspaper advertisement of 1711 says
+that the water of Epsom Old Well was "pumped out almost every night,
+that you may have the new mineral every morning," and that "the water
+is sold at Sam's Coffee-house in Ludgate Street, Hargrave's at the
+Temple Gate, Holtford's at the lower end of Queen's Street near Thames
+Street, and nowhere else in London." A "Ticket of the seal of the
+Wells" was affixed, so that purchasers "might not be cheated in their
+waters." The "Royal" Coffee-house at Charing Cross, which flourished in
+the time of Charles II., sold "Anderson's Pills"--a compound of cloves,
+jalap, and oil of aniseed. At the same house were to be had tickets for
+the various county feasts, then popular, which were an anticipation of
+the annual dinners of county associations so common nowadays.
+
+Razor-strops of a certain make were to be bought in 1705 at John's
+Coffee-house, Exchange Alley. In 1742 it was advertised that "silver
+tickets" (season tickets) for Ranelagh Gardens were to be had at any
+hour of the day at Forrest's Coffee-house, near Charing Cross. "All
+Sorts of the newest fashion'd Tye Perukes, made of fresh string, Humane
+Hair, far exceeding any Country Work," were advertised in 1725 as to be
+bought at Brown's Coffee-house in Spring Gardens.
+
+House agents, professional men, and other folk of more questionable
+kind, were all wont to advertise that they could be seen by clients
+at this or that coffee-house. The famous and impudent Mrs. Mapp, "the
+bone-setter," drove into town daily from Epsom in her own carriage,
+and was to be seen (and heard) at the "Grecian." Most of the houses
+were willing to receive letters in answer to advertisements, and
+from the nature of the latter must often, it is pretty certain, have
+been assisting parties to fraud and chicanery of various kind. At
+some houses, besides those like Lloyd's specially devoted to auction
+business, sales were held. A black boy was advertised to be sold at
+Denis's Coffee-house in Finch Lane in 1708. In the middle of the
+eighteenth century sales were often held at the "Apollo" Coffee-house,
+just within Temple Bar, and facing Temple Gate. Picture sales were
+usually held at coffee-houses. The catalogue of one such sale, held at
+the "Barbadoes" Coffee-house in February, 1689/90, contains a glowing
+address on the art of painting by Millington, the Auctioneer, written
+in the style made famous later by George Robins. Says the eloquent
+Millington:
+
+     "This incomparable art at the same time informs the Judgment,
+     pleases the Fancy, recreates the Eye, and touches the Soul,
+     entertains the Curious with silent Instruction, by expressing
+     our most noble Passions, and never fails of rewarding its
+     admirers with the greatest Pleasures, so Innocent and
+     Ravishing, that the severest Moralists, the Morosest _Stoicks_
+     cannot be offended therewith,"
+
+and so on and so on.
+
+Many of the early book sales, too, were held at coffee-houses. The
+third book auction in England, that of the library of the Rev. William
+Greenhill, was held on February 18th, 1677/78, "in the House of
+Ferdinand Stable, Coffee-Seller, at the Sign of the 'Turk's Head,'" in
+Bread Street. When sales were held elsewhere, catalogues could usually
+be had at some of the leading coffee-houses.
+
+Besides serving as reading, writing and sale rooms, they seem sometimes
+to have been used as lecture rooms. William Whiston, in his _Memoirs_
+written by himself (1749), says:
+
+     "Mr. Addison, with his friend Sir Richard Steele, brought me
+     upon my banishment from Cambridge, to have many astronomical
+     lectures at Mr. Button's coffee-house, near Covent Garden, to
+     the agreeable entertainment of a great number of persons, and
+     the procuring me and my family some comfortable support under
+     my banishment."
+
+Some of the houses, as an additional attraction to visitors, offered
+exhibitions of collections of curiosities. The most famous collection
+of this kind was that to be seen for many years at Don Saltero's
+Coffee-house at Chelsea. Don Saltero, by the way, was simply plain
+James Salter disguised. Some of his exhibits were supplied by his
+former master, Sir Hans Sloane, and by other scientific friends and
+patrons. But mixed with things of genuine interest were to be seen all
+sorts of rubbish. Steele made fun of the collection in _The Tatler_.
+But people came to see the "piece of nun's skin tanned," "Job's tears,
+which grow on a tree, and of which anodyne necklaces are made," a
+"waistcoat to prevent sweating," and the many other strange articles
+which were shown side by side with the wooden shoe (of doubtful
+authenticity, one would think) which was placed under Mr. Speaker's
+chair in the time of James II., the King of Morocco's tobacco pipe,
+Oliver Cromwell's sword, and the like "historical" curiosities; and
+Mr. Salter had no reason to be dissatisfied with the results of his
+ingenuity. The most interesting association of this coffee-house,
+perhaps, is Pennant's story of how it was frequented by Richard
+Cromwell, the quondam Lord Protector, described in his peaceful age as
+"a little and very neat old man, with a most placid countenance, the
+effect of his innocent and unambitious life."
+
+Not far from Don Saltero's was the old Chelsea Bun-house, which also
+contained a museum. The last relics of this collection were sold in
+April, 1839, and included a few pictures, plaster casts, a model of
+the bun-house, another, in cut paper, of St. Mary Redcliff Church, and
+other things of a still more trumpery character.
+
+Richard Thoresby tells us that when he was in London, in the summer
+of 1714, he met his "old friend Dr. Sloane at the coffee-house of Mr.
+Miers, who hath a handsome collection of curiosities in the room where
+the virtuosi meet." As the name of the proprietor only is given, it is
+not easy to identify this house, but possibly it was the "Grecian" in
+Devereux Court, which was a favourite resort of the learned. It was
+at the "Grecian," by the way, that Goldsmith, in the latter years of
+his life, was often the life and soul of the Templars who were wont
+to meet there. In their company he sometimes amused himself with the
+flute, or with whist--"neither of which he played very well." When he
+took what he called a "Shoemaker's holiday," Goldsmith, after his day's
+excursion, "concluded by supping at the 'Grecian' or 'Temple-Exchange'
+Coffee-house, or at the 'Globe' in Fleet Street."
+
+A word must be said as to the manners of the frequenters of
+coffee-houses. The author of _A Trip through London_, 1728, tells
+of fops who stare you out of countenance, and describes one man as
+standing with his back to the fire "in a great coffee-house near the
+Temple," and there spouting poetry--a remarkable specimen, indeed, of
+the bore; but on the whole the evidence goes to show that bad manners
+were usually resented by the rest of the company, and that good humour
+and good manners were marked characteristics of coffee-house life.
+There were exceptional incidents, of course. A fatal duel once resulted
+from a heated argument at the "Grecian" about a Greek accent. One
+day, soon after the first appearance of _The Tatler_, two or three
+well-dressed men walked into the coffee-room of the "St. James's,"
+and began in a loud, truculent manner to abuse Steele as the author
+of that paper. One of them at last swore that he would cut Steele's
+throat or teach him better manners. Among the company present was Lord
+Forbes, with two friends, officers of high rank in the army. When the
+cut-throat had uttered his threat, Lord Forbes said significantly,
+"In this country you will find it easier to cut a purse than to cut a
+throat," and with the aid of the military gentlemen the bullies were
+ignominiously turned out of the house. Many years later, in 1776, the
+"St. James's" was the scene of a singular act of senseless violence. It
+is tersely described in a letter from Lord Carlisle to George Selwyn.
+He writes:
+
+     "The Baron de Lingsivy ran a French officer through the body
+     on Thursday for laughing in the St. James's Coffee-house. I
+     find he did not pretend that he himself was laughed at, but at
+     that moment he chose that the world should be grave. The man
+     won't die, and the baron will not be hanged."
+
+Incidents of this kind, however, were of rare occurrence.
+
+But it is impossible to attempt to exhaust the subject of the Old
+London Coffee-houses in one brief chapter. For a hundred years they
+focussed the life of the town. Within their hospitable walls men of
+all classes and occupations, independently, or in clubs and coteries,
+met not only for refreshment, but for social intercourse--to read and
+hear the news, to discuss the topics of the day, to entertain and be
+entertained. This was the chief end they served. Incidentally, as we
+have seen, they served a number of other subsidiary and more of less
+useful purposes. They died slowly. Gradually the better-class houses
+became more exclusive, and were merged in clubs of the modern kind.
+The inferior houses were driven from public favour by the taverns and
+public-houses, or, degenerating from their former condition, lingered
+on as coffee-houses still, but of the lower type, which is not yet
+quite extinct.
+
+
+
+
+THE LEARNED SOCIETIES OF LONDON
+
+BY SIR EDWARD BRABROOK, C.B., F.S.A.
+
+
+In a sense some of the City Guilds are entitled to be called "learned
+societies"--as the Apothecaries, the Parish Clerks, the Stationers,
+and the Surgeons--but they are dealt with under their proper head. By
+the learned societies of London, we mean here those voluntary bodies
+existing with or without royal patronage, but relying wholly for
+support on the contributions of their members, which have taken upon
+themselves the promotion of knowledge in one or more of its branches.
+The earliest which we have been able to trace is that Society of
+Antiquaries which was founded in 1572, the fourteenth year of Queen
+Elizabeth, at the house of Sir Robert Cotton, under the presidency of
+Archbishop Parker. It counted among its members Lancelot Andrewes,
+Bishop of Winchester, William Camden, Sir William Dethicke, Garter,
+William Lambarde, James Ley, Earl of Marlborough, John Stow, Mr.
+Justice Whitelock, and other antiquaries of distinction. It is said
+that James I. became alarmed for the arcana of his Government and, as
+some thought, for the established Church, and accordingly put an end to
+the existence of the society in 1604.
+
+His grandson, Charles II., founded the Royal Society of London for
+improving natural knowledge in the year 1660, and thus gave effect to a
+project which had been in the minds of many learned men for some time,
+is expounded by Bacon in his scheme of Solomon's house, and is perhaps
+best embodied in a letter which was addressed by John Evelyn to the
+Hon. Robert Boyle on September 1, 1659. The first meeting recorded in
+the journals of the society was held on November 28, 1660, and Evelyn
+was elected a member on December 26 of that year. Sir R. Moray was the
+first president. Graunt aptly called the society "The King's Privy
+Council for Philosophy." Statutes were duly framed by the society, and
+received the King's approval in January, 1662-3. For many years it held
+its meetings at Gresham College, with an interval of about four years
+(1669-1673), when it occupied Chelsea College. Its charters (dated
+1662, 1663, and 1669) gave it many privileges, among others that of
+using a mace, and it was formerly said that the one used by the society
+was the identical mace or "bauble" of the Long Parliament, but that is
+an error. The society began in 1663 the excellent practice, which has
+continued to the present day, of celebrating the anniversary by dining
+together on St. Andrew's Day (November 30). It began on February 21,
+1665-6, the formation of its museum, a catalogue of which was published
+in 1681. Many of its meetings were devoted to practical experiment;
+thus, on November 14, 1666, the operation of the transfusion of blood
+from one dog to another was performed in the presence of the members.
+In 1671 Isaac Newton sent his reflecting telescope to the society, and
+on January 11, 1671-2, he was elected a fellow. On April 28, 1686,
+the manuscript of his _Principia_ was presented to the society, and
+it was published by the society in the following year. Many great men
+have been presidents of the society. Among them may be mentioned Sir
+Christopher Wren, elected president January 12, 1680-1; Samuel Pepys,
+1684; Lord Somers, Chancellor of England, 1698; Isaac Newton, 1703; Sir
+Hans Sloane, on the death of Newton, 1726-7; Martin Folkes, who was
+also a well-remembered President of the Society of Antiquaries, 1741;
+the Earl of Macclesfield, 1753; succeeded on his death by the Earl of
+Morton, 1764; James West, 1768; James Barrow, and shortly afterwards,
+Sir John Pringle, 1772; Sir Joseph Banks, 1777; Wollaston, 1820; Davies
+Gilbert, 1826. In 1830, a contested election took place between the
+Duke of Sussex and Herschel the astronomer, when His Royal Highness was
+elected by 119 votes to 111.
+
+The Government have frequently availed themselves of the existence
+of the Royal Society to entrust it with important public duties. On
+December 12, 1710, the fellows of the society were appointed visitors
+of the Royal Observatory. On February 7, 1712/3, the King requested
+the society to supply enquiries for his ambassadors. In 1742, and
+afterwards, it assisted in the determination of the standards. In 1780
+its public services were recognised by the grant of apartments in
+Somerset House. In 1784 it undertook a geodetical survey. Recently it
+has been entrusted by Parliament with a sum of £4,000 a year, which it
+allots towards encouraging scientific research. It has promoted many
+public movements, such as Arctic expeditions, magnetic observations,
+and the like. Originally its members were drawn from two classes--the
+working-men of science and the patrons of science; and the idea is
+even now maintained by certain privileges in respect of election given
+to privy councillors and peers; but the recent tendency has been to
+restrict its fellowship to persons eminent in physical science. The
+Royal Society Club was founded in 1743, and still flourishes.
+
+After the summary proceedings of James I., in 1604, the antiquaries
+seem to have allowed the whole of the seventeenth century to pass
+without any further attempt at organisation, though we learn from Mr.
+Ashmole that on July 2, 1659, an antiquaries' feast was held, and many
+renowned antiquaries, such as Dugdale, Spelman, Selden, and Anthony à
+Wood flourished at that time. On November 5, 1707, three antiquaries
+met at the "Bear" Tavern in the Strand, and agreed to hold a weekly
+meeting at the same place on Fridays at 6 o'clock, "and sit till ten at
+farthest." Other antiquaries joined them, and they removed next year to
+the "Young Devil" Tavern in Fleet Street, where Le Neve became their
+president.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+THE
+
+ROYAL SOCIETY'S
+
+LETTER.
+
+I have (by Order of the Royal Society) seen and examined the Method
+used by Mr JOHN MARSHALL, for grinding Glasses; and find that he
+performs the said Work with greater Ease and Certainty than hitherto
+has been practised; by means of an Invention which I take to be
+his own, and New; and whereby he is enabled to make a great number
+of Optick-Glasses at one time, and all exactly alike; which having
+reported to the Royal Society, they were pleased to approve thereof, as
+an Invention of great use; and highly to deserve Encouragement.
+
+  Lond. Jan. 18.       By the Command of the
+  1693, 4.              Royal Society.
+
+  EDM. HALLEY.
+
+_Note_, There are several Persons who pretend to have the Approbation
+of the ROYAL SOCIETY; but none has, or ever had it, but my self; as my
+Letter can testifie.
+
+_Marshall_s True SPECTACLES.
+
+AN EARLY LETTER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, DATED JANUARY 18TH, 1693-4.]
+
+In 1717 they resolved to form themselves into a society, which is the
+Society of Antiquaries now existing. Its minutes have been regularly
+kept since January 1, 1718. The first volume bears the motto:
+
+  "Nec veniam antiquis, sed honorem et præmia posci.
+
+                        "Stukeley, secr., 1726";
+
+and the whole of the volume appears to be in Stukeley's autograph.
+
+In a quaint preliminary memorandum, he enumerates the "antient
+monuments" the society was to study, as:
+
+     "Old Citys, Stations, Camps, public Buildings, Roads, Temples,
+     Abbys, Churches, Statues, Tombs, Busts, Inscriptions,
+     Castles, Ruins, Altars, Ornaments, Utensils, Habits, Seals,
+     Armour, Pourtraits, Medals, Urns, Pavements, Mapps, Charts,
+     Manuscripts, Genealogy, Historys, Observations, Emendations of
+     Books, already published, and whatever may properly belong to
+     the History of Bryttish Antiquitys."
+
+The earlier publications of the society consisted of a series of
+fine prints engraved by George Vertue. In 1747 it began the issue of
+_Vetusta Monumenta_, and in 1770 the first edition of the first volume
+of _Archæologia, or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity_,
+appeared. The Society's resources were modest. In the year 1736 its
+income was only £61, but its expenditure was not more than £11, and its
+accumulated funds amounted to £134. In 1752 it obtained from George
+II., who declared himself to be the founder and patron of the society,
+a Royal Charter of Incorporation, reciting that:
+
+     "the study of Antiquity and the History of former times, has
+     ever been esteemed highly commendable and usefull, not only to
+     improve the minds of men, but also to incite them to virtuous
+     and noble actions, and such as may hereafter render them
+     famous and worthy examples to late posterity."
+
+The qualifications of a fellow are thus defined in the charter:--
+
+     "By how much any persons shall be more excelling in the
+     knowledge of the Antiquities and History of this and other
+     nations; by how much the more they are desirous to promote
+     the Honour, Business, and Emoluments of this Society; and by
+     how much the more eminent they shall be for Piety, Virtue,
+     Integrity, and Loyalty: by so much the more fit and worthy
+     shall such person be judged of being elected and admitted into
+     the said Society."
+
+Like the Royal Society, the Society of Antiquaries was to have
+and employ a sergeant-at-mace, and apartments were allotted to it
+in Somerset House. From this close neighbourhood grew an intimate
+association between the two societies. Many persons belonged to both,
+and although the paths of the two societies have since diverged, that
+is still so in the case of about twenty fellows. A practice grew up
+of attending each other's meetings. For more than forty years that
+agreeable form of interchange has ceased, and the societies contemplate
+each other from opposite corners of the quadrangle of Burlington House.
+The Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries dined together for many years
+on St. George's Day, April 23, the day prescribed for their anniversary
+by the charter; but after a while the custom fell into disuse, and it
+has only been revived of late years.
+
+In 1753 the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and
+Commerce, now called the Royal Society of Arts, was established. It
+held its first public meeting in March, 1754. It was incorporated by
+Royal Charter in 1847, and has for its objects:--
+
+     "the encouragement of the arts, manufactures, and commerce
+     of the country, by bestowing rewards for such productions,
+     inventions, or improvements as tend to the employment of the
+     poor, to the increase of trade, and to the riches and honour
+     of the kingdom; and for meritorious works in the various
+     departments of the fine arts; for discoveries, inventions
+     and improvements in agriculture, chemistry, mechanics,
+     manufactures, and other useful arts; for the application
+     of such natural and artificial products, whether of home,
+     colonial, or foreign growth and manufacture, as may appear
+     likely to afford fresh objects of industry, and to increase
+     the trade of the realm by extending the sphere of British
+     commerce; and generally to assist in the advancement,
+     development, and practical application of every department
+     of science in connection with the arts, manufactures, and
+     commerce of this country."
+
+Between 1754 and 1783 it distributed £28,434 by way of premiums for
+inventions. For more than a century and a half the society has devoted
+itself with unabated zeal to the promotion of its objects--by meetings,
+examinations, exhibitions, and in many other ways.
+
+On January 13, 1800, the Royal Institution was founded. In the words
+of one of its most distinguished professors, it has been a fertile
+source of the popularity of science. By means of its lectures, its
+laboratories, its libraries, and its rewards for research, it greatly
+stimulated public interest in scientific pursuits when there were few
+other bodies in existence capable of doing so. It continues to perform
+the same useful function, notwithstanding the great increase in the
+number of specialist societies since it was established. A feature of
+its lectures is the annual course "adapted to a juvenile auditory." It
+has appointed as its professors some of the most illustrious scientific
+men, such as Sir Humphry Davy (up to 1812), Brande (1813 to 1852, and
+afterwards as honorary professor), Faraday (1852), and Tyndall (1853).
+The late Prince Consort (Albert the Good) took great interest in its
+work, and frequently presided at its weekly meetings. It has a Board of
+Managers, and also a Committee of Visitors, annually elected, and the
+visitors make an annual report on the state of the institution. After
+some early pecuniary difficulties it entered on a career of steady
+prosperity.
+
+In 1807 the Geological Society was founded. The science of geology
+was very much opposed to popular notions derived from a literal
+interpretation of the Hebrew cosmogony, and was accordingly unpopular
+among those who held those notions; but the society steadily pursued
+its object, and can now look back upon the hundred years of its
+existence with pride and satisfaction. In one of his presidential
+addresses Sir Charles Lyell quoted the observation of Hutton, that
+"We can see neither the beginning nor the end of that vast series of
+phenomena which it is our business as geologists to investigate."
+Leonard Horner, another distinguished president, claimed that the
+society had been a "powerful instrument for the advancement of
+geological science, a centre of good fellowship, and a band of
+independent scientific men, who steadily and fearlessly promote the
+cause of truth." The society grants an annual medal, founded in memory
+of Wollaston, which has been frequently awarded to foreign geologists
+of distinction; and it also administers a fund bequeathed by him to
+promote useful researches in geology.
+
+In November, 1820, Dr. Burgess, the Bishop of St. David's, obtained
+an audience of King George IV., and laid before him a plan for the
+establishment of a Royal Society of Literature. The King took so
+warm an interest in the project as to assign out of his privy purse
+an annual sum of 1,100 guineas, out of which pensions of 100 guineas
+each were awarded to ten royal associates of the society, and two
+medals annually granted to distinguished literary men. Among the
+royal associates were Samuel Taylor Coleridge, T. R. Malthus, William
+Roscoe, and Sharon Turner. Among the medallists were Dugald Stewart,
+Walter Scott, Robert Southey, Washington Irving, and Henry Hallam. Upon
+September 15, 1825, the society received its Charter of Incorporation,
+in which its object is defined to be:--
+
+     "the advancement of literature by the publication of inedited
+     remains of ancient literature, and of such works as may be
+     of great intrinsic value, but not of that popular character
+     which usually claims the attention of publishers; by the
+     promotion of discoveries in literature; by endeavouring to fix
+     the standard, as far as is practicable, and to preserve the
+     purity of the English language; by the critical improvement
+     of English lexicography; by the reading at public meetings of
+     interesting papers on history, philosophy, poetry, philology,
+     and the arts, and the publication of such of those papers as
+     shall be approved of; by the assigning of honorary rewards to
+     works of great literary merit, and to important discoveries in
+     literature; and by establishing a correspondence with learned
+     men in foreign countries for the purpose of literary enquiry
+     and information."
+
+The first method, the publication of inedited and other works, has
+been greatly promoted by a bequest to the society of £1,692 from the
+Rev. Dr. Richards. Out of the income of this fund the _Orations of
+Hyperides_, edited by the Rev. Churchill Babington; the _Discourses
+of Philoxenus_, by Dr. E. A. Wallis Budge; the _Chronicle of Adam
+of Usk_, by Sir E. Maunde Thompson; Coleridge's _Christabel_, by
+E. H. Coleridge; and other valuable works have been provided. The
+_Transactions_ of the society also contain many important papers. On
+the death of George IV. the annual gift of 100 guineas to each of
+the ten royal associates was withdrawn. The society now acknowledges
+literary merit by the award of the diploma of Honorary Fellow. In this
+capacity many distinguished authors, both in this country and abroad,
+have been and are associated with the society.
+
+In its early years the society was hotly attacked by Macaulay, who
+held that its claim to be an appreciator of excellence in literature
+involved a claim to condemn literature of which it disapproved, and
+was equivalent to the establishment of a literary star-chamber. He
+illustrated this by a rather feeble apologue, and nothing in the
+subsequent history of the society has shown that his apprehensions
+had any foundation. It has been very modest in the exercise of the
+functions conferred upon it by its charter, which included the
+foundation of a college and the appointment of professors. At one time
+it did appoint a professor of English archæology and history, and it
+called upon every royal associate on his admission to select some
+branch of literature on which it should be his duty, once a year at
+least, to communicate some disquisition or essay. The subject chosen by
+Coleridge was a characteristic one:--
+
+     "The relations of opposition and conjunction, in which the
+     poetry (the Homeric and tragic), the religion, and the
+     mysteries of ancient Greece stood each to the other; with
+     the differences between the sacerdotal and popular religion;
+     and the influences of theology and scholastic logic on the
+     language and literature of Christendom from the 11th century."
+
+In pursuance of this undertaking he communicated a disquisition on the
+"Prometheus" of Æschylus.
+
+In 1827 the Royal Asiatic Society was founded. As its title implies,
+it devotes itself to the study of the languages, the literature, the
+history, and the traditions of the peoples of Asia, especially of those
+inhabiting our Indian dependency. It has enrolled in its ranks many,
+if not all, the great Indian administrators and the most distinguished
+Asiatic scholars. Daughter societies have been established in the three
+Presidencies, and have contributed to the collection of materials for
+its work. Its transactions are of acknowledged value and authority.
+In its rooms at Albemarle Street a library and museum have been
+collected. Its latest publication is a collection of Baluchi poems by
+Mr. Longworth Dames, which has also been issued to the members of the
+Folk-lore Society.
+
+On September 26, 1831, the British Association for the Advancement
+of Science held its first meeting at York. It originated in a letter
+addressed by Sir David Brewster to Professor Phillips, as secretary to
+the York Philosophical Society. The statement of its objects appended
+to its rules, as drawn up by the Rev. William Vernon Harcourt, is as
+follows:--
+
+     "The Association contemplates no interference with the ground
+     occupied by other institutions. Its objects are:--To give a
+     stronger impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific
+     inquiry--to promote the intercourse of those, who cultivate
+     science in different parts of the British Empire, with one
+     another and with foreign philosophers--to obtain a more
+     general attention to the objects of science, and a removal of
+     any disadvantages of a public kind which impede its progress."
+
+The association was well described by the late Mr. Spottiswoode
+as "general in its comprehensiveness; special in its sectional
+arrangement." The general business of its meetings consists (1) in
+receiving and discussing communications upon scientific subjects at
+the various sections into which it is divided; (2) in distributing,
+under the advice of a Committee of Recommendations, the funds arising
+from the subscriptions of members and associates; and (3) in electing
+a council upon whom devolves the conduct of affairs until the next
+meeting. Although the meetings are held in all parts of the United
+Kingdom, and have been held in Canada and South Africa, the British
+Association may be correctly described as a London learned society, as
+its headquarters are in London, where the council meets and directs
+its continuous activities. One principal feature of its work, that
+of the Research Committees, which, either with or without a grant of
+money, pursue special enquiries with the view of reporting to the
+next annual meeting, continues throughout the year. The original
+designation of what are now the sections was "Committees of Sciences,"
+and these were--(1) mathematics and general physics, (2) chemistry and
+mineralogy, (3) geology and geography, (4) zoology and botany, (5)
+anatomy and physiology, (6) statistics. The sectional arrangement was
+begun in 1835, and the sections are now constituted as follows--(_a_)
+mathematical and physical science, (_b_) chemistry, (_c_) geology,
+(_d_) zoology, (_e_) geography, (_f_) economic science and statistics,
+(_g_) engineering, (_h_) anthropology, (_i_) physiology, (_k_) botany,
+(_l_) educational science. At each annual meeting, which lasts a week,
+the president of the next meeting is chosen, but the previous president
+remains in office until the first day (Wednesday) of that meeting, when
+he introduces his successor, who delivers an address. Many memorable
+addresses have been delivered by the distinguished men who have held
+that office. Each section has also a president, chosen for the year,
+and he delivers an address at the opening of the proceedings of his
+section. These addresses usually relate to the progress during the
+year, or during recent years, of the science dealt with by the section,
+or to some interesting matter developed by the personal researches of
+the president himself. Men of eminence in the various sciences are
+generally selected for and willingly accept the office of Sectional
+President. The meetings of the British Association have been called
+a "Parliament of Science," and its influence in promoting scientific
+movements and rendering science popular has been very great.
+
+In 1833 the Royal Geographical Society was founded. It may fairly be
+called the most popular of all the special societies, having about
+4,000 members. It is also one of the most wealthy, having an income of
+about £10,000 a year. It has accumulated a fine series of maps, and a
+large library of geographical literature. Its quarterly journal is a
+store-house of the most recent information relating to geographical
+exploration. By medals and other rewards to explorers, by prizes
+awarded in schools and training colleges, by the loan of instruments to
+travellers, by the preparation of codes of instruction for their use,
+and in many other ways, it applies its resources to the extension of
+geographical knowledge. It has taken an active part in the promotion
+of Arctic and Antarctic exploration. As geographical researches are
+matters of great public interest, its meetings are sometimes important
+social functions, as on a recent occasion, when a foreign prince was
+the lecturer, and our King attended and spoke.
+
+On March 15, 1834, the Statistical Society (now Royal Statistical) was
+founded. It was one of the first fruits of the activity of the British
+Association, which established a Statistical Committee at the Cambridge
+meeting in 1833, with Babbage as president. Their report recommended
+the formation of a society for the careful collection, arrangement,
+discussion, and publication of facts bearing on or illustrating the
+complex relations of modern society in its social, economical, and
+political aspects, especially facts which can be stated numerically and
+arranged in tables. The first president was the Marquis of Lansdowne,
+and among his successors have been many statesmen, such as Lord John
+Russell, Mr. Gladstone, and Lord Goschen; authorities on finance, as
+Lord Overstone, Mr. Newmarch, and Lord Avebury; and eminent writers on
+statistics, as Dr. Farr, Sir Robert Giffen, and the Right Hon. Charles
+Booth. As becomes the orderly mind of a statistician, the society has
+been very regular in its publications, having for seventy years issued
+a yearly volume in quarterly parts, which form a veritable mine of
+statistical information.
+
+The society presents a Guy medal (in memory of Dr. W. A. Guy) to the
+authors of valuable papers or to others who have promoted its work, and
+a Howard medal (in memory of the great philanthropist) to the author of
+the best essay on a prescribed subject, generally having relation to
+the public health. It has accumulated a fine library of about 40,000
+volumes of a special character, containing the statistical publications
+of all civilised countries. It has conducted some special enquiries--as
+into medical charities, the production and consumption of meat and
+milk, and the farm school system of the Continent--upon which it has
+published reports.
+
+Among recent developments of statistical method in which the society
+has taken part may be mentioned the use of index-numbers for affording
+a standard of comparison between statistics of different years, and
+a means of correction of errors that would otherwise arise; and the
+increasing use of the higher mathematical analysis in determining
+the probabilities of error and defining the curves of frequency in
+statistical observations. Professor Edgeworth, Messrs. Bowley, Yule,
+Hooker, and others, have made contributions to the _Journal_ of the
+society on these matters.
+
+In 1844 an Ethnological Society was established, under the presidency
+of Sir Charles Malcolm. Dr. Richard King, the founder, became its
+secretary. In 1846 Dr. J. C. Prichard became president, and he and
+Dr. King fulfilled respectively the same functions in an ethnological
+sub-section of the section of zoology of the British Association, which
+then met for the first time. In Prichard's first anniversary address
+to the society, he defines ethnology as "the history of human races
+or of the various tribes of men who constitute the population of the
+world. It comprehends all that can be learned as to their origin and
+relations to each other." Prichard died in 1848, and Sir C. Malcolm
+resumed the presidency, which he held until his death on November 12,
+1851. In that year ethnology was transferred from the zoological to
+the geographical section of the British Association. Sir B. C. Brodie
+became the next president of the society. He retired in 1854, and was
+succeeded by Sir James Clark. The fourth and last volume of the first
+series of the society's _Journal_ was published in 1856, and a series
+of _Transactions_ begun in 1861. At that time Mr. John Crawfurd was
+president of the society, and he retained the office until his death in
+1868, when he was succeeded by Professor Huxley.
+
+In 1862 Dr. James Hunt, the Honorary Foreign Secretary of the
+Ethnological Society, withdrew from it, and founded the Anthropological
+Society of London, which held its first meeting on February 24, 1863,
+under his presidency. In his inaugural address, he defined anthropology
+as the science of the whole nature of man, and ethnology as the
+history or science of nations or races. The new society was active
+and aggressive. It published translations of works of such writers
+as Broca, Pouchet, Vogt, and Waitz, and of the famous treatise of
+Blumenbach. Some of the papers read before it attracted much attention,
+and were thought to have a political bias. Many men whose names were
+well known in the scientific world adhered to the Ethnological
+Society, and that society, under Mr. Crawfurd, entered upon a more
+active career. The rivalry between the two societies was prosecuted
+with great vigour until January, 1871, when Professor Huxley effected
+an amalgamation between them.
+
+The title of the combined societies was agreed upon as the
+"Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland," to which,
+in 1907, has been added by the King's command the prefix "Royal." In
+1871 the department of ethnology in the section of biology in the
+British Association became the department of anthropology, and in 1884
+anthropology became a section of itself. This was the final recognition
+by the Parliament of Science that Hunt had fought for twenty years
+before. In the interval, the claim of anthropology to this recognition
+had been established by many great works, such as Huxley's _Man's
+Place in Nature_, Darwin's _Descent of Man_, Tylor's _Early History
+of Mankind_, and Lubbock's _Prehistoric Times_. Besides its annual
+_Journal_, the Anthropological Institute publishes a monthly periodical
+entitled _Man_, and it has issued several separate monographs. In
+1878 the branch of anthropology, aptly termed "Folk-lore" by the late
+Mr. W. J. Thoms, became so popular as to call for the establishment
+of a separate society, which publishes a quarterly journal entitled
+_Folk-lore_, and has annually issued one or more volumes of collections
+of folk-lore.
+
+In 1844 a new departure was taken by the establishment of the British
+Archæological Association, a body which was intended to take the
+same place with regard to archæology that the British Association
+occupied with regard to science, holding meetings in various parts of
+the country where there existed objects of specially archæological
+interest. It held its first meeting at Canterbury, under the presidency
+of Lord Albert Conyngham (afterwards Lord Londesborough), and arranged
+its work in four sections--primæval, mediæval, architectural, and
+historical. Before a second meeting could be held, violent dissensions
+arose, and the association split into two. In the result honours were
+divided between the two bodies, those who retained the leadership
+of Lord Albert retaining also the title of British Archæological
+Association; while those who had for their president the Marquis of
+Northampton retained the control of the _Archæological Journal_, and
+adopted the title of "Archæological Institute of Great Britain and
+Ireland," to which has since been prefixed the word "Royal." Both
+bodies still exist, though the causes of controversy have long died out.
+
+Shortly afterwards, County Archæological Societies in London and
+greater London began to be formed. In 1846 the Sussex Society, in 1853
+the Essex Society, in 1854 the Surrey Society, in 1855 the London and
+Middlesex Society, and in 1857 the Kent Society were established.
+Each of these societies has published transactions and other works of
+solid value. In each the annual or more frequent excursion to places
+of archæological interest within the county is an essential feature,
+tending to the dissemination of knowledge and to the preservation
+of antiquities, and affording the advantages of social intercourse.
+Societies have also been established for the like purposes within
+more restricted areas, as in Hampstead, Battersea, Balham, Lewisham,
+Whitechapel, and elsewhere.
+
+Of merely publishing societies, the Percy, the Camden, the Shakespeare,
+and the Arundel have run their course; but many others, as the
+Roxburgh, the Harleian, the New Palæographic, and the Palæontological
+still exist to delight their subscribers with the reproduction of rare
+works.
+
+In this summary account of the principal Learned Societies of London it
+has not been possible to include many societies of great importance,
+such as the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, the numerous
+societies connected with other professional pursuits, the Linnæan,
+Zoological, Botanical, and other societies devoted to natural history;
+the Royal Astronomical Society, which has important public functions;
+the Royal Academy, and other institutions devoted to art. The roll of
+Learned Societies is being constantly increased. Among recent additions
+may be mentioned the British Academy for Historical Studies, and the
+Sociological Society.
+
+
+
+
+LITERARY SHRINES OF OLD LONDON
+
+BY ELSIE M. LANG
+
+From the Borough to St. James's
+
+
+Leigh Hunt was of opinion that "one of the best secrets of enjoyment is
+the art of cultivating pleasant associations," and, with his example
+before us, we will endeavour to recall some of those that are to be
+met with on a walk from the Borough to St. James's, from one of the
+poorest parts of our city to one of the richest. The Borough, dusty,
+noisy, toil-worn as it is, is yet, he tells us, "the most classical
+ground in the metropolis." From the "Tabard" inn--now only a memory,
+though its contemporary, the "George," hard by, gives us some idea
+of its look in mediæval times--there rode forth, one bright spring
+morning, "Sir Jeffrey Chaucer" and "nyne and twenty" pilgrims "in a
+companye ... to wenden on (a) pilgrimage to Caunterbury with ful devout
+courage." A fellow-poet of Chaucer's, John Gower, lies buried close at
+hand in Southwark Cathedral, "under a tomb of stone, with his image of
+stone also over him." He was one of the earliest benefactors of this
+church, then known as St. Mary Overy, and founded therein a chantry,
+where masses should be said for the benefit of his soul. Stones in
+the pavement of the choir likewise commemorate John Fletcher, Philip
+Massinger, and Edmund Shakespeare, who lie in unmarked graves somewhere
+within the precincts of the cathedral.
+
+Not a stone's throw from the Borough is the Bankside, extending from
+Blackfriars Bridge out beyond Southwark, a mean and dirty thoroughfare,
+with the grey Thames on one side, and on the other dull houses, grimy
+warehouses, and gloomy offices. How changed from the semi-rural resort
+of Elizabethan days, when swans floated on the river, and magnificent
+barges, laden with gaily dressed nobles and their attendants, were
+continually passing by! Great must have been the pleasure traffic
+then, for according to Taylor, "the Water Poet," who plied his trade
+as waterman and wrote his verses on the Bankside in the early days of
+Elizabeth's successor, "the number of watermen and those that live
+and are maintained by them, and by the labour of the oar and scull,
+between the bridge of Windsor and Gravesend, cannot be fewer than
+forty thousand; the cause of the greater half of which multitude hath
+been the players playing on the Bankside." Besides the players, the
+brilliant band of dramatists who shed lustre on the reign of the maiden
+Queen frequented it, not only on account of the pleasantness of its
+situation, but because of the near proximity of the theatres, for the
+Globe, the Rose, and the Hope all stood on the site now occupied by
+the brewery of Messrs. Barclay and Perkins, while the Swan was not
+far off. It is a well-authenticated fact that both Shakespeare and
+Ben Jonson played at the Globe, and patronised the "Falcon" tavern,
+the name of which still lingers in Falcon Dock and Falcon Wharf, Nos.
+79 and 80, Bankside; and while in the meantime they were producing
+their masterpieces, Chapman, Dekker, and Middleton were at the height
+of their fame, Beaumont and Fletcher about to begin their career, and
+Philip Massinger was newly arrived in town. Some of these Bankside
+dramatists were well born and rich--such as Francis Beaumont, whose
+father was a Knight and a Justice of the Common Pleas; and John
+Fletcher, who was a son of the Bishop of London. Others were of
+obscure birth and penniless--like Ben Jonson, who had been forced to
+follow the trade of a bricklayer, and Dekker and Marston, whom he
+twitted "with their defective doublet and ravelled satin sleeves," and
+Philip Massinger, who in early days went about begging urgently for
+the loan of £5. But whatever they had or lacked, certain it is that
+their common art levelled all barriers between them, for though the
+chief of all the friendships on the Bankside was that of Beaumont and
+Fletcher--between whom was "a wonderful consimilarity of fancy ...
+which caused the dearnesse of friendship between them so that they
+lived together on the Bankside ... (and had) the same cloaths and
+cloaks between them"--yet Massinger collaborated with Fletcher in at
+least thirteen plays, with Dekker in one, and with Ford in two, while
+Dekker was occasionally associated with Middleton, and Middleton with
+Webster and Drayton. But the Elizabethan dramatists did not confine
+themselves to the Bankside; on certain nights they repaired to the
+"Mermaid" tavern, which used to stand on the south side of Cheapside,
+between Bread and Friday Streets, to attend the meetings of the famous
+Mermaid Club, said to have been founded by Sir Walter Raleigh. Here
+were to be found Shakespeare, Spenser, Beaumont, Fletcher, Ben Jonson,
+Carew, Donne, and many others, in eager witty converse. Beaumont
+well described the brilliancy of these gatherings in his poem to Ben
+Jonson:--
+
+    "What things have we seen
+    Done at the Mermaid! Heard words that have been
+    So nimble, and so full of subtle flame,
+    As if that everyone from whence they came
+    Had meant to put his whole wit in a jest
+    And had resolved to live a fool the rest
+    Of his dull life."
+
+Another favourite haunt of theirs was the "Boar's Head," which stood
+on the spot now marked by the statue of William IV., at the junction
+of Eastcheap and Gracechurch Street. At this tavern Falstaff and
+Prince Hal concocted many of their wildest pranks. In later days the
+Elizabethan poets and dramatists, led by Ben Jonson, went even further
+afield--to the "Devil" tavern, which stood at No. 1, Fleet Street,
+where they held their meetings in a room called the "Apollo," the chief
+adornments of which, a bust of Apollo and a board with an inscription,
+"Welcome to the oracle of Apollo," are still to be seen in an upper
+room of Messrs. Child's Bank, which now occupies the site. Ben Jonson
+tells us that "the first speech in my 'Catiline,' spoken to _Scylla's
+Ghost_, was writ after I had parted with my friends at the 'Devil'
+tavern; I had drank well that night, and had brave notions."
+
+We have records of the deaths of two at least of these dramatists on
+the Bankside--viz., that of Philip Massinger, who died "in his own
+house, near the play-house on the Bankside," in 1639; and Fletcher,
+"who dyed of the plague on the 19th of August, 1625." "The parish
+clerk," says Aubrey, "told me that he was his (Fletcher's) Taylor, and
+that Mr. Fletcher staying for a suit of cloathes before he retired into
+the country, Death stopped his journey and laid him low there."
+
+Cheapside, so named from the Chepe, or old London market, along the
+south side of the site of which it runs, has been a place of barter
+ever since the reign of Henry VI., when a market was held there daily
+for the sale of every known commodity. It is easy to see where the
+vendors of some of the articles had their stands by the names of the
+surrounding streets--Bread Street, Fish Street, Milk Street, etc.
+Later on the stalls were transformed into permanent shops, with a
+dwelling-place for their owners above, and a fair-sized garden at the
+back. Despite the commercial spirit that has always pervaded this
+region, it has given birth to two famous poets--the sweet songster
+Herrick, who sings in one of his poems of
+
+    "The golden Cheapside where the earth
+    Of Julia Herrick gave to me my birth,"
+
+golden, perhaps, having reference to his father, who was a goldsmith;
+and greater still, John Milton, who first saw the light in Bread
+Street, at the sign of the "Spread Eagle," in a house which was
+afterwards destroyed in the Great Fire. It must have been a house
+of comfortable dimensions, for it covered the site now occupied by
+Nos. 58 to 63, the business premises of a firm who exhibit a bust of
+Milton, with an inscription, in a room on their top floor. Milton's
+father, moreover, had grown rich in his profession, which was that of
+a scrivener, had been made a Judge, and knighted five years before
+the birth of his son, so it is evident the poet began life in easy
+circumstances. He was baptised in All Hallows, a church in Bread Street
+destroyed in 1897. In Bow Church there is a tablet in memory of Milton,
+which was taken from All Hallows. When he was ten years of age he
+began to go to Paul's School, which stood in those days on the east
+side of St. Paul's Churchyard, between Watling Street and Cheapside.
+Aubrey records that "when he went to schoole, when he was very young,
+he studied very hard, and sat up very late, commonly till twelve or
+one o'clock at night, and his father ordered the mayde to sitt up for
+him, and at these years (ten) he composed many copies of verses which
+might well have become a riper age." He continued at this school, the
+old site of which is marked by a tablet on a warehouse, until he was
+sixteen. Some twenty years later Samuel Pepys was a pupil at Paul's
+School, and later on in life witnessed its destruction in the Great
+Fire. Milton would seem to have always cherished a great affection for
+the city, for after his return from his travels he seldom lived beyond
+the sound of Bow Bells, once only venturing as far as Westminster;
+and when he died he was buried in St. Giles's, Cripplegate, in the
+same grave as his father. Indeed, the city proper was the birthplace
+of several poets, for was not Pope born in Lombard Street, Gray in
+Cornhill, and Edmund Spenser in East Smithfield, while Lord Macaulay
+spent his earlier years in Birchin Lane?
+
+[Illustration: CHEAPSIDE, WITH THE CROSS, AS THEY APPEARED IN 1660.]
+
+In the narrow confines of Paternoster Row, where the tall fronts of
+the houses are so close together that only a thin strip of sky is
+visible between them, Charlotte Brontë and her sister Anne, fresh from
+the rugged solitudes of their bleak Yorkshire moors, awoke on the
+morning of their first visit to the great capital of which they had
+so often dreamed, and, looking out of the dim windows of the Chapter
+Coffee-house, saw "the risen sun struggling through the fog, and
+overhead above the house-tops, co-elevate almost with the clouds ... a
+solemn orbed mass dark blue and dim the dome" (of St. Paul's).
+
+Fleet Street has always been the haunt of the "knights of the pen,"
+and even in these modern days the names of newspapers stare at the
+passer-by on every side, while at every step he jostles an ink-stained
+satellite of some great journal. But although these ink-stained ones
+are to be met with in Fleet Street at every hour of the day and night,
+they do not live there like the writers of old time--Michael Drayton,
+for instance, who "lived at ye baye-windowe house next the east end
+of St. Dunstan's Church"; and Izaak Walton, who kept a linen-draper's
+shop "in a house two doors west of the end of Chancery Lane," and on
+his infrequent holidays went a-fishing in the River Lea at Tottenham
+High Cross. Abraham Cowley, again, was born over his father's grocer's
+shop, which "abutted on Sargeants' Inn," and here, as a little child,
+he devoured the _Faerie Queen_, and was made "irrecoverably a poet."
+James Shirley lived near the Inner Temple Lane; John Locke in Dorset
+Court. In Salisbury Square, formerly Salisbury Court, Thomas Sackville,
+first Earl of Dorset, the precursor of Spenser, John Dryden, and Samuel
+Richardson, all had a residence at one time or another. Richardson
+built a large printing establishment on the site now occupied by
+Lloyd's newspaper offices, where he continued to carry on business many
+years after he had removed his private residence to the West End. He
+was buried, moreover, in St. Bride's Church in 1761, a large stone in
+the nave between pews 12 and 13 recording the fact. But greatest and
+most constant of Fleet Street habitués was Dr. Johnson. For ten years
+he lived at 17, Gough Square, busy in an upper room upon his great
+Dictionary. Here he lost his "beloved Tetty," to whose memory he ever
+remained faithful. "All his affection had been concentrated on her. He
+had neither brother nor sister, neither son nor daughter." Although
+twenty years his senior, with a complexion reddened and coarsened
+by the too liberal use of both paint and strong cordials, yet "to
+him she was beautiful as the Gunnings, and witty as Lady Mary." On
+leaving Gough Square he lived for a few years in the Temple, where he
+received his first visit from Boswell, and made the acquaintance of
+Oliver Goldsmith. The latter was then living at 6, Wine Office Court,
+Fleet Street, where Johnson, visiting him one morning in response
+to an urgent message, found that "his landlady had arrested him for
+his rent." He showed Johnson his MS. of the just-completed _Vicar of
+Wakefield_, which he looked into, and instantly comprehending its
+merit, went out and sold it to a bookseller for sixty pounds. In 1765
+Johnson returned to Fleet Street, and lived for eleven years at 7,
+Johnson's Court. Here Boswell dined with him for the first time on
+Easter Day, 1773, and found to his surprise "everything in very good
+order." Walking up the Court one day in company with Topham Beauclerk,
+Boswell confessed to him that he "had a veneration" for it, because
+the great doctor lived there, and was much gratified to learn that
+Beauclerk felt the same "reverential enthusiasm." In later years
+Dickens stole up this Court one dark December evening, and, with
+beating heart, dropped his first original MS. into the letter-box
+of _The Monthly Magazine_, the office of which stood on the site
+now occupied by Mr. Henry Sell's premises. No. 8, Bolt Court, was
+the next and last residence of Dr. Johnson; here, on December 13th,
+1784, he met the inevitable crisis, for which he had always felt an
+indescribable terror and loathing, and passed peacefully and happily
+away. Johnson had always had a great predilection for club or tavern
+life, partly because it enabled him to escape for a while from the
+hypochondria which always dogged his footsteps. He loved nothing so
+much as to gather kindred spirits around him and spend long evenings
+in congenial conversation. He would sit, "the Jupiter of a little
+circle, sometimes indeed nodding approbation, but always prompt on the
+slightest contradiction to launch the thunders of rebuke and sarcasm."
+There was not much expense attached to these gatherings, for it is
+recorded of one of the clubs he founded that the outlay was not to
+exceed sixpence per person an evening, with a fine of twopence for
+those who did not attend. Among the Fleet Street haunts thus frequently
+resorted to by Dr. Johnson and his friends were the "Cocke," patronised
+in former years by Pepys, and in later years by Thackeray, Dickens,
+and Tennyson; the "Cheshire Cheese," the only house of the kind which
+remains as it was in Dr. Johnson's day; the "Mitre," also formerly
+patronised by Pepys; and the "Devil," where the poets laureate had been
+wont to repair and read their birthday odes. St. Clement Danes, too, is
+connected with Johnson, for, in spite of his love of festivity, he was
+devout, and regularly attended this church, occupying pew No. 18 in the
+north gallery, now marked by a brass plate. Boswell records that "he
+carried me with him to the church of St. Clement Danes, where he had
+his seat, and his behaviour was, as I had imagined to myself, solemnly
+devout."
+
+One more memory of Fleet Street before we leave it, in connection
+with Dick's Coffee-house, which used to stand at Nos. 7 and 8. In
+December, 1763, the poet Cowper, then a student in the Inner Temple,
+was appointed Clerk of the Journals of the House of Lords. Delicate,
+shy, intensely sensitive, and with a strong predisposition to insanity,
+the dread of these onerous public duties disturbed the balance of
+his morbid brain. His madness broke out one morning at Dick's, as he
+himself afterwards narrated. He said:
+
+     "At breakfast I read the newspaper, and in it a letter,
+     which the further I perused it the more closely engaged my
+     attention. I cannot now recollect the purport of it; but
+     before I had finished it, it appeared demonstratively true to
+     me that it was a libel or satire upon me. The author appeared
+     to be acquainted with my purpose of self-destruction, and
+     to have written that letter on purpose to secure and hasten
+     the execution of it. My mind probably at this time began to
+     be disordered; however it was, I was certainly given to a
+     strong delusion. I said within myself, 'Your cruelty shall be
+     gratified, you shall have your revenge,' and flinging down the
+     paper in a fit of strong passion, I rushed hastily out of the
+     room, directing my way towards the fields, where I intended
+     to find some lane to die in, or if not, determined to poison
+     myself in a ditch, when I could meet with one sufficiently
+     retired."
+
+This paroxysm ended in Cowper trying to hang himself, but, the rope
+breaking, he went down to the Thames to the Custom House Quay and
+threatened to drown himself. This attempt, however, also failed, and
+friends interfering, he was removed to an asylum, where he remained
+eighteen months.
+
+From Fleet Street it is but a step to the Temple, with its grey quiet
+corners full of echoing memories, stretching back even to the days of
+Shakespeare, whose _Twelfth Night_ was performed before an audience
+of his contemporaries in the self-same Middle Temple Hall that still
+confronts us. The names of Henry Fielding, Edmund Burke, John Gower,
+Thomas Shadwell, William Wycherley, Nicholas Rowe, Francis Beaumont,
+William Congreve, John Horne Tooke, Thomas Day, Tom Moore, Sheridan,
+George Colman, jun., Marston, and Ford, are all upon the Temple rolls
+and each must in his day have been a familiar figure among the ancient
+buildings. But Charles Lamb is the presiding genius of the place.
+
+     "I was born and passed the first seven years of my life in the
+     Temple," he tells us. "Its church, its halls, its garden, its
+     fountains, its river ... these are my oldest recollections.
+     Indeed it is the most elegant spot in the metropolis. What
+     a transition for a countryman visiting London for the first
+     time, the passing from the crowded Strand or Fleet Street, by
+     unexpected avenues into its magnificent ample squares, its
+     classic green recesses. What a cheerful liberal look hath that
+     portion of it, which from three sides, overlooks the greater
+     gardens, that goodly pile ... confronting with massy contrast,
+     the lighter, older, more fantastically shrouded one, named
+     of Harcourt, with the cheerful Crown Office Row (place of my
+     kindly engendure) right opposite the stately stream, which
+     washes the garden foot.... A man would give something to have
+     been born in such a place."
+
+When Lamb was twenty-five years of age he went back to live in the
+Temple, at 16, Mitre Court Buildings, in an "attic storey for the air."
+His bed faced the river, and by "perking on my haunches and supporting
+my carcase with my elbows, without much wrying my neck I can see,"
+he wrote to a friend, "the white sails glide by the bottom of King's
+Bench Walk as I lie in my bed." Here he passed nine happy years, and
+then, after a short stay in Southampton Buildings, he returned to the
+Temple for the second time, to 4, Inner Temple Lane, fully intending
+to pass the remainder of his life within its precincts. His new set of
+chambers "looked out upon a gloomy churchyard-like court, called Hare
+Court, with three trees and a pump in it." But fate intervened, and
+he and his sister soon after left the Temple, never to return. It was
+no easy parting, however, for he wrote in after years, "I thought we
+never could have been torn up from the Temple. Indeed it was an ugly
+wrench.... We never can strike root so deep in any other ground."
+
+It was when Dr. Johnson had a set of chambers on the first floor of No.
+1, Inner Temple Lane, that Boswell first went to see him. Boswell wrote:
+
+     "He received me very courteously, but it must be confessed
+     that his apartment, furniture, and morning dress were
+     sufficiently uncouth. His brown suit of clothes looked very
+     rusty, he had on a little old shrivelled unpowdered wig which
+     was too small for his head, his shirt-neck and knees of his
+     breeches were loose, his black worsted stockings ill drawn up,
+     and he had a pair of unbuckled shoes by way of slippers. But
+     all these slovenly peculiarities were forgotten the moment
+     that he began to talk."
+
+Boswell, indeed, conceived so violent an admiration for him that he
+took rooms in Farrar's Buildings in order to be near him. Oliver
+Goldsmith seems to have followed his example, for he went to lodge
+first in 2, Garden Court, and afterwards in 2, Brick Court, on the
+right-hand side, looking out over the Temple Garden. Thackeray, who,
+years afterwards, lodged in the same set of rooms, wrote:
+
+     "I have been many a time in the Chambers in the Temple which
+     were his, and passed up the staircase, which Johnson and Burke
+     and Reynolds trod to see their friend, their poet, their kind
+     Goldsmith--the stair on which the poor women sat weeping
+     bitterly when they heard that the greatest and most generous
+     of men was dead within the black oak door."
+
+A stone slab with the inscription, "Here lies Oliver Goldsmith," was
+placed on the north side of Temple Church, as near as possible to the
+spot where he is supposed to have been buried.
+
+No. 2, Fountain Court, was the last house of William Blake, the
+poet-painter, the seer of visions, who had a set of rooms on the first
+floor, from whence a glimpse of the river was to be obtained. It was
+very poorly furnished, though always clean and orderly, and decorated
+only with his own pictures, but to the eager young disciples who
+flocked around him it was "the house of the Interpreter." When he lay
+there upon his death-bed, at the close of a blazing August day in 1827,
+beautiful songs in praise of his Creator fell from his lips, and as
+his wife, his faithful companion of forty-five years of struggle and
+stress, drew near to catch them more distinctly, he told her with a
+smile, "My beloved! they are not mine! no, they are not mine!"
+
+Passing out into the Strand, we are confronted by the Law Courts. In
+former days this site was occupied by a network of streets, one of
+which was Shire Lane, where the members of the Kit Cat Club first held
+their gatherings, and toasted Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, when, as a
+child of seven, enthroned on her proud father's knee, she spent "the
+happiest hour of her life," overwhelmed with caresses, compliments,
+and sweetmeats. The famous "Grecian" stood in Devereux Court, and the
+"Fountain" where Johnson, on his first arrival in London, read his
+tragedy _Irene_ to his fellow-traveller Garrick, on the site since
+occupied by Simpson's for several generations. The Strand "Turk's Head"
+was at No. 142, and patronised by Johnson, because "the mistress of
+it is a good civil woman and has not much business"; and the "Coal
+Hole," immortalised by Thackeray as the "Cave of Harmony" in _The
+Newcomes_, where Terry's Theatre now uprears its front. But the chief
+literary association of the Strand is that of Congreve, who spent
+his last years in Surrey Street, "almost blind with cataracts," and
+"never rid of the gout," but looking, as Swift wrote to Stella, "young
+and fresh and cheerful as ever." He had always been a favourite with
+society, and Surrey Street was thronged by his visitors, among whom
+were four of the most beautiful women of the day--Mrs. Bracegirdle,
+Mrs. Oldfield, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and Henrietta Duchess of
+Marlborough. Voltaire, too, who greatly admired his work, sought him
+out when staying at the "White Peruke," Covent Garden, and was much
+disgusted by the affectation with which Congreve begged to be regarded
+as a man of fashion, who produced airy trifles for the amusement of his
+idle hours. "If you had been so unfortunate as to have been a _mere_
+gentleman," said Voltaire, "I should never have taken the trouble of
+coming to see you." In spite of the looseness of his life, Congreve had
+early acquired habits of frugality, and continuing to practise them
+when the need for economy had disappeared, he contrived to amass a
+fortune of £10,000, which, on his death in 1789, he bequeathed to the
+Duchess of Marlborough, his latest infatuation. This sum, which would
+have restored the fallen fortunes of his nearest relatives, was a mere
+nothing to the wealthy beauty, who expended it in the purchase of a
+magnificent diamond necklace, which she continually wore in memory of
+the dead dramatist.
+
+The whole of Covent Garden is classic ground, from its association
+with the wits of Dryden's time, when Bow Street and Tavistock Street
+were in turn regarded as the Bond Street of the fashionable world.
+Edmund Waller, William Wycherley, and Henry Fielding, each lived in
+Bow Street. In Russell Street stood the three great coffee-houses of
+the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries--Wills', Button's, and Tom's.
+Wills' stood at No. 21, at the corner of Russell Street and Bow Street;
+here Pepys stopped one February evening on his way to fetch his wife,
+and heard much "witty and pleasant discourse"; here Dryden had his
+special arm-chair, in winter by the fire, and in summer on the balcony,
+and was always ready to arbitrate in any literary dispute. It is said
+that Pope, before he was twelve years old, persuaded his friends to
+bring him here, so that he might gaze upon the aged Dryden, the hero of
+his childish imagination. Dr. Johnson, Addison, Steele, and Smollett
+were all regular visitors. Button's, which stood on the south side of
+Russell Street, and Tom's at No. 17, were equally popular, and the
+Bedford Coffee-house "under the piazza in Covent Garden" was another
+favourite resort.
+
+It was in Russell Street, in the bookshop of Thomas Davies, the actor,
+that Boswell had his eagerly desired first meeting with Dr. Johnson,
+which he describes as follows:--
+
+     "At last, on Monday, the 16th of May, when I was sitting in
+     Mr. Davies' back parlour, after having drunk tea with him and
+     Mrs. Davies, Johnson came unexpectedly into the shop, and Mr.
+     Davies having perceived him through the glass door in the room
+     in which we were sitting advancing towards us, he announced
+     his awful approach to me somewhat in the manner of an actor
+     in the part of Horatio, when he addresses Hamlet on the
+     appearance of his father's ghost: 'Look, my lord, he comes.'"
+
+In St. Paul's, Covent Garden, were buried Samuel Butler, author
+of _Hudibras_, Mrs. Centlivre, Thomas Southerne, John Wolcot, and
+Wycherley, but when the church was burned down in 1786 all trace of
+their graves disappeared.
+
+One other literary memory before we leave the Strand; it is connected
+with what was once No. 30, Hungerford Stairs (now part of Villiers
+Street), where stood Warren's blacking factory, in which the child
+Dickens passed days of miserable drudgery, labelling pots of blacking
+for a few shillings a week. He describes it in _David Copperfield_,
+under the name of "Murdstone and Grimsby's warehouse, down in
+Blackfriars." It was "a crazy old house, with a wharf of its own,
+abutting on the water when the tide was in, and on the mud when the
+tide was out, and literally overrun with rats."
+
+Pall Mall, the centre of club-land, in the eighteenth century was
+the "ordinary residence of all strangers," probably on account of
+its proximity to the fashionable chocolate and coffee-houses (the
+forerunners of the clubs), which, as Defoe wrote, "were all so close
+together that in an hour you could see the company at them all." In
+Pall Mall itself were the "Smyrna," the "King's Arms," and the "Star
+and Garter." At the "King's Arms" the Kit Cat Club met when it had
+quitted its quarters in Shire Lane, and at the "Star and Garter" the
+"Brothers" were presided over by Swift. The "Tully's Head," a bookshop
+kept by the wonderful Robert Dodsley, footman, poet, dramatist, and
+publisher, was another favourite lounging place of the times.
+
+In Charing Cross were the "Rummer," at No. 45, kept by the uncle of
+Matthew Prior; Lockett's, two doors off; the "Turk's Head," next door
+to No. 17; and the British Coffee-house, which stood on the site now
+occupied by the offices of the London County Council.
+
+In St. James's Street the great coffee and chocolate-houses positively
+elbowed each other up and down, just as the clubs which succeeded them
+do in the present day. The "Thatched House," where the Literary Club,
+founded by Dr. Johnson, held its meetings under the presidency of Swift
+and his contemporaries; the "St. James's," where Addison "appeared
+on Sunday nights," and "Swift was a notable figure," for "those who
+frequented the place had been astonished day after day, by the entry
+of a clergyman, unknown to any there, who laid his hat on the table,
+and strode up and down the room with rapid steps, heeding no one, and
+absorbed in his own thoughts. His strange manner earned him, unknown as
+he was to all, the name of the "mad parson""; White's, to which Colley
+Cibber was the only English actor ever admitted; and the "Cocoa Tree,"
+nicknamed the "Wits' Coffee-house," which, in Gibbon's time, afforded
+"every evening a sight truly English. Twenty or thirty, perhaps, of the
+finest men in the kingdom, in point of fashion and fortune, supping at
+little tables covered with a napkin, in the middle of a coffee-room,
+upon a bit of cold meat or a sandwich and drinking a glass of punch."
+
+Lord Byron was the most romantic literary figure connected with St.
+James's Street. His first home in London, after his youthful days, was
+at No. 8, where he went to live after the publication of his _English
+Bards and Scotch Reviewers_. From this house the proud and gloomy young
+man set forth to take his seat in the House of Lords as a peer of the
+realm. Moore wrote:
+
+     "In a state more alone and unfriended, perhaps, than any youth
+     of his high station had ever before been reduced to on such
+     an occasion--not having a single individual of his own class,
+     either to take him by the hand as friend, or acknowledge him
+     as an acquaintance."
+
+But this state of affairs was not to endure. On February 29th, 1812,
+_Childe Harold_ appeared.
+
+     "The effect was electric; his fame had not to wait for any
+     of the ordinary gradations, but seemed to spring up like the
+     palace of a fairy tale--in a night.... From morning till
+     night flattering testimonies of his success reached him; the
+     highest in the land besieged his door, and he who had been so
+     friendless found himself the idol of London society."
+
+Perhaps we cannot do better than end these literary associations of
+club-land with a few words about a man who in his time was one of its
+most brilliant figures--Theodore Hook. When he was released from the
+King's Bench prison, with his debt to the Crown still hanging over him,
+
+     "he took a large and handsome house in Cleveland Row. Here he
+     gave dinners on an extensive scale, and became a member of all
+     the best clubs, particularly frequenting those where high play
+     was the rule. His visiting book included all that was loftiest
+     and gayest and in every sense most distinguished in London
+     society. The editor of _John Bull_, the fashionable novelist,
+     the wittiest and most vivid talker of the time, his presence
+     was not only everywhere welcome but everywhere coveted and
+     clamoured for. But the whirl of extravagant dissipation
+     emptied his pocket, fevered his brain, and shortened the
+     precious hours in which alone his subsistence could be gained."
+
+In the height of his social triumphs there always hung inexorably over
+him the Damocles sword of debt. When at last he gave way under the
+strain, and went into comparative retirement at Fulham, the number of
+dinners at the Athenæum Club, where he had always had a particular
+table kept for him near the door (nicknamed Temperance Corner), fell
+off by upwards of three hundred per annum.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These are a few out of the many literary memories that we may encounter
+in an afternoon's stroll from the Borough to St. James's, along one of
+the great city's busiest highways; others, indeed, there are, meeting
+us at every corner, but space forbids our dwelling upon them, and
+regretfully we must pass them by.
+
+
+
+
+CROSBY HALL
+
+BY THE EDITOR
+
+
+Few old mansions in the city of London could rival the ancient
+dwelling-place of the brave old knight, Sir John Crosby. Its
+architectural beauties and historical associations endeared it to all
+lovers of old London, and many a groan was heard when its fate was
+doomed, and the decree went forth that it was to be numbered among the
+departed glories of the city. Unhappily, the hand of the destroyer
+could not be stayed, and the earnest hope had to be abandoned that
+many a generation of Londoners might be permitted to see this relic
+of ancient civic life, and to realise from this example the kind of
+dwelling-place wherein the city merchants of olden days made their
+homes, and the salient features of mediæval domestic architecture.
+Shorn of its former magnificence, reduced to a fraction of its original
+size, it retained evidences of its ancient state and grandeur, and
+every stone and timber told of its departed glories, and of the great
+events of which Crosby Hall had been the scene. It has been associated
+with many a name that shines forth in the annals of English history,
+and imagination could again people the desolate hall with a gay company
+of courtiers and conspirators, of knights and dames, of city merchants
+gorgeous in their liveries of "scarlet and green," or "murrey and
+plunket," when pomp and pageantry, tragedy and death, dark councils
+and mirth, and gaiety and revellings followed each other through the
+portals of the mansion in one long and varied procession. It will be
+our pleasure to recall some of these scenes which were enacted long
+ago, and to tell of the royal, noble, and important personages who made
+this house their home.
+
+Many people who live in our great overgrown modern London--who dwell
+in the West End, and never wander further east than Drury Lane Theatre
+or St. Pancras Station--have never seen Crosby Hall, and know not
+where it stood. If you go along Cheapside and to the end of Cornhill,
+and then turn to the left, up Bishopsgate, the old house stood on the
+right hand side; or you may approach along Holborn and London Wall.
+Alas! the pilgrimage is no longer possible. Bishopsgate is historic
+ground. The name is derived from the ancient gate of the city that
+was built, according to Stow, by some Bishop of London, "though now
+unknown when or by whom, for ease of passengers toward the east, and by
+north, as into Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, &c." Some authorities
+name Bishop Erkenwald, son of King Offa, as the first builder of
+Bishopsgate, and state that Bishop William, the Norman, repaired the
+gate in the time of his namesake, the Conqueror. Henry III. confirmed
+to the German merchants of the Hanse certain liberties and privileges,
+which were also confirmed by Edward I. in the tenth year of his reign,
+when it was discovered that the merchants were bound to repair the
+gate. Thereupon Gerald Marbod, alderman of the Hanse, and other Hanse
+merchants, granted 210 marks sterling to the Mayor and citizens, and
+covenanted that they and their successors should from time to time
+repair the gate. In 1479, in the reign of Edward IV., it was entirely
+rebuilt by these merchants, and was a fine structure adorned with the
+effigies of two bishops, probably those named above, and with two
+other figures supposed to represent King Alfred and Alred, Earl of
+Mercia, to whom Alfred entrusted the care of the gate. This repair
+was probably necessary on account of the assault of the bastard
+Falconbridge on this and other gates of the city, who shot arrows and
+guns into London, fired the suburbs, and burnt more than three-score
+houses. The gate has been frequently repaired and rebuilt, its last
+appearance being very modern, with a bishop's mitre on the key-stone
+of the arch, and surmounted by the city arms with guarding griffins.
+London "improvements" have banished the gate, as they have so many
+other interesting features of the city.
+
+The neighbourhood is interesting. Foremost among the attractions of
+Bishopsgate Street is the beautiful church of St. Helen, formerly the
+church of the Nunnery of St. Helen, the Westminster of the city, where
+lie so many illustrious merchants and knights and dames, and amongst
+them the founder of Crosby Hall and other owners of the mansion. The
+church is closely associated with the hall. There in that fine house
+they lived. There in the church hard by their bodies sleep, and their
+gorgeous tombs and inscriptions tell the story of their deeds. St.
+Helen's Church was one of the few which escaped destruction at the
+Great Fire of London. There was an early Saxon church here, but the
+earliest parts of the existing building date back to the thirteenth
+century. There are some blocked-up lancet windows of the transept, a
+staircase doorway in the south-east corner, another doorway which led
+from the nun's choir into the convent, and a lancet window. There is a
+Renaissance porch, the work of Inigo Jones, erected in 1663. The main
+part of the structure is Decorated and Perpendicular, the fifteenth
+century work being due to the builder of Crosby Hall, who left 500
+marks for its restoration and improvement. The whole church possesses
+many interesting features, of which want of space prevents a full
+description.
+
+[Illustration: CROSBY HALL.]
+
+Sir John Crosby determined to seek a site for his house close to this
+church and the Nunnery of St. Helen, and in 1466 obtained a lease from
+Alice Ashford, prioress of the Nunnery, of some lands and tenements
+for a period of ninety-nine years for the yearly rent of £11 6s. 8d.
+Doubtless many good citizens of London in the present day would like to
+make so good a bargain.
+
+Sir John Crosby, whose honoured name is preserved to this day by
+the noble house which he built, was a worthy and eminent citizen of
+London--one of the men who laid the foundations of English trade and
+commercial pre-eminence. He attained to great wealth, and his actions
+and his bequests prove that he was a very worthy man. Some idle story
+stated that, like the famous Dick Whittington, he was of humble origin
+and unknown parentage. Stow says: "I hold it a fable said of him,
+to be named Crosby, from his being found by a cross." A very pretty
+conceit! He was discovered, when an infant, or having attained the age
+of boyhood, sleeping on the steps of the market cross at Cheapside
+or Charing; and the sympathetic folk who found him there named him
+Cross-by! Our ancestors, like ourselves, loved a romance, a nice
+cheerful story of a poor boy attaining to rank and opulence, marrying
+his master's daughter and doing brave deeds for his King and country.
+The notable career of Sir Richard Whittington, thrice Lord Mayor of
+London, was so embellished with romantic incident. He was no poor
+man's son who begged his way to London, accompanied by his favourite
+cat. Was he not the youngest son of Sir William Whittington, the owner
+of Pauntley Manor in Gloucestershire, and of Solers Hope, Hereford?
+and was not his famous cat the name of his ship which brought him
+wealth and affluence? Or shall we accept the story of the sale of the
+cat to the King of Barbary? So the legend of the foundling Crosby is
+equally a fable, woven by the skilful imaginations of our Elizabethan
+forefathers. Sir John came of goodly parentage. There was a Johan de
+Crosbie, King's Clerk in Chancery, in the time of Edward II.; a Sir
+John Crosbie, Knight, and Alderman of London, in the reign of Edward
+III.; and a John Crosby, Esquire, and servant of King Henry IV., who
+gave to him the wardship of Joan, daughter and sole heir of John
+Jordaine, Fishmonger--_i.e._, a member of the Worshipful Company of
+Fishmongers of the City of London. This John Crosby was, according to
+Stow, either the father or grandfather of the builder of Crosby Hall.
+
+The family held the manor and advowson of the church of
+Hanworth-on-the-Thames, not far from Hampton Court. This manor was
+owned by the Sir John Crosbie who lived in the time of King Edward
+III., and after his death it was placed in the hands of a certain
+Thomas Rigby for safe custody until John Crosbie, the son and heir
+of the knight, should have grown up to man's estate and attained his
+majority. This estate seems afterwards to have passed into the hands of
+King Henry VIII., who, on account of its pleasant situation, delighted
+in it above any other of his houses.
+
+The father of the founder of the Hall was a friend of Henry Lord
+Scrope, of Masham, the unfortunate nobleman who was beheaded at
+Southampton for complicity in a plot against the life of Henry V. He
+bequeathed to his friend, John Crosbie, "a woollen gown without furs
+and one hundred shillings."
+
+_Bene natus_, _bene vestitus_, and doubtless _modice doctus_, the
+qualifications of an All Souls' Fellow, John Crosby began his career,
+embarking in trade and commerce, and undertaking the duties of a
+worthy citizen of London. The palmy days of commercial enterprise
+inaugurated by King Henry VII. had not yet set in. Before his time
+the trade between England and the Continent was much more in the
+hands of foreigners than of English merchants. English trading ships
+going abroad to sell English goods and bring back cargoes of foreign
+commodities were few in number. The English merchant usually stayed
+at home, and sold his wares to the strangers who came each year to
+London and the other trading ports, or bartered them for the produce of
+other lands, with which their ships were freighted. The German Hanse
+merchants, the Flemish traders, the Lombards, and many others, enjoyed
+great privileges in their commerce with England. But, in spite of this,
+men like Crosby were able to amass wealth and make large profits. Sir
+John's dealings extended far into other countries, and he had important
+connections with the Friscobaldi of Florence, who with the Medici were
+the great bankers and engrossers of the commerce of Europe.
+
+Of the great merchants who laid the foundations of our English commerce
+we often know little more than their names, the offices they held,
+with a meagre catalogue of their most philanthropic labours and their
+wills. It is possible, however, to gather a little more information
+concerning the owner of Crosby Place. The records at Guildhall tell
+us that in 1466, the seventh year of Edward IV., John Crosby, Grocer,
+was elected with three others a Member of Parliament. He was also
+elected in the same year one of the auditors of the City and Bridge
+House. In 1468 we find him elected Alderman of Broad Street Ward, and
+two years later Sheriff of London. He took a prominent part in the old
+city life of London, and was a prominent member of two of the old City
+Companies, the Grocers and the Woolmen. Of the former he twice served
+the office of warden, and preserved a strong affection for his company,
+bequeathing to it by his will considerable gifts. The honourable and
+important post of Mayor of the Staple at Calais was also conferred upon
+him.
+
+He seems to have been a brave and valiant man, as well as a successful
+trader and good citizen. During his time the safety of the City of
+London was endangered owing to the attack of Thomas Nevil, the bastard
+Lord Falconbridge, to which reference has already been made. Stow
+tells the story graphically. This filibusterer came with his rebel
+company and a great navy of ships near to the Tower--
+
+     "Whereupon the mayor and aldermen fortified all along the
+     Thames side, from Baynard's Castle to the Tower, with armed
+     men, guns and other instruments of war, to resist the invasion
+     of the mariners, whereby the Thames side was safely preserved
+     and kept by the aldermen and other citizens that assembled
+     thither in great numbers. Whereupon the rebels, being denied
+     passage through the city that way, set upon Aeldgate,
+     Bishopsgate, Criplegate, Aeldersgate, London Bridge, and along
+     the river of Thames, shooting arrows and guns into the city,
+     fired the suburbs, and burnt more than three score houses.
+     And farther, on Sunday, the eleventh of May, five thousand of
+     them assaulting Aeldgate, won the bulwarks, and entered the
+     city; but the portclose being let down, such as had entered
+     were slain, and Robert Basset, portcullis alderman of Aeldgate
+     ward, with the recorder, commanded in the name of God to
+     draw up the portclose; which being done, they issued out,
+     and with sharp shot and fierce fight, put their enemies back
+     so far as St. Bottolph's Church, by which time Earl Rivers,
+     and lieutenant of the Tower, was come with a fresh company,
+     which joining together discomfited the rebels, and put them to
+     flight, whom the said Rober, Basset with the other citizens
+     chased to the Mile's End, and from thence, some to Poplar,
+     some to Stratford, slew many, and took many of them prisoners.
+     In which space the Bastard, having assayed other places on the
+     water side, and little prevailed, fled toward his ships."
+
+In this determined defence of the city against a formidable attack,
+John Crosbie took a leading part, bravely contending against the forces
+of the foe and fighting fiercely. Twelve aldermen with the recorder
+were knighted in the field by King Edward IV., and amongst those so
+honoured were the Lord Mayor of London, William Taylor, and John
+Crosby. Our hero was no carpet knight, no poor-spirited tradesman and
+man of peace. Like many other famous citizens of his age, he could don
+his armour and fight for his King and country, and proved himself a
+gallant leader of a citizen army, the best sort of army in the world.
+He was a devoted adherent of the House of York, and a favourite of
+Edward IV., who sent him on an important embassage to the Duke of
+Burgundy, who had married Elizabeth of York, the King's sister. The
+secret object of the mission was an alliance against Francis I. of
+France. The embassy was also sent to the Duke of Brittany with the same
+object, and also to secure the persons of the Earls of Richmond and
+Pembroke, who had taken refuge in France, and there felt themselves
+secure. The future Richard III. was nearly persuaded to return to
+England; his foot was almost on the ship's deck, when, fortunately for
+him, his voyage was prevented. If he had continued his journey he would
+never have worn a crown, as he would have lacked a head whereon to
+place it.
+
+Sir John Crosby not long before his death began to build the beautiful
+house in Bishopsgate "in the place of certain tenements, with their
+appurtenances let to him by Alice Ashfield, Prioress of St. Helen's....
+This house he built of stone and timber, very large and beautiful,
+and the highest at that time in London," as Stow records. The whole
+structure was known as Crosby Place, and rivalled the dimensions of a
+palace. All that remained of this magnificent building was the Hall,
+together with the Council Room and an ante-room, forming two sides
+of a quadrangle. It was built of stone, and measured 54 feet by 27
+feet, and was 40 feet in height. The Hall was lighted by a series of
+eight Perpendicular windows on one side and six on the other, and by
+a beautifully-constructed octagonal bay window. It had a fine roof
+of exquisite workmanship richly ornamented, and a wide chimney. Much
+of the original stone pavement had vanished. The Council Chamber was
+nearly as large as the hall, being only 14 feet less in length.
+
+Crosby Hall has been the scene of many notable historic scenes. In the
+play of "Edward IV." by Heywood, Sir John Crosby figures as Lord Mayor
+of London, a position which he never occupied, and the King dines with
+him and the Alderman after the defeat of the rebel Falconbridge at
+Crosby Hall. He had just received the honour of knighthood, and thus
+muses:--
+
+    "Ay, marry, Crosby! this befits thee well.
+    But some will marvel that, with scarlet gown,
+    I wear a gilded rapier by my side."
+
+It is quite possible that the King thus dined with his favourite, but
+there is no historical account that confirms the poet's play. The
+builder did not long enjoy his beautiful house, and died in 1475,
+leaving a second wife and a daughter by his first wife, whom he seemed
+to have loved with a more ardent affection than his second spouse. Soon
+after his death the man whom he tried to trap in France, Richard, Duke
+of Gloucester, came to reside here, and made it the scene of endless
+plots and conspiracies against his luckless nephews and his many
+enemies. Crosby Place is frequently alluded to by Shakespeare in his
+play, "Richard the Third." Gloucester tells Catesby to report to him at
+Crosby Place the treacherous murder of the Princes in the Tower, and he
+bids the Lady Anne to "presently repair to Crosby Place."
+
+[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, WITH LORD MAYOR'S SHOW ON THE
+WATER.
+
+_Engraved by Pugh, 1804._]
+
+The house in 1502 passed into the possession of Sir Bartholomew Reed,
+Lord Mayor, and then to John Best, Alderman, from whom it was purchased
+by Sir Thomas More, the famous Lord Chancellor. Doubtless it was in the
+chambers of Crosby Place that he wrote his _Utopia_. He sold the lease
+to his beloved friend, Antonio Bonvisi, an Italian gentleman, who had
+long lived in England; and when the Dissolution of Monasteries took
+place, and the possessions of the Priory of St. Helen's were seized by
+the Crown, the King allowed the Italian to retain possession of Crosby
+Place. We need not record all its worthy owners. It was frequently used
+as a fitting place for the lodging of foreign ambassadors, and here
+Sir John Spencer, having restored the house, kept his mayoralty in
+1594. Enormously wealthy, he lived in great splendour and entertained
+lavishly. He was a great favourite of Queen Elizabeth. It was not
+from Crosby Hall, but from his house at Canonbury, that his only
+daughter effected her escape in a baker's basket in order to wed the
+handsome Lord Compton. Terrible was the father's wrath, and everyone
+knows the charming story of the Queen's tactful intervention, how she
+induced Sir John to stand as sponsor with her for an unknown boy, whom
+Sir John declared should be the heir of all his wealth, and how this
+boy was, of course, Lady Compton's child, and how a full reconciliation
+was effected. It is a very pretty story. It is not so pleasant to read
+of the disastrous effect of the possession of so much wealth had on
+the brain of Lord Compton, when he came into possession of his lady's
+riches. She was a little vixenish, spoilt and exacting, if she really
+intended seriously the literal meaning of that well-known letter which
+she wrote setting forth her needs and requirements. It is too long to
+quote. Lord Compton was created Earl of Northampton, and that precious
+child of his when he grew to man's estate was killed fighting for the
+Royalist cause in the Civil War.
+
+During that disastrous time Crosby became a prison for Royalists, and
+later on a great part of the house was destroyed by fire, and its
+ancient glories departed. For a hundred years the Hall was used as a
+Nonconformist chapel. In 1778 part of the premises was converted into
+a place of business by Messrs. Holmes and Hall, the rest being used
+as private dwellings. It provided a model for the banqueting-hall of
+Arundel Castle, and some of the carved stones of the Council Chamber
+were removed to Henley-upon-Thames to adorn a dairy. Alien buildings
+soon covered the site of the destroyed portion of the old house. In
+1831 it was left forlorn and untenanted, and in a state of considerable
+decay. Then arose a considerable excitement, of which the struggle
+of the present year reminds us. Crosby Hall was doomed. But zealous
+lovers of the antiquities of the city determined to try to save it.
+An appeal was made, and a restoration fund started, though, like many
+other restoration funds, it proved itself inadequate. A benevolent
+lady, Miss Hackett, gallantly came to the rescue, and practically saved
+Crosby Hall. Her idea was to convert it into a lecture hall for the
+Gresham Professors; but this plan came to nothing, though the building
+was repaired, the south wall of the Throne and Council Chambers
+being rebuilt. Then a company was formed to take over Miss Hackett's
+interest, and the Crosby Hall Literary and Scientific Institution
+was formed, but that scheme came to nothing. Then it was bought by
+Messrs. F. Gordon & Co., who restored the building, attached to it an
+annex of half-timbered construction, and converted the premises into
+a restaurant. Thus it remained for several years. Recently the site
+was acquired by a banking company, and its demolition was threatened.
+Immediate action was taken by Sir Vesey Strong, the Lord Mayor, and
+others, to save the building. The fight was fought strenuously and
+bravely. Apathy was found in some quarters where it would least have
+been expected, and all efforts were fruitless. It is deplorable to have
+to record that the last of the mansions of the old city magnates has
+been allowed to disappear, and that Crosby Hall is now only a memory.
+
+
+
+
+THE PAGEANT OF LONDON
+
+BY THE EDITOR
+
+
+We have stated in the Preface that London needs no pageant or special
+spectacular display in order to set forth its wonderful attractions.
+London is in itself a pageant, far more interesting than any theatrical
+representation; and in this final chapter we will enumerate some
+of those other features of Old London life which have not found
+description in the preceding pictures. We will "stand by and let the
+pageant pass," or, rather, pass along the streets and make our own
+pageant.
+
+The great city is always changing its appearance, and travellers
+who have not seen it for several years scarcely know where they are
+when visiting some of the transformed localities. But however great
+the change, the city still exercises its powerful fascination on
+all who have once felt its strangely magnetic force, its singular
+attractiveness. Though the London County Council have effected amazing
+"improvements," constructing a street which nobody wants and nobody
+uses, and spending millions in widening Piccadilly; though private
+enterprise pulls down ancient dwellings and rears huge hotels and
+business premises in their places--it is still possible to conjure up
+the memories of the past, and to picture to ourselves the multitudinous
+scenes of historic interest which Old London has witnessed. Learned
+writers have already in these volumes enabled us to transport ourselves
+at will to the London of bygone times--to the mediæval city, with its
+monasteries, its churches, its palaces, its tragedies; to Elizabethan
+London, bright and gay, with young life pulsing through its veins; to
+the London of Pepys, with its merry-makings, its coarseness, and its
+vice. In this concluding chapter we will recall some other memories,
+and try to fill the background to the picture.
+
+Westminster, the rival city, the city of the court, with its abbey and
+its hall, we have not attempted to include in our survey. She must be
+left in solitary state until, perhaps, a new volume of this series
+may presume to describe her graces and perfections. The ever-growing
+suburbs of the great city, the West End, the fashionable quarter,
+Southern London across the river, with Lambeth and its memories of
+archbishops--all this, and much else that deserves an honoured place in
+the chronicles of the metropolis, we must perforce omit in our survey.
+Some of the stories are too modern to please the taste of those who
+revel in the past; and if the curious reader detects omissions, he may
+console himself by referring to some of the countless other books and
+guides which the attractions of London are ever forcing industrious
+scribes to produce.
+
+
+Christ's Hospital
+
+Many regrets were expressed when it was found necessary to remove
+this ancient school from London, and to destroy the old buildings. Of
+course, "everything is for the best in this best of possible worlds."
+Boys, like plants, thrive better in the open country, and London
+fogs are apt to becloud the brain as well as injure health. But the
+antiquary may be allowed to utter his plaint over the demolition of
+the old features of London life. The memorials of this ancient school
+cannot be omitted from our collection.
+
+[Illustration: CHRIST'S HOSPITAL.]
+
+We are carried back in thought to the Friars, clad in grey habits,
+girt with cord, and sandal shod, who settled in the thirteenth century
+on the north side of what we now call Newgate Street, and, by the
+generosity of pious citizens, founded their monastery. Thus John Ewin
+gave them the land in the ward of Farringdon Without, and in the parish
+of St. Nicholas Shambles; William Joyner built the choir; William
+Wallis the nave; William Porter the chapter house; Gregory Bokesby
+the dormitories, furnishing it with beds; Bartholomew de Castello
+the refectory, where he feasted the friars on St. Bartholomew's Day.
+Queen Margaret, the second wife of Edward I., was a great benefactor
+of the order, and advanced two thousand marks towards the cost of a
+large church, which was completed in 1327, and was a noble structure,
+300 feet in length, 89 feet in breadth, and 74 feet high. "Dick"
+Whittington built for the friars a splendid library, which was finished
+in 1424. The church was the favoured resting-place of the illustrious
+dead. Four queens, four duchesses, four countesses, one duke, two
+earls, eight barons, and some thirty-five knights reposed therein. In
+the choir there were nine tombs of alabaster and marble, surrounded
+by iron railings, and monuments of marble and brass abounded. The
+dissolution of monasteries came with greedy Henry, and the place was
+rifled. The crown seized the goodly store of treasure; the church
+became a receptacle for the prizes taken from the French; and Sir
+Martin Bowes, Mayor of London, for the sum of £50, obtained all the
+beautiful tombs and brasses, marble and alabaster, which were carted
+away from the desecrated shrine.
+
+But Henry's conscience smote him. The death of Charles Brandon, Duke
+of Suffolk, the King's boon companion, moved him "to bethink himself
+of his end, and to do some good work thereunto," as Fuller states.
+The church was reopened for worship, and Bishop Ridley, preaching at
+Paul's Cross, announced the King's gift of the conventual grounds and
+buildings, with the hospital of St. Bartholomew, for the relief of the
+poor. Letters patent were issued in 1545, making over to the Mayor
+and Commonalty of London for ever "the Grey Friars' Church, with all
+the edifices and ground, the fratry, library, dortor, chapter-house,
+great cloister, and the lesser tenements and vacant grounds, lead,
+stone, iron, etc.; the hospital of St. Bartholomew, West Smithfield,
+the church of the same, the lead, bells, and ornaments of the same
+hospital, with all messuages, tenements, and appurtenances."
+
+It was a poor return to the Church for all of that the King had robbed
+her. Moreover, he did not altogether abandon a little profit. He made
+the monastic church, now called the Christ Church, do duty for the
+parishes of St. Nicholas in the Shambles, St. Ewins, and part of St.
+Sepulchre, uniting these into one parish, and pulling down the churches
+of the first two parishes. It would be curious to discover what became
+of the endowments of these parishes, and of the fabrics.
+
+[Illustration: Carrying the Crug-basket]
+
+For some years nothing was done to further the cause of this charity,
+but in 1552, when Bishop Ridley, who was a mightily convincing
+preacher, was discoursing upon charity before Edward VI., the boy-King
+was so moved that he conversed with the bishop, and, together with
+the Lord Mayor and aldermen of the city, determined to found three
+hospitals--Christ's Hospital for the education of poor children, St.
+Thomas's for the relief of the sick and diseased, and Bridewell for
+the correction and amendment of the idle and the vagabond. Before his
+last illness, Edward had just strength enough to sign the charter for
+the founding of these institutions, ejaculating: "Lord, I yield Thee
+most hearty thanks that Thou hast given me life thus long to finish
+this work to the glory of Thy name." The good citizens of London, with
+their accustomed charity, immediately set to work, before the granting
+of the charter, to subscribe money for the repair of the old monastic
+buildings, and in 1552 three hundred and forty children were admitted,
+not so much for educational purposes as for their rescue from the
+streets, and the provision of shelter, food, and clothing. It must have
+been a welcome sight to the citizens to see them clothed in livery of
+russet cotton, the boys with red caps, the girls with kerchiefs on
+their heads, lining the procession when the Lord Mayor and aldermen
+rode to St. Paul's on Christmas Day. On the following Easter the boys
+and "mayden children" were in "plonket," or blue--hence the hospital
+derived the name of the Blue Coat School. The dress of the boys,
+concerning the origin of which many fanciful interpretations have been
+made, is the costume of the period generally worn by apprentices and
+serving men, consisting of a long blue coat, with leathern girdle, a
+sleeveless yellow waistcoat and yellow stockings, clerical bands and a
+small black cap completing the dress. "Four thousand marks by the year"
+from the royal exchequer were granted by the King for the maintenance
+of the school, which sum was largely supplemented by the citizens and
+other pious benefactors, such as Lady Ramsay, who founded "a free
+writing schoole for poor men's children" at the hospital. Camden says
+that at the beginning of the seventeenth century six hundred children
+were maintained and educated, and one thousand two hundred and forty
+pensioners relieved by the hospital in alms, and, later on, as many as
+one thousand one hundred and twenty children were cared for by this
+institution. The governors, moreover, started "place houses" in other
+districts--at Hertford, Ware, Reading, and Bloxburn--where boys were
+educated.
+
+[Illustration: Wooden Platters and Beer Jack.]
+
+The buildings were greatly injured by the fire of 1666, when the
+old monastic church was entirely destroyed. The great hall was soon
+rebuilt by Sir John Frederick, and then the famous Royal Mathematical
+School was founded through the exertions of Sir Robert Clayton, Sir
+Jonas Moore, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir Charles Scarbrough, and Samuel
+Pepys. King Charles II. granted a charter and £1,000 a year for seven
+years, and the forty boys who composed the school were called "King's
+boys." They were instructed in navigation, and wore a badge on the
+left shoulder. A subordinate mathematical school, consisting of
+twelve scholars, denoted "the Twelves," who wore a badge on the right
+shoulder, was subsequently formed. Pepys took a keen interest in the
+school, and a series of a large number of his letters is in existence
+which show the efforts he made to maintain the mathematical school. He
+tells also of a little romance connected with the hospital, which is
+worth recording. There was at that time a grammar school for boys and
+a separate school for girls. Two wealthy citizens left their estates,
+one to a bluecoat boy, and the other to a bluecoat girl. Some of
+the governors thought that it would be well if these two fortunate
+recipients were married. So a public wedding was arranged at the
+Guildhall chapel, where the ceremony was performed by the Dean of St.
+Paul's, the bride, supported by two bluecoat boys, being given away by
+the Lord Mayor, and the bridegroom, attired in blue satin, being led to
+the altar by two bluecoat girls.
+
+[Illustration: Piggin: Wooden Spoon. Wooden Soup-ladle.]
+
+A noble gift of Sir Robert Clayton enabled the governors to rebuild the
+east cloister and south front. The writing school was erected by Sir
+Christopher Wren in 1694, at the expense of Sir John Moore. The ward
+over the east side cloister was rebuilt in 1705 by Sir Francis Child,
+the banker, and in 1795 the grammar school was erected. Some of the
+buildings of the old monastery survived until the beginning of the last
+century, but they were somewhat ruinous and unsafe, hence, in 1803,
+a great building fund was formed. The hall erected after the great
+fire was pulled down, and a vast building in the Tudor style begun in
+1825, which was so familiar to all who passed along the eastern end
+of Holborn. John Shaw was the architect. You will remember the open
+arcade, the buttresses and octagonal towers, and the embattled and
+pinnacled walls, and, above all, you will remember the crowd of happy
+boys, clad in their picturesque garb, kicking about the merry football.
+The dining hall was one of the finest rooms in London, being 187 feet
+long, 51 feet wide, and 47 feet high; lighted by nine large windows,
+those on the south side being filled with stained glass. There hung the
+huge charter picture, representing Edward VI. presenting the charter
+to the Lord Mayor, the Chancellor, officers of State, and children of
+the school being in attendance. This picture has been attributed to
+Holbein, but since the event occurred in 1553, and that artist could
+have produced no work later than 1534, the tradition is erroneous. Two
+portraits of Edward VI. are also in the possession of the hospital
+attributed to Holbein, but they have been proved to be the work of a
+later artist. Verrio's portrait of Charles II., and his picture of
+James II. receiving the mathematical boys, are very large canvases.
+
+It is unnecessary to describe all the buildings which so recently
+existed, but have now been swept away. It is more interesting to note
+some of the curious customs which exist or formerly existed in the
+school, and some of the noted of the old "Blues." Christ's Hospital was
+a home of old customs, some of them, perhaps, little relished by the
+scholars. Each boy had a wooden "piggin" for drinking small beer served
+out of a leathern or wooden jack; a platter, spoon, and soup-ladle of
+the same material. There was a quaint custom of supping in public on
+Sundays during Lent, when visitors were admitted, and the Lord Mayor
+or president of the governors sat in state. Quaint wooden candlesticks
+adorned the tables, and, after the supper, were carried away in
+procession, together with the tablecloths, crug-baskets, or baskets
+used for carrying bread, bowls, jacks, and piggins. Before the supper
+a hymn was sung, and a "Grecian," or head boy, read the prayers from
+the pulpit, silence being enforced by three blows of a wooden hammer.
+The supper then began, consisting of bread and cheese, and the visitors
+used to walk about between the tables. Then followed the solemn
+procession of the boys carrying their goods, and bowing repeatedly to
+the governors and their guests. It was a pleasing custom, honoured
+by the presence of many distinguished guests, and Queen Victoria and
+Prince Albert on one occasion witnessed the spectacle.
+
+[Illustration: CHRIST'S HOSPITAL: THE GARDEN.]
+
+Then there were the annual orations on St. Matthew's Day, commemorating
+the foundation of the school, and attended by the civic magnates.
+A state service was held in Christ Church, Newgate Street, and,
+afterwards, the Grecians delivered speeches, and a collection was made
+for the support of these headboys when they went to the University.
+The beadles delivered up their staves to the Court, and if no fault
+was found with these officers their badges were returned to them. The
+Company was regaled with "sweet cakes and burnt wine."
+
+At Easter there were solemn processions--first, on Easter Monday, to
+the Mansion House, when the Lord Mayor was escorted by the boys to
+Christ Church to hear the Spital or hospital sermon. On Easter Tuesday
+again the scholars repaired to the Mansion House, and were regaled
+with a glass of wine, in lieu of which lemonade, in more recent times,
+could be obtained, two buns, and a shilling fresh from the Mint,
+the senior scholars receiving an additional sum, and the Grecians
+obtained a guinea. Again the Spital sermon was preached. The boys were
+entitled, by ancient custom, to sundry privileges--to address the
+sovereign on his visiting the city, and the "King's boys" were entitled
+to be presented at the first drawing-room of the season, to present
+their charts for inspection, and to receive sundry gifts. By ancient
+privilege they were entitled to inspect all the curiosities in the
+Tower of London free of any charge, and these at one time included a
+miniature zoological garden.
+
+[Illustration: OLD STAIRCASE.]
+
+Many are the notable men renowned in literature and art who have sprung
+from this famous school. Charles Lamb, S. T. Coleridge, Leigh Hunt,
+and countless other men might be mentioned who have done honour to
+their school. Some of their recollections of old manners reveal some
+strange educational methods--the severe thrashings, the handcuffing of
+runaways, the confining in dungeons, wretched holes, where the boys
+could just find room to lie down on straw, and were kept in solitary
+confinement and fed worse than prisoners in modern gaols. Bread and
+beer breakfasts were hardly the best diet for boys, and the meat does
+not always appear to have been satisfactory. However, all these bygone
+abuses have long ago disappeared. For some years the future of the
+hospital was shrouded in uncertainty. At length it was resolved to
+quit London, and now the old buildings have been pulled down, and the
+school has taken a new lease of life and settled at Horsham, where
+all will wish that it may have a long and prosperous career. We may
+well conclude this brief notice of the old school in the words of the
+School Commissioners of 1867, who stated: "Christ's Hospital is a thing
+without parallel in the country and _sui generis_. It is a grand relic
+of the mediæval spirit--a monument of the profuse munificence of that
+spirit, and of that constant stream of individual beneficence, which
+is so often found to flow around institutions of that character. It
+has kept up its main features, its traditions, its antique ceremonies,
+almost unchanged, for a period of upwards of three centuries. It has
+a long and goodly list of worthies." We know not how many of these
+antique ceremonies have survived its removal, but we venture to hope
+that they may still exist, and that the authorities have not failed to
+maintain the traditions that Time has consecrated.
+
+
+The City Churches
+
+In the pageant of London no objects are more numerous and conspicuous
+than the churches which greet us at every step. In spite of the large
+number which have disappeared, there are very many left. There they
+stand in the centre of important thoroughfares, in obscure courts and
+alleys--here surrounded by high towering warehouses; there maintaining
+proud positions, defying the attacks of worldly business and affairs. A
+whole volume would be required to do justice to the city churches, and
+we can only glance at some of the most striking examples.
+
+The Great Fire played havoc with the ancient structures, and involved
+in its relentless course many a beautiful and historic church. But some
+few of them are left to us. We have already seen St. Bartholomew's,
+Smithfield, and glanced at the church of St. Helen, Bishopsgate, and
+old St Paul's. Wren's St. Paul's Cathedral has so often been described
+that it is not necessary to tell again the story of its building.[11]
+"Destroyed by the Great Fire, rebuilt by Wren," is the story of most of
+the city churches; but there were some few which escaped. At the east
+end of Great Tower Street stands All Hallows Barking, so called from
+having belonged to the abbey of Barking, Essex. This narrowly escaped
+the fire, which burned the dial, and porch, and vicarage house. Its
+style is mainly Perpendicular, with a Decorated east window, and has
+some good brasses. St. Andrew's Undershaft, Leadenhall Street, opposite
+to which the May-pole was annually raised until "Evil May-day" put an
+end to the merry-makings, was rebuilt in 1520-32, and contains some
+mural paintings, much stained glass, and many brasses and monuments,
+including that of John Stow, the famous London antiquary. St. Catherine
+Cree, in the same street, was rebuilt in 1629, and consecrated by
+Laud. St. Dunstan's-in-the-East was nearly destroyed, and restored
+by Wren, the present nave being rebuilt in 1817. St. Dunstan's,
+Stepney, preserves its fifteenth century fabric, and St. Ethelburga's,
+Bishopsgate, retains some of its Early English masonry, and St.
+Ethelreda's, Ely Place, is the only surviving portion of the ancient
+palace of the Bishops of Ely. St. Giles', Cripplegate, stands near the
+site of a Saxon church built in 1090 by Alfun, the first hospitaller of
+the Priory of St. Bartholomew. Suffering from a grievous fire in 1545,
+it was partially rebuilt, and in 1682 the tower was raised fifteen
+feet. Many illustrious men were buried here, including John Fox, John
+Speed, the historian, John Milton and his father, several actors of
+the Fortune Theatre, and Sir Martin Frobisher. In 1861 the church
+was restored in memory of Milton, and a monument raised to him. This
+church saw the nuptials of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bowchier in
+1620. All Hallows Staining, Mark Lane, escaped the fire, and its tower
+and west end are ancient. St. James', Aldgate, was built in 1622, and
+escaped the fire, which might have spared more important edifices;
+and St. Olave's, Hart Street, a building which shows Norman, Early
+English, Decorated, and Perpendicular work, was happily preserved. This
+is sometimes called Pepys's church, since he often mentions it in his
+diary, and lies buried here. There are other interesting monuments,
+and in the churchyard lie some of the victims of the Great Plague. St.
+Sepulchre's, near Newgate, was damaged by the fire, and refitted by
+Wren, but the main building is fifteenth century work. Several churches
+escaped the Great Fire, but were subsequently pulled down and rebuilt.
+Amongst these are St. Alphege, London Wall; St. Botolph-without,
+Aldersgate; St. Botolph's, St. Martin's Outwich. St. Mary Woolnoth was
+also damaged by the fire, and repaired by Wren. It stands on the site
+of an early church, which was rebuilt in the fifteenth century; but the
+greater part of the present church was built by Hawksmoor in 1716.
+
+A strange, weird, desolate city met the eyes of the people of London
+when the Great Fire had died away. No words can describe that scene
+of appalling ruin and desolation. But, with the energy for which
+Englishmen are remarkable, they at once set to work to restore their
+loss, and a master-mind was discovered who could grapple with the
+difficulty and bring order out of chaos. This wonderful genius was Sir
+Christopher Wren. He devised a grand scheme for the rebuilding of the
+city. Evelyn planned another. But property owners were tenacious of
+their rights, and clung to their own parcels of ground; so these great
+schemes came to nothing. However, to Wren fell the task of rebuilding
+the fallen churches, and no less than fifty-two were entrusted to his
+care. He had no one to guide him; no school of artists or craftsmen
+to help him in the detail of his buildings; no great principles of
+architecture to direct him. Gothic architecture was dead, if we except
+the afterglow that shone in Oxford. He might have followed his great
+predecessor, Inigo Jones, and produced works after an Italian model.
+But he was no copyist. Taking the classic orders as his basis, he
+devised a style of his own, suitable for the requirements of the time
+and climate, and for the form of worship and religious usages of the
+Anglican Church. "It is enough for Romanists to hear the murmur of the
+mass, and see the elevation of the Host; but our churches are to be
+fitted for auditories," he once said.
+
+Of the churches built by Wren, eighteen beautiful buildings have
+already been destroyed. St. Christopher-le-Stocks is swallowed up
+by the Bank of England; St. Michael, Crooked Lane, disappeared
+in 1841, when approaches were made to New London Bridge; St.
+Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange made way for the Sun Fire Office; and
+St. Benet Fink was pulled down because of its nearness to the Royal
+Exchange. Since the passing of the Union of City Benefices Act in 1860,
+fourteen churches designed by Wren have succumbed, and attacks on
+others have been with difficulty warded off.[12]
+
+The characteristics of Wren's genius were his versatility, imagination,
+and originality. We will notice some of the results of these qualities
+of mind. The tower hardly ever enters into the architectural treatment
+of the interior. It is used as an entrance lobby or vestry. His
+simplest plan was a plain oblong, without columns or recesses, such
+as St. Mildred's, Bread Street, or St. Nicholas', Cole Abbey. St.
+Margaret, Lothbury, St. Vedast, St. Clement, Eastcheap, have this
+simple form, with the addition of an aisle or a recess. His next plan
+consists of the central nave and two aisles, with or without clerestory
+windows; of this St. Andrew Wardrobe and St. Magnus the Martyr furnish
+good examples. The third plan is the domed church, such as St. Swithun
+and St. Mary Abchurch. The merits and architectural beauties of Wren's
+churches have been recently described in an able lecture delivered by
+Mr. Arthur Keen before the Architectural Association, a lecture which
+we should like to see expanded to the size of a book, and enriched with
+copious drawings. It would be of immense service in directing the minds
+of the citizens of London to the architectural treasures of which they
+are the heirs.
+
+The churches are remarkable for their beautifully carved woodwork,
+often executed or designed by Grinling Gibbons or his pupils. Pews,
+pulpits, with elaborate sounding boards, organ cases, altar pieces,
+were all elaborately carved, and a gallery usually was placed at the
+west end. Paintings by Sir James Thornhill and other artists adorn
+his churches, and the art of Strong the master mason, Jennings the
+carpenter, and Tijou the metal worker, all combined to beautify his
+structures.
+
+Within the limits of our space it is only possible to glance at the
+interiors of a few of these churches, and note some of the treasures
+therein contained. St. Andrew's, Holborn, has its original fifteenth
+century tower, recarved in 1704. It is known as the "Poet's Church,"
+on account of the singers connected with it, including a contemporary
+of Shakespeare, John Webster, Robert Savage, Chatterton, and Henry
+Neele, and can boast of such illustrious rectors as Bishops Hacket
+and Stillingfleet, and Dr. Sacheverel. The spire of Christ Church,
+Spitalfields, built by Hawksmoor, is the loftiest in London, and
+has a fine peal of bells. In the church there is an early work of
+Flaxman--the monument of Sir Robert Ladbrooke, Lord Mayor. The name
+of St. Clement Danes reminds us of the connection of the sea-rovers
+with London. Strype says that the church was so named "because Harold,
+a Danish King, and other Danes, were buried there, and in that
+churchyard." He tells how this Harold, an illegitimate son of Canute,
+reigned three years, and was buried at Westminster; but, afterwards,
+Hardicanute, the lawful son of Canute, in revenge for the injury done
+to his mother and brother, ordered the body to be dug up and thrown
+into the Thames, where it was found by a fisherman and buried in this
+churchyard. There seems to be no doubt that there was a colony of
+peaceful Danes in this neighbourhood, as testified by the Danish word
+"Wych" given to a street hard by, and preserved in the modern Aldwych.
+It was the oldest suburb of London, the village of Ældwic, and called
+Aldewych. Oldwych close was in existence in the time of the Stuarts.
+These people were allowed to reside between the Isle of Thorney, or
+Westminster, and Ludgate, and, having become Christians, they built a
+church for themselves, which was called _Ecclesia Clementis Danorum_.
+
+There is a wild story of the massacre of the Danes in this church in
+the days of Ethelred, as recorded in Strype's _Continuation of Stow_,
+and in the _Jomsvikinga Saga_. As Mr. Loftie has not found space in
+_Saxon London_ to mention this colony of Danes and their doings, I
+venture to quote a passage from Mr. Lethaby's _Pre-Conquest London_,
+which contains some interesting allusions to these people:
+
+     "We are told that Sweyn made warfare in the land of
+     King Ethelred, and drove him out of the land; he put
+     _Thingumannalid_ in two places. The one in Lundunaborg
+     (London) was ruled by Eilif Thorgilsson, who had sixty ships
+     in the Temps (Thames); the other was north in Sleswik. The
+     Thingamen made a law that no one should stay away a whole
+     night. They gathered at the Bura Church every night when a
+     large bell was rung, but without weapons. He who had command
+     in the town (London) was Ædric Streona. Ulfkel Snilling ruled
+     over the northern part of England (East Anglia). The power of
+     the Thingamen was great. There was a fair there (in London)
+     twice every twelve month, one about midsummer and the other
+     about midwinter. The English thought it would be the easiest
+     to slay the Thingamen while Cnut was young (he was ten winters
+     old) and Sweyn dead. About Yule, waggons went into the town to
+     the market, and they were all tented over by the treacherous
+     advice of Ulfkel Snelling and Ethelred's sons. Thord, a man
+     of the Thingumannalid, went out of the town to the house of
+     his mistress, who asked him to stay, because the death was
+     planned of all the Thingamen by Englishmen concealed in the
+     waggons, when the Danes would go unarmed to the church. Thord
+     went into the town and told it to Eilif. They heard the bell
+     ringing, and when they came to the churchyard there was a
+     great crowd who attacked them. Eilif escaped with three ships
+     and went to Denmark. Some time after, Edmund was made King.
+     After three winters, Cnut, Thorkel and Eric went with eight
+     hundred ships to England. Thorkel had thirty ships, and slew
+     Ulfkel Snilling, and married Ulfhild, his wife, daughter of
+     King Ethelred. With Ulfkel was slain every man on sixty ships,
+     and Cnut took Lundunaborg."
+
+Matthew, of Westminster, also records this massacre of the Danes, and
+other authorities consider that the account in the _Saga_ is founded
+on fact. However that may be, the Danes undoubtedly had a colony here
+of their traders, merchants, and seamen, and dedicated their church
+to their favourite saint, St. Clement, the patron of mariners, whose
+constant emblem is an anchor. Nor was this the only location of the
+Northmen. Southwark was their fortified trading place, where they
+had a church dedicated to St. Olaf, the patron saint of Norway. His
+name remains in Tooley Street, not a very evident but certainly true
+derivative of St. Olaf's Street. There are three churches dedicated to
+St. Olave, who was none other than St. Olaf. St. Magnus, too, tells
+of the Northmen, who was one of their favourite saints. Going back to
+the church of St. Clement Danes, we notice that it was rebuilt in 1682
+under the advice of Wren, the tower and steeple being added forty years
+later. Dr. Johnson used to attend here, and a pillar near his seat
+bears the inscription:
+
+     "In this pew and beside this pillar, for many years attended
+     Divine Service, the celebrated Dr. Johnson, the philosopher,
+     the poet, the great lexicographer, the profound moralist, and
+     chief writer of his time. Born 1709, died 1794. In remembrance
+     and honour of noble faculties, nobly employed, some
+     inhabitants of the parish of St. Clement Danes have placed
+     this slight memorial, A.D. 1851."
+
+One of the most important city churches is St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside.
+It is one of Wren's finest works; but the old church, destroyed by the
+Great Fire, had a notable history, being one of the earliest Norman
+buildings in the country. Stow says it was named St. Mary _de Arcubus_
+from its being built on arches of stone, these arches forming a crypt,
+which still exists. The tower was a place of sanctuary, but not a very
+effectual one, as Longbeard, a ringleader of a riot, was forced out of
+his refuge by fire in 1190, and Ducket, a goldsmith, was murdered. The
+Bow bells are famous, and one of them was rung nightly for the closing
+of shops. Everyone knows the protesting rhyme of the 'prentices of the
+Cheap when the clerk rang the bell late, and the reassuring reply of
+that officer, who probably feared the blows of their staves. Lanterns
+hung in the arches of the spire as beacons for travellers. The bells
+of Bow are said to have recalled Dick Whittington, and those who have
+always lived in the district where their sound can be heard are deemed
+very ignorant folk by their country cousins. Whittington's church was
+St. Michael's Paternoster Royal, Thames Street, which he rebuilt, and
+wherein he was buried, though his body has been twice disturbed. The
+church was destroyed by the Great Fire, and rebuilt by Wren.
+
+It is impossible for us to visit all the churches, each of which
+possesses some feature of interest, some historical association. They
+impart much beauty to every view of the city, and not one of them can
+be spared. Sometimes, in this utilitarian age, wise men tell us that
+we should pull down many of these ancient buildings, sell the valuable
+sites, and build other churches in the suburbs, where they would be
+more useful. Eighteen of Wren's churches have been thus destroyed,
+besides several of later date. The city merchants of old built their
+churches, and made great sacrifices in doing so, for the honour of God
+and the good of their fellow-men, and it is not for their descendants
+to pull them down. If suburban people want churches, they should
+imitate the example of their forefathers, and make sacrifices in order
+to build them. Streets, old palaces, interesting houses, are fast
+vanishing; the churches--at least, some of them--remain to tell the
+story of the ancient civic life, to point the way to higher things amid
+the bustling scenes of mercantile activity and commercial unrest. The
+readers of these Memorials will wish "strength i' th' arme" to the City
+Churches Preservation Society to do battle for these historic landmarks
+of ancient London.
+
+
+The Pageant of the Streets
+
+Nothing helps us to realise the condition of ancient London, its growth
+and expansion, like a careful study of its street-names. It shows
+that in the Middle Ages London was very different from that great,
+overcrowded, noisy, and far-extending metropolis which we see to-day.
+It is difficult for us in these days to realise the small extent of
+ancient London, when Charing was a village situated between the cities
+of Westminster and London; or, indeed, to go back in imagination even
+a century or two ago, when the citizens could go a-nutting on Notting
+Hill, and when it was possible to see Temple Bar from Leicester Square,
+then called Leicester Fields, and with a telescope observe the heads of
+the Scotch rebels which adorned the spikes of the old gateway. In the
+early coaching days, on account of the impassable roads, it required
+three hours to journey from Paddington to the city. Kensington,
+Islington, Brompton, and Paddington were simply country villages,
+separated by fields and pastures from London; and the names of such
+districts as Spitalfields, Bethnal Green, Smithfield, Moorfields, and
+many others, now crowded with houses, indicate the once rural character
+of the neighbourhood.
+
+The area enclosed by the city walls was not larger than Hyde Park.
+Their course has been already traced, but we can follow them on the
+map of London by means of the names of the streets. Thus, beginning
+at the Tower, we pass on to Aldgate, and then to Bishopsgate. Outside
+was a protecting moat, which survives in the name Houndsditch, wherein
+doubtless dead dogs found a resting place. Then we pass on to London
+Wall, a street which sufficiently tells its derivation. Outside this
+part of the wall there was a fen, or bog, or moor, which survives in
+Moorfields, Moorgate Street, and possibly Finsbury; and Artillery
+Street shows where the makers of bows and arrows had their shops,
+near the artillery ground, where the users of these weapons practised
+at the butts. The name of the Barbican tells of a tower that guarded
+Aldersgate, and some remains of the wall can still be seen in Castle
+Street and in the churchyard of St. Giles', Cripplegate, the derivation
+of which has at length been satisfactorily determined by Mr. Loftie in
+our first chapter, and has nothing to do with the multitude of cripples
+which Stow imagined congregated there. Thence we go to Newgate and the
+Old Bailey, names that tell of walls and fortifications. Everyone knows
+the name of the Bailey court of a castle, which intervened between the
+keep or stronger portion of the defences and the outer walls or gate.
+The court of the Old Bailey suggests to modern prisoners other less
+pleasing ideas. Now the wall turns southward, in the direction of
+Ludgate, where it was protected by a stream called the Fleet, whence
+the name Fleet Street is derived. Canon Isaac Taylor suggests that
+Fleet Street is really Flood Street, from which Ludgate or Floodgate
+takes its name. We prefer the derivation given by Mr. Loftie. On the
+south of Ludgate, and on the bank of the Thames, stood a mighty strong
+castle, called Baynard Castle, constructed by William the Conqueror to
+aid him, with the Tower of London, to keep the citizens in order. It
+has entirely disappeared, but if you look closely at the map you will
+find a wharf which records its memory, and a ward of the city also is
+named after the long vanished stronghold. Now the course of the wall
+follows the north bank of the river Thames, and the names Dowgate and
+Billingsgate record its memory and of the city gates, which allowed
+peaceable citizens to enter, but were strong to resist foes and rebels.
+
+Within these walls craftsmen and traders had their own particular
+localities, the members of each trade working together side by side in
+their own street or district; and although now some of the trades have
+disappeared, and traders are no longer confined to one district, the
+street-names record the ancient home of their industries. The two great
+markets were the Eastcheap and Westcheap, now Cheapside. The former, in
+the days of Lydgate, was the abode of the butchers. Martin Lyckpenny
+sings:
+
+    "Then I hyed me into Est-chepe
+    One cryes ribbes of befe and many a pye."
+
+And near the butchers naturally were the cooks, who flourished in
+Cooks' Row, along Thames Street. Candlewick Street took its name from
+the chandlers. Cornhill marks the site of the ancient corn market.
+Haymarket, where the theatre is so well known, was the site of a
+market for hay, but that is comparatively modern. The citizens did
+not go so far out of the city to buy and sell hay. Stow says: "Then
+higher in Grasse Street is that parish church of St. Bennet, called
+Grasse Church, of the herb market there kept"; and though he thinks
+Fenchurch Street may be derived from a fenny or moorish ground,
+"others be of opinion that it took that name of _Fænum_, that is, hay
+sold there, as Grasse Street took the name of grass, or herbs, there
+sold." Wool was sold near the church of St. Mary Woolchurch, which
+stood on the site of the present Mansion House, and in the churchyard
+was a beam for the weighing of wool. The name survives in that of St.
+Mary Woolnoth, with which parish the other was united when St. Mary
+Woolchurch was destroyed by the Great Fire. Lombard Street marks the
+settlement of the great Lombardi merchants, the Italian financiers,
+bankers, and pawnbrokers, who found a convenient centre for their
+transactions midway between the two great markets, Eastcheap and
+Cheapside. Sometimes the name of the street has been altered in course
+of time, so that it is difficult to determine the original meaning.
+Thus Sermon Lane has nothing to do with parsons, but is a corruption
+of Sheremoniers' Lane, who "cut and rounded the plates to be coined
+and stamped into sterling pence," as Stow says. Near this lane was the
+Old Exchange, where money was coined. Later on, this coining was done
+at a place still called the mint, in Bermondsey. Stow thought that
+Lothbury was so called because it was a loathsome place, on account
+of the noise made by the founders; but it is really a corruption
+of Lattenbury, the place where these founders "cast candlesticks,
+chafing-dishes, spice mortars, and such like copper or laton works."
+Of course, people sold their fowls in the Poultry; fish and milk and
+bread shops were to be found in the streets bearing these names; and
+leather in Leather Lane and, perhaps, Leadenhall Market, said to be
+a corruption of Leatherhall, though Stow does not give any hint of
+this. Sopers' Lane was the abode of the soapmakers; Smithfield of the
+smiths. Coleman Street derives its name from the man who first built
+and owned it, says Stow; but later authorities place there the coalmen
+or charcoal-burners. As was usual in mediæval towns, the Jews had a
+district for themselves, and resided in Old Jewry and Jewin Street.
+
+The favourite haunt of booksellers and publishers, Paternoster
+Row, derives its name, according to Stow, "from the stationers or
+text-writers that dwelled there, who wrote and sold all sorts of books
+then in use, namely, A. B. C. or Absies, with the Paternoster, Ave,
+Creed, Graces, etc. There dwelled also turners of beads, and they are
+called Paternoster-makers. At the end of Paternoster Row is Ave Mary
+Lane, so called upon the like occasion of text-writers and bead-makers
+then dwelling there." Creed Lane and Amen Corner make up the names of
+these streets where the worshippers in Old St. Paul's found their helps
+to devotion.
+
+Old London was a city of palaces as well as of trade. All the great
+nobles of England had their town houses, or inns, as they were called.
+They had vast retinues of armed men, and required no small lodging.
+The Dukes of Exeter and Somerset, the Earl of Northumberland, and many
+others, had their town houses, every vestige of which has passed away,
+though their names are preserved by the streets and sites on which they
+stood. The Strand, for example, is full of the memories of these old
+mansions, which began to be erected along the river bank when the Wars
+of the Roses had ceased, and greater security was felt by the people
+of England, who then began to perceive that it might be possible to
+live in safety outside the walls of the city. Northumberland Avenue
+tells of the house of the Earls of Northumberland, which stood so
+late as 1875; Burleigh Street and Essex Street recall the famous Sir
+William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, whose son was created Earl of Essex.
+Arundel House, the mansion of the Howards, is marked by Arundel Street,
+Surrey Street, Howard Street, Norfolk Street, these being the titles
+borne by scions of this famous family. The readers of the chapter on
+the Royal Palaces need not be told of the traditions preserved by the
+names Somerset House and the Savoy. Cecil Street and Salisbury Street
+recall the memory of Salisbury House, built by Sir Robert Cecil, Earl
+of Salisbury, brother of the Earl of Essex mentioned above. Then we
+have Bedford Street, with Russell Street, Southampton Street, Tavistock
+Street, around Covent Garden. These names unfold historical truths.
+Covent Garden is an abbreviated form of Convent Garden, the garden
+of the monks of Westminster. It was granted to the Russell family at
+the dissolution of monasteries, and the Russells, Earls of Bedford,
+erected a mansion here, which has long disappeared, but has left traces
+behind in the streets named after the various titles to which members
+of the Russell family attained. In another part of London we find
+traces of the same family. After leaving Covent Garden they migrated
+to Bloomsbury, and there we find Bedford Square, Southampton Street,
+Russell Square, Tavistock Square, and Chenies Street, this latter being
+named after their seat in Buckinghamshire. Craven buildings, near
+Drury Lane, tells of the home of Lord Craven, the devoted admirer of
+the "Queen of Hearts," the beautiful Queen of Bohemia. Clare House,
+the mansion of the Earls of Clare, survives in Clare Market; and
+Leicester Square points to the residence of the favourite of Queen
+Elizabeth, and Villiers Street and Buckingham Street to that of another
+court favourite, the Duke of Buckingham. The bishops also had their
+town houses, and their sites are recorded by such names as Ely Place,
+Salisbury Square, Bangor Court, and Durham Street.
+
+We might wander westward, and trace the progress of building and of
+fashion, and mark the streets that bear witness to the memories of
+great names in English history; but that would take us far beyond our
+limits. Going back citywards, we should find many other suggestive
+names of streets--those named after churches; those that record the
+memories of religious houses, such as Blackfriars, Austin Friars,
+Crutched Friars; those that mark the course of many streams and brooks
+that now find their way underground to the great river. All these names
+recall glimpses of Old London, and must be cherished as priceless
+memorials of ancient days.
+
+
+The Heart of the City
+
+In the centre of London, at the eastern end of Cheapside, stand the
+Royal Exchange, the Mansion House, and Bank of England, all of which
+merit attention. The official residence of the Lord Mayor--associated
+with the magnificent hospitality of the city, with the memory of many
+distinguished men who have held the office of Chief Magistrate, and
+with the innumerable charitable schemes which have been initiated
+there--was built by Dance, and completed in 1753. It is in the Italian
+style, and resembles a Palladian Palace. Its conspicuous front, with
+Corinthian columns supporting a pediment, in the centre of which is a
+group of allegorical sculpture, is well known to all frequenters of
+the city. Formerly it had an open court, but this has been roofed over
+and converted into a grand banquetting hall, known as the Egyptian
+Hall. There are other dining rooms, a ball room, and drawing room, all
+superbly decorated, and the Mansion House is a worthy home for the Lord
+Mayor of London.
+
+The Bank of England commenced its career in 1691; founded by William
+Paterson, a Scotsman, and incorporated by William III. The greatest
+monetary establishment in the world at first managed to contain its
+wealth in a single chest, not much larger than a seaman's box. Its
+first governor was Sir John Houblon, who appears largely in the recent
+interesting volume on the records of the Houblon family, and whose
+house and garden were on part of the site of the present bank. The
+halls of the mercers and grocers provided a home for the officials in
+their early dealings. The site of the bank was occupied by a church,
+St. Christopher-le-Stocks, three taverns, and several houses. These
+have all been removed to make room for the extensions which from time
+to time were found necessary. The back of the Threadneedle Street front
+is the earliest portion--built in 1734, to which Sir Robert Taylor
+added two wings; and then Sir John Soane was appointed architect, and
+constructed the remainder of the present buildings in the Corinthian
+style, after the model of the Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli. There
+have been several subsequent additions, including the heightening of
+the Cornhill front by an attic in 1850. There have been many exciting
+scenes without those sombre-looking walls. It has been attacked by
+rioters. Panics have created "runs" on the bank; in 1745 the managers
+just saved themselves by telling their agents to demand payment for
+large sums in sixpences, which took a long time to count, the agents
+then paying in the sixpences, which had to be again counted, and thus
+preventing _bonâ-fide_ holders of notes presenting them. At one time
+the corporation had a very insignificant amount of money in the bank,
+and just saved themselves by issuing one pound notes. The history of
+forgeries on the bank would make an interesting chapter, and the story
+of its defence in the riots of 1780, when old inkstands were used as
+bullets by the gallant defenders, fills a page of old-world romance.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROYAL EXCHANGE.
+
+_Engraved by Hollar, 1644._]
+
+But interesting as these buildings are, their stories pale before
+that of the Royal Exchange. The present building was finished in
+1844, and opened by her late Majesty Queen Victoria with a splendid
+state and civic function. Its architecture is something after the
+style of the Pantheon at Rome. Why the architects of that and earlier
+periods always chose Italian models for their structures is one of the
+mysteries of human error; but, as we have seen, all these three main
+buildings in the heart of the city are copied from Italian structures.
+William Tite was the architect, and he achieved no mean success. The
+great size of the portico, the vastness of the columns, the frieze and
+sculptured tympanum, and striking figures, all combine to make it an
+imposing building. Upon the pedestal of the figure of "Commerce" is the
+inscription: "The earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof." The
+interior has been enriched by a series of mural paintings, representing
+scenes from the municipal life of London, the work of eminent artists.
+
+This exchange is the third which has stood upon this site. The first
+was built by Sir Thomas Gresham, one of the famous family of merchants
+to whom London owes many benefits. It was a "goodly Burse," of Flemish
+design, having been built by a Flemish architect and Flemish workmen,
+and closely resembled the great Burse of Antwerp. The illustration,
+taken from an old engraving by Hollar, 1644, shows the building with
+its large court, with an arcade, a corridor or "pawn" of stalls above,
+and, in the high-pitched roof, chambers with dormer windows. Above
+the roofs a high bell-tower is seen, from which, at twelve o'clock at
+noon and at six in the evening, a bell sounded forth that proclaimed
+the call to 'Change. The merchants are shown walking or sitting on the
+benches transacting their business. Each nationality or trade had its
+own "walk." Thus there were the "Scotch walk," "Hanbro'," "Irish,"
+"East country," "Swedish," "Norway," "American," "Jamaica," "Spanish,"
+"Portugal," "French," "Greek," and "Dutch and Jewellers'" walks. When
+Queen Elizabeth came to open the Exchange, the tradesmen began to use
+the hundred shops in the corridor, and "milliners or haberdashers sold
+mouse-traps, bird-cages, shoeing-horns, Jews' trumps, etc.; armourers,
+that sold both old and new armour; apothecaries, booksellers,
+goldsmiths, and glass-sellers." The Queen declared that this beautiful
+building should be no longer called the Burse, but gave it the name
+"The Royal Exchange." In the illustration some naughty boys have
+trespassed upon the seclusion of the busy merchants, and the beadle is
+endeavouring to drive them out of the quadrangle.
+
+This fine building was destroyed by the Great Fire, when all the
+statues fell down save that of the founder, Sir Thomas Gresham. His
+trustees, now known as the Gresham Committee, set to work to rebuild
+it, and employed Edward German as their architect, though Wren gave
+advice concerning the project. As usual, the citizens were not very
+long in accomplishing their task, and three years after the fire the
+second Exchange was opened, and resembled in plan its predecessor. Many
+views of it appear in the Crace collection in the British Museum. In
+1838 it was entirely destroyed by fire. In the clock-tower there was
+a set of chimes, and the last tune they played, appropriately, was,
+"There's nae luck about the house." As we have seen, in a few years the
+present Royal Exchange arose, which we trust will be more fortunate
+than its predecessors, and never fall a victim to the flames.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is much else that we should like to see in Old London, and record
+in these Memorials. We should like to visit the old fairs, especially
+Bartholomew Fair, Smithfield, either in the days of the monks or with
+my Lady Castlemaine, who came in her coach, and mightily enjoyed a
+puppet show; and the wild beasts, dwarfs, operas, tight-rope dancing,
+sarabands, dogs dancing the Morrice, hare beating a tabor, a tiger
+pulling the feathers from live fowls, the humours of Punchinello, and
+drolls of every degree. Pages might be written of the celebrities of
+the fair, of the puppet shows, where you could see such incomparable
+dramas as _Whittington and his Cat_, _Dr. Faustus_, _Friar Bacon_,
+_Robin Hood and Little John_, _Mother Shipton_, together with "the
+tuneful warbling pig of Italian race." But our pageant is passing,
+and little space remains. We should like to visit the old prisons. A
+friend of the writer, Mr. Milliken, has allowed himself to be locked
+in all the ancient gaols which have remained to our time, and taken
+sketches of all the cells wherein famous prisoners have been confined;
+of gates, and bars, and bolts and doors, which have once restrained
+nefarious gaol-birds. Terrible places they were, these prisons, wherein
+prisoners were fleeced and robbed by governors and turnkeys, and, if
+they had no money, were kicked and buffeted in the most merciless
+manner. Old Newgate, which has just disappeared, has perhaps the most
+interesting history. It began its career as a prison in the form of a
+tower or part of the city gate. Thus it continued until the Great Fire,
+after which it was restored by Wren. In our illustration of the old
+gatehouse, it will be seen that it had a windmill at the top. This was
+an early attempt at ventilation, in order to overcome the dread malady
+called "gaol distemper," which destroyed many prisoners. Many notable
+names appear on the list of those who suffered here, including several
+literary victims, whose writings caused them grievous sufferings.
+The prison so lately destroyed was designed by George Dance in 1770.
+A recent work on architecture describes it as almost perfect of its
+kind. Before it was completed it was attacked by the Gordon rioters,
+who released the prisoners and set it on fire. It was repaired and
+finished in 1782. Outwardly so imposing, inwardly it was, for a long
+period, one of the worst prisons in London, full of vice and villainy,
+unchecked, unreformed; while outside frequently gathered tumultuous
+crowds to see the condemned prisoners hanged. We might have visited
+also the debtors' prisons with Mr. Pickwick and other notables, if
+our minds were not surfeited with prison fare; and even followed the
+hangman's cart to Tyburn, to see the last of some notorious criminals.
+Where the Ludgate Railway Station now stands was the famous Fleet
+prison, which had peculiar privileges, the Liberty of the Fleet
+allowing prisoners to go on bail and lodge in the neighbourhood of
+the prison. The district extended from the entrance to St. Paul's
+churchyard, Old Bailey, Ludgate Hill, to the Thames. Everyone has heard
+of the Fleet marriages that took place in this curious neighbourhood.
+On the other side of New Bridge Street there was a wild district called
+Alsatia, extending from Fleet Street to the Thames, wherein, until
+1697, cheats and scoundrels found a safe sanctuary, and could not be
+disturbed.
+
+Again, we should like to visit the old public gardens, Vauxhall and
+Ranelagh, in company with Horace Walpole, or with Miss Burney's
+_Evelina_ or Fielding's _Amelia_, and note "the extreme beauty and
+elegance of the place, with its 1,000 lamps"; "and happy is it for me,"
+the young lady remarks, "since to give an adequate idea of it would
+exceed my power of description."
+
+But the pageant must at length pass on, and we must wake from the
+dreams of the past to find ourselves in our ever growing, ever
+changing, modern London. It is sufficient for us to reflect sometimes
+on the past life of the great city, to see again the scenes which took
+place in the streets and lanes we know so well, to form some ideas of
+the characters and manners of our forefathers, and to gather together
+some memorials of the greatest and most important city in the world.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[11] _Cf._ _Cathedral Churches of Great Britain._ (Dent & Co.)
+
+[12] _Cf._ Mr. Philip Norman's notes on a recent lecture by Mr. Arthur
+Keen. _Architect_, December 27th, 1907.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Abbey, Bermondsey, ii., 46
+
+Abbot of Westminster and monks in Tower prison, i., 59
+
+---- of Malmesbury, i., 159
+
+Actor, Thomas Davies the, ii., 178
+
+Addison at Wills' Coffee-house, ii., 178
+
+Albemarle Club, ii., 110
+
+---- Monk, Duke of, ii., 75
+
+Albus, Liber, i., 122
+
+Aldermanbury, St. Mary, ii., 31
+
+Aldersgate, i., 21
+
+Aldgate, i., 24; ii., 39
+
+Aldwych, ii., 208
+
+Alfred Club, ii., 107
+
+---- the Great, i., 13, 19, 111
+
+All Hallows Barking ii., 204
+
+---- Staining, Mark Lane, ii., 205
+
+---- the More, Church of, i., 230
+
+Alpine Club, ii., 110
+
+Alsatia, ii., 36
+
+Anecdote of Charles II. and the Chaplains' dinner, ii., 62
+
+"Angel Inn," Wych Street, ii., 131
+
+Anglo-Saxon houses, i., 114
+
+Anlaf the Dane, i., 10
+
+Anthropological Institute, ii., 163
+
+---- Society, ii., 162
+
+Antiquaries, Society of, ii., 150, 153
+
+Apothecaries' Company, i., 200
+
+Apprentices of London, i., 123
+
+---- dress of, i., 124
+
+---- flogging of, i., 124
+
+Archæological Association, British, ii., 163
+
+---- Institute, ii., 164
+
+Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, i., 68
+
+Archdeacon Hale, reforms of, i., 103
+
+Archery, ii., 43
+
+Architect, George Dance, i., 182
+
+---- of Palace of Westminster, ii., 2
+
+---- of Tower, Gundulf, i., 32, 33
+
+Architecture, Crusaders' influence on, i., 134
+
+_Armory, London's_, i., 240
+
+Armourers' and Braziers' Company, i., 200, 201
+
+Arms of the City and See of London, i., 233
+
+Army and Navy Club, ii., 102
+
+Arsenal, Tower an, i., 56, 60
+
+Arthur's Club, ii., 101
+
+Artillery Street, ii., 212
+
+Artists, Blackfriars as abode of, ii., 49
+
+Artizans' Houses, i., 125
+
+Arts, Society of, ii., 154
+
+Arundel House, ii., 216
+
+Asiatic Society, Royal, ii., 158
+
+Associates of the Temple, i., 136
+
+Association, British Archæological, ii., 163
+
+---- for the Advancement of Science, British, ii., 158
+
+Associations of Covent Garden, Literary, ii., 178
+
+---- of Pall Mall, Literary, ii., 179
+
+---- of St. James' Street, Literary, ii., 180
+
+---- of the Temple, Literary, i., 146
+
+Athenæum Club, ii., 105
+
+Augustine Friars, ii., 36
+
+August Society of the Wanderers Club, ii., 101
+
+Aulus Plautius, i., 6
+
+Austin Friars, ii., 27, 217
+
+Authors' Club, ii., 110
+
+Authors of the Temple, ii., 174
+
+Ave Mary Lane, ii., 215
+
+Avenue, Northumberland, ii., 215
+
+"Axe" Inn, Aldermanbury, ii., 131
+
+Axe Yard, Westminster, ii., 54
+
+
+Bacon, Sir Francis, i., 101
+
+Bacon's Inn, i., 174
+
+Bailey, Old, i., 25; ii., 212
+
+Bakers' Company, i., 201
+
+Bank of England, ii., 217
+
+Bankside, ii., 45
+
+"Banqueting Hall," Tower, i., 35
+
+Banqueting House, Whitehall, ii., 14
+
+Banquets, City, i., 188
+
+Barbers', or Barber Surgeons' Company i., 201
+
+Barbican, ii., 212
+
+---- destroyed, i., 53
+
+Barges of City Companies, i., 195
+
+Barnard's Inn, i., 168
+
+Barry, Sir Charles, ii., 2
+
+Bars, London, ii., 52
+
+Bartholomew Fair, ii., 220
+
+---- the Great, St., Smithfield, i., 66
+
+Basilica, Roman, i., 7
+
+Bath Club, ii., 110
+
+---- Roman, i., 7
+
+"Batson's" Coffee-house, ii., 137
+
+Battle at Crayford, i., 14
+
+Baynard Castle, i., 30, 122; ii., 213
+
+Bear-baiting, ii., 44, 47
+
+Bear Garden, ii., 47
+
+Beauchamp, Monument of Sir John, i., 118
+
+Beauvale, Nottinghamshire, i., 87
+
+"Bedford" Coffee-house, ii., 137, 138
+
+Bedford, Earls of, ii., 216
+
+"Bell and Crown" Inn, Holborn, ii., 125
+
+"Bell" Inn, Warwick Lane, ii., 131
+
+Bell Inn, ii., 114
+
+Bells of Bow, The, ii., 210
+
+Belmie, Richard de, Bishop of London, i., 68
+
+Berkeley House, ii., 53
+
+Bermondsey Abbey, ii., 46
+
+Berwick Bridge and Bribery, i., 101
+
+Bethnal Green, ii., 53
+
+Billingsgate, i., 8, 126; ii., 21
+
+Bishop of London, Mellitus, first, i., 16
+
+---- Richard de Belmies, i., 68
+
+Bishopsgate, i., 18, 228; ii., 183
+
+Bishops of London, seals of, i., 236
+
+Bishops' houses, ii., 216
+
+Bishopric of London, i., 89
+
+Black death, i., 88
+
+Blackfriars, ii., 47, 217
+
+---- abode of artists, ii., 49
+
+---- Bridge, ii., 95
+
+---- Glovers in, ii., 49
+
+---- playhouse near, ii., 48
+
+---- Shakespeare's house in, ii., 50
+
+---- Vandyke's studio in, ii., 49
+
+Blacksmiths' Company, i., 201
+
+Blackwell Hall, i., 183
+
+Blake, William, poet, painter, ii., 176
+
+Bloody Gate Tower, i., 47, 61
+
+"Blossoms" Inn, ii., 131
+
+"Blue Boar" Inn, ii., 118
+
+"Boar's Head" Inn, ii., 168
+
+"Bolt-in-Tun" Inn, Fleet Street, ii., 127
+
+Bolton, William, prior of St. Bartholomew, i., 76
+
+Bonfires, ii., 41
+
+Boodle's Club, ii., 101
+
+Borough, The, ii., 166
+
+Boswell, ii., 176
+
+Bow Bells, ii., 210
+
+Bowyers' Company, i., 201
+
+Braziers' Company, Armourers' and, i., 200, 201
+
+Bread Street, ii., 30
+
+---- John Milton born in, ii., 170
+
+Brewers' Company, i., 201
+
+Bribery and Berwick Bridge, i., 101
+
+---- Extraordinary, i., 101
+
+Brick building by the Hansa, i., 229
+
+Bridewell, ii., 6
+
+---- Hospital, ii., 49, 196
+
+---- Palace of, ii., 48
+
+Bridge, Blackfriars, ii., 95
+
+---- Chapel, ii., 88, 90
+
+---- Gate, ii., 88, 90
+
+---- Old London, i., 6, 10, 125
+
+---- of London, ii., 21, 24, 28
+
+---- St. Thomas of the, ii., 24
+
+---- Southwark, ii., 82, 97
+
+---- Waterloo, ii., 97
+
+---- Westminster, ii., 94
+
+"Bridge House Estates," ii., 87
+
+British Archæological Association, ii., 163
+
+---- Association for the Advancement of Science, ii., 158
+
+Broad Street, ii., 36
+
+Broderers' Company, i., 201
+
+Brontë, Charlotte and Anne, ii., 171
+
+Brook, Turnmill, i., 149
+
+Brooks's Club, ii., 101, 103
+
+_Brooks's, Memorials of_, ii., 103
+
+Brown, Dr. Haig, i., 104
+
+Buckingham Palace, ii., 15
+
+Bucklersbury, ii., 30
+
+Builder of Tower of London, Gundulf, i., 32, 33
+
+---- Westminster Bridge, Labelye, ii., 94
+
+Building, Goldsmith, i., 146
+
+---- Lamb, i., 147
+
+---- operations at the Tower, Henry III., i., 50
+
+---- Wren's, i., 144
+
+Buildings, Craven, ii., 216
+
+---- Harcourt, i., 146
+
+---- Johnson's, i., 146
+
+---- Mitre Court, i., 147
+
+"Bull and Mouth" Inn, St. Martin's-le-Grand, ii., 129
+
+Bull-Baiting, ii., 46
+
+"Bull" Inn, ii., 119
+
+---- in Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121
+
+Burbage, James, ii., 45
+
+Burleigh Street, ii., 215
+
+Burlington House, ii., 53
+
+Butler, Samuel, ii., 179
+
+Button's Coffee-house, ii., 99
+
+Byron, Lord, ii., 180
+
+
+Camden's description of St. Paul's Cathedral, ii., 33
+
+Candlewick Street, ii., 213
+
+Cannon Street, i., 116
+
+Canterbury, William de Corbeil, Archbishop of, i., 68
+
+Capital of Kings of Essex, i., 12
+
+Cardinal Wolsey, ii., 13
+
+---- Wolsey's Palace, i., 116
+
+Carlton Club, ii., 108
+
+Carpenters' Company, i., 200, 202
+
+Carthusian house, first, i., 87
+
+---- Order, i., 86
+
+Carved woodwork in City Churches, ii., 207
+
+Cassius, Dion, i., 3
+
+Castle, Baynard, i., 30, 122; ii., 213
+
+Castles of earth and timber, Early, i., 49
+
+Cathedral, St. Paul's, i., 16, 24
+
+"Catherine Wheel" Inn, ii., 123
+
+Cedd, St., i., 16
+
+Celtic London, i., 1-5
+
+---- site of, i., 2
+
+Chair in Fishmongers' Hall, ii., 92
+
+Chancery, difference between the Inns of Court and, i., 161
+
+---- Holborn and the Inns of Court and, i., 149, 177
+
+---- Inns of, i., 167
+
+---- Lane, i., 133, 153
+
+Change, Old, ii., 32
+
+Chantry Chapel of St. Bartholomew, built by de Walden, i., 72
+
+Chapel, Bridge, ii., 88, 90
+
+---- Guildhall, i., 182
+
+---- London Bridge, ii., 24
+
+---- of St. John, i., 36
+
+---- of St. Peter and Vincula, i., 42, 49, 57
+
+---- Pardon Churchyard and, i., 88
+
+---- Royal, at St. James's Palace, ii., 12
+
+---- Savoy, ii., 4
+
+"Chapter" Coffee-house, ii., 137, 139
+
+Charing Cross, the "Rummer" in, ii., 179
+
+---- "Three Tuns" at, ii., 71
+
+Charles I. a prisoner in St. James's Palace, ii., 9
+
+---- his execution, ii., 10
+
+Charles II. and the Chaplains' dinner, anecdote of, ii., 62
+
+---- Evelyn's description of Restoration of, ii., 55
+
+Charles the Martyr, ii., 10
+
+Charnel-house, St. Bartholomew, i., 78
+
+Charter of William I., i., 22
+
+Charterhouse, i., 86
+
+---- alterations in sixteenth century, i., 97
+
+---- ejection of schoolmaster, i., 103
+
+---- fifteenth century plan of, i., 94
+
+---- Hospital, i., 98
+
+---- John Houghton, Prior of, i., 91
+
+---- Monastery, destruction of, i., 93
+
+---- Palace, i., 94
+
+---- Refectory, i., 94
+
+---- reforms of Archdeacon Hale, i., 103
+
+---- School, i., 102
+
+---- ---- moved to Godalming, i., 104
+
+Chaucer, i., 124
+
+---- marriage of, ii., 4
+
+Cheapside, i., 126; ii., 29, 30
+
+---- St. Mary-le-Bow, ii., 210
+
+"Cheshire Cheese," ii., 173
+
+Cheshire Cheese Club, ii., 99
+
+Christchurch, ii., 39
+
+Christ Church, Spitalfields, ii., 207
+
+Christ's Hospital, ii., 35, 194, 196
+
+---- ---- pictures at, ii., 200
+
+---- ---- removed to Horsham, ii., 203
+
+---- ---- Samuel Pepys and, ii., 198
+
+_Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London_, i., 109
+
+Church, All Hallows the More, i., 230
+
+---- consecrated by Heraclius, Temple, i., 133
+
+---- desecration of Temple, i., 145
+
+---- effigies in Temple, i., 136
+
+---- Life of the City, i., 127
+
+---- Organ, Temple, i., 145
+
+---- St. Andrew in Holborn, i., 164
+
+---- St. Andrew in the Wardrobe, ii., 50
+
+---- St. Bartholomew the Great, former neglected condition of, i., 66
+
+---- St. Bride, ii., 6
+
+---- St. Buttolph, ii., 38
+
+---- St. Helen, ii., 184
+
+---- St. Leonard's, ii., 42
+
+---- St. Mary le Bow, i., 24
+
+---- St. Michael-le-Querne, ii., 32
+
+Churches, carved woodwork in City, ii., 207
+
+---- City, ii., 203
+
+---- destroyed, Wren's, ii., 206
+
+---- in London, number of, ii., 23
+
+---- Plays in, i., 129
+
+Churchyard and Chapel, Pardon, i., 88
+
+Citizens, liveries of, i., 192
+
+---- Middlesex granted to the, i., 23
+
+City and See of London, Arms of the, i., 233
+
+---- banquets, i., 188
+
+---- Churches, carved woodwork in, ii., 207
+
+---- ---- ii., 203
+
+---- Church life of the, i., 127
+
+---- Companies, i., 191
+
+---- ---- barges of the, i., 195
+
+---- ---- Charity and Religion of, i., 195
+
+---- ---- Patron Saints of, i., 196
+
+---- ---- promotion of trade by, i., 196
+
+---- Customs of the, i., 187
+
+---- Feasts, i., 192
+
+---- Freedom of the, i., 185
+
+---- Gates of, i., 11
+
+---- Heart of the, ii., 217
+
+---- of palaces, ii., 215
+
+Civil War troubles, i., 102
+
+Clare Market, ii., 216
+
+Clarendon House, ii., 53
+
+Clement's Inn, i., 175
+
+Clerkenwell, i., 129, 140
+
+Clerks' Company, Parish, i., 129
+
+Cleveland Row, Theodore Hook in, ii., 181
+
+Clifford's Inn, i., 175
+
+Clipping or "sweating" coin, i., 109
+
+Clockmakers' Company, i., 202
+
+Cloister Court, ii., 50
+
+Cloth Fair, Smithfield, i., 116
+
+Clothworkers' Company, i., 199
+
+---- Hall, i., 222
+
+Club, Albemarle, ii., 110
+
+---- Alfred, ii., 107
+
+---- Alpine, ii., 110
+
+---- Army and Navy, ii., 102
+
+---- Arthur's, ii., 101
+
+---- Athenæum, ii., 105
+
+---- August Society of the Wanderers, ii., 101
+
+---- Authors', ii., 110
+
+---- Bath, ii., 110
+
+---- Boodle's, ii., 101
+
+---- Brooks's, ii., 101, 103
+
+---- Button's Coffee-house, ii., 99
+
+---- Carlton, ii., 108
+
+---- Cheshire Cheese, ii., 99
+
+---- Cock, ii., 99
+
+---- Cocoa Tree, ii., 101, 180
+
+---- Conservative, ii., 109
+
+---- Fox, ii., 104
+
+---- Garrick, ii., 107
+
+---- Guards', ii., 101
+
+---- Hurlingham, ii., 110
+
+---- Junior United Service, ii., 102
+
+---- Kit Cat, ii., 177
+
+---- Literary, ii., 180
+
+---- Marlborough, ii., 110
+
+---- Marylebone Cricket, ii., 110
+
+---- National, ii., 109
+
+---- Oriental, ii., 106
+
+---- "Rag and Famish," ii., 103
+
+---- Reform, ii., 108
+
+---- "Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," ii., 100
+
+---- "Thatched House," ii., 180
+
+---- Travellers', ii., 104
+
+---- Union, ii., 104
+
+---- United Service, ii., 101
+
+---- United University, ii., 104
+
+---- White's, ii., 101
+
+Clubs of London, ii., 99
+
+Coach and Coach-Harness Company, i., 202
+
+"Coal Hole," ii., 177
+
+Cock Club, ii., 99
+
+"Cock" Inn, ii., 71
+
+Cockpit Theatre, ii., 58, 59
+
+Cocoa Tree Club, ii., 101, 180
+
+Coffee, first introduction of, ii., 135
+
+Coffee-house, Button's, ii., 99
+
+Coffee-houses, Old London, ii., 135
+
+---- as lecture rooms, ii., 146
+
+---- as public reading-rooms, ii., 143
+
+---- Manners and modes in, ii., 148
+
+---- Museums at, ii., 146
+
+---- Quack medicines sold at, ii., 144
+
+---- Sales at, ii., 146
+
+Coin, clipping or "sweating," i., 109
+
+Coins found in the Thames, i., 10
+
+Colchester keep, compared with the keep of the Tower, i., 33
+
+Cold Harbour Gate, i., 41
+
+Colechurch, Peter of, ii., 85
+
+Coleman Street, i., 18
+
+Colet, i., 86
+
+Collections, Zoological, ii., 63
+
+Colony, Danish, ii., 208
+
+Commerce, Trade and, ii., 186
+
+Common Hall, i., 186
+
+"Common Playhouses," ii., 43
+
+Companies, Barges of City, i., 195
+
+---- Charity and Religion of City, i., 195
+
+---- City, i., 191
+
+---- Halls of the, i., 217
+
+---- Patron Saints of City, i., 196
+
+---- Promotion of trade by City, i., 196
+
+---- Spoliation of the, i., 214
+
+Company, Apothecaries', i., 201
+
+---- Armourers' and Braziers', i., 201
+
+---- Bakers', i., 201
+
+---- Barbers' or Barber Surgeons', i., 201
+
+---- Blacksmiths', i., 201
+
+---- Bowyers', i., 201
+
+---- Brewers', i., 201
+
+---- Broderers', i., 201
+
+---- Carpenters', i., 200, 202
+
+---- Clockmakers', i., 202
+
+---- Clockworkers', i., 199
+
+---- Coach and Coach Harness, i., 202
+
+---- Cooks', i., 202
+
+---- Coopers', i., 203
+
+---- Cordwainers', i., 203
+
+---- Curriers', i., 203
+
+---- Cutlers', i., 203
+
+---- Distillers', i., 203
+
+---- Drapers', i., 198
+
+---- Dyers', i., 203
+
+---- Fanmakers', i., 204
+
+---- Farriers', i., 204
+
+---- Feltmakers', i., 204
+
+---- Fishmongers', i., 195, 197, 198
+
+---- Fletchers', 201, 204
+
+---- Founders', i., 204
+
+---- Framework Knitters', i., 205
+
+---- Fruiterers', i., 205
+
+---- Girdlers', i., 205
+
+---- Glass-sellers', i., 206
+
+---- Glaziers', i., 206
+
+---- Glovers', i., 206
+
+---- Goldsmiths', i., 195, 197
+
+---- Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers', i., 206
+
+---- Grocers', i., 197
+
+---- Gunmakers', i., 206
+
+---- Haberdashers', i., 199
+
+---- Horners', i., 207
+
+---- Innholders', i., 207
+
+---- Ironmongers', i., 199
+
+---- Joiners', i., 207
+
+---- Leathersellers', i., 200, 207
+
+---- Loriners', i., 208
+
+---- Masons', i., 208
+
+---- Mercers', i., 197
+
+---- Merchant Taylors', i., 198
+
+---- Musicians', i., 208
+
+---- Needlemakers', i., 208
+
+---- Painters' or Painter-stainers', i., 208
+
+---- Parish Clerks', i., 129
+
+---- Pattenmakers', i., 209
+
+---- Pewterers', i., 209
+
+---- Plaisterers', i., 209
+
+---- Playing-card Makers', i., 209
+
+---- Plumbers', i., 209
+
+---- Poulters', i., 210
+
+---- Saddlers', i., 200, 210
+
+---- Salters', i., 199
+
+---- Scriveners', i., 210
+
+---- Shipwrights', i., 211
+
+---- Skinners', i., 196, 199
+
+---- Spectacle-makers', i., 211
+
+---- Stationers', i., 212
+
+---- Tallow Chandlers', i., 212
+
+---- Tin-plate Workers', i., 212
+
+---- Turners' or Wood-potters', i., 212
+
+---- Tylers' and Bricklayers', i., 212
+
+---- Upholders', i., 212
+
+---- Vintners', i., 197, 199
+
+---- Wax Chandlers', i., 212
+
+---- Weavers', i., 213
+
+---- Wheelwrights', i., 213
+
+---- Woolmen's, i., 213
+
+"Concentric" Castle, i., 40
+
+Conduit, ii., 31
+
+"Conduit, The Little," ii., 32
+
+Conference, Savoy, ii., 5
+
+Congreve, ii., 177
+
+Consecration of the Temple Church by Heraclius, i., 133
+
+Conservative Club, ii., 109
+
+Constable of the Tower, Geoffrey de Mandeville, i., 41
+
+---- William Puinctel, i., 45
+
+Conversion of Jews, i., 108
+
+Cooks' Company, i., 202
+
+---- Row, ii., 213
+
+Coopers' Company, i., 203
+
+Corbeil, William de, Archbishop of Canterbury, i., 68
+
+Corbis, Peter--Water engineer, ii., 91
+
+Cordwainers' Company, i., 203
+
+Cornhill, i., 126; ii., 213
+
+---- Gray born in, ii., 171
+
+Corporation, religious services of the, i., 183
+
+Corpus Christi Day, i., 127
+
+Court and Chancery, difference between the Inns of, i., 161
+
+---- ---- Holborn and the Inns of, i., 149, 177
+
+---- Buildings, Mitre, i., 147
+
+---- Cloister, ii., 50
+
+---- Hare, i., 145
+
+---- Northumberland, i., 154
+
+---- of Requests, ii., 2
+
+---- Plays in halls of Inns of, i., 143
+
+---- Tanfield, i., 146
+
+---- Wardrobe, ii., 50
+
+Covent Garden, ii., 52, 216
+
+---- ---- Literary associations of, ii., 178
+
+Cowley, Abraham, ii., 171
+
+Cowper, ii., 174
+
+Craven Buildings, ii., 216
+
+Crayford, Battle at, i., 14
+
+Cripplegate, i., 11, 21
+
+---- wooden houses, i., 115
+
+Croft, Spittle, i., 89
+
+Crooked Streets, Narrow and, i., 112
+
+Crosby estate at Hanworth-on-Thames, ii., 186
+
+---- Hall, i., 123; ii., 37, 182
+
+---- Place, i., 115, 122
+
+---- Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at, ii., 190
+
+---- Sir John, i., 122; ii., 88, 185
+
+---- Thomas More at, ii., 190
+
+Cross, Demolition of St. Paul's, i., 120
+
+---- Eleanor, ii., 31
+
+Crossbows, i., 56
+
+"Cross Keys" in Bishopsgate Street, ii., 120
+
+Cross, Paul's, i., 119; ii., 34
+
+"Crown" Coffee-house, ii., 138
+
+---- Inn, Holborn, ii., 126
+
+"Crowned or Cross Keys" Inn, ii., 117
+
+"Crug-baskets," ii., 200
+
+Crusaders, their influence on architecture, i., 134
+
+Crutched Friars, ii., 217
+
+Crypt of St. Ann's Chapel, i., 139
+
+Crypts, Guildhall, i., 180
+
+Cursitors' Inn, i., 174
+
+Custom House, ii., 21
+
+Customs of the City, i., 187
+
+Cutlers' Company, i., 203
+
+
+Dance, George, Architect, i., 182
+
+Dane, Anlaf the, i., 10
+
+Danes destroyed London, i., 13
+
+---- massacre of the, ii., 208
+
+Danish colony, ii., 208
+
+---- invasion, i., 19
+
+Davenant, ii., 69
+
+Davies, Thomas, the actor, ii., 178
+
+Davy's Inn, i., 155, 165, 172
+
+Death, Black, i., 88
+
+Dekker, ii., 168
+
+Demolition of Paul's Cross, i., 120
+
+Description of Restoration of Charles II., Evelyn's, ii., 55
+
+Desecration of Temple Church, i., 145
+
+Destruction of Charterhouse monastery, i., 93
+
+---- of Monuments, ii., 36
+
+---- of Wren's churches, ii., 206
+
+"Devil" Inn, ii., 173
+
+Devonshire House, ii., 53
+
+Dickens' days in Hungerford Stairs, ii., 179
+
+Difference between Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery, i., 161
+
+"Dine with Duke Humphrey, to," i., 117
+
+Dinner, anecdote of Charles II. and the Chaplains', ii., 62
+
+Dion Cassius, i., 3
+
+Disabilities of Jews, i., 107
+
+Distillers' Company, i., 203
+
+_Diurnal_, Rugge's, ii., 56
+
+Doctors, Heroic, ii., 74
+
+"Dog" Inn, ii., 70
+
+"Dolphin" Inn, ii., 123
+
+Dominicans' monastery in Shoe Lane, i., 150
+
+Dorset Gardens Theatre, ii., 68
+
+---- Thomas Sackville, first Earl of, ii., 171
+
+Dowgate, i., 8
+
+Downing Street, ii., 54
+
+Drapers' Company, i., 198
+
+Drayton, Michael, ii., 171
+
+Dress of apprentices, i., 124
+
+Drury Lane Theatre, ii., 68
+
+Dryden, ii., 178
+
+"Duke Humphrey, to dine with," i., 117
+
+Duke of Albemarle, Monk, ii., 75
+
+---- of Gloucester, at Crosby Hall, Richard, ii., 190
+
+Duke's House Theatre, ii., 67
+
+---- Place, ii., 40
+
+Dyers' Company, i., 203
+
+
+Earl of Warwick, Inn of, in Warwick Lane, i., 123
+
+Earls of Bedford, ii., 216
+
+Early castles of earth and timber, i., 49
+
+---- Times, London in, i., 1-26
+
+Earth and timber, early castles of, i., 49
+
+Eastcheap, i., 126
+
+---- and Westcheap, markets of, ii., 213
+
+East Smithfield, Edmund Spenser born in, ii., 171
+
+Effigies in Temple Church, i., 136
+
+Ejection of Charterhouse Schoolmaster, i., 103
+
+Eleanor Cross, ii., 31
+
+Elizabeth, Industries encouraged by, ii., 49
+
+Elizabethan London, ii., 21
+
+England, Bank of, ii., 217
+
+Enlargement of the Tower by Richard I., i., 44
+
+Erkenwald, Bishop of London, i., 17
+
+Ermin Street, i., 7
+
+Escape from the Tower of Flambard, Bishop of Durham, i., 39
+
+Essex, capital of the Kings of, i., 12
+
+---- Street, ii., 215
+
+"Estates, Bridge House," ii., 87
+
+Ethnological Society, ii., 161
+
+Etiquette in Hyde Park, ii., 67
+
+Etymology of London, i., 2
+
+Eve, Midsummer, ii., 40
+
+Evelyn, John, ii., 54
+
+Evelyn's description of Restoration of Charles II., ii., 55
+
+Exchange, Old, ii., 214
+
+---- Royal, ii., 28, 217, 218
+
+Execution of Charles I., ii., 10
+
+Expulsion of Jews, i., 110
+
+Extraordinary bribery, i., 101
+
+
+Fair, Bartholomew, ii., 220
+
+---- Smithfield Cloth, i., 116
+
+Fanmakers' Company, i., 204
+
+Farriers' Company, i., 204
+
+Father Gerard, prisoner in Tower, i., 63
+
+Feasts, City, i., 192
+
+Feltmakers' Company, i., 204
+
+Fenchurch Street, ii., 214
+
+Ferries, Thames, ii., 23
+
+Fields, Goodman's, ii., 38
+
+Finsbury, ii., 43
+
+Fire, Great, i., 179, 215; ii., 73, 76
+
+---- London rebuilt after Great, ii., 80
+
+Fires at the Temple, i., 144
+
+---- Frequency of, i., 125
+
+First Bishop of London, Mellitus, i., 16
+
+---- Carthusian house, i., 87
+
+---- Introduction of Coffee, ii., 135
+
+---- Prisoners sent to the Tower, i., 50
+
+Fishmongers' Company, i., 195, 197, 198
+
+---- Hall, i., 218
+
+---- ---- chairs in, ii., 92
+
+FitzStephen's _Description of London_, i., 38
+
+Flambard, Bishop of Durham, escape from the Tower of, i., 39
+
+Fleet, Liberty of the, ii., 222
+
+---- Prison, ii., 222
+
+---- River, i., 149
+
+Fletcher, ii., 168
+
+Fletchers' Company, i., 201, 204
+
+Flogging of apprentices, i., 124
+
+Floods at Whitehall, ii., 57
+
+Florence, Friscobaldi of, ii., 187
+
+Fludyer Street, ii., 54
+
+Folkmote, i., 23
+
+Ford across Thames, i., 4
+
+"Foreigners," i., 123
+
+Foreigners in London, ii., 26
+
+Former neglected condition of St. Bartholomew's Church, i., 66
+
+Founder of Lincoln's Inn, Henry de Lacy, i., 150
+
+Founders' Company, i., 204
+
+"Four Swans" Inn in Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121, 122
+
+Fox Club, ii., 104
+
+Framework Knitters' Company, i., 205
+
+France, Petty, ii., 28
+
+Franklin, Benjamin, i., 83
+
+Freedom of London, i., 152
+
+---- of the City, i., 185
+
+Frequency of fires, i., 125
+
+Friars, Augustine, ii., 36
+
+---- Austin, ii., 27, 217
+
+---- Black, ii., 217
+
+---- Crutched, ii., 217
+
+_Friars of London, Chronicle of the Grey_, i., 109
+
+Friscobaldi of Florence, ii., 187
+
+Fruiterers' Company, i., 205
+
+Furnival's Inn, i., 167
+
+
+Galleried Inns, ii., 116
+
+Game of Mall, ii., 64
+
+"Game of Swans," i., 204
+
+Garden, Bear, ii., 47
+
+---- Covent, ii., 52, 216
+
+---- Old Spring, ii., 58
+
+---- Stairs, Paris, ii., 44
+
+---- Temple, i., 142
+
+"Garraway's" Coffee-house, ii., 137
+
+Garrick Club, ii., 107
+
+Gate, Bridge, ii., 88, 90
+
+---- Traitors', ii., 24, 90
+
+Gates of City, i., 11
+
+Gaunt at Savoy Palace, John of, ii., 3
+
+Geographical Society, Royal, ii., 160
+
+Geological Society, ii., 155
+
+"George" Inn, ii., 117, 166
+
+Gerard prisoner in Tower, Father, i., 63
+
+"Gerard's Hall" Inn, ii., 132
+
+German Hanse Merchants, ii., 187
+
+Gibbons's Statue of James II., Grinling, ii., 60
+
+_Gilda Teutonicorum_, ii., 27
+
+Girdlers' Company, i., 205
+
+Glasshouse Yard, ii., 49
+
+Glass-making, ii., 49
+
+Glass-sellers' Company, i., 206
+
+Glaziers' Company, i., 206
+
+Globe Theatre, ii., 45
+
+Glovers' Company, i., 206
+
+Glovers in Blackfriars, i., 206
+
+Godalming, Charterhouse School moved to, i., 104
+
+Gog and Magog, i., 180
+
+Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers' Company, i., 206
+
+Goldsmith Building, i., 146
+
+---- Oliver, ii., 172, 176
+
+Goldsmiths' Company, i., 195, 197
+
+---- Hall, i., 219
+
+---- Row, ii., 32
+
+Goodman's Fields, ii., 38
+
+Gordon Riots, ii., 221
+
+"Governance of London, the," i., 15
+
+"Grand Tour, the," ii., 66
+
+Grasse Church, ii., 214
+
+Gray born in Cornhill, ii., 171
+
+Gray's Inn, i., 161, 162
+
+Great Fire, i., 121, 179, 215; ii., 73, 76
+
+---- ---- a blessing, i., 115
+
+---- ---- London rebuilt after, ii., 80
+
+---- Plague, ii., 73
+
+---- Tower Hill, scaffold on, i., 64
+
+"Grecian," ii., 200
+
+---- Coffee-house, ii., 137
+
+"Green Dragon" Inn, in Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121, 122
+
+Greenwich, Palace at, ii., 25
+
+Gresham, residence of Sir Thomas, ii., 37
+
+---- Sir Thomas, ii., 219
+
+_Grey Friars of London, Chronicle of the_, i., 109
+
+Grey Friars' monastery, ii., 195
+
+---- Reginald de, i., 161
+
+Griffin, prisoner in Tower keep, i., 55
+
+Grocers' Company, i., 197
+
+---- Hall, i., 179, 218
+
+Guards' Club, ii., 101
+
+Guild, i., 22
+
+Guilda Aula Teutonicorum, i., 227
+
+Guildhall, The, i., 178, 190; ii., 31
+
+---- Chapel, i., 182
+
+---- Crypts, i., 180
+
+---- Historic scenes in the, i., 187
+
+---- Library, i., 183
+
+---- "Little Ease" at the, i., 186
+
+---- of the Steel-yard, i., 230
+
+---- Portraits at the, i., 184
+
+---- Windows in the, i., 189
+
+_Gull's Horne-Book, The_, i., 118
+
+Gundulf, architect of Tower, i., 32, 33
+
+Gunmakers' Company, i., 206
+
+Gunpowder manufactured in Tower, i., 60
+
+Guy Fawkes, prison of, i., 35
+
+Gwynne's house, Nell, ii., 102
+
+
+Haberdashers' Company, i., 199
+
+---- Hall, i., 221
+
+Hale, Reforms of Archdeacon, i., 103
+
+Half-timbered houses, i., 113
+
+Hall, Crosby, a prison for Royalists, ii., 191
+
+---- Blackwell, i., 183
+
+---- Chair in Fishmongers', ii., 92
+
+---- Clothworkers', i., 222
+
+---- Common, i., 186
+
+---- Crosby, i., 123; ii., 37, 182
+
+---- Fishmongers', i., 218
+
+---- Goldsmiths', i., 219
+
+---- Grocers', i., 179, 218
+
+---- Haberdashers', i., 221
+
+---- Inner Temple, i., 139
+
+---- Ironmongers', i., 222
+
+---- Mercers', i., 218
+
+---- Merchant Taylors', i., 179, 219
+
+---- Middle Temple, i., 143
+
+---- Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at Crosby, ii., 190
+
+---- Salters', i., 221
+
+---- Skinners', i., 221
+
+---- Thomas More at Crosby, ii., 190
+
+---- Vintners', i., 222
+
+---- Westminster, ii., 2
+
+Halls of Inns of Court, Plays in, i., 143
+
+---- of the Companies, i., 217
+
+Hamburg, i., 226
+
+Hanged, Three hundred Jews, i., 109
+
+Hansa, i., 225
+
+---- brick building by the, i., 229
+
+Hanseatic League, i., 224
+
+Hanse Merchants, German, ii., 27, 187
+
+Hanworth-on-Thames, Crosby Estate at, ii., 186
+
+Harcourt Buildings, i., 146
+
+Hare Court, i., 145
+
+Haymarket, ii., 53
+
+"Head, The Monk's," ii., 58
+
+Heads on Bridge Gate, ii., 90
+
+Heart of the City, ii., 217
+
+Henry III.'s building operations at the Tower, i., 50
+
+---- VIII.'s buildings, i., 61
+
+Henslowe, Philip, ii., 44
+
+Heraclius, Temple Church consecrated by, i., 133
+
+Herber, the, i., 122
+
+Herfleets' Inn, i., 174
+
+Hermitage in the Tower, i., 55
+
+Heroic Doctors, ii., 74
+
+Herrick, ii., 169
+
+Hill, St. Andrew's, ii., 50
+
+Hinton, Somersetshire, i., 87
+
+Historic Scenes in the Guildhall, i., 187
+
+"Hobson's Choice," ii., 121
+
+Holborn and the Inns of Court and Chancery, i., 149-177
+
+---- Church of St. Andrew in, i., 164
+
+---- Inns, ii., 124
+
+---- Old Temple, in, i., 153
+
+---- Origin of name, i., 149
+
+---- Viaduct, i., 149
+
+Holeburn, Manor of, i., 150
+
+Holy Trinity, Priory of, ii., 39
+
+Holywell, ii., 42
+
+Hook, Theodore, in Cleveland Row, ii., 181
+
+_Horne-Book, The Gull's_, i., 118
+
+Horners' Company, i., 207
+
+Horse Races at Smithfield, i., 132
+
+Horsham, Christ's Hospital removed to, ii., 203
+
+Hospital, Bridewell, ii., 49, 196
+
+---- Charterhouse, i., 98
+
+---- Christ's, ii., 35, 194, 196
+
+---- ---- removed to Horsham, ii., 203
+
+---- for lepers, ii., 7
+
+---- Pictures at Christ's, ii., 200
+
+---- St. Bartholomew's, ii., 35, 196
+
+---- St. Thomas's, ii., 196
+
+---- Samuel Pepys and Christ's, ii., 198
+
+Houghton, John, Prior of Charterhouse in 1531, i., 91
+
+Houndsditch, ii., 39
+
+House, Arundel, ii., 216
+
+---- Banqueting, Whitehall, ii., 14
+
+---- Berkeley, ii., 53
+
+---- Burlington, ii., 53
+
+---- Clarendon, ii., 53
+
+---- Custom, ii., 21
+
+---- Devonshire, ii., 53
+
+"House Estates, Bridge," ii., 87
+
+---- First Carthusian, i., 87
+
+---- Howard, i., 98
+
+---- in Blackfriars, Shakespeare's, ii., 50
+
+---- Marlborough, ii., 12
+
+---- Marquis of Winchester's, ii., 36
+
+---- Nell Gwynne's, ii., 102
+
+---- "Nonesuch," ii., 24
+
+---- Salisbury, ii., 216
+
+---- Sessions, without Newgate, i., 164
+
+---- Southampton, i., 154
+
+---- twelfth century, i., 112
+
+---- Winchester, ii., 46
+
+---- York, ii., 13
+
+Houses, Anglo-Saxon, i., 114
+
+---- and shops on old London Bridge, i., 112
+
+---- Artizans', i., 125
+
+---- Bishops', ii., 216
+
+---- half-timbered, i., 113
+
+---- merchants', i., 123
+
+---- near Temple, wooden, i., 116
+
+---- of nobility, i., 122
+
+---- wooden, Cripplegate, i., 115
+
+"Humphrey, to dine with Duke," i., 117
+
+Hungerford Stairs, Dickens' days in, ii., 179
+
+Hunting, i., 132
+
+Hurlingham Club, ii., 110
+
+Hurriers, i., 199
+
+Hyde Park, ii., 66, 67
+
+
+Imprisoned in Tower, Jews, i., 58
+
+Imprisonment of Knights Templars, i., 59
+
+Industries encouraged by Queen Elizabeth, ii., 49
+
+Influence on Architecture, Crusaders', i., 134
+
+Inner Temple, i., 141
+
+---- and Middle Temples, i., 161
+
+---- Temple Hall, i., 139
+
+Inn, Henry de Lacy, founder of Lincoln's, i., 150
+
+---- Bacon's i., 174
+
+---- Barnard's, i., 168
+
+---- Clement's, i., 175
+
+---- Clifford's, i., 175
+
+---- Cursitors', i., 174
+
+---- Davy's, i., 155, 165, 172
+
+---- Earl of Warwick, in Warwick Lane, i., 123
+
+---- Furnival's, i., 167
+
+---- Gray's, i., 161, 162
+
+---- Herfleet's, i., 174
+
+---- Kidderminster, i., 174
+
+---- Lincoln's, i., 155, 157, 160, 166; ii., 42
+
+---- Lyon's, i., 167, 176
+
+---- New, i., 173
+
+---- Scrope's, i., 176
+
+---- Six Clerks, i., 174
+
+---- Staple, i., 116, 153, 160, 170, 171
+
+Innholders' Company, i., 207
+
+Inns of Chancery, i., 167
+
+---- of Court and Inns of Chancery, difference between, i., 161
+
+---- ---- Plays in halls of, i., 143
+
+---- ---- and Chancery, Holborn and the, i., 149, 177
+
+---- at Southwark, ii., 114
+
+---- and Taverns, old, ii., 46, 70, 113
+
+---- Angel, Wych Street, ii., 131
+
+---- Axe, Aldermanbury, ii., 131
+
+---- Bell, Warwick Lane, ii., 131
+
+---- Bell and Crown, Holborn, ii., 125
+
+---- Belle, ii., 114
+
+---- Blossoms, ii., 131
+
+---- Blue Boar, ii., 118
+
+---- Boars' Head, ii., 168
+
+---- Bolt-in-Tun, ii., 127
+
+---- Bull, ii., 119
+
+---- ---- Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121
+
+---- ---- and Mouth, ii., 129
+
+---- Catherine Wheel, ii., 123
+
+---- "Cheshire Cheese," ii., 173
+
+---- Cross Keys, Bishopsgate Street, ii., 120
+
+---- Crown, Holborn, ii., 126
+
+---- Crowned or Cross Keys, ii., 117
+
+---- "Devil," ii., 173
+
+---- Dolphin, ii., 123
+
+---- Four Swans, Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121, 122
+
+---- Galleried, ii., 116
+
+---- George, ii., 117, 166
+
+---- Gerard's Hall, ii., 132
+
+---- Green Dragon, Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121, 122
+
+---- Holborn, ii., 124
+
+---- in King Street, Westminster, ii., 70
+
+---- King's Head, ii., 116
+
+---- "Mitre," ii., 173
+
+---- Nag's Head, Whitcomb Street, ii., 132
+
+---- Oxford Arms, ii., 130
+
+---- Queen's Head, ii., 116, 117
+
+---- St. George's, ii., 117
+
+---- Saracen's Head, ii., 119, 123
+
+---- Spread Eagle, ii., 120
+
+---- Swan with Two Necks, ii., 133
+
+---- Tabard, ii., 114, 121, 166
+
+---- Three Nuns, ii., 118
+
+---- "Two Swan," ii., 122
+
+---- White Hart, ii., 115, 123
+
+---- White Horse, ii., 127
+
+Insanitary condition of Old London, i., 115
+
+Installation of the Lord Mayor, i., 186
+
+Institute, Archæological, ii., 164
+
+---- Anthropological, ii., 163
+
+Introduction of Coffee, first, ii., 135
+
+Invasion, Danish, i., 19
+
+Ireland Yard, ii., 50
+
+Ironmongers' Company, i., 199
+
+---- Hall, i., 222
+
+Islington, ii., 53
+
+
+Jacobite Coffee-houses, ii., 140
+
+James I. and the Temple, i., 144
+
+---- II., Grinling Gibbons's statue of, ii., 60
+
+Jeffreys, Judge, and Temple Church organ, i., 145
+
+Jewry Lane, Poor, i., 108
+
+---- Leicester, i., 108
+
+---- Old, i., 108
+
+---- Street, i., 108
+
+Jews, ii., 215
+
+---- Conversion of, i., 108
+
+---- disabilities of, i., 107
+
+---- expulsion of, i., 110
+
+---- Imprisoned in Tower, i., 58
+
+---- in London, i., 106
+
+---- Money-lending by, i., 107
+
+---- plundered, i., 122
+
+---- prejudice against, i., 109
+
+---- three hundred hanged, i., 109
+
+Johnson, Dr., in Fleet Street, ii., 172
+
+Johnson's Buildings, i., 146
+
+Joiners' Company, i., 207
+
+Jomsborg, i., 225
+
+Jones, Inigo, ii., 14, 52
+
+Jonson, Ben, ii., 168
+
+Jousts at Smithfield, i., 130
+
+Junior United Service Club, ii., 102
+
+
+Keep of Tower of London compared with Colchester keep, i., 33
+
+Kensington Palace, ii., 16
+
+Kidderminster Inn, i., 174
+
+Killigrew, ii., 69
+
+King Street, Westminster, Inns in, ii., 70
+
+King's Bench Walk, i., 144
+
+"King's Head" Inn, ii., 116
+
+"King's House," i., 61; ii., 67
+
+Kings of Essex, capital of, i., 12
+
+Kit Cat Club, ii., 177
+
+Knights Hospitallers, i., 140
+
+---- Templars, imprisonment, i., 59
+
+Kontors of the League, i., 226
+
+
+La Belle Sauvage Yard, ii., 127
+
+Labelye, builder of Westminster Bridge, ii., 94
+
+Lacy, Henry de, founder of Lincoln's Inn, i., 150
+
+Lady Chapel and printing shop, i., 82, 83
+
+Lamb Building, i., 147
+
+---- Charles, ii., 175
+
+Lambeth Palace, ii., 17
+
+Lane, Ave Mary, ii., 215
+
+---- Chancery, i., 133, 153
+
+---- Inn of Earl of Warwick in Warwick, i., 123
+
+---- Mincing, i., 8; ii., 27
+
+---- "Poor Jewry," i., 108
+
+---- Sermon, ii., 214
+
+---- Shoe, i., 150
+
+---- Sopars', ii., 30
+
+Lawyers in the Temple, settlement of, i., 140
+
+Leadenhall, ii., 27, 40, 214
+
+League, The Hanseatic, i., 224
+
+---- Kontors of the, i., 226
+
+Learned Societies of London, ii., 150
+
+Leather-sellers' Company, i., 200, 207
+
+Lecture rooms, Coffee-houses as, ii., 146
+
+Leicester Jewry, i., 108
+
+---- Square, ii., 216
+
+Lepers, Hospital for, ii., 7
+
+_Liber Albus_, i., 122
+
+Liberty of the Fleet, ii., 222
+
+Library, Guildhall, i., 183
+
+Life of the City, Church, i., 127
+
+---- Street, i., 127
+
+Lincoln's Inn, i., 155, 157, 160, 161; ii., 42
+
+---- Henry de Lacy, founder of, i., 150
+
+Literary associations of Covent Garden, ii., 178
+
+---- ---- Pall Mall, ii., 179
+
+---- ---- St. James' Street, ii., 180
+
+---- ---- The Temple, i., 146
+
+---- Club, ii., 180
+
+---- Shrines of Old London, ii., 166
+
+Literature, Royal Society of, ii., 156
+
+"Little Conduit, The," ii., 32
+
+"Little Ease," i., 34, 58
+
+---- ---- at the Guildhall, i., 186
+
+Liveries of Citizens, i., 192
+
+Lives of the People, i., 121
+
+"Lloyd's" Coffee-house, ii., 139
+
+Locke, John, ii., 171
+
+"Lock, Rock," ii., 88
+
+Lombard Street, ii., 27, 214
+
+---- ---- Pope born in, ii., 171
+
+Lombardy merchants, ii., 26
+
+_London's Armory_, i., 240
+
+Lord Mayor, Installation of the, i., 186
+
+Loriners' Company, i., 208
+
+Lothbury, ii., 214
+
+Lovel, Sir Thomas, ii., 42
+
+Lübeck, i., 226
+
+Ludgate, i., 11, 24; ii., 213
+
+Lydgate's _London's Lickpenny_, i., 125
+
+_Lynn, dun_, i., 2
+
+Lyon's Inn, i., 167, 176
+
+
+Macaulay's picture of London, ii., 55
+
+Mall, the game of, ii., 63, 64
+
+Malmesbury, Abbot of, i., 159
+
+Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Constable of the Tower, i., 41
+
+Manners and modes in Coffee-houses, ii., 148
+
+Manny, Sir Walter de, i., 89
+
+Manor of Holeburn, i., 150
+
+Mansion, Sir Paul Pindar's, ii., 123
+
+Manufacture of _gunpowder_ in Tower, i., 60
+
+Mariners, St. Clement patron saint of, ii., 209
+
+Market, Clare, ii., 216
+
+Markets of Eastcheap and Westcheap, ii., 213
+
+Marlborough Club, ii., 110
+
+---- House, ii., 12
+
+Marriage of Chaucer, ii., 4
+
+Marylebone Cricket Club, ii., 110
+
+Masons' Company, i., 208
+
+Masques, i., 144
+
+Massacre of the Danes, ii., 208
+
+Massinger, Philip, ii., 168, 169
+
+Mathematical School, Royal, ii., 198
+
+Mayor, Installation of the Lord, i., 186
+
+May-poles, i., 132
+
+Meat Market, Shambles or, ii., 35
+
+Mediæval London, i., 106
+
+Mellitus, first Bishop of London, i., 16
+
+_Memorials of Brooks's_, ii., 103
+
+Menagerie at the Tower, i., 52
+
+Mercers' Company, i., 197
+
+---- Hall, i., 218
+
+Merchant Taylors' Company, i., 198
+
+---- ---- Hall, 1., 179, 219
+
+---- ---- School, i., 94, 104
+
+Merchants, German Hanse, ii., 187
+
+---- of Lombardy, ii., 26
+
+---- Hanse, ii., 27
+
+Merchants' houses, i., 123
+
+Mermaid Tavern, ii., 30, 168
+
+Middle Temple, i., 141, 165
+
+---- ---- Hall, i., 143
+
+---- Temples, Inner and, i., 161
+
+Middlesex granted to the citizens, i., 23
+
+Midsummer Eve, ii., 40
+
+Millianers, i., 199
+
+Milton, John, born in Bread Street, ii., 170
+
+Mincing Lane, i., 8; ii., 27
+
+Minories, ii., 38
+
+Mint, Tower, i., 64
+
+Mitre Court Buildings, i., 147
+
+"Mitre" Inn, ii., 173
+
+Mob, Tower surprised by, i., 53
+
+Modern London founded after the Restoration, ii., 53
+
+Monastery, destruction of Charterhouse, i., 93
+
+---- Grey Friars, ii., 195
+
+---- in Shoe Lane, Dominicans', i., 150
+
+Money-lending by Jews, i., 107
+
+Monk, Duke of Albemarle, ii., 75
+
+"Monk's Head, The," ii., 58
+
+Monks tortured and executed, i.,92
+
+Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, ii., 177
+
+Monument of Sir John Beauchamp, i., 118
+
+Monuments in the Temple, i., 139
+
+---- destruction of, ii., 36
+
+Moorgate, i., 25
+
+Moorfields, i., 122
+
+More, i., 86
+
+---- Thomas, at Crosby Hall, ii., 190
+
+Mosaic pavements, i., 12
+
+Museums at Coffee-houses, ii., 146
+
+Musicians' Company, i., 208
+
+
+"Nag's Head" Inn, Whitcomb Street, ii., 132
+
+Name Holborn, Origin of the, i., 149
+
+Names of Streets, i., 123
+
+Narrow and crooked streets, i., 112
+
+---- and unsavoury streets, i., 125
+
+---- escape of Richard III., ii., 189
+
+National Club, ii., 109
+
+Needlemakers' Company, i., 208
+
+Newgate, ii., 26
+
+---- Sessions House without, i., 164
+
+Newington, playhouse at, ii., 44
+
+New Inn, i., 173
+
+---- Temple, i., 163
+
+Nobility, houses of, i., 122
+
+"Nonesuch House," ii., 24, 91
+
+Norfolk, Duke of, i., 96
+
+Norman London, i., 21, 26
+
+---- Well, i., 62
+
+North, Sir Edward, i., 95
+
+Northburgh, Michael de, i., 89
+
+Northumberland Avenue, ii., 215
+
+---- Court, i., 154
+
+Norway, St. Olaf patron saint of, ii., 209
+
+Number of Churches in London, ii., 23
+
+
+Office, Rolls, i., 153
+
+Old Bailey, i., 25; ii., 212
+
+---- Bridges, ii., 82
+
+---- Change, ii., 32
+
+---- Exchange, ii., 214
+
+---- Inns, ii., 46
+
+---- ---- in Westminster, ii., 70, 71
+
+---- Jewry, i., 108
+
+---- London Bridge, houses and shops on, i., 112
+
+---- Prisons, ii., 221
+
+---- St. Paul's, i., 116
+
+---- Spring Garden, ii., 58
+
+---- Temple in Holborn, i., 153
+
+---- Theatres, ii., 167
+
+---- time punishments, i., 130
+
+Order, Carthusian, i., 86
+
+Orderic, i., 30, 31
+
+Ordinance of the Staple, i., 171
+
+Organ, Temple Church, i., 145
+
+Oriental Club, ii., 106
+
+Origin of the name Holborn, i., 149
+
+"Oxford Arms" Inn, ii., 130
+
+
+Pageant of London, ii., 193
+
+---- of the Streets, ii., 211
+
+Pageants, i., 192
+
+---- on the Thames, i., 194
+
+Painters' or Painter-stainers' Company, i., 208
+
+Palace, Bridewell, ii., 48
+
+---- Buckingham, ii., 15, 16
+
+---- Cardinal Wolsey's, i., 116
+
+---- Charterhouse, i., 94
+
+---- Greenwich, ii., 25
+
+---- Lambeth, ii., 17
+
+---- St. James's, ii., 7, 61
+
+---- Savoy, ii., 3
+
+---- Westminster, ii., 1, 2
+
+---- Whitefriars, ii., 60
+
+---- Whitehall, ii., 9, 11, 13, 56
+
+Palaces, City of, ii., 215
+
+---- of London, ii., 1
+
+Pall Mall, ii., 63
+
+---- ---- Literary Associations of, ii., 179
+
+Panton Street, ii., 54
+
+"Papye," ii., 37
+
+Pardon Churchyard and Chapel, i., 88
+
+Paris Garden Stairs, ii., 44
+
+Parish Clerks' Company, i., 129
+
+Park, Hyde, ii., 66, 67
+
+---- St. James's, ii., 63
+
+Passage, Subterranean, i., 62
+
+Paternoster Row, ii., 215
+
+Patron Saint of Norway, St. Olaf, ii., 209
+
+---- ---- of Mariners, ii., 209
+
+---- Saints of City Companies, i., 196
+
+Pattenmakers' Company, i., 209
+
+Paul's Cathedral, St., i., 16, 24
+
+---- Cross, i., 119; ii., 34
+
+---- ---- Demolition of, i., 120
+
+"Paul's School," ii., 34
+
+Paul's Walk, i., 117; ii., 33
+
+Pavements, Mosaic, i., 12
+
+Penn, Sir William, ii., 77
+
+Penthouse, i., 125
+
+People, Lives of the, i., 121
+
+Pepys, Samuel, ii., 54
+
+---- ---- and Christ's Hospital, ii., 198
+
+---- as a dramatic critic, ii., 70
+
+---- as a playgoer, ii., 67
+
+Pepys's London, ii., 52
+
+Peter of Colechurch, ii., 85
+
+Petty France, ii., 28
+
+Pewterers' Company, i., 209
+
+Piccadilly, ii., 53
+
+Picture of London, Macaulay's, ii., 55
+
+Pictures at Christ's Hospital, ii., 200
+
+"Piggin," ii., 200
+
+Pike Ponds, ii., 47
+
+Pillory, i., 130
+
+Pindar's mansion, Sir Paul, ii., 123
+
+Place, Duke's, ii., 40
+
+Plague, Great, ii., 73
+
+Plaisterers' Company, i., 209
+
+Plan of Charterhouse, fifteenth century, i., 94
+
+Plantation, Ulster, i., 214
+
+Playhouse at Newington, ii., 44
+
+---- near Blackfriars, ii., 48
+
+---- the Rose, ii., 45, 47
+
+---- Swan, ii., 47
+
+---- Yard, ii., 50
+
+"Playhouses, Common," ii., 43, 44
+
+Playing-card Makers' Company, i., 209
+
+Plays, ii., 43
+
+---- in Churches, i., 129
+
+---- in Halls of Inns of Court, i., 143
+
+---- Religious, i., 129
+
+Plowden, Edmund, i., 143, 145
+
+Plumbers' Company, i., 209
+
+Plundered Jews, i., 122
+
+Poet-painter, William Blake, The, ii., 176
+
+Pomerium, i., 108
+
+Ponds, Pike, ii., 47
+
+"Poor Jewry Lane," i., 108
+
+Pope born in Lombard Street, ii., 171
+
+Port of London, ii., 21
+
+Portraits at the Guildhall, i., 184
+
+Portreeve, i., 22, 23
+
+Portugal Row, Theatre in, ii., 68
+
+Pottery, Roman, i., 5
+
+Poulters' Company, i., 210
+
+Poultry, The, ii., 30, 214
+
+"Pound sterling," i., 232
+
+Prejudice against Jews, i., 109
+
+Princes murdered in the Tower, i., 36
+
+Printing-house, Richardson's, ii., 172
+
+Printing-shop, Lady Chapel and, i., 82, 83
+
+Prior, John Walford, i., 72
+
+---- of Charterhouse in 1531, John Houghton, i., 91
+
+---- of St. Bartholomew, William Bolton, i., 76
+
+Priory of Holy Trinity, ii., 39
+
+---- of St. Mary Overie, ii., 86
+
+Prison, Abbot of Westminster and Monks in, i., 59
+
+---- Fleet, ii., 222
+
+---- for Royalists, Crosby a, ii., 191
+
+---- of Guy Fawkes, i., 35
+
+---- of Ranulph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, i., 39
+
+---- of Sir Walter Raleigh, i., 35
+
+---- Subterranean, i., 62
+
+Prisoner in St. James's Palace, Charles I. a., ii., 9
+
+Prisoners in Tower, Scotch, i., 59
+
+---- Royal, i., 60
+
+---- sent to the Tower, First, i., 50
+
+Prisons, Old, ii., 221
+
+Proceedings, _quo warranto_, i., 216
+
+Projecting storeys of houses, i., 114
+
+Promotion of Trade by City Companies, i., 197
+
+Puinctel, William, Constable of the Tower, i., 45
+
+Punishments, Old-time, i., 130
+
+---- School, ii., 202
+
+"Purgatory," St. Bartholomew, i., 78
+
+
+Quack medicines sold at Coffee-houses, ii., 144
+
+Queenhithe, ii., 21
+
+"Queen's Head" Inn, ii., 116, 117
+
+Quintain, i., 132
+
+_Quo warranto_ proceedings, i., 216
+
+
+Races at Smithfield, Horse, i., 132
+
+"Rag and Famish," ii., 103
+
+Rahere, i., 67
+
+Rahere's vision, i., 67
+
+"Rainbow" in Fleet Street, ii., 135
+
+Raleigh, Prison of Sir Walter, i., 35
+
+Ranelagh, Vauxhall and, ii., 222
+
+Rawlinson, Daniel, a loyal innkeeper, ii., 71
+
+Rebuilt after great fire, London, ii., 80
+
+Refectory, Charterhouse, i., 94
+
+Reform Club, ii., 108
+
+Reforms of Archdeacon Hale, i., 103
+
+Relics in the Temple, Treasures and, i., 138
+
+Religion, City Companies, their charity and, i., 195
+
+Religious plays, i., 129
+
+---- services of the Corporation, i., 183
+
+Renovations of the Tower, Wren's, i., 35
+
+Requests, Court of, ii., 2
+
+Residence of Sir Thomas Gresham, ii., 37
+
+Restoration of Charles II., Evelyn's description of, ii., 55
+
+---- of St. Bartholomew, i., 81, 84
+
+---- Modern London founded after the, ii., 53
+
+Rich, Sir Richard, i., 78
+
+Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at Crosby Hall, ii., 190
+
+---- I.'s enlargement of the Tower, i., 44
+
+---- III., Narrow escape of, ii., 189
+
+Richardson's printing-house, ii., 172
+
+"Ridings," i., 124
+
+Riots, London, ii., 221
+
+"Rock Lock," ii., 88
+
+Rolls Office, i., 153
+
+Roman basilica, i., 7
+
+---- bath, i., 7
+
+---- London, i., 6-12
+
+---- ---- Bridge, i., 10
+
+---- pottery, i., 5
+
+---- remains, i., 28
+
+---- wall, i., 11
+
+Rose playhouse, The, ii., 45, 47
+
+Row, Cooks', ii., 213
+
+---- Goldsmiths', ii., 32
+
+---- Paternoster, ii., 215
+
+Royal Asiatic Society, ii., 158
+
+---- Chapel, at St. James's Palace, ii., 12
+
+---- Exchange, ii., 28, 217, 218
+
+---- Geographical Society, ii., 160
+
+---- Institution, ii., 154
+
+---- Mathematical School, ii., 198
+
+---- Prisoners, i., 60
+
+---- Society, ii., 72, 150
+
+---- Society of Literature, ii., 156
+
+Royalists, Crosby a prison for, ii., 191
+
+Rugge's _Diurnal_, ii., 56
+
+"Rummer" in Charing Cross, The, ii., 179
+
+Russell Street, ii., 178
+
+Rutland Place, i., 96
+
+
+Sackville, Thomas, first Earl of Dorset, ii., 171
+
+Saddlers' Company, i., 200, 210
+
+St. Andrew, Holborn, Church of, i., 164; ii., 207
+
+---- in the Wardrobe, Church of, ii., 50
+
+---- Undershaft, ii., 37, 204
+
+St. Andrew's Hill, ii., 50
+
+---- Holborn, ii., 207
+
+St. Ann's Chapel, Crypt of, i., 139
+
+St. Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield, i., 66
+
+---- Restoration of, i., 81, 84
+
+St. Bartholomew's Hospital, ii., 35, 196
+
+St. Bénezet, ii., 85
+
+St. Bride, Church of, ii., 6
+
+St. Bruno, i., 86
+
+St. Buttolph, Church of, ii., 38
+
+St. Catherine Cree, ii., 204
+
+St. Cedd, i., 16
+
+St. Clement Danes, ii., 208
+
+St. Clement, patron saint of mariners, ii., 209
+
+St. Dunstan's, Stepney, ii., 204
+
+St. Ethelreda's, Ely Place, ii., 204
+
+St. George's Inn, i., 171
+
+St. Giles', Cripplegate, ii., 204
+
+St. Helen, Church of, ii., 41, 184
+
+"St. James's," Addison at the, ii., 180
+
+---- Coffee-house, ii., 137, 141
+
+---- Palace, ii., 7, 61
+
+---- Park, ii., 63
+
+---- Square, ii., 53
+
+---- Street, Literary associations of, ii., 180
+
+---- Swift at the, ii., 180
+
+St. John, Chapel of, i., 36
+
+St. Leonard's Church, ii., 42
+
+St. Margaret's, Lothbury, Screen in, i., 230
+
+St. Martin's le Grand, ii., 36
+
+St. Mary, Aldermanbury, ii., 31
+
+---- Axe, ii., 37
+
+St. Mary-le-Bow, Church of, i., 24
+
+---- Cheapside, ii., 210
+
+St. Mary Overie, ii., 46
+
+---- ---- Priory, ii., 86
+
+---- Woolchurch, ii., 214
+
+St. Michael-le-Querne, Church of, ii., 32
+
+St. Olaf, patron saint of Norway, ii., 209
+
+St. Olave's, Hart Street, ii., 205
+
+St. Paul's Cathedral, i., 16, 24; ii., 23
+
+---- Camden's description of, ii., 33
+
+---- Coffee-house, ii., 139
+
+---- Old, i., 116
+
+St. Peter ad Vincula, Chapel of, i., 42, 49, 57
+
+St. Sepulchre's, near Newgate, ii., 205
+
+St. Thomas of the Bridge, ii., 24
+
+St. Thomas's Hospital, ii., 196
+
+Saints of City Companies, Patron, i., 196
+
+"Saladin Tithe," i., 134
+
+Sales at Coffee-houses, ii., 146
+
+Salisbury House, ii., 216
+
+Salters' Company, i., 199
+
+---- Hall, i., 221
+
+"Saracen's Head" Inn, ii., 119
+
+---- ---- on Snow Hill, ii., 123
+
+Savoy Chapel, ii., 4
+
+---- Conference, ii., 5
+
+---- Palace of the, ii., 3
+
+---- ---- pillaged by Wat Tyler, ii., 4
+
+Saxon London, i., 12-21
+
+Scaffold on Great Tower Hill, i., 64
+
+Scenes in the Guildhall, Historic, i., 187
+
+School, Charterhouse, i., 102
+
+---- ---- moved to Godalming, i., 104
+
+---- Merchant Taylors', i., 94, 104
+
+---- Paul's, ii., 34
+
+---- Punishments, ii., 202
+
+---- Royal Mathematical, ii., 198
+
+Schoolmaster, Ejection of Charterhouse, i., 103
+
+Science, British Association for the Advancement of, ii., 158
+
+Scotch prisoners in Tower, i., 59
+
+Screen in St. Margaret's, Lothbury, i., 230
+
+Scriveners' Company, i., 210
+
+Scrope's Inn, i., 176
+
+Sculpture in the Temple, i., 135
+
+Seal of Bishops of London, i., 236
+
+Sebert, i., 16
+
+See of London, Arms of the City and, i., 233
+
+Sergeants-at-Law, i., 142
+
+Sermon Lane, ii., 214
+
+Sessions House, without Newgate, i., 164
+
+Settlement at Westminster, Roman, i., 11
+
+---- of lawyers in the Temple, i., 140
+
+Shakespeare, ii., 45
+
+---- in London, ii., 26, 37
+
+Shakespeare's house in Blackfriars, ii., 50
+
+Shambles, or meat market, ii., 35
+
+Shipwrights' Company, i., 211
+
+Shirley, James, ii., 171
+
+Shoe Lane, i., 150
+
+Shops on Old London Bridge, houses and, i., 112
+
+Shoreditch, ii., 42
+
+Site of Celtic London, i., 2
+
+_Six Clerks Inn_, i., 174
+
+Skating on the Thames, i., 131
+
+Skinners' Company, i., 196, 199
+
+---- Hall, i., 221
+
+Smithfield, Cloth Fair, i., 116
+
+---- horse races at, i., 132
+
+---- jousts at, i., 130
+
+Societies of London, Learned, ii., 150
+
+Society, Anthropological, ii., 162
+
+---- Ethnological, ii., 161
+
+---- Geological, ii., 155
+
+---- of Antiquaries, ii., 150, 153
+
+---- of Arts, Royal, ii., 154
+
+---- of Literature, Royal, ii., 156
+
+---- Royal, ii., 150
+
+---- Royal Asiatic, ii., 156
+
+---- Royal Geographical, ii., 160
+
+---- Royal Statistical, ii., 160
+
+Sopars' Lane, ii., 30
+
+Southampton House, i., 154
+
+Southwark Bridge, ii., 82, 97
+
+---- Inns at, ii., 114
+
+Spectacle-makers' Company, i., 211
+
+Spencer, Sir John, ii., 190
+
+Spenser, Edmund, born in East Smithfield, ii., 171
+
+Spittle Croft, i., 89
+
+Spoliation of the Companies, i., 214
+
+Sports of London youths, i., 131
+
+"Spread Eagle" Inn, ii., 120
+
+Square, St. James's, ii., 53
+
+---- Leicester, ii., 216
+
+Stairs, Paris Garden, ii., 44
+
+---- Thames, ii., 22
+
+Standard, The, ii., 31
+
+Staple Inn, i., 116, 153, 160, 170, 171
+
+---- Ordinance of the, i., 171
+
+Stationers' Company, i., 212
+
+Statistical Society, Royal, ii., 160
+
+Statue of James II., Grinling Gibbons's, ii., 60
+
+Steel-yard, i., 227; ii., 21
+
+---- Guildhall of the, i., 230
+
+Stepney, ii., 53
+
+"Sterling, a pound," i., 232
+
+Stone, London, i., 7, 28, 126
+
+Stow, i., 8, 11, 13; ii., 41
+
+Stow's _Survey_, ii., 25
+
+Strand, i., 126
+
+Street, Artillery, ii., 212
+
+---- Bread, ii., 30
+
+---- Broad, ii., 36
+
+---- Burleigh, ii., 215
+
+---- Candlewick, ii., 213
+
+---- Cannon, i., 116
+
+---- Coleman, i., 18
+
+---- Downing, ii., 54
+
+---- Ermin, i., 7
+
+---- Essex, ii., 215
+
+---- Fenchurch, ii., 214
+
+---- Fludyer, ii., 54
+
+---- Jewry, i., 108
+
+---- Lombard, ii., 27, 214
+
+---- Panton, ii., 54
+
+---- Tooley, ii., 209
+
+---- Watling, i., 6
+
+Streets, Life of the, i., 127
+
+---- Names of, i., 123
+
+---- Narrow and crooked, i., 112
+
+---- Narrow and unsavoury, i., 125
+
+---- Pageant of the, ii., 211
+
+"Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," ii., 100
+
+Subterranean passage, i., 62
+
+---- prison, i., 62
+
+"Sun" Inn, ii., 70
+
+Surprised by mob, Tower, i., 53
+
+Surrender of London to William I., i., 30
+
+_Survey_, Stow's, ii., 25
+
+Sutton, Thomas, i., 98
+
+"Swans, Game of," i., 204
+
+Swan-marking, i., 204
+
+Swan playhouse, ii., 47
+
+"Swan with Two Necks," Lad Lane, ii., 133
+
+"Sweating" coin, Clipping or, i., 109
+
+Swift at the "St. James's," ii., 180
+
+Sword in the City Arms, i., 235
+
+
+Tabard Inn, ii., 46, 114, 166
+
+"Tabard" Inn in Gracechurch Street, ii., 120, 121
+
+Tacitus, i., 6, 7
+
+Tallow Chandlers' Company, i., 212
+
+Tanfield Court, i., 146
+
+Tavern, Mermaid, ii., 30, 168
+
+Taverns and Inns, ii., 70, 113
+
+Templars, the, i., 139
+
+"Temple, Associates of the," i., 136
+
+Temple, Authors of the, ii., 174
+
+---- Church consecrated by Heraclius, i., 133
+
+---- ---- desecration of, i., 145
+
+---- ---- effigies in, i., 136
+
+---- ---- organ, i., 145
+
+---- Fires at the, i., 144
+
+---- Garden, i., 142
+
+---- Hall, Inner, i., 139
+
+---- ---- Middle, i., 143
+
+---- in Holborn, Old, i., 153
+
+---- Inner, i., 141
+
+---- James I. and the, i., 144
+
+---- Literary Associations of the, i., 146
+
+---- Middle, i., 141, 165
+
+---- Monuments in the, i., 139
+
+---- New, i., 163
+
+---- Settlement of lawyers in the, i., 140
+
+---- Sculpture in the, i., 135
+
+---- The, i., 133-148
+
+---- Treasures and relics in the, i., 138
+
+---- Wooden houses near, i., 116
+
+Temples, Inner and Middle, i., 161
+
+_Teutonicorum, Gilda_, ii., 27
+
+Thames, i., 4
+
+---- Coins found in the, i., 10
+
+---- Ferries, ii., 23
+
+---- Ford across, i., 4
+
+---- Pageants on the, i., 195
+
+---- Skating on the, i., 131
+
+---- "Stairs," ii., 22
+
+Thames' watermen, ii., 22, 167
+
+"Thatched House" Club, ii., 180
+
+Theatre, Cockpit, ii., 59
+
+---- Dorset Gardens, ii., 68
+
+---- Drury Lane, ii., 68
+
+---- Duke's House, ii., 67
+
+---- Globe, ii., 45
+
+---- in Portugal Row, ii., 68
+
+---- King's House, ii., 67
+
+Theatres, Old, ii., 44, 167
+
+Thorney, i., 12
+
+Three hundred Jews hanged, i., 109
+
+"Three Nuns" Inn, ii., 118
+
+---- Tuns" at Charing Cross, ii., 71
+
+Tilt Yard, ii., 58
+
+Timber, Early Castles of earth and, i., 49
+
+Tin-plate Workers' Company, i., 212
+
+"Tithe, Saladin," i., 134
+
+Tooley Street, ii., 209
+
+"Tour, The Grand," ii., 66
+
+Tower, Gundulf, architect of, i., 32, 33
+
+---- of London, i., 27-65
+
+---- keep compared with Colchester keep, i., 33
+
+---- Wren's renovations of, i., 35
+
+Town of London, a walled, i., 110
+
+Trade and commerce, ii., 186
+
+---- City Companies; their promotion of, i., 196
+
+"Traitors' Gate," i., 51, 65; ii., 24, 90
+
+Travellers' Club, ii., 104
+
+Treasures and relics in the Temple, i., 138
+
+Troubles, Civil War, i., 102
+
+Turners' or "Wood-potters'" Company, i., 212
+
+Turnmill Brook, i., 149
+
+Twelfth century house, i., 112
+
+"Two Swan" Inn yard, ii., 122
+
+Tyler, Wat, Savoy Palace pillaged by, ii., 4
+
+---- Wat, i., 235
+
+Tylers' and Bricklayers' Company, i., 212
+
+
+Ulster Plantation, i., 214
+
+Undershaft, St. Andrew, ii., 37
+
+Union Club, ii., 104
+
+United Service Club, ii., 101
+
+---- University Club, ii., 104
+
+Unsavoury Streets, Narrow and, i., 125
+
+Upholders' Company, i., 212
+
+
+Vandyke's Studio in Blackfriars, ii., 49
+
+Vauxhall, ii., 58
+
+---- and Ranelagh, ii., 222
+
+Viaduct, Holborn, i., 149
+
+Vikings, i., 225
+
+Vintners' Company, i., 197, 199
+
+---- Hall, i., 222
+
+Vintry, ii., 28
+
+Vision of Rahere, i., 67
+
+Wadlow, Simon, ii., 56
+
+
+Walbrook, i., 5
+
+Walden, Roger de, builds chantry chapel of St. Bartholomew, i., 72
+
+Walford, Prior John, i., 72
+
+Walk, King's Bench, i., 144
+
+---- Paul's, i., 117; ii., 33
+
+Walled Town, London a, i., 110
+
+Walls, London, ii., 212
+
+---- of London, i., 122
+
+---- Roman, i., 11
+
+Walton, Izaac, ii., 171
+
+Walworth, Sir William, i., 235
+
+Wardrobe, Church of St. Andrew in the, ii., 50
+
+---- Court, ii., 50
+
+Warwick Lane, Inn of Earl of Warwick in, i., 123
+
+Wash House Court, i., 94
+
+Water-engineer, Peter Corbis, ii., 91
+
+Waterloo Bridge, ii., 97
+
+Watermen, Thames', ii., 22, 167
+
+Watling Street, i., 6
+
+Wax Chandlers' Company, i., 212
+
+Weavers' Company, i., 213
+
+Westcheap, ii., 30
+
+---- markets of Eastcheap and, ii., 213
+
+Westminster, i., 126
+
+---- abbot and monks of, in prison, i., 59
+
+---- Axe Yard, ii., 54
+
+---- Bridge, ii., 94
+
+---- Hall, ii., 2
+
+---- Old inns in, ii., 70, 71
+
+---- Palace of, ii., 1
+
+---- Roman settlement at, i., 111
+
+Wheelwrights' Company, i., 213
+
+"Wherries," ii., 22
+
+Whist played at Coffee-houses, ii., 138
+
+Whitefriars Palace, ii., 60
+
+Whitehall, ii., 57
+
+---- Banqueting House, ii., 14
+
+---- Floods at, ii., 57
+
+---- Palace of, ii., 9, 11, 13, 56, 57
+
+"White Hart" Inn, ii., 115, 123
+
+"White Horse" Inn, ii., 127
+
+White Tower, i., 34
+
+"White's" Chocolate-house, ii., 137
+
+---- Club, ii., 101
+
+Whittington, Sir Richard, i., 178
+
+Wild-fowl in St. James's Park, ii., 63
+
+William I., Charter of, i., 22
+
+---- i., 29
+
+---- surrender of London to, i., 30
+
+"Will's" Coffee-house in Russell Street, ii., 137, 141
+
+Winchester House, ii., 46
+
+---- House of Marquis of, ii., 36
+
+Windows in the Guildhall, i., 189
+
+Witham, Somersetshire, i., 87
+
+Wolsey, Cardinal, ii., 13
+
+Wolsey's Palace, Cardinal, i., 116
+
+Wooden houses near Temple, i., 116
+
+---- ---- at Cripplegate, i., 115
+
+Woodwork in City Churches, Carved, ii., 207
+
+Woolcombers, i., 213
+
+Woolmen's Company, i., 213
+
+Wren, Sir Christopher, i., 43; ii., 205
+
+Wren's building, i., 144
+
+---- churches destroyed, ii., 206
+
+---- renovations of the Tower, i., 35
+
+
+Yard, Glasshouse, ii., 49
+
+---- Ireland, ii., 50
+
+---- Playhouse, ii., 50
+
+---- Tilt, ii., 58
+
+---- Westminster, Axe, ii., 54
+
+York House, ii., 13
+
+Youths, Sports of London, i., 131
+
+
+Zoological collections, ii., 63
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Bemrose & Sons Limited, Printers, Derby and London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Selected from the Catalogue of BEMROSE & SONS Ltd.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND.
+
+_Beautifully Illustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, gilt top. Price 15/-
+each net._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD OXFORDSHIRE.
+
+Edited by the Rev. P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A. Dedicated by kind
+permission to the Right Hon. the Earl of Jersey, G.C.B., G.C.M.G.
+
+     "This beautiful book contains an exhaustive history of 'the
+     wondrous Oxford,' to which so many distinguished scholars and
+     politicians look back with affection. We must refer the reader
+     to the volume itself ... and only wish that we had space to
+     quote extracts from its interesting pages."--_Spectator._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD DEVONSHIRE.
+
+Edited by F. J. SNELL, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Right
+Hon. Viscount Ebrington.
+
+     "A fascinating volume, which will be prized by thoughtful
+     Devonians wherever they may be found ... richly illustrated,
+     some rare engravings being represented."--_North Devon
+     Journal._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD HEREFORDSHIRE.
+
+Edited by the Rev. COMPTON READE, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to
+Sir John G. Cotterell, Bart.
+
+     "Another of these interesting volumes like the 'Memorials of
+     Old Devonshire,' which we noted a week or two ago, containing
+     miscellaneous papers on the history, topography, and families
+     of the county by competent writers, with photographs and other
+     illustrations."--_Times._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD HERTFORDSHIRE.
+
+Edited by PERCY CROSS STANDING. Dedicated by kind permission to the
+Right Hon. the Earl of Clarendon, G.C.B.
+
+     "The book, which contains some magnificent illustrations,
+     will be warmly welcomed by all lovers of our county and its
+     entertaining history."--_West Herts and Watford Observer._
+
+     "The volume as a whole is an admirable and informing one, and
+     all Hertfordshire folk should possess it, if only as a partial
+     antidote to the suburbanism which threatens to overwhelm their
+     beautiful county."--_Guardian._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD HAMPSHIRE.
+
+Edited by the Rev. G. E. JEANS, M.A., F.S.A. Dedicated by kind
+permission to His Grace the Duke of Wellington, K.G.
+
+     "'Memorials of the Counties of England' is worthily carried on
+     in this interesting and readable volume."--_Scotsman._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD SOMERSET.
+
+Edited by F. J. SNELL, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Most
+Hon. the Marquis of Bath.
+
+     "In these pages, as in a mirror, the whole life of the
+     county, legendary, romantic, historical, comes into view,
+     for in truth the book is written with a happy union of
+     knowledge and enthusiasm--a fine bit of glowing mosaic put
+     together by fifteen writers into a realistic picture of the
+     county."--_Standard._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD WILTSHIRE.
+
+Edited by ALICE DRYDEN.
+
+     "The admirable series of County Memorials ... will, it is
+     safe to say, include no volume of greater interest than that
+     devoted to Wiltshire."--_Daily Telegraph._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD SHROPSHIRE.
+
+Edited by the Rev. THOMAS AUDEN, M.A., F.S.A.
+
+     "Quite the best volume which has appeared so far in a series
+     that has throughout maintained a very high level."--_Tribune._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD KENT.
+
+Edited by the Rev. P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A., and GEORGE
+CLINCH, F.G.S. Dedicated by special permission to the Rt. Hon. Lord
+Northbourne, F.S.A.
+
+     "A very delightful addition to a delightful series. Kent, rich
+     in honour and tradition as in beauty, is a fruitful subject
+     of which the various contributors have taken full advantage,
+     archæology, topography, and gossip being pleasantly combined
+     to produce a volume both attractive and valuable."--_Standard._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD DERBYSHIRE.
+
+Edited by the Rev. J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A. Dedicated by kind
+permission to His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G.
+
+     "A valuable addition to our county history, and will possess
+     a peculiar fascination for all who devote their attention
+     to historical, archæological, or antiquarian research, and
+     probably to a much wider circle."--_Derbyshire Advertiser._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD DORSET.
+
+Edited by the Rev. THOMAS PERKINS, M.A., and the Rev. HERBERT PENTIN,
+M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Right Hon. Lord Eustace Cecil,
+F.R.G.S.
+
+     "The volume, in fine, forms a noteworthy accession to the
+     valuable series of books in which it appears."--_Scotsman._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD WARWICKSHIRE.
+
+Edited by ALICE DRYDEN.
+
+     "Worthy of an honoured place on our shelves. It is also one of
+     the best, if not the best, volume in a series of exceptional
+     interest and usefulness."--_Birmingham Gazette._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD NORFOLK.
+
+Edited by the Rev. H. J. DUKINFIELD ASTLEY, M.A., Litt.D., F.R.Hist.S.
+Dedicated by kind permission to the Right Hon. Viscount Coke, C.M.G.,
+C.V.O.
+
+     "This latest contribution to the history and archæology of
+     Norfolk deserves a foremost place among local works.... The
+     tasteful binding, good print, and paper are everything that
+     can be desired."--_Eastern Daily Press._
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON. Two vols. Price 25/- net. Edited by the Rev.
+P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A.
+
+     CONTENTS: Celtic, Roman, Saxon, and Norman London, by the
+     Rev. W. J. Loftie, F.S.A.--The Tower of London, by Harold
+     Sands, F.S.A.--St. Bartholomew's Church, Smithfield, by
+     J. Tavenor-Perry.--The Charterhouse, by the Rev. A. G. B.
+     Atkinson, M.A.--Glimpses of Mediæval London, by G. Clinch,
+     F.G.S.--The Palaces of London, by the Rev. R. S. Mylne,
+     LL.D., F.S.A.--The Temple, by the Rev. H. G. Woods, D.D.,
+     Master.--The Inns of Court, by E. Williams--The Guildhall,
+     by C. Welsh, F.S.A.--The City Companies, by the Editor.--The
+     Kontor of the Hanse, by J. Tavenor-Perry.--The Arms of London,
+     by J. Tavenor-Perry.--Elizabethan London, by T. Fairman
+     Ordish, F.S.A.--The London of Pepys, by H. B. Wheatley,
+     F.S.A.--The Thames and its Bridges, by J. Tavenor-Perry.--The
+     Old Inns of London, by Philip Norman, LL.D.--London Clubs,
+     by Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.--The Coffee Houses,
+     by G. L. Apperson.--Learned Societies of London, by Sir
+     Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.--Literary Shrines, by Mrs.
+     Lang.--Crosby Hall, by the Editor.--The Pageant of London;
+     with some account of the City Churches, Christ's Hospital,
+     etc., by the Editor.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD ESSEX. Edited by A. CLIFTON KELWAY, F.R.Hist.S.
+
+     Among the contributors are: Guy Maynard, Francis W. Reader,
+     Rev. J. Charles Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., C. Forbes, T. Grose Lloyd,
+     C. Fell Smith, Alfred Kingston, Miller Christy, F.L.S., W. W.
+     Porteous, E. Bertram Smith, Thomas Fforster, Edward Smith, and
+     the Editor.
+
+
+_The following volumes are in preparation:--_
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD SUFFOLK. Edited by VINCENT B. REDSTONE, F.R.Hist.S.
+
+     Among the contributors will be: F. Seymour Stevenson, M.A.,
+     Rev. J. Charles Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., L. P. Steele Hutton,
+     Rev. Rowland Maitland, B.A., B. J. Balding, P. Turner, H. J.
+     Hitchcock, and the Editor.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD SUSSEX. Edited by PERCY D. MUNDY.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD LANCASHIRE. Two vols. Price 25/- net. Edited by
+LIEUT.-COLONEL FISHWICK, F.S.A.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD YORKSHIRE. Edited by T. M. FALLOW, M.A., F.S.A.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Edited by P. W. P. PHILLIMORE, M.A.,
+B.C.L.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD LINCOLNSHIRE. Edited by CANON HUDSON, M.A.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Edited by P. W. P. PHILLIMORE, M.A.,
+B.C.L.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF NORTH WALES. Edited by E. ALFRED JONES.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD MANXLAND. Edited by the Rev. JOHN QUINE, M.A.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF SOUTH WALES. Edited by E. ALFRED JONES.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD STAFFORDSHIRE. Edited by the Rev. W. BERESFORD.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD MONMOUTHSHIRE. Edited by COLONEL BRADNEY, F.S.A., and
+J. KYRLE FLETCHER.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD WORCESTERSHIRE. Edited by F. B. ANDREWS, F.R.I.B.A.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD LEICESTERSHIRE. Edited by ALICE DRYDEN.
+
+
+MEMORIALS OF OLD CHESHIRE. Edited by the VEN. THE ARCHDEACON OF
+CHESTER, and the Rev. P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A.
+
+
+OLD ENGLISH GOLD PLATE.
+
+By E. ALFRED JONES. With numerous Illustrations of existing specimens
+of Old English Gold Plate, which by reason of their great rarity and
+historic value deserve publication in book form. The examples are
+from the collections of Plate belonging to His Majesty the King, the
+Dukes of Devonshire, Newcastle, Norfolk, Portland, and Rutland, the
+Marquis of Ormonde, the Earls of Craven, Derby, and Yarborough, Earl
+Spencer, Lord Fitzhardinge, Lord Waleran, Mr. Leopold de Rothschild,
+the Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, &c. Royal 4to, buckram, gilt top.
+Price 21/- net.
+
+     "Pictures, descriptions, and introduction make a book that
+     must rank high in the estimation of students of its subject,
+     and of the few who are well off enough to be collectors in
+     this Corinthian field of luxury."--_Scotsman._
+
+
+LONGTON HALL PORCELAIN.
+
+Being further information relating to this interesting fabrique, by
+the late WILLIAM BEMROSE, F.S.A., author of _Bow, Chelsea and Derby
+Porcelain_. Illustrated with 27 Coloured Art Plates, 21 Collotype
+Plates, and numerous line and half-tone Illustrations in the text.
+Bound in handsome "Longton-blue" cloth cover, suitably designed. Price
+42/- net.
+
+     "This magnificent work on the famous Longton Hall ware will be
+     indispensable to the collector."--_Bookman._
+
+     "The collector will find Mr. Bemrose's explanations of the
+     technical features which characterize the Longton Hall
+     pottery of great assistance in identifying specimens,
+     and he will be aided thereto by the many well-selected
+     illustrations."--_Athenæum._
+
+
+THE VALUES OF OLD ENGLISH SILVER & SHEFFIELD PLATE, FROM THE FIFTEENTH
+TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURIES.
+
+By J. W. CALDICOTT. Edited by J. STARKIE GARDNER, F.S.A. 3,000 Selected
+Auction Sale Records; 1,600 Separate Valuations; 660 Articles.
+Illustrated with 87 Collotype Plates. 300 pages. Royal 4to Cloth. Price
+42/- net.
+
+     "A most comprehensive and abundantly illustrated volume....
+     Enables even the most inexperienced to form a fair opinion of
+     the value either of a single article or a collection, while as
+     a reference and reminder it must prove of great value to an
+     advanced student."--_Daily Telegraph._
+
+
+HISTORY OF OLD ENGLISH PORCELAIN AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
+
+With an Artistic, Industrial and Critical Appreciation of their
+Productions. By M. L. SOLON, the well-known Potter-Artist and
+Collector. In one handsome volume. Royal 8vo, well printed in clear
+type on good paper, and beautifully illustrated with 20 full-page
+Coloured Collotype and Photo-Chromotype Plates and 48 Collotype Plates
+on Tint. Artistically bound. Price 52/6 net.
+
+     "Mr. Solon writes not only with the authority of the master of
+     technique, but likewise with that of the accomplished artist,
+     whose exquisite creations command the admiration of the
+     connoisseurs of to-day."--_Athenæum._
+
+
+MANX CROSSES; or The Inscribed and Sculptured Monuments of the Isle of
+Man, from about the end of the Fifth to the beginning of the Thirteenth
+Century.
+
+By P. M. C. KERMODE, F.S.A.Scot., &c. The illustrations are from
+drawings specially prepared by the Author, founded upon rubbings, and
+carefully compared with photographs and with the stones themselves.
+In one handsome Quarto Volume 11-1/8 in. by 8-5/8 in., printed on Van
+Gelder hand-made paper, bound in full buckram, gilt top, with special
+design on the side. Price 63/- net. The edition is limited to 400
+copies.
+
+     "We have now a complete account of the subject in this very
+     handsome volume, which Manx patriotism, assisted by the
+     appreciation of the public in general, will, we hope, make a
+     success."--_Spectator._
+
+
+DERBYSHIRE CHARTERS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIBRARIES AND MUNIMENT ROOMS.
+
+Compiled, with Preface and Indexes, for Sir Henry Howe Bemrose, Kt.,
+by ISAAC HERBERT JEAYES, Assistant Keeper in the Department of MSS.,
+British Museum. Royal 8vo, cloth, gilt top. Price 42/- net.
+
+     "The book must always prove of high value to investigators in
+     its own recondite field of research, and would form a suitable
+     addition to any historical library."--_Scotsman._
+
+
+SOME DORSET MANOR HOUSES, WITH THEIR LITERARY AND HISTORICAL
+ASSOCIATIONS.
+
+By SIDNEY HEATH, with a fore-word by R. Bosworth Smith, of Bingham's
+Melcombe. Illustrated with forty drawings by the Author, in addition
+to numerous rubbings of Sepulchral Brasses by W. de C. Prideaux,
+reproduced by permission of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
+Field Club. Dedicated by kind permission to the most Hon. the Marquis
+of Salisbury. Royal 4to, cloth, bevelled edges. Price 30/- net.
+
+     "Dorset is rich in old-world manor houses; and in this
+     large, attractive volume twenty are dealt with in pleasant,
+     descriptive and antiquarian chapters, fully illustrated with
+     pen-and-ink drawings by Mr. Heath and rubbings from brasses by
+     W. de C. Prideaux."--_Times._
+
+
+THE CHURCH PLATE OF THE DIOCESE OF BANGOR.
+
+By E. ALFRED JONES. With Illustrations of about one hundred pieces
+of Old Plate, including a pre-Reformation Silver Chalice, hitherto
+unknown; a Mazer Bowl, a fine Elizabethan Domestic Cup and Cover, a
+Tazza of the same period, several Elizabethan Chalices, and other
+important Plate from James I. to Queen Anne. Demy 4to, buckram. Price
+21/- net.
+
+     "This handsome volume is the most interesting book on Church
+     Plate hitherto issued."--_Athenæum._
+
+
+THE OLD CHURCH PLATE OF THE ISLE OF MAN.
+
+By E. ALFRED JONES. With many illustrations, including a
+pre-Reformation Silver Chalice and Paten, an Elizabethan Beaker, and
+other important pieces of Old Silver Plate and Pewter. Crown 4to,
+buckram. Price 10/6 net.
+
+     "A beautifully illustrated descriptive account of the
+     many specimens of Ecclesiastical Plate to be found in the
+     Island."--_Manchester Courier._
+
+
+GARDEN CITIES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE.
+
+By A. R. SENNETT, A.M.I.C.E., &c. Large Crown 8vo. Two vols.,
+attractively bound in cloth, with 400 Plates, Plans and Illustrations.
+Price 21/- net.
+
+     "... What Mr. Sennett has to say here deserves, and will no
+     doubt command, the careful consideration of those who govern
+     the future fortunes of the Garden City."--_Bookseller._
+
+
+DERBY: ITS RISE AND PROGRESS.
+
+By A. W. DAVISON, illustrated with 12 plates and two maps. Crown 8vo,
+cloth. Price 5/-.
+
+     "A volume with which Derby and its people should be well
+     satisfied."--_Scotsman._
+
+
+THE CORPORATION PLATE AND INSIGNIA OF OFFICE OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS OF
+ENGLAND AND WALES.
+
+By the late LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A. Edited and completed with large
+additions by W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A. Fully illustrated, 2 vols.,
+Crown 4to, buckram, 84/- net. Large paper, 2 vols., Royal 4to, 105/-
+net.
+
+     "It is difficult to praise too highly the careful research
+     and accurate information throughout these two handsome
+     quartos."--_Athenæum._
+
+
+THE RELIQUARY: AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE FOR ANTIQUARIES, ARTISTS, AND
+COLLECTORS.
+
+A Quarterly Journal and Review devoted to the study of primitive
+industries, mediæval handicrafts, the evolution of ornament, religious
+symbolism, survival of the past in the present, and ancient art
+generally. Edited by the Rev. J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A. New Series.
+Vols. 1 to 13, Super Royal 8vo, buckram, price 12/- each net. Special
+terms for sets.
+
+     "Of permanent interest to all who take an interest in the
+     many and wide branches of which it furnishes not only
+     information and research, but also illumination in pictorial
+     form."--_Scotsman._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LONDON: BEMROSE & SONS LTD., 4 SNOW HILL, E.C.; AND DERBY.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48187 ***
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-<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Memorials of Old London, Volume II (of 2),
-Edited by P. H. Peter Hampson) Ditchfield</h1>
-<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
-and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-eBook or online at <a
-href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.  If you are not
-located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this ebook.</p>
-<p>Title: Memorials of Old London, Volume II (of 2)</p>
-<p>Editor: P. H. Peter Hampson) Ditchfield</p>
-<p>Release Date: February 7, 2015  [eBook #48187]</p>
-<p>Language: English</p>
-<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
-<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON, VOLUME II (OF 2)***</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<h3>E-text prepared by Susan Skinner<br />
-    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
-    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
-  <tr>
-    <td valign="top">
-      Note:
-    </td>
-    <td>
-      Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br />
-      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm">Volume I</a>: see http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm<br />
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<hr class="pg" />
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">Memorials of the Counties of England</span></p>
-
-<p class='center'>General Editor:<br />
-<span class="smcap">Rev. P. H. Ditchfield</span>, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., F.R.Hist.S.</p>
-
-
-
-
-<h1 style="margin-top:4em;"><span class="smcap">Memorials of Old London</span></h1>
-
-<p class='p3' style="margin-bottom:4em;">VOLUME II.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter"><a id="frontispiece"></a>
-<img src="images/image_001.jpg" width="600" height="427" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'>CRAB TREE INN, HAMMERSMITH
-1898</p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>From a painting
-by Philip Norman, LL.D.</i></p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p class='p1'>MEMORIALS<br />
-OF OLD LONDON</p>
-
-<p class="center">EDITED BY<br />
-<span style="font-size: x-large;">P. H. DITCHFIELD</span>, M.A., F.S.A.</p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Fellow of the Royal Historical Society</span></p>
-<p class='center' style="margin-top: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Author of</span><br />
-<i>The City Companies of London and their Good Works</i><br />
-<i>The Story of our Towns</i><br />
-<i>The Cathedral Churches of Great Britain</i><br />
-<i>&amp;c. &amp;c.</i></p>
-
-
-<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;">IN TWO VOLUMES<br />
-VOL. II.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;"><span class='smcap'>With Many Illustrations</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/title.jpg" width="100" height="68" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="center">LONDON<br />
-BEMROSE &amp; SONS LIMITED, 4 SNOW HILL, E.C.<br />
-AND DERBY<br />
-1908</p>
-
-<p class="center">[<i>All Rights Reserved</i>]
-</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">{v}</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CONTENTS_OF_VOL_II" id="CONTENTS_OF_VOL_II">CONTENTS OF VOL. II.</a></h2>
-
-
-
-
-
-<div class="center">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td align="right" colspan='3'><span class='smcap'>Page</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Palaces of London</td><td align="left">By Rev. <span class="smcap">R. S. Mylne</span>, B.C.L., F.S.A.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Elizabethan London</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">T. Fairman Ordish</span>, F.S.A.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Pepys's London</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">H. B. Wheatley</span>, F.S.A.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Old London Bridges</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">J. Tavenor-Perry</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Clubs of London</td><td align="left">By Sir <span class="smcap">Edwd. Brabrook</span>, C.B., F.S.A.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Inns of Old London</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">Philip Norman</span>, LL.D.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Old London Coffee-Houses</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">G. L. Apperson</span>, I.S.O.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Learned Societies of London</td><td align="left">By Sir <span class="smcap">Edwd. Brabrook</span>, C.B., F.S.A.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Literary Shrines of Old London</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">Elsie M. Lang</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Crosby Hall</td><td align="left">By the <span class="smcap">Editor</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Pageant of London; with some account of the City Churches, Christ's Hospital, etc.</td><td align="left">By the <span class="smcap">Editor</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" colspan='2'>Index</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">{vii}</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
-IN VOL. II.</a></h2>
-
-
-
-<div class="center">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td align="left">Crab Tree Inn, Hammersmith, 1898</td><td align="left"><i><a href="#frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></i></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a painting by Philip Norman, LL.D.</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right" colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Page, or Facing Page</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Houses of Parliament</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a photo. by Mansell &amp; Co.</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">A View of the Savoy Palace from the River Thames</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">6</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an engraving published by the Society of Antiquaries in 1750, from a plan by G. Virtue</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Portion of an exact Survey of the Streets, Lanes, and Churches</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">8</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>Comprehended by the order and directions of the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor, 10th December, 1666</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Prospect of Bridewell</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">10</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>Published according to Act of Parliament, 1755, for Stow's Survey</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Palace of Whitehall</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a photo. by Mansell &amp; Co.</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">St. James's Palace</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">16</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a photo. by Mansell &amp; Co.</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">St. James's Palace, from Pall Mall and from the Park</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Plan of London in the time of Queen Elizabeth (1563)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">24</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Shooting Match by the London Archers in the Year 1583</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">A View of London as it appeared before the Great Fire</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Great Fire of London</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">South-West View of Old St. Paul's</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Sir John Evelyn's Plan for Rebuilding London after the Great Fire</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">82</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">{viii}</a></span>The Undercroft of St. Thomas of Canterbury on the Bridge</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Surrey End of London Bridge</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>Drawn by J. Tavenor-Perry</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Foundation Stone Chair</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>Drawn by J. Tavenor-Perry</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Old Westminster Bridge</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>Drawn by J. Tavenor-Perry</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Badge of Bridge House Estates</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>Drawn by J. Tavenor-Perry</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">An Early Letter of the Royal Society, dated January 18th, 1693-4</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">152</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Cheapside, with the Cross, as they appeared in 1660</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_171">170</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Crosby Hall</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_185">184</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a drawing by Whichillo, engraved by Stour</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">St. Paul's Cathedral, with Lord Mayor's Show on the water</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an engraving by Pugh, 1804</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Christ's Hospital</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">194</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Carrying the Crug-basket</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Wooden Platters and Beer Jack</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Piggin, Wooden Spoon, Wooden Soup-ladle</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Christ's Hospital: The Garden</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_201">200</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a photo.</i>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Old Staircase at Christ's Hospital</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Royal Exchange</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an engraving by Hollar, 1644</i>)</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">{1}</a></span></p>
-
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2><a name="THE_PALACES_OF_LONDON" id="THE_PALACES_OF_LONDON">THE PALACES OF LONDON</a></h2>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By the Rev. R. S. Mylne, B.C.L. (Oxon), F.S.A.
-F.R.S. (Scots.)</span></p>
-
-<div>
-<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.png" width="100" height="118" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">The housing of the Sovereign is always a matter
-of interest to the nation. It were natural to
-expect that some definite arrangement should
-be made for this purpose, planned and executed
-on a grand and appropriate scale. Yet as a matter of
-fact this is seldom the case amongst the western nations
-of Europe. Two different causes have operated in a
-contrary direction. One is the natural predilection of
-the ruler of the State for a commodious palace outside,
-but not far from, the capital. Thus the great Castle of
-Windsor has always been <i>par excellence</i> the favourite
-residence of the King of England. The other is the
-growth of parliamentary institutions. Thus the entire
-space occupied by the original Royal Palace has become
-the official meeting-place of the Parliament; and the King
-himself has perforce been compelled to find accommodation
-elsewhere.</p>
-
-<p>Look at the actual history of the Royal Palace of
-<i>Westminster</i>, where the High Court of Parliament now is
-accustomed to assemble. It was on this very spot that
-Edward the Confessor lived and died, glorying in the
-close proximity of the noble abbey that seemed to give
-sanctity to his own abode. Here the last Saxon King
-entertained Duke William of Normandy, destined to be
-his own successor on the throne. Here he gave the
-famous feast in which he foretold the failure of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">{2}</a></span>
-crusades, as Baring Gould records in his delightful
-<i>Myths of the Middle Ages</i>. Here Edward I. was born,
-and Edward III. died. The great hall was erected by
-William Rufus, and the chapel by King Stephen.
-Henry VIII. added the star chamber. The painted
-chamber, decorated with frescoes by Henry III., was
-probably the oldest portion of the medi�val palace, and
-just beyond was the prince's chamber with walls
-seven feet thick. There was also the ancient Court
-of Requests, which served as the House of Lords down
-to 1834. The beautiful Gothic Chapel of St. Stephen
-was used as the House of Commons from 1547 to
-1834. The walls were covered with frescoes representing
-scenes from the Old and New Testaments. In modern
-times they resounded to the eloquence of Pitt, Fox,
-Burke, and Canning.</p>
-
-<p>The curious crypt beneath this chapel was carefully
-prepared by H.M. Office of Works for the celebration
-of the marriage of Lord Chancellor Loreburn last
-December, and a coffin was discovered while making
-certain reparations to the stonework, which is believed
-to contain the remains of the famous Dr. Lyndwode,
-Bishop of St. David's from 1442 to 1446.</p>
-
-<p>In the terrible fire on the night of October 16, 1834,
-the entire palace was destroyed with the exception of
-the great hall, which, begun by William Rufus, received
-its present beautiful roof of chestnut wood from Henry
-Yeveley, architect or master mason to Richard II.</p>
-
-<p>The present magnificent Palace of Westminster was
-erected by Sir Charles Barry between 1840 and 1859 in
-the Gothic style, and is certainly one of the finest modern
-buildings in the world. The river front is remarkably
-effective, and presents an appearance which at once
-arrests the attention of every visitor. It is quite
-twice the size of the old palace, formerly occupied by
-the King, and cost three millions sterling. It is certainly
-the finest modern building in London.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">{3}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Some critics have objected to the minuteness of the
-decorative designs on the flat surfaces of the walls, but
-these are really quite in accord with the delicate genius
-of Gothic architecture, and fine examples of this kind of
-work are found in Belgium and other parts of the
-Continent.</p>
-
-<p>Every one must admit the elegance of proportion
-manifested in the architect's design, and this it is which
-makes the towers stand out so well above the main
-building from every point of view; moreover, this is
-the special characteristic which is often so terribly
-lacking in modern architecture. One wonders whether
-Vitruvius and kindred works receive their due meed of
-attention in this twentieth century.</p>
-
-<p>Within the palace the main staircase, with the lobby
-and corridors leading to either House of Parliament, are
-particularly fine, and form a worthy approach to the
-legislative chambers of the vast Empire of Great Britain.</p>
-
-<p>The Palace of the <i>Savoy</i> also needs some notice. The
-original house was built by Peter, brother of Boniface,
-for so many years Archbishop of Canterbury, and uncle
-of Eleanor of Provence, wife of King Henry III. By his
-will Peter bequeathed this estate to the monks of
-Montjoy at Havering-at-Bower, who sold it to Queen
-Eleanor, and it became the permanent residence of her
-second son Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and his
-descendants. When King John of France was made a
-prisoner after the battle of Poitiers in 1356, he was
-assigned an apartment in the Savoy, and here he died
-on April 9, 1364. The sad event is thus mentioned in
-the famous chronicle of Froissart:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The King and Queen, and all the princes of the blood, and all the
-nobles of England were exceedingly concerned from the great love and
-affection King John had shewn them since the conclusion of peace."</p></div>
-
-<p>The best-known member of the Lancastrian family
-who resided in this palace is the famous John of Gaunt,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">{4}</a></span>
-Duke of Lancaster. During his time, so tradition has it,
-the well-known poet Chaucer was here married to
-Philippa, daughter of Sir Paon de Roet, one of the young
-ladies attached to the household of Blanche, Duchess of
-Lancaster, and the sister of Catherine Swynford, who at
-a later period became the Duke's third wife. However
-this may be, the Savoy was at that time the favourite
-resort of the nobility of England, and John of Gaunt's
-hospitality was unbounded. Stow, in his <i>Chronicle</i>,
-declares "there was none other house in the realm to be
-compared for beauty and stateliness." Yet how very
-transitory is earthly glory, all the pride of place and
-power!</p>
-
-<p>In the terrible rebellion of Wat Tyler, in the year
-1381, the Savoy was pillaged and burnt, and the Duke
-was compelled to flee for his life to the northern parts
-of Great Britain. His Grace had become very unpopular
-on account of the constant protection he had extended to
-the simple followers of Wickcliffe.</p>
-
-<p>After this dire destruction the Savoy was never
-restored to its former palatial proportions. The whole
-property passed to the Crown, and King Henry VII. rebuilt
-it, and by his will endowed it in a liberal manner as a
-hospital in honour of St. John the Baptist. This hospital
-was suppressed at the Reformation under Edward VI., most
-of the estates with which it was endowed passing to the
-great City Hospital of St. Thomas. But Queen Mary
-refounded the hospital as an almshouse with a master
-and other officers, and this latter foundation was finally
-dissolved in 1762.</p>
-
-<p>Over the gate, now long destroyed, of King Henry VII.'s
-foundation were these words:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Hospitium hoc inopi turbe Savoia vocatum<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Septimus Henricus solo fundavit ab imo."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_003.jpg" width="600" height="396" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">The Houses of Parliament.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The church, which is the only existing remnant of
-former splendour, was built as the chapel of Henry VII.'s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">{5}</a></span>
-Hospital, and is an interesting example of Perpendicular
-architecture, with a curious and picturesque belfry. In
-general design it resembles a college chapel, and the
-religious services held therein are well maintained. Her
-late Majesty Queen Victoria behaved with great
-generosity to the church of the Savoy. In her capacity
-of Duchess of Lancaster she restored the interior woodwork
-and fittings, and after a destructive fire in 1864
-effected a second restoration of the entire interior of this
-sacred edifice. There is now a rich coloured roof, and
-appropriate seats for clergy and people. There is also
-preserved a brass belonging to the year 1522 from the
-grave of Thomas Halsey, Bishop of Leighlin, and Gavin
-Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, famous in Scottish history
-for his piety and learning. There is also a small figure
-from Lady Dalhousie's monument, but all the other tombs
-perished in the flames in 1864. The history of the
-central compartment of the triptych over the font is
-curious. It was painted for the Savoy Palace in the
-fourteenth century, afterwards lost, and then recovered
-in 1876.</p>
-
-<p>Amongst the famous ministers of the Savoy were
-Thomas Fuller, author of the <i>Worthies</i>, and Anthony
-Horneck. In the Savoy was held the famous conference
-between twelve bishops and twelve Nonconformists for
-the revision of the Liturgy soon after the accession of
-King Charles II. In this conference Richard Baxter took
-a prominent part.</p>
-
-<p>In this brief sketch nothing is more remarkable than
-the great variety of uses to which the palace of the Savoy
-has been put, as well as the gradual decay of medi�val
-splendour. Still, however, the name is very familiar to
-the multitudes of people who are continually passing up
-and down the Strand. Yet it is a far cry to the days of
-Archbishop Boniface of Savoy, and Edmund Earl of
-Lancaster.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">{6}</a></span></p>
-
-<p><i>Bridewell</i> is situated on a low-lying strip of land
-between the Thames and the Fleet, just westwards of the
-south-western end of the Roman wall of London. In
-early days this open space only possessed a tower for
-defensive purposes, just as the famous Tower of London
-guarded the eastern end of the city. Hard by was the
-church of St. Bride, founded in the days of the Danes,
-most likely in the reign of King Canute, and here there
-was a holy well or spring. Hence arose the name of
-Bridewell.</p>
-
-<p>In 1087, ancient records relate, King William gave
-choice stones from his tower or castle, standing at the
-west end of the city, to Maurice, Bishop of London, for
-the repair of his cathedral church.</p>
-
-<p>From time to time various rooms were added to the
-original structure, which seem chiefly to have been used
-for some state ceremonial or judicial purpose. Thus in
-the seventh year of King John, Walter de Crisping,
-the Justiciar, gave judgment here in an important
-lawsuit.</p>
-
-<p>In 1522 the whole building was repaired for the
-reception of the famous Emperor Charles V., but that
-distinguished Sovereign actually stayed in the Black
-Friars, on the other side of the Fleet.</p>
-
-<p>King Henry VIII. made use of Bridewell for the trial
-of his famous divorce case. Cardinal Campeggio was
-President of the Court, and in the end gave judgment
-in favour of Queen Catharine of Aragon. Yet, despite
-the Cardinal, Henry would have nothing more to do with
-Catharine, and at the same time took a dislike to Bridewell,
-which was allowed to fall into decay&mdash;in fact,
-nothing of the older building now remains. King
-Edward VI., just before his own death in 1553, granted
-the charter which converted Bridewell into a charitable
-institution, and after many vicissitudes a great work is
-still carried on at this establishment for the benefit of
-the poor of London. In May, 1552, Dr. Ridley, Bishop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">{7}</a></span>
-of London, wrote this striking letter to Sir William
-Cecil, Knight, and Secretary to the King:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Good Master Cecyl,&mdash;I must be suitor with you in our Master
-Christ's cause. I beseech you be good unto him. The matter is, Sir,
-that he hath been too, too long abroad, without lodging, in the streets
-of London, both hungry, naked and cold. There is a large wide empty
-house of the King's Majesty called Bridewell, which would wonderfully
-serve to lodge Christ in, if he might find friends at Court to procure in
-his cause."</p></div>
-
-<p>Thus the philanthropic scheme was started, and brought
-to completion under the mayoralty of Alderman Sir
-George Barnes.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_004.jpg" width="600" height="382" alt="" />
-
-<p class="img_link"><a href="images/image_004_full.jpg">View larger version.</a></p>
-
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">A View of the Savoy Palace from the River Thames.</span></p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>Published by the Society of Antiquaries in 1750,
-from a plan by G. Virtue.</i></p>
-
-
-<div class="center">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">AAA</span></td><td align="left">The great building, now a barracks.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">BB</span></td><td align="left">Prison for the Savoy, and guards.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">CCC</span></td><td align="left">Church of St. Mary le Savoy.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">D</span></td><td align="left">Stairs to the waterside.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">EFG</span></td><td align="left">Churches of German Lutherans, French and German Calvinists.</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p><i>St. James's</i> is the most important royal palace of
-London. For many a long year it has been most closely
-associated with our royal family, and the quaint towers
-and gateway looking up St. James's Street possess an
-antiquarian interest of quite an unique character. This
-palace, moreover, enshrines the memory of a greater
-number of famous events in the history of our land than
-any other domestic building situated in London, and for
-this reason is worthy of special attention.</p>
-
-<p>Its history is as follows:&mdash;Before the Norman
-Conquest there was a hospital here dedicated to St. James,
-for fourteen maiden lepers. A hospital continued to
-exist throughout the middle ages, but when Henry VIII.
-became King he obtained this property by an exchange,
-and converted it, as Holinshed bears witness, into "a
-fair mansion and park" when he was married to Anne
-Boleyn. The letters "H. A." can still be traced on the
-chimney-piece of the presence chamber or tapestry room,
-as well as a few other memorials of those distant days.
-And what days they were! Queen Anne Boleyn going
-to St. James's in all the joyous splendour of a royal
-bride, and how soon afterwards meeting her cruel fate at
-the hands of the executioner! Henry VIII. seldom lived
-at St. James's Palace, perhaps on account of the weird
-reminiscences of Anne Boleyn, but it became the favourite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">{8}</a></span>
-residence of Queen Mary after her husband Philip II.
-returned to Spain, and here she died in utter isolation
-during the dull November days of the autumn of 1558.
-Thus the old palace is first associated with the sad story
-of two unhappy queens!</p>
-
-<p>But brighter days were coming. Prince Henry, the
-eldest son of James I., settled here in 1610, and kept a
-brilliant and magnificent court, attached to which were
-nearly 300 salaried officials. Then in two short years
-he died, November 6, 1612. Then the palace was given to
-Charles, who afterwards ascended the throne in 1625,
-and much liked the place as a residence. It is closely
-associated with the stirring events of this romantic
-monarch's career. Here Charles II., James II., and the
-Princess Elizabeth were born, and here Marie de Medici,
-the mother of Queen Henrietta Maria, took refuge in 1638,
-and maintained a magnificent household for three years.
-It is said her pension amounted to �3,000 a month!
-Her residence within the royal palace increased the
-unpopularity of the King, whose arbitrary treatment of
-Parliament led to the ruinous Civil War. The noble
-House of Stuart is ever unfortunate all down the long
-page of history, and the doleful prognostications of the
-Sortes Vergilian�, sought for by the King, proved but
-too true in the event.</p>
-
-<p>We quote six lines of Dryden's translation from the
-sixth book of the <i>�neid</i>, at the page at which the King
-by chance opened the book&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Seek not to know, the ghost replied with tears,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">The sorrows of thy sons in future years.<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">This youth, the blissful vision of a day,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Shall just be shewn on earth, and snatched away.<br /></span>
-<span class="i2">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">"Ah! couldst thou break through Fate's severe decree,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">A new Marcellus shall arise in thee."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>Dr. Wellwood says Lord Falkland tried to laugh the
-matter off, but the King was pensive.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">{9}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_005.jpg" width="449" height="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Portion of an exact Survey of the Streets, Lanes, and Churches.</span></p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>Comprehended by the order and directions of the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor
-10th December, 1666.</i></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The fortunes of war were against this very attractive
-but weak monarch, who was actually brought as a
-prisoner of the Parliament from Windsor Castle to his
-own Palace of St. James, there to await his trial on a
-charge of high treason in Westminster Hall!</p>
-
-<p>Certain of his own subjects presumed to pass sentence
-of death upon their own Sovereign, and have become
-known to history as the regicides. Very pathetic is the
-story of the scenes which took place at St. James's on
-Sunday, January 28, 1649. A strong guard of parliamentary
-troops escorted King Charles from Whitehall to
-St. James's, and Juxon, the faithful Bishop of London,
-preached his last sermon to his beloved Sovereign from
-the words, "In the day when God shall judge the secrets
-of men by Jesus Christ, according to my Gospel." His
-Majesty then received the Sacrament, and spent much
-time in private devotion. On the morrow he bade farewell
-to his dear children the Duke of Gloucester and the
-Princess Elizabeth, praying them to forgive his enemies,
-and not to grieve, for he was about to die a glorious
-death for the maintenance of the laws and liberties of
-the land and the true Protestant religion. Then he
-took the little Duke of Gloucester on his knees, saying,
-"Sweetheart, now they will cut off thy father's head," and
-the young prince looked very earnestly and steadfastly
-at the King, who bade him be loyal to his brothers
-Charles and James, and all the ancient family of Stuart.
-And thus they parted.</p>
-
-<p>Afterwards His Majesty was taken from St. James's
-to the scaffold at Whitehall. There was enacted the
-most tragic scene connected with the entire history of
-the Royal Family of England. At the hands of Jacobite
-writers the highly-coloured narrative is like to induce
-tears of grief, but the Puritans love to dwell on the
-King's weaknesses and faults. Yet everyone must needs
-acknowledge the calm nobility and unwavering courage
-of the King's bearing and conduct.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">{10}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"He nothing common did or mean<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Upon that memorable scene,<br /></span>
-<span class="i2">But with his keener eye<br /></span>
-<span class="i2">The axe's edge did try;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Nor called the gods with vulgar spite<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">To vindicate his helpless right,<br /></span>
-<span class="i2">But bowed his comely head<br /></span>
-<span class="i2">Down, as upon a bed."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>The great German historian Leopold von Ranke is
-rightly regarded as the best and most impartial authority
-on the history of Europe in the seventeenth century. This
-is what he says on the martyrdom of Charles I.:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The scaffold was erected on the spot where the kings were wont to
-show themselves to the people after their coronation. Standing beside
-the block at which he was to die, he was allowed once more to speak
-in public. He said that the war and its horrors were unjustly laid to his
-charge.... If at last he had been willing to give way to arbitrary
-power, and the change of the laws by the sword, he would not have
-been in this position: he was dying as the martyr of the people, passing
-from a perishable kingdom to an imperishable. He died in the faith of
-the Church of England, as he had received it from his father. Then
-bending to the block, he himself gave the sign for the axe to fall upon
-his neck. A moment, and the severed head was shown to the people,
-with the words: 'This is the head of a traitor.' All public places, the
-crossings of the streets, especially the entrances of the city, were occupied
-by soldiery on foot and on horseback. An incalculable multitude had,
-however, streamed to the spot. Of the King's words they heard nothing,
-but they were aware of their purport through the cautious and guarded
-yet positive language of their preachers. When they saw the severed
-head, they broke into a cry, universal and involuntary, in which the feelings
-of guilt and weakness were blended with terror&mdash;a sort of voice of
-nature, whose terrible impression those who heard it were never able to
-shake off."</p></div>
-
-<p>These weighty words of Ranke are well worth quoting,
-as well as the conclusion of the section of his great
-book in which he sums up his estimate of Charles's
-claim to the title of martyr:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"There was certainly something of a martyr in him, if the man can
-be so called who values his own life less than the cause for which he is
-fighting, and in perishing himself saves it for the future."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">{11}</a></span></p></div>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_006.jpg" width="600" height="381" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">The Prospect of Bridewell.</span></p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>Published according to Act of Parliament, 1755, for Stow's Survey.</i></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>King Charles I., then, is fairly entitled to be called a
-martyr in the calm and unimpassioned judgment of the
-greatest historian of modern times in the learned Empire
-of Germany, who tests the royal claim by a clear and
-concise definition, framed without any regard to the
-passionate political feeling which distracted England
-in the days of the Stuarts.</p>
-
-<p>And it was in the Palace of St. James that Charles I.
-passed the last terrible days of his earthly life.</p>
-
-<p>On the Restoration, King Charles II. resided at
-Whitehall, and gave St. James's to his brother James,
-Duke of York. Here Queen Mary II. was born, and
-here she was married to William of Orange late in the
-evening on November 4, 1677. Here also Anne Hyde,
-Duchess of York, died in 1671, having lived many years
-more or less in seclusion in the old palace.</p>
-
-<p>James afterwards married Mary of Modena as his
-second wife, and here was born, on June 10, 1688,
-Prince James Edward, better known as the Old Pretender,
-whose long life was spent in wandering and exile, in
-futile attempts to gain the Crown, in unsuccessful
-schemes and ruinous plots, until he and his children
-found rest within the peaceful walls of Rome.</p>
-
-<p>Directly after he landed in England, King William III.
-came to St. James's, and resided here from time to time
-during his possession of the Crown, only towards the
-end of his reign allowing the Princess Anne to reside
-in this palace, where she first heard of King William's
-death. The bearer of the sad news was Dr. Burnet,
-Bishop of Salisbury.</p>
-
-<p>Immediately on his arrival in England, George I.,
-Elector of Hanover, came straight to St. James's just
-as King William III. had done. In his <i>Reminiscences</i>,
-Walpole gives this quaint anecdote:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"This is a strange country," remarked the King. "The first morning
-after my arrival at St. James's, I looked out of the window, and saw a
-park with walks and a canal, which they told me were mine. The next<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">{12}</a></span>
-day Lord Chetwynd, the ranger of my park, sent me a fine brace of
-carp out of my canal: and I was told I must give five guineas to Lord
-Chetwynd's servant for bringing me my own carp, out of my own canal,
-in my own park."</p></div>
-
-<p>Many things seem to have surprised King George I.
-in his English dominions, and he really preferred
-Hanover, where he died in 1725.</p>
-
-<p>George II. resided at St. James's when Prince of
-Wales, and here his beloved wife, Queen Caroline of
-Anspach, died on November 20, 1737. Four years
-previously her daughter Anne had here been married to
-the Prince of Orange. It now became customary to
-assign apartments to younger children of the Sovereign
-in various parts of the palace, which thus practically
-ceased to be in the King's own occupation. The
-state apartments are handsome, and contain many
-good portraits of royal personages. The Chapel Royal
-has a fine ceiling, carved and painted, erected in 1540,
-and is constantly used by royalty. George III. hardly
-ever missed the Sunday services when in London.</p>
-
-<p>Of course the original palace covered more ground
-than is now the case, and included the site of Marlborough
-House and some adjacent gardens, now in private ownership.
-The German Chapel Royal, which now projects
-into the grounds of Marlborough House, was originally
-erected by Charles I. for the celebration of Roman Catholic
-worship for Queen Henrietta Maria, and at the time gave
-great offence to all the nobility and people of the land.</p>
-
-<p>"Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis." Marlborough
-House was originally built by Sir Christopher
-Wren for the great Duke of Marlborough, on a portion of
-St. James's Park given by Queen Anne for that purpose.
-Here died the Duke, and his famous Duchess Sarah. The
-house was bought by the Crown for the Princess Charlotte
-in 1817, and was settled on the Prince of Wales in 1850.
-There are still a number of interesting pictures in the
-grand salon of the victories of the Duke of Marlborough<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">{13}</a></span>
-by Laguerre. The garden covers the space formerly
-occupied by the Great Yard of old St. James's Palace.</p>
-
-<p>Altogether, it is quite clear from the above brief
-account that St. James's is the most important of the
-royal palaces of London, and more closely connected
-than any other with the long history of English Royalty.
-From the days of Henry VIII. to the present time
-there has always been a close personal connection with
-the reigning Sovereign of the British Empire.</p>
-
-<p>The Palace of <i>Whitehall</i> presents a long and strange
-history. Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, Chief Minister
-of King Henry III., became possessed of the land by
-purchase from the monks of Westminster for 140 marks
-of silver and the annual tribute of a wax taper. Hubert
-bequeathed the property by his will to the Black Friars
-of Holborn, who sold it in 1248 to Walter de Grey,
-Archbishop of York, for his Grace's town residence.</p>
-
-<p>When Cardinal Wolsey became possessed of the
-northern archiepiscopal See, he found York House too
-small for his taste, and he set to work to rebuild the
-greater part of this palace on a larger and more
-magnificent scale. On the completion of the works he
-took up his abode here with a household of 800
-persons, and lived with more than regal splendour,
-from time to time entertaining the King himself to
-gorgeous banquets, followed by masked balls. At one
-of these grand entertainments they say King Henry first
-met Anne Boleyn. A chronicler says the Cardinal was
-"sweet as summer to all that sought him."</p>
-
-<p>When the great Cardinal fell into disgrace, and the
-Duke of Suffolk came to Whitehall to bid him resign
-the Great Seal of England, his Eminence left his palace
-by the privy stair and "took barge" to Putney, and
-thence to Esher; and Henry VIII. at once took possession
-of the vacant property, and began to erect new buildings,
-a vast courtyard, tennis court, and picture gallery, and
-two great gateways, all of which are now totally destroyed.
-It was in this palace that he died, January 28, 1547.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">{14}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Whitehall was
-famous for its magnificent festivities, tournaments, and
-receptions of distinguished foreign princes. Especially
-was this the case in 1581, when the French commissioners
-came to urge the Queen's marriage with the Duke of
-Anjou. Here the Queen's corpse lay in state before the
-interment in March, 1603. James I. likewise entertained
-right royally at Whitehall, and here the Princess Elizabeth
-was married to the Elector Palatine on February 14, 1613.
-King James also employed that distinguished architect
-Inigo Jones to build the beautiful Banqueting House,
-which is all that now remains of Whitehall Palace, and
-is one of the finest architectural fragments in London.
-The proportions are most elegant, and the style perfect.
-Used as a chapel till 1890, it is now the United Service
-Museum, while the great painter Rubens decorated the
-ceiling for Charles I. in 1635.</p>
-
-<p>The whole plan of Inigo Jones remained unfinished,
-but Charles I. lived in regal splendour in the palace,
-entertaining on the most liberal scale, and forming the
-famous collection of pictures dispersed by the Parliament.
-Here it was that the masque of Comus was acted before
-the King, and other masques from time to time. After
-Charles's martyrdom, Oliver Cromwell came to live at
-Whitehall, and died there September 3, 1658. On his
-restoration, in May, 1660, King Charles II. returned to
-Whitehall, and kept his court there in great splendour.
-Balls rather than masques were now the fashion, and Pepys
-and Evelyn have preserved full descriptions of these elegant
-and luxurious festivities, and all the gaiety, frivolity,
-and dissoluteness connected with them, and the manner
-of life at Charles's court. The King died in the palace
-on February 6, 1685, and was succeeded by his austere
-brother James, who, during his brief reign, set up a Roman
-Catholic chapel within the precincts of the royal habitation,
-from which he fled to France in 1688.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_007.jpg" width="600" height="403" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">The Palace of Whitehall.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>King William III. preferred other places of residence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">{15}</a></span>
-and two fires&mdash;one in 1691, the other in 1698&mdash;destroyed
-the greater part of Whitehall, which was never rebuilt.</p>
-
-<p><i>Buckingham</i> Palace is now the principal residence in
-London of His Majesty King Edward VII. Though a
-fine pile of building it is hardly worthy of its position
-as the town residence of the mighty Sovereign of the
-greatest Empire of the world, situated in the largest city
-on the face of the globe.</p>
-
-<p>King George III. purchased Buckingham Palace in 1761
-from Sir Charles Sheffield for �21,000, and in 1775 it was
-settled upon Queen Charlotte. In the reign of George IV.
-it was rebuilt from designs by Nash; and in 1846, during
-the reign of Queen Victoria, the imposing eastern fa�ade
-was erected from designs by Blore. The length is 360
-feet, and the general effect is striking, though the architectural
-details are of little merit. In fact, it is a
-discredit to the nation that there is no London palace
-for the Sovereign which is worthy of comparison with
-the Royal Palace at Madrid, or the Papal Palace in Rome,
-though the reason for this peculiar fact is fully set forth
-in the historical sketch of the royal palaces already
-given. King Edward VII. was born here in 1841, and
-here drawing-rooms and lev�es are usually held. The
-white marble staircase is fine, and there are glorious
-portraits of Charles I. and Queen Henrietta Maria by
-Van Dyck, as well as Queen Victoria and the Prince
-Consort by Winterhalter. There is also a full-length
-portrait of George IV. by Lawrence in the State dining-room.</p>
-
-
-<p>In the private apartments there are many interesting
-royal portraits, as well as a collection of presents from
-foreign princes. There is a lake of five acres in the
-gardens, and the whole estate comprises about fifty acres.
-There is a curious pavilion adorned with cleverly-painted
-scenes from Comus by famous English artists. The view
-from the east over St. James's Park towards the India
-Office is picturesque, and remarkably countrified for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">{16}</a></span>
-heart of a great city. The lake in this park is certainly
-very pretty, and well stocked with various water-fowl.
-The Horse Guards, Admiralty, and other public offices
-at the eastern extremity of this park occupy the old site
-of the western side of the Palace of Whitehall.</p>
-
-<p><i>Kensington</i> Palace was the favourite abode of King
-William III. He purchased the property from the Earl
-of Nottingham, whose father had been Lord Chancellor,
-and employed Sir Christopher Wren to add a storey to
-the old house, and built anew the present south fa�ade.
-Throughout his reign he spent much money in improving
-the place, and here his wife, Queen Mary II., died on
-December 28, 1694. In the same palace King William
-himself breathed his last breath on March 8, 1702.</p>
-
-<p>Queen Anne lived principally at St. James's, the
-natural residence for the Sovereigns of Great Britain;
-but she took much interest in the proper upkeep of
-Kensington, and it was here that her husband died
-on October 20, 1708, and herself on August 1, 1714.
-Shortly before, she had placed the treasurer's wand in
-the hands of the Duke of Shrewsbury, saying, "For
-God's sake use it for the good of my people,"
-and all the acts of her prosperous reign point to the real
-validity of the popular title given by common consent&mdash;the
-good Queen Anne.</p>
-
-<p>She planted the trees on "Queen Anne's Mount,"
-and gave gorgeous f�tes in the Royal Gardens, whose
-woodland scenery possesses a peculiar charm all its own.
-The noble groves and avenues of elm trees recall
-St. Cloud and St. Germain in the neighbourhood of Paris,
-and are quite exceptionally fine. Thus Matthew Arnold
-wrote:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"In this lone open glade I lie,<br /></span>
-<span class="i2">Screened by deep boughs on either hand;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">And at its end, to stay the eye,<br /></span>
-<span class="i2">Those black crowned, red-boled pine trees stand."<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">{17}</a></span>
-</div></div>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_008.jpg" width="392" height="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">St. James's Palace.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>And Chateaubriand declares:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"C'est dans ce parc de Kensington que j'ai m�dit� l'Essai historique:
-que, relisant le journal de mes courses d'outre mer, j'en ai tir� les amours
-d'Atala."</p></div>
-
-<p>And Haydon says:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Here are some of the most poetical bits of tree and stump, and
-sunny brown and green glens and tawny earth."</p></div>
-
-<p>George II. died here very suddenly on October 25, 1760,
-but the Sovereigns of the House of Hanover chiefly made
-use of the place by assigning apartments therein to their
-younger children and near relatives. Here it was that
-Edward Duke of Kent lived with his wife Victoria of
-Saxe-Coburg, and here their only daughter, the renowned
-Queen Victoria, was born, May 24, 1819, and here she
-resided till her accession to the throne in 1837.</p>
-
-<p>Kensington Palace, then, is chiefly celebrated for its
-associations with William III. and Queen Victoria. In
-the brief account of the royal palaces here given, it will
-be seen that none of the sites, with the exception of
-St. James's, remained for any long period of time the
-actual residence of the Sovereign, while three&mdash;Westminster,
-Bridewell, and the Savoy&mdash;had passed out of
-royal hands for residential purposes before the Reformation
-of religion was completed. Another curious fact
-relates to the origin of the title to these sites, inasmuch
-as three of these estates were obtained from some
-ecclesiastical corporation, as the Archbishop of York, or
-the Hospital of St. James, though Buckingham Palace
-was bought from Sir Charles Sheffield, and Kensington
-from the Earl of Nottingham.</p>
-
-<p>No account of the palaces of London can be regarded
-as complete which omits to mention Lambeth. For more
-than 700 years the Archbishops of Canterbury have
-resided at this beautiful abode, intensely interesting from
-its close association with all the most stirring events in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">{18}</a></span>
-the long history of England. The estate was obtained
-by Archbishop Baldwin in the year 1197 by exchange
-for some lands in Kent with Glanville, Bishop of
-Rochester. In Saxon times Goda, the sister of King
-Edward the Confessor, had bestowed this property upon
-the Bishopric of Rochester; so that it has been continuously
-in the hands of the Church for near 900
-years. The fine red-brick gateway with white stone
-dressings, standing close to the tower of Lambeth Church,
-is very imposing as seen from the road, and was built by
-Archbishop Cardinal Moreton in 1490. In the Middle
-Ages it was the custom to give a farthing loaf twice a
-week to the poor of London at this gateway, and as many
-as 4,000 were accustomed to partake of the archiepiscopal
-gift. Within the gateway is the outer courtyard of the
-palace, and at the further end, towards the river Thames,
-rises the picturesque Lollard's tower, built between 1434
-and 1445 by that famous ecclesiastical statesman
-Archbishop Chicheley, founder of All Souls' College,
-Oxford. The quaint winding staircase, made of rough
-slabs of unplaned oak, is exactly as it was in Chicheley's
-time. In this tower is the famous chamber, entirely of
-oaken boards, called the Lollards' prison. It is 13 feet
-long, 12 feet broad, and 8 feet high, and eight iron rings
-remain to which prisoners were fastened. The door has
-a lock of wood, fastened with pegs of wood, and may be
-a relic of the older palace of Archbishop Sudbury. On
-the south side of the outer court stands the hall built
-by Archbishop Juxon during the opening years of
-Charles II.'s reign, with a fine timber roof, and Juxon's
-arms over the door leading into the palace. This Jacobean
-hall is now used as the library, and contains many
-precious manuscripts of priceless value, including the
-<i>Dictyes and Sayings of the Philosophers</i>, translated by
-Lord Rivers, in which is found a miniature illumination
-of the Earl presenting Caxton on his knees to Edward IV.,
-who is supported by Elizabeth Woodville and her son<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">{19}</a></span>
-Edward V. This manuscript contains the only known
-portrait of the latter monarch.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_009.jpg" width="600" height="378" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">St. James's Palace, from Pall Mall and from the Park.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>An earlier hall had been built on the same site by
-Archbishop Boniface in 1244.</p>
-
-<p>From the library we pass by a flight of stairs to the
-guard room, now used as the dining hall. The chief
-feature is the excellent series of oil portraits of the
-occupants of the primatial See of Canterbury, beginning
-in the year 1504. The mere mention of the principal
-names recalls prominent events in our national history.</p>
-
-<p>There is Warham painted by Holbein. He was also
-Lord Chancellor, and the last of the medi�val episcopate.
-There is Cranmer, burnt at Oxford, March 21, 1555.
-There is Cardinal Pole, the cousin and favourite of Queen
-Mary. There is Matthew Parker, the friend of Queen
-Elizabeth, well skilled in learning and a great collector
-of manuscripts, now for the most part in the library of
-Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. There is William
-Laud, painted by Van Dyck, the favourite Counsellor and
-Adviser of Charles I. At the age of 71 he was beheaded
-by order of the House of Commons&mdash;an act of vengeance,
-not of justice. There is William Juxon, who stood by
-Charles I. on the scaffold, and heard the ill-fated King
-utter his last word on earth, "Remember." But we
-cannot even briefly recount all the famous portraits to be
-found at Lambeth. The above selection must suffice.</p>
-
-<p>The chapel, also, is a building of singular interest.
-Beneath is an ancient crypt said to have been erected by
-Archbishop Herbert Fitzwalter, while the chapel itself
-was built by Archbishop Boniface of Savoy between 1249
-and 1270. The lancet windows are elegant, and were
-filled with stained glass by Archbishop Laud, all of which
-was duly broken to pieces during the Commonwealth.
-The supposed Popish character of this glass was made an
-article of impeachment against Laud at the trial at which
-he was sentenced to death. Here the majority of the
-archbishops have been consecrated since the reign of King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">{20}</a></span>
-Henry III. Archbishop Parker was both consecrated
-and also buried in the chapel, but his tomb was desecrated
-and his bones scattered by Scot and Hardyng, who
-possessed the palace under Oliver Cromwell. On the
-restoration they were re-interred by Sir William Dugdale.
-At the west end is a beautiful Gothic confessional, high
-up on the wall, erected by Archbishop Chicheley. Archbishop
-Laud presented the screen, and Archbishop Tait
-restored the whole of this sacred edifice, which measures
-12 feet by 25 feet. Formerly the archbishops lived in
-great state. Thus, Cranmer's household comprised a
-treasurer, comptroller, steward, garnator, clerk of the
-kitchen, caterer, clerk of the spicery, yeoman of the
-ewery, bakers, pantlers, yeoman of the horse, yeoman
-ushers, besides numerous other less important officials.</p>
-
-<p>Cardinal Pole possessed a patent from Queen Mary,
-authorising a household of 100 servants. The modern
-part of the palace was built by Archbishop Howley in
-the Tudor style. He held the See from 1828 to 1848,
-and was the last prelate to maintain the archiepiscopal
-state of the olden time.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">{21}</a></span></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2><a name="ELIZABETHAN_LONDON" id="ELIZABETHAN_LONDON">ELIZABETHAN LONDON</a></h2>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By T. Fairman Ordish, F.S.A.</span></p>
-
-
-<div>
-<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.png" width="100" height="118" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">The leading feature of Elizabethan London was
-that it was a great port. William Camden,
-writing in his <i>Britannia</i>, remarked that the
-Thames, by its safe and deep channel, was
-able to entertain the greatest ships in existence, daily
-bringing in so great riches from all parts "that it
-striveth at this day with the Mart-townes of Christendome
-for the second prise, and affoordeth a most sure and
-beautiful Roade for shipping" (Holland's translation).
-Below the great bridge, one of the wonders of Europe,
-we see this shipping crowding the river in the maps
-and views of London belonging to the reign of Queen
-Elizabeth. The Tower and the bridge were the city's
-defences against attack by water. Near the Tower was
-the Custom House, where peaceful commerce paid its
-dues; and between the Custom House and the bridge
-was the great wharf of Billingsgate, where goods were
-landed for distribution. Near the centre of the bridge
-was a drawbridge, which admitted vessels to another
-great wharf, Queenhithe, at a point midway between
-London Bridge and Blackfriars. Between the bridge
-and Queenhithe was the Steelyard, the domain of the
-merchants of the Hanseatic League. Along the river
-front were numerous other wharves, where barges and
-lighters unloaded goods which they brought from the
-ships in the road, or from the upper reaches of the
-Thames. For the river was the great highway of London.
-It answered the needs of commerce, and it furnished the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">{22}</a></span>
-chief means of transit. The passenger traffic of
-Elizabethan London was carried on principally by means
-of rowing-boats. A passenger landed at the point
-nearest to his destination, and then walked; or a servant
-waited for him with a saddle-horse. The streets were too
-narrow for coaches, except in two or three main arteries.</p>
-
-<p>The characteristic of present-day London, at which
-all foreigners most marvel, is the amount of traffic in
-the streets. In Elizabethan London this characteristic
-existed in the chief highway&mdash;the Thames. The
-passenger-boats were generally described as "wherries,"
-and they were likened by Elizabethan travellers to the
-gondolas of Venice; for instance, by Coryat, in his
-<i>Crudities</i>, who thought the playhouses of Venice very
-beggarly compared with those of London, but admired
-the gondoliers, because they were "altogether as swift
-as our rowers about London." The maps of the period
-reveal the extraordinary number of "stairs" for landing
-passengers along both banks of the river, besides the
-numerous wharves for goods. John Stow, the author of
-the <i>Survey of London</i>, published first in 1598, and again
-in a second edition in 1603, describes the traffic on the
-river. "By the Thames," he says, "all kinds of
-merchandise be easily conveyed to London, the principal
-storehouse and staple of all commodities within this
-realm. So that, omitting to speak of great ships and
-other vessels of burthen, there pertaineth to the cities
-of London, Westminster, and borough of Southwark,
-above the number, as is supposed, of 2,000 wherries and
-other small boats, whereby 3,000 poor men at the least
-be set on work and maintained." Many of these
-watermen were old sailors, who had sailed and fought
-under Drake. The Armada deliverance was recalled by
-Drake's ship, which lay in the river below the bridge.
-The voyage of the Earl of Essex to Spain, the
-expeditions to Ireland and to the Low Countries, formed
-the staple of the gossip of these old sailors who found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">{23}</a></span>
-employment in the chief means of locomotion in
-Elizabethan London.</p>
-
-<p>There was only the single bridge, but there were
-several ferries. The principal ferry was from Blackfriars
-and the Fleet river to a point opposite on the Surrey
-side, called Paris Garden stairs&mdash;nearly in a line with
-the present Blackfriars Bridge. At Westminster was
-another, from the Horseferry Road to a point a little west
-of Lambeth Palace&mdash;almost in the line of the present
-Lambeth Bridge. The river was fordable at low tide
-at this point; horses crossed here&mdash;whence the name
-Horseferry&mdash;and possibly other cattle, when the tide was
-unusually low.</p>
-
-<p>The sea is the home of piety. Coast towns, ports,
-and havens, reached after voyages of peril, are invariably
-notable for their places of worship, and for customs
-which speak touchingly&mdash;like the blessing of fishermen's
-nets, for instance&mdash;of lives spent in uncertainty and
-danger. Thus, the leading characteristic of Elizabethan
-London being its association with the sea and its
-dependence on the river, we find that its next most
-striking characteristic was the extraordinary number of
-churches it contained. The great cathedral predominated
-more pronouncedly than its modern successor. From the
-hill on which it was based it reared its vast bulk; its
-great spire ascended the heavens, and the multitude of
-church towers and spires and belfries throughout the
-city seemed to follow it. The houses were small, the
-streets were narrow; but to envisage the city from the
-river, or from the Surrey side, was to have the eye
-led upwards from point to point to the summit of
-St. Paul's. The dignity and piety of London were thus
-expressed, in contradiction to human foibles and failings
-so conspicuous in Elizabethan drama. The spire of
-St. Paul's was destroyed by lightning early in the reign
-of Elizabeth; and the historian may see much significance
-in the fact that it was not rebuilt, even in thanksgiving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">{24}</a></span>
-and praise for the deliverance from the Great Armada.
-The piety of London dwindled until it flamed forth
-anew in the time of the Puritan revolt.</p>
-
-<p>The bridge was carried on nineteen arches. It had
-a defensive gate at the Southwark end, and another
-gateway at the northern end. In the centre was a
-beautiful chapel, dedicated to Thomas � Becket, and
-known as St. Thomas of the Bridge. Houses were built
-on the bridge, mostly shops with overhanging signs,
-as in the streets of the city. Booksellers and
-haberdashers predominated, but other trades were carried
-on also. After the chapel, the most conspicuous feature
-of the bridge was "Nonesuch House," so called to express
-the wonder that it was constructed in Holland entirely
-of wood, brought over the water piece by piece, and
-put together on the bridge by dovetailing and pegs,
-without the use of a single metal nail. Adjoining the
-northern gateway was an engine for raising water by
-means of a great wheel operated by the tide. Near
-the Southwark end were corn-mills, worked on the same
-principle, below the last two arches of the bridge. The
-gateway at the Southwark end, so well shown in Visscher's
-view of London, was finished in 1579, and the traitors'
-heads, which formerly surmounted a tower by the
-drawbridge, were transferred to it. Travellers from the
-south received this grim salutation as they approached
-the bridge, which led into the city; and when they
-glanced across the river, the Tower frowned upon them,
-and the Traitors' Gateway, like teeth in an open mouth,
-deepened the effect of warning and menace.</p>
-
-<p>But these terrors loomed darkling in the background
-for the most part. They belonged rather to the time
-when the sovereign's palaces at Westminster and at the
-Tower seemed to hold London in a grip. The palace
-at Westminster now languished in desuetude; the Tower
-was a State prison, and&mdash;with some ironical intent,
-perhaps&mdash;also the abode of the royal beasts, lions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">{25}</a></span>
-tigers, leopards, and other captives. The Queen passed
-in her royal barge down the river with ceremonious
-pageantry from her palace of Whitehall; the drawbridge
-raised, the floating court passed the Tower as with lofty
-indifference on its way to "Placentia," Her Majesty's
-palace at Greenwich. Out of the silence of history a
-record speaks like a voice, and tells us that here, in
-1594, Shakespeare and his fellows performed at least
-two comedies or interludes before Her Majesty, and we
-know even the amounts that were paid them for their
-services.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_011.jpg" width="600" height="336" alt="" />
-
-<p class="img_link"><a href="images/image_011_full.jpg">View larger version.</a></p>
-
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Plan of London in the time of Queen Elizabeth (1563).</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>In the <i>Survey</i> of John Stow we have three separable
-elements: the arch�ology and history of London, Stow's
-youthful recollections of London in the time of Henry
-the Eighth, and Stow's description of the great change
-which came over London after the dissolution of the
-religious houses, and continued in process throughout
-his lifetime. The medi�val conditions were not remote.
-He could remember when London was clearly defined
-by the wall, like a girdle, of which the Tower was the
-knot. No heroic change had befallen; the wall had
-not been cast down into its accompanying fosse to form
-a ring-street, as was done when Vienna was transformed
-from the medi�val state. London had simply filled
-up the ditch with its refuse; its buildings had simply
-swarmed over the wall and across the dike; shapeless
-and haphazard suburbs had grown up, till the surrounding
-villages became connected with the city. Even more
-grievous, in the estimation of Stow, was the change which
-he had witnessed within the city itself. The feudal lords
-had departed, and built themselves mansions outside
-the city. The precincts of the dissolved religious
-establishments had been converted into residential
-quarters, and a large proportion of the old monastic
-gardens had been built upon. The outlines of society had
-become blurred. Formerly, the noble, the priest, and
-the citizen were the defined social strata. Around each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">{26}</a></span>
-of these was grouped the rest of the social units in
-positions of dependence. A new type of denizen had
-arisen, belonging to none of the old categories&mdash;the
-typical Elizabethan Londoner.</p>
-
-<p>The outward aspect of Elizabethan London reflected
-this social change. On the south of the city, along the
-line of Thames Street, the wall had entirely disappeared.
-On the east and west it was in decay, and was becoming
-absorbed in fresh buildings. Only on the north side of
-the city, where it had been re-edified as late as 1474, did
-the wall suggest its uses for defence. In the map of
-Agas, executed early in the reign of Elizabeth, this
-portion of the wall, with its defensive towers and bastions,
-appears singularly well preserved. Thus the condition of
-the wall suggested the passing of the old and the coming
-of the new order. The gates which formerly defended
-the city, where the chief roadways pierced the wall,
-still remained as monuments, and they were admirably
-adapted to the purpose of civic pageantry and ceremonial
-shows. Indeed, the gateway on the Oxford road was
-rebuilt in 1586, and called Newgate, "from the newness
-thereof," and it was the "fairest" of all the gates of
-London. It is reckoned that this was the year that
-Shakespeare came to London from Stratford-on-Avon;
-and the assumption is generally allowed that he entered
-the city by Newgate, which would be his direct road.
-A new gate, of an artistic and ornamental character,
-set in the ancient wall, was a sign and a symbol of
-the new conditions in London, of which Shakespeare
-himself was destined to become the chief result.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-
-<p>With the characteristics of London as a great mart
-and port is included the foreign elements in its
-population. In Lombard Street the merchants of
-Lombardy from early medi�val times had performed
-the operations of banking and foreign exchange; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">{27}</a></span>
-around them were assembled the English merchants of
-all qualities and degrees. Business was conducted in
-the open street, and merchants merely adjourned into
-the adjoining houses to seal their bonds and make their
-formal settlements. Henry VIII. tried to induce the
-city to make use of the great building of Leadenhall
-for this purpose; but the innovation was resisted, and
-Lombard Street continued to be the burse of London
-till long after the accession of Elizabeth. The name
-of Galley Key remained in Tower Street ward to mark
-the spot on the river bank "where the galleys of
-Italy and other parts did discharge their wines and
-merchandises brought to this city." The men of the
-galleys lived as a colony by themselves in Mincing Lane;
-the street leading to their purlieus was called,
-indifferently, Galley Row and Petit Wales. Here was
-a great house, the official territorium of the Principality.
-The original of Shakespeare's "Fluellen" may very
-possibly have been a denizen of this quarter.</p>
-
-<p>Above the bridge, in Thames Street, was the
-territorium of the Hanse merchants, alluded to by Stow
-as "the merchants of Almaine," and by Camden as
-"the Easterlings or Dutch merchants of the Steelyard."
-Their position in the city was one of great importance:
-the export trade of the country in woollen goods was
-chiefly in their hands, and they had their own Guildhall
-in Upper Thames Street, called the <i>Gilda Teutonicorum</i>.
-The special privileges accorded to this foreign
-commercial community carried the obligation to maintain
-Bishopsgate in repair, and "to defend it at all times
-of danger and extremity." When the house of the
-Augustine Friars, Old Broad Street, was dissolved, and
-its extensive gardens became cut up and built upon, the
-Dutch colony settled there in residence, and the church
-of Austin Friars was specially assigned to them by
-Edward VI. Towards the end of the reign of Elizabeth
-the privileges of the Hanse merchants were revoked,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">{28}</a></span>
-and their guildhall was confiscated to the use of the
-navy. But the Dutch element continued as a part of
-the commercial life of the city, and the church of Austin
-Friars is still the "church of the Dutch nation in London."</p>
-
-<p>West of the Steelyard was the Vintry. Here the
-merchants of Bordeaux had been licensed to build their
-warehouses of stone, at the rear of a great wharf, on
-which were erected cranes for unloading the lighters
-and other boats which brought the casks from the ships
-below bridge. The trade of these foreign merchants
-gave the name of Vintry Ward to one of the divisions
-of the city. In Bishopsgate Ward, near the church of
-St. Botolph, was a French colony, their purlieus forming
-a quadrant, called Petty France.</p>
-
-<p>Elizabethan London was more cosmopolitan than
-many European capitals. In Lombard Street the
-merchants of Germany, France, and Italy were
-conspicuously differentiated by the varieties of costume.
-On the site of the present Royal Exchange, Sir Thomas
-Gresham laid the first stone of his great Bourse in 1566;
-the design was in imitation of the Bourse at Antwerp;
-the materials of its construction were imported from
-Flanders; the architect and builder was a Fleming,
-named Henryke. The opening of this building by Queen
-Elizabeth in state in January, 1571, when Her Majesty
-commanded it to be proclaimed by herald and trumpet
-that the Bourse should be called The Royal Exchange
-from that time henceforth, is a familiar story, because
-it is, in fact, one of the most striking and significant
-events in the history of London. The trumpet of that
-herald, on January 23rd, 1571, announced a new era.</p>
-
-
-<p>The building was a quadrangle, enclosing an open
-space. The sides formed a cloister or sheltered walk;
-above this was a corridor, or walk, called "the pawn,"
-with stalls or shops, like the Burlington Arcade of the
-present day; above this again was a tier of rooms.
-The great bell-tower stood on the Cornhill front; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">{29}</a></span>
-bell was rung at noon and at six in the evening. On
-the north side, looking towards St. Margaret's, Lothbury,
-was a tall Corinthian column. Both tower and column
-were surmounted by a grasshopper&mdash;the Gresham crest.
-The inscription on the fa�ade of the building was in
-French, German, and Italian. The motley scene of
-Lombard Street had been transferred to the Royal
-Exchange. The merchants of Amsterdam, of Antwerp,
-of Hamburg, of Paris, of Bordeaux, of Venice and
-Vienna, distinguishable to the eye by the dress of the
-nations they represented, and to the ear by the differences
-of language, conducted their exchanges with English
-merchants, and with each other, in this replica of the
-Bourse of Antwerp, the rialto of Elizabethan London.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
-
-<p>Cheapside was called West Cheap in Elizabethan
-London, in contradistinction to East Cheap, famous for
-ever as the scene of the humours of "Dame Quickly"
-and "Falstaff." The change in West Cheap since the
-medi�val period was chiefly at the eastern end, on the
-north side. Here a large space opposite the church of
-St. Mary-le-Bow was formerly kept clear of building,
-although booths and stalls for market purposes occupied
-the ground temporarily. The space was otherwise
-reserved for the medi�val jousts, tournaments, and other
-civic pageantry. The site of Mercers' Hall was occupied
-by the <i>Militia Hospitalis</i>, called, after Thomas � Becket,
-St. Thomas of Acon. After the Dissolution this
-establishment was granted by Henry to the Mercers'
-Company, who adapted the existing buildings to the
-purposes of their hall, one of the principal features of
-Cheap in Elizabethan times. The district eastward of
-Mercers' Hall had become filled up with building, and
-the making of Cheap as a thoroughfare was now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">{30}</a></span>
-complete. The original road westward was from the
-top of New Fish Street, by East Cheap, Candlewick
-or Cannon Street, past London Stone (probably the
-Roman <i>Milliarium</i>), along Budge Row and Watling
-Street, to the site of St. Paul's, where it is conjectured
-a temple of Diana stood in Roman times. But Cheap,
-or West Cheap, was the chief traffic way westward in
-Elizabethan London; it was filled with shops and
-warehouses, a thriving business centre, the pride of the
-city. The name of "Cheap" was derived from the
-market, and several of the streets leading into it yet
-bear names which in Elizabethan times were descriptive
-of the trades there carried on. Thus the Poultry was
-the poulterers' market; ironmongers had their shops in
-Ironmonger Lane, as formerly they had their stalls in
-the same area; in Milk Street were the dairies; and
-towards the west end of Cheap was Bread Street, the
-market of the bakers, and Friday Street, where
-fishmongers predominated. Lying between these two
-streets, with frontages in both, was the Mermaid Tavern,
-the chief resort of "the breed of excellent and choice
-wits," included by Camden among the glories of
-Elizabethan London. Stow does not refer to the
-Mermaid by name, but possibly he had it in mind when
-he wrote the following passage: "Bread Street, so called
-of bread sold there, as I said, is now wholly inhabited
-by rich merchants; and divers fair inns be there, for
-good receipt of carriers and other travellers to the
-city." The trades kept themselves in their special
-localities, although they did not always give the name
-to the street they occupied. Thus, to return to the
-eastern end of Cheap, there was Bucklersbury, where
-the pepperers or grocers were located, having given up
-their former quarters in Sopars' Lane to the cordwainers
-and curriers. With the grocers were mingled apothecaries
-and herbalists; and hence the protest of Falstaff, in
-the <i>Merry Wives of Windsor</i>, that he was not "like a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">{31}</a></span>
-many of these lisping hawthorn-buds, that come like
-women in men's apparel, and smell like Bucklesbury in
-simple time." In the midst of Cheap, at a point between
-Mercers' Hall and Old Jewry, opposite the end of
-Bucklersbury, was the water conduit&mdash;in the words of
-Stow, "The great conduit of sweet water, conveyed
-by pipes of lead underground from Paddington for
-the service of this city, castellated with stone, and
-cisterned in lead." Around the conduit stood the great
-jars used by the water-carriers to convey the water to
-the houses. The water-carrier, as a type of Elizabethan
-London, is preserved by Ben Jonson in the character
-of Cob in <i>Every Man in his Humour</i>. Going westward
-from the Conduit, another object stood out in the
-roadway&mdash;the Standard, a tall pillar at which the public
-executions of the city jurisdiction took place. Still
-further west, in the midst of Cheap, stood the Eleanor
-Cross, one of the most beautiful monuments in London
-at this time.</p>
-
-<p>The Guildhall stood where it stands to-day, accessible
-from Cheap by Ironmonger Lane and St. Lawrence Lane.
-Only the walls and the crypt of the original building
-remain; but the features of this great civic establishment,
-as well as its sumptuous character and beautiful
-adornments, were practically the same in the days of
-Gresham as at the present time. Stow describes the
-stately porch entering the great hall, the paving of
-Purbeck marble, the coloured glass windows, and, alas!
-the library which had been "borrowed" by the Protector
-Somerset in the preceding reign. Near the Guildhall
-was the church of St. Mary Aldermanbury, the
-predecessor of the existing edifice. In this parish dwelt
-Hemmings and Condell, "fellows" of Shakespeare&mdash;that
-is to say, players of his company, whom he remembered
-in his will. These men conferred a benefit on all
-future ages by collecting the poet's plays, seven years
-after his death, and publishing them in that folio edition<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">{32}</a></span>
-which is one of the most treasured volumes in the
-world. In the churchyard a monument to their
-memory was erected in 1896. It is surmounted by a bust
-of the poet, who looks forth serenely greeting the
-passer-by from beneath the shade of trees in this quiet
-old churchyard in modern London.</p>
-
-<p>To return to Cheap, it remains to speak of a feature
-which attracted Queen Elizabeth, and was, indeed, one
-of the marvels of London. Here are the <i>ipsissima verba</i>
-of Stow's contemporary description:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Next to be noted, the most beautiful frame of fair houses and shops that
-be within the walls of London, or elsewhere in England, commonly called
-Goldsmiths' Row, betwixt Bread Street end and the cross in Cheap ...
-the same was built by Thomas Wood, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs of London,
-in the year 1491. It containeth in number ten fair dwelling-houses and
-fourteen shops, all in one frame, uniformly built four stories high, beautified
-towards the street with the Goldsmiths' arms and the likeness of woodmen, in
-memory of his name, riding on monstrous beasts, all which is cast in lead,
-richly painted over and gilt. These he gave to the goldsmiths, with stocks of
-money, to be lent to young men having those shops. This said front was
-again new painted and gilt over in the year 1594; Sir Richard Martin being
-then mayor, and keeping his mayoralty in one of them."</p></div>
-
-<p>Beyond Goldsmiths' Row was the old Change; the
-name and the street both still exist. Beyond old Change
-were seven shops; then St. Augustine's Gate, leading
-into St. Paul's Churchyard; and then came Paternoster
-Row. Between Paternoster Row and Newgate Street
-stood the Church of St. Michael-le-Querne, stretching
-out into the middle of Cheap, where the statue of
-Sir Robert Peel now stands. Stretching out from the
-east end of the church, still further into the street, was
-a water conduit, which supplied all the neighbourhood
-hereabout, called "The Little Conduit," not because it
-was little, but to distinguish it from the great conduit
-at the other end of Cheap.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>We are concerned in this place not with the history of
-old St. Paul's, nor with the technique of its architecture,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">{33}</a></span>
-but with the great cathedral as a religious and social
-institution, the centre of Elizabethan London. Here the
-streams of life were gathered, and hence they radiated.
-It was the official place of worship of the Corporation;
-the merchants of the city followed. The monarch on
-special occasions attended the services; the nobility
-followed the royal example. The typical Elizabethan
-made the middle aisle his promenade, where he displayed
-the finery of his attire and the elegance of his deportment.
-The satirists found a grand opportunity in the humours
-of Paul's Walk; but the effect of the cathedral is not
-to be derived from such allusions in the literature of
-the time. All classes were attracted by the beautiful
-organ and the anthems so exquisitely sung by the choir.
-The impressive size and noble proportions of the building,
-the soaring height of the nave, the mystery of the open
-tower, where the ascending vision became lost in gathering
-obscurity, and where the chords from the organ died
-away; these spiritual associations, these appeals to the
-imagination, were uplifting influences so powerful that
-the vanities of Paul's Walk were negligible by
-comparison. As with the gargoyle on the outer walls,
-the prevailing effect was so sublime, that it was merely
-heightened by this element of the grotesque.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
-
-<p>The cathedral stood in the midst of a churchyard.
-In the medi�val period this was enclosed by a wall.
-In the reign of Elizabeth the wall still existed, but, as
-Stow observes, "Now on both sides, to wit, within and
-without, it be hidden with dwelling-houses." In 1561
-the great steeple was struck by lightning and destroyed
-by fire, but the tower from which the spire arose remained.
-The tower was 260 feet high, and the height of the spire
-was the same, so that the pinnacle was 520 feet from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">{34}</a></span>
-base.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Surmounting the pinnacle, in this earlier portion
-of Elizabeth's reign, was a weathercock, an object of
-curiosity to which Stow devotes a minute description.
-In the midst of the churchyard stood Paul's Cross&mdash;"a
-pulpit cross of timber, mounted upon steps of stone
-and covered with lead, in which are sermons preached
-every Sunday in the forenoon." Many of the monastic
-features of the establishment had disappeared; others
-were transformed and adapted to other uses. The
-great central fabric remained, and the school flourished&mdash;"Paul's
-School," in the east part of the churchyard,
-endowed by Dean Colet in 1512, and rebuilt in the
-later years of Elizabeth, where one hundred and
-fifty-three poor men's children were given a free education
-under a master, an usher, and a chaplain.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>Newgate Street, Cheapside, Cornhill, Leadenhall, and
-Aldgate formed (as they do still) nearly a straight line,
-east and west. From this line to the wall on the north,
-in Plantagenet and early Tudor times, the city was largely
-composed of open spaces: chiefly the domains of religious
-houses; while south of the dividing line to the river the
-ground was thickly built over. After the Dissolution the
-transformation of the northern area began.</p>
-
-<p>Considerable building took place in the reign of
-Edward VI.; but at the time of Elizabeth's accession the
-generally open character of this area, as compared with
-the more southerly part of the city, still subsisted. The
-increase of population, however, due very largely to people
-who flocked to London from all parts of the country, led
-to rapid building, which produced the Queen's famous
-proclamation to stay its further progress. To evade the
-ordinance, and to meet the ever-increasing demand, large
-houses were converted into tenements, and a vast number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">{35}</a></span>
-of people were thus accommodated who lived chiefly out-of-doors
-and took their meals in the taverns, inns, and
-ordinaries which abounded in all parts of the city. The
-pressure of demand continued, and the open spaces
-became gradually built over. The Queen and her
-government, aghast at the incessant tide of increase, in
-terror of the plague, recognised the futility of further
-prohibition, and avoided communication with the city as
-much as possible. At the slightest hint of plague
-Her Majesty would start off on one of her Progresses, or
-betake herself to Richmond, to Hampton Court, or to
-Greenwich.</p>
-
-<p>Some of these transformations of ancient monastic
-purlieus may be briefly instanced. Within Newgate was
-the house and precinct of the Grey Friars. After the
-Dissolution the whole precinct was presented by Henry
-to the citizens of London, and here Edward VI. founded
-the school for poor fatherless children, which became
-famous as Christ's Hospital, "the Bluecoat school."</p>
-
-<p>Let a short passage from Stow describe this change
-from the old order to the new:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"In the year 1552 began the repairing of the Greyfriars house for
-the poor fatherless children; and in the month of November the
-children were taken into the same, to the number of almost four
-hundred. On Christmas Day, in the afternoon, while the Lord Mayor
-and Aldermen rode to Paules, the children of Christ's Hospital stood from
-St. Lawrence Lane end in Cheape towards Paules, all in one livery of
-russet cotton, three hundred and forty in number; and in Easter next,
-they were in blue at the Spittle, and so have continued ever since."</p></div>
-
-<p>The Greyfriars or Bluecoat school was one of the
-largest buildings in London. Its demesne extended to the
-city wall, in which there was a gate communicating with
-the grounds of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, the famous
-foundation of Rahere. The wall ran northward from the
-New Gate, the ground between the school and the wall
-on that side had been built over. There was a continuous
-line of building along Newgate Street to St. Martin's le
-Grand. The shambles or meat market occupied the centre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">{36}</a></span>
-of the street, called St. Nicholas Shambles, from a church
-which had been demolished since the Reformation.</p>
-
-<p>From Newgate Street and the top of Cheapside to
-St. Anne's Lane was formerly the territory of the Collegiate
-Church and Sanctuary of St. Martin's le Grand. The
-college was dismantled after the edict of dissolution, but
-the sanctuary remained.</p>
-
-<p>Some of the collegiate buildings had been converted
-into tenements, and other houses had been erected. These
-were occupied by "strangers born"&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, denizens who
-were not born Londoners&mdash;although within the walls the
-civic jurisdiction did not extend over this territory.
-Certain trades were carried on here outside the regulated
-industry of the city&mdash;<i>e.g.</i>, tailoring and lace-making. The
-district became one of the resorts of the Elizabethan
-ruffler; and under the �gis of the ancient right of
-sanctuary a kind of Alsatia came into existence, the scene
-of many exciting episodes when debtors and fugitives from
-justice evaded their pursuers, and succeeded in reaching
-these precincts.</p>
-
-<p>In Broad Street the ancient glory of the Augustine
-Friars was still a memory, and much of their spacious
-domain had been divided into gardens. The beautiful
-church remained, but the spire was becoming ruinous from
-neglect. Stow described the gardens, the gates of the
-precinct, and the great house which had been built here by
-William Paulet, first Marquis of Winchester, Lord
-Treasurer of England, "in place of Augustine friar's house,
-cloister, gardens, etc." There is an admirable irony in the
-recital of Stow at this point:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-<p>"The friars church he pulled not down, but the west end thereof,
-inclosed from the steeple and choir, was in the year 1550 granted to the
-Dutch nation in London, to be their preaching place: the other part&mdash;namely,
-the steeple, choir, and side aisles to the choir adjoining&mdash;he
-reserved to household uses, as for stowage of corn, coal and other things;
-his son and heir, Marquis of Winchester, sold the monuments of noblemen
-there buried in great number, the paving stone and whatsoever (which cost
-many thousands) for one hundred pounds, and in place thereof made fair<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">{37}</a></span>
-stabling for horses. He caused the lead to be taken from the roofs, and
-laid tile in place thereof; which exchange proved not so profitable as he
-looked for, but rather to his disadvantage."</p></div>
-
-<p>Between Broad Street and Bishopsgate Street the space
-was chiefly composed of gardens. One of the houses
-fronting Bishopsgate Street was the residence of Sir
-Thomas Gresham (perhaps his house in Lombard Street
-was reserved for business purposes).</p>
-
-<p>On the opposite side of Bishopsgate Street was Crosby
-Hall and the precinct of the dissolved nunnery of St.
-Helen, extending towards St. Mary Axe and the church
-of St. Andrew Undershaft. At the further end of St.
-Mary Axe was the "Papye," a building which had been a
-hospital for poor priests before the Reformation. In the
-year 1598 Shakespeare was living in the St. Helen's
-precinct, within the shadow of Crosby Hall, and John
-Stow, in his home near the church of St. Andrew
-Undershaft, had just corrected the proofs of the first edition
-of his <i>Survey of London</i>. Stow tells us about Gresham's
-House and about Crosby Hall. He tells us that Sir
-Francis Walsingham, the Secretary of State, resided at
-the Papye. He describes the church of St. Andrew
-Undershaft, where his own monument may be seen at the
-present day; he describes, too, the ancient church of the
-nunnery of St. Helen, in which a memorial window now
-commemorates Shakespeare. But he failed to mention
-the fact, which has since been recovered from the
-subsidy-roll in the Record Office, that William Shakespeare
-was a denizen of the precinct in 1598. Had Shakespeare
-built a water conduit in the neighbourhood, or endowed
-an almshouse, he might have been celebrated in the pages
-of John Stow.</p>
-
-<p>They were neighbours, and may have been acquainted.
-The district had been familiar to Stow from childhood,
-and he may have entertained the poet as he entertains
-us in his <i>Survey</i> with recollections of the changes he
-had witnessed in his long lifetime. Describing Tower Hill,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">{38}</a></span>
-he recalls the abbey of nuns of the order of St. Clare,
-called the Minories, and after giving the facts of its history,
-proceeds:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"In place of this house of nuns is now built divers fair and large
-storehouses for armour and habiliments of war, with divers workhouses
-serving to the same purpose: there is a small parish church for inhabitants
-of the close, called St. Trinities. Near adjoining to this abbey, on the
-south side thereof, was sometime a farm belonging to the said nunnery;
-at the which farm I, myself, in my youth, have fetched many a half-penny
-worth of milk, and never had less than three ale pints for a
-half-penny in the summer, nor less than one ale quart for a half-penny in
-the winter, always hot from the kine, as the same was milked and
-strained. One Trolop, and afterwards Goodman, were the farmers there,
-and had thirty or forty kine to the pail. Goodman's son being heir to
-his father's purchase, let out the ground, first for grazing of horses, and
-then for garden-plots, and lived like a gentleman thereby."</p></div>
-
-<p>Here we have the source of the name Goodman's Fields,
-a point of some interest for us; but how vastly more
-interesting to have rambled with Stow in Elizabethan
-London, listening to such stories of the old order which
-had passed, giving place to the new!</p>
-
-<p>We have strayed outside the wall, but not far. This
-road between Aldgate and the Postern Gate by the Tower,
-running parallel with the wall, is called the Minories,
-after the nunnery. Setting our faces towards Aldgate, to
-retrace our steps, we have the store-houses for armour and
-habiliments of war on our right; the wide ditch on our
-left has been filled up, and partly enclosed for cultivation.
-There are trees, and cows browsing, although the farm
-which Stow remembered no longer existed. Before us,
-just outside Aldgate, is the church of St. Buttolph, with
-its massive tower, standing in a spacious churchyard.
-Owing to the extensive building and development which
-had taken place outside the wall since the Reformation, it
-had been necessary to construct lofts and galleries in this
-church to accommodate the parishioners. At Aldgate
-the line of the wall turns westward towards Bishopsgate.
-Parallel to it a road has been made along the bank of
-the ditch, and leads into Bishopsgate Street. This is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">{39}</a></span>
-Houndsditch. The houses stand thickly along one side of
-the way looking towards the wall; the ditch has been filled
-up, and the wide surface is used for cattle pens or milking
-stalls.</p>
-
-<p>We will not go along Houndsditch, but turning sharply
-to the left from St. Buttolph's we pass through Aldgate.
-In doing so we immediately find ourselves in the midst of
-the remains of the great priory of Holy Trinity. The
-road leads southward into Fenchurch Street, branching off
-on the west into Leadenhall Street. At the junction of
-these streets stood the hospitium of the priory. Between
-Leadenhall Street and the city wall, from Aldgate nearly
-up to St. Andrew Undershaft, lies the ground-plan of
-the establishment of the Canons Regular, known as
-Christchurch, or the priory of Holy Trinity, the grandest
-of all the monastic institutions in Middlesex except
-Westminster. The heads of the establishment were
-aldermen of the City of London, representing the Portsoken
-Ward.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"These priors have sitten and ridden amongst the aldermen of
-London, in livery like unto them, saving that his habit was in shape of a
-spiritual person, as I, myself, have seen in my childhood; at which
-time the prior kept a most bountiful house of meat and drink, both
-for rich and poor, as well within the house as at the gates, to all
-comers, according to their estates" (Stow).</p></div>
-
-<p>In 1531 the King took possession of Christchurch;
-the canons were sent to other houses of the same order&mdash;St.
-Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield; St. Mary Overies,
-Southwark; and St. Mary Spital&mdash;"and the priory, with
-the appurtenances, King Henry gave to Sir Thomas
-Audley, newly knighted, and after made Lord Chancellor"
-(Stow). So extensive and so solid was the mass of building
-that Audley was at a loss to get the space cleared for the
-new house he wished to build here. He offered the great
-church of the priory to any one who would take it down
-and cart away the materials. But as this offer met with no
-response, Audley had to undertake the destruction himself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">{40}</a></span>
-Stow could remember how the workmen employed on this
-work, "with great labour, beginning at the top"&mdash;the
-tower had pinnacles at each corner like the towers at
-St. Saviour's and St. Sepulchre's&mdash;"loosed stone from stone,
-and threw them down, whereby the most part of them were
-broken, and few remained whole; and those were sold very
-cheap, for all the buildings then made about the city were
-of brick and timber. At that time any man in the city
-might have a cart-load of hard stone for paving brought to
-his door for sixpence or sevenpence, with the carriage."
-Thus, in place of the priory and its noble church, was built
-the residence of Thomas, Lord Audley, and here he lived
-till his death in 1544. By marriage of his only daughter
-and heiress, the house passed into the possession of
-Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, and was then called
-Duke's Place.</p>
-
-<p>Turning our backs upon Duke's Place and continuing a
-little further along the way by which Stow used to fetch
-the milk from the farm at the Minories to his father's
-house on Cornhill, we come to Leadenhall, a great building
-which served as a public granary in ancient times, and
-later as the chief market hall of the city. Leaving aside
-all the particulars of its history which Stow gives, let us
-note what he tells us from his own recollections:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The use of Leadenhall in my youth was thus:&mdash;In a part of the
-north quadrant, on the east side of the north gate, were the common
-beams for weighing of wool and other wares, as had been accustomed;
-on the west side the gate were the scales to weigh meal; the other
-three sides were reserved, for the most part, to the making and resting
-of the pageants showed at Midsummer in the watch; the remnant of
-the sides and quadrants was employed for the stowage of wool sacks,
-but not closed up; the lofts above were partly used by the painters in
-working for the decking of pageants and other devices, for beautifying of
-the watch and watchmen; the residue of the lofts were letten out to
-merchants, the wool winders and packers therein to wind and pack their
-wools. And thus much for Leadenhall may suffice."</p></div>
-
-<p>The celebration of the Nativity of St. John and the
-civic pageantry of Midsummer Eve belonged to the past;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">{41}</a></span>
-but Stow could remember the assembly of the citizens
-arrayed in parti-coloured vestments of red and white
-over their armour, their lances coloured and decorated
-to distinguish the various wards they represented, their
-torches borne in cressets on long poles. He could
-remember the processions as they passed the bonfires
-which burned in the open spaces of the city thoroughfares,
-and the throng of faces at the open windows and
-casements as they appeared in the fitful glare. The
-pageantry had disappeared with the suppression of the
-religious houses; but the military organization was merely
-changed. The musters of the city soldiers when they
-were reviewed by Queen Elizabeth at the coming of
-the Armada was a recent memory.</p>
-
-<p>And so we turn into Bishopsgate Street again, and
-walk along to Crosby Hall, the ancient palace of
-Richard III. In the middle of the roadway, opposite the
-junction of Threadneedle Street with Bishopsgate Street,
-stands a well, with a windlass, which probably existed
-here before the conduit was made near the gateway in
-the time of Henry VIII. We enter the precinct of
-St. Helen's: the wall of Crosby's great chamber is on our
-right hand; before us is the church of the nunnery. The
-spirit of the place is upon us. The barriers of time are
-removed; past and present mingle in the current of our
-meditation. Lo! one bids us a courteous farewell: it is
-Master Stow, our cicerone, who goes away in the direction
-of St. Andrew Undershaft. The presence of another
-influence continues to be felt. We enter the dim church,
-and shadows of kneeling nuns seem to hover in the
-twilight of the northern nave. Invisible fingers touch the
-organ-keys; the strains of evensong arise from the choir.
-Our reverie is broken, an influence recedes from us. But
-turning our eyes towards the painted picture of Shakespeare
-which fills the memorial window in this ancient
-church, we join in the hymn of praise and thanksgiving.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">{42}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>What chiefly impressed the Elizabethan was the
-newness of London, and the rapidity with which its ancient
-features were being obliterated. John Stow felt it
-incumbent upon him to make a record of the ancient city
-before it was entirely swept away and forgotten. In what
-was new to him we find a similar interest.</p>
-
-<p>Through Bishopsgate northward lies Shoreditch. The
-old church which stood here in Elizabethan times has
-disappeared, but on the site stands another church with
-the same dedication, to St. Leonard. The sweet peal of
-the bells from the old belfry, so much appreciated by the
-Elizabethans, is to be heard no more; but the muniment
-chest of the modern church contains the old registers, in
-which we may read the names of Tarleton, Queen
-Elizabeth's famous jester, of Burbage, and the colony
-of players who lived in this parish, in the precinct
-of the dissolved priory of Holywell. The road from
-Shoreditch to the precinct still exists, known as Holywell
-Lane.</p>
-
-<p>The priory of St. John Baptist, called Holywell, a house
-of nuns, had been rebuilt, in the earlier period of the reign
-of Henry VIII., by Sir Thomas Lovel, K.G., of Lincoln's
-Inn. He endowed the priory with fair lands, extended
-the buildings, and added a large chapel. He also built
-considerably in Lincoln's Inn, including the fine old
-gateway in Chancery Lane, which still stands as one of the
-few remaining memorials of ancient London. Sir Thomas
-figures as one of the characters in Shakespeare's play of
-<i>Henry VIII.</i> When he died he was duly buried in the
-large chapel which he had added to Holywell Priory, in
-accordance with his design; but a few years later, in 1539,
-the priory was surrendered to the King and dissolved.
-Stow tells us that the church was pulled down&mdash;it is
-doubtful if Lovel's chapel was spared&mdash;and that many
-houses were built within the precinct "for the lodgings of
-noblemen, of strangers born, and others."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">{43}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>In the first edition of his <i>Survey</i> Stow added:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"And near thereunto are builded two publique houses for the acting
-and shewe of comedies, tragedies and histories, for recreation. Whereof
-one is called the Courtein, and the other the Theatre; both standing
-on the south west side towards the field."</p></div>
-
-<p>This passage was omitted from the second edition
-of the book published in 1603; but the whole extensive
-history of these playhouses, which was won from
-oblivion by the research of J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps,
-proceeded from this brief testimony of Stow.</p>
-
-
-<p>Against the background of the ancient priory this
-precinct of Holywell presented a perfect picture of the
-new conditions which constituted what was distinctively
-Elizabethan London. It comprehended the conditions of
-freedom required by the new life. Outside the jurisdiction
-of the city, but within the protection of the justices of
-Middlesex; lying open to the common fields of Finsbury,
-where archery and other sports were daily practised; its
-two playhouses affording varied entertainment in fencing
-matches, wrestling matches, and other "sports, shows, and
-pastimes," besides stage-plays performed by the various
-acting companies which visited them; this precinct of
-Holywell presented a microcosm of Elizabethan London
-society. The attraction of the plays brought visitors
-from all parts of the city. On the days when dramatic
-performances were to be given flags were hoisted in the
-morning over the playhouses; and after the early midday
-dinner the stream of playgoers began to flow from the
-gates. On horseback and on foot, over the fields from
-Cripplegate and Moorgate, or along the road from
-Bishopsgate, came men and women, citizens and gallants,
-visitors from the country, adventurers and pickpockets.
-All classes and conditions mingled in the Theatre or
-the Curtain, in the "common playhouses," as they were
-called, which only came into existence in 1576, after
-the players had been banished from the city. It was
-all delightfully new and modern; the buildings were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">{44}</a></span>
-gorgeously decorated; the apparel of the players was
-rich and dazzling; the music was enthralling; the play
-was a magic dream.</p>
-
-<p>Some of the plays of Marlowe were performed at these
-Holywell theatres; and in 1596 a play by the new poet,
-William Shakespeare, called <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, was
-produced at the Curtain, and caused a great sensation in
-Elizabethan London. The famous balcony scene of this
-play was cleverly adapted to the orchestra gallery above
-the stage. The stage itself projected into the arena, and
-the "groundlings" stood around it. Above were three
-tiers of seated galleries, and near the stage were "lords'
-rooms," the precursors of the private boxes of a later
-time.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>After the Theatre and Curtain had become a feature
-of Elizabethan London at Shoreditch, other playhouses
-came into existence on the other side of the river; first
-at Newington, outside the jurisdiction of the city, in
-conditions corresponding to those of Shoreditch. For
-the sports and pastimes of Finsbury Fields, in the
-neighbourhood of the playhouses, there were the sports
-and pastimes of St. George's Fields in the neighbourhood
-of the Newington Theatre. Playgoers from the city took
-boat to Paris Garden stairs and witnessed the bear-baiting
-on Bankside, or proceeded by road on horseback or on
-foot to St. George's Fields and Newington; or they went
-thither over the bridge all the way by road, walking or
-riding. The use of coaches was very limited, owing to
-the narrow roads and imperfect paving of Elizabethan
-London.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_012.jpg" width="416" height="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Shooting Match by the London Archers in the Year 1583.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>At Newington the proprietor and manager of the
-playhouse was Philip Henslowe, whose diary is the chief
-source of what information we have concerning the earlier
-period of Elizabethan drama. He was a man of business
-instinct, who conducted his dramatic enterprise on purely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">{45}</a></span>
-commercial lines. In 1584 he secured the lease of a house
-and two gardens on Bankside, and here, in the "liberty"
-of the Bishop of Winchester, nearer to the city but
-outside the civic jurisdiction, he erected his playhouse,
-called the Rose, in 1591. Henslowe thus brought the
-drama nearer to the city than it had been since the edict
-of 1575 abolished the common stages which until then had
-been set up in inn yards or other convenient places in the
-city. The flag of the playhouse could be seen across
-the river; and from all points came the tide of playgoers,
-whose custom was a harvest to Henslowe and the Thames
-watermen.</p>
-
-<p>Midway between these two points of theatrical
-attraction&mdash;Holywell, Shoreditch on the north, and
-Newington and Bankside on the south&mdash;Shakespeare
-lodged in the precinct of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate. The
-company of players with whom he had become finally
-associated was that of the Lord Chamberlain. They
-derived their profits from three sources&mdash;from
-performances at court, from theatrical tours, and from
-performances at the Theatre and the Curtain. The
-Theatre was the property of the family of James
-Burbage, who had built it in 1576&mdash;his son Richard
-Burbage, the famous actor, and others. The
-interest of the proprietors may have suffered from
-Henslowe's enterprise in setting up a playhouse on
-Bankside; and they were in dispute with the ground
-landlord of their playhouse in regard to the renewal of
-their lease. In these circumstances the Burbages, with
-the co-operation of other members of the company, secured
-a site in the Winchester Liberty on Bankside, not far
-from the Rose but nearer the Bridge. They then took
-down their building in Holywell, vacated the land, and
-re-erected the playhouse on the other side of the river.
-Those who participated in this enterprise became "sharers,"
-or partners, in the new playhouse. Shakespeare was one
-of these, and the name by which it was called&mdash;the Globe&mdash;was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">{46}</a></span>
-symbolical of the genius which reached its maturity
-in plays presented in this theatre during the closing years
-of the reign of Elizabeth and the first decade of the reign
-of her successor. "Totus mundus agit histrionem" was
-the inscription over the portal of the Globe. "All the
-world's a stage," said Shakespeare's Jaques in <i>As You
-Like It</i>. The life of Elizabethan London found its
-ultimate expression in that playhouse, which became
-celebrated then as "the glory of the Bank," and now is
-famous in all parts of the world where the glory of
-English literature is cherished.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>There were many reminiscences of medi�val times on
-the Surrey side. At Bermondsey were to be seen the
-extensive remains of the great abbey of St. Saviour. After
-the Dissolution its name became transferred to the church
-near the end of London Bridge, formerly known as
-St. Mary Overies, the splendid fane which in our time
-has worthily become the cathedral of Southwark. Between
-this church and the church of St. George were many inns,
-among them the Tabard, where travellers to and from
-Canterbury and Dover, or Winchester and Southampton,
-introduced an element of novelty, change, and bustle;
-where plays were performed in the inn yards before the
-playhouses were built on Bankside. At the end of
-Bankside, looking towards the church of St. Saviour, stood
-Winchester House, the London residence of the Bishop of
-Winchester since the twelfth century. Here Cardinal
-Beaufort and Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester,
-had lived in great state. The site, including the park,
-which extended parallel with the river as far as Paris
-Garden, was formerly the property of the priory of
-Bermondsey. This area was under the separate
-jurisdiction of the Bishops of Winchester, and was called
-their "Liberty." Here, in the early years of Queen
-Elizabeth, were two amphitheatres&mdash;one for bull-baiting,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">{47}</a></span>
-the other for bear-baiting. There were also ponds for
-fish, called the Pike Ponds.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> The great Camden records
-an anecdote of these ponds or stews, "which are here to
-feed Pikes and Tenches fat, and to scour them from the
-strong and muddy fennish taste." All classes delighted
-in the cruel sport of bear-baiting on the Bankside:
-ambassadors and distinguished foreigners were always
-conducted to these performances; on special occasions
-the Queen had them at the palace.</p>
-
-<p>In 1583 one of the amphitheatres fell down, and when
-re-erected it was built on the model of the playhouses.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
-It then became known as the Bear Garden; the bull-baiting
-amphitheatre dropped out of existence; perhaps it was
-reconstructed by Henslowe as his Rose theatre. The
-point is not of much importance, except as regards the
-evolution of the playhouse.</p>
-
-<p>The second playhouse built on the Surrey side after the
-Rose was the Swan, opened in 1596. This was erected on
-a site in the manor of Paris Garden, separated only by a
-road from the Liberty of Winchester. The playhouse
-was in a line with the landing-stairs, opposite Blackfriars.</p>
-
-<p>After the Globe playhouse was built in 1599, the other
-playhouses&mdash;Henslowe's Rose and Langley's Swan&mdash;ceased
-to flourish. Here the outward facts corresponded
-with the inward: a lovely flower had opened into bloom
-on the Bankside; what was unnecessary to its support
-drooped earthward like a sheath.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>Opposite Paris Garden, across the river, was
-Blackfriars; and here the change from the ancient order
-to what was distinctively Elizabethan London was most
-manifest. The ancient monastery had existed here from
-1276, when the Dominican or Black Friars moved hither<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">{48}</a></span>
-from Holborn, until 1538, when the establishment was
-surrendered to King Henry VIII. It possessed a
-magnificent church, a vast palatial hall, and cloisters.
-Edward VI. had granted the whole precinct, with its
-buildings, to Sir Thomas Cawarden, the Master of the
-Revels. It became an aristocratic residential quarter; and
-in the earlier period of Queen Elizabeth's reign plays
-were performed here, probably in the ancient hall of the
-monastery, by the children of Her Majesty's chapel and
-the choir-boys of St. Paul's. At a later period&mdash;viz., in
-1596&mdash;James Burbage, who built the theatre in Shoreditch,
-built a new playhouse in the precinct, or more probably
-adapted an existing building&mdash;the hall or part of the
-church&mdash;to serve the purpose of dramatic representation.
-This playhouse, consequently, was not open to the weather
-at the top like the common playhouses, and it was
-distinguished as the "private" theatre at Blackfriars.</p>
-
-<p>The west wall of the precinct was built along the bank
-of the Fleet river. Across the river opposite was the royal
-palace of Bridewell, which Edward VI. had given to the
-city of London to be a workhouse for the poor and a
-house of correction. This contiguity of a house for the
-poor and the remains of a monastery suggests a reflection
-on the social problem of Elizabethan London.</p>
-
-<p>Before the Reformation the religious houses were the
-agencies for the relief of the poor, the sick, the afflicted.
-The unemployed were assisted with lodging and food on
-their way as they journeyed in search of a market for
-their labour, paying for their entertainment at the religious
-houses by work either on the roads in the neighbourhood
-or on the buildings or in the gardens and fields, according
-to their trades and skill. It would seem that King Henry
-did not realise the importance and extent of this
-feature in the social economy, because, after he had
-suppressed the religious establishments, he complained
-very reproachfully of the number of masterless men and
-rogues that were everywhere to be found, especially about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">{49}</a></span>
-London. The good Bishop Ridley, in an eloquent appeal
-addressed to William Cecil, represented the poor and sick
-and starving in the streets of London in the person of
-Christ, beseeching the king to succour the poor and
-suffering Christ in the streets of London by bestowing his
-palace of Bridewell to be a home for the homeless, the
-starving, and the sick, where erring ones could be corrected
-and the good sustained. The good young monarch
-granted the bishop's request, and Bridewell Hospital was
-thus founded to do the social work in which Blackfriars
-monastery on the other side of the Fleet river had formerly
-borne its share. But single efforts of this kind were quite
-unequal to cope with the social difficulty; and early in
-the reign of Elizabeth the first Poor Law was passed and
-a system of relief came into operation.</p>
-
-<p>To meet the difficulty of unemployment, it was part
-of the policy of Queen Elizabeth's Government to
-encourage new industries, whether due to invention and
-discovery or to knowledge gained by visiting foreign
-countries to learn new processes and manufactures; the
-inventor or the introducer of the novelty was rewarded
-with a monopoly, and he received a licence "to take up
-workmen" to be taught the methods of the new industry.
-One of the manufactures which had been thus stimulated
-was glass-making; and in the precinct of Blackfriars was
-a famous glass-house or factory, a reminiscence of which
-still exists in the name Glasshouse Yard. It has been
-shown how the crafts and trades of Elizabethan London
-gravitated to separate areas: Blackfriars precinct was
-famous as the abode of artists; one may hazard the guess
-that some of the portraits of Elizabethan and Jacobean
-players in the Dulwich Gallery may have been painted
-here. In the reign of Charles I. Vandyke had his studio
-in Blackfriars, where the king paid him a visit to see
-his pictures. The precinct was famous also as the abode
-of glovers; and in the reigns of James and Charles it
-became a notorious stronghold of Puritans. The existing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">{50}</a></span>
-name of Playhouse Yard, at the back of <i>The Times</i>
-newspaper office, affords some indication of the site of
-the theatre; and the name Cloister Court is the sole
-remnant of the cloisters of Blackfriars monastery.</p>
-
-<p>The eastern boundary of the precinct was St. Andrew's
-Hill, which still exists. On the site of the present church
-of St. Andrew in the Wardrobe stood a church of the
-same dedication in Elizabethan London. Stow wrote of
-"the parish church of St. Andrew in the Wardrobe, a
-proper church, but few monuments hath it." Near the
-church (the site being indicated by the existing court called
-the Wardrobe) was a building of State, which Stow calls
-"the King's Great Wardrobe." The Elizabethan use of
-the Wardrobe is described by Stow thus: "In this house
-of late years is lodged Sir John Fortescue, knight, master
-of the wardrobe, chancellor and under-treasurer of the
-exchequer, and one of her majesty's most honorable privy
-Council."</p>
-
-<p>Near the top of St. Andrew's Hill and within the
-precinct of Blackfriars was a house which Shakespeare
-purchased in 1613. It is described in the extant
-Deed of Conveyance as "now or late being in the
-tenure or occupation of one William Ireland ...
-abutting upon a street leading down to Puddle Wharf on
-the east part, right against the Kinges Majesties
-Wardrobe." Curiously enough, the name of this occupier
-survives in the existing Ireland Yard.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_013.jpg" width="50" height="47" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-
-<h3>ENVOY</h3>
-
-
-<p>The omissions in this imperfect sketch of Elizabethan
-London are many and obvious. The design has been to
-show the tangible setting of a jewel rather than the jewel
-itself; the outward conditions in which the life of a new
-age was manifested. The background of destruction has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">{51}</a></span>
-been inevitably emphasised; but in Elizabethan London
-historic memorials existed on every hand. Nothing has
-been said of Baynard's Castle, its Norman walls rising
-from the margin of the river to the south of Blackfriars,
-or of St Bartholomew the Great, or the Charterhouse, or
-St. Giles's, Cripplegate; although an account of them
-would have completed the outer ring of our perambulation
-of the London described by Stow. The whole region
-westward&mdash;Holborn, Fleet Street, the Strand, and
-Westminster&mdash;has been left for another occasion. Here
-and there, however, we have been able to glance at historic
-buildings which had survived from earlier ages to
-witness the changes in London after the Reformation.
-It was those changes that led to the making of the
-playhouse and brought the conditions which enfolded
-the possibility realised in Shakespeare. This has been
-the point of view in the foregoing pages. A study of
-characteristics rather than a detailed account has been
-offered for the consideration of the reader.</p></div>
-
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">{52}</a></span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2><a name="PEPYSS_LONDON" id="PEPYSS_LONDON">PEPYS'S LONDON</a></h2>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A.</span></p>
-
-
-<div>
-<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.png" width="100" height="118" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">The growth of population in London was almost
-stationary for many centuries; as, owing to the
-generally unhealthy condition of ancient cities,
-the births seldom exceeded the deaths, and in the
-case of frequent pestilences the deaths actually exceeded
-the births. Thus during its early history the walls of
-London easily contained its inhabitants, although at
-all times in its history London will be found to have
-taken a higher rank for healthy sanitary conditions than
-most of its continental contemporaries. In the later
-Middle Ages the city overflowed its borders, and
-its liberties were recognized and marked by Bars.
-Subsequently nothing was done to bring the further
-out-growths of London proper within the fold, and in
-Tudor times we first hear of the suburbs as disreputable
-quarters, a condemnation which was doubtless just, as
-the inhabitants mostly consisted of those who were glad
-to escape the restrictions of life within the city walls.</p>
-
-<p>The first great exodus westwards of the more
-aristocratic inhabitants of London took place in the
-reigns of James I. and Charles I.&mdash;first to Lincoln's Inn
-Fields and its neighbourhood, and then to Covent
-Garden, and both these suburbs were laid out by Inigo
-Jones, the greatest architect of beautiful street fronts
-that England has ever produced. It is an eternal
-disgrace to Londoners that so many of his noble buildings
-in Lincoln's Inn Fields have been destroyed. The period
-of construction of these districts is marked by the names<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">{53}</a></span>
-of Henrietta and King Streets in Covent Garden, and
-Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields.</p>
-
-<p>After the Restoration modern London was founded.
-During the Commonwealth there had been a considerable
-stagnation in the movement of the population, and when
-the Royalists returned to England from abroad they
-found their family mansions in the city unfitted for their
-habitation, and in consequence established themselves in
-what is now the city of Westminster. Henry Jermyn,
-first Earl of St. Albans, began to provide houses for
-some of them in St. James's Square, and buildings in the
-district around were rapidly proceeded with.</p>
-
-<p>We have a faithful representation of London, as it
-appeared at the end of the Commonwealth period, in
-Newcourt and Faithorne's valuable Plan of London, dated
-1658. A long growth of houses north of the Thames is
-seen stretching from the Tower to the neighbourhood of
-Westminster Abbey. Islington is found at the extreme
-north of the plan unconnected with the streets of the
-town, Hoxton connected with the city by Shoreditch,
-Bethnal Green almost alone, and Stepney at the extreme
-north-east. South of the Thames there are a few streets
-close to the river, and a small out-growth from London
-Bridge along the great southern road containing Southwark
-and Bermondsey. There is little at Lambeth but
-the Archbishop's Palace and the great marsh.</p>
-
-<p>On this plan we see what was the condition of the
-Haymarket and Piccadilly before the Restoration. This
-was soon to be changed, for between the years 1664 and
-1668 were erected three great mansions in the "Road to
-Reading" (now Piccadilly), viz., Clarendon House (where
-Bond and Albemarle Streets now stand), Berkeley House
-(on the site now occupied by Devonshire House), and
-Burlington House. Piccadilly was the original name of
-the district after which Piccadilly Hall was called. The
-latter place was situated at the north-east corner of the
-Haymarket, nearly opposite to Panton Square, and close<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">{54}</a></span>
-by Panton Street, named after Colonel Thomas Panton,
-the notorious gamester, who purchased Piccadilly Hall
-from Mrs. Baker, the widow of the original owner.</p>
-
-<p>There is much to be said in favour of associating
-the name of some well-known man with the London
-of his time, and thus showing how his descriptions
-illustrate the chief historical events of his time, with
-many of which he may have been connected. In the
-case of Samuel Pepys, we can see with his eyes
-many of the incidents of the early years of the
-Restoration period, and thus gain an insight into the
-inner life of the times. Pepys lived through some of
-the greatest changes that have passed over London, and
-in alluding to some of these we may quote his remarks
-with advantage. His friend, John Evelyn, also refers to
-many of the same events, and may also be quoted, more
-particularly as he was specially engaged at different
-periods of his life in improving several parts of London.</p>
-
-<p>We are truly fortunate in having two such admirable
-diarists at hand to help us to a proper understanding of
-the course of events and of the changes that took place
-in London during their long lives.</p>
-
-<p>When Pepys commenced his <i>Diary</i> on January 1st,
-1660, we find him living in a small house in Axe Yard,
-Westminster, a place which derived its name from a
-brewhouse on the west side of King Street, called "The
-Axe." He was then clerk to Mr. (afterwards Sir George)
-Downing, one of the Four Tellers of the Receipt of the
-Exchequer, from whom Downing Street obtained its
-name. Pepys was in the receipt of �50 a year, and his
-household was not a large one, for it consisted of
-himself, his wife, and his servant Jane. He let the
-greater part of the house, and his family lived in the
-garrets. About 1767 Axe Yard was swept away, and
-Fludyer Street arose on its site, named after Sir Samuel
-Fludyer, who was Lord Mayor in 1761. Nearly a century
-afterwards (1864-65) this street also was swept away<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">{55}</a></span>
-(with others) to make room for the Government offices,
-consisting of the India, Foreign and Colonial Offices,
-etc., so that all trace of Pepys's residence has now
-completely passed away.</p>
-
-<p>Macaulay, in the famous third chapter of his History,
-where he gives a brilliant picture of the state of England
-in 1685, and clearly describes London under the later
-Stuarts, writes: "Each of the two cities which made up
-the capital of England had its own centre of attraction."
-We may take this sentence as our text, and try to illustrate
-it by some notices of London life in the city and at
-the Court end of town. The two extremes were equally
-familiar to Pepys, and both were seen by him almost
-daily when he stepped into his boat by the Tower and
-out of it again at Westminster.</p>
-
-<p>To take the court life first, let us begin with the entry
-of the King into London on his birthday (May 29th, 1660).
-The enthusiastic reception of Charles II. is a commonplace
-of history, and from the Tower to Whitehall joy
-was exhibited by all that thronged the streets. Evelyn
-was spectator of the scene, which he describes in his
-<i>Diary</i>:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"May 29th. This day his Majestie Charles the Second came to
-London after a sad and long exile and calamitous suffering both of the
-King and Church, being 17 yeares. This was also his birthday, and with
-a triumph of above 20,000 horse and foote, brandishing their swords and
-shouting with inexpressible joy; the wayes strew'd with flowers, the bells
-ringing, the streetes hung with tapissry, fountaines running with wine;
-the Maior, Aldermen and all the Companies in their liveries, chaines of
-gold and banners; Lords and nobles clad in cloth of silver, gold and
-velvet; the windowes and balconies all set with ladies; trumpets, music
-and myriads of people flocking, even so far as Rochester, so as they
-were seven houres in passing the citty, even from 2 in y<sup>e</sup> afternoon till
-9 at night.</p>
-
-<p>"I stood in the Strand and beheld it, and bless'd God. And all this
-was done without one drop of blood shed, and by that very army which
-rebell'd against him; but it was y<sup>e</sup> Lord's doing, for such a restauration
-was never mention'd in any history antient or modern, since the returne
-of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity; nor so joyfull a day and so
-bright ever seene in this nation, this hapning when to expect or effect
-it was past all human policy."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">{56}</a></span></p></div>
-
-<p>One of the brilliant companies of young and
-comely men in white doublets who took part in the
-procession was led by Simon Wadlow, the vintner and
-host of the "Devil" tavern. This was the son of Ben
-Jonson's Simon Wadlow, "Old Simon the King," who
-gave his name to Squire Western's favourite song. From
-Rugge's curious MS. <i>Diurnal</i> we learn how the young
-women of London were not behind the young men in the
-desire to join in the public rejoicings:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Divers maidens, in behalf of themselves and others, presented a
-petition to the Lord Mayor of London, wherein they pray his Lordship
-to grant them leave and liberty to meet his Majesty on the day of his
-passing through the city; and if their petition be granted that they will
-all be clad in white waistcoats and crimson petticoats, and other ornaments
-of triumph and rejoicing."</p></div>
-
-<p>Pepys was at sea at this time with Sir Edward
-Montagu, where the sailors had their own rejoicings and
-fired off three guns, but he enters in his <i>Diary</i>: "This
-day, it is thought, the King do enter the city of London."</p>
-
-<p>Charles, immediately on his arrival in London, settled
-himself in the Palace of Whitehall, which was his chief
-place of residence during the whole of his reign, but
-although he was very much at home in it, he felt keenly
-the inconveniences attending its situation by the river side,
-which caused it frequently to be flooded by high tides.</p>
-
-<p>The King alludes to this trouble in one of his
-amusingly chatty speeches to the House of Commons on
-March 1st, 1661-62, when arrangements were being made
-for the entry of Katharine of Braganza into London.
-He said:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The mention of my wife's arrival puts me in mind to desire you to
-put that compliment upon her, that her entrance into the town may be
-with more decency than the ways will now suffer it to be; and for that
-purpose, I pray you would quickly pass such laws as are before you, in
-order to the amending those ways, and that she may not find Whitehall
-surrounded by water."</p></div>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_015.jpg" width="600" height="319" alt="" />
-
-<p class="img_link"><a href="images/image_015_full.jpg">View larger version.</a></p>
-
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">A View of London as it appeared
-before the Great Fire.</span></p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>From an old print.</i></p></div>
-
-
-
-<div class="center">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">St. Paul's.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">St. Dunstan's.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="left">Temple.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">4</td><td align="left">St. Bride's.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">St. Andrew's.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="left">Baynard's Castle.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">7</td><td align="left">St. Sepulchre's.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">8</td><td align="left">Bow Church.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">9</td><td align="left">Guildhall.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left">St. Michael's.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left">St. Laurence, Poultney.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left">Old Swan.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left">London Bridge.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left">St. Dunstan's East.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left">Billingsgate.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left">Custom House.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left">Tower.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left">Tower Wharf.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left">St. Olave's.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left">St. Saviour's.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left">Winchester House.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left">The Globe.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left">The Bear Garden.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left">Hampstead.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left">Highgate.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left">Hackney.</td></tr>
-</table></div></div>
-
-<p>In the following year we read in Pepys's <i>Diary</i> a
-piquant account of the putting out of Lady Castlemaine's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">{57}</a></span>
-kitchen fire on a certain occasion when Charles was
-engaged to sup with her:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"October 13th, 1663. My Lady Castlemaine, I hear, is in as great
-favour as ever, and the King supped with her the very first night he came
-from Bath: and last night and the night before supped with her; when
-there being a chine of beef to roast, and the tide rising into their kitchen
-that it could not be roasted there, and the cook telling her of it, she
-answered, 'Zounds! she must set the house on fire, but it should be
-roasted!' So it was carried to Mrs. Sarah's husband's, and there it
-was roasted."</p></div>
-
-<p>The last sentence requires an explanation. Mrs. Sarah
-was Lord Sandwich's housekeeper, and Pepys had found
-out in November, 1662, that she had just been married,
-and that her husband was a cook. We are not told his
-name or where he lived.</p>
-
-<p>Lord Dorset, in the famous song, "To all you ladies
-now on land," specially alludes to the periodical
-inundations at the Palace:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"The King, with wonder and surprise,<br /></span>
-<span class="i2">Will swear the seas grow bold;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Because the tides will higher rise<br /></span>
-<span class="i2">Than e'er they did of old;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">But let him know it is our tears<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Bring floods of grief to Whitehall stairs."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>Pepys was a constant visitor to Whitehall, and the Index
-to the <i>Diary</i> contains over three pages of references to
-his visits. He refers to Henry VIII.'s Gallery, the
-Boarded Gallery, the Matted Gallery, the Shield Gallery,
-and the Vane Room. Lilly, the astrologer, mentions the
-Guard Room. The Adam and Eve Gallery was so called
-from a picture by Mabuse, now at Hampton Court. In
-the Matted Gallery was a ceiling by Holbein, and on a
-wall in the Privy Chamber a painting of Henry VII. and
-Henry VIII., with their Queens, by the same artist, of
-which a copy in small is preserved at Hampton Court.
-On another wall was a "Dance of Death," also by
-Holbein, of which Douce has given a description; and
-in the bedchamber of Charles II. a representation by
-Joseph Wright of the King's birth, his right to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">{58}</a></span>
-dominions, and miraculous preservation, with the motto,
-<i>Terras Astr�a revisit</i>.</p>
-
-<p>All these rooms, and most of the lodgings of the many
-residents, royal and non-royal, were in the portion of
-the Palace situated on the river side of the road, now
-known as Whitehall. This road was shut in by two
-gates erected by Henry VIII. when he enlarged the
-borders of the Palace after he had taken it from
-Wolsey. The one at the Westminster end was called
-the King Street gate, and the other, at the north end,
-designed by Holbein, was called by his name, and also
-Whitehall or Cock-pit gate.</p>
-
-<p>It is necessary to remember that Whitehall extended
-into St. James's Park. The Tilt Yard, where many
-tournaments and pageants were held in the reigns of
-Henry VIII., Elizabeth, and James I., fronted the
-Banqueting House, and occupied what is now the Horse
-Guards' Parade. On the south side of the Tilt Yard was
-the Cockpit, where Monk, Duke of Albemarle, lived for a
-time. His name was given to a tavern in the Tilt Yard
-("The Monk's Head").</p>
-
-<p>On the north side was Spring Gardens, otherwise the
-King's Garden, but it subsequently became a place of
-public entertainment, and after the Restoration it was
-styled the Old Spring Garden; then the ground was
-built upon, and the entertainments removed to the New
-Spring Garden at Lambeth, afterwards called Vauxhall.</p>
-
-<p>The Cockpit was originally used for cock-fighting,
-but it cannot be definitely said when it ceased to be
-employed for this cruel sport. It was for a considerable
-time used as a royal theatre, and Malone wrote:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Neither Elizabeth, nor James I., nor Charles I., I believe, ever
-went to the public theatre, but they frequently ordered plays to be performed
-at Court, which were represented in the royal theatre called the
-Cockpit."</p></div>
-
-<p>Malone is probably incorrect in respect to Elizabeth's use
-of the Cockpit, for certainly cock-fighting was practised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">{59}</a></span>
-here as late as 1607, as may be seen from the following
-entry in the State Papers:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Aug. 4th, 1607. Warrant to pay 100 marks per annum to William
-Gateacre for breeding, feeding, etc., the King's game cocks during the
-life of George Coliner, Cockmaster."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p></div>
-
-<p>It is, of course, possible that the players and the cocks
-occupied the place contemporaneously.</p>
-
-<p>The lodgings at the Cockpit were occupied by some
-well-known men. Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and
-Montgomery, saw Charles I. pass from St. James's to the
-scaffold at the Banqueting House from one of his
-windows, and he died in these apartments on January
-23rd, 1650. Oliver Cromwell, when Lord-Lieutenant of
-Ireland, was given, by order of Parliament, "the use of
-the lodgings called the Cockpit, of the Spring Garden
-and St. James's House, and the command of St. James's
-Park," and when Protector, and in possession of
-Whitehall Palace, he still retained the Cockpit. When
-in 1657 he relaxed some of the prohibitions against
-the Theatre, he used the Cockpit stage occasionally for
-instrumental and vocal music.</p>
-
-<p>A little before the Restoration the apartments were
-assigned to General Monk, and Charles II. confirmed the
-arrangement. Here he died, as Duke of Albemarle, on
-January 3rd, 1670. In 1673 George Villiers, second
-Duke of Buckingham, became a resident, and at the
-Revolution of 1688 the Princess Anne was living here.</p>
-
-<p>There has been some confusion in respect to the
-references to the Cockpit in Pepys's <i>Diary</i>, as two distinct
-theatres are referred to under this name. The references
-before November, 1660, are to the performances of the
-Duke's Company at the Cockpit in Drury Lane. Here
-Pepys saw the "Loyal Subject," "Othello," "Wit without
-Money," and "The Woman's Prize or Tamer Tamed."
-The subsequent passages in which the Cockpit is referred
-to apply to the royal theatre attached to Whitehall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">{60}</a></span>
-Palace. Here Pepys saw "The Cardinal," "Claricilla,"
-"Humorous Lieutenant," "Scornful Lady," and the
-"Valiant Cid." It is useful to remember that the
-performances at Whitehall were in the evening, and
-those at the public theatre in the afternoon.</p>
-
-<p>The buildings of the Old Whitefriars Palace by the
-river side were irregular and unimposing outside, although
-they were handsome inside. The grand scheme of Inigo
-Jones for rebuilding initiated by James I., and
-occasionally entertained by Charles I. and II. and
-William III., came to nothing, but the noble Banqueting
-House remains to show what might have been.</p>
-
-<p>The Rev. Dr. Sheppard, in his valuable work on <i>The
-Old Palace of Whitehall</i> (1902), refers to Grinling
-Gibbons's statue of James II., which for many years stood
-in the Privy Garden, and is one of the very few good
-statues in London. He refers to the temporary removal
-of the statue to the front of Gwydyr House, and writes:
-"Since the statue has been removed to its present position
-an inscription (there was none originally) has been placed
-on its stone pedestal. It runs as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class='center'>
-JACOBUS SECUNDUS<br />
-DEI GRATIA ANGLI� SCOTI� FRANCI�<br />
-ET HIBERNI� REX.<br />
-FIDEI DEFENSOR. ANNO MDCLXXXVI."<br />
-</p>
-
-<p>This, however, is a mistake, and the inscription runs
-as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class='center'>
-JACOBUS SECUNDUS<br />
-DEI GRATI�<br />
-ANGLI� SCOTI�<br />
-FRANCI� ET<br />
-HIBERNI�<br />
-REX<br />
-FIDEI DEFENSOR<br />
-ANNO MDCLXXXVI<br />
-</p>
-
-<p>in capitals, and without any stops.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">{61}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The present writer remembers well being taken as
-a little boy to read the inscription and find out the
-error in the Latin. The statue has since been removed
-to the front of the new buildings of the Admiralty
-between the Horse Guards' Parade and Spring
-Gardens, a very appropriate position for a Lord High
-Admiral. I am happy to see that the inscription has
-not been altered, and the incorrect "Dei grati�"
-appears as in my youth.</p>
-
-<p>James Duke of York, after the Restoration, occupied
-apartments in St. James's Palace, and his Secretary of
-the Admiralty, Sir William Coventry, had lodgings
-conveniently near him. The Duke sometimes moved
-from one palace to the other, as his father, Charles I.,
-had done before him. Henrietta Maria took a fancy to
-the place, and most of their children were born at
-St. James's, the Duke being one of these.</p>
-
-<p>James's changes of residence are recorded in Pepys's
-<i>Diary</i> as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Jan. 23rd, 1664-65. Up and with Sir W. Batten and Sir W. Pen
-to White Hall; but there finding the Duke gone to his lodgings at
-St. James's for alltogether, his Duchesse being ready to lie in, we to him
-and there did our usual business."</p>
-
-<p>"May 3rd, 1667. Up and with Sir J. Minnes, W. Batten and W. Pen
-in the last man's coach to St. James's, and thence up to the Duke of
-York's chamber, which as it is now fretted at the top, and the chimney-piece
-made handsome, is one of the noblest and best-proportioned rooms
-that ever, I think, I saw in my life."</p>
-
-<p>"May 20th, 1668. Up and with Colonell Middleton in a new coach
-he hath made him, very handsome, to White Hall, where the Duke
-of York having removed his lodgings for this year to St. James's we
-walked thither; and there find the Duke of York coming to White Hall,
-and so back to the Council Chamber, where the Committee of the
-Navy sat."</p></div>
-
-<p>In November, 1667, James fell ill of the smallpox in
-St. James's Palace, when the gallery doors were locked
-up. On March 31st, 1671, Anne Duchess of York, the
-daughter of Clarendon, died here. The Princess Mary
-was married to William Prince of Orange in November,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">{62}</a></span>
-1677, at eleven o'clock at night, in the Chapel Royal,
-and on July 28th, 1683, Princess Anne to Prince George
-of Denmark, when the pair took up their residence at
-St. James's.</p>
-
-<p>When James came to the crown he went to live at
-Whitehall Palace, but he frequently stayed at St. James's.
-On June 9th, 1688, Queen Mary of Modena was taken to
-the latter place, and on the following day James Francis
-Edward, afterwards known as "The Pretender," was born
-in the Old Bedchamber. This room was situated at the
-east end of the south front. It had three doors, one
-leading to a private staircase at the head of the bed, and
-two windows opposite the bed.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
-
-<p>The room was pulled down previous to the alterations
-made in the year 1822.</p>
-
-<p>The anecdote of Charles II. and the chaplains of the
-Chapel Royal is often quoted, but it is worth repeating,
-as it shows the ready wit of the great preacher, Dr. South.
-A daily dinner was prepared at the Palace for the
-chaplains, and one day the King notified his intention
-of dining with them. There had been some talk of
-abolishing this practice, and South seized the opportunity
-of saying grace to do his best in opposition to the
-suggestion; so, instead of the regular formula, which was
-"God save the King and bless the dinner," said "God
-bless the King and save the dinner." Charles at once
-cried out, "And it shall be saved."</p>
-
-<p>The Duke of York and the King were fond of
-wandering about the park at all hours, and as Charles
-often walked by himself, even as far as the then secluded
-Constitution Hill, James having expressed fears for his
-safety, the elder brother made the memorable reply:
-"No kind of danger, James, for I am sure no man in
-England will take away my life to make you king."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">{63}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Pepys tells us on March 16th, 1661-2, that while he
-was walking in the park he met the King and Duke
-coming "to see their fowl play."</p>
-
-<p>Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany (then Hereditary
-Prince), made a "Tour through England" in 1669, and it
-will be remembered that Macaulay found the account of
-his travels a valuable help towards obtaining a picture
-of the state of England in the middle of the seventeenth
-century. Cosmo thus describes St. James's Park:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"A large park enclosed on every side by a wall, and containing a
-long, straight, and spacious walk, intended for the amusement of the
-Mall, on each side of which grow large elms whose shade render the
-promenade in that place in summer infinitely pleasant and agreeable;
-close to it is a canal of nearly the same length, on which are several
-species of aquatic birds, brought up and rendered domestic&mdash;the work of
-the Protector Cromwell; the rest of the park is left uncultivated, and
-forms a wood for the retreat of deer and other quadrupeds."</p></div>
-
-<p>His Highness was not quite correct in giving the
-credit of the collection of wild-fowl to Cromwell, as the
-water-fowl appear to have been kept in the park from the
-reign of Elizabeth, and the ponds were replenished after
-the Restoration.</p>
-
-<p>Evelyn gives a long account in his <i>Diary</i> of the
-zoological collections (February 9th, 1664-65). He says:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The parke was at this time stored with numerous flocks of severall
-sorts of ordinary and extraordinary wild fowle, breeding about the
-Decoy, which for being neere so greate a citty, and among such a
-concourse of souldiers and people, is a singular and diverting thing.
-There were also deere of several countries, white; spotted like leopards;
-antelopes, an elk, red deere, roebucks, staggs, guinea goates, Arabian
-sheepe, etc. There were withy pots or nests for the wild fowle to lay
-their eggs in, a little above y<sup>e</sup> surface of y<sup>e</sup> water."</p></div>
-
-<p>Charles II. was a saunterer by nature, and he appears
-to have been quite happy in the park either chatting with
-Nell Gwyn, at the end of the garden of her Pall Mall
-house, in feeding the fowl, or in playing the game of
-Mall.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">{64}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>This game was popular from the end of the sixteenth
-to the beginning of the eighteenth century, and then went
-out of fashion. At one time there were few large towns
-without a mall, or prepared ground where the game could
-be played. There is reason to believe that the game was
-introduced into England from Scotland on the accession
-of James VI. to the English throne, because the King
-names it in his "Basilicon D&#333;ron" among other exercises
-as suited for his son Henry, who was afterwards Prince
-of Wales, and about the same time Sir R. Dallington, in
-his <i>Method of Travel</i> (1598), expresses his surprise that
-the sport was not then introduced into England.</p>
-
-<p>The game was played in long shaded alleys, and on
-dry gravel walks. The mall in St. James's Park was
-nearly half a mile in length, and was kept with the
-greatest care. Pepys relates how he went to talk with
-the keeper of the mall, and how he learned the manner
-of mixing the earth for the floor, over which powdered
-cockle-shells were strewn. All this required such
-attention that a special person was employed for the
-purpose, who was called the cockle-strewer. In dry
-weather the surface was apt to turn to dust, and
-consequently to impede the flight of the ball, so that
-the cockle-strewer's office was by no means a sinecure.
-Richard Blome, writing in 1673, asserts that this mall
-was "said to be the best in Christendom," but Evelyn
-claims the pre-eminence for that at Tours, with its seven
-rows of tall elms, as "the noblest in Europe for length
-and shade." The game is praised by Sir R. Dallington
-"because it is a gentlemanlike sport, not violent, and
-yields good occasion and opportunity of discourse as
-they walke from one marke to the other," and Joseph
-Lauthier, who wrote a treatise on the subject, entitled
-<i>Le Jeu de Mail</i>, Paris, 1717 (which is now extremely
-scarce), uses the same form of recommendation.</p>
-
-<p>The chief requisites for the game were mallets, balls,
-two arches or hoops, one at either end of the mall, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">{65}</a></span>
-a wooden border marked so as to show the position of the
-balls when played. The mallets were of different size
-and form to suit the various players, and Lauthier directs
-that the weight and height of the mallet should be in
-proportion to the strength and stature of the player.
-The balls were of various sizes and weights, and each
-size had its distinct name. In damp weather, when the
-soil was heavy, a lighter ball was required than when
-the soil was sandy. A gauge was used to ascertain its
-weight, and the weight of the mallet was adjusted to
-that of the ball. The arch or pass was about two feet
-high and two inches wide. The one at the west end of
-St. James's Park remained in its place for many years,
-and was not cleared away until the beginning of the reign
-of George III. In playing the game, the mallet was
-raised above the head and brought down with great force
-so as to strike the ball to a considerable distance. The
-poet Waller describes Charles II.'s stroke in the following
-lines:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Here a well-polished Mall gives us joy,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">To see our prince his matchless force employ.<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">No sooner has he touch'd the flying ball,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">But 'tis already more than half the Mall;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">And such a fury from his arm has got,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">As from a smoking culverin 'twere shot."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>Considerable skill and practice were required in the
-player, who, while attempting to make the ball skate
-along the ground with speed, had to be careful that he
-did not strike it in such a manner as to raise it from
-the ground. This is shown by what Charles Cotton
-writes:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"But playing with the boy at Mall<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">(I rue the time and ever shall),<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">I struck the ball, I know not how,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">(For that is not the play, you know),<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">A pretty height into the air."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>This boy was, perhaps, a caddie, for it will be seen that
-the game was a sort of cross between golf and croquet.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">{66}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Lauthier describes four ways of playing at pall mall,
-viz.:&mdash;(1) the <i>rouet</i>, or pool game; (2) <i>en partie</i>, a match
-game; (3) <i>� grands coups</i>, at long shots; and (4) <i>chicane</i>,
-or hockey. Moreover, he proposes a new game to be
-played like billiards.</p>
-
-<p>We may now pass from St. James's Park to Hyde
-Park, which became a place of public resort in the reigns
-of James I. and Charles I. It was then considered to be
-quite a country place. Ben Jonson mentions in the
-Prologue to his comedy, <i>The Staple of News</i> (1625), the
-number of coaches which congregated there, and Shirley
-describes the horse-races in his comedy entitled <i>Hide
-Parke</i> (1637).</p>
-
-<p>The park, being Crown property, was sold by order
-of Parliament in 1652 for about �17,000 in three lots,
-the purchasers being Richard Wilcox, John Tracy, and
-Anthony Deane. Cromwell was a frequent visitor, and
-on one occasion when he was driving in the park his
-horses ran away, and he was thrown off his coach.</p>
-
-<p>After the Restoration the park was the daily resort of
-all the gallantry of the court, and Pepys found driving
-there very pleasant, although he complained of the dust.
-The Ring, which is described in Grammont's <i>Memoirs</i> as
-"the rendezvous of magnificence and beauty," was a
-small enclosure of trees round which the carriages
-circulated.</p>
-
-<p>Pepys writes April 4th, 1663:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"After dinner to Hide Park ... At the Park was the King
-and in another coach my Lady Castlemaine, they greeting one another
-at every tour."</p></div>
-
-<p>This passage is illustrated in Wilson's <i>Memoirs</i>, 1719,
-where we are told that when the coaches "have turned for
-some time round one way, they face about and turn
-t'other."</p>
-
-<p>John Macky, in his <i>Journey through England</i> (1724),
-affirms that in fine weather he had seen above three
-hundred coaches at a time making "the Grand Tour."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">{67}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Cosmo tells of the etiquette which was observed
-among the company:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The King and Queen are often there, and the duke and duchess,
-towards whom at the first meeting and no more all persons show the
-usual marks of respect, which are afterwards omitted, although they
-should chance to meet again ever so often, every one being at full liberty,
-and under no constraint whatever, and to prevent the confusion and
-disorder which might arise from the great number of lackies and footmen,
-these are not permitted to enter Hyde Park, but stop at the gate
-waiting for their masters."</p></div>
-
-<p>Oldys refers to a poem, printed in sixteen pages,
-which was entitled "The Circus, or British Olympicks: a
-Satyr on the Ring in Hyde Park." He says that the
-poem satirizes many well-known fops under fictitious
-names, and he raises the number of coaches seen on a fine
-evening from Macky's three hundred to a thousand. The
-Ring was partly destroyed at the time the Serpentine was
-formed by Caroline, Queen of George II.</p>
-
-<p>Although the Ring has disappeared, Hyde Park has
-remained from the Restoration period until the present
-day the most fashionable place in London, but now the
-whole park has been utilized.</p>
-
-<p>Charles II., in reviving the Stage, specially patronised
-it himself, and it may be referred to here from its
-connection with the Court. It has already been noticed
-that previous monarchs did not visit the public theatres.</p>
-
-<p>Pepys was an enthusiastic playgoer, and the <i>Diary</i>
-contains a mass of information respecting the Stage not
-elsewhere to be found, so that we are able to trace the
-various advances made in the revival of the Stage from
-the incipient attempt of Davenant before the Restoration
-to the improvements in scenery introduced by the rivalry
-of the two managers, Davenant and Killigrew.
-Immediately after the Restoration two companies of
-actors were organized, who performed at two different
-houses. One theatre was known as the King's House,
-called by Pepys "The Theatre," and the other as the
-Duke's House, called by Pepys "The Opera." Sir William<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">{68}</a></span>
-Davenant obtained a patent for his company as "The
-Duke's Servants," named after the Duke of York, and
-Thomas Killigrew obtained one for "The King's
-Servants."</p>
-
-<p>Killigrew's Company first performed at the "Red
-Bull," Clerkenwell, and on November 8th removed to
-Gibbons's Tennis Court in Bear Yard, which was entered
-from Vere Street, Clare Market. Here the Company
-remained till 1663, when they removed to Drury Lane
-Theatre, which had been built for their reception, and
-was opened on May 7th.</p>
-
-<p>Davenant's Company first performed at the Cockpit,
-Drury Lane. They began to play at Salisbury Court
-Theatre on November 13th, 1660, and went to Cobham
-House, Blackfriars, on the site afterwards occupied by
-Apothecaries' Hall, in January, 1661. They then removed
-to the theatre in Portugal Row, built on the site of Lisle's
-Tennis Court. Rhodes, a bookseller, who had formerly
-been wardrobe keeper at the Blackfriars, had managed in
-1659 to obtain a licence from the State, and John Downes
-affirms that his company acted at the Cockpit, but
-apparently he was acting at the Salisbury Court Theatre
-before Davenant went there. Killigrew, however, soon
-succeeded in suppressing Rhodes. Davenant planned a
-new building in Dorset Gardens, which was close to
-Salisbury Court, where the former theatre was situated.
-He died, however, before it was finished, but the
-company removed there in 1671, and the theatre was
-opened on the 9th of November with Dryden's play,
-<i>Sir Martin Mar-all</i>, which he had improved from a
-rough draft by the Duke of Newcastle. Pepys had seen
-it seven times in the years 1667-68. The Lincoln's Inn
-Fields Theatre remained shut up until February, 1672,
-when the King's Company, burnt out of Drury Lane
-Theatre, made use of it till March, 1674, by which time
-the new building in Brydges Street, Covent Garden, was
-ready for their occupation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">{69}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>When Tom Killigrew died in 1682 the King's and the
-Duke's companies were united, and the Duke's servants
-removed from Dorset Gardens to Drury Lane. The two
-companies performed together for the first time on
-November 16th.</p>
-
-<p>These constant changes are very confusing, and the
-recital of them is not very entertaining, but it is necessary
-to make the matter clear for the proper understanding of
-the history of the time. The plan of the old theatres,
-with their platform stage, was no longer of use for the
-altered arrangements introduced at the Restoration.
-Successive improvements in the form of the houses were
-made, but we learn from Pepys that it was some time
-before the roofing of the building was water-tight.</p>
-
-<p>The public theatres were open in the afternoon, three
-o'clock being the usual hour for performance, and the
-plays were therefore partly acted in the summer by
-daylight. It was thus necessary to have skylights, but
-these were so slight that heavy rain came and wetted
-those below. On June 1st, 1664, Pepys wrote:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Before the play was done it fell such a storm of hail that we in the
-middle of the pit were fain to rise, and all the house in a disorder."</p></div>
-
-<p>Davenant was the original planner of the modern
-stage and its scenery, but Killigrew did his part in the
-improvement carried out. He was somewhat jealous of
-his brother manager, and on one occasion he explained to
-Pepys what he himself had done:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Feb. 12th, 1666-67. The stage is now by his pains a thousand
-times better and more glorious than ever heretofore. Now, wax candles,
-and many of them; then not above 3 lbs. of tallow: now all things civil,
-no rudeness anywhere; then as in a bear garden: then two or three
-fiddlers, now nine or ten of the best: then nothing but rushes upon the
-ground, and everything else mean; and now all otherwise; then the
-Queen seldom and the King never would come; now, not the King only
-for State but all civil people do think they may come as well as any."</p></div>
-
-<p>Killigrew complained that "the audience at his house
-was not above half as much as it used to be before the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">{70}</a></span>
-late fire," but in the following year (February 6th, 1667-8)
-there were crowds at the other house. Pepys relates:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Home to dinner, and my wife being gone before, I to the Duke of
-York's playhouse; where a new play of Etheridge's called 'She Would
-if she Could,' and though I was there by two o'clock, there were 1,000
-people put back that could not have room in the pit."</p></div>
-
-<p>Pepys's criticisms on the plays he saw acted at these
-theatres were not always satisfactory, and often they
-were contradictory. At the same time he was apparently
-judicious in the disposal of praise and blame on the
-actors he saw. Betterton was his ideal of the perfect
-actor, and, so far as it is possible to judge as to one
-who lived so long ago, public opinion formed by those
-capable of judging from contemporary report seems to
-be in agreement with that of Pepys.</p>
-
-<p>Pepys was a great frequenter of taverns and inns,
-as were most of his contemporaries. There are about
-one hundred and thirty London taverns mentioned in
-the <i>Diary</i>, but time has swept away nearly all of these
-houses, and it is difficult to find any place which Pepys
-frequented.</p>
-
-<p>These taverns may be considered as a link between
-the Court end of London and the city, for Pepys
-distributed his favours between the two places. King
-Street, Westminster, was full of inns, and Pepys seems
-to have frequented them all. Two of them&mdash;the "Dog"
-and the "Sun"&mdash;are mentioned in Herrick's address to
-the shade of "Glorious Ben":&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Ah, Ben!<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Say how or when<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Shall we thy guests<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Meet at these feasts<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Made at the Sun,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">The Dog, the Triple Tunne?<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Where we such clusters had<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">As made us nobly wild, not mad!<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">And yet such verse of thine<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Outdid the meate, outdid the frolic wine."<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">{71}</a></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>The "Three Tuns" at Charing Cross, visited by
-Pepys, was probably the same house whose sign Herrick
-changes to "Triple Tun."</p>
-
-<p>Among the Westminster taverns may be mentioned
-"Heaven" and "Hell," two places of entertainment at
-Westminster Hall; the "Bull Head" and the "Chequers"
-and the "Swan" at Charing Cross; the "Cock" in Bow
-Street and the "Fleece" in York Street, Covent Garden;
-the "Canary" house by Exeter Change; and the "Blue
-Balls" in Lincoln's Inn Fields.</p>
-
-<p>The majority of these taverns patronised by Pepys
-were, however, in the city. There were several "Mitres"
-in London, but perhaps the most interesting one was that
-kept in Fenchurch Street by Daniel Rawlinson, a staunch
-royalist, who, when Charles I. was executed, hung his
-sign in mourning. Thomas Hearne says that naturally
-made him suspected by the Roundheads, but "endeared
-him so much to the Churchmen that he throve amain and
-got a good estate." His son, Sir Thomas Rawlinson, was
-Lord Mayor in 1700, and President of Bridewell
-Hospital. His two grandsons, Thomas and Richard
-Rawlinson, hold an honourable place in the roll of
-eminent book collectors. The "Samson" in St. Paul's
-Churchyard was another famous house, as also the
-"Dolphin" in Tower Street, a rendezvous of the Navy
-officers, which provided very good and expensive
-dinners.</p>
-
-<p>The "Cock" in Threadneedle Street was an old-established
-house when Pepys visited it on March 7th,
-1659-60, and it lasted till 1840, when it was cleared
-away. In the eighteenth century it was a constant
-practice for the frequenters of the "Cock" to buy a chop
-or steak at the butcher's and bring it to be cooked, the
-charge for which was one penny. Fox's friend, the
-notorious Duke of Norfolk, known as "Jockey of
-Norfolk," often bought his chop and brought it here
-to be cooked, until his rank was discovered.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">{72}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The meetings of the Royal Society were held at
-Gresham College in Bishopsgate Street, and then at
-Arundel House in the Strand, which was lent to the
-Society by Henry Howard of Norfolk, afterwards Duke
-of Norfolk. Cosmo of Tuscany visited the latter place
-for a meeting of the Royal Society, and he gives in his
-<i>Travels</i> an interesting account of the manner in which the
-proceedings were carried out.</p>
-
-<p>There are many references in Pepys's <i>Diary</i> to the
-Lord Mayor and the Rulers of the City, and of the
-customs carried out there.</p>
-
-<p>The Lord Mayor, aldermen, and common councilmen
-visited Cosmo, who was staying at Lord St. Alban's
-mansion in St. James's Square. His Highness, having
-dined with the King at the Duke of Buckingham's,
-kept the city magnates waiting for a time, but Colonel
-Gascoyne, "to make the delay less tedious, had
-accommodated himself to the national taste by ordering
-liquor and amusing them with drinking toasts, till it
-was announced that His Highness was ready to give
-them audience." The description of the audience is very
-interesting.</p>
-
-<p>Pepys lived in the city at the Navy Office in Seething
-Lane (opposite St. Olave's, Hart Street, the church he
-attended) during the whole of the time he was writing
-his <i>Diary</i>, but when he was Secretary of the Admiralty
-he went, in 1684, to live at the end of Buckingham
-Street, Strand, in a house on the east side which looks on
-to the river.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. John Eliot Hodgkin possesses the original lease
-(dated September 30th, 1687) from the governor and
-company of the New River for a supply of water through
-a half-inch pipe, and four small cocks of brass led from
-the main pipe in Villiers Street to Samuel Pepys's house
-in York Buildings, also a receipt for two quarters' rent
-for the same.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">{73}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Two of the greatest calamities that could overtake
-any city occurred in London during the writing of the
-<i>Diary</i>, and were fully described by Pepys&mdash;viz., the
-Plague of 1665 and the Fire of 1666. Defoe's most
-interesting history of the plague year was written in
-1722 at second hand, for the writer was only two years
-old when this scourge overran London. Pepys wrote
-of what he saw, and as he stuck to his duty during the
-whole time that the pestilence continued, he saw much
-that occurred.</p>
-
-<p>England was first visited with the plague in 1348-49,
-which, since 1833 (when Hecker's work on the <i>Epidemics
-of the Middle Ages</i> was first published in English),
-has been styled the Black Death&mdash;a translation of the
-German term "Der Schwarze Tod." This plague had the
-most momentous effect upon the history of England
-on account of the fearful mortality it caused. It
-paralysed industry, and permanently altered the position
-of the labourer. The statistics of the writers of the
-Middle Ages are of little value, and the estimates of
-those who died are various, but the statement that
-half the population of England died from the plague
-is probably not far from the truth. From 1348 to 1665
-plague was continually occurring in London, but it has
-not appeared since the last date, except on a small
-scale. Dr. Creighton gives particulars of the visitations
-in London in 1603, 1625, and 1665, from which it
-appears that the mortality in 1665 was more than
-double that in 1603, and about a third more than that
-in 1625.</p>
-
-<p>On the 7th of June, 1665, Pepys for the first time saw
-two or three houses marked with the red cross, and the
-words "Lord, have mercy upon us" upon the doors, and
-the sight made him feel so ill-at-ease that he was forced
-to buy some roll tobacco to smell and chew.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> On the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">{74}</a></span>
-27th of this month he writes: "The plague encreases
-mightily."</p>
-
-<p>According to the Bills of Mortality, the total number
-of deaths in London for the week ending June 27th
-was 684, of which number 267 were deaths from the
-plague. The number of deaths rose week by week until
-September 19th, when the total was 8,297, and the deaths
-from the plague 7,165. On September 26th the total
-had fallen to 6,460, and deaths from the plague to
-5,533. The number fell gradually, week by week, till
-October 31st, when the total was 1,388, and the deaths
-from the plague 1,031. On November 7th there was a
-rise to 1,787 and 1,414 respectively. On November 14th
-the numbers had gone down to 1,359 and 1,050 respectively.
-On December 12th the total had fallen to 442,
-and deaths from plague to 243. On December 19th
-there was a rise to 525 and 281 respectively. The total
-of burials in 1665 was 97,306, of which number the
-plague claimed 68,596 victims. Most of the inhabitants
-of London who could get away took the first opportunity
-of escaping from the town, and in 1665 there were many
-places that the Londoner could visit with considerable
-chance of safety. The court went to Oxford, and afterwards
-came back to Hampton Court before venturing
-to return to Whitehall. The clergy and the doctors fled
-with very few exceptions, and several of those who
-stayed in town doing the duty of others, as well as
-their own, fell victims to the scourge.</p>
-
-<p>Queen Elizabeth would have none of these removals.
-Stow says that in the time of the plague of 1563, "a
-gallows was set up in the Market-place of Windsor to
-hang all such as should come there from London."</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Hodges, author of <i>Loimologia</i>, enumerates among
-those who assisted in the dangerous work of restraining
-the progress of the infection were the learned Dr. Gibson,
-Regius Professor at Cambridge; Dr. Francis Glisson,
-Dr. Nathaniel Paget, Dr. Peter Barwick, Dr. Humphrey<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">{75}</a></span>
-Brookes, etc. Of those he mentions eight or nine fell
-in their work, among whom was Dr. William Conyers,
-to whose goodness and humanity he bears the most
-honourable testimony. Dr. Alexander Burnett, of
-Fenchurch Street, one of Pepys's friends, was another
-of the victims.</p>
-
-<p>Of those to whom honour is due special mention
-must be made of Monk, Duke of Albemarle, Evelyn,
-Pepys, Edmond Berry Godfrey; and there were, of
-course, others.</p>
-
-<p>The Duke of Albemarle stayed at the Cockpit;
-Evelyn sent his wife and family to Wotton, but he
-remained in town himself, and had very arduous duties
-to perform, for he was responsible for finding food and
-lodging for the prisoners of war, and he found it difficult
-to get money for these purposes. He tells in his <i>Diary</i>
-how he was received by Charles II. and the Duke of
-York on January 29th, 1665-6, when the pestilence had
-partly abated and the court had ventured from Oxford
-to Hampton Court. The King</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"... ran towards me, and in a most gracious manner gave me his
-hand to kisse, with many thanks for my care and faithfulnesse in his
-service in a time of such greate danger, when everybody fled their employment;
-he told me he was much obliged to me, and said he was several
-times concerned for me, and the peril I underwent, and did receive my
-service most acceptably (though in truth I did but do my duty, and O
-that I had performed it as I ought!) After that his Majesty was pleased
-to talke with me alone, neere an houre, of severall particulars of my
-employment and ordered me to attend him againe on the Thursday
-following at Whitehall. Then the Duke came towards me, and embraced
-me with much kindnesse, telling me if he had thought my danger would
-have been so greate, he would not have suffered his Majesty to employ
-me in that station."</p></div>
-
-<p>Pepys refers, on May 1st, 1667, to his visit to Sir
-Robert Viner's, the eminent goldsmith, where he saw
-"two or three great silver flagons, made with inscriptions
-as gifts of the King to such and such persons of quality
-as did stay in town [during] the late plague for keeping<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">{76}</a></span>
-things in order in the town, which is a handsome thing."
-Godfrey was a recipient of a silver tankard, and he
-was knighted by the King in September, 1666, for his
-efforts to preserve order in the Great Fire. The remembrance
-of his death, which had so great an influence on
-the spread of the "Popish Plot" terror, is greater than
-that of his public spirit during the plague and the fire.</p>
-
-<p>Pepys lived at Greenwich and Woolwich during the
-height of the plague, but he was constantly in London.
-How much these men must have suffered is brought
-very visibly before us in one of the best letters Pepys
-ever wrote:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"To Lady Casteret, from Woolwich, Sept. 4, 1655. The absence of
-the court and emptiness of the city takes away all occasion of news, save
-only such melancholy stories as would rather sadden than find your ladyship
-any divertissement in the hearing. I have stayed in the city till
-about 7,400 died in one week, and of them above 6,000 of the plague, and
-little noise heard day or night but tolling of bells; till I could walk
-Lumber Street and not meet twenty persons from one end to the other,
-and not fifty on the Exchange; till whole families have been swept away;
-till my very physician, Dr. Burnett, who undertook to secure me against
-any infection, having survived the month of his own house being shut
-up, died himself of the plague; till the nights, though much lengthened,
-are grown too short to conceal the burials of those that died the day
-before, people thereby constrained to borrow daylight for that service;
-lastly, till I could find neither meat nor drink safe, the butchers being
-everywhere visited, my brewer's house shut up, and my baker, with his
-whole family, dead of the plague."</p></div>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_016.jpg" width="600" height="378" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">The Great Fire of London.</span></p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>The view shows Ludgate in the foreground, and in the distance St. Paul's Cathedral
-and the Tower of St. Mary-le-Bow.</i></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Before the first calamity of pestilence was ended the
-second calamity of fire commenced. On the night of
-September 1st, 1666, many houses were destroyed. At
-three o'clock in the morning of the 2nd (Sunday) his
-servant Jane awoke Pepys to tell him that a great fire
-was raging. Not thinking much of the information, he
-went to sleep again, but when he rose at seven he found
-that about 300 houses had been burned in the night. He
-went first to the Tower, and saw the Lieutenant. Then
-he took boat to Whitehall to see the King. He tells of
-what he has seen, and says that, unless His Majesty will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">{77}</a></span>
-command houses to be pulled down, nothing can stop
-the fire. On hearing this the King instructs him to go
-to the Lord Mayor (Sir Thomas Bludworth) and command
-him to pull down houses in every direction. The
-Mayor seems to have been but a poor creature, and when
-he heard the King's message</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"... he cried like a fainting woman, 'Lord! what can I do? I am
-spent: people will not obey me. I have been pulling down houses, but
-the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it.'"</p></div>
-
-<p>Fortunately, most of the Londoners were more
-vigorous than the Mayor. The King and the Duke of
-York interested themselves in the matter, and did their
-best to help those who were busy in trying to stop the
-fire. Evelyn wrote on September 6th:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"It is not indeede imaginable how extraordinary the vigilance and
-activity of the King and the Duke was, even labouring in person,
-and being present to command, order, reward, or encourage workmen,
-by which he showed his affection to his people and gained theirs."</p></div>
-
-<p>Sir William Penn and Pepys were ready in resource,
-and saw to the blowing up of houses to check the spread
-of the flames, the former bringing workmen out of the
-dockyards to help in the work. During the period when
-it was expected that the Navy Office would be destroyed,
-Pepys sent off his money, plate, and most treasured
-property to Sir W. Rider, at Bethnal Green, and then he
-and Penn dug a hole in their garden, in which they put
-their wine and parmezan cheese.</p>
-
-<p>On the 10th of September, Sir W. Rider let it be
-known that, as the town is full of the report respecting
-the wealth in his house, he will be glad if his friends
-will provide for the safety of their property elsewhere.</p>
-
-<p>On September 5th, when Evelyn went to Whitehall,
-the King commanded him</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"... among the rest to looke after the quenching of Fetter Lane end,
-to preserve if possible that part of Holborn, whilst the rest of y<sup>e</sup> gentlemen
-tooke their several posts, some at one part, some at another (for now
-they began to bestir themselves and not till now, who hitherto had stood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">{78}</a></span>
-as men intoxicated with their hands acrosse) and began to consider that
-nothing was likely to put a stop but the blowing up of so many houses
-as might make a wider gap than any had yet been made by the ordinary
-method of pulling them downe with engines."</p></div>
-
-<p>The daily records of the fire and of the movements
-of the people are most striking. Now we see the river
-crowded with boats filled with the goods of those who
-are houseless, and then we pass to Moorfields, where are
-crowds carrying their belongings about with them, and
-doing their best to keep these separate till some huts
-can be built to receive them. Soon paved streets and
-two-storey houses were seen in Moorfields, the city
-authorities having let the land on leases for seven
-years.</p>
-
-<p>The wearied people complained that their feet
-were "ready to burn" through walking in the streets
-"among the hot coals."</p>
-
-<p>(September 5th, 1666.) Means were provided to save
-the unfortunate multitudes from starvation, and on this
-same day proclamation was made</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"... ordering that for the supply of the distressed persons left
-destitute ... great proportions of bread be brought daily, not only
-to the former markets, but to those lately ordained. Churches and public
-places were to be thrown open for the reception of poor people and their
-goods."</p></div>
-
-<p>Westminster Hall was filled with "people's goods."</p>
-
-<p>On September 7th Evelyn went towards Islington
-and Highgate</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"... where one might have seen 200,000 people of all ranks and
-degrees dispers'd and lying along by their heapes of what they could
-save from the fire, deploring their losse, and tho' ready to perish for
-hunger and destitution yet not asking one penny for reliefe, which to
-me appear'd a stranger sight than any I had yet beheld."</p></div>
-
-<p>The fire was fairly got under on September 7th, but
-on the previous day Clothworkers' Hall was burning,
-as it had been for three days and nights, in one
-volume of flame. This was caused by the cellars being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">{79}</a></span>
-full of oil. How long the streets remained in a
-dangerous condition may be guessed by Pepys's
-mention, on May 16th, 1666-7, of the smoke issuing
-from the cellars in the ruined streets of London.</p>
-
-<p>The fire consumed about five-sixths of the whole
-city, and outside the walls a space was cleared about
-equal to an oblong square of a mile and a half in
-length and half a mile in breadth. Well might Evelyn
-say, "I went againe to y<sup>e</sup> ruines for it was no longer a
-citty" (September 10th, 1666).</p>
-
-<p>The destruction was fearful, and the disappearance
-of the grand old Cathedral of St. Paul's was among the
-most to be regretted of the losses. One reads these
-particulars with a sort of dulled apathy, and it requires
-such a terribly realistic picture as the following, by
-Evelyn, to bring the scene home to us in all its magnitude
-and horror:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The conflagration was so universal, and the people so astonish'd, that
-from the beginning I know not by what despondency or fate, they hardly
-stirr'd to quench it, so that there was nothing heard or seene but crying
-out and lamentation, running about like distracted creatures without at
-all attempting to save even their goods; such a strange consternation there
-was upon them, so as it burned both in breadth and length, the churches,
-public halls, Exchange, hospitals, monuments and ornaments, leaping
-after a prodigious manner, from house to house, and streete to streete,
-at greate distances one from y<sup>e</sup> other; for y<sup>e</sup> heat with a long set of faire
-and warm weather had even ignited the aire and prepared the materials
-to conceive the fire, which devour'd after an incredible manner houses,
-furniture, and every thing. Here we saw the Thames cover'd with goods
-floating, all the barges and boates laden with what some had time and
-courage to save, as, on y<sup>e</sup> other, y<sup>e</sup> carts, &amp;c., carrying out to the fields,
-which for many miles were strew'd with moveables of all sorts, and tents
-erecting to shelter both people and what goods they could get away.
-Oh the miserable and calamitous spectacle! Such as haply the world
-had not seene since the foundation of it, nor be outdon till the universal
-conflagration thereof. All the skie was of a fiery aspect, like the top
-of a burning oven, and the light seene above 40 miles round about for
-many nights. God grant mine eyes may never behold the like, who now
-saw above 10,000 houses all in one flame; the noise and cracking and
-thunder of the impetuous flames, y<sup>e</sup> shrieking of women and children,
-the hurry of people, the fall of towers, houses and churches was like a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">{80}</a></span>
-hideous storme and the aire all about so hot and inflam'd that at the
-last one was not able to approach it, so that they were forc'd to stand
-still and let y<sup>e</sup> flames burn on, which they did neere two miles in length
-and one in breadth. The clouds also of smoke were dismall and reach'd
-upon computation neer 50 miles in length. Thus I left it this afternoone
-burning, a resemblance of Sodom, or the last day. It forcibly call'd
-to mind that passage&mdash;<i>non enim hic habemus stabilem civitatem</i>: the
-ruines resembling the picture of Troy. London was, but is no more."&mdash;(Sept.
-3rd, 1666.)</p></div>
-
-<p>Can we be surprised at the bewildered feelings of the
-people? Rather must we admire the practical and heroic
-conduct of the homeless multitude. It took long to
-rebuild the city, but directly anything could be done the
-workers were up and doing.</p>
-
-<p>An Act of Parliament was passed "for erecting a
-Judicature for determination of differences touching
-Houses burned or demolished by reason of the late Fire
-which happened in London" (18 and 19 Car. II.,
-cap. 7), and Sir Matthew Hale was the moving spirit in
-the planning it and in carrying out its provisions when it
-was passed. Burnet affirms that it was through his
-judgment and foresight "that the whole city was raised
-out of its ashes without any suits of law" (<i>History of
-his Own Time</i>, Book ii.). By a subsequent Act (18 and
-19 Car. II., cap. 8) the machinery for a satisfactory
-rebuilding of the city was arranged. The rulings of the
-judges appointed by these Acts gave general satisfaction,
-and after a time the city was rebuilt very much on the
-old lines, and things went on as before.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> At one time
-it was supposed that the fire would cause a westward
-march of trade, but the city asserted the old supremacy
-when it was rebuilt.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_017.jpg" width="600" height="450" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">South-West View of Old St. Paul's.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Three great men, thoroughly competent to give<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">{81}</a></span>
-valuable advice on the rebuilding of the city, viz., Wren,
-Robert Hooke, and Evelyn, presented to the King
-valuable plans for the best mode of arranging the new
-streets, but none of these schemes was accepted. One
-cannot but regret that the proposals of the great architect
-were not carried out.</p>
-
-<p>With the reference to the Plague and the Great Fire
-we may conclude this brief account of the later Stuart
-London. The picturesque, but dirty, houses were
-replaced by healthier and cleaner ones. The West End
-increased and extended its borders, but the growth to
-the north of Piccadilly was very gradual. All periods
-have their chroniclers, but no period has produced such
-delightful guides to the actual life of the town as the
-later half of the seventeenth century did in the pages
-of Evelyn and Pepys. It must ever be a sincere regret
-to all who love to understand the more intimate side
-of history that Pepys did not continue his <i>Diary</i> to a
-later period. We must, however, be grateful for what we
-possess, and I hope this slight and imperfect sketch of
-Pepys's London may refresh the memories of my readers
-as to what the London of that time was really like.</p></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">{82}</a></span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2><a name="THE_OLD_LONDON_BRIDGES" id="THE_OLD_LONDON_BRIDGES">THE OLD LONDON BRIDGES</a></h2>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By J. Tavenor-Perry</span></p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"London Bridge is broken down,<br /></span>
-<span class="i2">Dance o'er my Lady Lee.<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">London Bridge is broken down<br /></span>
-<span class="i2">With a gay Ladee."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<div>
-<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-a.png" width="100" height="95" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">At the beginning of the last century only three
-bridges spanned the Thames in its course
-through London, and of these two were scarcely
-fifty years old; but before the century closed
-there were no less than thirteen bridges across the river
-between Battersea and the Pool. The three old bridges
-have been rebuilt, and even some of the later ones have
-been reconstructed, whilst one has been removed bodily,
-and now spans the gorge of the Avon at Bristol. Of all
-these bridges unfortunately only two are constructed
-wholly of stone, and can lay claim to any architectural
-merit; and even one of these two has recently had the
-happy effect of its graceful arches destroyed by the
-addition of overhanging pathways. Of the rest, some are
-frankly utilitarian&mdash;mere iron girder railway bridges, with
-no attempt at decoration beyond gilding the rivets&mdash;whilst
-the others have their iron arches and construction
-disguised with coarse and meaningless ornaments. One
-only of the iron bridges is in anyway worthy of its
-position; in its perfect simplicity and the bold spans
-of its three arches, Southwark Bridge bears comparison
-with the best in Europe, but the gradients and approaches
-are so inconvenient that it is even now threatened with
-reconstruction.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">{83}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_018.jpg" width="600" height="356" alt="" />
-
-<p class="img_link"><a href="images/image_018_full.jpg">View larger version.</a></p>
-
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Sir John Evelyn's Plan for Rebuilding London after the Great Fire.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Exactly when the first bridge was built across the
-Thames at London we can only surmise, for even tradition
-is silent on the subject, and we only know of the existence
-of one at an early date by very casual references, which,
-however, do not help us to realise the character of the
-work. Though no evidence remains of a Roman bridge,
-it seems unlikely, having regard to the importance of
-London, and to the fact that the great roads from the
-south coast converged on a point opposite to it, on the
-other side of the river, that they should have been left
-to end there without a bridge to carry them over. The
-difficulties of building across a great tidal river had
-not prevented the Romans from bridging the Medway at
-Rochester, as remains actually discovered have proved;
-and if no evidences of Roman work were actually met
-with in the rebuilding of London Bridge or the removal
-of the old one, this may be due to the fact that each
-successive bridge&mdash;and there have been at least three
-within historical times&mdash;was built some distance further
-up the stream than its predecessor.</p>
-
-<p>We know, however, with certainty that a bridge was
-standing in the reign of King Ethelred from the references
-made to it, and we may fairly assume that this
-must have been the Roman bridge, at least so far as its
-main construction was concerned; and, like other Roman
-bridges standing at that time in Gaul and in other parts
-of England, it would have consisted merely of piers of
-masonry, with a wooden roadway passing from one to
-the other. It was still standing, of sufficient strength
-for resistance, when the Danes under Canute sailed up
-the river, who, being unable to force a passage, tradition
-says&mdash;and antiquaries have imagined they could discover
-traces of it&mdash;cut a ship canal through the Surrey marshes
-from Bermondsey to Battersea, and passed their fleet
-through that way.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a></span>
-<img src="images/image_019.jpg" width="383" height="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fig. 1&mdash;The Undercroft of St. Thomas of Canterbury
-on the Bridge.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The history of the bridge only opens with the
-beginning of the twelfth century. According to tradition,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">{85}</a></span>
-the convent of St. Mary Overie, Southwark, had been
-originally endowed with the profits of a ferry across the
-river, and had in consequence undertaken the duty of
-maintaining the bridge in a proper state of repair when
-a bridge was built. This convent was refounded in 1106
-as a priory of Austin Canons; and it is not a little
-remarkable, having regard to the duties it had undertaken,
-that of its founders, who were two Norman Knights, one
-was William de Pont de l'Arche. At the Norman town,
-where stood his castle and from which he took his name,
-was a bridge of twenty-two openings, erected, it was
-said, by Charles the Bald, but most likely a Roman
-work, across the Seine at the highest point reached by
-the tide. It is a further curious coincidence that this
-same William appears as a witness to a deed executed
-by Henry I., excusing the manor of Alciston, in Sussex,
-from paying any dues for the repairs of London Bridge.</p>
-
-<p>It is recorded that in 1136 the bridge was burnt,
-which may perhaps merely mean that the deck was
-destroyed, whilst the piers remained sufficiently uninjured
-to allow of the structure being repaired; but in 1163 it
-had become so dangerous that Peter of Colechurch undertook
-the erection of a new bridge, which he constructed
-of elm timber. This sudden emergence of Peter from
-obscurity to carry out so important an engineering work
-is as dramatic as is that of St. B�nezet, who founded
-the confraternity of <i>Hospitaliers pontifices</i>, which undertook
-the building of bridges and the establishment of
-ferries. According to legend, this saint, although then
-only a young shepherd, essayed to bridge the Rhone
-at Avignon, and the ruined arches of his great work
-are still among the sights of that city. Peter may have
-possessed many more qualifications for building than a
-shepherd could have acquired, as large ecclesiastical
-works were in progress in London throughout his life,
-which he must have observed and perhaps profited by;
-but this is only surmise, as of his history, except in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">{86}</a></span>
-connection with his great work, we know no more than
-the fact that he was the chaplain of St. Mary
-Colechurch. His contemporary, Randulphus de Decito,
-Dean of London, says that he was a native of the city, so
-that it is scarcely likely that he had acquired his skill
-abroad; but we are told that he traversed the country
-to collect the moneys for his undertaking, and he may
-thus have obtained some knowledge of the many Roman
-bridges which still survived, or even have seen the great
-bridge which Bishop Flambard had recently erected
-across the Wear at Durham. His selection as the architect
-of the earlier bridge of 1163 may perhaps not be
-due in any way to his especial engineering skill, but
-rather to some intimate connection with the priory of
-St. Mary Overie, whose canons were primarily responsible
-for the bridge repairs; indeed, since he is merely described
-as the chaplain of his church, he may himself have
-been one of the canons. But be the cause what it may&mdash;and
-it was not his success in erecting this first bridge,
-for it soon became dilapidated&mdash;thirteen years after its
-erection he started afresh, on a site further up the river,
-to erect a bridge of stone. In 1176, two years before
-St. B�nezet began his great bridge at Avignon, he
-commenced his work, and thirty-three years passed before
-its completion. Whether the delay was due to lack of
-funds or the incapacity of the architect we do not know,
-though probably to both, for before Peter's death King
-John, who had manifested considerable interest in the new
-bridge, had urged Peter's dismissal, and, under the advice
-of the Archbishop of Canterbury, suggested the appointment
-of Isembert of Saintes to complete the work. This
-Isembert was credited with the erection of the great
-bridge across the Charante at Saintes, although that
-bridge was undoubtedly a Roman one, and all he appears
-to have done was to turn arches between the original
-piers, and make it a stone bridge throughout. The same
-master was said to have built another bridge at La<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">{87}</a></span>
-Rochelle, and had evidently gained much experience in
-such engineering work; and it is perhaps a misfortune
-that the King's advice was neglected, as a skilled
-architect, which Peter certainly was not, might have
-saved the city of London much eventual loss and trouble.
-Peter was, however, suffered to continue the bridge
-until his death in 1205, when a commission of three
-city merchants completed the work in four years.</p>
-
-<p>The bridge which these many years of labour had
-produced was in every way unsuitable to its position,
-and mean as compared to similar buildings erected elsewhere.
-Lacking the skill to form proper foundations,
-Peter had spread them out into wide piers, which formed
-an almost continuous dam, through the openings in
-which the water rushed like a mill-race. The result was
-that the scour soon affected the stability of the piers,
-which had to be protected round by masses of masonry
-and chalk in the form of sterlings, which still further
-contracted the narrow waterways. The passage of the
-bridge by boat&mdash;"shooting the bridge," it was called&mdash;was
-always a dangerous operation; and a writer of the
-last century speaks of "the noise of the falling waters,
-the clamours of the water-men, and the frequent shrieks
-of drowning wretches," in describing it. So imperfectly
-built was the bridge that within four years of its completion
-King John again interfered, and called upon the
-Corporation properly to repair it; and from this time, or
-perhaps from Peter's death, when the three merchants
-were elected to complete the work, the Corporation
-appears to have taken over the responsibility of the
-bridge; and for this purpose they were endowed with
-certain properties, which became the nucleus of the present
-"Bridge House Estates." The increasing dilapidation of
-the bridge, the debris of fallen arches, and the rubbish
-and waste material which was suffered to accumulate,
-still further impeded the natural flow of the water, and
-little effort at improvement was ever made. Of the three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">{88}</a></span>
-widest arches of the bridge, which were called the navigable
-locks, the most important had been the one nearest
-to the city end, which became known as the "Rock Lock,"
-and it acquired that name on account of a popular
-delusion that in its fairway was a growing and vegetating
-rock, which was nothing more than an accumulation of
-fallen ruins, which caught and held the floating refuse
-carried to and fro by the tides. And thus year after
-year the river dam became more solid, and the waterfall
-increased in height until it was said by one who knew
-them both that it was almost as safe to attempt the
-Falls of Niagara as to shoot London Bridge.</p>
-
-<p>As years went by, not only did the waterways
-become congested, but the roadway above began to be
-encroached on by houses and other buildings, for which
-a bridge was most unfitted. Two edifices, however, from
-the first formed necessary, or at least customary, adjuncts
-to such a building&mdash;the bridge gate and the bridge
-chapel. It was a Roman custom to erect gates at one
-end, or in the centre of their bridges&mdash;not triumphal
-arches, but twin gates, such as they built to their walled
-towns, and such as stood at the end of the bridge at
-Saintes, when it was altered by Isembert. Such gates
-as survived in medi�val times were generally fortified,
-and formed the model for imitation by medi�val
-builders; and such a gate was erected at the Southwark
-end of London, which, under its name of Bridge Gate,
-became one of the principal gates of the city. It was
-erected directly on one of the main piers, and was
-therefore of a substantial character, but suffered much
-in the various attacks made upon London from the
-Kentish side. In 1436 it collapsed, together with the
-Southwark end of the bridge, but was rebuilt at the
-cost of the citizens, chief among whom was Sir John
-Crosby, the builder of Crosby House; and although the
-gate was again in great part destroyed by the attack
-on London made in 1471 by Fauconbridge, one of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">{90}</a></span>
-towers of Crosby's gate survived until the eighteenth
-century. In 1577 the tower which stood at the north
-end of the bridge, and on which were usually displayed
-the heads of traitors, became so dilapidated that it was
-taken down, and the heads then on it were transferred
-to the Bridge Gate, henceforward known as "Traitors'
-Gate." It was upon the earlier gate that the head of
-Sir Thomas More was affixed, when heads were so
-common that even his, as we know from its adventures
-until buried in the Roper vault at Canterbury, was thrown
-into the river to make room for a crowd of successors.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a></span>
-<img src="images/image_020.jpg" width="600" height="368" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fig. 2&mdash;The Surrey End of London Bridge.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Of the chapel, which the founder of the bridge is
-said to have erected, no account survives; and although
-it was believed at the time of the destruction of the
-bridge that his remains were discovered, no satisfactory
-evidence of their identity was forthcoming. The first
-chapel must have perished in one of the early misfortunes
-which befel the fabric, as no trace of any detail
-which could be referred to the thirteenth century was
-discovered when the pier on which the chapel stood was
-removed. The drawings made by Vertue before the
-last remains were cleared away show a structure which
-may be assigned to a date but little later than the
-Chapel Royal of St. Stephen at Westminster, to which,
-in many particulars, it must have borne a considerable
-resemblance. It consisted of two storeys, both apparently
-vaulted, measuring some sixty by twenty feet, with an
-apsidal termination. The undercroft was nearly twenty
-feet high, and our illustration (<a href="#Page_84">fig. 1</a>) of a restoration
-of it, prepared from Vertue's drawings and dimensions,
-will give some idea of its beauty. The upper chapel
-seems to have been similar, but much more lofty, and
-had an arcade running round the walls under the
-windows. The buttresses of the exterior were crowned
-with crocketted pinnacles, and the effect of the whole,
-standing high above the surging waters of the river,
-must have been as striking as it was beautiful. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">{91}</a></span>
-chapel was built on the centre pier of the bridge, on
-the east side, and the chapels were entered from the
-roadway, the lower one by a newel staircase, on which
-was found the holy-water stoup when the bridge was
-destroyed in the last century. At the Reformation the
-church was converted into a warehouse, but, thanks to
-the solidity of its construction, it remained almost
-intact till it was swept away with the houses in 1756.</p>
-
-<p>Of the other buildings on the bridge there is little
-to say, for, although they made up a picturesque
-composition, they were of a most flimsy character,
-and wanting at the last in any architectural merit. Our
-illustration (<a href="#Page_89">fig. 2</a>), taken from an oil painting by Scott,
-belonging to the Fishmongers' Company, gives the
-principal group on the Surrey side, and in the sixth
-plate of Hogarth's <i>Marriage a la Mode</i> we get a view
-through the open window of another part in the last
-stage of dilapidation. There was, however, one exception
-to the commonplace among them, in a timber
-house, made in Holland, which was known as "Nonsuch
-House." It was erected, it was said, without nails, and
-placed athwart the roadway, hanging at the ends far
-over the river, with towers and spires at the angles,
-and over the great gate the arms of Queen Elizabeth.
-The top of the main front was surmounted, at a later
-date, with a pair of sundials, which bore the, for once,
-appropriate motto&mdash;"Time and Tide wait for no man."</p>
-
-<p>Had old London Bridge survived to this day, its
-waterfalls would doubtless have been utilized to
-generate electricity, and the idea of setting the Thames
-on fire realized in lighting the streets of London by its
-means; but the value of the force of the falling water
-was not overlooked by our ancestors. As early as 1582
-one Peter Corbis, a Dutchman, erected an engine,
-worked by the stream, which lifted the water to a
-reservoir, whence it was distributed by means of leaden
-pipes through the city. With many alterations and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">{92}</a></span>
-improvements, these water works continued in use until
-the last century, and it was stated before the House of
-Commons, in 1820, that more than 26 millions of hogsheads
-of the pellucid waters of the river were thus daily
-delivered to the city householders for their domestic
-use.</p>
-
-<p>Such, shortly, is the history of the fabric, which,
-after enduring for more than six hundred years, was
-swept away to make room for the present structure.
-For any accounts of the many stirring events which
-occurred on it, or about it, we have no space here. Are
-they not written in the chronicles of England?</p>
-
-<p>In the Fishmongers' Hall is preserved a valuable
-memorial of the ancient structure, of which we give an
-illustration (<a href="#Page_93">fig. 3</a>) by permission of the Worshipful
-Company. It consists of a chair with a seat of Purbeck
-marble, reminiscent in its arrangements of the coronation
-chair, on which is engraved this inscription:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"I am the first stone that was put down for the foundation of old
-London Bridge in June 1176 by a priest named Peter who was vicar of
-Colechurch in London and I remained there undisturbed safe on the same
-oak piles this chair is made from till the Rev<sup>d.</sup> William John Jollife
-curate of Colmer Hampshire took me up in July 1832 when clearing
-away the old bridge after new London Bridge was completed."</p></div>
-
-<p>The framework of the chair gives a pictorial chronicle
-of the city bridges; the top rail of the back shows old
-London Bridge after the removal of the houses, below
-which are new London Bridge, Southwark and old
-Blackfriars Bridges. The arms of the city are carved
-at the top, whilst the monogram of Peter of Colechurch
-and the device of the Bridge House Estates complete
-the decoration. This device, which appears to have been
-also the old badge of Southwark, was sometimes displayed
-upon a shield, thus:&mdash;Az., an annulet ensigned
-with a cross pat�e, Or; interlaced with a saltire enjoined
-in base, of the second. We give an illustration of this
-in <a href="#Page_98">figure 5</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">{93}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_021.jpg" width="391" height="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fig. 3&mdash;The Foundation Stone Chair.</span></p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>At the Fishmongers' Hall.</i></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">{94}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Westminster Bridge seems a very recent structure as
-compared to that of London, but it is the next in
-point of date. The growing importance of Westminster
-as the seat of the Court and Parliament had made the
-necessity for an approach to the south side of the
-Thames, independent of the circuitous and narrow ways
-of London, long apparent. In the reign of Charles II.
-the question was seriously considered, to the alarm of
-the Mayor and Corporation of the city, who feared that
-their vested interests were endangered, and "that London
-would be destroyed if carts were allowed to cross the
-Thames elsewhere"; but, knowing their man, they
-devoted some of their ample funds to secure that
-monarch's successful opposition to the scheme. In the
-middle of the eighteenth century, however, when there
-was no Stuart to buy off, the idea was revived, and in
-1739, one Monsieur Labelye, a Swiss engineer&mdash;English
-engineers having, apparently, not sufficient experience&mdash;commenced
-a new stone bridge. His mode of putting
-in his foundations may have been scientific, but was
-certainly simple. The bridge piers were partly built in
-floating barges moored above the place where they were
-to be permanently erected. The barges were then sunk,
-their sides knocked out, and the piers completed. It
-is needless to say that the result was not satisfactory,
-and for years before the old bridge was pulled down
-many of its arches were filled up with a picturesque, but
-inconvenient, mass of shoring. Whether Henry, Earl
-of Pembroke, who laid the foundation stone, and of whom
-it was said no nobleman had a purer taste in architecture,
-was in any way responsible for the design, we
-cannot tell; but a French traveller of discrimination, who
-criticised the work after its completion, came to the
-conclusion that the peculiarly lofty parapets with which
-the bridge was adorned were so designed that they might
-check an Englishman's natural propensity to suicide by
-giving him time for reflection while surmounting such an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">{95}</a></span>
-obstacle. It will be noticed in our illustration (<a href="#Page_97">fig. 4</a>),
-which is also taken from a painting by Scott, that the
-piers are crowned by alcoves, which provided a shelter
-from the blasts which blew over the river and from the
-mud scattered from the roadway. These were, doubtless,
-a survival of the spaces left above the cutwaters of
-medi�val bridges as refuges for pedestrians from vehicles
-when the roadways were very narrow, and those who
-remember the old wooden bridges of Battersea and
-Putney can appreciate their value.</p>
-
-<p>The city Corporation, which had so strenuously
-opposed the erection of a bridge at Westminster as
-unnecessary, set to work, as soon as that became an
-accomplished fact, to improve their own communications
-across the river. First, as we have seen, they cleared
-away the houses and other obstructions on old London
-Bridge, and next they started to build themselves a new
-bridge at Blackfriars. The land on both sides of the
-river at the point selected was very low and most unsuitable
-for the approaches, that on the north side being
-close to the mouth of the Fleet ditch, which there
-formed a creek large enough, in 1307, to form a haven
-for ships. The new bridge was begun in 1760, from the
-designs of Robert Mylne, a Scotch architect, who made
-an unsuccessful attempt to give an architectural effect
-to the structure by facing the piers with pairs of Ionic
-columns, standing on the cutwaters. The steep gradients
-of the bridge, necessitated by the lowness of the banks,
-made such a decoration peculiarly unsuitable, as each
-pair of columns had to be differently proportioned in
-height, although the cornice over them remained of the
-same depth throughout. But, in spite of its appearance
-of lightness, the structure was too heavy for its
-foundations, and for years this bridge rivalled that of
-Westminster in the picturesqueness of its dilapidation.
-The piers had been built on platforms of timber, so
-that when London Bridge was rebuilt, and the river<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">{97}</a></span>
-flowed in an unchecked course, these became exposed to
-the scour and were soon washed out.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a></span>
-<img src="images/image_022.jpg" width="600" height="395" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fig. 4&mdash;Old Westminster Bridge.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Waterloo Bridge was completed in 1817, and still
-remains unaltered and as sound as when its builders
-left it. It is fortunate that the approach on the north
-side was an easy one, as but a short interval occurred
-between the Strand, at almost its highest point, and the
-river bank, which it was easy to fill up, with the result
-that the bridge passes across the river at a perfect level.
-The foundations of the piers were properly constructed
-by means of coffer-dams, and no sign of failure has ever
-shown itself in its superstructure. The architect repeated
-the use of the orders, as at Blackfriars, but with a more
-fortunate result, as, the work being straight throughout,
-no variations in the proportions were required, and he was
-wise enough to select the Doric order as more suitable
-to his purpose, and as suggesting more solidity.</p>
-
-<p>Londoners profess to be somewhat proud of Waterloo
-Bridge, and it is a tradition among them that Canova,
-when he saw it, said that it was worth a journey across
-Europe to see. It, therefore, seems the more incredible
-that the grandchildren of those who could build such a
-bridge and appreciate such a man, could have erected,
-and even affect to admire, such a monstrosity as the
-Tower Bridge.</p>
-
-<p>The last of the older bridges to be built was that
-of Southwark, which was the speculation of a private
-company, who hoped to profit by the continuously
-congested state of London Bridge; but the steepness of
-the gradients and the inconvenience of the approaches
-from the city made it from the first a failure. It was
-the first bridge in London to be constructed in iron;
-its model being the great single-span bridge across the
-Wear at Sunderland. It is in three great arches, the
-centre one being 240 feet across, or four feet more than
-that at Sunderland, and the mass of metal is such that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">{98}</a></span>
-an ordinary change of temperature will raise the arches
-an inch, and summer sunshine much more.</p>
-
-<p>Of the more recent bridges there is nothing to say
-worth the saying. The Thames, which was the busy and
-silent highway of our forefathers, is still silent, but
-busy no longer, and the appearance of its bridges is
-now no one's concern, since no one sees them. So long
-as they will safely carry the tramcar or the motor 'bus
-from side to side, they may become uglier even than they
-now are, if only that make them a little more cheap.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_023.jpg" width="166" height="200" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fig. 5&mdash;Badge of Bridge House Estates.</span></p></div>
-</div></div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">{99}</a></span></p>
-
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2><a name="THE_CLUBS_OF_LONDON" id="THE_CLUBS_OF_LONDON">THE CLUBS OF LONDON</a></h2>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.</span></p>
-
-
-<div>
-<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.png" width="100" height="118" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">These are of many kinds. We suppose they are
-all more or less the lineal descendants of the
-taverns and coffee-houses that we associate with
-the memory of Ben Jonson, Dryden, Addison,
-and Samuel Johnson.</p>
-
-<div class="poem" style="clear: both;"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Souls of poets dead and gone,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">What elysium have ye known,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Happy field or mossy cavern,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Choicer than the Mermaid tavern?"<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>The wits' coffee-house, where Claud Halcro carried a
-parcel for Master Thimblethwaite in order to get a sight
-of glorious John Dryden. Button's coffee-house, where the
-"Guardian" set up his Lion's Head. The Cock and the
-Cheshire Cheese, which resound with Johnson's sonorous
-echoes. If, indeed, the tavern has developed into the
-club, that palace of luxury, one can only say, as in the
-famous transmutation of alphana to equus, "C'est diablement
-chang� sur la route."</p>
-
-<p>Intermediate is the host of clubs meeting occasionally,
-as the Breakfast Club, and the numerous dining clubs,
-one of which, the Royal Naval Club, established in 1765,
-is said to be a renewal of an earlier one dating from 1674.
-"The Club," which comes down from the time of Johnson
-and Reynolds, and still uses a notification to a new member
-drawn up by Gibbon; the Royal Society Club; the X
-Club, which consisted of ten members of the Athen�um;
-the Society of Noviomagus, and the Cocked Hat Club,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">{100}</a></span>
-consisting of members of the Society of Antiquaries; the
-Cosmos Club of the Royal Geographical Society; the
-Colquhoun Club of the Royal Society of Literature; and
-a host of others in connection with learned societies, most
-of which are content to add the word "club" to the
-name of the society. Of another, but cognate, kind is
-the famous "Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," which was
-founded in 1735, and died (of inanition) in 1867. The
-members were not to exceed twenty-four in number. Beef
-steaks were to be the only meat for dinner. The broiling
-began at 2.0, and the tablecloth was removed at 3.30. In
-1785 the Prince of Wales, in 1790 the Duke of York, in
-1808 the Duke of Sussex, became members. It had a
-laureate bard in the person of Charles Morris, elected a
-member in 1785, who died in 1838 at the age of 93 years.
-In early times the members appeared in the uniform of
-a blue coat and buff waistcoat, with brass buttons bearing
-a gridiron and the motto "Beef and Liberty." The hour
-of meeting became later gradually, till in 1866 it was
-fixed at 8 o'clock; then the club quickly died out.
-Founded by John Rich, harlequin and machinist at
-Covent Garden, it had counted among its members William
-Hogarth, David Garrick, John Wilkes, John Kemble,
-William Linley, Henry Brougham (Lord Chancellor), and
-many other distinguished men. The Ettrick Shepherd
-gave an account, in 1833, of a visit he paid to this club:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"They dine solely on beefsteaks&mdash;but what glorious beefsteaks! They
-do not come up all at once&mdash;no, nor half-a-dozen times; but up they come
-at long intervals, thick, tender, and as hot as fire. And during these
-intervals the members sit drinking their port, and breaking their wicked
-wit on each other, so that every time a new service of steaks came up,
-we fell to them with much the same zest as at the beginning. The dinner
-was a perfect treat&mdash;a feast without alloy."</p></div>
-
-<p>Another somewhat similar club, though on a more
-modest scale, deserves a cursory notice, inasmuch as it had
-to do with a state of things that has passed away beyond
-hope of recovery. About 1870 the August Society of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">{101}</a></span>
-the Wanderers was established with the motto, "Pransuri
-vagamur." It selected all the remaining old inns at
-which a dinner could be obtained, and dined at each in
-succession. It also had a bard, Dr. Joseph Samuel Lavies,
-and, like the Beefsteaks, has left a poetic record of its
-convivialities. Of all such records, however, the salt
-quickly evaporates, and it is as well to leave them
-unquoted.</p>
-
-<p>Our main object in this chapter is to state a few
-incidents in the history of some of the great London clubs.
-The oldest existing club appears to be White's, founded
-in 1697. Boodle's, Brooks's, the Cocoa Tree, and Arthur's
-date from 1762 to 1765. Most of the others belong to
-the nineteenth century. The Guards' Club, which was
-the first of the service clubs, dates from 1813, but that
-is confined to officers of the Brigade of Guards. It was
-soon, however, followed by the establishment of a club
-for officers of other branches of military service.</p>
-
-<p>We have it on good authority that before that club
-was founded officers who came to London had no places
-of call but the old hotels and coffee-houses. On May 31st,
-1815, General Lord Lynedoch, Viscount Hill, and others
-united in the establishment of a General Military Club.
-On the 24th January, 1816, it was extended to the Navy,
-and on the 16th February in the same year it adopted
-the name of the United Service Club. On the 1st March,
-1817, the foundation stone of its house in Charles Street
-was laid. In November, 1828, it entered into occupation
-of its present house in Pall Mall, and handed over the
-Charles Street house to the Junior United Service Club.
-Its premises in Pall Mall were largely extended in
-1858-59, and have recently been greatly improved at a
-cost of �20,000. The Club holds a lease from the Crown
-to 4th January, 1964. It has a fine collection of eighty-two
-pictures and busts, many of them of great merit as works
-of art, others of interest as the only portraits of the
-originals. The library contains several splendid portraits<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">{102}</a></span>
-of Royal personages. The King is the patron of the
-Club, and, as Prince of Wales, was a member of it. The
-Prince of Wales, the Duke of Connaught, and Prince
-Christian, are now members. Ten high officers of state
-and persons of distinction are honorary members. Twelve
-kings and thirty princes are foreign honorary members.
-The number of ordinary members is 1,600, but officers
-below the rank of Commander in the Royal Navy, or
-Major in the Army, are not eligible. The entrance fee
-is �30, and the annual subscription �10. Members have
-the privilege of introducing guests. Games of hazard are
-not allowed to be played, or dice to be used. Play is
-not to exceed 2s. 6d. points at whist, or 10s. per hundred
-at bridge.</p>
-
-<p>As we have seen, this club shortly became full, and
-a Junior United Service Club was formed in April, 1827,
-on the same lines, under the patronage of the Duke of
-Wellington, but admitted officers of junior rank, and in
-1828 entered into occupation of the premises in Charles
-Street, vacated by the Senior, on payment of �15,000. It
-erected its new house in 1856 at a cost of �81,000. The
-entrance fee is �40, and annual subscription eight guineas.
-It was not many years after its establishment that the
-list of candidates for membership of the Junior Club
-became so long that the necessity for the establishment
-of a third service club was felt. Sir E. Barnes and a few
-officers, just returned from India, joined in the movement,
-and in 1838 the Army and Navy Club was opened at
-the corner of King Street and St. James's Square&mdash;the
-house memorable as the scene of the party given by
-Mrs. Boehm on the night the news of the Battle of
-Waterloo arrived. Sir E. Barnes, who was its first
-president, died the same year. In 1851 the club moved
-to its present stately building, the site of which includes
-that of a house granted by Charles II. on the 1st of
-April, in the seventeenth year of his reign, to Nell
-Gwynne, where Evelyn saw him in familiar discourse with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">{103}</a></span>
-her. The club possesses a mirror that belonged to her,
-and a portrait by Sir Peter Lely, which was supposed
-to be of her, until it was discovered to be one of Louise
-de Querouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, and is also rich
-in pictures, statuary, and other works of art&mdash;among them,
-two fine mantelpieces carved by Canova, and a miniature
-of Lady Hamilton found in Lord Nelson's cabin after
-his death; it has also autograph letters of Nelson and
-Wellington. It derives its popular name of the "Rag
-and Famish" from a tradition that Captain Duff came
-late one night asking for supper, and being discontented
-with the bill of fare, called it a rag and
-famish affair. In memory of the event he designed
-a button which used to be worn by many members,
-and bore the device of a ragged man devouring
-a bone. Napoleon III. was an honorary member of the
-club, and frequently used it. He presented it with a fine
-piece of Gobelin tapestry in 1849. The regular number
-of members is 2,400. The club has a scheme for granting
-annuities or pensions to its servants.</p>
-
-<p>Of the group of social clubs bearing names derived
-from the original proprietors of the club-houses&mdash;as
-White's, Boodle's, Brooks's, and Arthur's&mdash;Brooks's may
-be taken as a specimen. A roll of its members from the
-date of its foundation in 1764 to 1900 has recently been
-published under the title <i>Memorials of Brooks's</i>, and
-contains much interesting information. The editors,
-Messrs. V. A. Williamson, S. Lyttelton and S. Simeon,
-state that the first London Clubs were instituted with the
-object of providing the world of fashion with a central
-office for making wagers, and a registry for recording
-them. In their early days gambling was unlimited.
-Brooks's was not political in its origin. The twenty-seven
-original members included the Dukes of Roxburgh,
-Portland, and Gordon. In the 136 years 3,465 members
-have been admitted.</p>
-
-<p>The original house was on or near the site of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">{104}</a></span>
-present Marlborough Club, and Almack was the first
-manager or master. About 1774 he was succeeded by
-Brooks, from whom the club derives its name. He died
-in 1782, and was succeeded by one Griffin. In 1795 the
-system was altered, and six managers were appointed.
-The present house in St. James' Street was constructed
-in 1889-90, when 2, Park Place, was incorporated with it.
-The entrance fee in 1791 was five guineas, and was raised
-successively in 1815, 1881, 1892, and 1901, to nine, fifteen,
-twenty-five and thirty guineas. The subscription was at
-first four guineas, raised in 1779 to eight guineas, and in
-1791 to ten guineas.</p>
-
-<p>An offshoot of Brooks's is the Fox Club, a dining club,
-probably a continuation of an earlier Whig Club. Up
-to 1843 it met at the Clarendon Hotel, and since then at
-Brooks's. It is said to have been constituted for the
-purpose of paying Fox's debts, for which his friends, in
-1793, raised �70,000. Sir Augustus Keppel Stephenson
-was the secretary of this club from 1867 until his death
-in 1904. He was the son of a distinguished member of
-Brooks's, who had joined that club in 1818, the Fox
-Club in 1829, was secretary of the Sublime Society of
-Beef Steaks, and the last man to wear Hessian boots.</p>
-
-<p>The Travellers' Club dates from 1819, the Union from
-1821, and the United University from 1822.</p>
-
-<p>The Union Club is composed of noblemen, members
-of Parliament, and gentlemen of the first distinction and
-character who are British subjects, and has 1,250 members.
-Election is by open voting in the committee. Foreign
-and Colonial persons of distinction may be made
-temporary honorary members. The entrance fee is
-twenty-one guineas; the annual subscription ten guineas.</p>
-
-
-<p>The United University Club has 1,000 members, of
-whom 500 belong to Oxford and 500 to Cambridge. The
-King is a member. Cabinet ministers, bishops, judges,
-etc., may be admitted without ballot. All members of
-either University are qualified to be candidates, but only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">{105}</a></span>
-graduates, persons who have resided in college or hall
-for two years, holders of honorary degrees, and students
-in civil law of above three years' standing, are qualified
-to be members. The club has recently rebuilt its house
-at the corner of Suffolk Street and Pall Mall East.</p>
-
-<p>The Athen�um was originated by Mr. John Wilson
-Croker, after consultation with Sir Humphry Davy,
-president of the Royal Society, and was founded in 1824
-for the association of individuals known for their scientific
-or literary attainments, artists of eminence in any class
-of the fine arts, and noblemen and gentlemen distinguished
-as liberal patrons of science, literature, or the arts. It
-is essential to the maintenance of the Athen�um, in
-conformity with the principles upon which it was originally
-founded, that the annual introduction of a certain number
-of persons of distinguished eminence in science, literature,
-or the arts, or for public services, should be secured.
-Accordingly, nine persons of such qualifications are
-elected by the committee each year. The club entrusts
-this privilege to the committee, in the entire confidence
-that they will only elect persons who shall have attained
-to distinguished eminence in science, literature, or the arts,
-or for public services. The General Committee may also
-elect princes of the blood Royal, cabinet ministers,
-bishops, speakers of the House of Commons, judges, and
-foreign ambassadors, or ministers plenipotentiary of not
-less than three years' residence at the Court of St. James's,
-to be extraordinary members; and may invite, as honorary
-members during temporary residence in England, the
-heads of foreign missions, foreign members of the Royal
-Society, and not more than fifteen other foreigners or
-colonists of distinction. The ordinary members of the
-club are 1,200 in number. The entrance fee is thirty
-guineas, and the annual subscription eight guineas. The
-presidents for the time being of the Royal Society, of
-the Society of Antiquaries, and of the Royal Academy
-of Arts, if members, are ex-officio members of the General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">{106}</a></span>
-Committee. An Executive Committee of nine is selected
-from the General Committee to manage the domestic and
-other ordinary affairs of the club. No elected member
-can remain on the General Committee more than three
-consecutive years, unless he is a member of the Executive
-Committee, in which case he may be re-elected for a
-second term of three years. No higher stake than half-a-guinea
-points shall be played for. No game of mere
-chance shall be played in the house for money. No
-member shall make use of the club as an address in any
-advertisement.</p>
-
-<p>The history of the club has been told by the Rev.
-J. G. Waugh in an interesting book printed for private
-circulation in 1900. Its first house was 12, Waterloo
-Place, where it remained until 1827, when it obtained its
-present site. Its success was so great that within four
-months of the preliminary meeting in 1824 it had a list
-of 506 members, including the then Prime Minister and
-seven persons who afterwards became Prime Ministers.
-By 1827 it was full, and had a list of 270 candidates
-waiting for election. The present house was planned by
-Decimus Burton, and an attic storey was added to it in
-1899-1900. It is a successful building, striking attention
-by the statue of Minerva over the porch, the frieze, and
-the noble hall and grand staircase. The hall was re-decorated
-in 1891 under the direction of Sir L. Alma
-Tadema. Originally, a soir�e was held every Wednesday,
-to which ladies were admitted. That has long been discontinued,
-and, as a satirical member observed, "Minerva
-is kept out in the cold, while her owls are gorging within."
-Among the members of the club have been the following
-great actors: Macready, Mathews, Kemble, Terry, Kean,
-Young, and Irving.</p>
-
-<p>The Oriental Club was also established in 1824, at
-a meeting held eight days after that at which the
-Athen�um had been established. Sir John Malcolm
-presided. The club was intended for the benefit of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">{107}</a></span>
-persons who had been long resident abroad in the service
-of the Crown, or of the East India Company. By May,
-1826, it had 928 members, and in that year it took
-possession of the site of 18, Hanover Square, and employed
-Mr. B. D. Wyatt as the architect of its house. Its history
-has been written by Mr. Alexander F. Baillie, in a book
-published in 1901. Mr. Wyatt provided a grand staircase,
-but no smoking-room, and only one billiard-room.
-At that time and until 1842 the club provided its members
-gratuitously with snuff at a cost of �25 per year. In 1874
-the present smoking-room was opened; and now the
-handsome drawing-room is a place where those can retire
-who desire solitude, and the smoking-room and billiard-rooms
-are overcrowded. The club has a fine library.
-It claims among its members the prototype of Colonel
-Newcome. The members have a custom of securing a
-table for dinner by inverting a plate upon it.</p>
-
-<p>In 1855 the Oriental Club agreed to take over, without
-entrance fee, the members of the Alfred Club, which had
-been established in 1808, and was then being dissolved.
-Nearly 400 members availed themselves of the
-offer. The history of that club has some points of
-interest. It was largely intended for literary men, but
-it is said that Canning, vexed at overhearing a member
-asking who he was, gave it the nickname of the "Half-read"
-Club, which stuck to it. Its early career was
-prosperous, and by 1811 it had 354 candidates
-and only six vacancies; but its popularity waned.
-The real cause of its dissolution was the firm
-conservatism of the committee. They would not
-recognise the growing demand of accommodation for
-smokers. The clubhouse, No. 23, Albemarle Street, had
-been built and arranged in the days when no such
-accommodation had been considered necessary, and the
-committee resolutely refused to make any concession
-to the members who desired to smoke.</p>
-
-<p>The Garrick Club was founded in 1831. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">{108}</a></span>
-instituted for the general patronage of the drama; for
-the purpose of combining the use of a club on economical
-principles with the advantage of a literary society; for
-bringing together the supporters of the drama; and for
-the foundation of a national library, with works on
-costume. The number of members is limited to 650,
-who pay an entrance fee of twenty guineas, and an annual
-subscription of ten guineas. The club is more than
-usually hospitable, as it allows a member to invite three
-visitors to dinner, and admits the public to see its
-magnificent collection of dramatic pictures daily from
-10 to 1.</p>
-
-<p>The Carlton Club was established in 1832. It is
-famous as the rallying ground for the Conservative party,
-the temple of Toryism. From it, and its resources,
-candidates in that interest derive much encouragement
-and support, and it may not unreasonably be inferred that
-some of that encouragement and support is material as
-well as moral.</p>
-
-<p>The Reform Club was established in 1837, and then
-held the same position towards the Liberal party. It
-was instituted for the purpose of promoting the social
-intercourse of the Reformers of the United Kingdom.
-All candidates are to declare themselves to be reformers,
-but no definition of a "reformer" is given. If, however,
-a member is believed not to be a reformer, fifty members
-may call a general meeting for his expulsion. Members
-of Parliament and peers may be admitted by general
-ballot, with priority of election. The committee elect
-each year two gentlemen of distinguished eminence for
-public service, or in science, literature, or arts. The
-Political Committee of fifty members elect each year
-two persons who have proved their attachment to the
-Liberal cause by marked and obvious services. Other
-members are elected by general ballot, one black
-ball in ten excluding. The club has 1,400 members. It
-has a fine library. It has liberal regulations as to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">{109}</a></span>
-admission of guests, and ladies may be admitted to view
-the club from 11.0 a.m. to 5.0 p.m. Members may inspect
-the books and accounts and take extracts from them.
-The admission fee is �40, and the annual subscription
-ten guineas.</p>
-
-<p>The Conservative Club was established in 1840, and
-the National Club in 1845. The object of the National
-Club is to promote Protestant principles, and to encourage
-united action among Protestants in political and social
-questions by establishing a central organisation to obtain
-and spread information on such questions, by affording
-facilities for conference thereon, and by providing in the
-metropolis a central place of meeting to devise the fittest
-means for promoting the object in view. Its members
-must hold the doctrines and principles of the reformed
-faith, as revealed in Holy Scripture, asserted at the
-Reformation, and generally embodied in the Articles of
-the Church of England. It has a general committee,
-house committee, library committee, prayer and religious
-committee, wine committee, finance committee, and
-Parliamentary committee. The General Committee has
-power to elect as honorary members of the club not
-more than twenty persons distinguished by their zeal and
-exertions on behalf of the Protestant cause; these are
-mostly clergymen. All meetings of committees are to
-be opened with prayer. The household are to attend the
-reading of the Word of God and prayers morning and
-evening in the committee room. The Parliamentary
-committee are to watch all proceedings in Parliament and
-elsewhere affecting the Protestant principles of the club.
-Its fundamental principles are declared to be:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>(1) The maintenance of the Protestant constitution,
-succession, and faith.</p>
-
-<p>(2) The recognition of Holy Scripture in national
-education.</p>
-
-<p>(3) The improvement of the moral and social
-condition of the people.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">{110}</a></span></p></div>
-
-<p>The club is singular in having these definite religious
-purposes, and no doubt has in its time done much for
-the Protestant cause; but there is a little incongruity
-between the earnestness of its purpose and the self-indulgence
-which club life almost necessarily implies;
-and religious opinion, which claims to be the most stable
-of all things, is really one of the most fluid. Most men,
-who think at all, pass through many phases of it in their
-lives. It would not be surprising if this early earnestness
-had somewhat cooled down.</p>
-
-<p>Another group of clubs consists of those the
-members of which are bound together by a common
-interest in some athletic sport or pursuit&mdash;as the Marylebone
-Cricket Club, which dates from 1787; the Alpine
-Club, which was founded in 1857; the Hurlingham Club,
-in 1868; and to these may perhaps be added, as approximating
-to the same class, the Bath Club, 1894.</p>
-
-<p>The gradual filling up of old clubs, which we observed
-in the case of the service clubs, and the congested state
-of their lists of candidates, leading to long delay before
-an intending member had the chance of election, has led
-to the establishment of junior clubs; thus, in 1864, the
-Junior Athen�um and the Junior Carlton were founded.</p>
-
-<p>A further development has been the establishment
-of clubs for women. The Albemarle Club, founded in
-1874, admits both men and women, and adjusts its lists
-of candidates so as to provide for the election of nearly
-equal numbers of both.</p>
-
-<p>The Marlborough Club should also be mentioned
-specially, as it was founded by the King, and no person
-can be admitted a member except upon His Majesty's
-special approval.</p>
-
-<p>The Authors' Club was established in 1891 by the
-late Sir Walter Besant, and is especially noted for its
-house dinners, at which some person of distinction is
-invited to be the guest of the club.</p>
-
-<p>Altogether, the clubs of London are very numerous,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">{111}</a></span>
-and we have only been able to draw attention to
-the peculiarities of a few of them. Like every other
-human institution, they are subject to continual
-change, and there are pessimists who go about saying
-that they are decaying and losing their popularity
-and their usefulness. The long lists of candidates
-on the books of the principal clubs do not lend much
-colour to this suggestion. Social habits alter with every
-generation of men, and it is possible that many men do
-not use their clubs in the same way that the founders
-did, but the fact remains that they do use them, and that
-clubs still form centres of pleasure and convenience to
-many.</p>
-
-<p>One particular in which the change of social habits
-is especially noticeable is with respect to gaming. This,
-as we have seen, was almost the <i>raison d'�tre</i> of some
-of the early clubs, and there are numerous tales of the
-recklessness with which it was pursued, and the fortunes
-lost and won at the gaming table. We have quoted from
-one or two clubs the regulations which now prevail, and
-similar regulations are adopted in most of the other clubs.
-Games of chance are wholly prohibited; and limits are
-provided to the amount that may be staked on games of
-cards. Each club has also a billiard room.</p>
-
-<p>With respect to smoking, the habitu�s of clubs have
-experienced a great change. Formerly the smoking
-room, if any, was small and far away; now the luxury
-of the club is concentrated in it, and the question is
-rather in what rooms smoking is not to be allowed. Very
-few clubs retain the old tradition that smoking is a thing
-to be discouraged and kept out of sight.</p>
-
-<p>Other signs of change are the increase in the cost
-of membership and the later hours for dining. It need
-hardly be said that the clubs pay great attention to their
-kitchens. We have it on the authority of Major A.
-Griffiths (<i>Fortnightly Review</i>, April, 1907) that the
-salary of the chef is between �200 and �300 a year.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">{112}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The customs of the clubs with regard to the admission
-of visitors vary. At one end of the scale is the Athen�um,
-which will not allow its members to give a stranger even
-a cup of cold water, and allows of conversation with
-strangers only in the open hall or in a small room by the
-side of the doorway. At the other end are clubs which
-provide special rooms for the entertainment of visitors,
-and encourage their members to treat their friends
-hospitably, and to show them what the club is able to
-do in the matter of cooking and wines.</p>
-
-<p>The social ethics of clubs vary in like manner. In
-some clubs, notably those of the Bohemian type, but
-including several which would claim not to belong to that
-group, mere membership of the club is a sufficient
-introduction to justify a member in addressing another,
-and conversation in the common rooms of the club
-becomes general. This is delightful&mdash;within limits: it
-is not always possible to create by the atmosphere of the
-club a sentiment that will restrain all its members from
-sometimes overstepping those bounds of mutual courtesy
-and consideration which alone can make such general
-conversation altogether pleasant. The greater clubs go
-to the opposite extreme, and members of them may meet
-day after day for many years in perfect unconsciousness
-of the existence of each other; yet, even in these, the
-association of those who know each other outside the
-club, but without its opportunities would rarely meet,
-though they have similar interests and pursuits, is a very
-desirable and useful thing. Many an excellent measure,
-originating in the mind of one member, has been matured
-by conversation with others, to the general good. So may
-the Clubs of London continue to prosper and flourish.</p></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">{113}</a></span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2><a name="THE_INNS_OF_OLD_LONDON" id="THE_INNS_OF_OLD_LONDON">THE INNS OF OLD LONDON</a></h2>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By Philip Norman, LL.D.</span></p>
-
-
-
-<div>
-<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.png" width="100" height="118" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">To write a detailed account of London inns and
-houses of entertainment generally would
-require not a few pages, but several volumes.
-The inns, first established to supply the modest
-wants of an unsophisticated age, came by degrees to fulfil
-the functions of our modern hotels, railway stations, and
-parcel offices; they were places of meeting for business
-and social entertainment&mdash;in short, they formed a
-necessary part of the life of all Londoners, and of all
-who resorted to London, except the highest and the lowest.
-The taverns, successors of medi�val cook-shops, were
-frequented by most of the leading spirits of each
-generation from Elizabethan times to the early part
-of the nineteenth century, and their place has now been
-taken by clubs and restaurants. About these a mass of
-information is available, also on coffee-houses, a development
-of the taverns, in which, for the most part, they were
-gradually merged. As to the various forms of public-house,
-their whimsical signs alone have amused literary
-men, and perhaps their readers, from the time of <i>The
-Spectator</i> until now. In this chapter I propose to confine
-my remarks to the inns "for receipt of travellers," so
-often referred to by John Stow in his <i>Survey of London</i>,
-which, largely established in the fifteenth and sixteenth
-centuries, continued on the same sites, mostly until years
-after the advent of railways had caused a social revolution.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">{114}</a></span>
-These inns, with rare exceptions, had a galleried
-courtyard, a plan of building also common on the
-Continent, which came perhaps originally from the East.
-In such courtyards, as we shall see, during Tudor times
-theatrical performances often took place, and in form
-they probably gave a hint to the later theatres.</p>
-
-<p>Before the fifteenth century it was usual for
-travellers to seek the hospitality of religious houses, the
-great people being lodged in rooms set apart for them,
-while the poorer sort found shelter in the guest-house.
-But as time went on this proved inadequate, and inns on
-a commercial basis came into existence, being frequented
-by those who could hardly demand special consideration
-from the religious houses, and were not fitting recipients
-of charity. Naturally enough, these inns, when once their
-usefulness became recognised, were soon to be found in
-the main thoroughfares leading out of the metropolis, and
-they were particularly plentiful in Southwark on each side
-of what we now call the Borough High Street, extending
-for a quarter of a mile or more from London Bridge along
-the main road to the south-eastern counties and the
-Continent. The first thus established, and one of the
-earliest in this country, had to some extent a religious
-origin&mdash;namely, the</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i20">"Gentle hostelrye<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">That hight the Tabard, fast� by the Belle,"<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>about which and about the Southwark inns generally I
-propose now to say a few words, for although well known,
-they are of such extreme interest that they demand a
-foremost place in an account of this kind. From the
-literary point of view the "Tabard" is immortalized, owing
-to the fact that Chaucer has selected it as the starting-point
-of his pilgrims in <i>The Canterbury Tales</i>. Historically,
-it may be mentioned that as early as the year 1304 the
-Abbot and Convent of Hyde, near Winchester, purchased
-in Southwark two tenements, on the sites of which he
-built for himself a town dwelling, and at the same time,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">{115}</a></span>
-it is believed, a hostelry for the convenience of travellers.
-In 1307 he obtained license to build a chapel at or by
-the inn, and in a later deed we are told that "the abbott's
-lodginge was wyninge to the backside of the Tabarde
-and had a garden attached." From that time onwards
-frequent allusions can be found to this house, the sign
-of which (a sleeveless coat, such as that worn by heralds)
-got somehow corrupted into the Talbot, a species of dog,
-by which it was known for a couple of centuries or more,
-almost to the time of its final destruction. Although the
-contrary has been asserted, the inn was undoubtedly burnt
-in the Great Southwark Fire of 1676, but was rebuilt
-soon afterwards in the old fashion, and continued to be
-a picturesque example of architecture until 1875, when
-the whole was swept away, hop merchants' offices and
-a modern "old Tabard" now occupying the site.</p>
-
-<p>Equal in interest to the last-named inn was the "White
-Hart." At the one Chaucer gave life and reality to a
-fancied scene; at the other occurred an historical event,
-the bald facts of which Shakespeare has lighted up with
-a halo of romance. The White Hart appears to have
-dated from the latter part of the fourteenth century,
-the sign being a badge of Richard II., derived from his
-mother, Joan of Kent. In the summer of 1450 it was
-Jack Cade's headquarters while he was striving to gain
-possession of London. Hall, in his <i>Chronicle</i>, records this,
-and adds that he prohibited "murder, rape and robbery by
-which colour he allured to him the hartes of the common
-people." It was here, nevertheless, that "one Hawaydyne
-of sent Martyns was beheaded," and here, during
-the outbreak, a servant of Sir John Fastolf, who had
-property in the neighbourhood, was with difficulty saved
-from assassination. His chattels were pillaged, his wife
-left with "no more gode but her kyrtyll and her smook,"
-and he thrust into the forefront of a fight then raging
-on London Bridge, where he was "woundyd and hurt
-nere hand to death." Cade's success was of short duration;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">{116}</a></span>
-his followers wavered, he said, or might have said, in the
-words attributed to him by Shakespeare (2 Henry VI.,
-act iv., scene 8), "Hath my sword therefore broken
-through London gate that you should leave me at the
-White Hart in Southwark?" The rebellion collapsed,
-and our inn is not heard of for some generations. Want
-of space prevents our recording the various vicissitudes
-through which it passed, and the historic names connected
-with it, until the time of the Southwark Fire of 1676,
-when, like the "Tabard," it was burnt down, but rebuilt
-on the old foundations. In 1720 Strype describes it as
-large and of considerable trade, and it so continued until
-the time when Dickens, who was intimately acquainted
-with the neighbourhood, gave his graphic description of
-Sam Weller at the White Hart in the tenth chapter of
-<i>Pickwick</i>. In 1865-66 the south side of the building was
-replaced by a modern tavern, but the old galleries on
-the north and east sides remained until 1889, being
-latterly let out in tenements.</p>
-
-<p>There were several other galleried inns in Southwark,
-dating at least from the time of Queen Elizabeth, which
-survived until the nineteenth century, but we only have
-space briefly to allude to three. The "King's Head" and
-the "Queen's Head" was each famous in its way. The
-former had been originally the "Pope's Head," the sign
-being changed at the Reformation. In 1534 the Abbot
-of Waverley, whose town house was not far off, writes,
-apparently on business, that he will be at the "Pope's
-Head" in Southwark&mdash;eight years afterwards it appears
-as the "King's Head." In a deed belonging to Mr. G. Eliot
-Hodgkin, F.S.A., the two names are given. In the
-sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the house belonged
-to various noteworthy people; among the rest, to Thomas
-Cure, a local benefactor, and to Humble, Lord Ward. It
-was burnt in the Great Southwark Fire, and the last
-fragment of the galleried building, erected immediately
-afterwards, was pulled down in January, 1885.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">{117}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The "Queen's Head" was the only one of the
-Southwark houses we are describing that escaped the
-Fire of 1676, perhaps owing to the fact that, by way
-of precaution, a tenement was blown up at the gateway.
-It stood on the site of a house called the "Crowned
-or Cross Keys," which in 1529 was an armoury or
-store-place for the King's harness. In 1558 it had a
-brew-house attached to it, and had lately been rebuilt.
-In 1634 the house had become the "Queen's Head," and
-the owner was John Harvard, of Emmanuel College,
-Cambridge, who afterwards migrated to America, and
-gave his name to Harvard University, Massachusetts.
-About this time it was frequented by carriers, as we learn
-from John Taylor, "the water-poet." The main building,
-destroyed in 1895, was found to be of half-timbered
-construction, dating perhaps from the sixteenth century.
-A galleried portion, also of considerable age, survived
-until the year 1900.</p>
-
-<p>Of another Southwark inn, the "George," we can
-fortunately speak in the present tense. It seems to have
-come into existence in the early part of the sixteenth
-century, and is mentioned with the sign of "St. George"
-in 1554:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"St. George that swindg'd the Dragon, and e'er since<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Sits on his horseback at mine hostess' door."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>The owner in 1558 was Humfrey Colet, or Collet, who
-had been Member of Parliament for Southwark. Soon
-after the middle of the seventeenth century, in a book
-called <i>Musarum Delici�, or the Muses' Recreation</i>, compiled
-by Sir John Mennes (Admiral and Chief Comptroller
-of the Navy) and Dr. James Smith, appeared some lines,
-"upon a surfeit caught by drinking bad sack at 'the
-George' in Southwark." Perhaps the landlord mended
-his ways; in any case, the rent was shortly afterwards
-�150 a year&mdash;a large sum for those days. The "George"
-was a great coaching and carriers' inn. Only a fragment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">{118}</a></span>
-of it, but a picturesque one, now exists; it is still galleried,
-and dates from shortly after the Southwark Fire of 1676.
-The rest of the building was pulled down in 1889-90.
-All the inns to which allusion has been made were
-clustered together on the east side of the Borough High
-Street, the gateways of those most distant from each
-other being only about 140 yards apart.</p>
-
-<p>Another leading thoroughfare from London to the
-east was the road through Aldgate to Whitechapel. Here,
-though the houses of entertainment were historically far
-less interesting than those of Southwark, they flourished
-for many years. Where a modern hotel with the same
-sign now stands, next to the Metropolitan railway station
-on the north side of Aldgate High Street, there was once
-a well-known inn, the "Three Nuns," so called, perhaps,
-from the contiguity of the nuns of St. Clare, or <i>sorores
-minores</i>, who gave a name to the Minories. The
-"Three Nuns" inn is mentioned by Defoe in his <i>Journal
-of the Plague</i>, which, though it describes events that
-happened when he was little more than an infant, has
-an air of authenticity suggesting personal experience.
-We are told by him that near this inn was the "dreadful
-gulf&mdash;for such it was rather than a pit"&mdash;in which, during
-the Plague of 1665, not less than 1,114 bodies were buried
-in a fortnight, from the 6th to the 20th of September.
-Throughout the eighteenth and the early part of the
-nineteenth centuries this house was much frequented by
-coaches and carriers. The late Mr. Edwin Edwards, who
-etched it in 1871, was told by the landlord that a four-horse
-coach was then running from there to Southend
-during the summer months. A painting of the holy nuns
-still appeared on the sign-board. The house was rebuilt
-soon after the formation of the Metropolitan Railway.
-A short distance west of the "Three Nuns," at 31, Aldgate
-High Street, the premises of Messrs. Adkin and Sons,
-wholesale tobacconists, occupy the site of the old "Blue
-Boar" coaching inn, which they replaced in 1861. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">{119}</a></span>
-sculptured sign of the "Blue Boar," let into the wall
-in front, was put up at the time of the rebuilding. The
-former inn, described on a drawing in the Crace collection
-as the oldest in London, is held by some to be the same
-as that referred to in an order of the Privy Council to
-the Lord Mayor, dated from St. James's, September 5th,
-1557, wherein he is told to "apprehende and to comitt
-to safe warde" certain actors who are about to perform
-in "a lewde Playe called a Sacke full of Newse" at
-the "Boar's Head" without Aldgate.</p>
-
-<p>A few years ago, at No. 25, the entrance might still
-be seen of another famous inn called the "Bull," formerly
-the "Black Bull." Above the gateway was a fine piece
-of ironwork, and the old painted sign was against the
-wall of the passage. This house flourished greatly a
-little before the advent of railways, when Mrs. Anne
-Nelson, coach proprietor, was the landlady, and could
-make up nearly two hundred beds there. Most of her
-business was to Essex and Suffolk, but she also owned
-the Exeter coach. She must have been landlady on the
-memorable occasion when Mr. Pickwick arrived in a cab
-after "two mile o' danger at eightpence," and it was
-through this very gateway that he and his companions
-were driven by the elder Weller when they started on
-their adventurous journey to Ipswich. The house is now
-wholly destroyed and the yard built over.</p>
-
-<p>A common sign in former days was the "Saracen's
-Head." We shall have occasion to refer to several in
-London. One of them stood by Aldgate, just within
-the limits of the city. Here a block of old buildings
-is in existence on the south side, which once formed
-the front of a well-known coaching inn, with this sign.
-The spacious inn yard remains, the house on the east
-side of its entrance having fine pilasters. From the
-"Saracen's Head," Aldgate, coaches plied to Norwich as
-long ago as 1681, and here there is, or was quite recently,
-a carrier's booking office.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">{120}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Another thoroughfare which, within the memory of
-some who hardly admit that they are past middle age, contained
-several famous inns, was that leading to the north,
-and known in its various parts as Gracechurch Street and
-Bishopsgate Street Within and Without. One of the best
-known was the "Cross Keys" in Bishopsgate Street, mentioned
-in the preface to Dodsley's <i>Old Plays</i> as a house
-at which theatrical performances took place. It was here
-that, in the latter part of the sixteenth century, Bankes
-exhibited the extraordinary feats of his horse Marocco.
-One of them, if we may believe an old jest-book, was
-to select and draw forth Tarlton with its mouth as "the
-veriest fool in the company." In more modern times, until
-the advent of railways, the "Cross Keys" was a noted
-coaching and carriers' establishment. Destroyed in the
-Great Fire, and again burnt down in 1734, but rebuilt in
-the old style, it was still standing on the west side of the
-street, immediately south of Bell Yard, when Larwood and
-Hotten published their <i>History of Signboards</i> in 1866.
-Another inn with this sign stood appropriately near the
-site of St. Peter's Church in Wood Street, Cheapside,
-and was pulled down probably about the same time as
-the more famous house in Gracechurch Street.</p>
-
-<p>Of equal note was the "Spread Eagle," the site of
-which has mostly been absorbed by the extension of
-Leadenhall Market. Like the "Cross Keys," it was burnt
-in the Great Fire, but rebuilt in the old style with an
-ample galleried yard. In the basement some medi�val
-arches still remained. At the "Spread Eagle" that
-original writer George Borrow had been staying with
-his future wife, Mrs. Mary Clarke, and various friends,
-when they were married at St. Peter's Church, Cornhill,
-on April 23rd, 1840, her daughter, Henrietta, signing the
-register. Before its destruction in 1865 it had been for
-some time a receiving office of Messrs. Chaplin and Horne.
-The site, of about 1,200 square feet, was sold for no
-less a sum than �95,000. Another Gracechurch inn, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">{121}</a></span>
-"Tabard," which long ago disappeared, had, like the
-immortal hostelry in Southwark, become the "Talbot,"
-and its site is marked by Talbot Court.</p>
-
-<p>In Bishopsgate Street Within three galleried inns
-lingered long enough to have been often seen by the
-writer. These were the "Bull," the "Green Dragon,"
-and the "Four Swans," each with something of a history,
-and to them might be added the picturesque, though less
-important, "Vine" and the "Flower Pot," from which
-last house a seventeenth century trade token was issued.
-The "Bull," the most southern of these inns, all of which
-were on the west side of the highway, was at least as
-old as the latter part of the fifteenth century, for in
-one of the chronicles of London lately edited by
-Mr. C. L. Kingsford, I find it, under the date 1498,
-associated with a painful incident&mdash;namely, the execution
-of the son of a cordwainer, "dwellyng at the Bulle in
-Bisshoppesgate Strete," for calling himself the Earl of
-Warwick. Hall gives his name as Ralph Wilford.
-Anthony Bacon, elder brother of Francis, during the year
-1594 hired a lodging in Bishopsgate Street, but the fact
-of its being near the "Bull," where plays and interludes
-were performed, so troubled his mother that for
-her sake he removed to Chelsea. Shortly afterwards,
-as may be learnt from <i>Tarlton's Jests</i>, the old drama
-called "The Famous Victories of Henry the Fifth" was
-here played, "wherein the judge was to take a boxe on
-the eare, and because he was absent that should take
-the blow, Tarlton himselfe, ever forward to please, tooke
-upon him to play the judge, besides his own part of
-the clown." The "Bull" was the house of call of old
-Hobson, the carrier, to whose rigid rule about the letting
-of his saddle horses we are supposed to owe the phrase,
-"Hobson's Choice." Milton wrote his epitaph in the well-known
-lines beginning:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Here lies old Hobson; Death hath broke his girt,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">And here, alas! hath laid him in the dirt."<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">{122}</a></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>In his second edition of <i>Milton's Poems</i>, p. 319, Wharton
-alludes to Hobson's "portrait in fresco" as having then
-lately been in existence at the inn, and it is mentioned
-in <i>The Spectator</i>, No. 509. There is a print of it representing
-a bearded old man in hat and cloak with a money
-bag, which in the original painting had the inscription,
-"The fruitful mother of an hundred more." He
-bequeathed property for a conduit to supply Cambridge
-with water; the conduit head still exists, though not in
-its original position. In 1649, by a Council of War,
-six Puritan troopers were condemned to death for a
-mutiny at the "Bull." The house remained till 1866.</p>
-
-<p>Further north, at No. 86, was the "Green Dragon,"
-the last of the galleried inns that survived in Bishopsgate
-Street. It is mentioned in De Laune's <i>Present State of
-London</i>, 1681, as a place of resort for coachmen and
-carriers, and I have before me an advertisement sheet
-of the early nineteenth century, showing that coaches
-were then plying from here to Norwich, Yarmouth,
-Cambridge, Colchester, Ware, Hertford, Brighton, and
-many other places. There is a capital etching of the
-house by Edwin Edwards. It was closed in 1877, its
-site being soon afterwards built over. At the sale of the
-effects eleven bottles of port wine fetched 37s. 6d. each.
-The "Four Swans," immediately to the north of the inn
-last named, although it did not survive so long, remained
-to the end a more complete specimen of its class, having
-three tiers of galleries perfect on each side, and two
-tiers at the west end. The "water-poet" tells us that
-in 1637 "a waggon or coach" came here once a week
-from Hertford. Other references to it might be quoted
-from books of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,
-but the story told on an advertisement sheet issued by
-a former landlord about a fight here between Roundheads,
-led by Ireton, and a troop of Royalists, is apocryphal.</p>
-
-<p>Not far off, in Bishopsgate Street Without, there
-was until lately a "Two Swan" inn yard, and a "One<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">{123}</a></span>
-Swan" with a large yard&mdash;an old place of call for carriers
-and waggons. These lingered on until the general clearance
-by the Great Eastern Railway Company a few
-years ago, when the remains of Sir Paul Pindar's mansion,
-latterly a tavern, were also removed; the finely-carved
-timber front and a stuccoed ceiling finding their way into
-the Victoria and Albert Museum. Another old Bishopsgate
-house was the "White Hart," near St. Botolph's
-Church, a picturesque building with projecting storeys,
-and in front the date 1480, but the actual structure was
-probably much less ancient. It was drawn by J. T. Smith
-and others early in the nineteenth century, and did not
-long survive. The site is still marked by White Hart
-Court. On the opposite side of the way was an inn,
-the "Dolphin," which, as Stow tells us, was given in
-1513 by Margaret Ricroft, widow, with a charge in favour
-of the Grey Friars. It disappeared in the first half of
-the eighteenth century. The old "Catherine Wheel,"
-a galleried inn hard by, mentioned by De Laune in 1681,
-was not entirely destroyed till 1894.</p>
-
-<p>Another road out of London richly furnished with
-inns was that from Newgate westward. The first one
-came to was the "Saracen's Head" on Snow Hill, an
-important house, to which the late Mr. Heckethorn
-assigned a very early origin. Whether or not it existed
-in the fourteenth century, as he asserts, it was certainly
-flourishing when Stow in his <i>Survey</i> described it as "a
-fair and large inn for receipt of travellers." It continued
-for centuries to be largely used, and here Nicholas
-Nickleby and his uncle waited on Squeers, the Yorkshire
-schoolmaster, whom Dickens must have modelled from
-various real personages. In a <i>Times</i> advertisement for
-January 3rd, 1801, I read that "at Mr. Simpson's
-Academy, Wodencroft Lodge, near Greta Bridge, Yorkshire,
-young gentlemen are boarded and accurately
-instructed in the English, Latin, and Greek languages,
-writing, arithmetic, merchants' accounts, and the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">{124}</a></span>
-useful branches of the mathematics, at 16 guineas per
-annum, if under nine years of age, and above that age
-17 guineas; French taught by a native of France at
-1 guinea extra. Mr. Simpson is now in town, and may
-be treated with from eleven till two o'clock every day at
-the 'Saracen's Head,' Snow Hill." In the early part
-of last century the landlady was Sarah Ann Mountain,
-coach proprietor, and worthy rival of Mrs. Nelson,
-of the "Bull" Inn, Aldgate. The "Saracen's Head"
-disappeared in the early part of 1868, when this neighbourhood
-was entirely changed by the formation of
-the Holborn Viaduct. Another Snow Hill inn was the
-"George," or "George and Dragon," mentioned by
-Strype as very large and of considerable trade. A
-sculptured sign from there is in the Guildhall Museum.</p>
-
-<p>In Holborn there were once nine or ten galleried inns.
-We will only allude to those still in existence within the
-memory of the writer. The most famous of them,
-perhaps, was the "George and Blue Boar," originally the
-"Blue Boar," the site of which is covered by the Inns
-of Court Hotel. The house is named in the burial
-register of St. Andrew's, Holborn, as early as 1616, but
-it is chiefly known from a story related by the Rev.
-Thomas Morrice, in his <i>Memoir of Roger Earl of Orrery</i>
-(1742), that Cromwell and Ireton, in the disguise of
-troopers, here intercepted a letter sewn in the flap of
-a saddle from Charles I. to his Queen, in which he wrote
-that he was being courted by the Scotch Presbyterians
-and the army, and that he thought of closing with the
-former. Cromwell is supposed to have said, "From that
-time forward we resolved on his ruin." The writer
-ventured to ask that excellent historian, Dr. Samuel
-Gardiner, what he thought of the statement. In August,
-1890, he most kindly replied by letter as follows:&mdash;"The
-tale has generally been repudiated without enquiry, and
-I am rather inclined to believe, at least, in its substantial
-accuracy. The curious thing is, that there are two lines<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">{125}</a></span>
-of tradition about intercepted letters, as it seems to me
-quite distinct." We may, therefore, without being over
-credulous, cherish the belief that the picturesque incident
-referred to was one that actually occurred. There is an
-advertisement of December 27th, 1779, offering the lease
-of the "George and Blue Boar," which helps us to realize
-the value and capacity of an important inn of that period.
-We are told that it contains forty bedrooms, stabling for
-fifty-two horses, seven coach-houses, and a dry ride sixty
-yards long; also that it returns about �2,000 a year.
-In George Colman the younger's "Heir at Law," act i.,
-scene 2, this house is said by one of the characters to
-be "in tumble downish kind of a condition," but it
-survived until 1864, when it made way for the Inns of
-Court Hotel.</p>
-
-<p>A group of inns which remained more recently were
-Ridler's "Bell and Crown," the old "Bell," and the
-"Black Bull," all on the north side of Holborn. Of these,
-the most picturesque was the "Bell," about which I have
-been able to ascertain some curious facts. The earliest
-notice of it that has come to light was on the 14th of
-March, 1538, when William Barde sold a messuage with
-garden called the "Bell," in the parish of St. Andrew,
-Holborn, to Richard Hunt, citizen and girdler. The latter,
-who died in 1569, gave thirty sacks of charcoal yearly
-for ever, as a charge on the property, to be distributed
-to thirty poor persons of the parish. After various
-changes of ownership, in 1679-80 it passed into the hands
-of Ralph Gregge, and his grandson sold it in 1722 to
-Christ's Hospital. In the deed of sale three houses are
-mentioned and described as "formerly one great mansion-house
-or inn known as the Bell or Blue Bell." About
-two years before, the front of the premises facing Holborn
-had been rebuilt, when the sculptured arms of Gregge
-were let into the wall in front; these arms are now at
-the Guildhall Museum. The "Bell" became a coaching
-house of considerable reputation, that part of the business<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">{126}</a></span>
-being about the year 1836 in the hands of Messrs.
-B. W. and H. Horne, who, as coach proprietors, were
-second only to William Chaplin. For many years, until
-finally closed in September, 1897, the house was managed
-by the Bunyer family. It was the last galleried inn on the
-Middlesex side of the water, the galleries being perhaps
-as old as the reign of Charles II. A still older portion
-was a cellar built of stone immediately to the left of
-the entrance, which might almost have been medi�val.
-The rest of the building seems to have dated from the
-early part of the eighteenth century. There is a
-sympathetic reference to the old "Bell" by William Black
-in his <i>Strange Adventures of a Ph�ton</i>. Another noteworthy
-"Bell" Inn was that in Carter Lane, whence
-Richard Quyney wrote in 1598 to his "loveing good ffrend
-and contreyman Mr. Willm Shackespere," the only letter
-addressed to our greatest poet which is known to exist.
-There is still a Bell yard connecting Carter Lane with
-Knightrider Street. The first scene of the <i>Harlot's
-Progress</i>, by Hogarth, is laid in front of an inn, with the
-sign of the "Bell" in Wood Street. Above the door are
-chequers.</p>
-
-<p>A short distance west of the Holborn house was
-the "Crown" Inn, latterly Ridler's "Bell and Crown,"
-destroyed about 1899. It had been a coaching centre,
-but years ago the yard was built over, and it flourished
-to the end as a quiet family hotel. Next to the "Bell"
-on the east side was the "Black Bull," the front of which,
-with the carved sign of a bull in a violent state of
-excitement, remained after the rest of the inn had disappeared,
-outliving its neighbour for a brief period. It
-was in existence for a couple of hundred years or more,
-but future generations will probably only remember it
-as the house where Mr. Lewson was taken ill, and placed
-under the tender mercies of Betsy Prig and Mrs. Gamp;
-whence also, when convalescent, he was assisted into
-a coach, Mould the undertaker eyeing him with regret<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">{127}</a></span>
-as he felt himself baulked of a piece of legitimate
-business.</p>
-
-<p>A few short years ago if, on leaving this group of
-Holborn inns, we had turned down Fetter Lane in the
-direction of Fleet Street, after passing two or three gabled
-buildings still standing on the right hand side, we should
-have come to another old hostelry called the "White
-Horse," of which there is a well-known coloured print
-from a drawing made by Pollard in 1814, with a coach
-in front called the Cambridge Telegraph. It gradually
-fell into decay, became partly a "pub" and partly a
-common lodging-house, and with its roomy stabling at
-the back was swept away in 1897-98. Most of the
-structure was of the eighteenth century, but there were
-remains of an earlier wooden building. Its northern
-boundary touched the precinct of Barnard's Inn, an
-inn of chancery, now disestablished and adapted for the
-purposes of the Mercers' School.</p>
-
-<p>Continuing our course southward, a short walk would
-formerly have taken us to the "Bolt-in-Tun," I think
-the only coaching establishment in Fleet Street, which
-possessed so many taverns and coffee-houses. The inn
-was of ancient origin, the White Friars having had a
-grant of the "Hospitium vocatum Le Bolt en ton"
-as early as the year 1443. The sign is the well-known
-rebus on the name of Bolton, the bird-bolt through
-a tun or barrel, which was the device of a prior of
-St. Bartholomew's, Smithfield, and may still be seen in
-the church there, and at Canonbury, where the priors had
-a country house. The <i>City Press</i> for September 12th,
-1882, announces the then impending destruction of the
-"Bolt-in-Tun," and in the following year we are told
-that although a remnant of it in Fleet Street exists as
-a booking office for parcels, by far the larger portion,
-represented chiefly by the Sussex Hotel, Bouverie Street,
-which bore on it the date 1692, has just disappeared.</p>
-
-<p>Further east, on Ludgate Hill, La Belle Sauvage Yard,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">{128}</a></span>
-where Messrs. Cassell &amp; Co. carry on their important
-business, marks the site of an historic house, and
-perpetuates an error of nomenclature. Its original title, as
-proved by a document of the year 1452, was "Savage's"
-Inn, otherwise called the "Bell on the Hoop," but in the
-seventeenth century a trade token was issued from here,
-having on it an Indian woman holding a bow and arrow,
-and in 1676 "Bell Sauvage" Inn, on Ludgate Hill, consisting
-of about forty rooms, with good cellarage and
-stabling for about one hundred horses, was to be let.
-The mistake is repeated in <i>The Spectator</i>, No. 28, where
-we are told of a beautiful girl who was found in the
-wilderness, and whose fame was perpetuated in a French
-romance. As we learn from Howe, in his continuation
-of <i>Stow's Annals</i>, on a seat outside this inn Sir Thomas
-Wyat rested, after failing in an attempt to enter the city
-during his ill-advised rebellion in the reign of Mary
-Tudor. From Lambarde we gather that this was one
-of the houses where plays were performed before the
-time of Shakespeare. Writing in 1576, he says, "Those
-who go to Paris Garden, the Bell Savage, or the Theatre
-to behold bear-baiting, interludes, or fence play, must
-not account of any pleasant spectacle unless first they
-pay one pennie at the gate, another at the entrie of the
-scaffold, and a third for quiet standing." Here, as at
-the "Cross Keys," Gracechurch Street, Bankes exhibited
-his horse, and here, in 1683, "a very strange beast called
-a Rhynoceros&mdash;the first that ever was in England," could
-be seen daily. Stow affirms the inn to have been given
-to the Cutlers' Company by Isabella Savage; but, in
-fact, the donor was John Craythorne, who conveyed the
-reversion of it to them in 1568. The sculptured elephant
-and castle representing their crest is still on a wall in
-La Belle Sauvage Yard. The inn, which has left its
-mark in the annals of coaching, was taken down in 1873.</p>
-
-<p>A thoroughfare, formerly containing several fine
-mansions and various inns for travellers, was Aldersgate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">{129}</a></span>
-Street, the continuation of St. Martin's-le-Grand. There
-are allusions in print to the "Bell," the "George" (previously
-the "White Hart"), and to the "Cock" Inn,
-where, after years of wandering, Fynes Moryson arrived
-one Sunday morning in 1595; but these all passed away
-long ago. The last to linger in the neighbourhood was the
-"Bull and Mouth," St Martin's-le-Grand, finally called the
-"Queen's" Hotel, absorbed by the General Post Office
-in 1886. The name is generally supposed to be a
-corruption of Boulogne Mouth, the entrance to Boulogne
-Harbour, that town having been taken by Henry VIII.
-George Steevens, the Shakespearean commentator, seems
-to have suggested this, and his idea has been generally
-accepted; but it is more likely that our inn was identical
-with the house called in 1657 "the Mouth near
-Aldersgate in London, then the usual meeting-place
-for Quakers," to which the Body of John Lilburne was
-conveyed in August of that year. We learn from
-Ellwood's <i>Autobiography</i> that five years afterwards he
-was arrested at the "Bull and Mouth," Aldersgate. The
-house was at its zenith as a coaching centre in the early
-years of the nineteenth century, when Edward Sherman
-had become landlord. He rebuilt the old galleried house
-in 1830. When coaching for business purposes ceased to
-be, the gateway from St. Martin's-le-Grand was partially
-blocked up and converted into the main entrance,
-the inn continuing under its changed name for many
-years. The sculptured signs were not removed until the
-destruction of the building. One, which was over the
-main entrance, is a statuette of a Bull within a gigantic
-open Mouth; below are bunches of grapes; above, a
-bust of Edward VI. and the arms of Christ's Hospital,
-to which institution the ground belonged. Beneath is
-a tablet inscribed with the following doggerel rhyme:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Milo the Cretonian an ox slew with his fist,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">And ate it up at one meal, ye Gods what a glorious twist."<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">{130}</a></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>Another version of the sign, the Mouth appearing below
-the Bull, was over what had been a back entrance to
-the yard in Angel Street. These signs are now both in
-the Guildhall Museum. I had almost overlooked one
-house, the "Castle and Falcon," Aldersgate, closed within
-the last few months, and now destroyed. The structure
-was uninteresting, but it stood on an old site&mdash;that of
-John Day's printing-house in the reign of Queen
-Elizabeth. At the present inn on April 12th, 1799, was
-founded the Church Missionary Society; here also its
-centenary was celebrated.</p>
-
-<p>Besides being plentiful in the main thoroughfares,
-important inns, like the churches, were often crammed
-away in narrow and inconvenient lanes. This was the
-case with the "Oxford Arms" and the "Bell," both in
-Warwick Lane. The former was approached by a
-passage, being bounded on the west by the line of the
-old city wall, or by a later wall a few feet to the
-east of it, and touching Amen Corner on the south.
-It was a fine example of its kind. As was said by a
-writer in <i>The Athen�um</i> of May 20th, 1876, just before
-it was destroyed:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Despite the confusion, the dirt and the decay, he who stands in
-the yard of this ancient inn may get an excellent idea of what it was
-like in the days of its prosperity, when not only travellers in coach or
-saddle rode into or out of the yard, but poor players and mountebanks
-set up their stage for the entertainment of spectators, who hung over the
-galleries or looked on from their rooms&mdash;a name by which the boxes of a
-theatre were first known."</p></div>
-
-<p>The house must have been rebuilt after the Great Fire,
-which raged over this area. That it existed before is
-proved by the following odd advertisement of March,
-1672-73:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"These are to give notice that Edward Bartlet, Oxford Carrier, hath
-removed his inn in London from the Swan at Holborn Bridge to the
-Oxford Arms in Warwick Lane, where he did Inn before the Fire. His
-coaches and waggons going forth on their usual days, Mondays, Wednesdays,
-and Fridays. He hath also a hearse and all things convenient
-to carry a Corps to any part of England."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">{131}</a></span></p></div>
-
-<p>The "Bell" Inn, also galleried, was on the east side
-of Warwick Lane. There Archbishop Leighton died in
-1684. As Burnet tells us, he had often said that "if
-he were to choose a place to die in it should be an Inn;
-it looked like a pilgrim's going home, to whom this world
-was all as an Inn, and who was weary of the noise and
-confusion in it." Thus his desire was fulfilled. There
-is a view of the old house in Chambers' <i>Book of Days</i>,
-vol. i., p. 278. It was demolished in 1865, when the value
-of the unclaimed parcels, some of which had been there
-many years, is said to have been considerable. According
-to one statement, the jewellery was worth �700 or �800.</p>
-
-<p>The few remaining inns to which reference will be
-made may best perhaps be taken in alphabetical order.
-The old "Angel" Inn, at the end of Wych Street, Strand,
-already existed in February, 1503, when a letter was
-directed to Sir Richard Plumpton "at the Angell behind
-St. Clement's Kirk." From this inn Bishop Hooper was
-taken to Gloucester in 1554 to be burnt at the stake. A
-trade token was issued there in 1657. Finally, the
-business, largely dependent on coaches, faded away; the
-building was rased to the ground in 1853, and the set of
-offices called Danes Inn built on the site. These in their
-turn have now succumbed. The "Axe" in Aldermanbury
-was a famous carriers' inn. It is mentioned in drunken
-Barnabee's <i>Journal</i>, and from there the first line of stage
-waggons from London to Liverpool was established
-about the middle of the seventeenth century. It took
-many days to perform the journey.</p>
-
-<p>In Laurence Lane, near the Guildhall, was a noteworthy
-house called "Blossoms" Inn, which, according
-to Stow, had "to sign St. Laurence the Deacon in a
-border of blossoms of flowers." In 1522, when the
-Emperor Charles V. came to visit Henry VIII. in London,
-certain inns were set apart for the reception of his retinue,
-among them "St. Laurence, otherwise called Bosoms Yn,
-was to have ready XX beddes and a stable for LX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">{132}</a></span>
-horses." In Ben Jonson's <i>Masque of Christmas</i>,
-presented at Court in 1616, "Tom of Bosomes Inn,"
-apparently a real person, is introduced as representing
-Mis-rule. That the house was early frequented by
-carriers is shown in the epistle dedicatory to <i>Have
-at you at Saffron Walden</i>, 1596:&mdash;"Yet have I naturally
-cherisht and hugt it in my bosome, even as a carrier at
-Bosome's Inne doth a cheese under his arm." A satirical
-tract about Bankes and his horse Marocco gives the
-name of the authors as "John Dande the wiredrawer of
-Hadley, and Harrie Hunt head ostler of Bosomes inn."
-There is a view of this famous hostelry in the Crace
-collection, date 1855; the yard is now a dep�t for
-railway goods.</p>
-
-<p>In 1852 London suffered a sad loss architecturally by
-the removal of the fine groined crypt of Gerard's Hall,
-Basing Lane, which dated perhaps from the end of the
-thirteenth century, and had formed part of the mansion
-of a famous family of citizens, by name Gysors. In
-Stow's time it was "a common hostrey for receipt of
-travellers." He gives a long account of it, mixing fact
-with fiction. The house and hall were destroyed in the
-Great Fire, but the crypt escaped, and on it an inn
-was built with, in front, a carved wooden effigy of that
-mythical personage, Gerard the Giant, which is now in
-the Guildhall Museum. On the removal of the crypt
-the stones were numbered and presented to the Crystal
-Palace Company, with a view to its erection in their
-building or grounds. It is said, however, that after a
-time the stones were used for mending roads.</p>
-
-<p>A rather unimportant-looking inn was the "Nag's
-Head," on the east side of Whitcomb Street, formerly
-Hedge Lane, but it is worthy of mention for one or two
-reasons. We learn from a manuscript note-book, which
-was in the possession of the late Mr. F. Locker Lampson,
-that Hogarth in his later days, when he set up a coach
-and horses, kept them at the "Nag's Head." He was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">{133}</a></span>
-then living on the east side of Leicester Square. According
-to a pencil note on an old drawing, which belongs
-to the writer, "this inn did the posting exclusively for
-the Royal family from George I. to William IV." It
-was latterly used as a livery stable, but retained its
-picturesque galleries until, the lease having come to an
-end, it was closed in 1890. The space remained vacant
-for some years, and is now covered by the fine publishing
-office of Messrs. Macmillan &amp; Co.</p>
-
-<p>Two "Saracen's Head" inns have already been
-described, and though one feels how imperfect this
-account must of necessity be, and that some houses of
-note are altogether omitted, I am tempted to mention a
-third&mdash;the house with that sign in Friday Street. It
-came into the hands of the Merchant Taylors' Company
-as early as the year 1400, and after several rebuildings
-was finally swept away in 1844. The adjoining house,
-said by tradition to have been occupied by Sir Christopher
-Wren, was destroyed at the same time.</p>
-
-<p>It was in the early thirties of last century that coaching
-reached its zenith, and perhaps the greatest coaching
-centre in London was the "Swan with Two Necks," Lad
-Lane. It was an old inn, mentioned by Machyn as early
-as 1556. In 1637 carriers from Manchester and other
-places used to lodge there, but it will be best
-remembered as it appears in a well-known print during
-the heyday of its prosperity, the courtyard crowded with
-life and movement. The gateway was so narrow that
-it required some horsemanship to drive a fast team out
-of the said courtyard, and some care on the part of the
-guard that his horn or bugle basket was not jammed
-against the gate-post. The proprietor of this establishment
-was Mr. William Chaplin who, originally a coachman,
-became perhaps the greatest coach proprietor that
-ever lived. About 1835 he occupied the yards of no
-fewer than five famous and important inns in London,
-to all of which allusion has been made&mdash;the "Spread<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">{134}</a></span>
-Eagle" and "Cross Keys" in Gracechurch Street, the
-"Swan with Two Necks," the "White Horse," Fetter
-Lane, and the "Angel" behind St. Clement's. He had
-1,300 horses at work on various roads, and about that
-time horsed fourteen out of the twenty-seven coaches
-leaving London every night. When the railways came
-he bowed to the inevitable, and, in partnership with Mr.
-Horne, established the great carrying business, which still
-flourishes on the site of the old "Swan with Two Necks."
-In 1845 Lad Lane was absorbed by Gresham Street. The
-origin of the sign has been often discussed, but it is
-perhaps well to conclude this chapter by adding a few
-words about it. The swans on the upper reaches of the
-Thames are owned respectively by the Crown and the
-Dyers and the Vintners' Company, and, according to
-ancient custom, the representatives of these several owners
-make an excursion each year up the river to mark the
-cygnets. The visitors' mark used to consist of the
-chevron or letter V and two nicks on the beak. The
-word nicks has been corrupted into necks, and as the
-Vintners were often tavern-keepers, the "Swan with Two
-Necks" became a common sign.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">{135}</a></span></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2><a name="THE_OLD_LONDON_COFFEE-HOUSES" id="THE_OLD_LONDON_COFFEE-HOUSES">THE OLD LONDON COFFEE-HOUSES</a></h2>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By G. L. Apperson, I.S.O.</span></p>
-
-
-
-<div>
-<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-f.png" width="100" height="119" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">For something like a century and a half
-the coffee-houses formed a distinctive feature
-of London life. The first is said to have
-been established by a man named Bowman,
-servant to a Turkey merchant, who opened a
-coffee-house in St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, in 1652.
-The honour of being the second has been claimed
-for the "Rainbow" in Fleet Street, by the Inner
-Temple Gate, opposite Chancery Lane. Aubrey, speaking
-of Sir Henry Blount, a beau in the time of
-Charles II., says: "When coffee first came in, he was
-a great upholder of it, and had ever since been a constant
-frequenter of coffee-houses, especially Mr. Farre's, at the
-'Rainbow,' by Inner Temple Gate." But according to <i>The
-Daily Post</i> of May 15th, 1728, "Old Man's" Coffee-house,
-at Charing Cross, "was the Second that was set
-up in the Cities of London and Westminster." The
-question of priority, however, is of no importance. It
-is quite certain that in a surprisingly short space of
-time coffee-houses became very numerous. A manuscript
-of 1659, quoted in <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i> for 1852
-(Part I., pp. 477-9), says that at that date there was</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"a Turkish drink to be sould almost in eury street, called Coffee, and
-another kind of drink called Tee, and also a drink called Chocolate,
-which was a very harty drink."</p></div>
-
-<p>Tea made its way slowly; but coffee took the town by
-storm.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">{136}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The coffee-houses, as resorts for men of different classes
-and occupations, survived till the early years of the nineteenth
-century; but their palmy days were over some
-time before the end of the eighteenth century. They
-were at the height of their fame and usefulness from the
-Restoration till the earlier years of George III.'s reign.</p>
-
-<p>From the description given in <i>The Spectator</i> and other
-contemporary writings&mdash;such as "facetious" Tom Brown's
-<i>Trip through London</i> of 1728, and the like&mdash;it is easy
-to reconstruct in imagination the interior of one of these
-resorts as they appeared in the time of Queen Anne.
-Occasionally the coffee-room, as at the famous "Will's"
-in Russell Street, Covent Garden, was on the first floor.
-Tables were disposed about the sanded floor&mdash;the erection
-of boxes did not come in until a later date&mdash;while on
-the walls were numerous flaming advertisements of quack
-medicines, pills and tinctures, salves and electuaries, which
-were as abundant then as now, and of other wares which
-might be bought at the bar. The bar was at the entrance
-to the temple of coffee and gossip, and was presided over
-by the predecessors of the modern barmaids&mdash;grumbled
-at in <i>The Spectator</i> as "idols," who there received homage
-from their admirers, and who paid more attention to
-customers who flirted with them than to more sober-minded
-visitors; and described by Tom Brown as "a
-charming Phillis or two, who invite you by their amorous
-glances into their smoaky territories."</p>
-
-<p>At the bar messages were left and letters taken in
-for regular customers. In the early days of Swift's
-friendship with Addison, Stella was instructed to address
-her letters to the former under cover to Addison at the
-"St. James's" Coffee-house, in St. James's Street; but as
-the friendship between the two men cooled the cover was
-dispensed with, and the letters were addressed to Swift
-himself at the coffee-house, where they were placed,
-doubtless with many others, in the glass frame behind
-the bar. Stella's handwriting was very like that of her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">{137}</a></span>
-famous correspondent, and one day Harley, afterwards
-Earl of Oxford, seeing one of Stella's letters in the
-glass frame and thinking the writing was Swift's, asked
-the latter, when he met him shortly afterwards, how long
-he had learned the trick of writing to himself. Swift
-says he could hardly persuade him that he was mistaken
-in the writing.</p>
-
-<p>The coffee-houses were the haunts of clubs and coteries
-almost from the date of their first establishment. Steele,
-in the familiar introduction to <i>The Tatler</i>, tells us how
-accounts of gallantry, pleasure and entertainment were
-to come from "White's" Chocolate-house; poetry from
-"Will's" Coffee-house; learning from the "Grecian"; and
-foreign and domestic news from the "St. James's."
-Nearly fifty years later, Bonnell Thornton, in the first
-number of <i>The Connoisseur</i>, January 31st, 1754, similarly
-enumerates some of the leading houses. "White's" was
-still the fashionable resort; "Garraway's" was for stock-jobbers;
-"Batson's" for doctors; the "Bedford" for
-"wits" and men of parts; the "Chapter" for book-sellers;
-and "St. Paul's" for the clergy. Mackay, in his <i>Journey
-through England</i>, published in 1724, says that</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"about twelve the <i>beau-monde</i> assembles in several chocolate and coffee-houses,
-the best of which are the Cocoa Tree and White's Chocolate-houses,
-St. James's, the Smyrna, and the British Coffee-houses; and all
-these so near one another that in less than an hour you see the company
-of them all.... I must not forget to tell you that the parties have
-their different places, where, however, a stranger is always well received;
-but a Whig will no more go to the Cocoa Tree or Ozinda's than a Tory
-will be seen at the coffee-house of St. James's. The Scots go generally to
-the British, and a mixture of all sorts to the Smyrna. There are other
-little coffee-houses much frequented in this neighbourhood&mdash;Young
-Man's for officers, Old Man's for stock-jobbers, paymasters, and courtiers,
-and Little Man's for sharpers."</p></div>
-
-<p>It was only natural that people of similar occupations
-or tastes should gravitate in their hours of leisure to
-common social centres, and no one classification, such as
-that just quoted, can exhaust the subject.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">{138}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The devotees of whist had their own houses. The
-game began to be popular about 1730, and some of those
-who first played scientific whist&mdash;possibly including Hoyle
-himself&mdash;were accustomed to meet at the "Crown"
-Coffee-house in Bedford Row. Other groups soon met
-at other houses. A pirated edition of Hoyle's <i>Whist</i>,
-printed at Dublin in 1743, contains an advertisement of
-"A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist, as play'd at
-Court, White's, and George's Chocolate-houses, at
-Slaughter's, and the Crown Coffee-houses, etc., etc." At
-"Rawthmell's" Coffee-house in Henrietta Street, Covent
-Garden, the Society of Arts was founded in 1754. "Old
-Slaughter's" in St. Martin's Lane was a great resort
-in the second half of the eighteenth century of artists.
-Here Roubillac the sculptor, Hogarth, Bourguignon or
-Gravelot the book illustrator, Moser the keeper of the
-St. Martin's Lane Academy, Luke Sullivan the engraver,
-and many others of the fraternity were wont to foregather.
-Near by was "Young Slaughter's," a meeting-place
-for scientific and literary men.</p>
-
-<p>R. L. Edgeworth, in his <i>Memoirs</i> (p. 118, Ed. 1844),
-says:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"I was introduced by Mr. Keir into a society of literary and scientific
-men, who used formerly to meet once a week at Jack's Coffee-house
-[<i>i.e., circa 1780</i>] in London, and afterwards at Young Slaughter's Coffee-house.
-Without any formal name, this meeting continued for years to
-be frequented by men of real science and of distinguished merit. John
-Hunter was our chairman. Sir Joseph Banks, Solander, Sir A. Blagden,
-Dr. George Fordyce, Milne, Maskelyne, Captain Cook, Sir G. Shuckburgh,
-Lord Mulgrave, Smeaton and Ramsden, were among our members. Many
-other gentlemen of talents belonged to this club, but I mention those
-only with whom I was individually acquainted."</p></div>
-
-<p>A favourite resort of men of letters during the middle
-and later years of the eighteenth century was the
-"Bedford" Coffee-house, under the Piazza, in Covent
-Garden. This house, it may be said, inherited the
-tradition from Button's, which that famous coffee-house
-had taken over from Will's. To the "Bedford" came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">{139}</a></span>
-Fielding, Foote, Garrick, Churchill, Sheridan, Hogarth,
-and many another man of note. Another haunt of literary
-men, as well as of book-sellers, was the "Chapter" Coffee-house
-in Paternoster Row. Chatterton wrote to his
-mother in May, 1770: "I am quite familiar at the
-'Chapter' Coffee-house, and know all the geniuses there."
-Goldsmith was one of its frequenters. It was here that
-he came to sup one night as the invited guest of
-Churchill's friend, Charles Lloyd. The supper was
-served and enjoyed, whereupon Lloyd, without a penny
-in his pocket to pay for the meal he had ordered, coolly
-walked off and left Goldsmith to discharge the reckoning.
-It was at the same house that Foote, one day when a
-distressed player passed his hat round the coffee-room
-circle with an appeal for help, made the malicious
-remark: "If Garrick hear of this he will certainly send
-in his hat."</p>
-
-<p>Close by was the "St. Paul's" Coffee-house, where,
-according to Bonnell Thornton, "tattered crapes," or
-poor parsons, were wont to ply "for an occasional burial
-or sermon, with the same regularity as the happier
-drudges who salute us with the cry of 'Coach, sir,' or
-'Chair, your honour.'" The same writer relates how a
-party of bucks, by a hoaxing proffer of a curacy, "drew
-all the poor parsons to 'St. Paul's' Coffee-house, where
-the bucks themselves sat in another box to smoke their
-rusty wigs and brown cassocks."</p>
-
-<p>Business men gathered at "Jonathan's" and "Garraway's,"
-both in Exchange Alley, where the sale and
-purchase of stocks and bonds and merchandise of every
-kind formed the staple talk. The former house was a
-centre of operations for both bubblers and bubbled in
-the mania year of 1720. "Lloyd's" Coffee-house was for
-very many years a famous auction mart.</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Then to Lloyd's coffee-house he never fails,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">To read the letters, and attend the sales,"<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">{140}</a></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>says the author of <i>The Wealthy Shopkeeper</i>, published in
-1700. Addison, in No. 46 of <i>The Spectator</i>, tells how he
-was accustomed to make notes or "minutes" of anything
-likely to be useful for future papers, and of how one day
-he accidentally dropped one of these papers at "Lloyd's
-Coffee-house, where the auctions are usually kept." It
-was picked up and passed from hand to hand, to the
-great amusement of all who saw it. Finally, the "boy
-of the coffee-house," having in vain asked for the owner
-of the paper, was made "to get up into the auction pulpit
-and read it to the whole room." The "Jerusalem" Coffee-house,
-in Exchange Alley, was for generations the resort
-of merchants and traders interested in the East.</p>
-
-<p>The doctors met at "Batson's" or "Child's." The
-pseudonymous author of Don Manoel Gonzales' <i>Voyage
-to Great Britain</i>, 1745, speaking of the London physicians,
-says: "You find them at Batson's or Child's Coffee-house
-usually in the morning, and they visit their patients in the
-afternoon." The Jacobites had two well-known houses
-of call&mdash;"Bromefield's" Coffee-house in Spring Gardens,
-and, later, the "Smyrna" in Pall Mall. Mr. J. H.
-MacMichael, in his valuable book on <i>Charing Cross</i>, 1906,
-quotes an order "given at their Majesties' Board of Green
-Cloth at Hampton Court" in 1689, to Sir Christopher
-Wren, Surveyor of Their Majesties' Works, to have
-"bricked or otherwise so closed up as you shall judge
-most fit for the security of their Majesties' Palace of
-Whitehall" a certain door which led out of Buckingham
-Court into Spring Garden, because Bromefield's Coffee-house
-in that court was resorted to by "a great and
-numerous concourse of Papists and other persons disaffected
-to the Government." Mr. MacMichael suggests
-that probably "Bromefield's" was identical with the
-coffee-house known as "Young Man's." "The Smyrna,"
-in Pall Mall, was the Jacobite resort in Georgian days. It
-was also a house of many literary associations. Thomson,
-the poet, there received subscriptions for his <i>Seasons</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">{141}</a></span>
-Swift and Prior and Arbuthnot frequented it. In 1703
-Lord Peterborough wrote to Arbuthnot from Spain:&mdash;"I
-would faine save Italy and yett drink tea with you at
-the Smirna this Winter." But it is impossible to catalogue
-fully all the different coffee-house centres. The
-"Grecian" in Devereux Court, Strand, was devoted to
-learning; barristers frequented "Serle's," at the corner of
-Serle and Portugal Streets, Lincoln's Inn Fields; the
-Templars went to "Dick's," and later to the "Grecian";
-and so the list might be prolonged.</p>
-
-<p>In the earlier days of the coffee-houses the coterie
-or club of regular frequenters foregathered by the fire,
-or in some particular part of the general room, or in
-an inner room. At "Will's" in Russell Street, Covent
-Garden, where Mr. Pepys used to drop in to hear the
-talk, Dryden, the centre of the literary circle which
-there assembled, had his big arm-chair in winter by the
-fireside, and in summer on the balcony. Around him
-gathered many men of letters, including Addison,
-Wycherley, Congreve, and the juvenile Pope, and all who
-aspired to be known as "wits." On the outskirts of the
-charmed circle hovered the more humble and modest
-frequenters of the coffee-room, who were proud to obtain
-the honour even of a pinch of snuff from the poet's box.
-Across the road at "Button's," a trifle later, Addison
-became the centre of a similar circle, though here the tone
-was political quite as much as literary. Whig men of
-letters discussed politics as well as books. Steele, Tickell,
-Budgell, Rowe, and Ambrose Phillips were among the
-leading figures in this coterie. Pope was of it for a time,
-but withdrew after his quarrel with Addison.</p>
-
-<p>Whig politicians met at the "St. James's"; and
-Addison, in a <i>Spectator</i> of 1712, pictures the scene. A
-rumour of the death of Louis XIV. had set the tongues
-going of all the gossips and quidnuncs in town; and the
-essayist relates how he made a tour of the town to hear
-how the news was received, and to catch the drift of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">{142}</a></span>
-popular opinion on so momentous an event. In the course
-of his peregrinations the silent gentleman visited the
-"St. James's," where he found the whole outer room in
-a buzz of politics. The quality of the talk improved as
-he advanced from the door to the upper end of the room;
-but the most thorough-going politicians were to be found
-"in the inner room, with the steam of the coffee-pot," and
-in this sanctum, says the humorist, "I heard the whole
-Spanish monarchy disposed of, and all the line of
-Bourbon provided for, in less than a quarter of an hour."</p>
-
-<p>In later days coffee-house clubs became more exclusive.
-The members of a club or coterie were allotted a room of
-their own, to which admission ceased to be free and
-open, and thus was marked the beginning of the
-transition from the coffee-house of the old style to the
-club-house of the new. In <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i> for
-1841 (Part II., pp. 265-9) is printed a paper of proposals,
-dated January 23rd, 1768, for enlarging the accommodation
-for the club accustomed to meet at Tom's Coffee-house,
-Great Russell Street, Covent Garden, by taking
-into the coffee-room the first floor of the adjoining house.
-Admission to this club was obtained by ballot.</p>
-
-<p>Coffee-houses were frequented for various purposes
-besides coffee, conversation, and business&mdash;professional
-or otherwise. The refreshments supplied were by no
-means confined to such innocuous beverages as tea and
-coffee and chocolate. Wines and spirits were freely consumed&mdash;"laced"
-coffee, or coffee dashed with brandy,
-being decidedly popular. Swift relates how on the
-occasion of his christening the child of Elliot, the proprietor
-of the "St. James's," he sat at the coffee-house
-among some "scurvy companions" over a bowl of punch
-so late that when he came home he had no time to
-write to Stella. The prolonged sittings and too copious
-libations of the company at Button's Coffee-house gave
-the feeble and delicate Pope many a headache; and
-Addison, who was notoriously a hard drinker, did not,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">{143}</a></span>
-we may feel sure, confine himself during those prolonged
-sittings to coffee.</p>
-
-<p>The coffee-houses were also public reading-rooms.
-There could be read the newspapers and other periodical
-publications of the day. When Sir Roger de Coverley
-entered "Squire's," near Gray's Inn Gate, he "called for
-a clean pipe, a paper of tobacco, a dish of coffee, a wax
-candle, and <i>The Supplement</i>."</p>
-
-<p>Mackay, in his <i>Journey through England</i>, already
-quoted, says that "in all the Coffee-houses you have not
-only the foreign prints, but several English ones with the
-Foreign Occurrences, besides papers of morality and
-party disputes." Swift, writing to Stella, November 18th,
-1711, says, "Do you read the <i>Spectators</i>? I never do;
-they never come in my way; I go to no coffee-houses";
-and when <i>The Tatler</i> had disappeared, a little earlier, Gay
-wrote that "the coffee-houses began to be sensible that
-the Esquire's lucubrations alone had brought them more
-customers than all their other newspapers put together."
-Periodical publications were filed for reference; and at
-all the better houses <i>The London Gazette</i>, and, during
-the session, the Parliamentary Votes could be seen. At
-least one house possessed a library. This was the
-"Chapter," in Paternoster Row, already referred to as
-a literary haunt. Dr. Thomas Campbell, the author of
-a <i>Diary of a Visit to England in 1775</i>, which was published
-at Sydney in 1854, says that he had heard that
-the "Chapter" was remarkable for a large collection of
-books and a reading society.</p>
-
-<p>The coffee-houses served as writing-rooms as well
-as reading-rooms. Many of Steele's numerous love-letters
-to "dear Prue," the lady who became his wife,
-the lovely Mary Scurlock, written both before and after
-his marriage, are dated from the "St. James's," the
-"Tennis Court," "Button's," or other coffee-house. But a
-popular coffee-room could hardly have been an ideal place
-for either reading or writing. A poet of 1690 says that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">{144}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"The murmuring buzz which thro' the room was sent,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Did bee-hives' noise exactly represent,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">And like a bee-hive, too, 'twas filled, and thick,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">All tasting of the Honey Politick<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Called 'News,' which they all greedily sucked in."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>And many years later, Gilly Williams, in a letter to
-George Selwyn, dated November 1st, 1764, says: "I write
-this in a full coffee-house, and with such materials, that
-you have good luck if you can read two lines of it."</p>
-
-<p>A curious proof of the close and intimate way in
-which the coffee-houses were linked with social life
-is to be seen in the occasional references, both in
-dramatic and prose literature, to some of the well-known
-servants of the coffee-houses. Steele, in the first number
-of <i>The Tatler</i>, refers familiarly to Humphrey Kidney, the
-waiter and keeper of book debts at the "St. James's"&mdash;he
-"has the ear of the greatest politicians that come hither"&mdash;and
-when Kidney resigned, it was advertised that he
-had been "succeeded by John Sowton, to whose place of
-caterer of messages and first coffee-grinder William Bird is
-promoted, and Samuel Bardock comes as shoe-cleaner in
-the room of the said Bird." "Robin, the Porter who waits
-at Will's Coffee-house," plays a prominent part in a little
-romance narrated in No. 398 of <i>The Spectator</i>. He is
-described as "the best man in the town for carrying a
-billet; the fellow has a thin body, swift step, demure
-looks, sufficient sense, and knows the town." A waiter
-of the same name at Locket's, in Spring Gardens, is
-alluded to in Congreve's <i>The Way of the World</i>, where
-the fashionable Lady Wishfort, when she threatens to
-marry a "drawer" (or waiter), says, "I'll send for Robin
-from Locket's immediately."</p>
-
-<p>The coffee-houses were employed as agencies for the
-sale of many things other than their own refreshments.
-Most of them sold the quack medicines that were staringly
-advertised on their walls. Some sold specific proprietary
-articles. A newspaper advertisement of 1711 says that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">{145}</a></span>
-the water of Epsom Old Well was "pumped out almost
-every night, that you may have the new mineral every
-morning," and that "the water is sold at Sam's Coffee-house
-in Ludgate Street, Hargrave's at the Temple Gate,
-Holtford's at the lower end of Queen's Street near
-Thames Street, and nowhere else in London." A
-"Ticket of the seal of the Wells" was affixed, so that
-purchasers "might not be cheated in their waters." The
-"Royal" Coffee-house at Charing Cross, which flourished
-in the time of Charles II., sold "Anderson's Pills"&mdash;a
-compound of cloves, jalap, and oil of aniseed. At the
-same house were to be had tickets for the various county
-feasts, then popular, which were an anticipation of the
-annual dinners of county associations so common nowadays.</p>
-
-<p>Razor-strops of a certain make were to be bought in
-1705 at John's Coffee-house, Exchange Alley. In 1742
-it was advertised that "silver tickets" (season tickets)
-for Ranelagh Gardens were to be had at any hour of
-the day at Forrest's Coffee-house, near Charing Cross.
-"All Sorts of the newest fashion'd Tye Perukes, made of
-fresh string, Humane Hair, far exceeding any Country
-Work," were advertised in 1725 as to be bought at
-Brown's Coffee-house in Spring Gardens.</p>
-
-<p>House agents, professional men, and other folk of more
-questionable kind, were all wont to advertise that they
-could be seen by clients at this or that coffee-house.
-The famous and impudent Mrs. Mapp, "the bone-setter,"
-drove into town daily from Epsom in her own carriage,
-and was to be seen (and heard) at the "Grecian." Most
-of the houses were willing to receive letters in answer to
-advertisements, and from the nature of the latter must
-often, it is pretty certain, have been assisting parties to
-fraud and chicanery of various kind. At some houses,
-besides those like Lloyd's specially devoted to auction
-business, sales were held. A black boy was advertised to
-be sold at Denis's Coffee-house in Finch Lane in 1708. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">{146}</a></span>
-the middle of the eighteenth century sales were often held
-at the "Apollo" Coffee-house, just within Temple Bar,
-and facing Temple Gate. Picture sales were usually held
-at coffee-houses. The catalogue of one such sale, held
-at the "Barbadoes" Coffee-house in February, 1689/90,
-contains a glowing address on the art of painting by
-Millington, the Auctioneer, written in the style made
-famous later by George Robins. Says the eloquent
-Millington:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"This incomparable art at the same time informs the Judgment, pleases
-the Fancy, recreates the Eye, and touches the Soul, entertains the Curious
-with silent Instruction, by expressing our most noble Passions, and never
-fails of rewarding its admirers with the greatest Pleasures, so Innocent and
-Ravishing, that the severest Moralists, the Morosest <i>Stoicks</i> cannot be
-offended therewith,"</p></div>
-
-<p>and so on and so on.</p>
-
-<p>Many of the early book sales, too, were held at coffee-houses.
-The third book auction in England, that of the
-library of the Rev. William Greenhill, was held on
-February 18th, 1677/78, "in the House of Ferdinand
-Stable, Coffee-Seller, at the Sign of the 'Turk's Head,'"
-in Bread Street. When sales were held elsewhere,
-catalogues could usually be had at some of the leading
-coffee-houses.</p>
-
-<p>Besides serving as reading, writing and sale rooms,
-they seem sometimes to have been used as lecture rooms.
-William Whiston, in his <i>Memoirs</i> written by himself
-(1749), says:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Mr. Addison, with his friend Sir Richard Steele, brought me upon
-my banishment from Cambridge, to have many astronomical lectures at
-Mr. Button's coffee-house, near Covent Garden, to the agreeable entertainment
-of a great number of persons, and the procuring me and my
-family some comfortable support under my banishment."</p></div>
-
-<p>Some of the houses, as an additional attraction to
-visitors, offered exhibitions of collections of curiosities.
-The most famous collection of this kind was that to be
-seen for many years at Don Saltero's Coffee-house at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">{147}</a></span>
-Chelsea. Don Saltero, by the way, was simply plain
-James Salter disguised. Some of his exhibits were
-supplied by his former master, Sir Hans Sloane, and by
-other scientific friends and patrons. But mixed with
-things of genuine interest were to be seen all sorts of
-rubbish. Steele made fun of the collection in <i>The Tatler</i>.
-But people came to see the "piece of nun's skin tanned,"
-"Job's tears, which grow on a tree, and of which anodyne
-necklaces are made," a "waistcoat to prevent sweating,"
-and the many other strange articles which were shown
-side by side with the wooden shoe (of doubtful authenticity,
-one would think) which was placed under Mr.
-Speaker's chair in the time of James II., the King of
-Morocco's tobacco pipe, Oliver Cromwell's sword, and the
-like "historical" curiosities; and Mr. Salter had no reason
-to be dissatisfied with the results of his ingenuity. The
-most interesting association of this coffee-house, perhaps,
-is Pennant's story of how it was frequented by Richard
-Cromwell, the quondam Lord Protector, described in his
-peaceful age as "a little and very neat old man, with a
-most placid countenance, the effect of his innocent and
-unambitious life."</p>
-
-<p>Not far from Don Saltero's was the old Chelsea Bun-house,
-which also contained a museum. The last relics
-of this collection were sold in April, 1839, and included
-a few pictures, plaster casts, a model of the bun-house,
-another, in cut paper, of St. Mary Redcliff Church, and
-other things of a still more trumpery character.</p>
-
-<p>Richard Thoresby tells us that when he was in
-London, in the summer of 1714, he met his "old friend
-Dr. Sloane at the coffee-house of Mr. Miers, who hath
-a handsome collection of curiosities in the room where
-the virtuosi meet." As the name of the proprietor only
-is given, it is not easy to identify this house, but possibly
-it was the "Grecian" in Devereux Court, which was a
-favourite resort of the learned. It was at the "Grecian,"
-by the way, that Goldsmith, in the latter years of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">{148}</a></span>
-life, was often the life and soul of the Templars who
-were wont to meet there. In their company he sometimes
-amused himself with the flute, or with whist&mdash;"neither
-of which he played very well." When he took
-what he called a "Shoemaker's holiday," Goldsmith, after
-his day's excursion, "concluded by supping at the
-'Grecian' or 'Temple-Exchange' Coffee-house, or at
-the 'Globe' in Fleet Street."</p>
-
-<p>A word must be said as to the manners of the frequenters
-of coffee-houses. The author of <i>A Trip
-through London</i>, 1728, tells of fops who stare you out
-of countenance, and describes one man as standing with
-his back to the fire "in a great coffee-house near the
-Temple," and there spouting poetry&mdash;a remarkable specimen,
-indeed, of the bore; but on the whole the evidence
-goes to show that bad manners were usually resented by
-the rest of the company, and that good humour and
-good manners were marked characteristics of coffee-house
-life. There were exceptional incidents, of course. A
-fatal duel once resulted from a heated argument at the
-"Grecian" about a Greek accent. One day, soon after
-the first appearance of <i>The Tatler</i>, two or three well-dressed
-men walked into the coffee-room of the
-"St. James's," and began in a loud, truculent manner to
-abuse Steele as the author of that paper. One of them
-at last swore that he would cut Steele's throat or teach
-him better manners. Among the company present was
-Lord Forbes, with two friends, officers of high rank in
-the army. When the cut-throat had uttered his threat,
-Lord Forbes said significantly, "In this country you will
-find it easier to cut a purse than to cut a throat," and
-with the aid of the military gentlemen the bullies were
-ignominiously turned out of the house. Many years later,
-in 1776, the "St. James's" was the scene of a singular
-act of senseless violence. It is tersely described in
-a letter from Lord Carlisle to George Selwyn. He
-writes:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">{149}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The Baron de Lingsivy ran a French officer through the body on
-Thursday for laughing in the St. James's Coffee-house. I find he did
-not pretend that he himself was laughed at, but at that moment he
-chose that the world should be grave. The man won't die, and the baron
-will not be hanged."</p></div>
-
-<p>Incidents of this kind, however, were of rare occurrence.</p>
-
-<p>But it is impossible to attempt to exhaust the subject
-of the Old London Coffee-houses in one brief chapter.
-For a hundred years they focussed the life of the town.
-Within their hospitable walls men of all classes and
-occupations, independently, or in clubs and coteries, met
-not only for refreshment, but for social intercourse&mdash;to
-read and hear the news, to discuss the topics of the day,
-to entertain and be entertained. This was the chief end
-they served. Incidentally, as we have seen, they served
-a number of other subsidiary and more of less useful
-purposes. They died slowly. Gradually the better-class
-houses became more exclusive, and were merged in clubs
-of the modern kind. The inferior houses were driven
-from public favour by the taverns and public-houses, or,
-degenerating from their former condition, lingered on as
-coffee-houses still, but of the lower type, which is not
-yet quite extinct.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">{150}</a></span></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2><a name="THE_LEARNED_SOCIETIES_OF" id="THE_LEARNED_SOCIETIES_OF">THE LEARNED SOCIETIES OF
-LONDON</a></h2>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.</span></p>
-
-
-
-<div>
-<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-i.png" width="56" height="124" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">In a sense some of the City Guilds are entitled to be
-called "learned societies"&mdash;as the Apothecaries, the
-Parish Clerks, the Stationers, and the Surgeons&mdash;but
-they are dealt with under their proper head. By
-the learned societies of London, we mean here those
-voluntary bodies existing with or without royal patronage,
-but relying wholly for support on the contributions of
-their members, which have taken upon themselves the
-promotion of knowledge in one or more of its branches.
-The earliest which we have been able to trace is that
-Society of Antiquaries which was founded in 1572, the
-fourteenth year of Queen Elizabeth, at the house of Sir
-Robert Cotton, under the presidency of Archbishop Parker.
-It counted among its members Lancelot Andrewes, Bishop
-of Winchester, William Camden, Sir William Dethicke,
-Garter, William Lambarde, James Ley, Earl of Marlborough,
-John Stow, Mr. Justice Whitelock, and other
-antiquaries of distinction. It is said that James I. became
-alarmed for the arcana of his Government and, as some
-thought, for the established Church, and accordingly put
-an end to the existence of the society in 1604.</p>
-
-<p>His grandson, Charles II., founded the Royal Society
-of London for improving natural knowledge in the year
-1660, and thus gave effect to a project which had been in
-the minds of many learned men for some time, is
-expounded by Bacon in his scheme of Solomon's house,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">{151}</a></span>
-and is perhaps best embodied in a letter which was
-addressed by John Evelyn to the Hon. Robert Boyle on
-September 1, 1659. The first meeting recorded in the
-journals of the society was held on November 28, 1660,
-and Evelyn was elected a member on December 26 of
-that year. Sir R. Moray was the first president. Graunt
-aptly called the society "The King's Privy Council for
-Philosophy." Statutes were duly framed by the society,
-and received the King's approval in January, 1662-3.
-For many years it held its meetings at Gresham College,
-with an interval of about four years (1669-1673), when it
-occupied Chelsea College. Its charters (dated 1662,
-1663, and 1669) gave it many privileges, among others that
-of using a mace, and it was formerly said that the one used
-by the society was the identical mace or "bauble" of
-the Long Parliament, but that is an error. The society
-began in 1663 the excellent practice, which has continued
-to the present day, of celebrating the anniversary by
-dining together on St. Andrew's Day (November 30). It
-began on February 21, 1665-6, the formation of its
-museum, a catalogue of which was published in 1681.
-Many of its meetings were devoted to practical experiment;
-thus, on November 14, 1666, the operation of
-the transfusion of blood from one dog to another was
-performed in the presence of the members. In 1671
-Isaac Newton sent his reflecting telescope to the society,
-and on January 11, 1671-2, he was elected a fellow. On
-April 28, 1686, the manuscript of his <i>Principia</i> was
-presented to the society, and it was published by the
-society in the following year. Many great men have
-been presidents of the society. Among them may
-be mentioned Sir Christopher Wren, elected president
-January 12, 1680-1; Samuel Pepys, 1684; Lord Somers,
-Chancellor of England, 1698; Isaac Newton, 1703; Sir
-Hans Sloane, on the death of Newton, 1726-7; Martin
-Folkes, who was also a well-remembered President of the
-Society of Antiquaries, 1741; the Earl of Macclesfield,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">{152}</a></span>
-1753; succeeded on his death by the Earl of Morton, 1764;
-James West, 1768; James Barrow, and shortly afterwards,
-Sir John Pringle, 1772; Sir Joseph Banks, 1777;
-Wollaston, 1820; Davies Gilbert, 1826. In 1830, a contested
-election took place between the Duke of Sussex
-and Herschel the astronomer, when His Royal Highness
-was elected by 119 votes to 111.</p>
-
-<p>The Government have frequently availed themselves
-of the existence of the Royal Society to
-entrust it with important public duties. On December 12,
-1710, the fellows of the society were appointed visitors
-of the Royal Observatory. On February 7, 1712/3,
-the King requested the society to supply enquiries
-for his ambassadors. In 1742, and afterwards, it
-assisted in the determination of the standards. In 1780
-its public services were recognised by the grant of apartments
-in Somerset House. In 1784 it undertook a
-geodetical survey. Recently it has been entrusted by
-Parliament with a sum of �4,000 a year, which it allots
-towards encouraging scientific research. It has promoted
-many public movements, such as Arctic expeditions,
-magnetic observations, and the like. Originally its
-members were drawn from two classes&mdash;the working-men
-of science and the patrons of science; and the idea is
-even now maintained by certain privileges in respect of
-election given to privy councillors and peers; but the
-recent tendency has been to restrict its fellowship to
-persons eminent in physical science. The Royal Society
-Club was founded in 1743, and still flourishes.</p>
-
-<p>After the summary proceedings of James I., in 1604,
-the antiquaries seem to have allowed the whole of the
-seventeenth century to pass without any further attempt
-at organisation, though we learn from Mr. Ashmole that
-on July 2, 1659, an antiquaries' feast was held, and many
-renowned antiquaries, such as Dugdale, Spelman, Selden,
-and Anthony � Wood flourished at that time. On
-November 5, 1707, three antiquaries met at the "Bear"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">{153}</a></span>
-Tavern in the Strand, and agreed to hold a weekly
-meeting at the same place on Fridays at 6 o'clock, "and
-sit till ten at farthest." Other antiquaries joined them,
-and they removed next year to the "Young Devil"
-Tavern in Fleet Street, where Le Neve became their
-president.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_028.jpg" width="600" height="515" alt="" />
-<p class='center'>THE<br />
-ROYAL SOCIETY'S<br />
-LETTER.</p>
-
-<p>I have (by Order of the Royal Society) seen and
-examined the Method used by Mr JOHN MARSHALL,
-for grinding Glasses; and find that he performs
-the said Work with greater Ease and Certainty
-than hitherto has been practised; by means of an Invention
-which I take to be his own, and New; and
-whereby he is enabled to make a great number of Optick-Glasses
-at one time, and all exactly alike; which
-having reported to the Royal Society, they were pleased
-to approve thereof, as an Invention of great use; and
-highly to deserve Encouragement.</p>
-
-<p>Lond. Jan. 18. <br />
-1693, 4.              </p>
-
-<p class='right'>By the Command of the<br />
-Royal Society.<br />
-EDM. HALLEY.<br />
-</p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>Note</i>, There are several Persons who pretend to have the Approbation of the ROYAL
-SOCIETY; but none has, or ever had it, but my self; as my Letter can testifie.</p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>Marshall</i>s True SPECTACLES.</p>
-
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">An Early Letter of the Royal Society, dated January 18th, 1693-4.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>In 1717 they resolved to form themselves into a
-society, which is the Society of Antiquaries now existing.
-Its minutes have been regularly kept since January 1,
-1718. The first volume bears the motto:</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Nec veniam antiquis, sed honorem et pr�mia posci.<br /></span>
-</div>
-<p class="right">"Stukeley, secr., 1726";</p></div>
-
-<p>and the whole of the volume appears to be in Stukeley's
-autograph.</p>
-
-<p>In a quaint preliminary memorandum, he enumerates
-the "antient monuments" the society was to study, as:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Old Citys, Stations, Camps, public Buildings, Roads, Temples,
-Abbys, Churches, Statues, Tombs, Busts, Inscriptions, Castles, Ruins,
-Altars, Ornaments, Utensils, Habits, Seals, Armour, Pourtraits, Medals,
-Urns, Pavements, Mapps, Charts, Manuscripts, Genealogy, Historys,
-Observations, Emendations of Books, already published, and whatever
-may properly belong to the History of Bryttish Antiquitys."</p></div>
-
-<p>The earlier publications of the society consisted of a
-series of fine prints engraved by George Vertue. In 1747
-it began the issue of <i>Vetusta Monumenta</i>, and in 1770
-the first edition of the first volume of <i>Arch�ologia, or
-Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity</i>, appeared.
-The Society's resources were modest. In the year 1736 its
-income was only �61, but its expenditure was not more
-than �11, and its accumulated funds amounted to �134.
-In 1752 it obtained from George II., who declared himself
-to be the founder and patron of the society, a Royal
-Charter of Incorporation, reciting that:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"the study of Antiquity and the History of former times, has ever been
-esteemed highly commendable and usefull, not only to improve the minds
-of men, but also to incite them to virtuous and noble actions, and such
-as may hereafter render them famous and worthy examples to late
-posterity."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">{154}</a></span></p></div>
-
-<p>The qualifications of a fellow are thus defined in the
-charter:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"By how much any persons shall be more excelling in the knowledge
-of the Antiquities and History of this and other nations; by how much
-the more they are desirous to promote the Honour, Business, and Emoluments
-of this Society; and by how much the more eminent they shall be
-for Piety, Virtue, Integrity, and Loyalty: by so much the more fit and
-worthy shall such person be judged of being elected and admitted into
-the said Society."</p></div>
-
-<p>Like the Royal Society, the Society of Antiquaries
-was to have and employ a sergeant-at-mace, and apartments
-were allotted to it in Somerset House. From this
-close neighbourhood grew an intimate association between
-the two societies. Many persons belonged to both, and
-although the paths of the two societies have since
-diverged, that is still so in the case of about twenty
-fellows. A practice grew up of attending each other's
-meetings. For more than forty years that agreeable
-form of interchange has ceased, and the societies contemplate
-each other from opposite corners of the quadrangle
-of Burlington House. The Fellows of the Society of
-Antiquaries dined together for many years on St. George's
-Day, April 23, the day prescribed for their anniversary
-by the charter; but after a while the custom fell into
-disuse, and it has only been revived of late years.</p>
-
-<p>In 1753 the Society for the Encouragement of Arts,
-Manufactures, and Commerce, now called the Royal
-Society of Arts, was established. It held its first public
-meeting in March, 1754. It was incorporated by Royal
-Charter in 1847, and has for its objects:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"the encouragement of the arts, manufactures, and commerce of the
-country, by bestowing rewards for such productions, inventions, or
-improvements as tend to the employment of the poor, to the increase of
-trade, and to the riches and honour of the kingdom; and for meritorious
-works in the various departments of the fine arts; for discoveries, inventions
-and improvements in agriculture, chemistry, mechanics, manufactures,
-and other useful arts; for the application of such natural and
-artificial products, whether of home, colonial, or foreign growth and
-manufacture, as may appear likely to afford fresh objects of industry, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">{155}</a></span>
-to increase the trade of the realm by extending the sphere of British
-commerce; and generally to assist in the advancement, development, and
-practical application of every department of science in connection with
-the arts, manufactures, and commerce of this country."</p></div>
-
-<p>Between 1754 and 1783 it distributed �28,434 by way
-of premiums for inventions. For more than a century
-and a half the society has devoted itself with unabated
-zeal to the promotion of its objects&mdash;by meetings,
-examinations, exhibitions, and in many other ways.</p>
-
-<p>On January 13, 1800, the Royal Institution was founded.
-In the words of one of its most distinguished professors,
-it has been a fertile source of the popularity of science.
-By means of its lectures, its laboratories, its libraries, and
-its rewards for research, it greatly stimulated public
-interest in scientific pursuits when there were few other
-bodies in existence capable of doing so. It continues to
-perform the same useful function, notwithstanding the
-great increase in the number of specialist societies since
-it was established. A feature of its lectures is the annual
-course "adapted to a juvenile auditory." It has appointed
-as its professors some of the most illustrious scientific
-men, such as Sir Humphry Davy (up to 1812), Brande
-(1813 to 1852, and afterwards as honorary professor),
-Faraday (1852), and Tyndall (1853). The late Prince
-Consort (Albert the Good) took great interest in its work,
-and frequently presided at its weekly meetings. It has
-a Board of Managers, and also a Committee of Visitors,
-annually elected, and the visitors make an annual report
-on the state of the institution. After some early pecuniary
-difficulties it entered on a career of steady prosperity.</p>
-
-<p>In 1807 the Geological Society was founded. The
-science of geology was very much opposed to popular
-notions derived from a literal interpretation of the Hebrew
-cosmogony, and was accordingly unpopular among those
-who held those notions; but the society steadily pursued
-its object, and can now look back upon the hundred years
-of its existence with pride and satisfaction. In one of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">{156}</a></span>
-presidential addresses Sir Charles Lyell quoted the
-observation of Hutton, that "We can see neither the
-beginning nor the end of that vast series of phenomena
-which it is our business as geologists to investigate."
-Leonard Horner, another distinguished president, claimed
-that the society had been a "powerful instrument for the
-advancement of geological science, a centre of good
-fellowship, and a band of independent scientific men, who
-steadily and fearlessly promote the cause of truth." The
-society grants an annual medal, founded in memory of
-Wollaston, which has been frequently awarded to foreign
-geologists of distinction; and it also administers a fund
-bequeathed by him to promote useful researches in
-geology.</p>
-
-<p>In November, 1820, Dr. Burgess, the Bishop of St.
-David's, obtained an audience of King George IV., and
-laid before him a plan for the establishment of a Royal
-Society of Literature. The King took so warm an interest
-in the project as to assign out of his privy purse an annual
-sum of 1,100 guineas, out of which pensions of 100 guineas
-each were awarded to ten royal associates of the society,
-and two medals annually granted to distinguished literary
-men. Among the royal associates were Samuel Taylor
-Coleridge, T. R. Malthus, William Roscoe, and Sharon
-Turner. Among the medallists were Dugald Stewart,
-Walter Scott, Robert Southey, Washington Irving, and
-Henry Hallam. Upon September 15, 1825, the society
-received its Charter of Incorporation, in which its object
-is defined to be:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"the advancement of literature by the publication of inedited remains
-of ancient literature, and of such works as may be of great intrinsic
-value, but not of that popular character which usually claims the attention
-of publishers; by the promotion of discoveries in literature; by endeavouring
-to fix the standard, as far as is practicable, and to preserve the purity
-of the English language; by the critical improvement of English
-lexicography; by the reading at public meetings of interesting papers
-on history, philosophy, poetry, philology, and the arts, and the publication
-of such of those papers as shall be approved of; by the assigning of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">{157}</a></span>
-honorary rewards to works of great literary merit, and to important discoveries
-in literature; and by establishing a correspondence with learned
-men in foreign countries for the purpose of literary enquiry and
-information."</p></div>
-
-<p>The first method, the publication of inedited and other
-works, has been greatly promoted by a bequest to the
-society of �1,692 from the Rev. Dr. Richards. Out of the
-income of this fund the <i>Orations of Hyperides</i>, edited
-by the Rev. Churchill Babington; the <i>Discourses of
-Philoxenus</i>, by Dr. E. A. Wallis Budge; the <i>Chronicle
-of Adam of Usk</i>, by Sir E. Maunde Thompson;
-Coleridge's <i>Christabel</i>, by E. H. Coleridge; and other
-valuable works have been provided. The <i>Transactions</i>
-of the society also contain many important papers. On
-the death of George IV. the annual gift of 100 guineas to
-each of the ten royal associates was withdrawn. The
-society now acknowledges literary merit by the award
-of the diploma of Honorary Fellow. In this capacity
-many distinguished authors, both in this country and
-abroad, have been and are associated with the society.</p>
-
-<p>In its early years the society was hotly attacked by
-Macaulay, who held that its claim to be an appreciator of
-excellence in literature involved a claim to condemn
-literature of which it disapproved, and was equivalent to
-the establishment of a literary star-chamber. He
-illustrated this by a rather feeble apologue, and nothing
-in the subsequent history of the society has shown that
-his apprehensions had any foundation. It has been very
-modest in the exercise of the functions conferred upon
-it by its charter, which included the foundation of a
-college and the appointment of professors. At one time
-it did appoint a professor of English arch�ology and
-history, and it called upon every royal associate on his
-admission to select some branch of literature on which
-it should be his duty, once a year at least, to communicate
-some disquisition or essay. The subject chosen by
-Coleridge was a characteristic one:&mdash;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">{158}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The relations of opposition and conjunction, in which the poetry
-(the Homeric and tragic), the religion, and the mysteries of ancient
-Greece stood each to the other; with the differences between the sacerdotal
-and popular religion; and the influences of theology and scholastic logic
-on the language and literature of Christendom from the 11th century."</p></div>
-
-<p>In pursuance of this undertaking he communicated a
-disquisition on the "Prometheus" of �schylus.</p>
-
-<p>In 1827 the Royal Asiatic Society was founded. As
-its title implies, it devotes itself to the study of the
-languages, the literature, the history, and the traditions
-of the peoples of Asia, especially of those inhabiting
-our Indian dependency. It has enrolled in its ranks
-many, if not all, the great Indian administrators and
-the most distinguished Asiatic scholars. Daughter
-societies have been established in the three Presidencies,
-and have contributed to the collection of materials for its
-work. Its transactions are of acknowledged value and
-authority. In its rooms at Albemarle Street a library
-and museum have been collected. Its latest publication
-is a collection of Baluchi poems by Mr. Longworth
-Dames, which has also been issued to the members of
-the Folk-lore Society.</p>
-
-<p>On September 26, 1831, the British Association for the
-Advancement of Science held its first meeting at York.
-It originated in a letter addressed by Sir David Brewster
-to Professor Phillips, as secretary to the York Philosophical
-Society. The statement of its objects appended
-to its rules, as drawn up by the Rev. William Vernon
-Harcourt, is as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The Association contemplates no interference with the ground
-occupied by other institutions. Its objects are:&mdash;To give a stronger
-impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific inquiry&mdash;to promote
-the intercourse of those, who cultivate science in different parts of the
-British Empire, with one another and with foreign philosophers&mdash;to
-obtain a more general attention to the objects of science, and a removal
-of any disadvantages of a public kind which impede its progress."</p></div>
-
-<p>The association was well described by the late Mr.
-Spottiswoode as "general in its comprehensiveness; special<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">{159}</a></span>
-in its sectional arrangement." The general business of
-its meetings consists (1) in receiving and discussing communications
-upon scientific subjects at the various sections
-into which it is divided; (2) in distributing, under the
-advice of a Committee of Recommendations, the funds
-arising from the subscriptions of members and associates;
-and (3) in electing a council upon whom devolves the
-conduct of affairs until the next meeting. Although the
-meetings are held in all parts of the United Kingdom,
-and have been held in Canada and South Africa, the
-British Association may be correctly described as a
-London learned society, as its headquarters are in
-London, where the council meets and directs its continuous
-activities. One principal feature of its work, that of the
-Research Committees, which, either with or without a
-grant of money, pursue special enquiries with the view
-of reporting to the next annual meeting, continues
-throughout the year. The original designation of what
-are now the sections was "Committees of Sciences,"
-and these were&mdash;(1) mathematics and general physics,
-(2) chemistry and mineralogy, (3) geology and
-geography, (4) zoology and botany, (5) anatomy and
-physiology, (6) statistics. The sectional arrangement was
-begun in 1835, and the sections are now constituted
-as follows&mdash;(<i>a</i>) mathematical and physical science,
-(<i>b</i>) chemistry, (<i>c</i>) geology, (<i>d</i>) zoology, (<i>e</i>) geography,
-(<i>f</i>) economic science and statistics, (<i>g</i>) engineering,
-(<i>h</i>) anthropology, (<i>i</i>) physiology, (<i>k</i>) botany, (<i>l</i>) educational
-science. At each annual meeting, which lasts a week, the
-president of the next meeting is chosen, but the previous
-president remains in office until the first day (Wednesday)
-of that meeting, when he introduces his successor, who
-delivers an address. Many memorable addresses have
-been delivered by the distinguished men who have held
-that office. Each section has also a president, chosen for
-the year, and he delivers an address at the opening of
-the proceedings of his section. These addresses usually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">{160}</a></span>
-relate to the progress during the year, or during recent
-years, of the science dealt with by the section, or to some
-interesting matter developed by the personal researches
-of the president himself. Men of eminence in the various
-sciences are generally selected for and willingly accept the
-office of Sectional President. The meetings of the British
-Association have been called a "Parliament of Science,"
-and its influence in promoting scientific movements and
-rendering science popular has been very great.</p>
-
-<p>In 1833 the Royal Geographical Society was founded.
-It may fairly be called the most popular of all the
-special societies, having about 4,000 members. It is
-also one of the most wealthy, having an income of about
-�10,000 a year. It has accumulated a fine series of
-maps, and a large library of geographical literature.
-Its quarterly journal is a store-house of the most recent
-information relating to geographical exploration. By
-medals and other rewards to explorers, by prizes awarded
-in schools and training colleges, by the loan of instruments
-to travellers, by the preparation of codes of
-instruction for their use, and in many other ways, it applies
-its resources to the extension of geographical knowledge.
-It has taken an active part in the promotion of Arctic
-and Antarctic exploration. As geographical researches
-are matters of great public interest, its meetings are
-sometimes important social functions, as on a recent
-occasion, when a foreign prince was the lecturer, and our
-King attended and spoke.</p>
-
-<p>On March 15, 1834, the Statistical Society (now
-Royal Statistical) was founded. It was one of the first
-fruits of the activity of the British Association, which
-established a Statistical Committee at the Cambridge
-meeting in 1833, with Babbage as president. Their
-report recommended the formation of a society for the
-careful collection, arrangement, discussion, and publication
-of facts bearing on or illustrating the complex
-relations of modern society in its social, economical, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">{161}</a></span>
-political aspects, especially facts which can be stated
-numerically and arranged in tables. The first president
-was the Marquis of Lansdowne, and among his successors
-have been many statesmen, such as Lord John Russell,
-Mr. Gladstone, and Lord Goschen; authorities on finance,
-as Lord Overstone, Mr. Newmarch, and Lord Avebury;
-and eminent writers on statistics, as Dr. Farr, Sir Robert
-Giffen, and the Right Hon. Charles Booth. As becomes
-the orderly mind of a statistician, the society has been
-very regular in its publications, having for seventy
-years issued a yearly volume in quarterly parts, which
-form a veritable mine of statistical information.</p>
-
-<p>The society presents a Guy medal (in memory of
-Dr. W. A. Guy) to the authors of valuable papers or to
-others who have promoted its work, and a Howard
-medal (in memory of the great philanthropist) to the
-author of the best essay on a prescribed subject, generally
-having relation to the public health. It has accumulated
-a fine library of about 40,000 volumes of a special
-character, containing the statistical publications of all
-civilised countries. It has conducted some special
-enquiries&mdash;as into medical charities, the production and
-consumption of meat and milk, and the farm school
-system of the Continent&mdash;upon which it has published
-reports.</p>
-
-<p>Among recent developments of statistical method in
-which the society has taken part may be mentioned the
-use of index-numbers for affording a standard of comparison
-between statistics of different years, and a means
-of correction of errors that would otherwise arise; and
-the increasing use of the higher mathematical analysis
-in determining the probabilities of error and defining the
-curves of frequency in statistical observations. Professor
-Edgeworth, Messrs. Bowley, Yule, Hooker, and others,
-have made contributions to the <i>Journal</i> of the society
-on these matters.</p>
-
-<p>In 1844 an Ethnological Society was established,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">{162}</a></span>
-under the presidency of Sir Charles Malcolm. Dr.
-Richard King, the founder, became its secretary. In
-1846 Dr. J. C. Prichard became president, and he and
-Dr. King fulfilled respectively the same functions in an
-ethnological sub-section of the section of zoology of the
-British Association, which then met for the first time.
-In Prichard's first anniversary address to the society, he
-defines ethnology as "the history of human races or of
-the various tribes of men who constitute the population
-of the world. It comprehends all that can be learned
-as to their origin and relations to each other." Prichard
-died in 1848, and Sir C. Malcolm resumed the presidency,
-which he held until his death on November 12, 1851.
-In that year ethnology was transferred from the zoological
-to the geographical section of the British Association.
-Sir B. C. Brodie became the next president of the society.
-He retired in 1854, and was succeeded by Sir James
-Clark. The fourth and last volume of the first series
-of the society's <i>Journal</i> was published in 1856, and a
-series of <i>Transactions</i> begun in 1861. At that time
-Mr. John Crawfurd was president of the society, and he
-retained the office until his death in 1868, when he was
-succeeded by Professor Huxley.</p>
-
-<p>In 1862 Dr. James Hunt, the Honorary Foreign
-Secretary of the Ethnological Society, withdrew from it,
-and founded the Anthropological Society of London,
-which held its first meeting on February 24, 1863, under
-his presidency. In his inaugural address, he defined
-anthropology as the science of the whole nature of man,
-and ethnology as the history or science of nations or
-races. The new society was active and aggressive. It
-published translations of works of such writers as
-Broca, Pouchet, Vogt, and Waitz, and of the famous
-treatise of Blumenbach. Some of the papers read before
-it attracted much attention, and were thought to have a
-political bias. Many men whose names were well known
-in the scientific world adhered to the Ethnological<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">{163}</a></span>
-Society, and that society, under Mr. Crawfurd, entered
-upon a more active career. The rivalry between the
-two societies was prosecuted with great vigour until
-January, 1871, when Professor Huxley effected an
-amalgamation between them.</p>
-
-<p>The title of the combined societies was agreed upon
-as the "Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
-Ireland," to which, in 1907, has been added by the King's
-command the prefix "Royal." In 1871 the department
-of ethnology in the section of biology in the British
-Association became the department of anthropology,
-and in 1884 anthropology became a section of itself.
-This was the final recognition by the Parliament of
-Science that Hunt had fought for twenty years before.
-In the interval, the claim of anthropology to this
-recognition had been established by many great works,
-such as Huxley's <i>Man's Place in Nature</i>, Darwin's
-<i>Descent of Man</i>, Tylor's <i>Early History of Mankind</i>, and
-Lubbock's <i>Prehistoric Times</i>. Besides its annual
-<i>Journal</i>, the Anthropological Institute publishes a
-monthly periodical entitled <i>Man</i>, and it has issued
-several separate monographs. In 1878 the branch of
-anthropology, aptly termed "Folk-lore" by the late
-Mr. W. J. Thoms, became so popular as to call for the
-establishment of a separate society, which publishes a
-quarterly journal entitled <i>Folk-lore</i>, and has annually
-issued one or more volumes of collections of folk-lore.</p>
-
-<p>In 1844 a new departure was taken by the establishment
-of the British Arch�ological Association, a body
-which was intended to take the same place with regard
-to arch�ology that the British Association occupied
-with regard to science, holding meetings in various
-parts of the country where there existed objects of
-specially arch�ological interest. It held its first meeting
-at Canterbury, under the presidency of Lord Albert
-Conyngham (afterwards Lord Londesborough), and
-arranged its work in four sections&mdash;prim�val, medi�val,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">{164}</a></span>
-architectural, and historical. Before a second meeting
-could be held, violent dissensions arose, and the
-association split into two. In the result honours were
-divided between the two bodies, those who retained the
-leadership of Lord Albert retaining also the title of
-British Arch�ological Association; while those who had
-for their president the Marquis of Northampton retained
-the control of the <i>Arch�ological Journal</i>, and adopted
-the title of "Arch�ological Institute of Great Britain
-and Ireland," to which has since been prefixed the word
-"Royal." Both bodies still exist, though the causes of
-controversy have long died out.</p>
-
-<p>Shortly afterwards, County Arch�ological Societies in
-London and greater London began to be formed. In
-1846 the Sussex Society, in 1853 the Essex Society, in
-1854 the Surrey Society, in 1855 the London and
-Middlesex Society, and in 1857 the Kent Society were
-established. Each of these societies has published
-transactions and other works of solid value. In each
-the annual or more frequent excursion to places of
-arch�ological interest within the county is an essential
-feature, tending to the dissemination of knowledge and
-to the preservation of antiquities, and affording the
-advantages of social intercourse. Societies have also
-been established for the like purposes within more
-restricted areas, as in Hampstead, Battersea, Balham,
-Lewisham, Whitechapel, and elsewhere.</p>
-
-<p>Of merely publishing societies, the Percy, the
-Camden, the Shakespeare, and the Arundel have run
-their course; but many others, as the Roxburgh, the
-Harleian, the New Pal�ographic, and the Pal�ontological
-still exist to delight their subscribers with the
-reproduction of rare works.</p>
-
-<p>In this summary account of the principal Learned
-Societies of London it has not been possible to include
-many societies of great importance, such as the Colleges
-of Physicians and Surgeons, the numerous societies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">{165}</a></span>
-connected with other professional pursuits, the Linn�an,
-Zoological, Botanical, and other societies devoted to
-natural history; the Royal Astronomical Society, which
-has important public functions; the Royal Academy, and
-other institutions devoted to art. The roll of Learned
-Societies is being constantly increased. Among recent
-additions may be mentioned the British Academy for
-Historical Studies, and the Sociological Society.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">{166}</a></span></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2><a name="LITERARY_SHRINES_OF_OLD_LONDON" id="LITERARY_SHRINES_OF_OLD_LONDON">LITERARY SHRINES OF OLD LONDON</a></h2>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By Elsie M. Lang</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_013.jpg" width="50" height="47" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class='p3'>From the Borough to St. James's</p>
-
-
-
-<div>
-<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-l.png" width="100" height="123" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">Leigh Hunt was of opinion that "one of the best
-secrets of enjoyment is the art of cultivating
-pleasant associations," and, with his example
-before us, we will endeavour to recall some of
-those that are to be met with on a walk from the Borough
-to St. James's, from one of the poorest parts of our city
-to one of the richest. The Borough, dusty, noisy, toil-worn
-as it is, is yet, he tells us, "the most classical
-ground in the metropolis." From the "Tabard" inn&mdash;now
-only a memory, though its contemporary, the
-"George," hard by, gives us some idea of its look in
-medi�val times&mdash;there rode forth, one bright spring morning,
-"Sir Jeffrey Chaucer" and "nyne and twenty"
-pilgrims "in a companye ... to wenden on (a)
-pilgrimage to Caunterbury with ful devout courage." A
-fellow-poet of Chaucer's, John Gower, lies buried close
-at hand in Southwark Cathedral, "under a tomb of stone,
-with his image of stone also over him." He was one
-of the earliest benefactors of this church, then known as
-St. Mary Overy, and founded therein a chantry, where
-masses should be said for the benefit of his soul. Stones
-in the pavement of the choir likewise commemorate John
-Fletcher, Philip Massinger, and Edmund Shakespeare,
-who lie in unmarked graves somewhere within the
-precincts of the cathedral.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">{167}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Not a stone's throw from the Borough is the Bankside,
-extending from Blackfriars Bridge out beyond Southwark,
-a mean and dirty thoroughfare, with the grey Thames
-on one side, and on the other dull houses, grimy warehouses,
-and gloomy offices. How changed from the semi-rural
-resort of Elizabethan days, when swans floated on
-the river, and magnificent barges, laden with gaily dressed
-nobles and their attendants, were continually passing by!
-Great must have been the pleasure traffic then, for
-according to Taylor, "the Water Poet," who plied his
-trade as waterman and wrote his verses on the Bankside
-in the early days of Elizabeth's successor, "the number
-of watermen and those that live and are maintained by
-them, and by the labour of the oar and scull, between
-the bridge of Windsor and Gravesend, cannot be fewer
-than forty thousand; the cause of the greater half of
-which multitude hath been the players playing on the
-Bankside." Besides the players, the brilliant band of
-dramatists who shed lustre on the reign of the maiden
-Queen frequented it, not only on account of the
-pleasantness of its situation, but because of the near
-proximity of the theatres, for the Globe, the Rose,
-and the Hope all stood on the site now occupied by
-the brewery of Messrs. Barclay and Perkins, while the
-Swan was not far off. It is a well-authenticated fact that
-both Shakespeare and Ben Jonson played at the Globe,
-and patronised the "Falcon" tavern, the name of which
-still lingers in Falcon Dock and Falcon Wharf, Nos. 79
-and 80, Bankside; and while in the meantime they were
-producing their masterpieces, Chapman, Dekker, and
-Middleton were at the height of their fame, Beaumont
-and Fletcher about to begin their career, and Philip
-Massinger was newly arrived in town. Some of these
-Bankside dramatists were well born and rich&mdash;such as
-Francis Beaumont, whose father was a Knight and a
-Justice of the Common Pleas; and John Fletcher, who
-was a son of the Bishop of London. Others were of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">{168}</a></span>
-obscure birth and penniless&mdash;like Ben Jonson, who had
-been forced to follow the trade of a bricklayer, and
-Dekker and Marston, whom he twitted "with their
-defective doublet and ravelled satin sleeves," and Philip
-Massinger, who in early days went about begging
-urgently for the loan of �5. But whatever they had or
-lacked, certain it is that their common art levelled all
-barriers between them, for though the chief of all the
-friendships on the Bankside was that of Beaumont and
-Fletcher&mdash;between whom was "a wonderful consimilarity
-of fancy ... which caused the dearnesse of friendship
-between them so that they lived together on the
-Bankside ... (and had) the same cloaths and cloaks
-between them"&mdash;yet Massinger collaborated with Fletcher
-in at least thirteen plays, with Dekker in one, and with
-Ford in two, while Dekker was occasionally associated
-with Middleton, and Middleton with Webster and Drayton.
-But the Elizabethan dramatists did not confine themselves
-to the Bankside; on certain nights they repaired to the
-"Mermaid" tavern, which used to stand on the south
-side of Cheapside, between Bread and Friday Streets,
-to attend the meetings of the famous Mermaid Club,
-said to have been founded by Sir Walter Raleigh. Here
-were to be found Shakespeare, Spenser, Beaumont,
-Fletcher, Ben Jonson, Carew, Donne, and many others,
-in eager witty converse. Beaumont well described
-the brilliancy of these gatherings in his poem to
-Ben Jonson:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"What things have we seen<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Done at the Mermaid! Heard words that have been<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">So nimble, and so full of subtle flame,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">As if that everyone from whence they came<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Had meant to put his whole wit in a jest<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">And had resolved to live a fool the rest<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Of his dull life."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>Another favourite haunt of theirs was the "Boar's
-Head," which stood on the spot now marked by the statue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">{169}</a></span>
-of William IV., at the junction of Eastcheap and Gracechurch
-Street. At this tavern Falstaff and Prince Hal
-concocted many of their wildest pranks. In later days the
-Elizabethan poets and dramatists, led by Ben Jonson, went
-even further afield&mdash;to the "Devil" tavern, which stood
-at No. 1, Fleet Street, where they held their meetings in
-a room called the "Apollo," the chief adornments of which,
-a bust of Apollo and a board with an inscription,
-"Welcome to the oracle of Apollo," are still to be seen
-in an upper room of Messrs. Child's Bank, which now
-occupies the site. Ben Jonson tells us that "the first
-speech in my 'Catiline,' spoken to <i>Scylla's Ghost</i>, was
-writ after I had parted with my friends at the 'Devil'
-tavern; I had drank well that night, and had brave
-notions."</p>
-
-<p>We have records of the deaths of two at least of
-these dramatists on the Bankside&mdash;viz., that of Philip
-Massinger, who died "in his own house, near the play-house
-on the Bankside," in 1639; and Fletcher, "who dyed
-of the plague on the 19th of August, 1625." "The parish
-clerk," says Aubrey, "told me that he was his (Fletcher's)
-Taylor, and that Mr. Fletcher staying for a suit of cloathes
-before he retired into the country, Death stopped his
-journey and laid him low there."</p>
-
-<p>Cheapside, so named from the Chepe, or old London
-market, along the south side of the site of which it runs,
-has been a place of barter ever since the reign of
-Henry VI., when a market was held there daily for the
-sale of every known commodity. It is easy to see where
-the vendors of some of the articles had their stands by
-the names of the surrounding streets&mdash;Bread Street, Fish
-Street, Milk Street, etc. Later on the stalls were transformed
-into permanent shops, with a dwelling-place for
-their owners above, and a fair-sized garden at the back.
-Despite the commercial spirit that has always pervaded
-this region, it has given birth to two famous poets&mdash;the
-sweet songster Herrick, who sings in one of his poems of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">{170}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"The golden Cheapside where the earth<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Of Julia Herrick gave to me my birth,"<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>golden, perhaps, having reference to his father, who was
-a goldsmith; and greater still, John Milton, who first
-saw the light in Bread Street, at the sign of the "Spread
-Eagle," in a house which was afterwards destroyed in the
-Great Fire. It must have been a house of comfortable
-dimensions, for it covered the site now occupied by
-Nos. 58 to 63, the business premises of a firm who exhibit
-a bust of Milton, with an inscription, in a room on their
-top floor. Milton's father, moreover, had grown rich in
-his profession, which was that of a scrivener, had been
-made a Judge, and knighted five years before the birth
-of his son, so it is evident the poet began life in easy
-circumstances. He was baptised in All Hallows, a church
-in Bread Street destroyed in 1897. In Bow Church there
-is a tablet in memory of Milton, which was taken from
-All Hallows. When he was ten years of age he began
-to go to Paul's School, which stood in those days on
-the east side of St. Paul's Churchyard, between Watling
-Street and Cheapside. Aubrey records that "when he
-went to schoole, when he was very young, he studied
-very hard, and sat up very late, commonly till twelve or
-one o'clock at night, and his father ordered the mayde
-to sitt up for him, and at these years (ten) he composed
-many copies of verses which might well have become a
-riper age." He continued at this school, the old site
-of which is marked by a tablet on a warehouse, until he
-was sixteen. Some twenty years later Samuel Pepys
-was a pupil at Paul's School, and later on in life witnessed
-its destruction in the Great Fire. Milton would seem
-to have always cherished a great affection for the city,
-for after his return from his travels he seldom lived beyond
-the sound of Bow Bells, once only venturing as far as
-Westminster; and when he died he was buried in St.
-Giles's, Cripplegate, in the same grave as his father.
-Indeed, the city proper was the birthplace of several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">{171}</a></span>
-poets, for was not Pope born in Lombard Street, Gray
-in Cornhill, and Edmund Spenser in East Smithfield,
-while Lord Macaulay spent his earlier years in Birchin
-Lane?</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_030.jpg" width="600" height="379" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Cheapside, with the Cross, as they appeared in 1660.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>In the narrow confines of Paternoster Row, where the
-tall fronts of the houses are so close together that only
-a thin strip of sky is visible between them, Charlotte
-Bront� and her sister Anne, fresh from the rugged solitudes
-of their bleak Yorkshire moors, awoke on the
-morning of their first visit to the great capital of which
-they had so often dreamed, and, looking out of the dim
-windows of the Chapter Coffee-house, saw "the risen
-sun struggling through the fog, and overhead above the
-house-tops, co-elevate almost with the clouds ... a
-solemn orbed mass dark blue and dim the dome" (of
-St. Paul's).</p>
-
-<p>Fleet Street has always been the haunt of the
-"knights of the pen," and even in these modern days
-the names of newspapers stare at the passer-by on every
-side, while at every step he jostles an ink-stained satellite
-of some great journal. But although these ink-stained
-ones are to be met with in Fleet Street at every hour
-of the day and night, they do not live there like the
-writers of old time&mdash;Michael Drayton, for instance, who
-"lived at ye baye-windowe house next the east end of
-St. Dunstan's Church"; and Izaak Walton, who kept a
-linen-draper's shop "in a house two doors west of the
-end of Chancery Lane," and on his infrequent holidays
-went a-fishing in the River Lea at Tottenham High
-Cross. Abraham Cowley, again, was born over his father's
-grocer's shop, which "abutted on Sargeants' Inn," and
-here, as a little child, he devoured the <i>Faerie Queen</i>, and
-was made "irrecoverably a poet." James Shirley lived
-near the Inner Temple Lane; John Locke in Dorset
-Court. In Salisbury Square, formerly Salisbury Court,
-Thomas Sackville, first Earl of Dorset, the precursor of
-Spenser, John Dryden, and Samuel Richardson, all had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">{172}</a></span>
-a residence at one time or another. Richardson built a
-large printing establishment on the site now occupied
-by Lloyd's newspaper offices, where he continued to carry
-on business many years after he had removed his private
-residence to the West End. He was buried, moreover,
-in St. Bride's Church in 1761, a large stone in the nave
-between pews 12 and 13 recording the fact. But greatest
-and most constant of Fleet Street habitu�s was Dr.
-Johnson. For ten years he lived at 17, Gough Square,
-busy in an upper room upon his great Dictionary. Here
-he lost his "beloved Tetty," to whose memory he ever
-remained faithful. "All his affection had been concentrated
-on her. He had neither brother nor sister, neither
-son nor daughter." Although twenty years his senior,
-with a complexion reddened and coarsened by the too
-liberal use of both paint and strong cordials, yet "to
-him she was beautiful as the Gunnings, and witty as
-Lady Mary." On leaving Gough Square he lived for
-a few years in the Temple, where he received his first
-visit from Boswell, and made the acquaintance of Oliver
-Goldsmith. The latter was then living at 6, Wine Office
-Court, Fleet Street, where Johnson, visiting him one
-morning in response to an urgent message, found that
-"his landlady had arrested him for his rent." He showed
-Johnson his MS. of the just-completed <i>Vicar of
-Wakefield</i>, which he looked into, and instantly comprehending
-its merit, went out and sold it to a bookseller
-for sixty pounds. In 1765 Johnson returned to Fleet
-Street, and lived for eleven years at 7, Johnson's Court.
-Here Boswell dined with him for the first time on Easter
-Day, 1773, and found to his surprise "everything in very
-good order." Walking up the Court one day in company
-with Topham Beauclerk, Boswell confessed to him that
-he "had a veneration" for it, because the great doctor
-lived there, and was much gratified to learn that Beauclerk
-felt the same "reverential enthusiasm." In later years
-Dickens stole up this Court one dark December evening,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">{173}</a></span>
-and, with beating heart, dropped his first original MS.
-into the letter-box of <i>The Monthly Magazine</i>, the office
-of which stood on the site now occupied by Mr. Henry
-Sell's premises. No. 8, Bolt Court, was the next and last
-residence of Dr. Johnson; here, on December 13th, 1784,
-he met the inevitable crisis, for which he had always felt
-an indescribable terror and loathing, and passed peacefully
-and happily away. Johnson had always had a
-great predilection for club or tavern life, partly because
-it enabled him to escape for a while from the hypochondria
-which always dogged his footsteps. He loved nothing
-so much as to gather kindred spirits around him and
-spend long evenings in congenial conversation. He would
-sit, "the Jupiter of a little circle, sometimes indeed nodding
-approbation, but always prompt on the slightest contradiction
-to launch the thunders of rebuke and sarcasm."
-There was not much expense attached to these gatherings,
-for it is recorded of one of the clubs he founded that
-the outlay was not to exceed sixpence per person an
-evening, with a fine of twopence for those who did not
-attend. Among the Fleet Street haunts thus frequently
-resorted to by Dr. Johnson and his friends were the
-"Cocke," patronised in former years by Pepys, and in later
-years by Thackeray, Dickens, and Tennyson; the
-"Cheshire Cheese," the only house of the kind which
-remains as it was in Dr. Johnson's day; the "Mitre," also
-formerly patronised by Pepys; and the "Devil," where
-the poets laureate had been wont to repair and read their
-birthday odes. St. Clement Danes, too, is connected with
-Johnson, for, in spite of his love of festivity, he was devout,
-and regularly attended this church, occupying pew No. 18
-in the north gallery, now marked by a brass plate.
-Boswell records that "he carried me with him to the
-church of St. Clement Danes, where he had his seat,
-and his behaviour was, as I had imagined to myself,
-solemnly devout."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">{174}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>One more memory of Fleet Street before we leave
-it, in connection with Dick's Coffee-house, which used
-to stand at Nos. 7 and 8. In December, 1763, the poet
-Cowper, then a student in the Inner Temple, was appointed
-Clerk of the Journals of the House of Lords. Delicate,
-shy, intensely sensitive, and with a strong predisposition
-to insanity, the dread of these onerous public duties disturbed
-the balance of his morbid brain. His madness
-broke out one morning at Dick's, as he himself afterwards
-narrated. He said:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"At breakfast I read the newspaper, and in it a letter, which the
-further I perused it the more closely engaged my attention. I cannot
-now recollect the purport of it; but before I had finished it, it appeared
-demonstratively true to me that it was a libel or satire upon me. The
-author appeared to be acquainted with my purpose of self-destruction,
-and to have written that letter on purpose to secure and hasten the
-execution of it. My mind probably at this time began to be disordered;
-however it was, I was certainly given to a strong delusion. I said within
-myself, 'Your cruelty shall be gratified, you shall have your revenge,'
-and flinging down the paper in a fit of strong passion, I rushed hastily
-out of the room, directing my way towards the fields, where I intended to
-find some lane to die in, or if not, determined to poison myself in a ditch,
-when I could meet with one sufficiently retired."</p></div>
-
-<p>This paroxysm ended in Cowper trying to hang himself,
-but, the rope breaking, he went down to the Thames to
-the Custom House Quay and threatened to drown himself.
-This attempt, however, also failed, and friends
-interfering, he was removed to an asylum, where he
-remained eighteen months.</p>
-
-<p>From Fleet Street it is but a step to the Temple, with
-its grey quiet corners full of echoing memories, stretching
-back even to the days of Shakespeare, whose <i>Twelfth
-Night</i> was performed before an audience of his contemporaries
-in the self-same Middle Temple Hall that
-still confronts us. The names of Henry Fielding,
-Edmund Burke, John Gower, Thomas Shadwell, William
-Wycherley, Nicholas Rowe, Francis Beaumont, William
-Congreve, John Horne Tooke, Thomas Day, Tom Moore,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">{175}</a></span>
-Sheridan, George Colman, jun., Marston, and Ford, are
-all upon the Temple rolls and each must in his day
-have been a familiar figure among the ancient buildings.
-But Charles Lamb is the presiding genius of the place.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"I was born and passed the first seven years of my life in the Temple,"
-he tells us. "Its church, its halls, its garden, its fountains, its river
-... these are my oldest recollections. Indeed it is the most elegant
-spot in the metropolis. What a transition for a countryman visiting
-London for the first time, the passing from the crowded Strand or Fleet
-Street, by unexpected avenues into its magnificent ample squares, its
-classic green recesses. What a cheerful liberal look hath that portion of
-it, which from three sides, overlooks the greater gardens, that goodly pile
-... confronting with massy contrast, the lighter, older, more
-fantastically shrouded one, named of Harcourt, with the cheerful Crown
-Office Row (place of my kindly engendure) right opposite the stately
-stream, which washes the garden foot.... A man would give something
-to have been born in such a place."</p></div>
-
-<p>When Lamb was twenty-five years of age he went back
-to live in the Temple, at 16, Mitre Court Buildings, in
-an "attic storey for the air." His bed faced the river,
-and by "perking on my haunches and supporting my
-carcase with my elbows, without much wrying my neck
-I can see," he wrote to a friend, "the white sails glide
-by the bottom of King's Bench Walk as I lie in my bed."
-Here he passed nine happy years, and then, after a short
-stay in Southampton Buildings, he returned to the
-Temple for the second time, to 4, Inner Temple Lane,
-fully intending to pass the remainder of his life within
-its precincts. His new set of chambers "looked out
-upon a gloomy churchyard-like court, called Hare Court,
-with three trees and a pump in it." But fate intervened,
-and he and his sister soon after left the Temple, never
-to return. It was no easy parting, however, for he wrote
-in after years, "I thought we never could have been torn
-up from the Temple. Indeed it was an ugly wrench....
-We never can strike root so deep in any other
-ground."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">{176}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>It was when Dr. Johnson had a set of chambers on
-the first floor of No. 1, Inner Temple Lane, that Boswell
-first went to see him. Boswell wrote:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"He received me very courteously, but it must be confessed that his
-apartment, furniture, and morning dress were sufficiently uncouth. His
-brown suit of clothes looked very rusty, he had on a little old shrivelled
-unpowdered wig which was too small for his head, his shirt-neck and
-knees of his breeches were loose, his black worsted stockings ill drawn
-up, and he had a pair of unbuckled shoes by way of slippers. But all
-these slovenly peculiarities were forgotten the moment that he began
-to talk."</p></div>
-
-<p>Boswell, indeed, conceived so violent an admiration for
-him that he took rooms in Farrar's Buildings in order
-to be near him. Oliver Goldsmith seems to have followed
-his example, for he went to lodge first in 2, Garden Court,
-and afterwards in 2, Brick Court, on the right-hand side,
-looking out over the Temple Garden. Thackeray, who,
-years afterwards, lodged in the same set of rooms, wrote:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"I have been many a time in the Chambers in the Temple which
-were his, and passed up the staircase, which Johnson and Burke and
-Reynolds trod to see their friend, their poet, their kind Goldsmith&mdash;the
-stair on which the poor women sat weeping bitterly when they heard that
-the greatest and most generous of men was dead within the black oak
-door."</p></div>
-
-<p>A stone slab with the inscription, "Here lies Oliver
-Goldsmith," was placed on the north side of Temple
-Church, as near as possible to the spot where he is
-supposed to have been buried.</p>
-
-<p>No. 2, Fountain Court, was the last house of William
-Blake, the poet-painter, the seer of visions, who had a
-set of rooms on the first floor, from whence a glimpse
-of the river was to be obtained. It was very poorly
-furnished, though always clean and orderly, and decorated
-only with his own pictures, but to the eager young
-disciples who flocked around him it was "the house of
-the Interpreter." When he lay there upon his death-bed,
-at the close of a blazing August day in 1827, beautiful
-songs in praise of his Creator fell from his lips, and as
-his wife, his faithful companion of forty-five years of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">{177}</a></span>
-struggle and stress, drew near to catch them more distinctly,
-he told her with a smile, "My beloved! they are
-not mine! no, they are not mine!"</p>
-
-<p>Passing out into the Strand, we are confronted by
-the Law Courts. In former days this site was occupied
-by a network of streets, one of which was Shire Lane,
-where the members of the Kit Cat Club first held their
-gatherings, and toasted Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,
-when, as a child of seven, enthroned on her proud
-father's knee, she spent "the happiest hour of her life,"
-overwhelmed with caresses, compliments, and sweetmeats.
-The famous "Grecian" stood in Devereux Court, and the
-"Fountain" where Johnson, on his first arrival in London,
-read his tragedy <i>Irene</i> to his fellow-traveller Garrick, on
-the site since occupied by Simpson's for several generations.
-The Strand "Turk's Head" was at No. 142, and
-patronised by Johnson, because "the mistress of it is
-a good civil woman and has not much business"; and the
-"Coal Hole," immortalised by Thackeray as the "Cave
-of Harmony" in <i>The Newcomes</i>, where Terry's Theatre
-now uprears its front. But the chief literary association
-of the Strand is that of Congreve, who spent his last
-years in Surrey Street, "almost blind with cataracts," and
-"never rid of the gout," but looking, as Swift wrote to
-Stella, "young and fresh and cheerful as ever." He had
-always been a favourite with society, and Surrey Street
-was thronged by his visitors, among whom were four of
-the most beautiful women of the day&mdash;Mrs. Bracegirdle,
-Mrs. Oldfield, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and
-Henrietta Duchess of Marlborough. Voltaire, too, who
-greatly admired his work, sought him out when staying
-at the "White Peruke," Covent Garden, and was much
-disgusted by the affectation with which Congreve begged
-to be regarded as a man of fashion, who produced airy
-trifles for the amusement of his idle hours. "If you had
-been so unfortunate as to have been a <i>mere</i> gentleman,"
-said Voltaire, "I should never have taken the trouble of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">{178}</a></span>
-coming to see you." In spite of the looseness of his
-life, Congreve had early acquired habits of frugality, and
-continuing to practise them when the need for economy
-had disappeared, he contrived to amass a fortune of
-�10,000, which, on his death in 1789, he bequeathed to
-the Duchess of Marlborough, his latest infatuation. This
-sum, which would have restored the fallen fortunes of
-his nearest relatives, was a mere nothing to the wealthy
-beauty, who expended it in the purchase of a magnificent
-diamond necklace, which she continually wore in memory
-of the dead dramatist.</p>
-
-<p>The whole of Covent Garden is classic ground, from
-its association with the wits of Dryden's time, when Bow
-Street and Tavistock Street were in turn regarded as
-the Bond Street of the fashionable world. Edmund
-Waller, William Wycherley, and Henry Fielding, each
-lived in Bow Street. In Russell Street stood the three
-great coffee-houses of the seventeenth and eighteenth
-centuries&mdash;Wills', Button's, and Tom's. Wills' stood at
-No. 21, at the corner of Russell Street and Bow Street;
-here Pepys stopped one February evening on his way
-to fetch his wife, and heard much "witty and pleasant
-discourse"; here Dryden had his special arm-chair, in
-winter by the fire, and in summer on the balcony, and
-was always ready to arbitrate in any literary dispute. It
-is said that Pope, before he was twelve years old, persuaded
-his friends to bring him here, so that he might gaze
-upon the aged Dryden, the hero of his childish imagination.
-Dr. Johnson, Addison, Steele, and Smollett were
-all regular visitors. Button's, which stood on the south
-side of Russell Street, and Tom's at No. 17, were equally
-popular, and the Bedford Coffee-house "under the piazza
-in Covent Garden" was another favourite resort.</p>
-
-<p>It was in Russell Street, in the bookshop of Thomas
-Davies, the actor, that Boswell had his eagerly desired
-first meeting with Dr. Johnson, which he describes as
-follows:&mdash;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">{179}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"At last, on Monday, the 16th of May, when I was sitting in Mr. Davies'
-back parlour, after having drunk tea with him and Mrs. Davies, Johnson
-came unexpectedly into the shop, and Mr. Davies having perceived him
-through the glass door in the room in which we were sitting advancing
-towards us, he announced his awful approach to me somewhat in the
-manner of an actor in the part of Horatio, when he addresses Hamlet on
-the appearance of his father's ghost: 'Look, my lord, he comes.'"</p></div>
-
-<p>In St. Paul's, Covent Garden, were buried Samuel
-Butler, author of <i>Hudibras</i>, Mrs. Centlivre, Thomas
-Southerne, John Wolcot, and Wycherley, but when the
-church was burned down in 1786 all trace of their graves
-disappeared.</p>
-
-<p>One other literary memory before we leave the Strand;
-it is connected with what was once No. 30, Hungerford
-Stairs (now part of Villiers Street), where stood Warren's
-blacking factory, in which the child Dickens passed days
-of miserable drudgery, labelling pots of blacking for a
-few shillings a week. He describes it in <i>David Copperfield</i>,
-under the name of "Murdstone and Grimsby's
-warehouse, down in Blackfriars." It was "a crazy old
-house, with a wharf of its own, abutting on the water
-when the tide was in, and on the mud when the tide was
-out, and literally overrun with rats."</p>
-
-<p>Pall Mall, the centre of club-land, in the eighteenth
-century was the "ordinary residence of all strangers,"
-probably on account of its proximity to the fashionable
-chocolate and coffee-houses (the forerunners of the clubs),
-which, as Defoe wrote, "were all so close together that
-in an hour you could see the company at them all." In
-Pall Mall itself were the "Smyrna," the "King's Arms,"
-and the "Star and Garter." At the "King's Arms" the
-Kit Cat Club met when it had quitted its quarters in
-Shire Lane, and at the "Star and Garter" the "Brothers"
-were presided over by Swift. The "Tully's Head," a
-bookshop kept by the wonderful Robert Dodsley, footman,
-poet, dramatist, and publisher, was another favourite
-lounging place of the times.</p>
-
-<p>In Charing Cross were the "Rummer," at No. 45, kept<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">{180}</a></span>
-by the uncle of Matthew Prior; Lockett's, two doors
-off; the "Turk's Head," next door to No. 17; and the
-British Coffee-house, which stood on the site now
-occupied by the offices of the London County Council.</p>
-
-<p>In St. James's Street the great coffee and chocolate-houses
-positively elbowed each other up and down, just
-as the clubs which succeeded them do in the present day.
-The "Thatched House," where the Literary Club, founded
-by Dr. Johnson, held its meetings under the presidency
-of Swift and his contemporaries; the "St. James's," where
-Addison "appeared on Sunday nights," and "Swift was
-a notable figure," for "those who frequented the place
-had been astonished day after day, by the entry of a
-clergyman, unknown to any there, who laid his hat on
-the table, and strode up and down the room with rapid
-steps, heeding no one, and absorbed in his own thoughts.
-His strange manner earned him, unknown as he was to all,
-the name of the "mad parson""; White's, to which Colley
-Cibber was the only English actor ever admitted; and
-the "Cocoa Tree," nicknamed the "Wits' Coffee-house,"
-which, in Gibbon's time, afforded "every evening a sight
-truly English. Twenty or thirty, perhaps, of the finest
-men in the kingdom, in point of fashion and fortune,
-supping at little tables covered with a napkin, in the
-middle of a coffee-room, upon a bit of cold meat or
-a sandwich and drinking a glass of punch."</p>
-
-<p>Lord Byron was the most romantic literary figure
-connected with St. James's Street. His first home in
-London, after his youthful days, was at No. 8, where
-he went to live after the publication of his <i>English
-Bards and Scotch Reviewers</i>. From this house the proud
-and gloomy young man set forth to take his seat in the
-House of Lords as a peer of the realm. Moore wrote:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"In a state more alone and unfriended, perhaps, than any youth of
-his high station had ever before been reduced to on such an occasion&mdash;not
-having a single individual of his own class, either to take him by the
-hand as friend, or acknowledge him as an acquaintance."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">{181}</a></span></p></div>
-
-<p>But this state of affairs was not to endure. On February
-29th, 1812, <i>Childe Harold</i> appeared.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The effect was electric; his fame had not to wait for any of the
-ordinary gradations, but seemed to spring up like the palace of a fairy
-tale&mdash;in a night.... From morning till night flattering testimonies
-of his success reached him; the highest in the land besieged his door, and
-he who had been so friendless found himself the idol of London society."</p></div>
-
-<p>Perhaps we cannot do better than end these literary
-associations of club-land with a few words about a man
-who in his time was one of its most brilliant figures&mdash;Theodore
-Hook. When he was released from the King's
-Bench prison, with his debt to the Crown still hanging
-over him,</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"he took a large and handsome house in Cleveland Row. Here he
-gave dinners on an extensive scale, and became a member of all the best
-clubs, particularly frequenting those where high play was the rule. His
-visiting book included all that was loftiest and gayest and in every sense
-most distinguished in London society. The editor of <i>John Bull</i>, the
-fashionable novelist, the wittiest and most vivid talker of the time, his
-presence was not only everywhere welcome but everywhere coveted and
-clamoured for. But the whirl of extravagant dissipation emptied his
-pocket, fevered his brain, and shortened the precious hours in which alone
-his subsistence could be gained."</p></div>
-
-<p>In the height of his social triumphs there always hung
-inexorably over him the Damocles sword of debt. When
-at last he gave way under the strain, and went into comparative
-retirement at Fulham, the number of dinners at
-the Athen�um Club, where he had always had a particular
-table kept for him near the door (nicknamed Temperance
-Corner), fell off by upwards of three hundred per annum.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>These are a few out of the many literary memories
-that we may encounter in an afternoon's stroll from the
-Borough to St. James's, along one of the great city's
-busiest highways; others, indeed, there are, meeting us
-at every corner, but space forbids our dwelling upon
-them, and regretfully we must pass them by.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">{182}</a></span></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2><a name="CROSBY_HALL" id="CROSBY_HALL">CROSBY HALL</a></h2>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By the Editor</span></p>
-
-
-
-<div>
-<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-f.png" width="100" height="119" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">Few old mansions in the city of London could
-rival the ancient dwelling-place of the brave
-old knight, Sir John Crosby. Its architectural
-beauties and historical associations endeared it
-to all lovers of old London, and many a groan was heard
-when its fate was doomed, and the decree went forth
-that it was to be numbered among the departed glories
-of the city. Unhappily, the hand of the destroyer could
-not be stayed, and the earnest hope had to be abandoned
-that many a generation of Londoners might be permitted
-to see this relic of ancient civic life, and to realise from
-this example the kind of dwelling-place wherein the city
-merchants of olden days made their homes, and the
-salient features of medi�val domestic architecture.
-Shorn of its former magnificence, reduced to a fraction
-of its original size, it retained evidences of its ancient
-state and grandeur, and every stone and timber told of
-its departed glories, and of the great events of which
-Crosby Hall had been the scene. It has been associated
-with many a name that shines forth in the annals of
-English history, and imagination could again people the
-desolate hall with a gay company of courtiers and
-conspirators, of knights and dames, of city merchants
-gorgeous in their liveries of "scarlet and green," or
-"murrey and plunket," when pomp and pageantry,
-tragedy and death, dark councils and mirth, and gaiety<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">{183}</a></span>
-and revellings followed each other through the portals
-of the mansion in one long and varied procession. It
-will be our pleasure to recall some of these scenes which
-were enacted long ago, and to tell of the royal, noble,
-and important personages who made this house their
-home.</p>
-
-<p>Many people who live in our great overgrown modern
-London&mdash;who dwell in the West End, and never wander
-further east than Drury Lane Theatre or St. Pancras
-Station&mdash;have never seen Crosby Hall, and know not
-where it stood. If you go along Cheapside and to
-the end of Cornhill, and then turn to the left, up
-Bishopsgate, the old house stood on the right hand side;
-or you may approach along Holborn and London Wall.
-Alas! the pilgrimage is no longer possible. Bishopsgate
-is historic ground. The name is derived from the
-ancient gate of the city that was built, according
-to Stow, by some Bishop of London, "though now
-unknown when or by whom, for ease of passengers
-toward the east, and by north, as into Norfolk, Suffolk,
-Cambridgeshire, &amp;c." Some authorities name Bishop
-Erkenwald, son of King Offa, as the first builder of
-Bishopsgate, and state that Bishop William, the
-Norman, repaired the gate in the time of his namesake,
-the Conqueror. Henry III. confirmed to the German
-merchants of the Hanse certain liberties and privileges,
-which were also confirmed by Edward I. in the tenth
-year of his reign, when it was discovered that the
-merchants were bound to repair the gate. Thereupon
-Gerald Marbod, alderman of the Hanse, and other Hanse
-merchants, granted 210 marks sterling to the Mayor and
-citizens, and covenanted that they and their successors
-should from time to time repair the gate. In 1479, in
-the reign of Edward IV., it was entirely rebuilt by
-these merchants, and was a fine structure adorned with
-the effigies of two bishops, probably those named above,
-and with two other figures supposed to represent King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">{184}</a></span>
-Alfred and Alred, Earl of Mercia, to whom Alfred
-entrusted the care of the gate. This repair was probably
-necessary on account of the assault of the bastard
-Falconbridge on this and other gates of the city, who
-shot arrows and guns into London, fired the suburbs,
-and burnt more than three-score houses. The gate has
-been frequently repaired and rebuilt, its last appearance
-being very modern, with a bishop's mitre on the
-key-stone of the arch, and surmounted by the city arms
-with guarding griffins. London "improvements" have
-banished the gate, as they have so many other interesting
-features of the city.</p>
-
-<p>The neighbourhood is interesting. Foremost among
-the attractions of Bishopsgate Street is the beautiful
-church of St. Helen, formerly the church of the Nunnery
-of St. Helen, the Westminster of the city, where lie so
-many illustrious merchants and knights and dames, and
-amongst them the founder of Crosby Hall and other
-owners of the mansion. The church is closely associated
-with the hall. There in that fine house they lived.
-There in the church hard by their bodies sleep, and their
-gorgeous tombs and inscriptions tell the story of their
-deeds. St. Helen's Church was one of the few which
-escaped destruction at the Great Fire of London.
-There was an early Saxon church here, but the earliest
-parts of the existing building date back to the thirteenth
-century. There are some blocked-up lancet windows of
-the transept, a staircase doorway in the south-east corner,
-another doorway which led from the nun's choir into the
-convent, and a lancet window. There is a Renaissance
-porch, the work of Inigo Jones, erected in 1663. The
-main part of the structure is Decorated and Perpendicular,
-the fifteenth century work being due to the builder of
-Crosby Hall, who left 500 marks for its restoration and
-improvement. The whole church possesses many
-interesting features, of which want of space prevents a
-full description.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">{185}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_032.jpg" width="426" height="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Crosby Hall.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Sir John Crosby determined to seek a site for his
-house close to this church and the Nunnery of St. Helen,
-and in 1466 obtained a lease from Alice Ashford, prioress
-of the Nunnery, of some lands and tenements for a period
-of ninety-nine years for the yearly rent of �11 6s. 8d.
-Doubtless many good citizens of London in the present
-day would like to make so good a bargain.</p>
-
-<p>Sir John Crosby, whose honoured name is preserved to
-this day by the noble house which he built, was a worthy
-and eminent citizen of London&mdash;one of the men who
-laid the foundations of English trade and commercial
-pre-eminence. He attained to great wealth, and his
-actions and his bequests prove that he was a very worthy
-man. Some idle story stated that, like the famous Dick
-Whittington, he was of humble origin and unknown
-parentage. Stow says: "I hold it a fable said of him,
-to be named Crosby, from his being found by a cross."
-A very pretty conceit! He was discovered, when an
-infant, or having attained the age of boyhood, sleeping
-on the steps of the market cross at Cheapside or Charing;
-and the sympathetic folk who found him there named him
-Cross-by! Our ancestors, like ourselves, loved a romance,
-a nice cheerful story of a poor boy attaining to rank and
-opulence, marrying his master's daughter and doing brave
-deeds for his King and country. The notable career of
-Sir Richard Whittington, thrice Lord Mayor of London,
-was so embellished with romantic incident. He was no
-poor man's son who begged his way to London,
-accompanied by his favourite cat. Was he not the
-youngest son of Sir William Whittington, the owner of
-Pauntley Manor in Gloucestershire, and of Solers Hope,
-Hereford? and was not his famous cat the name of his
-ship which brought him wealth and affluence? Or shall
-we accept the story of the sale of the cat to the King
-of Barbary? So the legend of the foundling Crosby is
-equally a fable, woven by the skilful imaginations of
-our Elizabethan forefathers. Sir John came of goodly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">{186}</a></span>
-parentage. There was a Johan de Crosbie, King's Clerk
-in Chancery, in the time of Edward II.; a Sir John
-Crosbie, Knight, and Alderman of London, in the reign
-of Edward III.; and a John Crosby, Esquire, and servant
-of King Henry IV., who gave to him the wardship of
-Joan, daughter and sole heir of John Jordaine,
-Fishmonger&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, a member of the Worshipful Company
-of Fishmongers of the City of London. This John
-Crosby was, according to Stow, either the father or
-grandfather of the builder of Crosby Hall.</p>
-
-<p>The family held the manor and advowson of the
-church of Hanworth-on-the-Thames, not far from
-Hampton Court. This manor was owned by the Sir John
-Crosbie who lived in the time of King Edward III., and
-after his death it was placed in the hands of a certain
-Thomas Rigby for safe custody until John Crosbie, the
-son and heir of the knight, should have grown up to
-man's estate and attained his majority. This estate
-seems afterwards to have passed into the hands of King
-Henry VIII., who, on account of its pleasant situation,
-delighted in it above any other of his houses.</p>
-
-<p>The father of the founder of the Hall was a friend
-of Henry Lord Scrope, of Masham, the unfortunate
-nobleman who was beheaded at Southampton for
-complicity in a plot against the life of Henry V. He
-bequeathed to his friend, John Crosbie, "a woollen gown
-without furs and one hundred shillings."</p>
-
-<p><i>Bene natus</i>, <i>bene vestitus</i>, and doubtless <i>modice
-doctus</i>, the qualifications of an All Souls' Fellow, John
-Crosby began his career, embarking in trade and
-commerce, and undertaking the duties of a worthy citizen
-of London. The palmy days of commercial enterprise
-inaugurated by King Henry VII. had not yet set in.
-Before his time the trade between England and the
-Continent was much more in the hands of foreigners than
-of English merchants. English trading ships going
-abroad to sell English goods and bring back cargoes of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">{187}</a></span>
-foreign commodities were few in number. The English
-merchant usually stayed at home, and sold his wares
-to the strangers who came each year to London and the
-other trading ports, or bartered them for the produce of
-other lands, with which their ships were freighted. The
-German Hanse merchants, the Flemish traders, the
-Lombards, and many others, enjoyed great privileges in
-their commerce with England. But, in spite of this, men
-like Crosby were able to amass wealth and make large
-profits. Sir John's dealings extended far into other
-countries, and he had important connections with the
-Friscobaldi of Florence, who with the Medici were the
-great bankers and engrossers of the commerce of Europe.</p>
-
-<p>Of the great merchants who laid the foundations of
-our English commerce we often know little more than
-their names, the offices they held, with a meagre catalogue
-of their most philanthropic labours and their wills. It
-is possible, however, to gather a little more information
-concerning the owner of Crosby Place. The records at
-Guildhall tell us that in 1466, the seventh year of
-Edward IV., John Crosby, Grocer, was elected with three
-others a Member of Parliament. He was also elected in
-the same year one of the auditors of the City and Bridge
-House. In 1468 we find him elected Alderman of Broad
-Street Ward, and two years later Sheriff of London.
-He took a prominent part in the old city life of London,
-and was a prominent member of two of the old City
-Companies, the Grocers and the Woolmen. Of the former
-he twice served the office of warden, and preserved a
-strong affection for his company, bequeathing to it by
-his will considerable gifts. The honourable and
-important post of Mayor of the Staple at Calais was
-also conferred upon him.</p>
-
-<p>He seems to have been a brave and valiant man, as
-well as a successful trader and good citizen. During his
-time the safety of the City of London was endangered
-owing to the attack of Thomas Nevil, the bastard Lord<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">{188}</a></span>
-Falconbridge, to which reference has already been made.
-Stow tells the story graphically. This filibusterer came
-with his rebel company and a great navy of ships near
-to the Tower&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Whereupon the mayor and aldermen fortified all along the Thames
-side, from Baynard's Castle to the Tower, with armed men, guns and other
-instruments of war, to resist the invasion of the mariners, whereby the
-Thames side was safely preserved and kept by the aldermen and other
-citizens that assembled thither in great numbers. Whereupon the rebels,
-being denied passage through the city that way, set upon Aeldgate,
-Bishopsgate, Criplegate, Aeldersgate, London Bridge, and along the river
-of Thames, shooting arrows and guns into the city, fired the suburbs, and
-burnt more than three score houses. And farther, on Sunday, the eleventh
-of May, five thousand of them assaulting Aeldgate, won the bulwarks, and
-entered the city; but the portclose being let down, such as had entered were
-slain, and Robert Basset, portcullis alderman of Aeldgate ward, with the
-recorder, commanded in the name of God to draw up the portclose; which
-being done, they issued out, and with sharp shot and fierce fight, put their
-enemies back so far as St. Bottolph's Church, by which time Earl Rivers, and
-lieutenant of the Tower, was come with a fresh company, which joining
-together discomfited the rebels, and put them to flight, whom the said Rober,
-Basset with the other citizens chased to the Mile's End, and from thence,
-some to Poplar, some to Stratford, slew many, and took many of them
-prisoners. In which space the Bastard, having assayed other places on the
-water side, and little prevailed, fled toward his ships."</p></div>
-
-<p>In this determined defence of the city against a
-formidable attack, John Crosbie took a leading part,
-bravely contending against the forces of the foe and
-fighting fiercely. Twelve aldermen with the recorder
-were knighted in the field by King Edward IV., and
-amongst those so honoured were the Lord Mayor of
-London, William Taylor, and John Crosby. Our hero
-was no carpet knight, no poor-spirited tradesman and
-man of peace. Like many other famous citizens of his
-age, he could don his armour and fight for his King
-and country, and proved himself a gallant leader of a
-citizen army, the best sort of army in the world. He
-was a devoted adherent of the House of York, and a
-favourite of Edward IV., who sent him on an important
-embassage to the Duke of Burgundy, who had married<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">{189}</a></span>
-Elizabeth of York, the King's sister. The secret object of
-the mission was an alliance against Francis I. of France.
-The embassy was also sent to the Duke of Brittany with
-the same object, and also to secure the persons of the
-Earls of Richmond and Pembroke, who had taken refuge
-in France, and there felt themselves secure. The future
-Richard III. was nearly persuaded to return to
-England; his foot was almost on the ship's deck, when,
-fortunately for him, his voyage was prevented. If he
-had continued his journey he would never have worn
-a crown, as he would have lacked a head whereon to
-place it.</p>
-
-<p>Sir John Crosby not long before his death began to
-build the beautiful house in Bishopsgate "in the place
-of certain tenements, with their appurtenances let to him
-by Alice Ashfield, Prioress of St. Helen's....
-This house he built of stone and timber, very large and
-beautiful, and the highest at that time in London," as
-Stow records. The whole structure was known as Crosby
-Place, and rivalled the dimensions of a palace. All
-that remained of this magnificent building was the Hall,
-together with the Council Room and an ante-room,
-forming two sides of a quadrangle. It was built of stone,
-and measured 54 feet by 27 feet, and was 40 feet in height.
-The Hall was lighted by a series of eight Perpendicular
-windows on one side and six on the other, and by a
-beautifully-constructed octagonal bay window. It had a
-fine roof of exquisite workmanship richly ornamented, and
-a wide chimney. Much of the original stone pavement
-had vanished. The Council Chamber was nearly as large
-as the hall, being only 14 feet less in length.</p>
-
-<p>Crosby Hall has been the scene of many notable
-historic scenes. In the play of "Edward IV." by
-Heywood, Sir John Crosby figures as Lord Mayor of
-London, a position which he never occupied, and the
-King dines with him and the Alderman after the defeat
-of the rebel Falconbridge at Crosby Hall. He had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">{190}</a></span>
-just received the honour of knighthood, and thus
-muses:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Ay, marry, Crosby! this befits thee well.<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">But some will marvel that, with scarlet gown,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">I wear a gilded rapier by my side."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>It is quite possible that the King thus dined with his
-favourite, but there is no historical account that confirms
-the poet's play. The builder did not long enjoy his
-beautiful house, and died in 1475, leaving a second wife
-and a daughter by his first wife, whom he seemed to
-have loved with a more ardent affection than his second
-spouse. Soon after his death the man whom he tried
-to trap in France, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, came to
-reside here, and made it the scene of endless plots and
-conspiracies against his luckless nephews and his many
-enemies. Crosby Place is frequently alluded to by
-Shakespeare in his play, "Richard the Third."
-Gloucester tells Catesby to report to him at Crosby Place
-the treacherous murder of the Princes in the Tower, and
-he bids the Lady Anne to "presently repair to Crosby
-Place."</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_033.jpg" width="600" height="423" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">St. Paul's Cathedral, with Lord Mayor's Show on the water.</span></p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>Engraved by Pugh, 1804.</i></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The house in 1502 passed into the possession of Sir
-Bartholomew Reed, Lord Mayor, and then to John Best,
-Alderman, from whom it was purchased by Sir Thomas
-More, the famous Lord Chancellor. Doubtless it was in
-the chambers of Crosby Place that he wrote his <i>Utopia</i>.
-He sold the lease to his beloved friend, Antonio
-Bonvisi, an Italian gentleman, who had long lived in
-England; and when the Dissolution of Monasteries took
-place, and the possessions of the Priory of St. Helen's
-were seized by the Crown, the King allowed the Italian
-to retain possession of Crosby Place. We need not
-record all its worthy owners. It was frequently used as
-a fitting place for the lodging of foreign ambassadors,
-and here Sir John Spencer, having restored the house,
-kept his mayoralty in 1594. Enormously wealthy, he
-lived in great splendour and entertained lavishly. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">{191}</a></span>
-was a great favourite of Queen Elizabeth. It was not
-from Crosby Hall, but from his house at Canonbury, that
-his only daughter effected her escape in a baker's basket
-in order to wed the handsome Lord Compton. Terrible
-was the father's wrath, and everyone knows the charming
-story of the Queen's tactful intervention, how she induced
-Sir John to stand as sponsor with her for an unknown
-boy, whom Sir John declared should be the heir of
-all his wealth, and how this boy was, of course, Lady
-Compton's child, and how a full reconciliation was
-effected. It is a very pretty story. It is not so pleasant
-to read of the disastrous effect of the possession of so
-much wealth had on the brain of Lord Compton, when
-he came into possession of his lady's riches. She was
-a little vixenish, spoilt and exacting, if she really
-intended seriously the literal meaning of that well-known
-letter which she wrote setting forth her needs and
-requirements. It is too long to quote. Lord Compton
-was created Earl of Northampton, and that precious child
-of his when he grew to man's estate was killed fighting
-for the Royalist cause in the Civil War.</p>
-
-<p>During that disastrous time Crosby became a prison
-for Royalists, and later on a great part of the house
-was destroyed by fire, and its ancient glories
-departed. For a hundred years the Hall was used as
-a Nonconformist chapel. In 1778 part of the premises
-was converted into a place of business by Messrs. Holmes
-and Hall, the rest being used as private dwellings. It
-provided a model for the banqueting-hall of Arundel
-Castle, and some of the carved stones of the Council
-Chamber were removed to Henley-upon-Thames to adorn
-a dairy. Alien buildings soon covered the site of the
-destroyed portion of the old house. In 1831 it was left
-forlorn and untenanted, and in a state of considerable
-decay. Then arose a considerable excitement, of which
-the struggle of the present year reminds us. Crosby
-Hall was doomed. But zealous lovers of the antiquities<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">{192}</a></span>
-of the city determined to try to save it. An appeal
-was made, and a restoration fund started, though, like
-many other restoration funds, it proved itself inadequate.
-A benevolent lady, Miss Hackett, gallantly came to the
-rescue, and practically saved Crosby Hall. Her idea
-was to convert it into a lecture hall for the Gresham
-Professors; but this plan came to nothing, though the
-building was repaired, the south wall of the Throne
-and Council Chambers being rebuilt. Then a company
-was formed to take over Miss Hackett's interest, and the
-Crosby Hall Literary and Scientific Institution was
-formed, but that scheme came to nothing. Then it was
-bought by Messrs. F. Gordon &amp; Co., who restored the
-building, attached to it an annex of half-timbered
-construction, and converted the premises into a
-restaurant. Thus it remained for several years.
-Recently the site was acquired by a banking company,
-and its demolition was threatened. Immediate action
-was taken by Sir Vesey Strong, the Lord Mayor, and
-others, to save the building. The fight was fought
-strenuously and bravely. Apathy was found in some
-quarters where it would least have been expected, and
-all efforts were fruitless. It is deplorable to have to
-record that the last of the mansions of the old city
-magnates has been allowed to disappear, and that Crosby
-Hall is now only a memory.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">{193}</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<h2><a name="THE_PAGEANT_OF_LONDON" id="THE_PAGEANT_OF_LONDON">THE PAGEANT OF LONDON</a></h2>
-
-<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By the Editor</span></p>
-
-
-
-<div>
-<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-w.png" width="150" height="121" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">We have stated in the Preface that London
-needs no pageant or special spectacular
-display in order to set forth its wonderful
-attractions. London is in itself a pageant,
-far more interesting than any theatrical representation;
-and in this final chapter we will enumerate some of
-those other features of Old London life which have
-not found description in the preceding pictures. We
-will "stand by and let the pageant pass," or, rather,
-pass along the streets and make our own pageant.</p>
-
-<p>The great city is always changing its appearance,
-and travellers who have not seen it for several years
-scarcely know where they are when visiting some of
-the transformed localities. But however great the
-change, the city still exercises its powerful fascination
-on all who have once felt its strangely magnetic force,
-its singular attractiveness. Though the London County
-Council have effected amazing "improvements,"
-constructing a street which nobody wants and nobody
-uses, and spending millions in widening Piccadilly;
-though private enterprise pulls down ancient dwellings
-and rears huge hotels and business premises in their
-places&mdash;it is still possible to conjure up the memories
-of the past, and to picture to ourselves the multitudinous
-scenes of historic interest which Old London has
-witnessed. Learned writers have already in these
-volumes enabled us to transport ourselves at will to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">{194}</a></span>
-the London of bygone times&mdash;to the medi�val city,
-with its monasteries, its churches, its palaces, its
-tragedies; to Elizabethan London, bright and gay, with
-young life pulsing through its veins; to the London of
-Pepys, with its merry-makings, its coarseness, and its
-vice. In this concluding chapter we will recall some
-other memories, and try to fill the background to the
-picture.</p>
-
-<p>Westminster, the rival city, the city of the court,
-with its abbey and its hall, we have not attempted to
-include in our survey. She must be left in solitary state
-until, perhaps, a new volume of this series may presume
-to describe her graces and perfections. The ever-growing
-suburbs of the great city, the West End, the
-fashionable quarter, Southern London across the river,
-with Lambeth and its memories of archbishops&mdash;all this,
-and much else that deserves an honoured place in the
-chronicles of the metropolis, we must perforce omit in
-our survey. Some of the stories are too modern to
-please the taste of those who revel in the past; and if
-the curious reader detects omissions, he may console
-himself by referring to some of the countless other books
-and guides which the attractions of London are ever
-forcing industrious scribes to produce.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Christ's Hospital</h3>
-
-<p>Many regrets were expressed when it was found
-necessary to remove this ancient school from London,
-and to destroy the old buildings. Of course, "everything
-is for the best in this best of possible worlds."
-Boys, like plants, thrive better in the open country,
-and London fogs are apt to becloud the brain as well
-as injure health. But the antiquary may be allowed
-to utter his plaint over the demolition of the old features
-of London life. The memorials of this ancient school
-cannot be omitted from our collection.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">{195}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_035.jpg" width="600" height="462" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Christ's Hospital.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>We are carried back in thought to the Friars, clad
-in grey habits, girt with cord, and sandal shod, who
-settled in the thirteenth century on the north side of
-what we now call Newgate Street, and, by the generosity
-of pious citizens, founded their monastery. Thus John
-Ewin gave them the land in the ward of Farringdon
-Without, and in the parish of St. Nicholas Shambles;
-William Joyner built the choir; William Wallis the
-nave; William Porter the chapter house; Gregory
-Bokesby the dormitories, furnishing it with beds;
-Bartholomew de Castello the refectory, where he feasted
-the friars on St. Bartholomew's Day. Queen Margaret,
-the second wife of Edward I., was a great benefactor
-of the order, and advanced two thousand marks towards
-the cost of a large church, which was completed in
-1327, and was a noble structure, 300 feet in length,
-89 feet in breadth, and 74 feet high. "Dick"
-Whittington built for the friars a splendid library, which
-was finished in 1424. The church was the favoured
-resting-place of the illustrious dead. Four queens, four
-duchesses, four countesses, one duke, two earls, eight
-barons, and some thirty-five knights reposed therein.
-In the choir there were nine tombs of alabaster and
-marble, surrounded by iron railings, and monuments
-of marble and brass abounded. The dissolution of
-monasteries came with greedy Henry, and the place was
-rifled. The crown seized the goodly store of treasure;
-the church became a receptacle for the prizes taken
-from the French; and Sir Martin Bowes, Mayor of
-London, for the sum of �50, obtained all the beautiful
-tombs and brasses, marble and alabaster, which were
-carted away from the desecrated shrine.</p>
-
-<p>But Henry's conscience smote him. The death of
-Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, the King's boon
-companion, moved him "to bethink himself of his end,
-and to do some good work thereunto," as Fuller states.
-The church was reopened for worship, and Bishop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">{196}</a></span>
-Ridley, preaching at Paul's Cross, announced the
-King's gift of the conventual grounds and buildings,
-with the hospital of St. Bartholomew, for the relief
-of the poor. Letters patent were issued in 1545, making
-over to the Mayor and Commonalty of London for ever
-"the Grey Friars' Church, with all the edifices and
-ground, the fratry, library, dortor, chapter-house, great
-cloister, and the lesser tenements and vacant grounds,
-lead, stone, iron, etc.; the hospital of
-St. Bartholomew, West Smithfield,
-the church of the same, the lead, bells,
-and ornaments of the same hospital,
-with all messuages, tenements, and
-appurtenances."</p>
-
-<p>It was a poor return to the Church
-for all of that the King had robbed
-her. Moreover, he did not altogether
-abandon a little profit. He made the
-monastic church, now called the Christ
-Church, do duty for the parishes
-of St. Nicholas in the Shambles,
-St. Ewins, and part of St. Sepulchre,
-uniting these into one parish, and
-pulling down the churches of the first
-two parishes. It would be curious
-to discover what became of the
-endowments of these parishes, and of
-the fabrics.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_036.jpg" width="176" height="400" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'>Carrying the Crug-basket</p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>For some years nothing was done to further the
-cause of this charity, but in 1552, when Bishop Ridley,
-who was a mightily convincing preacher, was discoursing
-upon charity before Edward VI., the boy-King was so
-moved that he conversed with the bishop, and, together
-with the Lord Mayor and aldermen of the city,
-determined to found three hospitals&mdash;Christ's Hospital
-for the education of poor children, St. Thomas's for the
-relief of the sick and diseased, and Bridewell for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">{197}</a></span>
-correction and amendment of the idle and the vagabond.
-Before his last illness, Edward had just strength enough
-to sign the charter for the founding of these institutions,
-ejaculating: "Lord, I yield Thee most hearty thanks
-that Thou hast given me life thus long to finish this
-work to the glory of Thy name." The good citizens of
-London, with their accustomed charity, immediately set
-to work, before the granting of the charter, to subscribe
-money for the repair of the old monastic buildings, and
-in 1552 three hundred and forty children were admitted,
-not so much for educational purposes as for their rescue
-from the streets, and the provision of shelter, food, and
-clothing. It must have been a welcome sight to the
-citizens to see them clothed in livery of russet cotton,
-the boys with red caps, the girls with kerchiefs on their
-heads, lining the procession when the Lord Mayor and
-aldermen rode to St. Paul's on Christmas Day. On the
-following Easter the boys and "mayden children" were
-in "plonket," or blue&mdash;hence the hospital derived the
-name of the Blue Coat School. The dress of the boys,
-concerning the origin of which many fanciful interpretations
-have been made, is the costume of the period
-generally worn by apprentices and serving men,
-consisting of a long blue coat, with leathern girdle, a
-sleeveless yellow waistcoat and yellow stockings, clerical
-bands and a small black cap completing the dress.
-"Four thousand marks by the year" from the royal
-exchequer were granted by the King for the maintenance
-of the school, which sum was largely supplemented by
-the citizens and other pious benefactors, such as Lady
-Ramsay, who founded "a free writing schoole for poor
-men's children" at the hospital. Camden says that at
-the beginning of the seventeenth century six hundred
-children were maintained and educated, and one thousand
-two hundred and forty pensioners relieved by the hospital
-in alms, and, later on, as many as one thousand one
-hundred and twenty children were cared for by this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">{198}</a></span>
-institution. The governors, moreover, started "place
-houses" in other districts&mdash;at Hertford, Ware, Reading,
-and Bloxburn&mdash;where boys were educated.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_037.jpg" width="300" height="227" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'>Wooden Platters and Beer Jack.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The buildings were greatly injured by the fire of
-1666, when the old monastic church was entirely
-destroyed. The great hall was soon rebuilt by Sir John
-Frederick, and then the famous Royal Mathematical
-School was founded through the exertions of Sir Robert
-Clayton, Sir Jonas Moore, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir
-Charles Scarbrough, and Samuel Pepys. King Charles II.
-granted a charter and �1,000 a year for seven years,
-and the forty boys who composed the school were called
-"King's boys." They were instructed in navigation, and
-wore a badge on the left shoulder. A subordinate
-mathematical school, consisting of twelve scholars,
-denoted "the Twelves," who wore a badge on the right
-shoulder, was subsequently formed. Pepys took a keen
-interest in the school, and a series of a large number
-of his letters is in existence which show the efforts
-he made to maintain the mathematical school. He tells
-also of a little romance connected with the hospital,
-which is worth recording. There was at that time a
-grammar school for boys and a separate school for
-girls. Two wealthy citizens left their estates, one to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">{199}</a></span>
-a bluecoat boy, and the other to a bluecoat girl. Some
-of the governors thought that it would be well if these
-two fortunate recipients were married. So a public
-wedding was arranged at the Guildhall chapel, where
-the ceremony was performed by the Dean of St. Paul's,
-the bride, supported by two bluecoat boys, being given
-away by the Lord Mayor, and the bridegroom, attired
-in blue satin, being led to the altar by two bluecoat
-girls.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_038.jpg" width="300" height="199" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'>Piggin: Wooden Spoon.
-Wooden Soup-ladle.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>A noble gift of Sir Robert Clayton enabled the
-governors to rebuild the east cloister and south front.
-The writing school was erected by Sir Christopher Wren
-in 1694, at the expense of Sir John Moore. The ward
-over the east side cloister was rebuilt in 1705 by Sir
-Francis Child, the banker, and in 1795 the grammar
-school was erected. Some of the buildings of the old
-monastery survived until the beginning of the last
-century, but they were somewhat ruinous and unsafe,
-hence, in 1803, a great building fund was formed. The
-hall erected after the great fire was pulled down, and
-a vast building in the Tudor style begun in 1825, which
-was so familiar to all who passed along the eastern
-end of Holborn. John Shaw was the architect. You
-will remember the open arcade, the buttresses and
-octagonal towers, and the embattled and pinnacled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">{200}</a></span>
-walls, and, above all, you will remember the crowd of
-happy boys, clad in their picturesque garb, kicking about
-the merry football. The dining hall was one of the
-finest rooms in London, being 187 feet long, 51 feet wide,
-and 47 feet high; lighted by nine large windows, those
-on the south side being filled with stained glass. There
-hung the huge charter picture, representing Edward VI.
-presenting the charter to the Lord Mayor, the Chancellor,
-officers of State, and children of the school being in
-attendance. This picture has been attributed to Holbein,
-but since the event occurred in 1553, and that artist
-could have produced no work later than 1534, the
-tradition is erroneous. Two portraits of Edward VI.
-are also in the possession of the hospital attributed to
-Holbein, but they have been proved to be the work of
-a later artist. Verrio's portrait of Charles II., and his
-picture of James II. receiving the mathematical boys,
-are very large canvases.</p>
-
-<p>It is unnecessary to describe all the buildings which
-so recently existed, but have now been swept away.
-It is more interesting to note some of the curious
-customs which exist or formerly existed in the school,
-and some of the noted of the old "Blues." Christ's
-Hospital was a home of old customs, some of them,
-perhaps, little relished by the scholars. Each boy had
-a wooden "piggin" for drinking small beer served out
-of a leathern or wooden jack; a platter, spoon, and
-soup-ladle of the same material. There was a quaint
-custom of supping in public on Sundays during Lent,
-when visitors were admitted, and the Lord Mayor or
-president of the governors sat in state. Quaint wooden
-candlesticks adorned the tables, and, after the supper,
-were carried away in procession, together with the
-tablecloths, crug-baskets, or baskets used for carrying
-bread, bowls, jacks, and piggins. Before the supper a
-hymn was sung, and a "Grecian," or head boy, read
-the prayers from the pulpit, silence being enforced by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">{201}</a></span>
-three blows of a wooden hammer. The supper then
-began, consisting of bread and cheese, and the visitors
-used to walk about between the tables. Then followed
-the solemn procession of the boys carrying their goods,
-and bowing repeatedly to the governors and their guests.
-It was a pleasing custom, honoured by the presence of
-many distinguished guests, and Queen Victoria and Prince
-Albert on one occasion witnessed the spectacle.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_039.jpg" width="600" height="441" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Christ's Hospital: the Garden.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Then there were the annual orations on St. Matthew's
-Day, commemorating the foundation of the school, and
-attended by the civic magnates. A state service was
-held in Christ Church, Newgate Street, and, afterwards,
-the Grecians delivered speeches, and a collection was
-made for the support of these headboys when they went
-to the University. The beadles delivered up their staves
-to the Court, and if no fault was found with these officers
-their badges were returned to them. The Company was
-regaled with "sweet cakes and burnt wine."</p>
-
-<p>At Easter there were solemn processions&mdash;first, on
-Easter Monday, to the Mansion House, when the Lord
-Mayor was escorted by the boys to Christ Church to
-hear the Spital or hospital sermon. On Easter Tuesday
-again the scholars repaired to the Mansion House, and
-were regaled with a glass of wine, in lieu of which
-lemonade, in more recent times, could be obtained, two
-buns, and a shilling fresh from the Mint, the senior
-scholars receiving an additional sum, and the Grecians
-obtained a guinea. Again the Spital sermon was
-preached. The boys were entitled, by ancient custom,
-to sundry privileges&mdash;to address the sovereign on his
-visiting the city, and the "King's boys" were entitled
-to be presented at the first drawing-room of the season,
-to present their charts for inspection, and to receive
-sundry gifts. By ancient privilege they were entitled to
-inspect all the curiosities in the Tower of London free
-of any charge, and these at one time included a miniature
-zoological garden.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">{202}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_040.jpg" width="326" height="400" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Old Staircase.</span></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Many are the notable men renowned in literature and
-art who have sprung from this famous school. Charles
-Lamb, S. T. Coleridge, Leigh Hunt, and countless other
-men might be mentioned who have done honour to their
-school. Some of their recollections of old manners
-reveal some strange educational methods&mdash;the severe
-thrashings, the handcuffing of runaways, the confining
-in dungeons, wretched holes, where the boys could just
-find room to lie down on straw, and were kept in solitary
-confinement and fed worse than prisoners in modern
-gaols. Bread and beer breakfasts were hardly the best
-diet for boys, and the meat does not always appear
-to have been satisfactory. However, all these bygone
-abuses have long ago disappeared. For some years the
-future of the hospital was shrouded in uncertainty.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">{203}</a></span>
-At length it was resolved to quit London, and now
-the old buildings have been pulled down, and the school
-has taken a new lease of life and settled at Horsham,
-where all will wish that it may have a long and
-prosperous career. We may well conclude this brief
-notice of the old school in the words of the School
-Commissioners of 1867, who stated: "Christ's Hospital
-is a thing without parallel in the country and <i>sui generis</i>.
-It is a grand relic of the medi�val spirit&mdash;a monument
-of the profuse munificence of that spirit, and of that
-constant stream of individual beneficence, which is so
-often found to flow around institutions of that character.
-It has kept up its main features, its traditions, its
-antique ceremonies, almost unchanged, for a period of
-upwards of three centuries. It has a long and goodly
-list of worthies." We know not how many of these
-antique ceremonies have survived its removal, but we
-venture to hope that they may still exist, and that the
-authorities have not failed to maintain the traditions
-that Time has consecrated.</p>
-
-
-<h3>The City Churches</h3>
-
-<p>In the pageant of London no objects are more
-numerous and conspicuous than the churches which greet
-us at every step. In spite of the large number which
-have disappeared, there are very many left. There they
-stand in the centre of important thoroughfares, in obscure
-courts and alleys&mdash;here surrounded by high towering
-warehouses; there maintaining proud positions, defying
-the attacks of worldly business and affairs. A whole
-volume would be required to do justice to the city
-churches, and we can only glance at some of the most
-striking examples.</p>
-
-<p>The Great Fire played havoc with the ancient
-structures, and involved in its relentless course many
-a beautiful and historic church. But some few of them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">{204}</a></span>
-are left to us. We have already seen St. Bartholomew's,
-Smithfield, and glanced at the church of St. Helen,
-Bishopsgate, and old St Paul's. Wren's St. Paul's
-Cathedral has so often been described that it is not
-necessary to tell again the story of its building.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
-"Destroyed by the Great Fire, rebuilt by Wren," is the
-story of most of the city churches; but there were some
-few which escaped. At the east end of Great Tower
-Street stands All Hallows Barking, so called from
-having belonged to the abbey of Barking, Essex. This
-narrowly escaped the fire, which burned the dial, and
-porch, and vicarage house. Its style is mainly
-Perpendicular, with a Decorated east window, and
-has some good brasses. St. Andrew's Undershaft,
-Leadenhall Street, opposite to which the May-pole was
-annually raised until "Evil May-day" put an end to
-the merry-makings, was rebuilt in 1520-32, and contains
-some mural paintings, much stained glass, and many
-brasses and monuments, including that of John Stow,
-the famous London antiquary. St. Catherine Cree, in
-the same street, was rebuilt in 1629, and consecrated by
-Laud. St. Dunstan's-in-the-East was nearly destroyed,
-and restored by Wren, the present nave being rebuilt
-in 1817. St. Dunstan's, Stepney, preserves its fifteenth
-century fabric, and St. Ethelburga's, Bishopsgate,
-retains some of its Early English masonry, and St.
-Ethelreda's, Ely Place, is the only surviving portion
-of the ancient palace of the Bishops of Ely. St. Giles',
-Cripplegate, stands near the site of a Saxon church built
-in 1090 by Alfun, the first hospitaller of the Priory of
-St. Bartholomew. Suffering from a grievous fire in
-1545, it was partially rebuilt, and in 1682 the tower
-was raised fifteen feet. Many illustrious men were
-buried here, including John Fox, John Speed, the
-historian, John Milton and his father, several actors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">{205}</a></span>
-of the Fortune Theatre, and Sir Martin Frobisher. In
-1861 the church was restored in memory of Milton, and
-a monument raised to him. This church saw the
-nuptials of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bowchier
-in 1620. All Hallows Staining, Mark Lane, escaped the
-fire, and its tower and west end are ancient. St. James',
-Aldgate, was built in 1622, and escaped the fire, which
-might have spared more important edifices; and St.
-Olave's, Hart Street, a building which shows Norman,
-Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular work, was
-happily preserved. This is sometimes called Pepys's
-church, since he often mentions it in his diary, and lies
-buried here. There are other interesting monuments, and
-in the churchyard lie some of the victims of the Great
-Plague. St. Sepulchre's, near Newgate, was damaged
-by the fire, and refitted by Wren, but the main building
-is fifteenth century work. Several churches escaped the
-Great Fire, but were subsequently pulled down and
-rebuilt. Amongst these are St. Alphege, London Wall;
-St. Botolph-without, Aldersgate; St. Botolph's, St.
-Martin's Outwich. St. Mary Woolnoth was also
-damaged by the fire, and repaired by Wren. It stands
-on the site of an early church, which was rebuilt in
-the fifteenth century; but the greater part of the present
-church was built by Hawksmoor in 1716.</p>
-
-<p>A strange, weird, desolate city met the eyes of the
-people of London when the Great Fire had died away.
-No words can describe that scene of appalling ruin and
-desolation. But, with the energy for which Englishmen
-are remarkable, they at once set to work to restore their
-loss, and a master-mind was discovered who could
-grapple with the difficulty and bring order out of chaos.
-This wonderful genius was Sir Christopher Wren. He
-devised a grand scheme for the rebuilding of the city.
-Evelyn planned another. But property owners were
-tenacious of their rights, and clung to their own parcels
-of ground; so these great schemes came to nothing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">{206}</a></span>
-However, to Wren fell the task of rebuilding the fallen
-churches, and no less than fifty-two were entrusted to
-his care. He had no one to guide him; no school of
-artists or craftsmen to help him in the detail of his
-buildings; no great principles of architecture to direct
-him. Gothic architecture was dead, if we except the
-afterglow that shone in Oxford. He might have
-followed his great predecessor, Inigo Jones, and produced
-works after an Italian model. But he was no copyist.
-Taking the classic orders as his basis, he devised a style
-of his own, suitable for the requirements of the time
-and climate, and for the form of worship and religious
-usages of the Anglican Church. "It is enough for
-Romanists to hear the murmur of the mass, and see the
-elevation of the Host; but our churches are to be fitted
-for auditories," he once said.</p>
-
-<p>Of the churches built by Wren, eighteen beautiful
-buildings have already been destroyed. St. Christopher-le-Stocks
-is swallowed up by the Bank of England;
-St. Michael, Crooked Lane, disappeared in 1841, when
-approaches were made to New London Bridge; St.
-Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange made way for the Sun
-Fire Office; and St. Benet Fink was pulled down because
-of its nearness to the Royal Exchange. Since the
-passing of the Union of City Benefices Act in 1860,
-fourteen churches designed by Wren have succumbed,
-and attacks on others have been with difficulty warded
-off.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
-
-<p>The characteristics of Wren's genius were his
-versatility, imagination, and originality. We will notice
-some of the results of these qualities of mind. The
-tower hardly ever enters into the architectural treatment
-of the interior. It is used as an entrance lobby or
-vestry. His simplest plan was a plain oblong, without
-columns or recesses, such as St. Mildred's, Bread Street,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">{207}</a></span>
-or St. Nicholas', Cole Abbey. St. Margaret, Lothbury,
-St. Vedast, St. Clement, Eastcheap, have this simple form,
-with the addition of an aisle or a recess. His next
-plan consists of the central nave and two aisles, with
-or without clerestory windows; of this St. Andrew
-Wardrobe and St. Magnus the Martyr furnish good
-examples. The third plan is the domed church, such
-as St. Swithun and St. Mary Abchurch. The merits
-and architectural beauties of Wren's churches have been
-recently described in an able lecture delivered by
-Mr. Arthur Keen before the Architectural Association,
-a lecture which we should like to see expanded to the
-size of a book, and enriched with copious drawings.
-It would be of immense service in directing the minds
-of the citizens of London to the architectural treasures
-of which they are the heirs.</p>
-
-<p>The churches are remarkable for their beautifully
-carved woodwork, often executed or designed by
-Grinling Gibbons or his pupils. Pews, pulpits, with
-elaborate sounding boards, organ cases, altar pieces,
-were all elaborately carved, and a gallery usually was
-placed at the west end. Paintings by Sir James
-Thornhill and other artists adorn his churches, and
-the art of Strong the master mason, Jennings the
-carpenter, and Tijou the metal worker, all combined
-to beautify his structures.</p>
-
-<p>Within the limits of our space it is only possible
-to glance at the interiors of a few of these churches,
-and note some of the treasures therein contained.
-St. Andrew's, Holborn, has its original fifteenth century
-tower, recarved in 1704. It is known as the "Poet's
-Church," on account of the singers connected with it,
-including a contemporary of Shakespeare, John Webster,
-Robert Savage, Chatterton, and Henry Neele, and can
-boast of such illustrious rectors as Bishops Hacket and
-Stillingfleet, and Dr. Sacheverel. The spire of Christ
-Church, Spitalfields, built by Hawksmoor, is the loftiest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">{208}</a></span>
-in London, and has a fine peal of bells. In the church
-there is an early work of Flaxman&mdash;the monument of
-Sir Robert Ladbrooke, Lord Mayor. The name of
-St. Clement Danes reminds us of the connection of the
-sea-rovers with London. Strype says that the church
-was so named "because Harold, a Danish King, and
-other Danes, were buried there, and in that churchyard."
-He tells how this Harold, an illegitimate son of Canute,
-reigned three years, and was buried at Westminster;
-but, afterwards, Hardicanute, the lawful son of Canute,
-in revenge for the injury done to his mother and brother,
-ordered the body to be dug up and thrown into the
-Thames, where it was found by a fisherman and buried
-in this churchyard. There seems to be no doubt that there
-was a colony of peaceful Danes in this neighbourhood,
-as testified by the Danish word "Wych" given to a street
-hard by, and preserved in the modern Aldwych. It was
-the oldest suburb of London, the village of �ldwic,
-and called Aldewych. Oldwych close was in existence
-in the time of the Stuarts. These people were allowed
-to reside between the Isle of Thorney, or Westminster,
-and Ludgate, and, having become Christians, they built
-a church for themselves, which was called <i>Ecclesia
-Clementis Danorum</i>.</p>
-
-<p>There is a wild story of the massacre of the Danes
-in this church in the days of Ethelred, as recorded in
-Strype's <i>Continuation of Stow</i>, and in the <i>Jomsvikinga
-Saga</i>. As Mr. Loftie has not found space in <i>Saxon
-London</i> to mention this colony of Danes and their
-doings, I venture to quote a passage from Mr. Lethaby's
-<i>Pre-Conquest London</i>, which contains some interesting
-allusions to these people:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"We are told that Sweyn made warfare in the land of King Ethelred,
-and drove him out of the land; he put <i>Thingumannalid</i> in two places.
-The one in Lundunaborg (London) was ruled by Eilif Thorgilsson, who
-had sixty ships in the Temps (Thames); the other was north in Sleswik.
-The Thingamen made a law that no one should stay away a whole night.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">{209}</a></span>
-They gathered at the Bura Church every night when a large bell was
-rung, but without weapons. He who had command in the town (London)
-was �dric Streona. Ulfkel Snilling ruled over the northern part of
-England (East Anglia). The power of the Thingamen was great. There
-was a fair there (in London) twice every twelve month, one about midsummer
-and the other about midwinter. The English thought it would
-be the easiest to slay the Thingamen while Cnut was young (he was ten
-winters old) and Sweyn dead. About Yule, waggons went into the
-town to the market, and they were all tented over by the treacherous
-advice of Ulfkel Snelling and Ethelred's sons. Thord, a man of the
-Thingumannalid, went out of the town to the house of his mistress, who
-asked him to stay, because the death was planned of all the Thingamen
-by Englishmen concealed in the waggons, when the Danes would go
-unarmed to the church. Thord went into the town and told it to Eilif.
-They heard the bell ringing, and when they came to the churchyard
-there was a great crowd who attacked them. Eilif escaped with three
-ships and went to Denmark. Some time after, Edmund was made King.
-After three winters, Cnut, Thorkel and Eric went with eight hundred
-ships to England. Thorkel had thirty ships, and slew Ulfkel Snilling,
-and married Ulfhild, his wife, daughter of King Ethelred. With Ulfkel
-was slain every man on sixty ships, and Cnut took Lundunaborg."</p></div>
-
-<p>Matthew, of Westminster, also records this massacre
-of the Danes, and other authorities consider that the
-account in the <i>Saga</i> is founded on fact. However that
-may be, the Danes undoubtedly had a colony here of
-their traders, merchants, and seamen, and dedicated their
-church to their favourite saint, St. Clement, the patron
-of mariners, whose constant emblem is an anchor. Nor
-was this the only location of the Northmen. Southwark
-was their fortified trading place, where they had a church
-dedicated to St. Olaf, the patron saint of Norway. His
-name remains in Tooley Street, not a very evident but
-certainly true derivative of St. Olaf's Street. There are
-three churches dedicated to St. Olave, who was none
-other than St. Olaf. St. Magnus, too, tells of the
-Northmen, who was one of their favourite saints. Going
-back to the church of St. Clement Danes, we notice that
-it was rebuilt in 1682 under the advice of Wren, the
-tower and steeple being added forty years later.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">{210}</a></span>
-Dr. Johnson used to attend here, and a pillar near his
-seat bears the inscription:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"In this pew and beside this pillar, for many years attended Divine
-Service, the celebrated Dr. Johnson, the philosopher, the poet, the great
-lexicographer, the profound moralist, and chief writer of his time. Born
-1709, died 1794. In remembrance and honour of noble faculties, nobly
-employed, some inhabitants of the parish of St. Clement Danes have
-placed this slight memorial, <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 1851."</p></div>
-
-<p>One of the most important city churches is St. Mary-le-Bow,
-Cheapside. It is one of Wren's finest works;
-but the old church, destroyed by the Great Fire, had a
-notable history, being one of the earliest Norman
-buildings in the country. Stow says it was named
-St. Mary <i>de Arcubus</i> from its being built on arches of
-stone, these arches forming a crypt, which still exists.
-The tower was a place of sanctuary, but not a very
-effectual one, as Longbeard, a ringleader of a riot, was
-forced out of his refuge by fire in 1190, and Ducket,
-a goldsmith, was murdered. The Bow bells are famous,
-and one of them was rung nightly for the closing of
-shops. Everyone knows the protesting rhyme of the
-'prentices of the Cheap when the clerk rang the bell
-late, and the reassuring reply of that officer, who
-probably feared the blows of their staves. Lanterns
-hung in the arches of the spire as beacons for travellers.
-The bells of Bow are said to have recalled Dick
-Whittington, and those who have always lived in the
-district where their sound can be heard are
-deemed very ignorant folk by their country cousins.
-Whittington's church was St. Michael's Paternoster
-Royal, Thames Street, which he rebuilt, and wherein he
-was buried, though his body has been twice disturbed.
-The church was destroyed by the Great Fire, and rebuilt
-by Wren.</p>
-
-<p>It is impossible for us to visit all the churches, each
-of which possesses some feature of interest, some
-historical association. They impart much beauty to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">{211}</a></span>
-every view of the city, and not one of them can be
-spared. Sometimes, in this utilitarian age, wise men
-tell us that we should pull down many of these ancient
-buildings, sell the valuable sites, and build other churches
-in the suburbs, where they would be more useful.
-Eighteen of Wren's churches have been thus destroyed,
-besides several of later date. The city merchants of
-old built their churches, and made great sacrifices in
-doing so, for the honour of God and the good of their
-fellow-men, and it is not for their descendants to pull
-them down. If suburban people want churches, they
-should imitate the example of their forefathers, and
-make sacrifices in order to build them. Streets, old
-palaces, interesting houses, are fast vanishing; the
-churches&mdash;at least, some of them&mdash;remain to tell the
-story of the ancient civic life, to point the way to
-higher things amid the bustling scenes of mercantile
-activity and commercial unrest. The readers of these
-Memorials will wish "strength i' th' arme" to the City
-Churches Preservation Society to do battle for these
-historic landmarks of ancient London.</p>
-
-
-<h3>The Pageant of the Streets</h3>
-
-<p>Nothing helps us to realise the condition of ancient
-London, its growth and expansion, like a careful study
-of its street-names. It shows that in the Middle Ages
-London was very different from that great, overcrowded,
-noisy, and far-extending metropolis which we see to-day.
-It is difficult for us in these days to realise the small
-extent of ancient London, when Charing was a village
-situated between the cities of Westminster and London;
-or, indeed, to go back in imagination even a century
-or two ago, when the citizens could go a-nutting on
-Notting Hill, and when it was possible to see Temple
-Bar from Leicester Square, then called Leicester Fields,
-and with a telescope observe the heads of the Scotch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">{212}</a></span>
-rebels which adorned the spikes of the old gateway.
-In the early coaching days, on account of the impassable
-roads, it required three hours to journey from Paddington
-to the city. Kensington, Islington, Brompton, and
-Paddington were simply country villages, separated by
-fields and pastures from London; and the names of
-such districts as Spitalfields, Bethnal Green, Smithfield,
-Moorfields, and many others, now crowded with houses,
-indicate the once rural character of the neighbourhood.</p>
-
-<p>The area enclosed by the city walls was not larger than
-Hyde Park. Their course has been already traced, but we
-can follow them on the map of London by means of the
-names of the streets. Thus, beginning at the Tower, we
-pass on to Aldgate, and then to Bishopsgate. Outside was
-a protecting moat, which survives in the name Houndsditch,
-wherein doubtless dead dogs found a resting
-place. Then we pass on to London Wall, a street which
-sufficiently tells its derivation. Outside this part of the
-wall there was a fen, or bog, or moor, which survives
-in Moorfields, Moorgate Street, and possibly Finsbury;
-and Artillery Street shows where the makers of bows
-and arrows had their shops, near the artillery ground,
-where the users of these weapons practised at the butts.
-The name of the Barbican tells of a tower that guarded
-Aldersgate, and some remains of the wall can still be
-seen in Castle Street and in the churchyard of St. Giles',
-Cripplegate, the derivation of which has at length been
-satisfactorily determined by Mr. Loftie in our first
-chapter, and has nothing to do with the multitude of
-cripples which Stow imagined congregated there. Thence
-we go to Newgate and the Old Bailey, names that tell
-of walls and fortifications. Everyone knows the name
-of the Bailey court of a castle, which intervened between
-the keep or stronger portion of the defences and the
-outer walls or gate. The court of the Old Bailey
-suggests to modern prisoners other less pleasing ideas.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">{213}</a></span>
-Now the wall turns southward, in the direction of
-Ludgate, where it was protected by a stream called
-the Fleet, whence the name Fleet Street is derived.
-Canon Isaac Taylor suggests that Fleet Street is really
-Flood Street, from which Ludgate or Floodgate takes
-its name. We prefer the derivation given by Mr. Loftie.
-On the south of Ludgate, and on the bank of the
-Thames, stood a mighty strong castle, called Baynard
-Castle, constructed by William the Conqueror to aid
-him, with the Tower of London, to keep the citizens
-in order. It has entirely disappeared, but if you look
-closely at the map you will find a wharf which records
-its memory, and a ward of the city also is named after
-the long vanished stronghold. Now the course of the
-wall follows the north bank of the river Thames, and
-the names Dowgate and Billingsgate record its memory
-and of the city gates, which allowed peaceable citizens
-to enter, but were strong to resist foes and rebels.</p>
-
-<p>Within these walls craftsmen and traders had their
-own particular localities, the members of each trade
-working together side by side in their own street or
-district; and although now some of the trades have
-disappeared, and traders are no longer confined to one
-district, the street-names record the ancient home of
-their industries. The two great markets were the
-Eastcheap and Westcheap, now Cheapside. The former,
-in the days of Lydgate, was the abode of the butchers.
-Martin Lyckpenny sings:</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Then I hyed me into Est-chepe<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">One cryes ribbes of befe and many a pye."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>And near the butchers naturally were the cooks, who
-flourished in Cooks' Row, along Thames Street.
-Candlewick Street took its name from the chandlers.
-Cornhill marks the site of the ancient corn market.
-Haymarket, where the theatre is so well known, was
-the site of a market for hay, but that is comparatively<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">{214}</a></span>
-modern. The citizens did not go so far out of the
-city to buy and sell hay. Stow says: "Then higher
-in Grasse Street is that parish church of St. Bennet,
-called Grasse Church, of the herb market there kept";
-and though he thinks Fenchurch Street may be derived
-from a fenny or moorish ground, "others be of opinion
-that it took that name of <i>F�num</i>, that is, hay sold there,
-as Grasse Street took the name of grass, or herbs, there
-sold." Wool was sold near the church of St. Mary
-Woolchurch, which stood on the site of the present
-Mansion House, and in the churchyard was a beam for
-the weighing of wool. The name survives in that of
-St. Mary Woolnoth, with which parish the other was
-united when St. Mary Woolchurch was destroyed by
-the Great Fire. Lombard Street marks the settlement
-of the great Lombardi merchants, the Italian financiers,
-bankers, and pawnbrokers, who found a convenient
-centre for their transactions midway between the two
-great markets, Eastcheap and Cheapside. Sometimes
-the name of the street has been altered in course of
-time, so that it is difficult to determine the original
-meaning. Thus Sermon Lane has nothing to do with
-parsons, but is a corruption of Sheremoniers' Lane, who
-"cut and rounded the plates to be coined and stamped
-into sterling pence," as Stow says. Near this lane was
-the Old Exchange, where money was coined. Later on,
-this coining was done at a place still called the mint,
-in Bermondsey. Stow thought that Lothbury was so
-called because it was a loathsome place, on account of
-the noise made by the founders; but it is really a
-corruption of Lattenbury, the place where these founders
-"cast candlesticks, chafing-dishes, spice mortars, and
-such like copper or laton works." Of course, people
-sold their fowls in the Poultry; fish and milk and bread
-shops were to be found in the streets bearing these names;
-and leather in Leather Lane and, perhaps, Leadenhall
-Market, said to be a corruption of Leatherhall, though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">{215}</a></span>
-Stow does not give any hint of this. Sopers' Lane
-was the abode of the soapmakers; Smithfield of the
-smiths. Coleman Street derives its name from the man
-who first built and owned it, says Stow; but later
-authorities place there the coalmen or charcoal-burners.
-As was usual in medi�val towns, the Jews had a district
-for themselves, and resided in Old Jewry and Jewin
-Street.</p>
-
-<p>The favourite haunt of booksellers and publishers,
-Paternoster Row, derives its name, according to Stow,
-"from the stationers or text-writers that dwelled there,
-who wrote and sold all sorts of books then in use, namely,
-A. B. C. or Absies, with the Paternoster, Ave, Creed,
-Graces, etc. There dwelled also turners of beads, and
-they are called Paternoster-makers. At the end of
-Paternoster Row is Ave Mary Lane, so called upon the
-like occasion of text-writers and bead-makers then
-dwelling there." Creed Lane and Amen Corner make
-up the names of these streets where the worshippers in
-Old St. Paul's found their helps to devotion.</p>
-
-<p>Old London was a city of palaces as well as of
-trade. All the great nobles of England had their town
-houses, or inns, as they were called. They had vast
-retinues of armed men, and required no small lodging.
-The Dukes of Exeter and Somerset, the Earl of
-Northumberland, and many others, had their town
-houses, every vestige of which has passed away, though
-their names are preserved by the streets and sites on
-which they stood. The Strand, for example, is full of
-the memories of these old mansions, which began to
-be erected along the river bank when the Wars of the
-Roses had ceased, and greater security was felt by the
-people of England, who then began to perceive that
-it might be possible to live in safety outside the walls
-of the city. Northumberland Avenue tells of the house
-of the Earls of Northumberland, which stood so late
-as 1875; Burleigh Street and Essex Street recall the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">{216}</a></span>
-famous Sir William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, whose son
-was created Earl of Essex. Arundel House, the mansion
-of the Howards, is marked by Arundel Street, Surrey
-Street, Howard Street, Norfolk Street, these being the
-titles borne by scions of this famous family. The
-readers of the chapter on the Royal Palaces need not
-be told of the traditions preserved by the names
-Somerset House and the Savoy. Cecil Street and
-Salisbury Street recall the memory of Salisbury House,
-built by Sir Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, brother of
-the Earl of Essex mentioned above. Then we have
-Bedford Street, with Russell Street, Southampton Street,
-Tavistock Street, around Covent Garden. These
-names unfold historical truths. Covent Garden is an
-abbreviated form of Convent Garden, the garden of the
-monks of Westminster. It was granted to the Russell
-family at the dissolution of monasteries, and the Russells,
-Earls of Bedford, erected a mansion here, which has
-long disappeared, but has left traces behind in the
-streets named after the various titles to which members
-of the Russell family attained. In another part of
-London we find traces of the same family. After
-leaving Covent Garden they migrated to Bloomsbury,
-and there we find Bedford Square, Southampton Street,
-Russell Square, Tavistock Square, and Chenies Street,
-this latter being named after their seat in Buckinghamshire.
-Craven buildings, near Drury Lane, tells of the
-home of Lord Craven, the devoted admirer of the
-"Queen of Hearts," the beautiful Queen of Bohemia.
-Clare House, the mansion of the Earls of Clare, survives
-in Clare Market; and Leicester Square points to the
-residence of the favourite of Queen Elizabeth, and
-Villiers Street and Buckingham Street to that of another
-court favourite, the Duke of Buckingham. The bishops
-also had their town houses, and their sites are recorded
-by such names as Ely Place, Salisbury Square, Bangor
-Court, and Durham Street.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">{217}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>We might wander westward, and trace the progress
-of building and of fashion, and mark the streets that
-bear witness to the memories of great names in English
-history; but that would take us far beyond our limits.
-Going back citywards, we should find many other
-suggestive names of streets&mdash;those named after churches;
-those that record the memories of religious houses, such
-as Blackfriars, Austin Friars, Crutched Friars; those
-that mark the course of many streams and brooks that
-now find their way underground to the great river.
-All these names recall glimpses of Old London, and
-must be cherished as priceless memorials of ancient days.</p>
-
-
-<h3>The Heart of the City</h3>
-
-<p>In the centre of London, at the eastern end of
-Cheapside, stand the Royal Exchange, the Mansion
-House, and Bank of England, all of which merit
-attention. The official residence of the Lord Mayor&mdash;associated
-with the magnificent hospitality of the city,
-with the memory of many distinguished men who have
-held the office of Chief Magistrate, and with the
-innumerable charitable schemes which have been initiated
-there&mdash;was built by Dance, and completed in 1753. It
-is in the Italian style, and resembles a Palladian
-Palace. Its conspicuous front, with Corinthian columns
-supporting a pediment, in the centre of which is a
-group of allegorical sculpture, is well known to all
-frequenters of the city. Formerly it had an open
-court, but this has been roofed over and converted into
-a grand banquetting hall, known as the Egyptian Hall.
-There are other dining rooms, a ball room, and drawing
-room, all superbly decorated, and the Mansion House
-is a worthy home for the Lord Mayor of London.</p>
-
-<p>The Bank of England commenced its career in 1691;
-founded by William Paterson, a Scotsman, and
-incorporated by William III. The greatest monetary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">{218}</a></span>
-establishment in the world at first managed to contain
-its wealth in a single chest, not much larger than a
-seaman's box. Its first governor was Sir John Houblon,
-who appears largely in the recent interesting volume on
-the records of the Houblon family, and whose house
-and garden were on part of the site of the present
-bank. The halls of the mercers and grocers provided
-a home for the officials in their early dealings. The
-site of the bank was occupied by a church, St.
-Christopher-le-Stocks, three taverns, and several houses.
-These have all been removed to make room for the
-extensions which from time to time were found necessary.
-The back of the Threadneedle Street front is the
-earliest portion&mdash;built in 1734, to which Sir Robert
-Taylor added two wings; and then Sir John Soane
-was appointed architect, and constructed the remainder
-of the present buildings in the Corinthian style, after
-the model of the Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli. There
-have been several subsequent additions, including the
-heightening of the Cornhill front by an attic in 1850.
-There have been many exciting scenes without those
-sombre-looking walls. It has been attacked by rioters.
-Panics have created "runs" on the bank; in 1745 the
-managers just saved themselves by telling their agents
-to demand payment for large sums in sixpences, which
-took a long time to count, the agents then paying in
-the sixpences, which had to be again counted, and
-thus preventing <i>bon�-fide</i> holders of notes presenting
-them. At one time the corporation had a very
-insignificant amount of money in the bank, and just
-saved themselves by issuing one pound notes. The
-history of forgeries on the bank would make an
-interesting chapter, and the story of its defence in the
-riots of 1780, when old inkstands were used as bullets by
-the gallant defenders, fills a page of old-world romance.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_041.jpg" width="600" height="354" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">The Royal Exchange.</span></p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>Engraved by Hollar, 1644.</i></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>But interesting as these buildings are, their stories
-pale before that of the Royal Exchange. The present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">{219}</a></span>
-building was finished in 1844, and opened by her late
-Majesty Queen Victoria with a splendid state and civic
-function. Its architecture is something after the style
-of the Pantheon at Rome. Why the architects of that
-and earlier periods always chose Italian models for
-their structures is one of the mysteries of human error;
-but, as we have seen, all these three main buildings in
-the heart of the city are copied from Italian structures.
-William Tite was the architect, and he achieved no
-mean success. The great size of the portico, the vastness
-of the columns, the frieze and sculptured tympanum,
-and striking figures, all combine to make it an imposing
-building. Upon the pedestal of the figure of
-"Commerce" is the inscription: "The earth is the
-Lord's, and the fulness thereof." The interior has been
-enriched by a series of mural paintings, representing
-scenes from the municipal life of London, the work of
-eminent artists.</p>
-
-<p>This exchange is the third which has stood upon
-this site. The first was built by Sir Thomas Gresham,
-one of the famous family of merchants to whom
-London owes many benefits. It was a "goodly Burse,"
-of Flemish design, having been built by a Flemish
-architect and Flemish workmen, and closely resembled
-the great Burse of Antwerp. The illustration, taken
-from an old engraving by Hollar, 1644, shows the
-building with its large court, with an arcade, a corridor
-or "pawn" of stalls above, and, in the high-pitched
-roof, chambers with dormer windows. Above the roofs
-a high bell-tower is seen, from which, at twelve o'clock
-at noon and at six in the evening, a bell sounded forth
-that proclaimed the call to 'Change. The merchants
-are shown walking or sitting on the benches transacting
-their business. Each nationality or trade had its own
-"walk." Thus there were the "Scotch walk," "Hanbro',"
-"Irish," "East country," "Swedish," "Norway,"
-"American," "Jamaica," "Spanish," "Portugal,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">{220}</a></span>
-"French," "Greek," and "Dutch and Jewellers'" walks.
-When Queen Elizabeth came to open the Exchange, the
-tradesmen began to use the hundred shops in the
-corridor, and "milliners or haberdashers sold mouse-traps,
-bird-cages, shoeing-horns, Jews' trumps, etc.;
-armourers, that sold both old and new armour;
-apothecaries, booksellers, goldsmiths, and glass-sellers."
-The Queen declared that this beautiful building should
-be no longer called the Burse, but gave it the name
-"The Royal Exchange." In the illustration some
-naughty boys have trespassed upon the seclusion of
-the busy merchants, and the beadle is endeavouring to
-drive them out of the quadrangle.</p>
-
-<p>This fine building was destroyed by the Great Fire,
-when all the statues fell down save that of the founder,
-Sir Thomas Gresham. His trustees, now known as the
-Gresham Committee, set to work to rebuild it, and
-employed Edward German as their architect, though
-Wren gave advice concerning the project. As usual,
-the citizens were not very long in accomplishing their task,
-and three years after the fire the second Exchange was
-opened, and resembled in plan its predecessor. Many
-views of it appear in the Crace collection in the British
-Museum. In 1838 it was entirely destroyed by fire. In
-the clock-tower there was a set of chimes, and the
-last tune they played, appropriately, was, "There's nae
-luck about the house." As we have seen, in a few years
-the present Royal Exchange arose, which we trust will
-be more fortunate than its predecessors, and never fall
-a victim to the flames.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>There is much else that we should like to see in
-Old London, and record in these Memorials. We should
-like to visit the old fairs, especially Bartholomew Fair,
-Smithfield, either in the days of the monks or with
-my Lady Castlemaine, who came in her coach, and
-mightily enjoyed a puppet show; and the wild beasts,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">{221}</a></span>
-dwarfs, operas, tight-rope dancing, sarabands, dogs
-dancing the Morrice, hare beating a tabor, a tiger
-pulling the feathers from live fowls, the humours of
-Punchinello, and drolls of every degree. Pages might
-be written of the celebrities of the fair, of the puppet
-shows, where you could see such incomparable dramas
-as <i>Whittington and his Cat</i>, <i>Dr. Faustus</i>, <i>Friar Bacon</i>,
-<i>Robin Hood and Little John</i>, <i>Mother Shipton</i>, together
-with "the tuneful warbling pig of Italian race." But
-our pageant is passing, and little space remains. We
-should like to visit the old prisons. A friend of the
-writer, Mr. Milliken, has allowed himself to be locked
-in all the ancient gaols which have remained to our
-time, and taken sketches of all the cells wherein famous
-prisoners have been confined; of gates, and bars, and bolts
-and doors, which have once restrained nefarious gaol-birds.
-Terrible places they were, these prisons, wherein
-prisoners were fleeced and robbed by governors and
-turnkeys, and, if they had no money, were kicked and
-buffeted in the most merciless manner. Old Newgate,
-which has just disappeared, has perhaps the most
-interesting history. It began its career as a prison in
-the form of a tower or part of the city gate. Thus
-it continued until the Great Fire, after which it was
-restored by Wren. In our illustration of the old
-gatehouse, it will be seen that it had a windmill at
-the top. This was an early attempt at ventilation, in
-order to overcome the dread malady called "gaol
-distemper," which destroyed many prisoners. Many
-notable names appear on the list of those who suffered
-here, including several literary victims, whose writings
-caused them grievous sufferings. The prison so lately
-destroyed was designed by George Dance in 1770.
-A recent work on architecture describes it as almost
-perfect of its kind. Before it was completed it was
-attacked by the Gordon rioters, who released the
-prisoners and set it on fire. It was repaired and finished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">{222}</a></span>
-in 1782. Outwardly so imposing, inwardly it was, for
-a long period, one of the worst prisons in London, full
-of vice and villainy, unchecked, unreformed; while
-outside frequently gathered tumultuous crowds to see
-the condemned prisoners hanged. We might have
-visited also the debtors' prisons with Mr. Pickwick and
-other notables, if our minds were not surfeited with
-prison fare; and even followed the hangman's cart
-to Tyburn, to see the last of some notorious criminals.
-Where the Ludgate Railway Station now stands was
-the famous Fleet prison, which had peculiar privileges,
-the Liberty of the Fleet allowing prisoners to go on
-bail and lodge in the neighbourhood of the prison.
-The district extended from the entrance to St. Paul's
-churchyard, Old Bailey, Ludgate Hill, to the Thames.
-Everyone has heard of the Fleet marriages that took
-place in this curious neighbourhood. On the other side
-of New Bridge Street there was a wild district called
-Alsatia, extending from Fleet Street to the Thames,
-wherein, until 1697, cheats and scoundrels found a safe
-sanctuary, and could not be disturbed.</p>
-
-<p>Again, we should like to visit the old public gardens,
-Vauxhall and Ranelagh, in company with Horace
-Walpole, or with Miss Burney's <i>Evelina</i> or Fielding's
-<i>Amelia</i>, and note "the extreme beauty and elegance of
-the place, with its 1,000 lamps"; "and happy is it for
-me," the young lady remarks, "since to give an adequate
-idea of it would exceed my power of description."</p>
-
-<p>But the pageant must at length pass on, and we
-must wake from the dreams of the past to find ourselves
-in our ever growing, ever changing, modern London.
-It is sufficient for us to reflect sometimes on the past
-life of the great city, to see again the scenes which
-took place in the streets and lanes we know so well,
-to form some ideas of the characters and manners of
-our forefathers, and to gather together some memorials
-of the greatest and most important city in the world.</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">{223}</a></span></p>
-
-<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX">INDEX</a></h2>
-
-<p class='center'>[Transcriber's Note: Links to volume i are external links to
-etext 28742 on the Project Gutenberg website. They require an internet connection
-and may not be supported by your device.]</p>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Abbey, Bermondsey, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Abbot of Westminster and monks in Tower prison, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Malmesbury, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_159">159</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Actor, Thomas Davies the, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Addison at Wills' Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Albemarle Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Monk, Duke of, ii., <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Albus, Liber, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Aldermanbury, St. Mary, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Aldersgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_21">21</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Aldgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Aldwych, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Alfred Club, ii., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; the Great, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_111">111</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">All Hallows Barking ii., <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Staining, Mark Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; the More, Church of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Alpine Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Alsatia, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Anecdote of Charles II. and the Chaplains' dinner, ii., <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Angel Inn," Wych Street, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Anglo-Saxon houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_114">114</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Anlaf the Dane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Anthropological Institute, ii., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Society, ii., <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Antiquaries, Society of, ii., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Apothecaries' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Apprentices of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; dress of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; flogging of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Arch�ological Association, British, ii., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Institute, ii., <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Archdeacon Hale, reforms of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Archery, ii., <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Architect, George Dance, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_182">182</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Palace of Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Tower, Gundulf, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Architecture, Crusaders' influence on, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_134">134</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Armory, London's</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_240">240</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Armourers' and Braziers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Arms of the City and See of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_233">233</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Army and Navy Club, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Arsenal, Tower an, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Arthur's Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Artillery Street, ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Artists, Blackfriars as abode of, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Artizans' Houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Arts, Society of, ii., <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Arundel House, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Asiatic Society, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Associates of the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_136">136</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Association, British Arch�ological, ii., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; for the Advancement of Science, British, ii., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Associations of Covent Garden, Literary, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Pall Mall, Literary, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. James' Street, Literary, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of the Temple, Literary, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Athen�um Club, ii., <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">{224}</a></span>Augustine Friars, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">August Society of the Wanderers Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Aulus Plautius, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Austin Friars, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Authors' Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Authors of the Temple, ii., <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ave Mary Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Avenue, Northumberland, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Axe" Inn, Aldermanbury, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Axe Yard, Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Bacon, Sir Francis, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bacon's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bailey, Old, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bank of England, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bankside, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Banqueting Hall," Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Banqueting House, Whitehall, ii., <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Banquets, City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_188">188</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Barbers', or Barber Surgeons' Company i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Barbican, ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; destroyed, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Barges of City Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Barnard's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_168">168</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Barry, Sir Charles, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bars, London, ii., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bartholomew Fair, ii., <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; the Great, St., Smithfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_66">66</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Basilica, Roman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bath Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Roman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Batson's" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Battle at Crayford, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_14">14</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Baynard Castle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bear-baiting, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bear Garden, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Beauchamp, Monument of Sir John, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_118">118</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Beauvale, Nottinghamshire, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Bedford" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bedford, Earls of, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Bell and Crown" Inn, Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Bell" Inn, Warwick Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bell Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bells of Bow, The, ii., <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Belmie, Richard de, Bishop of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Berkeley House, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bermondsey Abbey, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Berwick Bridge and Bribery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bethnal Green, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Billingsgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bishop of London, Mellitus, first, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Richard de Belmies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bishopsgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bishops of London, seals of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_236">236</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bishops' houses, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bishopric of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Black death, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_88">88</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Blackfriars, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; abode of artists, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Glovers in, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; playhouse near, ii., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Shakespeare's house in, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Vandyke's studio in, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Blacksmiths' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Blackwell Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Blake, William, poet, painter, ii., <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bloody Gate Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_61">61</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Blossoms" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Blue Boar" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Boar's Head" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Bolt-in-Tun" Inn, Fleet Street, ii., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bolton, William, prior of St. Bartholomew, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_76">76</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bonfires, ii., <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Boodle's Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Borough, The, ii., <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Boswell, ii., <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bow Bells, ii., <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bowyers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Braziers' Company, Armourers' and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bread Street, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; John Milton born in, ii., <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Brewers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bribery and Berwick Bridge, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Extraordinary, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Brick building by the Hansa, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_229">229</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bridewell, ii., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace of, ii., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bridge, Blackfriars, ii., <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Chapel, ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">{225}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Gate, ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of London, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Thomas of the, ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Southwark, ii., <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Waterloo, ii., <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Bridge House Estates," ii., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">British Arch�ological Association, ii., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Association for the Advancement of Science, ii., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Broad Street, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Broderers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bront�, Charlotte and Anne, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Brook, Turnmill, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Brooks's Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Brooks's, Memorials of</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Brown, Dr. Haig, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Buckingham Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bucklersbury, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Builder of Tower of London, Gundulf, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Westminster Bridge, Labelye, ii., <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Building, Goldsmith, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lamb, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; operations at the Tower, Henry III., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wren's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Buildings, Craven, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Harcourt, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Johnson's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Mitre Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Bull and Mouth" Inn, St. Martin's-le-Grand, ii., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bull-Baiting, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Bull" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Burbage, James, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Burleigh Street, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Burlington House, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Butler, Samuel, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Button's Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Byron, Lord, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Camden's description of St. Paul's Cathedral, ii., <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Candlewick Street, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cannon Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Canterbury, William de Corbeil, Archbishop of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Capital of Kings of Essex, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cardinal Wolsey, ii., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wolsey's Palace, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Carlton Club, ii., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Carpenters' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Carthusian house, first, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Order, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Carved woodwork in City Churches, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cassius, Dion, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_3">3</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Castle, Baynard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Castles of earth and timber, Early, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cathedral, St. Paul's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Catherine Wheel" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cedd, St., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Celtic London, i., <a href="#Page_1">1-5</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; site of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Chair in Fishmongers' Hall, ii., <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Chancery, difference between the Inns of Court and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Holborn and the Inns of Court and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_177">177</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inns of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Change, Old, ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Chantry Chapel of St. Bartholomew, built by de Walden, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_72">72</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Chapel, Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_182">182</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; London Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. John, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. Peter and Vincula, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_57">57</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pardon Churchyard and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_88">88</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal, at St. James's Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Savoy, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Chapter" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Charing Cross, the "Rummer" in, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Three Tuns" at, ii., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Charles I. a prisoner in St. James's Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; his execution, ii., <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Charles II. and the Chaplains' dinner, anecdote of, ii., <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Evelyn's description of Restoration of, ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Charles the Martyr, ii., <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Charnel-house, St. Bartholomew, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_78">78</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Charter of William I., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">{226}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; alterations in sixteenth century, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_97">97</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; ejection of schoolmaster, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; fifteenth century plan of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hospital, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_98">98</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; John Houghton, Prior of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_91">91</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Monastery, destruction of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Refectory, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; reforms of Archdeacon Hale, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; School, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_102">102</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; moved to Godalming, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Chaucer, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; marriage of, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cheapside, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Mary-le-Bow, ii., <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Cheshire Cheese," ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cheshire Cheese Club, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Christchurch, ii., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Christ Church, Spitalfields, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Christ's Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; pictures at, ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; removed to Horsham, ii., <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Samuel Pepys and, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Church, All Hallows the More, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; consecrated by Heraclius, Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; desecration of Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; effigies in Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_136">136</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Life of the City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Organ, Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Andrew in Holborn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Andrew in the Wardrobe, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Bartholomew the Great, former neglected condition of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_66">66</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Bride, ii., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Buttolph, ii., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Helen, ii., <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Leonard's, ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Mary le Bow, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Michael-le-Querne, ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Churches, carved woodwork in City, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; City, ii., <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; destroyed, Wren's, ii., <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in London, number of, ii., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Plays in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Churchyard and Chapel, Pardon, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_88">88</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Citizens, liveries of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_192">192</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Middlesex granted to the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_23">23</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">City and See of London, Arms of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_233">233</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; banquets, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_188">188</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Churches, carved woodwork in, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; ii., <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Church life of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_191">191</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; barges of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Charity and Religion of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Patron Saints of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; promotion of trade by, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Customs of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Feasts, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_192">192</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Freedom of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_185">185</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gates of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Heart of the, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of palaces, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Civil War troubles, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_102">102</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clare Market, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clarendon House, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clement's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_175">175</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clerkenwell, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_140">140</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clerks' Company, Parish, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cleveland Row, Theodore Hook in, ii., <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clifford's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_175">175</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clipping or "sweating" coin, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clockmakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cloister Court, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cloth Fair, Smithfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clothworkers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Club, Albemarle, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Alfred, ii., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Alpine, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Army and Navy, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Arthur's, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Athen�um, ii., <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; August Society of the Wanderers, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Authors', ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bath, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Boodle's, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Brooks's, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">{227}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Button's Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Carlton, ii., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cheshire Cheese, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cock, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cocoa Tree, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Conservative, ii., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fox, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Garrick, ii., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Guards', ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hurlingham, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Junior United Service, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Kit Cat, ii., <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Literary, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Marlborough, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Marylebone Cricket, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; National, ii., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Oriental, ii., <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Rag and Famish," ii., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Reform, ii., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," ii., <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Thatched House," ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Travellers', ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Union, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; United Service, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; United University, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; White's, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clubs of London, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coach and Coach-Harness Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Coal Hole," ii., <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cock Club, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Cock" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cockpit Theatre, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cocoa Tree Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coffee, first introduction of, ii., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coffee-house, Button's, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coffee-houses, Old London, ii., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; as lecture rooms, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; as public reading-rooms, ii., <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Manners and modes in, ii., <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Museums at, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Quack medicines sold at, ii., <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sales at, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coin, clipping or "sweating," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coins found in the Thames, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Colchester keep, compared with the keep of the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cold Harbour Gate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_41">41</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Colechurch, Peter of, ii., <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coleman Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_18">18</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Colet, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Collections, Zoological, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Colony, Danish, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Commerce, Trade and, ii., <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Common Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Common Playhouses," ii., <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Companies, Barges of City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Charity and Religion of City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_191">191</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Halls of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Patron Saints of City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Promotion of trade by City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Spoliation of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Company, Apothecaries', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Armourers' and Braziers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Barbers' or Barber Surgeons', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Blacksmiths', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bowyers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Brewers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Broderers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Carpenters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clockmakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clockworkers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coach and Coach Harness, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cooks', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coopers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cordwainers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Curriers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cutlers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Distillers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Drapers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Dyers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fanmakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Farriers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Feltmakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fishmongers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fletchers', <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Founders', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Framework Knitters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fruiterers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Girdlers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Glass-sellers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Glaziers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Glovers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Goldsmiths', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">{228}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Grocers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gunmakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Haberdashers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Horners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Innholders', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ironmongers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Joiners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Leathersellers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Loriners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Masons', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Mercers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Merchant Taylors', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Musicians', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Needlemakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Painters' or Painter-stainers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Parish Clerks', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pattenmakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pewterers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Plaisterers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Playing-card Makers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Plumbers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Poulters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Saddlers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Salters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Scriveners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Shipwrights', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_211">211</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Skinners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Spectacle-makers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_211">211</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Stationers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tallow Chandlers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tin-plate Workers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Turners' or Wood-potters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tylers' and Bricklayers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Upholders', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Vintners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wax Chandlers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Weavers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wheelwrights', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Woolmen's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Concentric" Castle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_40">40</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Conduit, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Conduit, The Little," ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Conference, Savoy, ii., <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Congreve, ii., <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Consecration of the Temple Church by Heraclius, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Conservative Club, ii., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Constable of the Tower, Geoffrey de Mandeville, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_41">41</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; William Puinctel, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_45">45</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Conversion of Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cooks' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Row, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coopers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Corbeil, William de, Archbishop of Canterbury, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Corbis, Peter&mdash;Water engineer, ii., <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cordwainers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cornhill, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gray born in, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Corporation, religious services of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Corpus Christi Day, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Court and Chancery, difference between the Inns of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Holborn and the Inns of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_177">177</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Buildings, Mitre, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cloister, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hare, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Northumberland, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_154">154</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Requests, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Plays in halls of Inns of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tanfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wardrobe, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Covent Garden, ii., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Literary associations of, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cowley, Abraham, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cowper, ii., <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Craven Buildings, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Crayford, Battle at, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_14">14</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cripplegate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_21">21</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; wooden houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Croft, Spittle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Crooked Streets, Narrow and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Crosby estate at Hanworth-on-Thames, ii., <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Place, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sir John, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Thomas More at, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cross, Demolition of St. Paul's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_120">120</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Eleanor, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Crossbows, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_56">56</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Cross Keys" in Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cross, Paul's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Crown" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inn, Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Crowned or Cross Keys" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Crug-baskets," ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">{229}</a></span>Crusaders, their influence on architecture, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_134">134</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Crutched Friars, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Crypt of St. Ann's Chapel, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Crypts, Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cursitors' Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Custom House, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Customs of the City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cutlers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Dance, George, Architect, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_182">182</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dane, Anlaf the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Danes destroyed London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_13">13</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; massacre of the, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Danish colony, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; invasion, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_19">19</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Davenant, ii., <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Davies, Thomas, the actor, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Davy's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_172">172</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Death, Black, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_88">88</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dekker, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Demolition of Paul's Cross, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_120">120</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Description of Restoration of Charles II., Evelyn's, ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Desecration of Temple Church, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Destruction of Charterhouse monastery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Monuments, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Wren's churches, ii., <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Devil" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Devonshire House, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dickens' days in Hungerford Stairs, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Difference between Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Dine with Duke Humphrey, to," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_117">117</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dinner, anecdote of Charles II. and the Chaplains', ii., <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dion Cassius, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_3">3</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Disabilities of Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_107">107</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Distillers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Diurnal</i>, Rugge's, ii., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Doctors, Heroic, ii., <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Dog" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Dolphin" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dominicans' monastery in Shoe Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dorset Gardens Theatre, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Thomas Sackville, first Earl of, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dowgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_8">8</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Downing Street, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Drapers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Drayton, Michael, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dress of apprentices, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Drury Lane Theatre, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dryden, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Duke Humphrey, to dine with," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_117">117</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Duke of Albemarle, Monk, ii., <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Gloucester, at Crosby Hall, Richard, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Duke's House Theatre, ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Place, ii., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dyers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Earl of Warwick, Inn of, in Warwick Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Earls of Bedford, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Early castles of earth and timber, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Times, London in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_1">1-26</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Earth and timber, early castles of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Eastcheap, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and Westcheap, markets of, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">East Smithfield, Edmund Spenser born in, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Effigies in Temple Church, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_136">136</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ejection of Charterhouse Schoolmaster, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Eleanor Cross, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Elizabeth, Industries encouraged by, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Elizabethan London, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">England, Bank of, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Enlargement of the Tower by Richard I., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_44">44</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Erkenwald, Bishop of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_17">17</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ermin Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Escape from the Tower of Flambard, Bishop of Durham, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_39">39</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Essex, capital of the Kings of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Street, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Estates, Bridge House," ii., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ethnological Society, ii., <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Etiquette in Hyde Park, ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Etymology of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Eve, Midsummer, ii., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Evelyn, John, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Evelyn's description of Restoration of Charles II., ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Exchange, Old, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">{230}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Execution of Charles I., ii., <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Expulsion of Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Extraordinary bribery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Fair, Bartholomew, ii., <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Smithfield Cloth, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fanmakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Farriers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Father Gerard, prisoner in Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_63">63</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Feasts, City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_192">192</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Feltmakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fenchurch Street, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ferries, Thames, ii., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fields, Goodman's, ii., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Finsbury, ii., <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fire, Great, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; London rebuilt after Great, ii., <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fires at the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Frequency of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">First Bishop of London, Mellitus, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Carthusian house, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Introduction of Coffee, ii., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Prisoners sent to the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fishmongers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; chairs in, ii., <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">FitzStephen's <i>Description of London</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_38">38</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Flambard, Bishop of Durham, escape from the Tower of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_39">39</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fleet, Liberty of the, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Prison, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; River, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fletcher, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fletchers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Flogging of apprentices, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Floods at Whitehall, ii., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Florence, Friscobaldi of, ii., <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fludyer Street, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Folkmote, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_23">23</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ford across Thames, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_4">4</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Foreigners," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Foreigners in London, ii., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Former neglected condition of St. Bartholomew's Church, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_66">66</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Founder of Lincoln's Inn, Henry de Lacy, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Founders' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Four Swans" Inn in Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fox Club, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Framework Knitters' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">France, Petty, ii., <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Franklin, Benjamin, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_83">83</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Freedom of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_152">152</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of the City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_185">185</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Frequency of fires, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Friars, Augustine, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Austin, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Black, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Crutched, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Friars of London, Chronicle of the Grey</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Friscobaldi of Florence, ii., <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fruiterers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Furnival's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Galleried Inns, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Game of Mall, ii., <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Game of Swans," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Garden, Bear, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Covent, ii., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old Spring, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Stairs, Paris, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_142">142</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Garraway's" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Garrick Club, ii., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gate, Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Traitors', ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gates of City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gaunt at Savoy Palace, John of, ii., <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Geographical Society, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Geological Society, ii., <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"George" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gerard prisoner in Tower, Father, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_63">63</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Gerard's Hall" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">German Hanse Merchants, ii., <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gibbons's Statue of James II., Grinling, ii., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Gilda Teutonicorum</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Girdlers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Glasshouse Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Glass-making, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Glass-sellers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Glaziers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Globe Theatre, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Glovers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">{231}</a></span>Glovers in Blackfriars, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Godalming, Charterhouse School moved to, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gog and Magog, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Goldsmith Building, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Oliver, ii., <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Goldsmiths' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_219">219</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Row, ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Goodman's Fields, ii., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gordon Riots, ii., <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Governance of London, the," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_15">15</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Grand Tour, the," ii., <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Grasse Church, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gray born in Cornhill, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gray's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_162">162</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Great Fire, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; a blessing, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; London rebuilt after, ii., <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Plague, ii., <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tower Hill, scaffold on, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Grecian," ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Green Dragon" Inn, in Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Greenwich, Palace at, ii., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gresham, residence of Sir Thomas, ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sir Thomas, ii., <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Grey Friars of London, Chronicle of the</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Grey Friars' monastery, ii., <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Reginald de, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Griffin, prisoner in Tower keep, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Grocers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Guards' Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Guild, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Guilda Aula Teutonicorum, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_227">227</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Guildhall, The, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Chapel, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_182">182</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Crypts, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Historic scenes in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Library, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Little Ease" at the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of the Steel-yard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Portraits at the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Windows in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_189">189</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Gull's Horne-Book, The</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_118">118</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gundulf, architect of Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gunmakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gunpowder manufactured in Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Guy Fawkes, prison of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gwynne's house, Nell, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Haberdashers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hale, Reforms of Archdeacon, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Half-timbered houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_113">113</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hall, Crosby, a prison for Royalists, ii., <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Blackwell, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Chair in Fishmongers', ii., <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clothworkers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Common, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Crosby, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fishmongers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Goldsmiths', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_219">219</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Grocers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Haberdashers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inner Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ironmongers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Mercers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Merchant Taylors', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_219">219</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Middle Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at Crosby, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Salters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Skinners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Thomas More at Crosby, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Vintners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Halls of Inns of Court, Plays in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of the Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hamburg, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_226">226</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hanged, Three hundred Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hansa, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_225">225</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; brick building by the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_229">229</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hanseatic League, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_224">224</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hanse Merchants, German, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hanworth-on-Thames, Crosby Estate at, ii., <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Harcourt Buildings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hare Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Haymarket, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Head, The Monk's," ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Heads on Bridge Gate, ii., <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">{232}</a></span>Heart of the City, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Henry III.'s building operations at the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; VIII.'s buildings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_61">61</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Henslowe, Philip, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Heraclius, Temple Church consecrated by, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Herber, the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Herfleets' Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hermitage in the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Heroic Doctors, ii., <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Herrick, ii., <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hill, St. Andrew's, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hinton, Somersetshire, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Historic Scenes in the Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Hobson's Choice," ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Holborn and the Inns of Court and Chancery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149-177</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Church of St. Andrew in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inns, ii., <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old Temple, in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Origin of name, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Viaduct, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Holeburn, Manor of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Holy Trinity, Priory of, ii., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Holywell, ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hook, Theodore, in Cleveland Row, ii., <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Horne-Book, The Gull's</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_118">118</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Horners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Horse Races at Smithfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Horsham, Christ's Hospital removed to, ii., <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hospital, Bridewell, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_98">98</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Christ's, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; removed to Horsham, ii., <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; for lepers, ii., <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pictures at Christ's, ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Bartholomew's, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Thomas's, ii., <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Samuel Pepys and Christ's, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Houghton, John, Prior of Charterhouse in 1531, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_91">91</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Houndsditch, ii., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">House, Arundel, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Banqueting, Whitehall, ii., <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Berkeley, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Burlington, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clarendon, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Custom, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Devonshire, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"House Estates, Bridge," ii., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; First Carthusian, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Howard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_98">98</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Blackfriars, Shakespeare's, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Marlborough, ii., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Marquis of Winchester's, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Nell Gwynne's, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Nonesuch," ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Salisbury, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sessions, without Newgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Southampton, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_154">154</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; twelfth century, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Winchester, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; York, ii., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Houses, Anglo-Saxon, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_114">114</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and shops on old London Bridge, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Artizans', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bishops', ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; half-timbered, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_113">113</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; merchants', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; near Temple, wooden, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of nobility, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; wooden, Cripplegate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Humphrey, to dine with Duke," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_117">117</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hungerford Stairs, Dickens' days in, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hunting, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hurlingham Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hurriers, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hyde Park, ii., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Imprisoned in Tower, Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Imprisonment of Knights Templars, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Industries encouraged by Queen Elizabeth, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Influence on Architecture, Crusaders', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_134">134</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Inner Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_141">141</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and Middle Temples, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Temple Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Inn, Henry de Lacy, founder of Lincoln's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bacon's i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Barnard's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_168">168</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clement's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_175">175</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clifford's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_175">175</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cursitors', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Davy's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_172">172</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">{233}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Earl of Warwick, in Warwick Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Furnival's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gray's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_162">162</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Herfleet's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Kidderminster, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lincoln's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lyon's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_176">176</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; New, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_173">173</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Scrope's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_176">176</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Six Clerks, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Staple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Innholders' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Inns of Chancery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Court and Inns of Chancery, difference between, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Plays in halls of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; and Chancery, Holborn and the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_177">177</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; at Southwark, ii., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and Taverns, old, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Angel, Wych Street, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Axe, Aldermanbury, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bell, Warwick Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bell and Crown, Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Belle, ii., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Blossoms, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Blue Boar, ii., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Boars' Head, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bolt-in-Tun, ii., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bull, ii., <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; and Mouth, ii., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Catherine Wheel, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Cheshire Cheese," ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cross Keys, Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Crown, Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Crowned or Cross Keys, ii., <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Devil," ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Dolphin, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Four Swans, Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Galleried, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; George, ii., <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gerard's Hall, ii., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Green Dragon, Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in King Street, Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; King's Head, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Mitre," ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Nag's Head, Whitcomb Street, ii., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Oxford Arms, ii., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Queen's Head, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. George's, ii., <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Saracen's Head, ii., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Spread Eagle, ii., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Swan with Two Necks, ii., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tabard, ii., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Three Nuns, ii., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Two Swan," ii., <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; White Hart, ii., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; White Horse, ii., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Insanitary condition of Old London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Installation of the Lord Mayor, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Institute, Arch�ological, ii., <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Anthropological, ii., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Introduction of Coffee, first, ii., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Invasion, Danish, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_19">19</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ireland Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ironmongers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Islington, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Jacobite Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">James I. and the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; II., Grinling Gibbons's statue of, ii., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jeffreys, Judge, and Temple Church organ, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jewry Lane, Poor, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Leicester, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jews, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Conversion of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; disabilities of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_107">107</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; expulsion of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Imprisoned in Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_106">106</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Money-lending by, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_107">107</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; plundered, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; prejudice against, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; three hundred hanged, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Johnson, Dr., in Fleet Street, ii., <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Johnson's Buildings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Joiners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jomsborg, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_225">225</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jones, Inigo, ii., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jonson, Ben, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jousts at Smithfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">{234}</a></span>Junior United Service Club, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Keep of Tower of London compared with Colchester keep, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kensington Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kidderminster Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Killigrew, ii., <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">King Street, Westminster, Inns in, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">King's Bench Walk, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"King's Head" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"King's House," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kings of Essex, capital of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kit Cat Club, ii., <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Knights Hospitallers, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_140">140</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Templars, imprisonment, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kontors of the League, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_226">226</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">La Belle Sauvage Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Labelye, builder of Westminster Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lacy, Henry de, founder of Lincoln's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lady Chapel and printing shop, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_83">83</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lamb Building, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Charles, ii., <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lambeth Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lane, Ave Mary, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Chancery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inn of Earl of Warwick in Warwick, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Mincing, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Poor Jewry," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sermon, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Shoe, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sopars', ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lawyers in the Temple, settlement of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_140">140</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Leadenhall, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">League, The Hanseatic, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_224">224</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Kontors of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_226">226</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Learned Societies of London, ii., <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Leather-sellers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lecture rooms, Coffee-houses as, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Leicester Jewry, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Square, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lepers, Hospital for, ii., <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Liber Albus</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Liberty of the Fleet, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Library, Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Life of the City, Church, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lincoln's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Henry de Lacy, founder of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Literary associations of Covent Garden, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Pall Mall, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; St. James' Street, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; The Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Club, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Shrines of Old London, ii., <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Literature, Royal Society of, ii., <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Little Conduit, The," ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Little Ease," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; at the Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Liveries of Citizens, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_192">192</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lives of the People, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_121">121</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Lloyd's" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Locke, John, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Lock, Rock," ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lombard Street, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Pope born in, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lombardy merchants, ii., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>London's Armory</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_240">240</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lord Mayor, Installation of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Loriners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lothbury, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lovel, Sir Thomas, ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">L�beck, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_226">226</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ludgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lydgate's <i>London's Lickpenny</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Lynn, dun</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lyon's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_176">176</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Macaulay's picture of London, ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mall, the game of, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Malmesbury, Abbot of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_159">159</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Constable of the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_41">41</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Manners and modes in Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Manny, Sir Walter de, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Manor of Holeburn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mansion, Sir Paul Pindar's, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Manufacture of <i>gunpowder</i> in Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mariners, St. Clement patron saint of, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Market, Clare, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">{235}</a></span>Markets of Eastcheap and Westcheap, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Marlborough Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; House, ii., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Marriage of Chaucer, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Marylebone Cricket Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Masons' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Masques, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Massacre of the Danes, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Massinger, Philip, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mathematical School, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mayor, Installation of the Lord, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">May-poles, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Meat Market, Shambles or, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Medi�val London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_106">106</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mellitus, first Bishop of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Memorials of Brooks's</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Menagerie at the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_52">52</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mercers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Merchant Taylors' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Hall, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>., <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; School, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Merchants, German Hanse, ii., <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Lombardy, ii., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hanse, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Merchants' houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mermaid Tavern, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Middle Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_165">165</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Temples, Inner and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Middlesex granted to the citizens, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_23">23</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Midsummer Eve, ii., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Millianers, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Milton, John, born in Bread Street, ii., <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mincing Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Minories, ii., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mint, Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mitre Court Buildings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Mitre" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mob, Tower surprised by, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Modern London founded after the Restoration, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Monastery, destruction of Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Grey Friars, ii., <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Shoe Lane, Dominicans', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Money-lending by Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_107">107</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Monk, Duke of Albemarle, ii., <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Monk's Head, The," ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Monks tortured and executed, i.,<a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, ii., <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Monument of Sir John Beauchamp, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_118">118</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Monuments in the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; destruction of, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Moorgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_25">25</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Moorfields, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">More, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Thomas, at Crosby Hall, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mosaic pavements, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Museums at Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Musicians' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">"Nag's Head" Inn, Whitcomb Street, ii., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Name Holborn, Origin of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Names of Streets, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Narrow and crooked streets, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and unsavoury streets, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; escape of Richard III., ii., <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">National Club, ii., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Needlemakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Newgate, ii., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sessions House without, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Newington, playhouse at, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">New Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_173">173</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_163">163</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Nobility, houses of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Nonesuch House," ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Norfolk, Duke of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_96">96</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Norman London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_26">26</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Well, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_62">62</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">North, Sir Edward, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Northburgh, Michael de, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Northumberland Avenue, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_154">154</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Norway, St. Olaf patron saint of, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Number of Churches in London, ii., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Office, Rolls, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Old Bailey, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bridges, ii., <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Change, ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Exchange, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">{236}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Inns, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; in Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Jewry, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; London Bridge, houses and shops on, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Prisons, ii., <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Paul's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Spring Garden, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Temple in Holborn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Theatres, ii., <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; time punishments, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Order, Carthusian, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Orderic, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_31">31</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ordinance of the Staple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Organ, Temple Church, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Oriental Club, ii., <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Origin of the name Holborn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Oxford Arms" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Pageant of London, ii., <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of the Streets, ii., <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pageants, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_192">192</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; on the Thames, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_194">194</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Painters' or Painter-stainers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Palace, Bridewell, ii., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Buckingham, ii., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cardinal Wolsey's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Greenwich, ii., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lambeth, ii., <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. James's, ii., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Savoy, ii., <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Whitefriars, ii., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Whitehall, ii., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Palaces, City of, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of London, ii., <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pall Mall, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Literary Associations of, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Panton Street, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Papye," ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pardon Churchyard and Chapel, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_88">88</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Paris Garden Stairs, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Parish Clerks' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Park, Hyde, ii., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. James's, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Passage, Subterranean, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_62">62</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Paternoster Row, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Patron Saint of Norway, St. Olaf, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; of Mariners, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Saints of City Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pattenmakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Paul's Cathedral, St., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cross, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Demolition of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_120">120</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Paul's School," ii., <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Paul's Walk, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pavements, Mosaic, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Penn, Sir William, ii., <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Penthouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">People, Lives of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_121">121</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pepys, Samuel, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; and Christ's Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; as a dramatic critic, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; as a playgoer, ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pepys's London, ii., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Peter of Colechurch, ii., <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Petty France, ii., <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pewterers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Piccadilly, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Picture of London, Macaulay's, ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pictures at Christ's Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Piggin," ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pike Ponds, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pillory, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pindar's mansion, Sir Paul, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Place, Duke's, ii., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Plague, Great, ii., <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Plaisterers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Plan of Charterhouse, fifteenth century, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Plantation, Ulster, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Playhouse at Newington, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; near Blackfriars, ii., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; the Rose, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Swan, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Playhouses, Common," ii., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Playing-card Makers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Plays, ii., <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Churches, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Halls of Inns of Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Religious, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Plowden, Edmund, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Plumbers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Plundered Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Poet-painter, William Blake, The, ii., <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pomerium, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ponds, Pike, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">{237}</a></span>"Poor Jewry Lane," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pope born in Lombard Street, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Port of London, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Portraits at the Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Portreeve, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_23">23</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Portugal Row, Theatre in, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pottery, Roman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_5">5</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Poulters' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Poultry, The, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Pound sterling," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_232">232</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Prejudice against Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Princes murdered in the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Printing-house, Richardson's, ii., <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Printing-shop, Lady Chapel and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_83">83</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Prior, John Walford, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_72">72</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Charterhouse in 1531, John Houghton, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_91">91</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. Bartholomew, William Bolton, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_76">76</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Priory of Holy Trinity, ii., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. Mary Overie, ii., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Prison, Abbot of Westminster and Monks in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fleet, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; for Royalists, Crosby a, ii., <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Guy Fawkes, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Ranulph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_39">39</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Sir Walter Raleigh, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Subterranean, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_62">62</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Prisoner in St. James's Palace, Charles I. a., ii., <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Prisoners in Tower, Scotch, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; sent to the Tower, First, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Prisons, Old, ii., <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Proceedings, <i>quo warranto</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Projecting storeys of houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_114">114</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Promotion of Trade by City Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Puinctel, William, Constable of the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_45">45</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Punishments, Old-time, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; School, ii., <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Purgatory," St. Bartholomew, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_78">78</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Quack medicines sold at Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Queenhithe, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Queen's Head" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Quintain, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Quo warranto</i> proceedings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_216">216</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Races at Smithfield, Horse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Rag and Famish," ii., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rahere, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_67">67</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rahere's vision, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_67">67</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Rainbow" in Fleet Street, ii., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Raleigh, Prison of Sir Walter, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ranelagh, Vauxhall and, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rawlinson, Daniel, a loyal innkeeper, ii., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rebuilt after great fire, London, ii., <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Refectory, Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Reform Club, ii., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Reforms of Archdeacon Hale, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Relics in the Temple, Treasures and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_138">138</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Religion, City Companies, their charity and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Religious plays, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; services of the Corporation, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Renovations of the Tower, Wren's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Requests, Court of, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Residence of Sir Thomas Gresham, ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Restoration of Charles II., Evelyn's description of, ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. Bartholomew, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_84">84</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Modern London founded after the, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rich, Sir Richard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_78">78</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at Crosby Hall, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; I.'s enlargement of the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_44">44</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; III., Narrow escape of, ii., <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Richardson's printing-house, ii., <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Ridings," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Riots, London, ii., <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Rock Lock," ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rolls Office, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Roman basilica, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; bath, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">{238}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6-12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Bridge, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; pottery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_5">5</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; remains, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_28">28</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; wall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rose playhouse, The, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Row, Cooks', ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Goldsmiths', ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Paternoster, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Royal Asiatic Society, ii., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Chapel, at St. James's Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Exchange, ii., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Geographical Society, ii., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Institution, ii., <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Mathematical School, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Prisoners, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Society, ii., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Society of Literature, ii., <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Royalists, Crosby a prison for, ii., <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rugge's <i>Diurnal</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Rummer" in Charing Cross, The, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Russell Street, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rutland Place, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_96">96</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Sackville, Thomas, first Earl of Dorset, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Saddlers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Andrew, Holborn, Church of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in the Wardrobe, Church of, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Undershaft, ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Andrew's Hill, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Ann's Chapel, Crypt of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_66">66</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Restoration of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_84">84</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Bartholomew's Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. B�nezet, ii., <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Bride, Church of, ii., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Bruno, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Buttolph, Church of, ii., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Catherine Cree, ii., <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Cedd, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Clement Danes, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Clement, patron saint of mariners, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Dunstan's, Stepney, ii., <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Ethelreda's, Ely Place, ii., <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. George's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Giles', Cripplegate, ii., <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Helen, Church of, ii., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"St. James's," Addison at the, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Park, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Square, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Street, Literary associations of, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Swift at the, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. John, Chapel of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Leonard's Church, ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Margaret's, Lothbury, Screen in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Martin's le Grand, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Mary, Aldermanbury, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Axe, ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Mary-le-Bow, Church of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cheapside, ii., <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Mary Overie, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Priory, ii., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Woolchurch, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Michael-le-Querne, Church of, ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Olaf, patron saint of Norway, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Olave's, Hart Street, ii., <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Paul's Cathedral, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Camden's description of, ii., <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Peter ad Vincula, Chapel of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_57">57</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Sepulchre's, near Newgate, ii., <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Thomas of the Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Thomas's Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Saints of City Companies, Patron, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Saladin Tithe," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_134">134</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sales at Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Salisbury House, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Salters' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Saracen's Head" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; on Snow Hill, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Savoy Chapel, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Conference, ii., <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace of the, ii., <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; pillaged by Wat Tyler, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Saxon London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12-21</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">{239}</a></span>Scaffold on Great Tower Hill, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Scenes in the Guildhall, Historic, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">School, Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_102">102</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; moved to Godalming, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Merchant Taylors', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Paul's, ii., <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Punishments, ii., <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal Mathematical, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Schoolmaster, Ejection of Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Science, British Association for the Advancement of, ii., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Scotch prisoners in Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Screen in St. Margaret's, Lothbury, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Scriveners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Scrope's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_176">176</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sculpture in the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_135">135</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Seal of Bishops of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_236">236</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sebert, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">See of London, Arms of the City and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_233">233</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sergeants-at-Law, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_142">142</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sermon Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sessions House, without Newgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Settlement at Westminster, Roman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of lawyers in the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_140">140</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shakespeare, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in London, ii., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shakespeare's house in Blackfriars, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shambles, or meat market, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shipwrights' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_211">211</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shirley, James, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shoe Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shops on Old London Bridge, houses and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shoreditch, ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Site of Celtic London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Six Clerks Inn</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Skating on the Thames, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_131">131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Skinners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Smithfield, Cloth Fair, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; horse races at, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; jousts at, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Societies of London, Learned, ii., <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Society, Anthropological, ii., <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ethnological, ii., <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Geological, ii., <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Antiquaries, ii., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Arts, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Literature, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal Asiatic, ii., <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal Geographical, ii., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal Statistical, ii., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sopars' Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Southampton House, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_154">154</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Southwark Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inns at, ii., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Spectacle-makers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_211">211</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Spencer, Sir John, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Spenser, Edmund, born in East Smithfield, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Spittle Croft, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Spoliation of the Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sports of London youths, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_131">131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Spread Eagle" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Square, St. James's, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Leicester, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Stairs, Paris Garden, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Thames, ii., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Standard, The, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Staple Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ordinance of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Stationers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Statistical Society, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Statue of James II., Grinling Gibbons's, ii., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Steel-yard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Guildhall of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Stepney, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Sterling, a pound," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_232">232</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Stone, London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Stow, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Stow's <i>Survey</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Strand, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Street, Artillery, ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bread, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Broad, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Burleigh, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Candlewick, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cannon, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coleman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_18">18</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Downing, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ermin, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Essex, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fenchurch, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fludyer, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">{240}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Jewry, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lombard, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Panton, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tooley, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Watling, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Streets, Life of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Names of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Narrow and crooked, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Narrow and unsavoury, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pageant of the, ii., <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," ii., <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Subterranean passage, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_62">62</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; prison, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_62">62</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Sun" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Surprised by mob, Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Surrender of London to William I., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_30">30</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Survey</i>, Stow's, ii., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sutton, Thomas, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_98">98</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Swans, Game of," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Swan-marking, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Swan playhouse, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Swan with Two Necks," Lad Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Sweating" coin, Clipping or, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Swift at the "St. James's," ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sword in the City Arms, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_235">235</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Tabard Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Tabard" Inn in Gracechurch Street, ii., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tacitus, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tallow Chandlers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tanfield Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tavern, Mermaid, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Taverns and Inns, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Templars, the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Temple, Associates of the," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_136">136</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Temple, Authors of the, ii., <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Church consecrated by Heraclius, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; desecration of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; effigies in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_136">136</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; organ, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fires at the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Garden, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_142">142</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, Inner, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Middle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Holborn, Old, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inner, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_141">141</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; James I. and the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Literary Associations of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Middle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_165">165</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Monuments in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; New, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_163">163</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Settlement of lawyers in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_140">140</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sculpture in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_135">135</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; The, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133-148</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Treasures and relics in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_138">138</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wooden houses near, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Temples, Inner and Middle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Teutonicorum, Gilda</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Thames, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_4">4</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coins found in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ferries, ii., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ford across, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_4">4</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pageants on the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Skating on the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_131">131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Stairs," ii., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Thames' watermen, ii., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Thatched House" Club, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Theatre, Cockpit, ii., <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Dorset Gardens, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Drury Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Duke's House, ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Globe, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Portugal Row, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; King's House, ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Theatres, Old, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Thorney, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Three hundred Jews hanged, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Three Nuns" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tuns" at Charing Cross, ii., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tilt Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Timber, Early Castles of earth and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tin-plate Workers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Tithe, Saladin," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_134">134</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tooley Street, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Tour, The Grand," ii., <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tower, Gundulf, architect of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_27">27-65</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; keep compared with Colchester keep, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wren's renovations of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Town of London, a walled, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Trade and commerce, ii., <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; City Companies; their promotion of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Traitors' Gate," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">{241}</a></span>Travellers' Club, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Treasures and relics in the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_138">138</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Troubles, Civil War, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_102">102</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Turners' or "Wood-potters'" Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Turnmill Brook, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Twelfth century house, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Two Swan" Inn yard, ii., <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tyler, Wat, Savoy Palace pillaged by, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wat, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_235">235</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tylers' and Bricklayers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Ulster Plantation, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_214">214</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Undershaft, St. Andrew, ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Union Club, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">United Service Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; University Club, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Unsavoury Streets, Narrow and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Upholders' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Vandyke's Studio in Blackfriars, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vauxhall, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and Ranelagh, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Viaduct, Holborn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vikings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_225">225</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vintners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vintry, ii., <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vision of Rahere, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_67">67</a></li></ul>
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Wadlow, Simon, ii., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
-
-
-<li class="indx">Walbrook, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_5">5</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Walden, Roger de, builds chantry chapel of St. Bartholomew, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_72">72</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Walford, Prior John, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_72">72</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Walk, King's Bench, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Paul's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Walled Town, London a, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Walls, London, ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Roman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Walton, Izaac, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Walworth, Sir William, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_235">235</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wardrobe, Church of St. Andrew in the, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Court, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Warwick Lane, Inn of Earl of Warwick in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wash House Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Water-engineer, Peter Corbis, ii., <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Waterloo Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Watermen, Thames', ii., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Watling Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wax Chandlers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Weavers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Westcheap, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; markets of Eastcheap and, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Westminster, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; abbot and monks of, in prison, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Axe Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old inns in, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace of, ii., <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Roman settlement at, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_111">111</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wheelwrights' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Wherries," ii., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Whist played at Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Whitefriars Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Whitehall, ii., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Banqueting House, ii., <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Floods at, ii., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace of, ii., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"White Hart" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"White Horse" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">White Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_34">34</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"White's" Chocolate-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Whittington, Sir Richard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_178">178</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wild-fowl in St. James's Park, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">William I., Charter of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_29">29</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; surrender of London to, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_30">30</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">"Will's" Coffee-house in Russell Street, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Winchester House, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; House of Marquis of, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Windows in the Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_189">189</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Witham, Somersetshire, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wolsey, Cardinal, ii., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wolsey's Palace, Cardinal, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wooden houses near Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">{242}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; at Cripplegate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Woodwork in City Churches, Carved, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Woolcombers, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Woolmen's Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wren, Sir Christopher, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wren's building, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; churches destroyed, ii., <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; renovations of the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Yard, Glasshouse, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ireland, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Playhouse, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tilt, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Westminster, Axe, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">York House, ii., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Youths, Sports of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_131">131</a></li></ul>
-
-<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Zoological collections, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li></ul>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/image_042.jpg" width="125" height="119" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p class='center'>Bemrose &amp; Sons Limited, Printers, Derby and London.</p>
-
-<hr class="full" />
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class='p3'>FOOTNOTES:</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Thomas Dekker, the pamphleteer and dramatist, describes the
-Exchange as it was in 1607, when "at every turn a man is put in mind of
-Babel, there is such a confusion of languages"; and as late as 1644 the
-picturesque dresses of the foreign merchants appear in an engraving by
-Hollar.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Camden speaks of "this so stately building," and in his terse fashion
-conveys the effect of the interior: "The west part, as also the Cross-yle, are
-spacious, high-built, and goodly to be seene by reason of the huge Pillars and
-a right beautiful arched Roof of stone."</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> This is Stow's figure. Camden gives the measurement as 534 feet.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The name survives in Pike Gardens, Bankside.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> See the "Bear-house" near the "Play-house" (<i>i.e.</i>, the Rose) in
-Norden's plan, 1593.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Cal. State Papers</i>, 1603-10, p. 367.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> During the time that the Jacobites were formidable, and long after,
-it was firmly believed that the Old Pretender was brought into this room
-as a baby in a warming pan, and plans of the room were common to show
-how the fraud was committed.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Rariora</i>, vol. i., p. 17.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Originally the crosses were of a blue colour, but Dr. Creighton says
-that the colour was changed to red before the plague of 1603.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> A full account of the fire and of the rebuilding of the city has still
-to be written, and the materials for the latter are to hand in the remarkable
-"Fire Papers" in the British Museum. I have long desired to work on
-this congenial subject, but having been prevented by other duties from
-doing so, I hope that some London expert will be induced to give the
-public a general idea of the contents of these valuable collections.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <i>Cf. Cathedral Churches of Great Britain.</i> (Dent &amp; Co.)</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Mr. Philip Norman's notes on a recent lecture by Mr. Arthur
-Keen. <i>Architect</i>, December 27th, 1907.</p></div></div>
-
-<hr class="full" />
-
-
-<h2><a name="Selected_from_the_Catalogue_of" id="Selected_from_the_Catalogue_of">Selected from the Catalogue of</a><br />
-BEMROSE &amp; SONS Ltd.</h2>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class='center u' style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Memorials of the Counties of England.</b></p>
-
-<p class='center'><i>Beautifully Illustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, gilt top.<br />
-Price <b>15/-</b> each net.</i></p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD OXFORDSHIRE.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">P. H. Ditchfield</span>, M.A., F.S.A. Dedicated by kind
-permission to the Right Hon. the Earl of Jersey, G.C.B., G.C.M.G.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"This beautiful book contains an exhaustive history of 'the wondrous Oxford,' to which so many
-distinguished scholars and politicians look back with affection. We must refer the reader to the
-volume itself ... and only wish that we had space to quote extracts from its interesting pages."&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD DEVONSHIRE.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">F. J. Snell</span>, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Right
-Hon. Viscount Ebrington.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"A fascinating volume, which will be prized by thoughtful Devonians wherever they may be
-found ... richly illustrated, some rare engravings being represented."&mdash;<i>North Devon Journal.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD HEREFORDSHIRE.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">Compton Reade</span>, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to
-Sir John G. Cotterell, Bart.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Another of these interesting volumes like the 'Memorials of Old Devonshire,' which we noted
-a week or two ago, containing miscellaneous papers on the history, topography, and families of the
-county by competent writers, with photographs and other illustrations."&mdash;<i>Times.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD HERTFORDSHIRE.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">Percy Cross Standing</span>. Dedicated by kind permission to the
-Right Hon. the Earl of Clarendon, G.C.B.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The book, which contains some magnificent illustrations, will be warmly welcomed by all
-lovers of our county and its entertaining history."&mdash;<i>West Herts and Watford Observer.</i></p>
-
-<p>"The volume as a whole is an admirable and informing one, and all Hertfordshire folk should
-possess it, if only as a partial antidote to the suburbanism which threatens to overwhelm their
-beautiful county."&mdash;<i>Guardian.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD HAMPSHIRE.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">G. E. Jeans</span>, M.A., F.S.A. Dedicated by kind permission
-to His Grace the Duke of Wellington, K.G.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"'Memorials of the Counties of England' is worthily carried on in this interesting and readable
-volume."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD SOMERSET.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">F. J. Snell</span>, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Most
-Hon. the Marquis of Bath.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"In these pages, as in a mirror, the whole life of the county, legendary, romantic, historical, comes
-into view, for in truth the book is written with a happy union of knowledge and enthusiasm&mdash;a fine bit
-of glowing mosaic put together by fifteen writers into a realistic picture of the county."&mdash;<i>Standard.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD WILTSHIRE.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">Alice Dryden</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The admirable series of County Memorials ... will, it is safe to say, include no volume of
-greater interest than that devoted to Wiltshire."&mdash;<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD SHROPSHIRE.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">Thomas Auden</span>, M.A., F.S.A.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Quite the best volume which has appeared so far in a series that has throughout maintained
-a very high level."&mdash;<i>Tribune.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD KENT.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">P. H. Ditchfield</span>, M.A., F.S.A., and <span class="smcap">George Clinch</span>,
-F.G.S. Dedicated by special permission to the Rt. Hon. Lord Northbourne,
-F.S.A.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"A very delightful addition to a delightful series. Kent, rich in honour and tradition as in
-beauty, is a fruitful subject of which the various contributors have taken full advantage, arch�ology,
-topography, and gossip being pleasantly combined to produce a volume both attractive and
-valuable."&mdash;<i>Standard.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD DERBYSHIRE.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., F.S.A. Dedicated by kind permission
-to His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"A valuable addition to our county history, and will possess a peculiar fascination for all who
-devote their attention to historical, arch�ological, or antiquarian research, and probably to a much
-wider circle."&mdash;<i>Derbyshire Advertiser.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD DORSET.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">Thomas Perkins</span>, M.A., and the Rev. <span class="smcap">Herbert Pentin</span>,
-M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Right Hon. Lord Eustace Cecil,
-F.R.G.S.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The volume, in fine, forms a noteworthy accession to the valuable series of books in which it
-appears."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD WARWICKSHIRE.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">Alice Dryden</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Worthy of an honoured place on our shelves. It is also one of the best, if not the best, volume
-in a series of exceptional interest and usefulness."&mdash;<i>Birmingham Gazette.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD NORFOLK.</b></p>
-
-<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. J. Dukinfield Astley</span>, M.A., Litt.D., F.R.Hist.S.
-Dedicated by kind permission to the Right Hon. Viscount Coke, C.M.G., C.V.O.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"This latest contribution to the history and arch�ology of Norfolk deserves a foremost place
-among local works.... The tasteful binding, good print, and paper are everything that can be
-desired."&mdash;<i>Eastern Daily Press.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON.</b> Two vols. Price <b>25/-</b> net. Edited by
-the Rev. <span class="smcap">P. H. Ditchfield</span>, M.A., F.S.A.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Contents</span>: Celtic, Roman, Saxon, and Norman London, by the Rev. W. J. Loftie, F.S.A.&mdash;The
-Tower of London, by Harold Sands, F.S.A.&mdash;St. Bartholomew's Church, Smithfield, by
-J. Tavenor-Perry.&mdash;The Charterhouse, by the Rev. A. G. B. Atkinson, M.A.&mdash;Glimpses of Medi�val
-London, by G. Clinch, F.G.S.&mdash;The Palaces of London, by the Rev. R. S. Mylne, LL.D., F.S.A.&mdash;The
-Temple, by the Rev. H. G. Woods, D.D., Master.&mdash;The Inns of Court, by E. Williams&mdash;The
-Guildhall, by C. Welsh, F.S.A.&mdash;The City Companies, by the Editor.&mdash;The Kontor of the Hanse, by
-J. Tavenor-Perry.&mdash;The Arms of London, by J. Tavenor-Perry.&mdash;Elizabethan London, by
-T. Fairman Ordish, F.S.A.&mdash;The London of Pepys, by H. B. Wheatley, F.S.A.&mdash;The Thames
-and its Bridges, by J. Tavenor-Perry.&mdash;The Old Inns of London, by Philip Norman, LL.D.&mdash;London
-Clubs, by Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.&mdash;The Coffee Houses, by G. L. Apperson.&mdash;Learned
-Societies of London, by Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.&mdash;Literary Shrines, by
-Mrs. Lang.&mdash;Crosby Hall, by the Editor.&mdash;The Pageant of London; with some account of the City
-Churches, Christ's Hospital, etc., by the Editor.</p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD ESSEX.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">A. Clifton Kelway</span>, F.R.Hist.S.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>Among the contributors are: Guy Maynard, Francis W. Reader, Rev. J. Charles
-Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., C. Forbes, T. Grose Lloyd, C. Fell Smith, Alfred Kingston, Miller
-Christy, F.L.S., W. W. Porteous, E. Bertram Smith, Thomas Fforster, Edward Smith, and
-the Editor.</p></div>
-
-
-<p class='center'><i>The following volumes are in preparation:&mdash;</i></p>
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD SUFFOLK.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">Vincent B. Redstone</span>,
-F.R.Hist.S.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>Among the contributors will be: F. Seymour Stevenson, M.A., Rev. J. Charles Cox, LL.D.,
-F.S.A., L. P. Steele Hutton, Rev. Rowland Maitland, B.A., B. J. Balding, P. Turner,
-H. J. Hitchcock, and the Editor.</p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD SUSSEX.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">Percy D. Mundy</span>.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD LANCASHIRE.</b> Two vols. Price <b>25/-</b> net.
-Edited by <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Colonel Fishwick</span>, F.S.A.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD YORKSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">T. M. Fallow</span>,
-M.A., F.S.A.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD GLOUCESTERSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">P. W. P.
-Phillimore</span>, M.A., B.C.L.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD LINCOLNSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">Canon Hudson</span>, M.A.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">P. W. P.
-Phillimore</span>, M.A., B.C.L.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF NORTH WALES.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">E. Alfred Jones</span>.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD MANXLAND.</b> Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">John Quine</span>, M.A.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF SOUTH WALES.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">E. Alfred Jones</span>.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD STAFFORDSHIRE.</b> Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">W. Beresford</span>.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD MONMOUTHSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">Colonel
-Bradney</span>, F.S.A., and <span class="smcap">J. Kyrle Fletcher</span>.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD WORCESTERSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">F. B. Andrews</span>,
-F.R.I.B.A.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD LEICESTERSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">Alice Dryden</span>.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD CHESHIRE.</b> Edited by the <span class="smcap">Ven. the Archdeacon
-of Chester</span>, and the Rev. <span class="smcap">P. H. Ditchfield</span>, M.A., F.S.A.</p>
-
-
-<p><b>OLD ENGLISH GOLD PLATE.</b></p>
-
-<p>By <span class="smcap">E. Alfred Jones</span>. With numerous Illustrations of existing specimens
-of Old English Gold Plate, which by reason of their great rarity and
-historic value deserve publication in book form. The examples are from
-the collections of Plate belonging to His Majesty the King, the Dukes of
-Devonshire, Newcastle, Norfolk, Portland, and Rutland, the Marquis of
-Ormonde, the Earls of Craven, Derby, and Yarborough, Earl Spencer, Lord
-Fitzhardinge, Lord Waleran, Mr. Leopold de Rothschild, the Colleges of
-Oxford and Cambridge, &amp;c. Royal 4to, buckram, gilt top. Price <b>21/-</b> net.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Pictures, descriptions, and introduction make a book that must rank high in the estimation of
-students of its subject, and of the few who are well off enough to be collectors in this Corinthian field
-of luxury."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>LONGTON HALL PORCELAIN.</b></p>
-
-<p>Being further information relating to this interesting fabrique, by the late
-<span class="smcap">William Bemrose</span>, F.S.A., author of <i>Bow, Chelsea and Derby Porcelain</i>. Illustrated
-with 27 Coloured Art Plates, 21 Collotype Plates, and numerous line
-and half-tone Illustrations in the text. Bound in handsome "Longton-blue"
-cloth cover, suitably designed. Price <b>42/-</b> net.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"This magnificent work on the famous Longton Hall ware will be indispensable to the
-collector."&mdash;<i>Bookman.</i></p>
-
-<p>"The collector will find Mr. Bemrose's explanations of the technical features which characterize
-the Longton Hall pottery of great assistance in identifying specimens, and he will be aided thereto by
-the many well-selected illustrations."&mdash;<i>Athen�um.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>THE VALUES OF OLD ENGLISH SILVER &amp; SHEFFIELD
-PLATE, FROM THE FIFTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH
-CENTURIES.</b></p>
-
-<p>By <span class="smcap">J. W. Caldicott</span>. Edited by <span class="smcap">J. Starkie Gardner</span>, F.S.A. 3,000
-Selected Auction Sale Records; 1,600 Separate Valuations; 660 Articles.
-Illustrated with 87 Collotype Plates. 300 pages. Royal 4to Cloth. Price
-<b>42/-</b> net.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"A most comprehensive and abundantly illustrated volume.... Enables even the most inexperienced
-to form a fair opinion of the value either of a single article or a collection, while as a
-reference and reminder it must prove of great value to an advanced student."&mdash;<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>HISTORY OF OLD ENGLISH PORCELAIN AND ITS
-MANUFACTURES.</b></p>
-
-<p>With an Artistic, Industrial and Critical Appreciation of their Productions.
-By <span class="smcap">M. L. Solon</span>, the well-known Potter-Artist and Collector. In one
-handsome volume. Royal 8vo, well printed in clear type on good paper, and
-beautifully illustrated with 20 full-page Coloured Collotype and Photo-Chromotype
-Plates and 48 Collotype Plates on Tint. Artistically bound.
-Price <b>52/6</b> net.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Mr. Solon writes not only with the authority of the master of technique, but likewise with that
-of the accomplished artist, whose exquisite creations command the admiration of the connoisseurs of
-to-day."&mdash;<i>Athen�um.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>MANX CROSSES; or The Inscribed and Sculptured Monuments
-of the Isle of Man, from about the end of the Fifth to
-the beginning of the Thirteenth Century.</b></p>
-
-<p>By <span class="smcap">P. M. C. Kermode</span>, F.S.A.Scot., &amp;c. The illustrations are from drawings
-specially prepared by the Author, founded upon rubbings, and carefully
-compared with photographs and with the stones themselves. In one handsome
-Quarto Volume 11<sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub> in. by 8<sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub> in., printed on Van Gelder hand-made
-paper, bound in full buckram, gilt top, with special design on the side.
-Price <b>63/-</b> net. The edition is limited to 400 copies.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"We have now a complete account of the subject in this very handsome volume, which Manx
-patriotism, assisted by the appreciation of the public in general, will, we hope, make a success."&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>DERBYSHIRE CHARTERS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
-LIBRARIES AND MUNIMENT ROOMS.</b></p>
-
-<p>Compiled, with Preface and Indexes, for Sir Henry Howe Bemrose, Kt., by
-<span class="smcap">Isaac Herbert Jeayes</span>, Assistant Keeper in the Department of MSS.,
-British Museum. Royal 8vo, cloth, gilt top. Price <b>42/-</b> net.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"The book must always prove of high value to investigators in its own recondite field of research,
-and would form a suitable addition to any historical library."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>SOME DORSET MANOR HOUSES, WITH THEIR LITERARY
-AND HISTORICAL ASSOCIATIONS.</b></p>
-
-<p>By <span class="smcap">Sidney Heath</span>, with a fore-word by R. Bosworth Smith, of Bingham's
-Melcombe. Illustrated with forty drawings by the Author, in addition to
-numerous rubbings of Sepulchral Brasses by W. de C. Prideaux, reproduced
-by permission of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
-Dedicated by kind permission to the most Hon. the Marquis of Salisbury.
-Royal 4to, cloth, bevelled edges. Price <b>30/-</b> net.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Dorset is rich in old-world manor houses; and in this large, attractive volume twenty are
-dealt with in pleasant, descriptive and antiquarian chapters, fully illustrated with pen-and-ink
-drawings by Mr. Heath and rubbings from brasses by W. de C. Prideaux."&mdash;<i>Times.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>THE CHURCH PLATE OF THE DIOCESE OF BANGOR.</b></p>
-
-<p>By <span class="smcap">E. Alfred Jones</span>. With Illustrations of about one hundred pieces of
-Old Plate, including a pre-Reformation Silver Chalice, hitherto unknown;
-a Mazer Bowl, a fine Elizabethan Domestic Cup and Cover, a Tazza of the
-same period, several Elizabethan Chalices, and other important Plate from
-James I. to Queen Anne. Demy 4to, buckram. Price <b>21/-</b> net.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"This handsome volume is the most interesting book on Church Plate hitherto issued."&mdash;<i>Athen�um.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>THE OLD CHURCH PLATE OF THE ISLE OF MAN.</b></p>
-
-<p>By <span class="smcap">E. Alfred Jones</span>. With many illustrations, including a pre-Reformation
-Silver Chalice and Paten, an Elizabethan Beaker, and other important
-pieces of Old Silver Plate and Pewter. Crown 4to, buckram. Price <b>10/6</b>
-net.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"A beautifully illustrated descriptive account of the many specimens of Ecclesiastical Plate to
-be found in the Island."&mdash;<i>Manchester Courier.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>GARDEN CITIES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE.</b></p>
-
-<p>By <span class="smcap">A. R. Sennett</span>, A.M.I.C.E., &amp;c. Large Crown 8vo. Two vols.,
-attractively bound in cloth, with 400 Plates, Plans and Illustrations. Price
-<b>21/-</b> net.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"... What Mr. Sennett has to say here deserves, and will no doubt command, the careful
-consideration of those who govern the future fortunes of the Garden City."&mdash;<i>Bookseller.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>DERBY: ITS RISE AND PROGRESS.</b></p>
-
-<p>By <span class="smcap">A. W. Davison</span>, illustrated with 12 plates and two maps. Crown 8vo,
-cloth. Price <b>5/-</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"A volume with which Derby and its people should be well satisfied."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>THE CORPORATION PLATE AND INSIGNIA OF OFFICE
-OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS OF ENGLAND AND WALES.</b></p>
-
-<p>By the late <span class="smcap">Llewellynn Jewitt</span>, F.S.A. Edited and completed with large
-additions by <span class="smcap">W. H. St. John Hope</span>, M.A. Fully illustrated, 2 vols., Crown
-4to, buckram, <b>84/-</b> net. Large paper, 2 vols., Royal 4to, <b>105/-</b> net.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"It is difficult to praise too highly the careful research and accurate information throughout these
-two handsome quartos."&mdash;<i>Athen�um.</i></p></div>
-
-
-<p><b>THE RELIQUARY: AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE FOR
-ANTIQUARIES, ARTISTS, AND COLLECTORS.</b></p>
-
-<p>A Quarterly Journal and Review devoted to the study of primitive industries,
-medi�val handicrafts, the evolution of ornament, religious symbolism,
-survival of the past in the present, and ancient art generally. Edited by the
-Rev. <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., F.S.A. New Series. Vols. 1 to 13, Super
-Royal 8vo, buckram, price <b>12/-</b> each net. Special terms for sets.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>"Of permanent interest to all who take an interest in the many and wide branches of which it
-furnishes not only information and research, but also illumination in pictorial form."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
-
-<hr class="full" />
-
-<p class='center'>
-<span class="smcap">London: Bemrose &amp; Sons Ltd., 4 Snow Hill, E.C.;<br />
-And Derby.</span><br />
-</p>
-
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<hr class="pg" />
-<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON, VOLUME II (OF 2)***</p>
-<p>******* This file should be named 48187-h.htm or 48187-h.zip *******</p>
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48187 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Memorials of Old London, Volume II (of 2),
+Edited by P. H. Peter Hampson) Ditchfield</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br />
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm">Volume I</a>: see http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm<br />
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="pg" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">Memorials of the Counties of England</span></p>
+
+<p class='center'>General Editor:<br />
+<span class="smcap">Rev. P. H. Ditchfield</span>, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., F.R.Hist.S.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h1 style="margin-top:4em;"><span class="smcap">Memorials of Old London</span></h1>
+
+<p class='p3' style="margin-bottom:4em;">VOLUME II.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="frontispiece"></a>
+<img src="images/image_001.jpg" width="600" height="427" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'>CRAB TREE INN, HAMMERSMITH
+1898</p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>From a painting
+by Philip Norman, LL.D.</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class='p1'>MEMORIALS<br />
+OF OLD LONDON</p>
+
+<p class="center">EDITED BY<br />
+<span style="font-size: x-large;">P. H. DITCHFIELD</span>, M.A., F.S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Fellow of the Royal Historical Society</span></p>
+<p class='center' style="margin-top: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Author of</span><br />
+<i>The City Companies of London and their Good Works</i><br />
+<i>The Story of our Towns</i><br />
+<i>The Cathedral Churches of Great Britain</i><br />
+<i>&amp;c. &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;">IN TWO VOLUMES<br />
+VOL. II.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;"><span class='smcap'>With Many Illustrations</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/title.jpg" width="100" height="68" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">LONDON<br />
+BEMROSE &amp; SONS LIMITED, 4 SNOW HILL, E.C.<br />
+AND DERBY<br />
+1908</p>
+
+<p class="center">[<i>All Rights Reserved</i>]
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">{v}</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS_OF_VOL_II" id="CONTENTS_OF_VOL_II">CONTENTS OF VOL. II.</a></h2>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right" colspan='3'><span class='smcap'>Page</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Palaces of London</td><td align="left">By Rev. <span class="smcap">R. S. Mylne</span>, B.C.L., F.S.A.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Elizabethan London</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">T. Fairman Ordish</span>, F.S.A.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pepys's London</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">H. B. Wheatley</span>, F.S.A.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Old London Bridges</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">J. Tavenor-Perry</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Clubs of London</td><td align="left">By Sir <span class="smcap">Edwd. Brabrook</span>, C.B., F.S.A.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Inns of Old London</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">Philip Norman</span>, LL.D.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Old London Coffee-Houses</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">G. L. Apperson</span>, I.S.O.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Learned Societies of London</td><td align="left">By Sir <span class="smcap">Edwd. Brabrook</span>, C.B., F.S.A.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Literary Shrines of Old London</td><td align="left">By <span class="smcap">Elsie M. Lang</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Crosby Hall</td><td align="left">By the <span class="smcap">Editor</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Pageant of London; with some account of the City Churches, Christ's Hospital, etc.</td><td align="left">By the <span class="smcap">Editor</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan='2'>Index</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">{vii}</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+IN VOL. II.</a></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Crab Tree Inn, Hammersmith, 1898</td><td align="left"><i><a href="#frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a painting by Philip Norman, LL.D.</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Page, or Facing Page</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Houses of Parliament</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a photo. by Mansell &amp; Co.</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A View of the Savoy Palace from the River Thames</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an engraving published by the Society of Antiquaries in 1750, from a plan by G. Virtue</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Portion of an exact Survey of the Streets, Lanes, and Churches</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>Comprehended by the order and directions of the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor, 10th December, 1666</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Prospect of Bridewell</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>Published according to Act of Parliament, 1755, for Stow's Survey</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Palace of Whitehall</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a photo. by Mansell &amp; Co.</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">St. James's Palace</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a photo. by Mansell &amp; Co.</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">St. James's Palace, from Pall Mall and from the Park</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Plan of London in the time of Queen Elizabeth (1563)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Shooting Match by the London Archers in the Year 1583</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A View of London as it appeared before the Great Fire</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Great Fire of London</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">South-West View of Old St. Paul's</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sir John Evelyn's Plan for Rebuilding London after the Great Fire</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">{viii}</a></span>The Undercroft of St. Thomas of Canterbury on the Bridge</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Surrey End of London Bridge</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>Drawn by J. Tavenor-Perry</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Foundation Stone Chair</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>Drawn by J. Tavenor-Perry</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Old Westminster Bridge</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>Drawn by J. Tavenor-Perry</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Badge of Bridge House Estates</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>Drawn by J. Tavenor-Perry</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">An Early Letter of the Royal Society, dated January 18th, 1693-4</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">152</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cheapside, with the Cross, as they appeared in 1660</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_171">170</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Crosby Hall</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_185">184</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a drawing by Whichillo, engraved by Stour</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">St. Paul's Cathedral, with Lord Mayor's Show on the water</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an engraving by Pugh, 1804</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Christ's Hospital</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">194</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an old print</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Carrying the Crug-basket</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wooden Platters and Beer Jack</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Piggin, Wooden Spoon, Wooden Soup-ladle</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Christ's Hospital: The Garden</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_201">200</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From a photo.</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Old Staircase at Christ's Hospital</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Royal Exchange</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">(<i>From an engraving by Hollar, 1644</i>)</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">{1}</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="THE_PALACES_OF_LONDON" id="THE_PALACES_OF_LONDON">THE PALACES OF LONDON</a></h2>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By the Rev. R. S. Mylne, B.C.L. (Oxon), F.S.A.
+F.R.S. (Scots.)</span></p>
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.png" width="100" height="118" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">The housing of the Sovereign is always a matter
+of interest to the nation. It were natural to
+expect that some definite arrangement should
+be made for this purpose, planned and executed
+on a grand and appropriate scale. Yet as a matter of
+fact this is seldom the case amongst the western nations
+of Europe. Two different causes have operated in a
+contrary direction. One is the natural predilection of
+the ruler of the State for a commodious palace outside,
+but not far from, the capital. Thus the great Castle of
+Windsor has always been <i>par excellence</i> the favourite
+residence of the King of England. The other is the
+growth of parliamentary institutions. Thus the entire
+space occupied by the original Royal Palace has become
+the official meeting-place of the Parliament; and the King
+himself has perforce been compelled to find accommodation
+elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Look at the actual history of the Royal Palace of
+<i>Westminster</i>, where the High Court of Parliament now is
+accustomed to assemble. It was on this very spot that
+Edward the Confessor lived and died, glorying in the
+close proximity of the noble abbey that seemed to give
+sanctity to his own abode. Here the last Saxon King
+entertained Duke William of Normandy, destined to be
+his own successor on the throne. Here he gave the
+famous feast in which he foretold the failure of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">{2}</a></span>
+crusades, as Baring Gould records in his delightful
+<i>Myths of the Middle Ages</i>. Here Edward I. was born,
+and Edward III. died. The great hall was erected by
+William Rufus, and the chapel by King Stephen.
+Henry VIII. added the star chamber. The painted
+chamber, decorated with frescoes by Henry III., was
+probably the oldest portion of the mediæval palace, and
+just beyond was the prince's chamber with walls
+seven feet thick. There was also the ancient Court
+of Requests, which served as the House of Lords down
+to 1834. The beautiful Gothic Chapel of St. Stephen
+was used as the House of Commons from 1547 to
+1834. The walls were covered with frescoes representing
+scenes from the Old and New Testaments. In modern
+times they resounded to the eloquence of Pitt, Fox,
+Burke, and Canning.</p>
+
+<p>The curious crypt beneath this chapel was carefully
+prepared by H.M. Office of Works for the celebration
+of the marriage of Lord Chancellor Loreburn last
+December, and a coffin was discovered while making
+certain reparations to the stonework, which is believed
+to contain the remains of the famous Dr. Lyndwode,
+Bishop of St. David's from 1442 to 1446.</p>
+
+<p>In the terrible fire on the night of October 16, 1834,
+the entire palace was destroyed with the exception of
+the great hall, which, begun by William Rufus, received
+its present beautiful roof of chestnut wood from Henry
+Yeveley, architect or master mason to Richard II.</p>
+
+<p>The present magnificent Palace of Westminster was
+erected by Sir Charles Barry between 1840 and 1859 in
+the Gothic style, and is certainly one of the finest modern
+buildings in the world. The river front is remarkably
+effective, and presents an appearance which at once
+arrests the attention of every visitor. It is quite
+twice the size of the old palace, formerly occupied by
+the King, and cost three millions sterling. It is certainly
+the finest modern building in London.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">{3}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Some critics have objected to the minuteness of the
+decorative designs on the flat surfaces of the walls, but
+these are really quite in accord with the delicate genius
+of Gothic architecture, and fine examples of this kind of
+work are found in Belgium and other parts of the
+Continent.</p>
+
+<p>Every one must admit the elegance of proportion
+manifested in the architect's design, and this it is which
+makes the towers stand out so well above the main
+building from every point of view; moreover, this is
+the special characteristic which is often so terribly
+lacking in modern architecture. One wonders whether
+Vitruvius and kindred works receive their due meed of
+attention in this twentieth century.</p>
+
+<p>Within the palace the main staircase, with the lobby
+and corridors leading to either House of Parliament, are
+particularly fine, and form a worthy approach to the
+legislative chambers of the vast Empire of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>The Palace of the <i>Savoy</i> also needs some notice. The
+original house was built by Peter, brother of Boniface,
+for so many years Archbishop of Canterbury, and uncle
+of Eleanor of Provence, wife of King Henry III. By his
+will Peter bequeathed this estate to the monks of
+Montjoy at Havering-at-Bower, who sold it to Queen
+Eleanor, and it became the permanent residence of her
+second son Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and his
+descendants. When King John of France was made a
+prisoner after the battle of Poitiers in 1356, he was
+assigned an apartment in the Savoy, and here he died
+on April 9, 1364. The sad event is thus mentioned in
+the famous chronicle of Froissart:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The King and Queen, and all the princes of the blood, and all the
+nobles of England were exceedingly concerned from the great love and
+affection King John had shewn them since the conclusion of peace."</p></div>
+
+<p>The best-known member of the Lancastrian family
+who resided in this palace is the famous John of Gaunt,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">{4}</a></span>
+Duke of Lancaster. During his time, so tradition has it,
+the well-known poet Chaucer was here married to
+Philippa, daughter of Sir Paon de Roet, one of the young
+ladies attached to the household of Blanche, Duchess of
+Lancaster, and the sister of Catherine Swynford, who at
+a later period became the Duke's third wife. However
+this may be, the Savoy was at that time the favourite
+resort of the nobility of England, and John of Gaunt's
+hospitality was unbounded. Stow, in his <i>Chronicle</i>,
+declares "there was none other house in the realm to be
+compared for beauty and stateliness." Yet how very
+transitory is earthly glory, all the pride of place and
+power!</p>
+
+<p>In the terrible rebellion of Wat Tyler, in the year
+1381, the Savoy was pillaged and burnt, and the Duke
+was compelled to flee for his life to the northern parts
+of Great Britain. His Grace had become very unpopular
+on account of the constant protection he had extended to
+the simple followers of Wickcliffe.</p>
+
+<p>After this dire destruction the Savoy was never
+restored to its former palatial proportions. The whole
+property passed to the Crown, and King Henry VII. rebuilt
+it, and by his will endowed it in a liberal manner as a
+hospital in honour of St. John the Baptist. This hospital
+was suppressed at the Reformation under Edward VI., most
+of the estates with which it was endowed passing to the
+great City Hospital of St. Thomas. But Queen Mary
+refounded the hospital as an almshouse with a master
+and other officers, and this latter foundation was finally
+dissolved in 1762.</p>
+
+<p>Over the gate, now long destroyed, of King Henry VII.'s
+foundation were these words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Hospitium hoc inopi turbe Savoia vocatum<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Septimus Henricus solo fundavit ab imo."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_003.jpg" width="600" height="396" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">The Houses of Parliament.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The church, which is the only existing remnant of
+former splendour, was built as the chapel of Henry VII.'s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">{5}</a></span>
+Hospital, and is an interesting example of Perpendicular
+architecture, with a curious and picturesque belfry. In
+general design it resembles a college chapel, and the
+religious services held therein are well maintained. Her
+late Majesty Queen Victoria behaved with great
+generosity to the church of the Savoy. In her capacity
+of Duchess of Lancaster she restored the interior woodwork
+and fittings, and after a destructive fire in 1864
+effected a second restoration of the entire interior of this
+sacred edifice. There is now a rich coloured roof, and
+appropriate seats for clergy and people. There is also
+preserved a brass belonging to the year 1522 from the
+grave of Thomas Halsey, Bishop of Leighlin, and Gavin
+Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, famous in Scottish history
+for his piety and learning. There is also a small figure
+from Lady Dalhousie's monument, but all the other tombs
+perished in the flames in 1864. The history of the
+central compartment of the triptych over the font is
+curious. It was painted for the Savoy Palace in the
+fourteenth century, afterwards lost, and then recovered
+in 1876.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the famous ministers of the Savoy were
+Thomas Fuller, author of the <i>Worthies</i>, and Anthony
+Horneck. In the Savoy was held the famous conference
+between twelve bishops and twelve Nonconformists for
+the revision of the Liturgy soon after the accession of
+King Charles II. In this conference Richard Baxter took
+a prominent part.</p>
+
+<p>In this brief sketch nothing is more remarkable than
+the great variety of uses to which the palace of the Savoy
+has been put, as well as the gradual decay of mediæval
+splendour. Still, however, the name is very familiar to
+the multitudes of people who are continually passing up
+and down the Strand. Yet it is a far cry to the days of
+Archbishop Boniface of Savoy, and Edmund Earl of
+Lancaster.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">{6}</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Bridewell</i> is situated on a low-lying strip of land
+between the Thames and the Fleet, just westwards of the
+south-western end of the Roman wall of London. In
+early days this open space only possessed a tower for
+defensive purposes, just as the famous Tower of London
+guarded the eastern end of the city. Hard by was the
+church of St. Bride, founded in the days of the Danes,
+most likely in the reign of King Canute, and here there
+was a holy well or spring. Hence arose the name of
+Bridewell.</p>
+
+<p>In 1087, ancient records relate, King William gave
+choice stones from his tower or castle, standing at the
+west end of the city, to Maurice, Bishop of London, for
+the repair of his cathedral church.</p>
+
+<p>From time to time various rooms were added to the
+original structure, which seem chiefly to have been used
+for some state ceremonial or judicial purpose. Thus in
+the seventh year of King John, Walter de Crisping,
+the Justiciar, gave judgment here in an important
+lawsuit.</p>
+
+<p>In 1522 the whole building was repaired for the
+reception of the famous Emperor Charles V., but that
+distinguished Sovereign actually stayed in the Black
+Friars, on the other side of the Fleet.</p>
+
+<p>King Henry VIII. made use of Bridewell for the trial
+of his famous divorce case. Cardinal Campeggio was
+President of the Court, and in the end gave judgment
+in favour of Queen Catharine of Aragon. Yet, despite
+the Cardinal, Henry would have nothing more to do with
+Catharine, and at the same time took a dislike to Bridewell,
+which was allowed to fall into decay&mdash;in fact,
+nothing of the older building now remains. King
+Edward VI., just before his own death in 1553, granted
+the charter which converted Bridewell into a charitable
+institution, and after many vicissitudes a great work is
+still carried on at this establishment for the benefit of
+the poor of London. In May, 1552, Dr. Ridley, Bishop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">{7}</a></span>
+of London, wrote this striking letter to Sir William
+Cecil, Knight, and Secretary to the King:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Good Master Cecyl,&mdash;I must be suitor with you in our Master
+Christ's cause. I beseech you be good unto him. The matter is, Sir,
+that he hath been too, too long abroad, without lodging, in the streets
+of London, both hungry, naked and cold. There is a large wide empty
+house of the King's Majesty called Bridewell, which would wonderfully
+serve to lodge Christ in, if he might find friends at Court to procure in
+his cause."</p></div>
+
+<p>Thus the philanthropic scheme was started, and brought
+to completion under the mayoralty of Alderman Sir
+George Barnes.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_004.jpg" width="600" height="382" alt="" />
+
+<p class="img_link"><a href="images/image_004_full.jpg">View larger version.</a></p>
+
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">A View of the Savoy Palace from the River Thames.</span></p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Published by the Society of Antiquaries in 1750,
+from a plan by G. Virtue.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">AAA</span></td><td align="left">The great building, now a barracks.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">BB</span></td><td align="left">Prison for the Savoy, and guards.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">CCC</span></td><td align="left">Church of St. Mary le Savoy.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">D</span></td><td align="left">Stairs to the waterside.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">EFG</span></td><td align="left">Churches of German Lutherans, French and German Calvinists.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>St. James's</i> is the most important royal palace of
+London. For many a long year it has been most closely
+associated with our royal family, and the quaint towers
+and gateway looking up St. James's Street possess an
+antiquarian interest of quite an unique character. This
+palace, moreover, enshrines the memory of a greater
+number of famous events in the history of our land than
+any other domestic building situated in London, and for
+this reason is worthy of special attention.</p>
+
+<p>Its history is as follows:&mdash;Before the Norman
+Conquest there was a hospital here dedicated to St. James,
+for fourteen maiden lepers. A hospital continued to
+exist throughout the middle ages, but when Henry VIII.
+became King he obtained this property by an exchange,
+and converted it, as Holinshed bears witness, into "a
+fair mansion and park" when he was married to Anne
+Boleyn. The letters "H. A." can still be traced on the
+chimney-piece of the presence chamber or tapestry room,
+as well as a few other memorials of those distant days.
+And what days they were! Queen Anne Boleyn going
+to St. James's in all the joyous splendour of a royal
+bride, and how soon afterwards meeting her cruel fate at
+the hands of the executioner! Henry VIII. seldom lived
+at St. James's Palace, perhaps on account of the weird
+reminiscences of Anne Boleyn, but it became the favourite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">{8}</a></span>
+residence of Queen Mary after her husband Philip II.
+returned to Spain, and here she died in utter isolation
+during the dull November days of the autumn of 1558.
+Thus the old palace is first associated with the sad story
+of two unhappy queens!</p>
+
+<p>But brighter days were coming. Prince Henry, the
+eldest son of James I., settled here in 1610, and kept a
+brilliant and magnificent court, attached to which were
+nearly 300 salaried officials. Then in two short years
+he died, November 6, 1612. Then the palace was given to
+Charles, who afterwards ascended the throne in 1625,
+and much liked the place as a residence. It is closely
+associated with the stirring events of this romantic
+monarch's career. Here Charles II., James II., and the
+Princess Elizabeth were born, and here Marie de Medici,
+the mother of Queen Henrietta Maria, took refuge in 1638,
+and maintained a magnificent household for three years.
+It is said her pension amounted to £3,000 a month!
+Her residence within the royal palace increased the
+unpopularity of the King, whose arbitrary treatment of
+Parliament led to the ruinous Civil War. The noble
+House of Stuart is ever unfortunate all down the long
+page of history, and the doleful prognostications of the
+Sortes Vergilianæ, sought for by the King, proved but
+too true in the event.</p>
+
+<p>We quote six lines of Dryden's translation from the
+sixth book of the <i>Æneid</i>, at the page at which the King
+by chance opened the book&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Seek not to know, the ghost replied with tears,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sorrows of thy sons in future years.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This youth, the blissful vision of a day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall just be shewn on earth, and snatched away.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Ah! couldst thou break through Fate's severe decree,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A new Marcellus shall arise in thee."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Wellwood says Lord Falkland tried to laugh the
+matter off, but the King was pensive.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">{9}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_005.jpg" width="449" height="600" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Portion of an exact Survey of the Streets, Lanes, and Churches.</span></p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Comprehended by the order and directions of the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor
+10th December, 1666.</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The fortunes of war were against this very attractive
+but weak monarch, who was actually brought as a
+prisoner of the Parliament from Windsor Castle to his
+own Palace of St. James, there to await his trial on a
+charge of high treason in Westminster Hall!</p>
+
+<p>Certain of his own subjects presumed to pass sentence
+of death upon their own Sovereign, and have become
+known to history as the regicides. Very pathetic is the
+story of the scenes which took place at St. James's on
+Sunday, January 28, 1649. A strong guard of parliamentary
+troops escorted King Charles from Whitehall to
+St. James's, and Juxon, the faithful Bishop of London,
+preached his last sermon to his beloved Sovereign from
+the words, "In the day when God shall judge the secrets
+of men by Jesus Christ, according to my Gospel." His
+Majesty then received the Sacrament, and spent much
+time in private devotion. On the morrow he bade farewell
+to his dear children the Duke of Gloucester and the
+Princess Elizabeth, praying them to forgive his enemies,
+and not to grieve, for he was about to die a glorious
+death for the maintenance of the laws and liberties of
+the land and the true Protestant religion. Then he
+took the little Duke of Gloucester on his knees, saying,
+"Sweetheart, now they will cut off thy father's head," and
+the young prince looked very earnestly and steadfastly
+at the King, who bade him be loyal to his brothers
+Charles and James, and all the ancient family of Stuart.
+And thus they parted.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards His Majesty was taken from St. James's
+to the scaffold at Whitehall. There was enacted the
+most tragic scene connected with the entire history of
+the Royal Family of England. At the hands of Jacobite
+writers the highly-coloured narrative is like to induce
+tears of grief, but the Puritans love to dwell on the
+King's weaknesses and faults. Yet everyone must needs
+acknowledge the calm nobility and unwavering courage
+of the King's bearing and conduct.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">{10}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"He nothing common did or mean<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon that memorable scene,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But with his keener eye<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The axe's edge did try;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor called the gods with vulgar spite<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To vindicate his helpless right,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But bowed his comely head<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Down, as upon a bed."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The great German historian Leopold von Ranke is
+rightly regarded as the best and most impartial authority
+on the history of Europe in the seventeenth century. This
+is what he says on the martyrdom of Charles I.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The scaffold was erected on the spot where the kings were wont to
+show themselves to the people after their coronation. Standing beside
+the block at which he was to die, he was allowed once more to speak
+in public. He said that the war and its horrors were unjustly laid to his
+charge.... If at last he had been willing to give way to arbitrary
+power, and the change of the laws by the sword, he would not have
+been in this position: he was dying as the martyr of the people, passing
+from a perishable kingdom to an imperishable. He died in the faith of
+the Church of England, as he had received it from his father. Then
+bending to the block, he himself gave the sign for the axe to fall upon
+his neck. A moment, and the severed head was shown to the people,
+with the words: 'This is the head of a traitor.' All public places, the
+crossings of the streets, especially the entrances of the city, were occupied
+by soldiery on foot and on horseback. An incalculable multitude had,
+however, streamed to the spot. Of the King's words they heard nothing,
+but they were aware of their purport through the cautious and guarded
+yet positive language of their preachers. When they saw the severed
+head, they broke into a cry, universal and involuntary, in which the feelings
+of guilt and weakness were blended with terror&mdash;a sort of voice of
+nature, whose terrible impression those who heard it were never able to
+shake off."</p></div>
+
+<p>These weighty words of Ranke are well worth quoting,
+as well as the conclusion of the section of his great
+book in which he sums up his estimate of Charles's
+claim to the title of martyr:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"There was certainly something of a martyr in him, if the man can
+be so called who values his own life less than the cause for which he is
+fighting, and in perishing himself saves it for the future."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">{11}</a></span></p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_006.jpg" width="600" height="381" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">The Prospect of Bridewell.</span></p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Published according to Act of Parliament, 1755, for Stow's Survey.</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>King Charles I., then, is fairly entitled to be called a
+martyr in the calm and unimpassioned judgment of the
+greatest historian of modern times in the learned Empire
+of Germany, who tests the royal claim by a clear and
+concise definition, framed without any regard to the
+passionate political feeling which distracted England
+in the days of the Stuarts.</p>
+
+<p>And it was in the Palace of St. James that Charles I.
+passed the last terrible days of his earthly life.</p>
+
+<p>On the Restoration, King Charles II. resided at
+Whitehall, and gave St. James's to his brother James,
+Duke of York. Here Queen Mary II. was born, and
+here she was married to William of Orange late in the
+evening on November 4, 1677. Here also Anne Hyde,
+Duchess of York, died in 1671, having lived many years
+more or less in seclusion in the old palace.</p>
+
+<p>James afterwards married Mary of Modena as his
+second wife, and here was born, on June 10, 1688,
+Prince James Edward, better known as the Old Pretender,
+whose long life was spent in wandering and exile, in
+futile attempts to gain the Crown, in unsuccessful
+schemes and ruinous plots, until he and his children
+found rest within the peaceful walls of Rome.</p>
+
+<p>Directly after he landed in England, King William III.
+came to St. James's, and resided here from time to time
+during his possession of the Crown, only towards the
+end of his reign allowing the Princess Anne to reside
+in this palace, where she first heard of King William's
+death. The bearer of the sad news was Dr. Burnet,
+Bishop of Salisbury.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately on his arrival in England, George I.,
+Elector of Hanover, came straight to St. James's just
+as King William III. had done. In his <i>Reminiscences</i>,
+Walpole gives this quaint anecdote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"This is a strange country," remarked the King. "The first morning
+after my arrival at St. James's, I looked out of the window, and saw a
+park with walks and a canal, which they told me were mine. The next<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">{12}</a></span>
+day Lord Chetwynd, the ranger of my park, sent me a fine brace of
+carp out of my canal: and I was told I must give five guineas to Lord
+Chetwynd's servant for bringing me my own carp, out of my own canal,
+in my own park."</p></div>
+
+<p>Many things seem to have surprised King George I.
+in his English dominions, and he really preferred
+Hanover, where he died in 1725.</p>
+
+<p>George II. resided at St. James's when Prince of
+Wales, and here his beloved wife, Queen Caroline of
+Anspach, died on November 20, 1737. Four years
+previously her daughter Anne had here been married to
+the Prince of Orange. It now became customary to
+assign apartments to younger children of the Sovereign
+in various parts of the palace, which thus practically
+ceased to be in the King's own occupation. The
+state apartments are handsome, and contain many
+good portraits of royal personages. The Chapel Royal
+has a fine ceiling, carved and painted, erected in 1540,
+and is constantly used by royalty. George III. hardly
+ever missed the Sunday services when in London.</p>
+
+<p>Of course the original palace covered more ground
+than is now the case, and included the site of Marlborough
+House and some adjacent gardens, now in private ownership.
+The German Chapel Royal, which now projects
+into the grounds of Marlborough House, was originally
+erected by Charles I. for the celebration of Roman Catholic
+worship for Queen Henrietta Maria, and at the time gave
+great offence to all the nobility and people of the land.</p>
+
+<p>"Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis." Marlborough
+House was originally built by Sir Christopher
+Wren for the great Duke of Marlborough, on a portion of
+St. James's Park given by Queen Anne for that purpose.
+Here died the Duke, and his famous Duchess Sarah. The
+house was bought by the Crown for the Princess Charlotte
+in 1817, and was settled on the Prince of Wales in 1850.
+There are still a number of interesting pictures in the
+grand salon of the victories of the Duke of Marlborough<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">{13}</a></span>
+by Laguerre. The garden covers the space formerly
+occupied by the Great Yard of old St. James's Palace.</p>
+
+<p>Altogether, it is quite clear from the above brief
+account that St. James's is the most important of the
+royal palaces of London, and more closely connected
+than any other with the long history of English Royalty.
+From the days of Henry VIII. to the present time
+there has always been a close personal connection with
+the reigning Sovereign of the British Empire.</p>
+
+<p>The Palace of <i>Whitehall</i> presents a long and strange
+history. Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, Chief Minister
+of King Henry III., became possessed of the land by
+purchase from the monks of Westminster for 140 marks
+of silver and the annual tribute of a wax taper. Hubert
+bequeathed the property by his will to the Black Friars
+of Holborn, who sold it in 1248 to Walter de Grey,
+Archbishop of York, for his Grace's town residence.</p>
+
+<p>When Cardinal Wolsey became possessed of the
+northern archiepiscopal See, he found York House too
+small for his taste, and he set to work to rebuild the
+greater part of this palace on a larger and more
+magnificent scale. On the completion of the works he
+took up his abode here with a household of 800
+persons, and lived with more than regal splendour,
+from time to time entertaining the King himself to
+gorgeous banquets, followed by masked balls. At one
+of these grand entertainments they say King Henry first
+met Anne Boleyn. A chronicler says the Cardinal was
+"sweet as summer to all that sought him."</p>
+
+<p>When the great Cardinal fell into disgrace, and the
+Duke of Suffolk came to Whitehall to bid him resign
+the Great Seal of England, his Eminence left his palace
+by the privy stair and "took barge" to Putney, and
+thence to Esher; and Henry VIII. at once took possession
+of the vacant property, and began to erect new buildings,
+a vast courtyard, tennis court, and picture gallery, and
+two great gateways, all of which are now totally destroyed.
+It was in this palace that he died, January 28, 1547.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">{14}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Whitehall was
+famous for its magnificent festivities, tournaments, and
+receptions of distinguished foreign princes. Especially
+was this the case in 1581, when the French commissioners
+came to urge the Queen's marriage with the Duke of
+Anjou. Here the Queen's corpse lay in state before the
+interment in March, 1603. James I. likewise entertained
+right royally at Whitehall, and here the Princess Elizabeth
+was married to the Elector Palatine on February 14, 1613.
+King James also employed that distinguished architect
+Inigo Jones to build the beautiful Banqueting House,
+which is all that now remains of Whitehall Palace, and
+is one of the finest architectural fragments in London.
+The proportions are most elegant, and the style perfect.
+Used as a chapel till 1890, it is now the United Service
+Museum, while the great painter Rubens decorated the
+ceiling for Charles I. in 1635.</p>
+
+<p>The whole plan of Inigo Jones remained unfinished,
+but Charles I. lived in regal splendour in the palace,
+entertaining on the most liberal scale, and forming the
+famous collection of pictures dispersed by the Parliament.
+Here it was that the masque of Comus was acted before
+the King, and other masques from time to time. After
+Charles's martyrdom, Oliver Cromwell came to live at
+Whitehall, and died there September 3, 1658. On his
+restoration, in May, 1660, King Charles II. returned to
+Whitehall, and kept his court there in great splendour.
+Balls rather than masques were now the fashion, and Pepys
+and Evelyn have preserved full descriptions of these elegant
+and luxurious festivities, and all the gaiety, frivolity,
+and dissoluteness connected with them, and the manner
+of life at Charles's court. The King died in the palace
+on February 6, 1685, and was succeeded by his austere
+brother James, who, during his brief reign, set up a Roman
+Catholic chapel within the precincts of the royal habitation,
+from which he fled to France in 1688.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_007.jpg" width="600" height="403" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">The Palace of Whitehall.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>King William III. preferred other places of residence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">{15}</a></span>
+and two fires&mdash;one in 1691, the other in 1698&mdash;destroyed
+the greater part of Whitehall, which was never rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p><i>Buckingham</i> Palace is now the principal residence in
+London of His Majesty King Edward VII. Though a
+fine pile of building it is hardly worthy of its position
+as the town residence of the mighty Sovereign of the
+greatest Empire of the world, situated in the largest city
+on the face of the globe.</p>
+
+<p>King George III. purchased Buckingham Palace in 1761
+from Sir Charles Sheffield for £21,000, and in 1775 it was
+settled upon Queen Charlotte. In the reign of George IV.
+it was rebuilt from designs by Nash; and in 1846, during
+the reign of Queen Victoria, the imposing eastern façade
+was erected from designs by Blore. The length is 360
+feet, and the general effect is striking, though the architectural
+details are of little merit. In fact, it is a
+discredit to the nation that there is no London palace
+for the Sovereign which is worthy of comparison with
+the Royal Palace at Madrid, or the Papal Palace in Rome,
+though the reason for this peculiar fact is fully set forth
+in the historical sketch of the royal palaces already
+given. King Edward VII. was born here in 1841, and
+here drawing-rooms and levées are usually held. The
+white marble staircase is fine, and there are glorious
+portraits of Charles I. and Queen Henrietta Maria by
+Van Dyck, as well as Queen Victoria and the Prince
+Consort by Winterhalter. There is also a full-length
+portrait of George IV. by Lawrence in the State dining-room.</p>
+
+
+<p>In the private apartments there are many interesting
+royal portraits, as well as a collection of presents from
+foreign princes. There is a lake of five acres in the
+gardens, and the whole estate comprises about fifty acres.
+There is a curious pavilion adorned with cleverly-painted
+scenes from Comus by famous English artists. The view
+from the east over St. James's Park towards the India
+Office is picturesque, and remarkably countrified for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">{16}</a></span>
+heart of a great city. The lake in this park is certainly
+very pretty, and well stocked with various water-fowl.
+The Horse Guards, Admiralty, and other public offices
+at the eastern extremity of this park occupy the old site
+of the western side of the Palace of Whitehall.</p>
+
+<p><i>Kensington</i> Palace was the favourite abode of King
+William III. He purchased the property from the Earl
+of Nottingham, whose father had been Lord Chancellor,
+and employed Sir Christopher Wren to add a storey to
+the old house, and built anew the present south façade.
+Throughout his reign he spent much money in improving
+the place, and here his wife, Queen Mary II., died on
+December 28, 1694. In the same palace King William
+himself breathed his last breath on March 8, 1702.</p>
+
+<p>Queen Anne lived principally at St. James's, the
+natural residence for the Sovereigns of Great Britain;
+but she took much interest in the proper upkeep of
+Kensington, and it was here that her husband died
+on October 20, 1708, and herself on August 1, 1714.
+Shortly before, she had placed the treasurer's wand in
+the hands of the Duke of Shrewsbury, saying, "For
+God's sake use it for the good of my people,"
+and all the acts of her prosperous reign point to the real
+validity of the popular title given by common consent&mdash;the
+good Queen Anne.</p>
+
+<p>She planted the trees on "Queen Anne's Mount,"
+and gave gorgeous fêtes in the Royal Gardens, whose
+woodland scenery possesses a peculiar charm all its own.
+The noble groves and avenues of elm trees recall
+St. Cloud and St. Germain in the neighbourhood of Paris,
+and are quite exceptionally fine. Thus Matthew Arnold
+wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"In this lone open glade I lie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Screened by deep boughs on either hand;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And at its end, to stay the eye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Those black crowned, red-boled pine trees stand."<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">{17}</a></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_008.jpg" width="392" height="600" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">St. James's Palace.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>And Chateaubriand declares:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"C'est dans ce parc de Kensington que j'ai médité l'Essai historique:
+que, relisant le journal de mes courses d'outre mer, j'en ai tiré les amours
+d'Atala."</p></div>
+
+<p>And Haydon says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Here are some of the most poetical bits of tree and stump, and
+sunny brown and green glens and tawny earth."</p></div>
+
+<p>George II. died here very suddenly on October 25, 1760,
+but the Sovereigns of the House of Hanover chiefly made
+use of the place by assigning apartments therein to their
+younger children and near relatives. Here it was that
+Edward Duke of Kent lived with his wife Victoria of
+Saxe-Coburg, and here their only daughter, the renowned
+Queen Victoria, was born, May 24, 1819, and here she
+resided till her accession to the throne in 1837.</p>
+
+<p>Kensington Palace, then, is chiefly celebrated for its
+associations with William III. and Queen Victoria. In
+the brief account of the royal palaces here given, it will
+be seen that none of the sites, with the exception of
+St. James's, remained for any long period of time the
+actual residence of the Sovereign, while three&mdash;Westminster,
+Bridewell, and the Savoy&mdash;had passed out of
+royal hands for residential purposes before the Reformation
+of religion was completed. Another curious fact
+relates to the origin of the title to these sites, inasmuch
+as three of these estates were obtained from some
+ecclesiastical corporation, as the Archbishop of York, or
+the Hospital of St. James, though Buckingham Palace
+was bought from Sir Charles Sheffield, and Kensington
+from the Earl of Nottingham.</p>
+
+<p>No account of the palaces of London can be regarded
+as complete which omits to mention Lambeth. For more
+than 700 years the Archbishops of Canterbury have
+resided at this beautiful abode, intensely interesting from
+its close association with all the most stirring events in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">{18}</a></span>
+the long history of England. The estate was obtained
+by Archbishop Baldwin in the year 1197 by exchange
+for some lands in Kent with Glanville, Bishop of
+Rochester. In Saxon times Goda, the sister of King
+Edward the Confessor, had bestowed this property upon
+the Bishopric of Rochester; so that it has been continuously
+in the hands of the Church for near 900
+years. The fine red-brick gateway with white stone
+dressings, standing close to the tower of Lambeth Church,
+is very imposing as seen from the road, and was built by
+Archbishop Cardinal Moreton in 1490. In the Middle
+Ages it was the custom to give a farthing loaf twice a
+week to the poor of London at this gateway, and as many
+as 4,000 were accustomed to partake of the archiepiscopal
+gift. Within the gateway is the outer courtyard of the
+palace, and at the further end, towards the river Thames,
+rises the picturesque Lollard's tower, built between 1434
+and 1445 by that famous ecclesiastical statesman
+Archbishop Chicheley, founder of All Souls' College,
+Oxford. The quaint winding staircase, made of rough
+slabs of unplaned oak, is exactly as it was in Chicheley's
+time. In this tower is the famous chamber, entirely of
+oaken boards, called the Lollards' prison. It is 13 feet
+long, 12 feet broad, and 8 feet high, and eight iron rings
+remain to which prisoners were fastened. The door has
+a lock of wood, fastened with pegs of wood, and may be
+a relic of the older palace of Archbishop Sudbury. On
+the south side of the outer court stands the hall built
+by Archbishop Juxon during the opening years of
+Charles II.'s reign, with a fine timber roof, and Juxon's
+arms over the door leading into the palace. This Jacobean
+hall is now used as the library, and contains many
+precious manuscripts of priceless value, including the
+<i>Dictyes and Sayings of the Philosophers</i>, translated by
+Lord Rivers, in which is found a miniature illumination
+of the Earl presenting Caxton on his knees to Edward IV.,
+who is supported by Elizabeth Woodville and her son<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">{19}</a></span>
+Edward V. This manuscript contains the only known
+portrait of the latter monarch.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_009.jpg" width="600" height="378" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">St. James's Palace, from Pall Mall and from the Park.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>An earlier hall had been built on the same site by
+Archbishop Boniface in 1244.</p>
+
+<p>From the library we pass by a flight of stairs to the
+guard room, now used as the dining hall. The chief
+feature is the excellent series of oil portraits of the
+occupants of the primatial See of Canterbury, beginning
+in the year 1504. The mere mention of the principal
+names recalls prominent events in our national history.</p>
+
+<p>There is Warham painted by Holbein. He was also
+Lord Chancellor, and the last of the mediæval episcopate.
+There is Cranmer, burnt at Oxford, March 21, 1555.
+There is Cardinal Pole, the cousin and favourite of Queen
+Mary. There is Matthew Parker, the friend of Queen
+Elizabeth, well skilled in learning and a great collector
+of manuscripts, now for the most part in the library of
+Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. There is William
+Laud, painted by Van Dyck, the favourite Counsellor and
+Adviser of Charles I. At the age of 71 he was beheaded
+by order of the House of Commons&mdash;an act of vengeance,
+not of justice. There is William Juxon, who stood by
+Charles I. on the scaffold, and heard the ill-fated King
+utter his last word on earth, "Remember." But we
+cannot even briefly recount all the famous portraits to be
+found at Lambeth. The above selection must suffice.</p>
+
+<p>The chapel, also, is a building of singular interest.
+Beneath is an ancient crypt said to have been erected by
+Archbishop Herbert Fitzwalter, while the chapel itself
+was built by Archbishop Boniface of Savoy between 1249
+and 1270. The lancet windows are elegant, and were
+filled with stained glass by Archbishop Laud, all of which
+was duly broken to pieces during the Commonwealth.
+The supposed Popish character of this glass was made an
+article of impeachment against Laud at the trial at which
+he was sentenced to death. Here the majority of the
+archbishops have been consecrated since the reign of King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">{20}</a></span>
+Henry III. Archbishop Parker was both consecrated
+and also buried in the chapel, but his tomb was desecrated
+and his bones scattered by Scot and Hardyng, who
+possessed the palace under Oliver Cromwell. On the
+restoration they were re-interred by Sir William Dugdale.
+At the west end is a beautiful Gothic confessional, high
+up on the wall, erected by Archbishop Chicheley. Archbishop
+Laud presented the screen, and Archbishop Tait
+restored the whole of this sacred edifice, which measures
+12 feet by 25 feet. Formerly the archbishops lived in
+great state. Thus, Cranmer's household comprised a
+treasurer, comptroller, steward, garnator, clerk of the
+kitchen, caterer, clerk of the spicery, yeoman of the
+ewery, bakers, pantlers, yeoman of the horse, yeoman
+ushers, besides numerous other less important officials.</p>
+
+<p>Cardinal Pole possessed a patent from Queen Mary,
+authorising a household of 100 servants. The modern
+part of the palace was built by Archbishop Howley in
+the Tudor style. He held the See from 1828 to 1848,
+and was the last prelate to maintain the archiepiscopal
+state of the olden time.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">{21}</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="ELIZABETHAN_LONDON" id="ELIZABETHAN_LONDON">ELIZABETHAN LONDON</a></h2>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By T. Fairman Ordish, F.S.A.</span></p>
+
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.png" width="100" height="118" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">The leading feature of Elizabethan London was
+that it was a great port. William Camden,
+writing in his <i>Britannia</i>, remarked that the
+Thames, by its safe and deep channel, was
+able to entertain the greatest ships in existence, daily
+bringing in so great riches from all parts "that it
+striveth at this day with the Mart-townes of Christendome
+for the second prise, and affoordeth a most sure and
+beautiful Roade for shipping" (Holland's translation).
+Below the great bridge, one of the wonders of Europe,
+we see this shipping crowding the river in the maps
+and views of London belonging to the reign of Queen
+Elizabeth. The Tower and the bridge were the city's
+defences against attack by water. Near the Tower was
+the Custom House, where peaceful commerce paid its
+dues; and between the Custom House and the bridge
+was the great wharf of Billingsgate, where goods were
+landed for distribution. Near the centre of the bridge
+was a drawbridge, which admitted vessels to another
+great wharf, Queenhithe, at a point midway between
+London Bridge and Blackfriars. Between the bridge
+and Queenhithe was the Steelyard, the domain of the
+merchants of the Hanseatic League. Along the river
+front were numerous other wharves, where barges and
+lighters unloaded goods which they brought from the
+ships in the road, or from the upper reaches of the
+Thames. For the river was the great highway of London.
+It answered the needs of commerce, and it furnished the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">{22}</a></span>
+chief means of transit. The passenger traffic of
+Elizabethan London was carried on principally by means
+of rowing-boats. A passenger landed at the point
+nearest to his destination, and then walked; or a servant
+waited for him with a saddle-horse. The streets were too
+narrow for coaches, except in two or three main arteries.</p>
+
+<p>The characteristic of present-day London, at which
+all foreigners most marvel, is the amount of traffic in
+the streets. In Elizabethan London this characteristic
+existed in the chief highway&mdash;the Thames. The
+passenger-boats were generally described as "wherries,"
+and they were likened by Elizabethan travellers to the
+gondolas of Venice; for instance, by Coryat, in his
+<i>Crudities</i>, who thought the playhouses of Venice very
+beggarly compared with those of London, but admired
+the gondoliers, because they were "altogether as swift
+as our rowers about London." The maps of the period
+reveal the extraordinary number of "stairs" for landing
+passengers along both banks of the river, besides the
+numerous wharves for goods. John Stow, the author of
+the <i>Survey of London</i>, published first in 1598, and again
+in a second edition in 1603, describes the traffic on the
+river. "By the Thames," he says, "all kinds of
+merchandise be easily conveyed to London, the principal
+storehouse and staple of all commodities within this
+realm. So that, omitting to speak of great ships and
+other vessels of burthen, there pertaineth to the cities
+of London, Westminster, and borough of Southwark,
+above the number, as is supposed, of 2,000 wherries and
+other small boats, whereby 3,000 poor men at the least
+be set on work and maintained." Many of these
+watermen were old sailors, who had sailed and fought
+under Drake. The Armada deliverance was recalled by
+Drake's ship, which lay in the river below the bridge.
+The voyage of the Earl of Essex to Spain, the
+expeditions to Ireland and to the Low Countries, formed
+the staple of the gossip of these old sailors who found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">{23}</a></span>
+employment in the chief means of locomotion in
+Elizabethan London.</p>
+
+<p>There was only the single bridge, but there were
+several ferries. The principal ferry was from Blackfriars
+and the Fleet river to a point opposite on the Surrey
+side, called Paris Garden stairs&mdash;nearly in a line with
+the present Blackfriars Bridge. At Westminster was
+another, from the Horseferry Road to a point a little west
+of Lambeth Palace&mdash;almost in the line of the present
+Lambeth Bridge. The river was fordable at low tide
+at this point; horses crossed here&mdash;whence the name
+Horseferry&mdash;and possibly other cattle, when the tide was
+unusually low.</p>
+
+<p>The sea is the home of piety. Coast towns, ports,
+and havens, reached after voyages of peril, are invariably
+notable for their places of worship, and for customs
+which speak touchingly&mdash;like the blessing of fishermen's
+nets, for instance&mdash;of lives spent in uncertainty and
+danger. Thus, the leading characteristic of Elizabethan
+London being its association with the sea and its
+dependence on the river, we find that its next most
+striking characteristic was the extraordinary number of
+churches it contained. The great cathedral predominated
+more pronouncedly than its modern successor. From the
+hill on which it was based it reared its vast bulk; its
+great spire ascended the heavens, and the multitude of
+church towers and spires and belfries throughout the
+city seemed to follow it. The houses were small, the
+streets were narrow; but to envisage the city from the
+river, or from the Surrey side, was to have the eye
+led upwards from point to point to the summit of
+St. Paul's. The dignity and piety of London were thus
+expressed, in contradiction to human foibles and failings
+so conspicuous in Elizabethan drama. The spire of
+St. Paul's was destroyed by lightning early in the reign
+of Elizabeth; and the historian may see much significance
+in the fact that it was not rebuilt, even in thanksgiving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">{24}</a></span>
+and praise for the deliverance from the Great Armada.
+The piety of London dwindled until it flamed forth
+anew in the time of the Puritan revolt.</p>
+
+<p>The bridge was carried on nineteen arches. It had
+a defensive gate at the Southwark end, and another
+gateway at the northern end. In the centre was a
+beautiful chapel, dedicated to Thomas à Becket, and
+known as St. Thomas of the Bridge. Houses were built
+on the bridge, mostly shops with overhanging signs,
+as in the streets of the city. Booksellers and
+haberdashers predominated, but other trades were carried
+on also. After the chapel, the most conspicuous feature
+of the bridge was "Nonesuch House," so called to express
+the wonder that it was constructed in Holland entirely
+of wood, brought over the water piece by piece, and
+put together on the bridge by dovetailing and pegs,
+without the use of a single metal nail. Adjoining the
+northern gateway was an engine for raising water by
+means of a great wheel operated by the tide. Near
+the Southwark end were corn-mills, worked on the same
+principle, below the last two arches of the bridge. The
+gateway at the Southwark end, so well shown in Visscher's
+view of London, was finished in 1579, and the traitors'
+heads, which formerly surmounted a tower by the
+drawbridge, were transferred to it. Travellers from the
+south received this grim salutation as they approached
+the bridge, which led into the city; and when they
+glanced across the river, the Tower frowned upon them,
+and the Traitors' Gateway, like teeth in an open mouth,
+deepened the effect of warning and menace.</p>
+
+<p>But these terrors loomed darkling in the background
+for the most part. They belonged rather to the time
+when the sovereign's palaces at Westminster and at the
+Tower seemed to hold London in a grip. The palace
+at Westminster now languished in desuetude; the Tower
+was a State prison, and&mdash;with some ironical intent,
+perhaps&mdash;also the abode of the royal beasts, lions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">{25}</a></span>
+tigers, leopards, and other captives. The Queen passed
+in her royal barge down the river with ceremonious
+pageantry from her palace of Whitehall; the drawbridge
+raised, the floating court passed the Tower as with lofty
+indifference on its way to "Placentia," Her Majesty's
+palace at Greenwich. Out of the silence of history a
+record speaks like a voice, and tells us that here, in
+1594, Shakespeare and his fellows performed at least
+two comedies or interludes before Her Majesty, and we
+know even the amounts that were paid them for their
+services.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_011.jpg" width="600" height="336" alt="" />
+
+<p class="img_link"><a href="images/image_011_full.jpg">View larger version.</a></p>
+
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Plan of London in the time of Queen Elizabeth (1563).</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the <i>Survey</i> of John Stow we have three separable
+elements: the archæology and history of London, Stow's
+youthful recollections of London in the time of Henry
+the Eighth, and Stow's description of the great change
+which came over London after the dissolution of the
+religious houses, and continued in process throughout
+his lifetime. The mediæval conditions were not remote.
+He could remember when London was clearly defined
+by the wall, like a girdle, of which the Tower was the
+knot. No heroic change had befallen; the wall had
+not been cast down into its accompanying fosse to form
+a ring-street, as was done when Vienna was transformed
+from the mediæval state. London had simply filled
+up the ditch with its refuse; its buildings had simply
+swarmed over the wall and across the dike; shapeless
+and haphazard suburbs had grown up, till the surrounding
+villages became connected with the city. Even more
+grievous, in the estimation of Stow, was the change which
+he had witnessed within the city itself. The feudal lords
+had departed, and built themselves mansions outside
+the city. The precincts of the dissolved religious
+establishments had been converted into residential
+quarters, and a large proportion of the old monastic
+gardens had been built upon. The outlines of society had
+become blurred. Formerly, the noble, the priest, and
+the citizen were the defined social strata. Around each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">{26}</a></span>
+of these was grouped the rest of the social units in
+positions of dependence. A new type of denizen had
+arisen, belonging to none of the old categories&mdash;the
+typical Elizabethan Londoner.</p>
+
+<p>The outward aspect of Elizabethan London reflected
+this social change. On the south of the city, along the
+line of Thames Street, the wall had entirely disappeared.
+On the east and west it was in decay, and was becoming
+absorbed in fresh buildings. Only on the north side of
+the city, where it had been re-edified as late as 1474, did
+the wall suggest its uses for defence. In the map of
+Agas, executed early in the reign of Elizabeth, this
+portion of the wall, with its defensive towers and bastions,
+appears singularly well preserved. Thus the condition of
+the wall suggested the passing of the old and the coming
+of the new order. The gates which formerly defended
+the city, where the chief roadways pierced the wall,
+still remained as monuments, and they were admirably
+adapted to the purpose of civic pageantry and ceremonial
+shows. Indeed, the gateway on the Oxford road was
+rebuilt in 1586, and called Newgate, "from the newness
+thereof," and it was the "fairest" of all the gates of
+London. It is reckoned that this was the year that
+Shakespeare came to London from Stratford-on-Avon;
+and the assumption is generally allowed that he entered
+the city by Newgate, which would be his direct road.
+A new gate, of an artistic and ornamental character,
+set in the ancient wall, was a sign and a symbol of
+the new conditions in London, of which Shakespeare
+himself was destined to become the chief result.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+
+<p>With the characteristics of London as a great mart
+and port is included the foreign elements in its
+population. In Lombard Street the merchants of
+Lombardy from early mediæval times had performed
+the operations of banking and foreign exchange; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">{27}</a></span>
+around them were assembled the English merchants of
+all qualities and degrees. Business was conducted in
+the open street, and merchants merely adjourned into
+the adjoining houses to seal their bonds and make their
+formal settlements. Henry VIII. tried to induce the
+city to make use of the great building of Leadenhall
+for this purpose; but the innovation was resisted, and
+Lombard Street continued to be the burse of London
+till long after the accession of Elizabeth. The name
+of Galley Key remained in Tower Street ward to mark
+the spot on the river bank "where the galleys of
+Italy and other parts did discharge their wines and
+merchandises brought to this city." The men of the
+galleys lived as a colony by themselves in Mincing Lane;
+the street leading to their purlieus was called,
+indifferently, Galley Row and Petit Wales. Here was
+a great house, the official territorium of the Principality.
+The original of Shakespeare's "Fluellen" may very
+possibly have been a denizen of this quarter.</p>
+
+<p>Above the bridge, in Thames Street, was the
+territorium of the Hanse merchants, alluded to by Stow
+as "the merchants of Almaine," and by Camden as
+"the Easterlings or Dutch merchants of the Steelyard."
+Their position in the city was one of great importance:
+the export trade of the country in woollen goods was
+chiefly in their hands, and they had their own Guildhall
+in Upper Thames Street, called the <i>Gilda Teutonicorum</i>.
+The special privileges accorded to this foreign
+commercial community carried the obligation to maintain
+Bishopsgate in repair, and "to defend it at all times
+of danger and extremity." When the house of the
+Augustine Friars, Old Broad Street, was dissolved, and
+its extensive gardens became cut up and built upon, the
+Dutch colony settled there in residence, and the church
+of Austin Friars was specially assigned to them by
+Edward VI. Towards the end of the reign of Elizabeth
+the privileges of the Hanse merchants were revoked,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">{28}</a></span>
+and their guildhall was confiscated to the use of the
+navy. But the Dutch element continued as a part of
+the commercial life of the city, and the church of Austin
+Friars is still the "church of the Dutch nation in London."</p>
+
+<p>West of the Steelyard was the Vintry. Here the
+merchants of Bordeaux had been licensed to build their
+warehouses of stone, at the rear of a great wharf, on
+which were erected cranes for unloading the lighters
+and other boats which brought the casks from the ships
+below bridge. The trade of these foreign merchants
+gave the name of Vintry Ward to one of the divisions
+of the city. In Bishopsgate Ward, near the church of
+St. Botolph, was a French colony, their purlieus forming
+a quadrant, called Petty France.</p>
+
+<p>Elizabethan London was more cosmopolitan than
+many European capitals. In Lombard Street the
+merchants of Germany, France, and Italy were
+conspicuously differentiated by the varieties of costume.
+On the site of the present Royal Exchange, Sir Thomas
+Gresham laid the first stone of his great Bourse in 1566;
+the design was in imitation of the Bourse at Antwerp;
+the materials of its construction were imported from
+Flanders; the architect and builder was a Fleming,
+named Henryke. The opening of this building by Queen
+Elizabeth in state in January, 1571, when Her Majesty
+commanded it to be proclaimed by herald and trumpet
+that the Bourse should be called The Royal Exchange
+from that time henceforth, is a familiar story, because
+it is, in fact, one of the most striking and significant
+events in the history of London. The trumpet of that
+herald, on January 23rd, 1571, announced a new era.</p>
+
+
+<p>The building was a quadrangle, enclosing an open
+space. The sides formed a cloister or sheltered walk;
+above this was a corridor, or walk, called "the pawn,"
+with stalls or shops, like the Burlington Arcade of the
+present day; above this again was a tier of rooms.
+The great bell-tower stood on the Cornhill front; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">{29}</a></span>
+bell was rung at noon and at six in the evening. On
+the north side, looking towards St. Margaret's, Lothbury,
+was a tall Corinthian column. Both tower and column
+were surmounted by a grasshopper&mdash;the Gresham crest.
+The inscription on the façade of the building was in
+French, German, and Italian. The motley scene of
+Lombard Street had been transferred to the Royal
+Exchange. The merchants of Amsterdam, of Antwerp,
+of Hamburg, of Paris, of Bordeaux, of Venice and
+Vienna, distinguishable to the eye by the dress of the
+nations they represented, and to the ear by the differences
+of language, conducted their exchanges with English
+merchants, and with each other, in this replica of the
+Bourse of Antwerp, the rialto of Elizabethan London.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>Cheapside was called West Cheap in Elizabethan
+London, in contradistinction to East Cheap, famous for
+ever as the scene of the humours of "Dame Quickly"
+and "Falstaff." The change in West Cheap since the
+mediæval period was chiefly at the eastern end, on the
+north side. Here a large space opposite the church of
+St. Mary-le-Bow was formerly kept clear of building,
+although booths and stalls for market purposes occupied
+the ground temporarily. The space was otherwise
+reserved for the mediæval jousts, tournaments, and other
+civic pageantry. The site of Mercers' Hall was occupied
+by the <i>Militia Hospitalis</i>, called, after Thomas à Becket,
+St. Thomas of Acon. After the Dissolution this
+establishment was granted by Henry to the Mercers'
+Company, who adapted the existing buildings to the
+purposes of their hall, one of the principal features of
+Cheap in Elizabethan times. The district eastward of
+Mercers' Hall had become filled up with building, and
+the making of Cheap as a thoroughfare was now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">{30}</a></span>
+complete. The original road westward was from the
+top of New Fish Street, by East Cheap, Candlewick
+or Cannon Street, past London Stone (probably the
+Roman <i>Milliarium</i>), along Budge Row and Watling
+Street, to the site of St. Paul's, where it is conjectured
+a temple of Diana stood in Roman times. But Cheap,
+or West Cheap, was the chief traffic way westward in
+Elizabethan London; it was filled with shops and
+warehouses, a thriving business centre, the pride of the
+city. The name of "Cheap" was derived from the
+market, and several of the streets leading into it yet
+bear names which in Elizabethan times were descriptive
+of the trades there carried on. Thus the Poultry was
+the poulterers' market; ironmongers had their shops in
+Ironmonger Lane, as formerly they had their stalls in
+the same area; in Milk Street were the dairies; and
+towards the west end of Cheap was Bread Street, the
+market of the bakers, and Friday Street, where
+fishmongers predominated. Lying between these two
+streets, with frontages in both, was the Mermaid Tavern,
+the chief resort of "the breed of excellent and choice
+wits," included by Camden among the glories of
+Elizabethan London. Stow does not refer to the
+Mermaid by name, but possibly he had it in mind when
+he wrote the following passage: "Bread Street, so called
+of bread sold there, as I said, is now wholly inhabited
+by rich merchants; and divers fair inns be there, for
+good receipt of carriers and other travellers to the
+city." The trades kept themselves in their special
+localities, although they did not always give the name
+to the street they occupied. Thus, to return to the
+eastern end of Cheap, there was Bucklersbury, where
+the pepperers or grocers were located, having given up
+their former quarters in Sopars' Lane to the cordwainers
+and curriers. With the grocers were mingled apothecaries
+and herbalists; and hence the protest of Falstaff, in
+the <i>Merry Wives of Windsor</i>, that he was not "like a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">{31}</a></span>
+many of these lisping hawthorn-buds, that come like
+women in men's apparel, and smell like Bucklesbury in
+simple time." In the midst of Cheap, at a point between
+Mercers' Hall and Old Jewry, opposite the end of
+Bucklersbury, was the water conduit&mdash;in the words of
+Stow, "The great conduit of sweet water, conveyed
+by pipes of lead underground from Paddington for
+the service of this city, castellated with stone, and
+cisterned in lead." Around the conduit stood the great
+jars used by the water-carriers to convey the water to
+the houses. The water-carrier, as a type of Elizabethan
+London, is preserved by Ben Jonson in the character
+of Cob in <i>Every Man in his Humour</i>. Going westward
+from the Conduit, another object stood out in the
+roadway&mdash;the Standard, a tall pillar at which the public
+executions of the city jurisdiction took place. Still
+further west, in the midst of Cheap, stood the Eleanor
+Cross, one of the most beautiful monuments in London
+at this time.</p>
+
+<p>The Guildhall stood where it stands to-day, accessible
+from Cheap by Ironmonger Lane and St. Lawrence Lane.
+Only the walls and the crypt of the original building
+remain; but the features of this great civic establishment,
+as well as its sumptuous character and beautiful
+adornments, were practically the same in the days of
+Gresham as at the present time. Stow describes the
+stately porch entering the great hall, the paving of
+Purbeck marble, the coloured glass windows, and, alas!
+the library which had been "borrowed" by the Protector
+Somerset in the preceding reign. Near the Guildhall
+was the church of St. Mary Aldermanbury, the
+predecessor of the existing edifice. In this parish dwelt
+Hemmings and Condell, "fellows" of Shakespeare&mdash;that
+is to say, players of his company, whom he remembered
+in his will. These men conferred a benefit on all
+future ages by collecting the poet's plays, seven years
+after his death, and publishing them in that folio edition<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">{32}</a></span>
+which is one of the most treasured volumes in the
+world. In the churchyard a monument to their
+memory was erected in 1896. It is surmounted by a bust
+of the poet, who looks forth serenely greeting the
+passer-by from beneath the shade of trees in this quiet
+old churchyard in modern London.</p>
+
+<p>To return to Cheap, it remains to speak of a feature
+which attracted Queen Elizabeth, and was, indeed, one
+of the marvels of London. Here are the <i>ipsissima verba</i>
+of Stow's contemporary description:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Next to be noted, the most beautiful frame of fair houses and shops that
+be within the walls of London, or elsewhere in England, commonly called
+Goldsmiths' Row, betwixt Bread Street end and the cross in Cheap ...
+the same was built by Thomas Wood, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs of London,
+in the year 1491. It containeth in number ten fair dwelling-houses and
+fourteen shops, all in one frame, uniformly built four stories high, beautified
+towards the street with the Goldsmiths' arms and the likeness of woodmen, in
+memory of his name, riding on monstrous beasts, all which is cast in lead,
+richly painted over and gilt. These he gave to the goldsmiths, with stocks of
+money, to be lent to young men having those shops. This said front was
+again new painted and gilt over in the year 1594; Sir Richard Martin being
+then mayor, and keeping his mayoralty in one of them."</p></div>
+
+<p>Beyond Goldsmiths' Row was the old Change; the
+name and the street both still exist. Beyond old Change
+were seven shops; then St. Augustine's Gate, leading
+into St. Paul's Churchyard; and then came Paternoster
+Row. Between Paternoster Row and Newgate Street
+stood the Church of St. Michael-le-Querne, stretching
+out into the middle of Cheap, where the statue of
+Sir Robert Peel now stands. Stretching out from the
+east end of the church, still further into the street, was
+a water conduit, which supplied all the neighbourhood
+hereabout, called "The Little Conduit," not because it
+was little, but to distinguish it from the great conduit
+at the other end of Cheap.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>We are concerned in this place not with the history of
+old St. Paul's, nor with the technique of its architecture,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">{33}</a></span>
+but with the great cathedral as a religious and social
+institution, the centre of Elizabethan London. Here the
+streams of life were gathered, and hence they radiated.
+It was the official place of worship of the Corporation;
+the merchants of the city followed. The monarch on
+special occasions attended the services; the nobility
+followed the royal example. The typical Elizabethan
+made the middle aisle his promenade, where he displayed
+the finery of his attire and the elegance of his deportment.
+The satirists found a grand opportunity in the humours
+of Paul's Walk; but the effect of the cathedral is not
+to be derived from such allusions in the literature of
+the time. All classes were attracted by the beautiful
+organ and the anthems so exquisitely sung by the choir.
+The impressive size and noble proportions of the building,
+the soaring height of the nave, the mystery of the open
+tower, where the ascending vision became lost in gathering
+obscurity, and where the chords from the organ died
+away; these spiritual associations, these appeals to the
+imagination, were uplifting influences so powerful that
+the vanities of Paul's Walk were negligible by
+comparison. As with the gargoyle on the outer walls,
+the prevailing effect was so sublime, that it was merely
+heightened by this element of the grotesque.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>The cathedral stood in the midst of a churchyard.
+In the mediæval period this was enclosed by a wall.
+In the reign of Elizabeth the wall still existed, but, as
+Stow observes, "Now on both sides, to wit, within and
+without, it be hidden with dwelling-houses." In 1561
+the great steeple was struck by lightning and destroyed
+by fire, but the tower from which the spire arose remained.
+The tower was 260 feet high, and the height of the spire
+was the same, so that the pinnacle was 520 feet from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">{34}</a></span>
+base.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Surmounting the pinnacle, in this earlier portion
+of Elizabeth's reign, was a weathercock, an object of
+curiosity to which Stow devotes a minute description.
+In the midst of the churchyard stood Paul's Cross&mdash;"a
+pulpit cross of timber, mounted upon steps of stone
+and covered with lead, in which are sermons preached
+every Sunday in the forenoon." Many of the monastic
+features of the establishment had disappeared; others
+were transformed and adapted to other uses. The
+great central fabric remained, and the school flourished&mdash;"Paul's
+School," in the east part of the churchyard,
+endowed by Dean Colet in 1512, and rebuilt in the
+later years of Elizabeth, where one hundred and
+fifty-three poor men's children were given a free education
+under a master, an usher, and a chaplain.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Newgate Street, Cheapside, Cornhill, Leadenhall, and
+Aldgate formed (as they do still) nearly a straight line,
+east and west. From this line to the wall on the north,
+in Plantagenet and early Tudor times, the city was largely
+composed of open spaces: chiefly the domains of religious
+houses; while south of the dividing line to the river the
+ground was thickly built over. After the Dissolution the
+transformation of the northern area began.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable building took place in the reign of
+Edward VI.; but at the time of Elizabeth's accession the
+generally open character of this area, as compared with
+the more southerly part of the city, still subsisted. The
+increase of population, however, due very largely to people
+who flocked to London from all parts of the country, led
+to rapid building, which produced the Queen's famous
+proclamation to stay its further progress. To evade the
+ordinance, and to meet the ever-increasing demand, large
+houses were converted into tenements, and a vast number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">{35}</a></span>
+of people were thus accommodated who lived chiefly out-of-doors
+and took their meals in the taverns, inns, and
+ordinaries which abounded in all parts of the city. The
+pressure of demand continued, and the open spaces
+became gradually built over. The Queen and her
+government, aghast at the incessant tide of increase, in
+terror of the plague, recognised the futility of further
+prohibition, and avoided communication with the city as
+much as possible. At the slightest hint of plague
+Her Majesty would start off on one of her Progresses, or
+betake herself to Richmond, to Hampton Court, or to
+Greenwich.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these transformations of ancient monastic
+purlieus may be briefly instanced. Within Newgate was
+the house and precinct of the Grey Friars. After the
+Dissolution the whole precinct was presented by Henry
+to the citizens of London, and here Edward VI. founded
+the school for poor fatherless children, which became
+famous as Christ's Hospital, "the Bluecoat school."</p>
+
+<p>Let a short passage from Stow describe this change
+from the old order to the new:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"In the year 1552 began the repairing of the Greyfriars house for
+the poor fatherless children; and in the month of November the
+children were taken into the same, to the number of almost four
+hundred. On Christmas Day, in the afternoon, while the Lord Mayor
+and Aldermen rode to Paules, the children of Christ's Hospital stood from
+St. Lawrence Lane end in Cheape towards Paules, all in one livery of
+russet cotton, three hundred and forty in number; and in Easter next,
+they were in blue at the Spittle, and so have continued ever since."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Greyfriars or Bluecoat school was one of the
+largest buildings in London. Its demesne extended to the
+city wall, in which there was a gate communicating with
+the grounds of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, the famous
+foundation of Rahere. The wall ran northward from the
+New Gate, the ground between the school and the wall
+on that side had been built over. There was a continuous
+line of building along Newgate Street to St. Martin's le
+Grand. The shambles or meat market occupied the centre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">{36}</a></span>
+of the street, called St. Nicholas Shambles, from a church
+which had been demolished since the Reformation.</p>
+
+<p>From Newgate Street and the top of Cheapside to
+St. Anne's Lane was formerly the territory of the Collegiate
+Church and Sanctuary of St. Martin's le Grand. The
+college was dismantled after the edict of dissolution, but
+the sanctuary remained.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the collegiate buildings had been converted
+into tenements, and other houses had been erected. These
+were occupied by "strangers born"&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, denizens who
+were not born Londoners&mdash;although within the walls the
+civic jurisdiction did not extend over this territory.
+Certain trades were carried on here outside the regulated
+industry of the city&mdash;<i>e.g.</i>, tailoring and lace-making. The
+district became one of the resorts of the Elizabethan
+ruffler; and under the ægis of the ancient right of
+sanctuary a kind of Alsatia came into existence, the scene
+of many exciting episodes when debtors and fugitives from
+justice evaded their pursuers, and succeeded in reaching
+these precincts.</p>
+
+<p>In Broad Street the ancient glory of the Augustine
+Friars was still a memory, and much of their spacious
+domain had been divided into gardens. The beautiful
+church remained, but the spire was becoming ruinous from
+neglect. Stow described the gardens, the gates of the
+precinct, and the great house which had been built here by
+William Paulet, first Marquis of Winchester, Lord
+Treasurer of England, "in place of Augustine friar's house,
+cloister, gardens, etc." There is an admirable irony in the
+recital of Stow at this point:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"The friars church he pulled not down, but the west end thereof,
+inclosed from the steeple and choir, was in the year 1550 granted to the
+Dutch nation in London, to be their preaching place: the other part&mdash;namely,
+the steeple, choir, and side aisles to the choir adjoining&mdash;he
+reserved to household uses, as for stowage of corn, coal and other things;
+his son and heir, Marquis of Winchester, sold the monuments of noblemen
+there buried in great number, the paving stone and whatsoever (which cost
+many thousands) for one hundred pounds, and in place thereof made fair<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">{37}</a></span>
+stabling for horses. He caused the lead to be taken from the roofs, and
+laid tile in place thereof; which exchange proved not so profitable as he
+looked for, but rather to his disadvantage."</p></div>
+
+<p>Between Broad Street and Bishopsgate Street the space
+was chiefly composed of gardens. One of the houses
+fronting Bishopsgate Street was the residence of Sir
+Thomas Gresham (perhaps his house in Lombard Street
+was reserved for business purposes).</p>
+
+<p>On the opposite side of Bishopsgate Street was Crosby
+Hall and the precinct of the dissolved nunnery of St.
+Helen, extending towards St. Mary Axe and the church
+of St. Andrew Undershaft. At the further end of St.
+Mary Axe was the "Papye," a building which had been a
+hospital for poor priests before the Reformation. In the
+year 1598 Shakespeare was living in the St. Helen's
+precinct, within the shadow of Crosby Hall, and John
+Stow, in his home near the church of St. Andrew
+Undershaft, had just corrected the proofs of the first edition
+of his <i>Survey of London</i>. Stow tells us about Gresham's
+House and about Crosby Hall. He tells us that Sir
+Francis Walsingham, the Secretary of State, resided at
+the Papye. He describes the church of St. Andrew
+Undershaft, where his own monument may be seen at the
+present day; he describes, too, the ancient church of the
+nunnery of St. Helen, in which a memorial window now
+commemorates Shakespeare. But he failed to mention
+the fact, which has since been recovered from the
+subsidy-roll in the Record Office, that William Shakespeare
+was a denizen of the precinct in 1598. Had Shakespeare
+built a water conduit in the neighbourhood, or endowed
+an almshouse, he might have been celebrated in the pages
+of John Stow.</p>
+
+<p>They were neighbours, and may have been acquainted.
+The district had been familiar to Stow from childhood,
+and he may have entertained the poet as he entertains
+us in his <i>Survey</i> with recollections of the changes he
+had witnessed in his long lifetime. Describing Tower Hill,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">{38}</a></span>
+he recalls the abbey of nuns of the order of St. Clare,
+called the Minories, and after giving the facts of its history,
+proceeds:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"In place of this house of nuns is now built divers fair and large
+storehouses for armour and habiliments of war, with divers workhouses
+serving to the same purpose: there is a small parish church for inhabitants
+of the close, called St. Trinities. Near adjoining to this abbey, on the
+south side thereof, was sometime a farm belonging to the said nunnery;
+at the which farm I, myself, in my youth, have fetched many a half-penny
+worth of milk, and never had less than three ale pints for a
+half-penny in the summer, nor less than one ale quart for a half-penny in
+the winter, always hot from the kine, as the same was milked and
+strained. One Trolop, and afterwards Goodman, were the farmers there,
+and had thirty or forty kine to the pail. Goodman's son being heir to
+his father's purchase, let out the ground, first for grazing of horses, and
+then for garden-plots, and lived like a gentleman thereby."</p></div>
+
+<p>Here we have the source of the name Goodman's Fields,
+a point of some interest for us; but how vastly more
+interesting to have rambled with Stow in Elizabethan
+London, listening to such stories of the old order which
+had passed, giving place to the new!</p>
+
+<p>We have strayed outside the wall, but not far. This
+road between Aldgate and the Postern Gate by the Tower,
+running parallel with the wall, is called the Minories,
+after the nunnery. Setting our faces towards Aldgate, to
+retrace our steps, we have the store-houses for armour and
+habiliments of war on our right; the wide ditch on our
+left has been filled up, and partly enclosed for cultivation.
+There are trees, and cows browsing, although the farm
+which Stow remembered no longer existed. Before us,
+just outside Aldgate, is the church of St. Buttolph, with
+its massive tower, standing in a spacious churchyard.
+Owing to the extensive building and development which
+had taken place outside the wall since the Reformation, it
+had been necessary to construct lofts and galleries in this
+church to accommodate the parishioners. At Aldgate
+the line of the wall turns westward towards Bishopsgate.
+Parallel to it a road has been made along the bank of
+the ditch, and leads into Bishopsgate Street. This is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">{39}</a></span>
+Houndsditch. The houses stand thickly along one side of
+the way looking towards the wall; the ditch has been filled
+up, and the wide surface is used for cattle pens or milking
+stalls.</p>
+
+<p>We will not go along Houndsditch, but turning sharply
+to the left from St. Buttolph's we pass through Aldgate.
+In doing so we immediately find ourselves in the midst of
+the remains of the great priory of Holy Trinity. The
+road leads southward into Fenchurch Street, branching off
+on the west into Leadenhall Street. At the junction of
+these streets stood the hospitium of the priory. Between
+Leadenhall Street and the city wall, from Aldgate nearly
+up to St. Andrew Undershaft, lies the ground-plan of
+the establishment of the Canons Regular, known as
+Christchurch, or the priory of Holy Trinity, the grandest
+of all the monastic institutions in Middlesex except
+Westminster. The heads of the establishment were
+aldermen of the City of London, representing the Portsoken
+Ward.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"These priors have sitten and ridden amongst the aldermen of
+London, in livery like unto them, saving that his habit was in shape of a
+spiritual person, as I, myself, have seen in my childhood; at which
+time the prior kept a most bountiful house of meat and drink, both
+for rich and poor, as well within the house as at the gates, to all
+comers, according to their estates" (Stow).</p></div>
+
+<p>In 1531 the King took possession of Christchurch;
+the canons were sent to other houses of the same order&mdash;St.
+Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield; St. Mary Overies,
+Southwark; and St. Mary Spital&mdash;"and the priory, with
+the appurtenances, King Henry gave to Sir Thomas
+Audley, newly knighted, and after made Lord Chancellor"
+(Stow). So extensive and so solid was the mass of building
+that Audley was at a loss to get the space cleared for the
+new house he wished to build here. He offered the great
+church of the priory to any one who would take it down
+and cart away the materials. But as this offer met with no
+response, Audley had to undertake the destruction himself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">{40}</a></span>
+Stow could remember how the workmen employed on this
+work, "with great labour, beginning at the top"&mdash;the
+tower had pinnacles at each corner like the towers at
+St. Saviour's and St. Sepulchre's&mdash;"loosed stone from stone,
+and threw them down, whereby the most part of them were
+broken, and few remained whole; and those were sold very
+cheap, for all the buildings then made about the city were
+of brick and timber. At that time any man in the city
+might have a cart-load of hard stone for paving brought to
+his door for sixpence or sevenpence, with the carriage."
+Thus, in place of the priory and its noble church, was built
+the residence of Thomas, Lord Audley, and here he lived
+till his death in 1544. By marriage of his only daughter
+and heiress, the house passed into the possession of
+Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, and was then called
+Duke's Place.</p>
+
+<p>Turning our backs upon Duke's Place and continuing a
+little further along the way by which Stow used to fetch
+the milk from the farm at the Minories to his father's
+house on Cornhill, we come to Leadenhall, a great building
+which served as a public granary in ancient times, and
+later as the chief market hall of the city. Leaving aside
+all the particulars of its history which Stow gives, let us
+note what he tells us from his own recollections:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The use of Leadenhall in my youth was thus:&mdash;In a part of the
+north quadrant, on the east side of the north gate, were the common
+beams for weighing of wool and other wares, as had been accustomed;
+on the west side the gate were the scales to weigh meal; the other
+three sides were reserved, for the most part, to the making and resting
+of the pageants showed at Midsummer in the watch; the remnant of
+the sides and quadrants was employed for the stowage of wool sacks,
+but not closed up; the lofts above were partly used by the painters in
+working for the decking of pageants and other devices, for beautifying of
+the watch and watchmen; the residue of the lofts were letten out to
+merchants, the wool winders and packers therein to wind and pack their
+wools. And thus much for Leadenhall may suffice."</p></div>
+
+<p>The celebration of the Nativity of St. John and the
+civic pageantry of Midsummer Eve belonged to the past;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">{41}</a></span>
+but Stow could remember the assembly of the citizens
+arrayed in parti-coloured vestments of red and white
+over their armour, their lances coloured and decorated
+to distinguish the various wards they represented, their
+torches borne in cressets on long poles. He could
+remember the processions as they passed the bonfires
+which burned in the open spaces of the city thoroughfares,
+and the throng of faces at the open windows and
+casements as they appeared in the fitful glare. The
+pageantry had disappeared with the suppression of the
+religious houses; but the military organization was merely
+changed. The musters of the city soldiers when they
+were reviewed by Queen Elizabeth at the coming of
+the Armada was a recent memory.</p>
+
+<p>And so we turn into Bishopsgate Street again, and
+walk along to Crosby Hall, the ancient palace of
+Richard III. In the middle of the roadway, opposite the
+junction of Threadneedle Street with Bishopsgate Street,
+stands a well, with a windlass, which probably existed
+here before the conduit was made near the gateway in
+the time of Henry VIII. We enter the precinct of
+St. Helen's: the wall of Crosby's great chamber is on our
+right hand; before us is the church of the nunnery. The
+spirit of the place is upon us. The barriers of time are
+removed; past and present mingle in the current of our
+meditation. Lo! one bids us a courteous farewell: it is
+Master Stow, our cicerone, who goes away in the direction
+of St. Andrew Undershaft. The presence of another
+influence continues to be felt. We enter the dim church,
+and shadows of kneeling nuns seem to hover in the
+twilight of the northern nave. Invisible fingers touch the
+organ-keys; the strains of evensong arise from the choir.
+Our reverie is broken, an influence recedes from us. But
+turning our eyes towards the painted picture of Shakespeare
+which fills the memorial window in this ancient
+church, we join in the hymn of praise and thanksgiving.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">{42}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What chiefly impressed the Elizabethan was the
+newness of London, and the rapidity with which its ancient
+features were being obliterated. John Stow felt it
+incumbent upon him to make a record of the ancient city
+before it was entirely swept away and forgotten. In what
+was new to him we find a similar interest.</p>
+
+<p>Through Bishopsgate northward lies Shoreditch. The
+old church which stood here in Elizabethan times has
+disappeared, but on the site stands another church with
+the same dedication, to St. Leonard. The sweet peal of
+the bells from the old belfry, so much appreciated by the
+Elizabethans, is to be heard no more; but the muniment
+chest of the modern church contains the old registers, in
+which we may read the names of Tarleton, Queen
+Elizabeth's famous jester, of Burbage, and the colony
+of players who lived in this parish, in the precinct
+of the dissolved priory of Holywell. The road from
+Shoreditch to the precinct still exists, known as Holywell
+Lane.</p>
+
+<p>The priory of St. John Baptist, called Holywell, a house
+of nuns, had been rebuilt, in the earlier period of the reign
+of Henry VIII., by Sir Thomas Lovel, K.G., of Lincoln's
+Inn. He endowed the priory with fair lands, extended
+the buildings, and added a large chapel. He also built
+considerably in Lincoln's Inn, including the fine old
+gateway in Chancery Lane, which still stands as one of the
+few remaining memorials of ancient London. Sir Thomas
+figures as one of the characters in Shakespeare's play of
+<i>Henry VIII.</i> When he died he was duly buried in the
+large chapel which he had added to Holywell Priory, in
+accordance with his design; but a few years later, in 1539,
+the priory was surrendered to the King and dissolved.
+Stow tells us that the church was pulled down&mdash;it is
+doubtful if Lovel's chapel was spared&mdash;and that many
+houses were built within the precinct "for the lodgings of
+noblemen, of strangers born, and others."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">{43}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the first edition of his <i>Survey</i> Stow added:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"And near thereunto are builded two publique houses for the acting
+and shewe of comedies, tragedies and histories, for recreation. Whereof
+one is called the Courtein, and the other the Theatre; both standing
+on the south west side towards the field."</p></div>
+
+<p>This passage was omitted from the second edition
+of the book published in 1603; but the whole extensive
+history of these playhouses, which was won from
+oblivion by the research of J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps,
+proceeded from this brief testimony of Stow.</p>
+
+
+<p>Against the background of the ancient priory this
+precinct of Holywell presented a perfect picture of the
+new conditions which constituted what was distinctively
+Elizabethan London. It comprehended the conditions of
+freedom required by the new life. Outside the jurisdiction
+of the city, but within the protection of the justices of
+Middlesex; lying open to the common fields of Finsbury,
+where archery and other sports were daily practised; its
+two playhouses affording varied entertainment in fencing
+matches, wrestling matches, and other "sports, shows, and
+pastimes," besides stage-plays performed by the various
+acting companies which visited them; this precinct of
+Holywell presented a microcosm of Elizabethan London
+society. The attraction of the plays brought visitors
+from all parts of the city. On the days when dramatic
+performances were to be given flags were hoisted in the
+morning over the playhouses; and after the early midday
+dinner the stream of playgoers began to flow from the
+gates. On horseback and on foot, over the fields from
+Cripplegate and Moorgate, or along the road from
+Bishopsgate, came men and women, citizens and gallants,
+visitors from the country, adventurers and pickpockets.
+All classes and conditions mingled in the Theatre or
+the Curtain, in the "common playhouses," as they were
+called, which only came into existence in 1576, after
+the players had been banished from the city. It was
+all delightfully new and modern; the buildings were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">{44}</a></span>
+gorgeously decorated; the apparel of the players was
+rich and dazzling; the music was enthralling; the play
+was a magic dream.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the plays of Marlowe were performed at these
+Holywell theatres; and in 1596 a play by the new poet,
+William Shakespeare, called <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, was
+produced at the Curtain, and caused a great sensation in
+Elizabethan London. The famous balcony scene of this
+play was cleverly adapted to the orchestra gallery above
+the stage. The stage itself projected into the arena, and
+the "groundlings" stood around it. Above were three
+tiers of seated galleries, and near the stage were "lords'
+rooms," the precursors of the private boxes of a later
+time.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>After the Theatre and Curtain had become a feature
+of Elizabethan London at Shoreditch, other playhouses
+came into existence on the other side of the river; first
+at Newington, outside the jurisdiction of the city, in
+conditions corresponding to those of Shoreditch. For
+the sports and pastimes of Finsbury Fields, in the
+neighbourhood of the playhouses, there were the sports
+and pastimes of St. George's Fields in the neighbourhood
+of the Newington Theatre. Playgoers from the city took
+boat to Paris Garden stairs and witnessed the bear-baiting
+on Bankside, or proceeded by road on horseback or on
+foot to St. George's Fields and Newington; or they went
+thither over the bridge all the way by road, walking or
+riding. The use of coaches was very limited, owing to
+the narrow roads and imperfect paving of Elizabethan
+London.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_012.jpg" width="416" height="600" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Shooting Match by the London Archers in the Year 1583.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At Newington the proprietor and manager of the
+playhouse was Philip Henslowe, whose diary is the chief
+source of what information we have concerning the earlier
+period of Elizabethan drama. He was a man of business
+instinct, who conducted his dramatic enterprise on purely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">{45}</a></span>
+commercial lines. In 1584 he secured the lease of a house
+and two gardens on Bankside, and here, in the "liberty"
+of the Bishop of Winchester, nearer to the city but
+outside the civic jurisdiction, he erected his playhouse,
+called the Rose, in 1591. Henslowe thus brought the
+drama nearer to the city than it had been since the edict
+of 1575 abolished the common stages which until then had
+been set up in inn yards or other convenient places in the
+city. The flag of the playhouse could be seen across
+the river; and from all points came the tide of playgoers,
+whose custom was a harvest to Henslowe and the Thames
+watermen.</p>
+
+<p>Midway between these two points of theatrical
+attraction&mdash;Holywell, Shoreditch on the north, and
+Newington and Bankside on the south&mdash;Shakespeare
+lodged in the precinct of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate. The
+company of players with whom he had become finally
+associated was that of the Lord Chamberlain. They
+derived their profits from three sources&mdash;from
+performances at court, from theatrical tours, and from
+performances at the Theatre and the Curtain. The
+Theatre was the property of the family of James
+Burbage, who had built it in 1576&mdash;his son Richard
+Burbage, the famous actor, and others. The
+interest of the proprietors may have suffered from
+Henslowe's enterprise in setting up a playhouse on
+Bankside; and they were in dispute with the ground
+landlord of their playhouse in regard to the renewal of
+their lease. In these circumstances the Burbages, with
+the co-operation of other members of the company, secured
+a site in the Winchester Liberty on Bankside, not far
+from the Rose but nearer the Bridge. They then took
+down their building in Holywell, vacated the land, and
+re-erected the playhouse on the other side of the river.
+Those who participated in this enterprise became "sharers,"
+or partners, in the new playhouse. Shakespeare was one
+of these, and the name by which it was called&mdash;the Globe&mdash;was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">{46}</a></span>
+symbolical of the genius which reached its maturity
+in plays presented in this theatre during the closing years
+of the reign of Elizabeth and the first decade of the reign
+of her successor. "Totus mundus agit histrionem" was
+the inscription over the portal of the Globe. "All the
+world's a stage," said Shakespeare's Jaques in <i>As You
+Like It</i>. The life of Elizabethan London found its
+ultimate expression in that playhouse, which became
+celebrated then as "the glory of the Bank," and now is
+famous in all parts of the world where the glory of
+English literature is cherished.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>There were many reminiscences of mediæval times on
+the Surrey side. At Bermondsey were to be seen the
+extensive remains of the great abbey of St. Saviour. After
+the Dissolution its name became transferred to the church
+near the end of London Bridge, formerly known as
+St. Mary Overies, the splendid fane which in our time
+has worthily become the cathedral of Southwark. Between
+this church and the church of St. George were many inns,
+among them the Tabard, where travellers to and from
+Canterbury and Dover, or Winchester and Southampton,
+introduced an element of novelty, change, and bustle;
+where plays were performed in the inn yards before the
+playhouses were built on Bankside. At the end of
+Bankside, looking towards the church of St. Saviour, stood
+Winchester House, the London residence of the Bishop of
+Winchester since the twelfth century. Here Cardinal
+Beaufort and Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester,
+had lived in great state. The site, including the park,
+which extended parallel with the river as far as Paris
+Garden, was formerly the property of the priory of
+Bermondsey. This area was under the separate
+jurisdiction of the Bishops of Winchester, and was called
+their "Liberty." Here, in the early years of Queen
+Elizabeth, were two amphitheatres&mdash;one for bull-baiting,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">{47}</a></span>
+the other for bear-baiting. There were also ponds for
+fish, called the Pike Ponds.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> The great Camden records
+an anecdote of these ponds or stews, "which are here to
+feed Pikes and Tenches fat, and to scour them from the
+strong and muddy fennish taste." All classes delighted
+in the cruel sport of bear-baiting on the Bankside:
+ambassadors and distinguished foreigners were always
+conducted to these performances; on special occasions
+the Queen had them at the palace.</p>
+
+<p>In 1583 one of the amphitheatres fell down, and when
+re-erected it was built on the model of the playhouses.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+It then became known as the Bear Garden; the bull-baiting
+amphitheatre dropped out of existence; perhaps it was
+reconstructed by Henslowe as his Rose theatre. The
+point is not of much importance, except as regards the
+evolution of the playhouse.</p>
+
+<p>The second playhouse built on the Surrey side after the
+Rose was the Swan, opened in 1596. This was erected on
+a site in the manor of Paris Garden, separated only by a
+road from the Liberty of Winchester. The playhouse
+was in a line with the landing-stairs, opposite Blackfriars.</p>
+
+<p>After the Globe playhouse was built in 1599, the other
+playhouses&mdash;Henslowe's Rose and Langley's Swan&mdash;ceased
+to flourish. Here the outward facts corresponded
+with the inward: a lovely flower had opened into bloom
+on the Bankside; what was unnecessary to its support
+drooped earthward like a sheath.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Opposite Paris Garden, across the river, was
+Blackfriars; and here the change from the ancient order
+to what was distinctively Elizabethan London was most
+manifest. The ancient monastery had existed here from
+1276, when the Dominican or Black Friars moved hither<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">{48}</a></span>
+from Holborn, until 1538, when the establishment was
+surrendered to King Henry VIII. It possessed a
+magnificent church, a vast palatial hall, and cloisters.
+Edward VI. had granted the whole precinct, with its
+buildings, to Sir Thomas Cawarden, the Master of the
+Revels. It became an aristocratic residential quarter; and
+in the earlier period of Queen Elizabeth's reign plays
+were performed here, probably in the ancient hall of the
+monastery, by the children of Her Majesty's chapel and
+the choir-boys of St. Paul's. At a later period&mdash;viz., in
+1596&mdash;James Burbage, who built the theatre in Shoreditch,
+built a new playhouse in the precinct, or more probably
+adapted an existing building&mdash;the hall or part of the
+church&mdash;to serve the purpose of dramatic representation.
+This playhouse, consequently, was not open to the weather
+at the top like the common playhouses, and it was
+distinguished as the "private" theatre at Blackfriars.</p>
+
+<p>The west wall of the precinct was built along the bank
+of the Fleet river. Across the river opposite was the royal
+palace of Bridewell, which Edward VI. had given to the
+city of London to be a workhouse for the poor and a
+house of correction. This contiguity of a house for the
+poor and the remains of a monastery suggests a reflection
+on the social problem of Elizabethan London.</p>
+
+<p>Before the Reformation the religious houses were the
+agencies for the relief of the poor, the sick, the afflicted.
+The unemployed were assisted with lodging and food on
+their way as they journeyed in search of a market for
+their labour, paying for their entertainment at the religious
+houses by work either on the roads in the neighbourhood
+or on the buildings or in the gardens and fields, according
+to their trades and skill. It would seem that King Henry
+did not realise the importance and extent of this
+feature in the social economy, because, after he had
+suppressed the religious establishments, he complained
+very reproachfully of the number of masterless men and
+rogues that were everywhere to be found, especially about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">{49}</a></span>
+London. The good Bishop Ridley, in an eloquent appeal
+addressed to William Cecil, represented the poor and sick
+and starving in the streets of London in the person of
+Christ, beseeching the king to succour the poor and
+suffering Christ in the streets of London by bestowing his
+palace of Bridewell to be a home for the homeless, the
+starving, and the sick, where erring ones could be corrected
+and the good sustained. The good young monarch
+granted the bishop's request, and Bridewell Hospital was
+thus founded to do the social work in which Blackfriars
+monastery on the other side of the Fleet river had formerly
+borne its share. But single efforts of this kind were quite
+unequal to cope with the social difficulty; and early in
+the reign of Elizabeth the first Poor Law was passed and
+a system of relief came into operation.</p>
+
+<p>To meet the difficulty of unemployment, it was part
+of the policy of Queen Elizabeth's Government to
+encourage new industries, whether due to invention and
+discovery or to knowledge gained by visiting foreign
+countries to learn new processes and manufactures; the
+inventor or the introducer of the novelty was rewarded
+with a monopoly, and he received a licence "to take up
+workmen" to be taught the methods of the new industry.
+One of the manufactures which had been thus stimulated
+was glass-making; and in the precinct of Blackfriars was
+a famous glass-house or factory, a reminiscence of which
+still exists in the name Glasshouse Yard. It has been
+shown how the crafts and trades of Elizabethan London
+gravitated to separate areas: Blackfriars precinct was
+famous as the abode of artists; one may hazard the guess
+that some of the portraits of Elizabethan and Jacobean
+players in the Dulwich Gallery may have been painted
+here. In the reign of Charles I. Vandyke had his studio
+in Blackfriars, where the king paid him a visit to see
+his pictures. The precinct was famous also as the abode
+of glovers; and in the reigns of James and Charles it
+became a notorious stronghold of Puritans. The existing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">{50}</a></span>
+name of Playhouse Yard, at the back of <i>The Times</i>
+newspaper office, affords some indication of the site of
+the theatre; and the name Cloister Court is the sole
+remnant of the cloisters of Blackfriars monastery.</p>
+
+<p>The eastern boundary of the precinct was St. Andrew's
+Hill, which still exists. On the site of the present church
+of St. Andrew in the Wardrobe stood a church of the
+same dedication in Elizabethan London. Stow wrote of
+"the parish church of St. Andrew in the Wardrobe, a
+proper church, but few monuments hath it." Near the
+church (the site being indicated by the existing court called
+the Wardrobe) was a building of State, which Stow calls
+"the King's Great Wardrobe." The Elizabethan use of
+the Wardrobe is described by Stow thus: "In this house
+of late years is lodged Sir John Fortescue, knight, master
+of the wardrobe, chancellor and under-treasurer of the
+exchequer, and one of her majesty's most honorable privy
+Council."</p>
+
+<p>Near the top of St. Andrew's Hill and within the
+precinct of Blackfriars was a house which Shakespeare
+purchased in 1613. It is described in the extant
+Deed of Conveyance as "now or late being in the
+tenure or occupation of one William Ireland ...
+abutting upon a street leading down to Puddle Wharf on
+the east part, right against the Kinges Majesties
+Wardrobe." Curiously enough, the name of this occupier
+survives in the existing Ireland Yard.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_013.jpg" width="50" height="47" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>ENVOY</h3>
+
+
+<p>The omissions in this imperfect sketch of Elizabethan
+London are many and obvious. The design has been to
+show the tangible setting of a jewel rather than the jewel
+itself; the outward conditions in which the life of a new
+age was manifested. The background of destruction has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">{51}</a></span>
+been inevitably emphasised; but in Elizabethan London
+historic memorials existed on every hand. Nothing has
+been said of Baynard's Castle, its Norman walls rising
+from the margin of the river to the south of Blackfriars,
+or of St Bartholomew the Great, or the Charterhouse, or
+St. Giles's, Cripplegate; although an account of them
+would have completed the outer ring of our perambulation
+of the London described by Stow. The whole region
+westward&mdash;Holborn, Fleet Street, the Strand, and
+Westminster&mdash;has been left for another occasion. Here
+and there, however, we have been able to glance at historic
+buildings which had survived from earlier ages to
+witness the changes in London after the Reformation.
+It was those changes that led to the making of the
+playhouse and brought the conditions which enfolded
+the possibility realised in Shakespeare. This has been
+the point of view in the foregoing pages. A study of
+characteristics rather than a detailed account has been
+offered for the consideration of the reader.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">{52}</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="PEPYSS_LONDON" id="PEPYSS_LONDON">PEPYS'S LONDON</a></h2>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A.</span></p>
+
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.png" width="100" height="118" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">The growth of population in London was almost
+stationary for many centuries; as, owing to the
+generally unhealthy condition of ancient cities,
+the births seldom exceeded the deaths, and in the
+case of frequent pestilences the deaths actually exceeded
+the births. Thus during its early history the walls of
+London easily contained its inhabitants, although at
+all times in its history London will be found to have
+taken a higher rank for healthy sanitary conditions than
+most of its continental contemporaries. In the later
+Middle Ages the city overflowed its borders, and
+its liberties were recognized and marked by Bars.
+Subsequently nothing was done to bring the further
+out-growths of London proper within the fold, and in
+Tudor times we first hear of the suburbs as disreputable
+quarters, a condemnation which was doubtless just, as
+the inhabitants mostly consisted of those who were glad
+to escape the restrictions of life within the city walls.</p>
+
+<p>The first great exodus westwards of the more
+aristocratic inhabitants of London took place in the
+reigns of James I. and Charles I.&mdash;first to Lincoln's Inn
+Fields and its neighbourhood, and then to Covent
+Garden, and both these suburbs were laid out by Inigo
+Jones, the greatest architect of beautiful street fronts
+that England has ever produced. It is an eternal
+disgrace to Londoners that so many of his noble buildings
+in Lincoln's Inn Fields have been destroyed. The period
+of construction of these districts is marked by the names<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">{53}</a></span>
+of Henrietta and King Streets in Covent Garden, and
+Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields.</p>
+
+<p>After the Restoration modern London was founded.
+During the Commonwealth there had been a considerable
+stagnation in the movement of the population, and when
+the Royalists returned to England from abroad they
+found their family mansions in the city unfitted for their
+habitation, and in consequence established themselves in
+what is now the city of Westminster. Henry Jermyn,
+first Earl of St. Albans, began to provide houses for
+some of them in St. James's Square, and buildings in the
+district around were rapidly proceeded with.</p>
+
+<p>We have a faithful representation of London, as it
+appeared at the end of the Commonwealth period, in
+Newcourt and Faithorne's valuable Plan of London, dated
+1658. A long growth of houses north of the Thames is
+seen stretching from the Tower to the neighbourhood of
+Westminster Abbey. Islington is found at the extreme
+north of the plan unconnected with the streets of the
+town, Hoxton connected with the city by Shoreditch,
+Bethnal Green almost alone, and Stepney at the extreme
+north-east. South of the Thames there are a few streets
+close to the river, and a small out-growth from London
+Bridge along the great southern road containing Southwark
+and Bermondsey. There is little at Lambeth but
+the Archbishop's Palace and the great marsh.</p>
+
+<p>On this plan we see what was the condition of the
+Haymarket and Piccadilly before the Restoration. This
+was soon to be changed, for between the years 1664 and
+1668 were erected three great mansions in the "Road to
+Reading" (now Piccadilly), viz., Clarendon House (where
+Bond and Albemarle Streets now stand), Berkeley House
+(on the site now occupied by Devonshire House), and
+Burlington House. Piccadilly was the original name of
+the district after which Piccadilly Hall was called. The
+latter place was situated at the north-east corner of the
+Haymarket, nearly opposite to Panton Square, and close<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">{54}</a></span>
+by Panton Street, named after Colonel Thomas Panton,
+the notorious gamester, who purchased Piccadilly Hall
+from Mrs. Baker, the widow of the original owner.</p>
+
+<p>There is much to be said in favour of associating
+the name of some well-known man with the London
+of his time, and thus showing how his descriptions
+illustrate the chief historical events of his time, with
+many of which he may have been connected. In the
+case of Samuel Pepys, we can see with his eyes
+many of the incidents of the early years of the
+Restoration period, and thus gain an insight into the
+inner life of the times. Pepys lived through some of
+the greatest changes that have passed over London, and
+in alluding to some of these we may quote his remarks
+with advantage. His friend, John Evelyn, also refers to
+many of the same events, and may also be quoted, more
+particularly as he was specially engaged at different
+periods of his life in improving several parts of London.</p>
+
+<p>We are truly fortunate in having two such admirable
+diarists at hand to help us to a proper understanding of
+the course of events and of the changes that took place
+in London during their long lives.</p>
+
+<p>When Pepys commenced his <i>Diary</i> on January 1st,
+1660, we find him living in a small house in Axe Yard,
+Westminster, a place which derived its name from a
+brewhouse on the west side of King Street, called "The
+Axe." He was then clerk to Mr. (afterwards Sir George)
+Downing, one of the Four Tellers of the Receipt of the
+Exchequer, from whom Downing Street obtained its
+name. Pepys was in the receipt of £50 a year, and his
+household was not a large one, for it consisted of
+himself, his wife, and his servant Jane. He let the
+greater part of the house, and his family lived in the
+garrets. About 1767 Axe Yard was swept away, and
+Fludyer Street arose on its site, named after Sir Samuel
+Fludyer, who was Lord Mayor in 1761. Nearly a century
+afterwards (1864-65) this street also was swept away<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">{55}</a></span>
+(with others) to make room for the Government offices,
+consisting of the India, Foreign and Colonial Offices,
+etc., so that all trace of Pepys's residence has now
+completely passed away.</p>
+
+<p>Macaulay, in the famous third chapter of his History,
+where he gives a brilliant picture of the state of England
+in 1685, and clearly describes London under the later
+Stuarts, writes: "Each of the two cities which made up
+the capital of England had its own centre of attraction."
+We may take this sentence as our text, and try to illustrate
+it by some notices of London life in the city and at
+the Court end of town. The two extremes were equally
+familiar to Pepys, and both were seen by him almost
+daily when he stepped into his boat by the Tower and
+out of it again at Westminster.</p>
+
+<p>To take the court life first, let us begin with the entry
+of the King into London on his birthday (May 29th, 1660).
+The enthusiastic reception of Charles II. is a commonplace
+of history, and from the Tower to Whitehall joy
+was exhibited by all that thronged the streets. Evelyn
+was spectator of the scene, which he describes in his
+<i>Diary</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"May 29th. This day his Majestie Charles the Second came to
+London after a sad and long exile and calamitous suffering both of the
+King and Church, being 17 yeares. This was also his birthday, and with
+a triumph of above 20,000 horse and foote, brandishing their swords and
+shouting with inexpressible joy; the wayes strew'd with flowers, the bells
+ringing, the streetes hung with tapissry, fountaines running with wine;
+the Maior, Aldermen and all the Companies in their liveries, chaines of
+gold and banners; Lords and nobles clad in cloth of silver, gold and
+velvet; the windowes and balconies all set with ladies; trumpets, music
+and myriads of people flocking, even so far as Rochester, so as they
+were seven houres in passing the citty, even from 2 in y<sup>e</sup> afternoon till
+9 at night.</p>
+
+<p>"I stood in the Strand and beheld it, and bless'd God. And all this
+was done without one drop of blood shed, and by that very army which
+rebell'd against him; but it was y<sup>e</sup> Lord's doing, for such a restauration
+was never mention'd in any history antient or modern, since the returne
+of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity; nor so joyfull a day and so
+bright ever seene in this nation, this hapning when to expect or effect
+it was past all human policy."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">{56}</a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>One of the brilliant companies of young and
+comely men in white doublets who took part in the
+procession was led by Simon Wadlow, the vintner and
+host of the "Devil" tavern. This was the son of Ben
+Jonson's Simon Wadlow, "Old Simon the King," who
+gave his name to Squire Western's favourite song. From
+Rugge's curious MS. <i>Diurnal</i> we learn how the young
+women of London were not behind the young men in the
+desire to join in the public rejoicings:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Divers maidens, in behalf of themselves and others, presented a
+petition to the Lord Mayor of London, wherein they pray his Lordship
+to grant them leave and liberty to meet his Majesty on the day of his
+passing through the city; and if their petition be granted that they will
+all be clad in white waistcoats and crimson petticoats, and other ornaments
+of triumph and rejoicing."</p></div>
+
+<p>Pepys was at sea at this time with Sir Edward
+Montagu, where the sailors had their own rejoicings and
+fired off three guns, but he enters in his <i>Diary</i>: "This
+day, it is thought, the King do enter the city of London."</p>
+
+<p>Charles, immediately on his arrival in London, settled
+himself in the Palace of Whitehall, which was his chief
+place of residence during the whole of his reign, but
+although he was very much at home in it, he felt keenly
+the inconveniences attending its situation by the river side,
+which caused it frequently to be flooded by high tides.</p>
+
+<p>The King alludes to this trouble in one of his
+amusingly chatty speeches to the House of Commons on
+March 1st, 1661-62, when arrangements were being made
+for the entry of Katharine of Braganza into London.
+He said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The mention of my wife's arrival puts me in mind to desire you to
+put that compliment upon her, that her entrance into the town may be
+with more decency than the ways will now suffer it to be; and for that
+purpose, I pray you would quickly pass such laws as are before you, in
+order to the amending those ways, and that she may not find Whitehall
+surrounded by water."</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_015.jpg" width="600" height="319" alt="" />
+
+<p class="img_link"><a href="images/image_015_full.jpg">View larger version.</a></p>
+
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">A View of London as it appeared
+before the Great Fire.</span></p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>From an old print.</i></p></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">St. Paul's.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">St. Dunstan's.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="left">Temple.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">4</td><td align="left">St. Bride's.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">St. Andrew's.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="left">Baynard's Castle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">7</td><td align="left">St. Sepulchre's.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8</td><td align="left">Bow Church.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">9</td><td align="left">Guildhall.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left">St. Michael's.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left">St. Laurence, Poultney.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left">Old Swan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left">London Bridge.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left">St. Dunstan's East.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left">Billingsgate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left">Custom House.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left">Tower.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left">Tower Wharf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left">St. Olave's.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left">St. Saviour's.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left">Winchester House.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left">The Globe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left">The Bear Garden.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left">Hampstead.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left">Highgate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left">Hackney.</td></tr>
+</table></div></div>
+
+<p>In the following year we read in Pepys's <i>Diary</i> a
+piquant account of the putting out of Lady Castlemaine's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">{57}</a></span>
+kitchen fire on a certain occasion when Charles was
+engaged to sup with her:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"October 13th, 1663. My Lady Castlemaine, I hear, is in as great
+favour as ever, and the King supped with her the very first night he came
+from Bath: and last night and the night before supped with her; when
+there being a chine of beef to roast, and the tide rising into their kitchen
+that it could not be roasted there, and the cook telling her of it, she
+answered, 'Zounds! she must set the house on fire, but it should be
+roasted!' So it was carried to Mrs. Sarah's husband's, and there it
+was roasted."</p></div>
+
+<p>The last sentence requires an explanation. Mrs. Sarah
+was Lord Sandwich's housekeeper, and Pepys had found
+out in November, 1662, that she had just been married,
+and that her husband was a cook. We are not told his
+name or where he lived.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Dorset, in the famous song, "To all you ladies
+now on land," specially alludes to the periodical
+inundations at the Palace:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The King, with wonder and surprise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Will swear the seas grow bold;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Because the tides will higher rise<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Than e'er they did of old;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But let him know it is our tears<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bring floods of grief to Whitehall stairs."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Pepys was a constant visitor to Whitehall, and the Index
+to the <i>Diary</i> contains over three pages of references to
+his visits. He refers to Henry VIII.'s Gallery, the
+Boarded Gallery, the Matted Gallery, the Shield Gallery,
+and the Vane Room. Lilly, the astrologer, mentions the
+Guard Room. The Adam and Eve Gallery was so called
+from a picture by Mabuse, now at Hampton Court. In
+the Matted Gallery was a ceiling by Holbein, and on a
+wall in the Privy Chamber a painting of Henry VII. and
+Henry VIII., with their Queens, by the same artist, of
+which a copy in small is preserved at Hampton Court.
+On another wall was a "Dance of Death," also by
+Holbein, of which Douce has given a description; and
+in the bedchamber of Charles II. a representation by
+Joseph Wright of the King's birth, his right to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">{58}</a></span>
+dominions, and miraculous preservation, with the motto,
+<i>Terras Astræa revisit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>All these rooms, and most of the lodgings of the many
+residents, royal and non-royal, were in the portion of
+the Palace situated on the river side of the road, now
+known as Whitehall. This road was shut in by two
+gates erected by Henry VIII. when he enlarged the
+borders of the Palace after he had taken it from
+Wolsey. The one at the Westminster end was called
+the King Street gate, and the other, at the north end,
+designed by Holbein, was called by his name, and also
+Whitehall or Cock-pit gate.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary to remember that Whitehall extended
+into St. James's Park. The Tilt Yard, where many
+tournaments and pageants were held in the reigns of
+Henry VIII., Elizabeth, and James I., fronted the
+Banqueting House, and occupied what is now the Horse
+Guards' Parade. On the south side of the Tilt Yard was
+the Cockpit, where Monk, Duke of Albemarle, lived for a
+time. His name was given to a tavern in the Tilt Yard
+("The Monk's Head").</p>
+
+<p>On the north side was Spring Gardens, otherwise the
+King's Garden, but it subsequently became a place of
+public entertainment, and after the Restoration it was
+styled the Old Spring Garden; then the ground was
+built upon, and the entertainments removed to the New
+Spring Garden at Lambeth, afterwards called Vauxhall.</p>
+
+<p>The Cockpit was originally used for cock-fighting,
+but it cannot be definitely said when it ceased to be
+employed for this cruel sport. It was for a considerable
+time used as a royal theatre, and Malone wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Neither Elizabeth, nor James I., nor Charles I., I believe, ever
+went to the public theatre, but they frequently ordered plays to be performed
+at Court, which were represented in the royal theatre called the
+Cockpit."</p></div>
+
+<p>Malone is probably incorrect in respect to Elizabeth's use
+of the Cockpit, for certainly cock-fighting was practised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">{59}</a></span>
+here as late as 1607, as may be seen from the following
+entry in the State Papers:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Aug. 4th, 1607. Warrant to pay 100 marks per annum to William
+Gateacre for breeding, feeding, etc., the King's game cocks during the
+life of George Coliner, Cockmaster."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>It is, of course, possible that the players and the cocks
+occupied the place contemporaneously.</p>
+
+<p>The lodgings at the Cockpit were occupied by some
+well-known men. Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and
+Montgomery, saw Charles I. pass from St. James's to the
+scaffold at the Banqueting House from one of his
+windows, and he died in these apartments on January
+23rd, 1650. Oliver Cromwell, when Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland, was given, by order of Parliament, "the use of
+the lodgings called the Cockpit, of the Spring Garden
+and St. James's House, and the command of St. James's
+Park," and when Protector, and in possession of
+Whitehall Palace, he still retained the Cockpit. When
+in 1657 he relaxed some of the prohibitions against
+the Theatre, he used the Cockpit stage occasionally for
+instrumental and vocal music.</p>
+
+<p>A little before the Restoration the apartments were
+assigned to General Monk, and Charles II. confirmed the
+arrangement. Here he died, as Duke of Albemarle, on
+January 3rd, 1670. In 1673 George Villiers, second
+Duke of Buckingham, became a resident, and at the
+Revolution of 1688 the Princess Anne was living here.</p>
+
+<p>There has been some confusion in respect to the
+references to the Cockpit in Pepys's <i>Diary</i>, as two distinct
+theatres are referred to under this name. The references
+before November, 1660, are to the performances of the
+Duke's Company at the Cockpit in Drury Lane. Here
+Pepys saw the "Loyal Subject," "Othello," "Wit without
+Money," and "The Woman's Prize or Tamer Tamed."
+The subsequent passages in which the Cockpit is referred
+to apply to the royal theatre attached to Whitehall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">{60}</a></span>
+Palace. Here Pepys saw "The Cardinal," "Claricilla,"
+"Humorous Lieutenant," "Scornful Lady," and the
+"Valiant Cid." It is useful to remember that the
+performances at Whitehall were in the evening, and
+those at the public theatre in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>The buildings of the Old Whitefriars Palace by the
+river side were irregular and unimposing outside, although
+they were handsome inside. The grand scheme of Inigo
+Jones for rebuilding initiated by James I., and
+occasionally entertained by Charles I. and II. and
+William III., came to nothing, but the noble Banqueting
+House remains to show what might have been.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Dr. Sheppard, in his valuable work on <i>The
+Old Palace of Whitehall</i> (1902), refers to Grinling
+Gibbons's statue of James II., which for many years stood
+in the Privy Garden, and is one of the very few good
+statues in London. He refers to the temporary removal
+of the statue to the front of Gwydyr House, and writes:
+"Since the statue has been removed to its present position
+an inscription (there was none originally) has been placed
+on its stone pedestal. It runs as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+JACOBUS SECUNDUS<br />
+DEI GRATIA ANGLIÆ SCOTIÆ FRANCIÆ<br />
+ET HIBERNIÆ REX.<br />
+FIDEI DEFENSOR. ANNO MDCLXXXVI."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>This, however, is a mistake, and the inscription runs
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+JACOBUS SECUNDUS<br />
+DEI GRATIÆ<br />
+ANGLIÆ SCOTIÆ<br />
+FRANCIÆ ET<br />
+HIBERNIÆ<br />
+REX<br />
+FIDEI DEFENSOR<br />
+ANNO MDCLXXXVI<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>in capitals, and without any stops.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">{61}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The present writer remembers well being taken as
+a little boy to read the inscription and find out the
+error in the Latin. The statue has since been removed
+to the front of the new buildings of the Admiralty
+between the Horse Guards' Parade and Spring
+Gardens, a very appropriate position for a Lord High
+Admiral. I am happy to see that the inscription has
+not been altered, and the incorrect "Dei gratiæ"
+appears as in my youth.</p>
+
+<p>James Duke of York, after the Restoration, occupied
+apartments in St. James's Palace, and his Secretary of
+the Admiralty, Sir William Coventry, had lodgings
+conveniently near him. The Duke sometimes moved
+from one palace to the other, as his father, Charles I.,
+had done before him. Henrietta Maria took a fancy to
+the place, and most of their children were born at
+St. James's, the Duke being one of these.</p>
+
+<p>James's changes of residence are recorded in Pepys's
+<i>Diary</i> as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Jan. 23rd, 1664-65. Up and with Sir W. Batten and Sir W. Pen
+to White Hall; but there finding the Duke gone to his lodgings at
+St. James's for alltogether, his Duchesse being ready to lie in, we to him
+and there did our usual business."</p>
+
+<p>"May 3rd, 1667. Up and with Sir J. Minnes, W. Batten and W. Pen
+in the last man's coach to St. James's, and thence up to the Duke of
+York's chamber, which as it is now fretted at the top, and the chimney-piece
+made handsome, is one of the noblest and best-proportioned rooms
+that ever, I think, I saw in my life."</p>
+
+<p>"May 20th, 1668. Up and with Colonell Middleton in a new coach
+he hath made him, very handsome, to White Hall, where the Duke
+of York having removed his lodgings for this year to St. James's we
+walked thither; and there find the Duke of York coming to White Hall,
+and so back to the Council Chamber, where the Committee of the
+Navy sat."</p></div>
+
+<p>In November, 1667, James fell ill of the smallpox in
+St. James's Palace, when the gallery doors were locked
+up. On March 31st, 1671, Anne Duchess of York, the
+daughter of Clarendon, died here. The Princess Mary
+was married to William Prince of Orange in November,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">{62}</a></span>
+1677, at eleven o'clock at night, in the Chapel Royal,
+and on July 28th, 1683, Princess Anne to Prince George
+of Denmark, when the pair took up their residence at
+St. James's.</p>
+
+<p>When James came to the crown he went to live at
+Whitehall Palace, but he frequently stayed at St. James's.
+On June 9th, 1688, Queen Mary of Modena was taken to
+the latter place, and on the following day James Francis
+Edward, afterwards known as "The Pretender," was born
+in the Old Bedchamber. This room was situated at the
+east end of the south front. It had three doors, one
+leading to a private staircase at the head of the bed, and
+two windows opposite the bed.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>The room was pulled down previous to the alterations
+made in the year 1822.</p>
+
+<p>The anecdote of Charles II. and the chaplains of the
+Chapel Royal is often quoted, but it is worth repeating,
+as it shows the ready wit of the great preacher, Dr. South.
+A daily dinner was prepared at the Palace for the
+chaplains, and one day the King notified his intention
+of dining with them. There had been some talk of
+abolishing this practice, and South seized the opportunity
+of saying grace to do his best in opposition to the
+suggestion; so, instead of the regular formula, which was
+"God save the King and bless the dinner," said "God
+bless the King and save the dinner." Charles at once
+cried out, "And it shall be saved."</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of York and the King were fond of
+wandering about the park at all hours, and as Charles
+often walked by himself, even as far as the then secluded
+Constitution Hill, James having expressed fears for his
+safety, the elder brother made the memorable reply:
+"No kind of danger, James, for I am sure no man in
+England will take away my life to make you king."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">{63}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Pepys tells us on March 16th, 1661-2, that while he
+was walking in the park he met the King and Duke
+coming "to see their fowl play."</p>
+
+<p>Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany (then Hereditary
+Prince), made a "Tour through England" in 1669, and it
+will be remembered that Macaulay found the account of
+his travels a valuable help towards obtaining a picture
+of the state of England in the middle of the seventeenth
+century. Cosmo thus describes St. James's Park:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"A large park enclosed on every side by a wall, and containing a
+long, straight, and spacious walk, intended for the amusement of the
+Mall, on each side of which grow large elms whose shade render the
+promenade in that place in summer infinitely pleasant and agreeable;
+close to it is a canal of nearly the same length, on which are several
+species of aquatic birds, brought up and rendered domestic&mdash;the work of
+the Protector Cromwell; the rest of the park is left uncultivated, and
+forms a wood for the retreat of deer and other quadrupeds."</p></div>
+
+<p>His Highness was not quite correct in giving the
+credit of the collection of wild-fowl to Cromwell, as the
+water-fowl appear to have been kept in the park from the
+reign of Elizabeth, and the ponds were replenished after
+the Restoration.</p>
+
+<p>Evelyn gives a long account in his <i>Diary</i> of the
+zoological collections (February 9th, 1664-65). He says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The parke was at this time stored with numerous flocks of severall
+sorts of ordinary and extraordinary wild fowle, breeding about the
+Decoy, which for being neere so greate a citty, and among such a
+concourse of souldiers and people, is a singular and diverting thing.
+There were also deere of several countries, white; spotted like leopards;
+antelopes, an elk, red deere, roebucks, staggs, guinea goates, Arabian
+sheepe, etc. There were withy pots or nests for the wild fowle to lay
+their eggs in, a little above y<sup>e</sup> surface of y<sup>e</sup> water."</p></div>
+
+<p>Charles II. was a saunterer by nature, and he appears
+to have been quite happy in the park either chatting with
+Nell Gwyn, at the end of the garden of her Pall Mall
+house, in feeding the fowl, or in playing the game of
+Mall.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">{64}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This game was popular from the end of the sixteenth
+to the beginning of the eighteenth century, and then went
+out of fashion. At one time there were few large towns
+without a mall, or prepared ground where the game could
+be played. There is reason to believe that the game was
+introduced into England from Scotland on the accession
+of James VI. to the English throne, because the King
+names it in his "Basilicon D&#333;ron" among other exercises
+as suited for his son Henry, who was afterwards Prince
+of Wales, and about the same time Sir R. Dallington, in
+his <i>Method of Travel</i> (1598), expresses his surprise that
+the sport was not then introduced into England.</p>
+
+<p>The game was played in long shaded alleys, and on
+dry gravel walks. The mall in St. James's Park was
+nearly half a mile in length, and was kept with the
+greatest care. Pepys relates how he went to talk with
+the keeper of the mall, and how he learned the manner
+of mixing the earth for the floor, over which powdered
+cockle-shells were strewn. All this required such
+attention that a special person was employed for the
+purpose, who was called the cockle-strewer. In dry
+weather the surface was apt to turn to dust, and
+consequently to impede the flight of the ball, so that
+the cockle-strewer's office was by no means a sinecure.
+Richard Blome, writing in 1673, asserts that this mall
+was "said to be the best in Christendom," but Evelyn
+claims the pre-eminence for that at Tours, with its seven
+rows of tall elms, as "the noblest in Europe for length
+and shade." The game is praised by Sir R. Dallington
+"because it is a gentlemanlike sport, not violent, and
+yields good occasion and opportunity of discourse as
+they walke from one marke to the other," and Joseph
+Lauthier, who wrote a treatise on the subject, entitled
+<i>Le Jeu de Mail</i>, Paris, 1717 (which is now extremely
+scarce), uses the same form of recommendation.</p>
+
+<p>The chief requisites for the game were mallets, balls,
+two arches or hoops, one at either end of the mall, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">{65}</a></span>
+a wooden border marked so as to show the position of the
+balls when played. The mallets were of different size
+and form to suit the various players, and Lauthier directs
+that the weight and height of the mallet should be in
+proportion to the strength and stature of the player.
+The balls were of various sizes and weights, and each
+size had its distinct name. In damp weather, when the
+soil was heavy, a lighter ball was required than when
+the soil was sandy. A gauge was used to ascertain its
+weight, and the weight of the mallet was adjusted to
+that of the ball. The arch or pass was about two feet
+high and two inches wide. The one at the west end of
+St. James's Park remained in its place for many years,
+and was not cleared away until the beginning of the reign
+of George III. In playing the game, the mallet was
+raised above the head and brought down with great force
+so as to strike the ball to a considerable distance. The
+poet Waller describes Charles II.'s stroke in the following
+lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Here a well-polished Mall gives us joy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To see our prince his matchless force employ.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No sooner has he touch'd the flying ball,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But 'tis already more than half the Mall;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And such a fury from his arm has got,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As from a smoking culverin 'twere shot."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Considerable skill and practice were required in the
+player, who, while attempting to make the ball skate
+along the ground with speed, had to be careful that he
+did not strike it in such a manner as to raise it from
+the ground. This is shown by what Charles Cotton
+writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"But playing with the boy at Mall<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(I rue the time and ever shall),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I struck the ball, I know not how,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(For that is not the play, you know),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A pretty height into the air."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This boy was, perhaps, a caddie, for it will be seen that
+the game was a sort of cross between golf and croquet.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">{66}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lauthier describes four ways of playing at pall mall,
+viz.:&mdash;(1) the <i>rouet</i>, or pool game; (2) <i>en partie</i>, a match
+game; (3) <i>à grands coups</i>, at long shots; and (4) <i>chicane</i>,
+or hockey. Moreover, he proposes a new game to be
+played like billiards.</p>
+
+<p>We may now pass from St. James's Park to Hyde
+Park, which became a place of public resort in the reigns
+of James I. and Charles I. It was then considered to be
+quite a country place. Ben Jonson mentions in the
+Prologue to his comedy, <i>The Staple of News</i> (1625), the
+number of coaches which congregated there, and Shirley
+describes the horse-races in his comedy entitled <i>Hide
+Parke</i> (1637).</p>
+
+<p>The park, being Crown property, was sold by order
+of Parliament in 1652 for about £17,000 in three lots,
+the purchasers being Richard Wilcox, John Tracy, and
+Anthony Deane. Cromwell was a frequent visitor, and
+on one occasion when he was driving in the park his
+horses ran away, and he was thrown off his coach.</p>
+
+<p>After the Restoration the park was the daily resort of
+all the gallantry of the court, and Pepys found driving
+there very pleasant, although he complained of the dust.
+The Ring, which is described in Grammont's <i>Memoirs</i> as
+"the rendezvous of magnificence and beauty," was a
+small enclosure of trees round which the carriages
+circulated.</p>
+
+<p>Pepys writes April 4th, 1663:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"After dinner to Hide Park ... At the Park was the King
+and in another coach my Lady Castlemaine, they greeting one another
+at every tour."</p></div>
+
+<p>This passage is illustrated in Wilson's <i>Memoirs</i>, 1719,
+where we are told that when the coaches "have turned for
+some time round one way, they face about and turn
+t'other."</p>
+
+<p>John Macky, in his <i>Journey through England</i> (1724),
+affirms that in fine weather he had seen above three
+hundred coaches at a time making "the Grand Tour."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">{67}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Cosmo tells of the etiquette which was observed
+among the company:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The King and Queen are often there, and the duke and duchess,
+towards whom at the first meeting and no more all persons show the
+usual marks of respect, which are afterwards omitted, although they
+should chance to meet again ever so often, every one being at full liberty,
+and under no constraint whatever, and to prevent the confusion and
+disorder which might arise from the great number of lackies and footmen,
+these are not permitted to enter Hyde Park, but stop at the gate
+waiting for their masters."</p></div>
+
+<p>Oldys refers to a poem, printed in sixteen pages,
+which was entitled "The Circus, or British Olympicks: a
+Satyr on the Ring in Hyde Park." He says that the
+poem satirizes many well-known fops under fictitious
+names, and he raises the number of coaches seen on a fine
+evening from Macky's three hundred to a thousand. The
+Ring was partly destroyed at the time the Serpentine was
+formed by Caroline, Queen of George II.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Ring has disappeared, Hyde Park has
+remained from the Restoration period until the present
+day the most fashionable place in London, but now the
+whole park has been utilized.</p>
+
+<p>Charles II., in reviving the Stage, specially patronised
+it himself, and it may be referred to here from its
+connection with the Court. It has already been noticed
+that previous monarchs did not visit the public theatres.</p>
+
+<p>Pepys was an enthusiastic playgoer, and the <i>Diary</i>
+contains a mass of information respecting the Stage not
+elsewhere to be found, so that we are able to trace the
+various advances made in the revival of the Stage from
+the incipient attempt of Davenant before the Restoration
+to the improvements in scenery introduced by the rivalry
+of the two managers, Davenant and Killigrew.
+Immediately after the Restoration two companies of
+actors were organized, who performed at two different
+houses. One theatre was known as the King's House,
+called by Pepys "The Theatre," and the other as the
+Duke's House, called by Pepys "The Opera." Sir William<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">{68}</a></span>
+Davenant obtained a patent for his company as "The
+Duke's Servants," named after the Duke of York, and
+Thomas Killigrew obtained one for "The King's
+Servants."</p>
+
+<p>Killigrew's Company first performed at the "Red
+Bull," Clerkenwell, and on November 8th removed to
+Gibbons's Tennis Court in Bear Yard, which was entered
+from Vere Street, Clare Market. Here the Company
+remained till 1663, when they removed to Drury Lane
+Theatre, which had been built for their reception, and
+was opened on May 7th.</p>
+
+<p>Davenant's Company first performed at the Cockpit,
+Drury Lane. They began to play at Salisbury Court
+Theatre on November 13th, 1660, and went to Cobham
+House, Blackfriars, on the site afterwards occupied by
+Apothecaries' Hall, in January, 1661. They then removed
+to the theatre in Portugal Row, built on the site of Lisle's
+Tennis Court. Rhodes, a bookseller, who had formerly
+been wardrobe keeper at the Blackfriars, had managed in
+1659 to obtain a licence from the State, and John Downes
+affirms that his company acted at the Cockpit, but
+apparently he was acting at the Salisbury Court Theatre
+before Davenant went there. Killigrew, however, soon
+succeeded in suppressing Rhodes. Davenant planned a
+new building in Dorset Gardens, which was close to
+Salisbury Court, where the former theatre was situated.
+He died, however, before it was finished, but the
+company removed there in 1671, and the theatre was
+opened on the 9th of November with Dryden's play,
+<i>Sir Martin Mar-all</i>, which he had improved from a
+rough draft by the Duke of Newcastle. Pepys had seen
+it seven times in the years 1667-68. The Lincoln's Inn
+Fields Theatre remained shut up until February, 1672,
+when the King's Company, burnt out of Drury Lane
+Theatre, made use of it till March, 1674, by which time
+the new building in Brydges Street, Covent Garden, was
+ready for their occupation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">{69}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When Tom Killigrew died in 1682 the King's and the
+Duke's companies were united, and the Duke's servants
+removed from Dorset Gardens to Drury Lane. The two
+companies performed together for the first time on
+November 16th.</p>
+
+<p>These constant changes are very confusing, and the
+recital of them is not very entertaining, but it is necessary
+to make the matter clear for the proper understanding of
+the history of the time. The plan of the old theatres,
+with their platform stage, was no longer of use for the
+altered arrangements introduced at the Restoration.
+Successive improvements in the form of the houses were
+made, but we learn from Pepys that it was some time
+before the roofing of the building was water-tight.</p>
+
+<p>The public theatres were open in the afternoon, three
+o'clock being the usual hour for performance, and the
+plays were therefore partly acted in the summer by
+daylight. It was thus necessary to have skylights, but
+these were so slight that heavy rain came and wetted
+those below. On June 1st, 1664, Pepys wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Before the play was done it fell such a storm of hail that we in the
+middle of the pit were fain to rise, and all the house in a disorder."</p></div>
+
+<p>Davenant was the original planner of the modern
+stage and its scenery, but Killigrew did his part in the
+improvement carried out. He was somewhat jealous of
+his brother manager, and on one occasion he explained to
+Pepys what he himself had done:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Feb. 12th, 1666-67. The stage is now by his pains a thousand
+times better and more glorious than ever heretofore. Now, wax candles,
+and many of them; then not above 3 lbs. of tallow: now all things civil,
+no rudeness anywhere; then as in a bear garden: then two or three
+fiddlers, now nine or ten of the best: then nothing but rushes upon the
+ground, and everything else mean; and now all otherwise; then the
+Queen seldom and the King never would come; now, not the King only
+for State but all civil people do think they may come as well as any."</p></div>
+
+<p>Killigrew complained that "the audience at his house
+was not above half as much as it used to be before the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">{70}</a></span>
+late fire," but in the following year (February 6th, 1667-8)
+there were crowds at the other house. Pepys relates:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Home to dinner, and my wife being gone before, I to the Duke of
+York's playhouse; where a new play of Etheridge's called 'She Would
+if she Could,' and though I was there by two o'clock, there were 1,000
+people put back that could not have room in the pit."</p></div>
+
+<p>Pepys's criticisms on the plays he saw acted at these
+theatres were not always satisfactory, and often they
+were contradictory. At the same time he was apparently
+judicious in the disposal of praise and blame on the
+actors he saw. Betterton was his ideal of the perfect
+actor, and, so far as it is possible to judge as to one
+who lived so long ago, public opinion formed by those
+capable of judging from contemporary report seems to
+be in agreement with that of Pepys.</p>
+
+<p>Pepys was a great frequenter of taverns and inns,
+as were most of his contemporaries. There are about
+one hundred and thirty London taverns mentioned in
+the <i>Diary</i>, but time has swept away nearly all of these
+houses, and it is difficult to find any place which Pepys
+frequented.</p>
+
+<p>These taverns may be considered as a link between
+the Court end of London and the city, for Pepys
+distributed his favours between the two places. King
+Street, Westminster, was full of inns, and Pepys seems
+to have frequented them all. Two of them&mdash;the "Dog"
+and the "Sun"&mdash;are mentioned in Herrick's address to
+the shade of "Glorious Ben":&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ah, Ben!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Say how or when<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall we thy guests<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Meet at these feasts<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Made at the Sun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Dog, the Triple Tunne?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where we such clusters had<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As made us nobly wild, not mad!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And yet such verse of thine<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Outdid the meate, outdid the frolic wine."<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">{71}</a></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The "Three Tuns" at Charing Cross, visited by
+Pepys, was probably the same house whose sign Herrick
+changes to "Triple Tun."</p>
+
+<p>Among the Westminster taverns may be mentioned
+"Heaven" and "Hell," two places of entertainment at
+Westminster Hall; the "Bull Head" and the "Chequers"
+and the "Swan" at Charing Cross; the "Cock" in Bow
+Street and the "Fleece" in York Street, Covent Garden;
+the "Canary" house by Exeter Change; and the "Blue
+Balls" in Lincoln's Inn Fields.</p>
+
+<p>The majority of these taverns patronised by Pepys
+were, however, in the city. There were several "Mitres"
+in London, but perhaps the most interesting one was that
+kept in Fenchurch Street by Daniel Rawlinson, a staunch
+royalist, who, when Charles I. was executed, hung his
+sign in mourning. Thomas Hearne says that naturally
+made him suspected by the Roundheads, but "endeared
+him so much to the Churchmen that he throve amain and
+got a good estate." His son, Sir Thomas Rawlinson, was
+Lord Mayor in 1700, and President of Bridewell
+Hospital. His two grandsons, Thomas and Richard
+Rawlinson, hold an honourable place in the roll of
+eminent book collectors. The "Samson" in St. Paul's
+Churchyard was another famous house, as also the
+"Dolphin" in Tower Street, a rendezvous of the Navy
+officers, which provided very good and expensive
+dinners.</p>
+
+<p>The "Cock" in Threadneedle Street was an old-established
+house when Pepys visited it on March 7th,
+1659-60, and it lasted till 1840, when it was cleared
+away. In the eighteenth century it was a constant
+practice for the frequenters of the "Cock" to buy a chop
+or steak at the butcher's and bring it to be cooked, the
+charge for which was one penny. Fox's friend, the
+notorious Duke of Norfolk, known as "Jockey of
+Norfolk," often bought his chop and brought it here
+to be cooked, until his rank was discovered.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">{72}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The meetings of the Royal Society were held at
+Gresham College in Bishopsgate Street, and then at
+Arundel House in the Strand, which was lent to the
+Society by Henry Howard of Norfolk, afterwards Duke
+of Norfolk. Cosmo of Tuscany visited the latter place
+for a meeting of the Royal Society, and he gives in his
+<i>Travels</i> an interesting account of the manner in which the
+proceedings were carried out.</p>
+
+<p>There are many references in Pepys's <i>Diary</i> to the
+Lord Mayor and the Rulers of the City, and of the
+customs carried out there.</p>
+
+<p>The Lord Mayor, aldermen, and common councilmen
+visited Cosmo, who was staying at Lord St. Alban's
+mansion in St. James's Square. His Highness, having
+dined with the King at the Duke of Buckingham's,
+kept the city magnates waiting for a time, but Colonel
+Gascoyne, "to make the delay less tedious, had
+accommodated himself to the national taste by ordering
+liquor and amusing them with drinking toasts, till it
+was announced that His Highness was ready to give
+them audience." The description of the audience is very
+interesting.</p>
+
+<p>Pepys lived in the city at the Navy Office in Seething
+Lane (opposite St. Olave's, Hart Street, the church he
+attended) during the whole of the time he was writing
+his <i>Diary</i>, but when he was Secretary of the Admiralty
+he went, in 1684, to live at the end of Buckingham
+Street, Strand, in a house on the east side which looks on
+to the river.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John Eliot Hodgkin possesses the original lease
+(dated September 30th, 1687) from the governor and
+company of the New River for a supply of water through
+a half-inch pipe, and four small cocks of brass led from
+the main pipe in Villiers Street to Samuel Pepys's house
+in York Buildings, also a receipt for two quarters' rent
+for the same.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">{73}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Two of the greatest calamities that could overtake
+any city occurred in London during the writing of the
+<i>Diary</i>, and were fully described by Pepys&mdash;viz., the
+Plague of 1665 and the Fire of 1666. Defoe's most
+interesting history of the plague year was written in
+1722 at second hand, for the writer was only two years
+old when this scourge overran London. Pepys wrote
+of what he saw, and as he stuck to his duty during the
+whole time that the pestilence continued, he saw much
+that occurred.</p>
+
+<p>England was first visited with the plague in 1348-49,
+which, since 1833 (when Hecker's work on the <i>Epidemics
+of the Middle Ages</i> was first published in English),
+has been styled the Black Death&mdash;a translation of the
+German term "Der Schwarze Tod." This plague had the
+most momentous effect upon the history of England
+on account of the fearful mortality it caused. It
+paralysed industry, and permanently altered the position
+of the labourer. The statistics of the writers of the
+Middle Ages are of little value, and the estimates of
+those who died are various, but the statement that
+half the population of England died from the plague
+is probably not far from the truth. From 1348 to 1665
+plague was continually occurring in London, but it has
+not appeared since the last date, except on a small
+scale. Dr. Creighton gives particulars of the visitations
+in London in 1603, 1625, and 1665, from which it
+appears that the mortality in 1665 was more than
+double that in 1603, and about a third more than that
+in 1625.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of June, 1665, Pepys for the first time saw
+two or three houses marked with the red cross, and the
+words "Lord, have mercy upon us" upon the doors, and
+the sight made him feel so ill-at-ease that he was forced
+to buy some roll tobacco to smell and chew.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> On the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">{74}</a></span>
+27th of this month he writes: "The plague encreases
+mightily."</p>
+
+<p>According to the Bills of Mortality, the total number
+of deaths in London for the week ending June 27th
+was 684, of which number 267 were deaths from the
+plague. The number of deaths rose week by week until
+September 19th, when the total was 8,297, and the deaths
+from the plague 7,165. On September 26th the total
+had fallen to 6,460, and deaths from the plague to
+5,533. The number fell gradually, week by week, till
+October 31st, when the total was 1,388, and the deaths
+from the plague 1,031. On November 7th there was a
+rise to 1,787 and 1,414 respectively. On November 14th
+the numbers had gone down to 1,359 and 1,050 respectively.
+On December 12th the total had fallen to 442,
+and deaths from plague to 243. On December 19th
+there was a rise to 525 and 281 respectively. The total
+of burials in 1665 was 97,306, of which number the
+plague claimed 68,596 victims. Most of the inhabitants
+of London who could get away took the first opportunity
+of escaping from the town, and in 1665 there were many
+places that the Londoner could visit with considerable
+chance of safety. The court went to Oxford, and afterwards
+came back to Hampton Court before venturing
+to return to Whitehall. The clergy and the doctors fled
+with very few exceptions, and several of those who
+stayed in town doing the duty of others, as well as
+their own, fell victims to the scourge.</p>
+
+<p>Queen Elizabeth would have none of these removals.
+Stow says that in the time of the plague of 1563, "a
+gallows was set up in the Market-place of Windsor to
+hang all such as should come there from London."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hodges, author of <i>Loimologia</i>, enumerates among
+those who assisted in the dangerous work of restraining
+the progress of the infection were the learned Dr. Gibson,
+Regius Professor at Cambridge; Dr. Francis Glisson,
+Dr. Nathaniel Paget, Dr. Peter Barwick, Dr. Humphrey<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">{75}</a></span>
+Brookes, etc. Of those he mentions eight or nine fell
+in their work, among whom was Dr. William Conyers,
+to whose goodness and humanity he bears the most
+honourable testimony. Dr. Alexander Burnett, of
+Fenchurch Street, one of Pepys's friends, was another
+of the victims.</p>
+
+<p>Of those to whom honour is due special mention
+must be made of Monk, Duke of Albemarle, Evelyn,
+Pepys, Edmond Berry Godfrey; and there were, of
+course, others.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Albemarle stayed at the Cockpit;
+Evelyn sent his wife and family to Wotton, but he
+remained in town himself, and had very arduous duties
+to perform, for he was responsible for finding food and
+lodging for the prisoners of war, and he found it difficult
+to get money for these purposes. He tells in his <i>Diary</i>
+how he was received by Charles II. and the Duke of
+York on January 29th, 1665-6, when the pestilence had
+partly abated and the court had ventured from Oxford
+to Hampton Court. The King</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"... ran towards me, and in a most gracious manner gave me his
+hand to kisse, with many thanks for my care and faithfulnesse in his
+service in a time of such greate danger, when everybody fled their employment;
+he told me he was much obliged to me, and said he was several
+times concerned for me, and the peril I underwent, and did receive my
+service most acceptably (though in truth I did but do my duty, and O
+that I had performed it as I ought!) After that his Majesty was pleased
+to talke with me alone, neere an houre, of severall particulars of my
+employment and ordered me to attend him againe on the Thursday
+following at Whitehall. Then the Duke came towards me, and embraced
+me with much kindnesse, telling me if he had thought my danger would
+have been so greate, he would not have suffered his Majesty to employ
+me in that station."</p></div>
+
+<p>Pepys refers, on May 1st, 1667, to his visit to Sir
+Robert Viner's, the eminent goldsmith, where he saw
+"two or three great silver flagons, made with inscriptions
+as gifts of the King to such and such persons of quality
+as did stay in town [during] the late plague for keeping<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">{76}</a></span>
+things in order in the town, which is a handsome thing."
+Godfrey was a recipient of a silver tankard, and he
+was knighted by the King in September, 1666, for his
+efforts to preserve order in the Great Fire. The remembrance
+of his death, which had so great an influence on
+the spread of the "Popish Plot" terror, is greater than
+that of his public spirit during the plague and the fire.</p>
+
+<p>Pepys lived at Greenwich and Woolwich during the
+height of the plague, but he was constantly in London.
+How much these men must have suffered is brought
+very visibly before us in one of the best letters Pepys
+ever wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"To Lady Casteret, from Woolwich, Sept. 4, 1655. The absence of
+the court and emptiness of the city takes away all occasion of news, save
+only such melancholy stories as would rather sadden than find your ladyship
+any divertissement in the hearing. I have stayed in the city till
+about 7,400 died in one week, and of them above 6,000 of the plague, and
+little noise heard day or night but tolling of bells; till I could walk
+Lumber Street and not meet twenty persons from one end to the other,
+and not fifty on the Exchange; till whole families have been swept away;
+till my very physician, Dr. Burnett, who undertook to secure me against
+any infection, having survived the month of his own house being shut
+up, died himself of the plague; till the nights, though much lengthened,
+are grown too short to conceal the burials of those that died the day
+before, people thereby constrained to borrow daylight for that service;
+lastly, till I could find neither meat nor drink safe, the butchers being
+everywhere visited, my brewer's house shut up, and my baker, with his
+whole family, dead of the plague."</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_016.jpg" width="600" height="378" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">The Great Fire of London.</span></p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>The view shows Ludgate in the foreground, and in the distance St. Paul's Cathedral
+and the Tower of St. Mary-le-Bow.</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before the first calamity of pestilence was ended the
+second calamity of fire commenced. On the night of
+September 1st, 1666, many houses were destroyed. At
+three o'clock in the morning of the 2nd (Sunday) his
+servant Jane awoke Pepys to tell him that a great fire
+was raging. Not thinking much of the information, he
+went to sleep again, but when he rose at seven he found
+that about 300 houses had been burned in the night. He
+went first to the Tower, and saw the Lieutenant. Then
+he took boat to Whitehall to see the King. He tells of
+what he has seen, and says that, unless His Majesty will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">{77}</a></span>
+command houses to be pulled down, nothing can stop
+the fire. On hearing this the King instructs him to go
+to the Lord Mayor (Sir Thomas Bludworth) and command
+him to pull down houses in every direction. The
+Mayor seems to have been but a poor creature, and when
+he heard the King's message</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"... he cried like a fainting woman, 'Lord! what can I do? I am
+spent: people will not obey me. I have been pulling down houses, but
+the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it.'"</p></div>
+
+<p>Fortunately, most of the Londoners were more
+vigorous than the Mayor. The King and the Duke of
+York interested themselves in the matter, and did their
+best to help those who were busy in trying to stop the
+fire. Evelyn wrote on September 6th:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"It is not indeede imaginable how extraordinary the vigilance and
+activity of the King and the Duke was, even labouring in person,
+and being present to command, order, reward, or encourage workmen,
+by which he showed his affection to his people and gained theirs."</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir William Penn and Pepys were ready in resource,
+and saw to the blowing up of houses to check the spread
+of the flames, the former bringing workmen out of the
+dockyards to help in the work. During the period when
+it was expected that the Navy Office would be destroyed,
+Pepys sent off his money, plate, and most treasured
+property to Sir W. Rider, at Bethnal Green, and then he
+and Penn dug a hole in their garden, in which they put
+their wine and parmezan cheese.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th of September, Sir W. Rider let it be
+known that, as the town is full of the report respecting
+the wealth in his house, he will be glad if his friends
+will provide for the safety of their property elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>On September 5th, when Evelyn went to Whitehall,
+the King commanded him</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"... among the rest to looke after the quenching of Fetter Lane end,
+to preserve if possible that part of Holborn, whilst the rest of y<sup>e</sup> gentlemen
+tooke their several posts, some at one part, some at another (for now
+they began to bestir themselves and not till now, who hitherto had stood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">{78}</a></span>
+as men intoxicated with their hands acrosse) and began to consider that
+nothing was likely to put a stop but the blowing up of so many houses
+as might make a wider gap than any had yet been made by the ordinary
+method of pulling them downe with engines."</p></div>
+
+<p>The daily records of the fire and of the movements
+of the people are most striking. Now we see the river
+crowded with boats filled with the goods of those who
+are houseless, and then we pass to Moorfields, where are
+crowds carrying their belongings about with them, and
+doing their best to keep these separate till some huts
+can be built to receive them. Soon paved streets and
+two-storey houses were seen in Moorfields, the city
+authorities having let the land on leases for seven
+years.</p>
+
+<p>The wearied people complained that their feet
+were "ready to burn" through walking in the streets
+"among the hot coals."</p>
+
+<p>(September 5th, 1666.) Means were provided to save
+the unfortunate multitudes from starvation, and on this
+same day proclamation was made</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"... ordering that for the supply of the distressed persons left
+destitute ... great proportions of bread be brought daily, not only
+to the former markets, but to those lately ordained. Churches and public
+places were to be thrown open for the reception of poor people and their
+goods."</p></div>
+
+<p>Westminster Hall was filled with "people's goods."</p>
+
+<p>On September 7th Evelyn went towards Islington
+and Highgate</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"... where one might have seen 200,000 people of all ranks and
+degrees dispers'd and lying along by their heapes of what they could
+save from the fire, deploring their losse, and tho' ready to perish for
+hunger and destitution yet not asking one penny for reliefe, which to
+me appear'd a stranger sight than any I had yet beheld."</p></div>
+
+<p>The fire was fairly got under on September 7th, but
+on the previous day Clothworkers' Hall was burning,
+as it had been for three days and nights, in one
+volume of flame. This was caused by the cellars being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">{79}</a></span>
+full of oil. How long the streets remained in a
+dangerous condition may be guessed by Pepys's
+mention, on May 16th, 1666-7, of the smoke issuing
+from the cellars in the ruined streets of London.</p>
+
+<p>The fire consumed about five-sixths of the whole
+city, and outside the walls a space was cleared about
+equal to an oblong square of a mile and a half in
+length and half a mile in breadth. Well might Evelyn
+say, "I went againe to y<sup>e</sup> ruines for it was no longer a
+citty" (September 10th, 1666).</p>
+
+<p>The destruction was fearful, and the disappearance
+of the grand old Cathedral of St. Paul's was among the
+most to be regretted of the losses. One reads these
+particulars with a sort of dulled apathy, and it requires
+such a terribly realistic picture as the following, by
+Evelyn, to bring the scene home to us in all its magnitude
+and horror:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The conflagration was so universal, and the people so astonish'd, that
+from the beginning I know not by what despondency or fate, they hardly
+stirr'd to quench it, so that there was nothing heard or seene but crying
+out and lamentation, running about like distracted creatures without at
+all attempting to save even their goods; such a strange consternation there
+was upon them, so as it burned both in breadth and length, the churches,
+public halls, Exchange, hospitals, monuments and ornaments, leaping
+after a prodigious manner, from house to house, and streete to streete,
+at greate distances one from y<sup>e</sup> other; for y<sup>e</sup> heat with a long set of faire
+and warm weather had even ignited the aire and prepared the materials
+to conceive the fire, which devour'd after an incredible manner houses,
+furniture, and every thing. Here we saw the Thames cover'd with goods
+floating, all the barges and boates laden with what some had time and
+courage to save, as, on y<sup>e</sup> other, y<sup>e</sup> carts, &amp;c., carrying out to the fields,
+which for many miles were strew'd with moveables of all sorts, and tents
+erecting to shelter both people and what goods they could get away.
+Oh the miserable and calamitous spectacle! Such as haply the world
+had not seene since the foundation of it, nor be outdon till the universal
+conflagration thereof. All the skie was of a fiery aspect, like the top
+of a burning oven, and the light seene above 40 miles round about for
+many nights. God grant mine eyes may never behold the like, who now
+saw above 10,000 houses all in one flame; the noise and cracking and
+thunder of the impetuous flames, y<sup>e</sup> shrieking of women and children,
+the hurry of people, the fall of towers, houses and churches was like a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">{80}</a></span>
+hideous storme and the aire all about so hot and inflam'd that at the
+last one was not able to approach it, so that they were forc'd to stand
+still and let y<sup>e</sup> flames burn on, which they did neere two miles in length
+and one in breadth. The clouds also of smoke were dismall and reach'd
+upon computation neer 50 miles in length. Thus I left it this afternoone
+burning, a resemblance of Sodom, or the last day. It forcibly call'd
+to mind that passage&mdash;<i>non enim hic habemus stabilem civitatem</i>: the
+ruines resembling the picture of Troy. London was, but is no more."&mdash;(Sept.
+3rd, 1666.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Can we be surprised at the bewildered feelings of the
+people? Rather must we admire the practical and heroic
+conduct of the homeless multitude. It took long to
+rebuild the city, but directly anything could be done the
+workers were up and doing.</p>
+
+<p>An Act of Parliament was passed "for erecting a
+Judicature for determination of differences touching
+Houses burned or demolished by reason of the late Fire
+which happened in London" (18 and 19 Car. II.,
+cap. 7), and Sir Matthew Hale was the moving spirit in
+the planning it and in carrying out its provisions when it
+was passed. Burnet affirms that it was through his
+judgment and foresight "that the whole city was raised
+out of its ashes without any suits of law" (<i>History of
+his Own Time</i>, Book ii.). By a subsequent Act (18 and
+19 Car. II., cap. 8) the machinery for a satisfactory
+rebuilding of the city was arranged. The rulings of the
+judges appointed by these Acts gave general satisfaction,
+and after a time the city was rebuilt very much on the
+old lines, and things went on as before.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> At one time
+it was supposed that the fire would cause a westward
+march of trade, but the city asserted the old supremacy
+when it was rebuilt.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_017.jpg" width="600" height="450" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">South-West View of Old St. Paul's.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Three great men, thoroughly competent to give<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">{81}</a></span>
+valuable advice on the rebuilding of the city, viz., Wren,
+Robert Hooke, and Evelyn, presented to the King
+valuable plans for the best mode of arranging the new
+streets, but none of these schemes was accepted. One
+cannot but regret that the proposals of the great architect
+were not carried out.</p>
+
+<p>With the reference to the Plague and the Great Fire
+we may conclude this brief account of the later Stuart
+London. The picturesque, but dirty, houses were
+replaced by healthier and cleaner ones. The West End
+increased and extended its borders, but the growth to
+the north of Piccadilly was very gradual. All periods
+have their chroniclers, but no period has produced such
+delightful guides to the actual life of the town as the
+later half of the seventeenth century did in the pages
+of Evelyn and Pepys. It must ever be a sincere regret
+to all who love to understand the more intimate side
+of history that Pepys did not continue his <i>Diary</i> to a
+later period. We must, however, be grateful for what we
+possess, and I hope this slight and imperfect sketch of
+Pepys's London may refresh the memories of my readers
+as to what the London of that time was really like.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">{82}</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="THE_OLD_LONDON_BRIDGES" id="THE_OLD_LONDON_BRIDGES">THE OLD LONDON BRIDGES</a></h2>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By J. Tavenor-Perry</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"London Bridge is broken down,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dance o'er my Lady Lee.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">London Bridge is broken down<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With a gay Ladee."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-a.png" width="100" height="95" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">At the beginning of the last century only three
+bridges spanned the Thames in its course
+through London, and of these two were scarcely
+fifty years old; but before the century closed
+there were no less than thirteen bridges across the river
+between Battersea and the Pool. The three old bridges
+have been rebuilt, and even some of the later ones have
+been reconstructed, whilst one has been removed bodily,
+and now spans the gorge of the Avon at Bristol. Of all
+these bridges unfortunately only two are constructed
+wholly of stone, and can lay claim to any architectural
+merit; and even one of these two has recently had the
+happy effect of its graceful arches destroyed by the
+addition of overhanging pathways. Of the rest, some are
+frankly utilitarian&mdash;mere iron girder railway bridges, with
+no attempt at decoration beyond gilding the rivets&mdash;whilst
+the others have their iron arches and construction
+disguised with coarse and meaningless ornaments. One
+only of the iron bridges is in anyway worthy of its
+position; in its perfect simplicity and the bold spans
+of its three arches, Southwark Bridge bears comparison
+with the best in Europe, but the gradients and approaches
+are so inconvenient that it is even now threatened with
+reconstruction.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">{83}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_018.jpg" width="600" height="356" alt="" />
+
+<p class="img_link"><a href="images/image_018_full.jpg">View larger version.</a></p>
+
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Sir John Evelyn's Plan for Rebuilding London after the Great Fire.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Exactly when the first bridge was built across the
+Thames at London we can only surmise, for even tradition
+is silent on the subject, and we only know of the existence
+of one at an early date by very casual references, which,
+however, do not help us to realise the character of the
+work. Though no evidence remains of a Roman bridge,
+it seems unlikely, having regard to the importance of
+London, and to the fact that the great roads from the
+south coast converged on a point opposite to it, on the
+other side of the river, that they should have been left
+to end there without a bridge to carry them over. The
+difficulties of building across a great tidal river had
+not prevented the Romans from bridging the Medway at
+Rochester, as remains actually discovered have proved;
+and if no evidences of Roman work were actually met
+with in the rebuilding of London Bridge or the removal
+of the old one, this may be due to the fact that each
+successive bridge&mdash;and there have been at least three
+within historical times&mdash;was built some distance further
+up the stream than its predecessor.</p>
+
+<p>We know, however, with certainty that a bridge was
+standing in the reign of King Ethelred from the references
+made to it, and we may fairly assume that this
+must have been the Roman bridge, at least so far as its
+main construction was concerned; and, like other Roman
+bridges standing at that time in Gaul and in other parts
+of England, it would have consisted merely of piers of
+masonry, with a wooden roadway passing from one to
+the other. It was still standing, of sufficient strength
+for resistance, when the Danes under Canute sailed up
+the river, who, being unable to force a passage, tradition
+says&mdash;and antiquaries have imagined they could discover
+traces of it&mdash;cut a ship canal through the Surrey marshes
+from Bermondsey to Battersea, and passed their fleet
+through that way.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a></span>
+<img src="images/image_019.jpg" width="383" height="600" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fig. 1&mdash;The Undercroft of St. Thomas of Canterbury
+on the Bridge.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The history of the bridge only opens with the
+beginning of the twelfth century. According to tradition,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">{85}</a></span>
+the convent of St. Mary Overie, Southwark, had been
+originally endowed with the profits of a ferry across the
+river, and had in consequence undertaken the duty of
+maintaining the bridge in a proper state of repair when
+a bridge was built. This convent was refounded in 1106
+as a priory of Austin Canons; and it is not a little
+remarkable, having regard to the duties it had undertaken,
+that of its founders, who were two Norman Knights, one
+was William de Pont de l'Arche. At the Norman town,
+where stood his castle and from which he took his name,
+was a bridge of twenty-two openings, erected, it was
+said, by Charles the Bald, but most likely a Roman
+work, across the Seine at the highest point reached by
+the tide. It is a further curious coincidence that this
+same William appears as a witness to a deed executed
+by Henry I., excusing the manor of Alciston, in Sussex,
+from paying any dues for the repairs of London Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>It is recorded that in 1136 the bridge was burnt,
+which may perhaps merely mean that the deck was
+destroyed, whilst the piers remained sufficiently uninjured
+to allow of the structure being repaired; but in 1163 it
+had become so dangerous that Peter of Colechurch undertook
+the erection of a new bridge, which he constructed
+of elm timber. This sudden emergence of Peter from
+obscurity to carry out so important an engineering work
+is as dramatic as is that of St. Bénezet, who founded
+the confraternity of <i>Hospitaliers pontifices</i>, which undertook
+the building of bridges and the establishment of
+ferries. According to legend, this saint, although then
+only a young shepherd, essayed to bridge the Rhone
+at Avignon, and the ruined arches of his great work
+are still among the sights of that city. Peter may have
+possessed many more qualifications for building than a
+shepherd could have acquired, as large ecclesiastical
+works were in progress in London throughout his life,
+which he must have observed and perhaps profited by;
+but this is only surmise, as of his history, except in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">{86}</a></span>
+connection with his great work, we know no more than
+the fact that he was the chaplain of St. Mary
+Colechurch. His contemporary, Randulphus de Decito,
+Dean of London, says that he was a native of the city, so
+that it is scarcely likely that he had acquired his skill
+abroad; but we are told that he traversed the country
+to collect the moneys for his undertaking, and he may
+thus have obtained some knowledge of the many Roman
+bridges which still survived, or even have seen the great
+bridge which Bishop Flambard had recently erected
+across the Wear at Durham. His selection as the architect
+of the earlier bridge of 1163 may perhaps not be
+due in any way to his especial engineering skill, but
+rather to some intimate connection with the priory of
+St. Mary Overie, whose canons were primarily responsible
+for the bridge repairs; indeed, since he is merely described
+as the chaplain of his church, he may himself have
+been one of the canons. But be the cause what it may&mdash;and
+it was not his success in erecting this first bridge,
+for it soon became dilapidated&mdash;thirteen years after its
+erection he started afresh, on a site further up the river,
+to erect a bridge of stone. In 1176, two years before
+St. Bénezet began his great bridge at Avignon, he
+commenced his work, and thirty-three years passed before
+its completion. Whether the delay was due to lack of
+funds or the incapacity of the architect we do not know,
+though probably to both, for before Peter's death King
+John, who had manifested considerable interest in the new
+bridge, had urged Peter's dismissal, and, under the advice
+of the Archbishop of Canterbury, suggested the appointment
+of Isembert of Saintes to complete the work. This
+Isembert was credited with the erection of the great
+bridge across the Charante at Saintes, although that
+bridge was undoubtedly a Roman one, and all he appears
+to have done was to turn arches between the original
+piers, and make it a stone bridge throughout. The same
+master was said to have built another bridge at La<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">{87}</a></span>
+Rochelle, and had evidently gained much experience in
+such engineering work; and it is perhaps a misfortune
+that the King's advice was neglected, as a skilled
+architect, which Peter certainly was not, might have
+saved the city of London much eventual loss and trouble.
+Peter was, however, suffered to continue the bridge
+until his death in 1205, when a commission of three
+city merchants completed the work in four years.</p>
+
+<p>The bridge which these many years of labour had
+produced was in every way unsuitable to its position,
+and mean as compared to similar buildings erected elsewhere.
+Lacking the skill to form proper foundations,
+Peter had spread them out into wide piers, which formed
+an almost continuous dam, through the openings in
+which the water rushed like a mill-race. The result was
+that the scour soon affected the stability of the piers,
+which had to be protected round by masses of masonry
+and chalk in the form of sterlings, which still further
+contracted the narrow waterways. The passage of the
+bridge by boat&mdash;"shooting the bridge," it was called&mdash;was
+always a dangerous operation; and a writer of the
+last century speaks of "the noise of the falling waters,
+the clamours of the water-men, and the frequent shrieks
+of drowning wretches," in describing it. So imperfectly
+built was the bridge that within four years of its completion
+King John again interfered, and called upon the
+Corporation properly to repair it; and from this time, or
+perhaps from Peter's death, when the three merchants
+were elected to complete the work, the Corporation
+appears to have taken over the responsibility of the
+bridge; and for this purpose they were endowed with
+certain properties, which became the nucleus of the present
+"Bridge House Estates." The increasing dilapidation of
+the bridge, the debris of fallen arches, and the rubbish
+and waste material which was suffered to accumulate,
+still further impeded the natural flow of the water, and
+little effort at improvement was ever made. Of the three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">{88}</a></span>
+widest arches of the bridge, which were called the navigable
+locks, the most important had been the one nearest
+to the city end, which became known as the "Rock Lock,"
+and it acquired that name on account of a popular
+delusion that in its fairway was a growing and vegetating
+rock, which was nothing more than an accumulation of
+fallen ruins, which caught and held the floating refuse
+carried to and fro by the tides. And thus year after
+year the river dam became more solid, and the waterfall
+increased in height until it was said by one who knew
+them both that it was almost as safe to attempt the
+Falls of Niagara as to shoot London Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>As years went by, not only did the waterways
+become congested, but the roadway above began to be
+encroached on by houses and other buildings, for which
+a bridge was most unfitted. Two edifices, however, from
+the first formed necessary, or at least customary, adjuncts
+to such a building&mdash;the bridge gate and the bridge
+chapel. It was a Roman custom to erect gates at one
+end, or in the centre of their bridges&mdash;not triumphal
+arches, but twin gates, such as they built to their walled
+towns, and such as stood at the end of the bridge at
+Saintes, when it was altered by Isembert. Such gates
+as survived in mediæval times were generally fortified,
+and formed the model for imitation by mediæval
+builders; and such a gate was erected at the Southwark
+end of London, which, under its name of Bridge Gate,
+became one of the principal gates of the city. It was
+erected directly on one of the main piers, and was
+therefore of a substantial character, but suffered much
+in the various attacks made upon London from the
+Kentish side. In 1436 it collapsed, together with the
+Southwark end of the bridge, but was rebuilt at the
+cost of the citizens, chief among whom was Sir John
+Crosby, the builder of Crosby House; and although the
+gate was again in great part destroyed by the attack
+on London made in 1471 by Fauconbridge, one of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">{90}</a></span>
+towers of Crosby's gate survived until the eighteenth
+century. In 1577 the tower which stood at the north
+end of the bridge, and on which were usually displayed
+the heads of traitors, became so dilapidated that it was
+taken down, and the heads then on it were transferred
+to the Bridge Gate, henceforward known as "Traitors'
+Gate." It was upon the earlier gate that the head of
+Sir Thomas More was affixed, when heads were so
+common that even his, as we know from its adventures
+until buried in the Roper vault at Canterbury, was thrown
+into the river to make room for a crowd of successors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a></span>
+<img src="images/image_020.jpg" width="600" height="368" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fig. 2&mdash;The Surrey End of London Bridge.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of the chapel, which the founder of the bridge is
+said to have erected, no account survives; and although
+it was believed at the time of the destruction of the
+bridge that his remains were discovered, no satisfactory
+evidence of their identity was forthcoming. The first
+chapel must have perished in one of the early misfortunes
+which befel the fabric, as no trace of any detail
+which could be referred to the thirteenth century was
+discovered when the pier on which the chapel stood was
+removed. The drawings made by Vertue before the
+last remains were cleared away show a structure which
+may be assigned to a date but little later than the
+Chapel Royal of St. Stephen at Westminster, to which,
+in many particulars, it must have borne a considerable
+resemblance. It consisted of two storeys, both apparently
+vaulted, measuring some sixty by twenty feet, with an
+apsidal termination. The undercroft was nearly twenty
+feet high, and our illustration (<a href="#Page_84">fig. 1</a>) of a restoration
+of it, prepared from Vertue's drawings and dimensions,
+will give some idea of its beauty. The upper chapel
+seems to have been similar, but much more lofty, and
+had an arcade running round the walls under the
+windows. The buttresses of the exterior were crowned
+with crocketted pinnacles, and the effect of the whole,
+standing high above the surging waters of the river,
+must have been as striking as it was beautiful. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">{91}</a></span>
+chapel was built on the centre pier of the bridge, on
+the east side, and the chapels were entered from the
+roadway, the lower one by a newel staircase, on which
+was found the holy-water stoup when the bridge was
+destroyed in the last century. At the Reformation the
+church was converted into a warehouse, but, thanks to
+the solidity of its construction, it remained almost
+intact till it was swept away with the houses in 1756.</p>
+
+<p>Of the other buildings on the bridge there is little
+to say, for, although they made up a picturesque
+composition, they were of a most flimsy character,
+and wanting at the last in any architectural merit. Our
+illustration (<a href="#Page_89">fig. 2</a>), taken from an oil painting by Scott,
+belonging to the Fishmongers' Company, gives the
+principal group on the Surrey side, and in the sixth
+plate of Hogarth's <i>Marriage a la Mode</i> we get a view
+through the open window of another part in the last
+stage of dilapidation. There was, however, one exception
+to the commonplace among them, in a timber
+house, made in Holland, which was known as "Nonsuch
+House." It was erected, it was said, without nails, and
+placed athwart the roadway, hanging at the ends far
+over the river, with towers and spires at the angles,
+and over the great gate the arms of Queen Elizabeth.
+The top of the main front was surmounted, at a later
+date, with a pair of sundials, which bore the, for once,
+appropriate motto&mdash;"Time and Tide wait for no man."</p>
+
+<p>Had old London Bridge survived to this day, its
+waterfalls would doubtless have been utilized to
+generate electricity, and the idea of setting the Thames
+on fire realized in lighting the streets of London by its
+means; but the value of the force of the falling water
+was not overlooked by our ancestors. As early as 1582
+one Peter Corbis, a Dutchman, erected an engine,
+worked by the stream, which lifted the water to a
+reservoir, whence it was distributed by means of leaden
+pipes through the city. With many alterations and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">{92}</a></span>
+improvements, these water works continued in use until
+the last century, and it was stated before the House of
+Commons, in 1820, that more than 26 millions of hogsheads
+of the pellucid waters of the river were thus daily
+delivered to the city householders for their domestic
+use.</p>
+
+<p>Such, shortly, is the history of the fabric, which,
+after enduring for more than six hundred years, was
+swept away to make room for the present structure.
+For any accounts of the many stirring events which
+occurred on it, or about it, we have no space here. Are
+they not written in the chronicles of England?</p>
+
+<p>In the Fishmongers' Hall is preserved a valuable
+memorial of the ancient structure, of which we give an
+illustration (<a href="#Page_93">fig. 3</a>) by permission of the Worshipful
+Company. It consists of a chair with a seat of Purbeck
+marble, reminiscent in its arrangements of the coronation
+chair, on which is engraved this inscription:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I am the first stone that was put down for the foundation of old
+London Bridge in June 1176 by a priest named Peter who was vicar of
+Colechurch in London and I remained there undisturbed safe on the same
+oak piles this chair is made from till the Rev<sup>d.</sup> William John Jollife
+curate of Colmer Hampshire took me up in July 1832 when clearing
+away the old bridge after new London Bridge was completed."</p></div>
+
+<p>The framework of the chair gives a pictorial chronicle
+of the city bridges; the top rail of the back shows old
+London Bridge after the removal of the houses, below
+which are new London Bridge, Southwark and old
+Blackfriars Bridges. The arms of the city are carved
+at the top, whilst the monogram of Peter of Colechurch
+and the device of the Bridge House Estates complete
+the decoration. This device, which appears to have been
+also the old badge of Southwark, was sometimes displayed
+upon a shield, thus:&mdash;Az., an annulet ensigned
+with a cross patée, Or; interlaced with a saltire enjoined
+in base, of the second. We give an illustration of this
+in <a href="#Page_98">figure 5</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">{93}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_021.jpg" width="391" height="600" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fig. 3&mdash;The Foundation Stone Chair.</span></p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>At the Fishmongers' Hall.</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">{94}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Westminster Bridge seems a very recent structure as
+compared to that of London, but it is the next in
+point of date. The growing importance of Westminster
+as the seat of the Court and Parliament had made the
+necessity for an approach to the south side of the
+Thames, independent of the circuitous and narrow ways
+of London, long apparent. In the reign of Charles II.
+the question was seriously considered, to the alarm of
+the Mayor and Corporation of the city, who feared that
+their vested interests were endangered, and "that London
+would be destroyed if carts were allowed to cross the
+Thames elsewhere"; but, knowing their man, they
+devoted some of their ample funds to secure that
+monarch's successful opposition to the scheme. In the
+middle of the eighteenth century, however, when there
+was no Stuart to buy off, the idea was revived, and in
+1739, one Monsieur Labelye, a Swiss engineer&mdash;English
+engineers having, apparently, not sufficient experience&mdash;commenced
+a new stone bridge. His mode of putting
+in his foundations may have been scientific, but was
+certainly simple. The bridge piers were partly built in
+floating barges moored above the place where they were
+to be permanently erected. The barges were then sunk,
+their sides knocked out, and the piers completed. It
+is needless to say that the result was not satisfactory,
+and for years before the old bridge was pulled down
+many of its arches were filled up with a picturesque, but
+inconvenient, mass of shoring. Whether Henry, Earl
+of Pembroke, who laid the foundation stone, and of whom
+it was said no nobleman had a purer taste in architecture,
+was in any way responsible for the design, we
+cannot tell; but a French traveller of discrimination, who
+criticised the work after its completion, came to the
+conclusion that the peculiarly lofty parapets with which
+the bridge was adorned were so designed that they might
+check an Englishman's natural propensity to suicide by
+giving him time for reflection while surmounting such an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">{95}</a></span>
+obstacle. It will be noticed in our illustration (<a href="#Page_97">fig. 4</a>),
+which is also taken from a painting by Scott, that the
+piers are crowned by alcoves, which provided a shelter
+from the blasts which blew over the river and from the
+mud scattered from the roadway. These were, doubtless,
+a survival of the spaces left above the cutwaters of
+mediæval bridges as refuges for pedestrians from vehicles
+when the roadways were very narrow, and those who
+remember the old wooden bridges of Battersea and
+Putney can appreciate their value.</p>
+
+<p>The city Corporation, which had so strenuously
+opposed the erection of a bridge at Westminster as
+unnecessary, set to work, as soon as that became an
+accomplished fact, to improve their own communications
+across the river. First, as we have seen, they cleared
+away the houses and other obstructions on old London
+Bridge, and next they started to build themselves a new
+bridge at Blackfriars. The land on both sides of the
+river at the point selected was very low and most unsuitable
+for the approaches, that on the north side being
+close to the mouth of the Fleet ditch, which there
+formed a creek large enough, in 1307, to form a haven
+for ships. The new bridge was begun in 1760, from the
+designs of Robert Mylne, a Scotch architect, who made
+an unsuccessful attempt to give an architectural effect
+to the structure by facing the piers with pairs of Ionic
+columns, standing on the cutwaters. The steep gradients
+of the bridge, necessitated by the lowness of the banks,
+made such a decoration peculiarly unsuitable, as each
+pair of columns had to be differently proportioned in
+height, although the cornice over them remained of the
+same depth throughout. But, in spite of its appearance
+of lightness, the structure was too heavy for its
+foundations, and for years this bridge rivalled that of
+Westminster in the picturesqueness of its dilapidation.
+The piers had been built on platforms of timber, so
+that when London Bridge was rebuilt, and the river<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">{97}</a></span>
+flowed in an unchecked course, these became exposed to
+the scour and were soon washed out.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a></span>
+<img src="images/image_022.jpg" width="600" height="395" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fig. 4&mdash;Old Westminster Bridge.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Waterloo Bridge was completed in 1817, and still
+remains unaltered and as sound as when its builders
+left it. It is fortunate that the approach on the north
+side was an easy one, as but a short interval occurred
+between the Strand, at almost its highest point, and the
+river bank, which it was easy to fill up, with the result
+that the bridge passes across the river at a perfect level.
+The foundations of the piers were properly constructed
+by means of coffer-dams, and no sign of failure has ever
+shown itself in its superstructure. The architect repeated
+the use of the orders, as at Blackfriars, but with a more
+fortunate result, as, the work being straight throughout,
+no variations in the proportions were required, and he was
+wise enough to select the Doric order as more suitable
+to his purpose, and as suggesting more solidity.</p>
+
+<p>Londoners profess to be somewhat proud of Waterloo
+Bridge, and it is a tradition among them that Canova,
+when he saw it, said that it was worth a journey across
+Europe to see. It, therefore, seems the more incredible
+that the grandchildren of those who could build such a
+bridge and appreciate such a man, could have erected,
+and even affect to admire, such a monstrosity as the
+Tower Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>The last of the older bridges to be built was that
+of Southwark, which was the speculation of a private
+company, who hoped to profit by the continuously
+congested state of London Bridge; but the steepness of
+the gradients and the inconvenience of the approaches
+from the city made it from the first a failure. It was
+the first bridge in London to be constructed in iron;
+its model being the great single-span bridge across the
+Wear at Sunderland. It is in three great arches, the
+centre one being 240 feet across, or four feet more than
+that at Sunderland, and the mass of metal is such that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">{98}</a></span>
+an ordinary change of temperature will raise the arches
+an inch, and summer sunshine much more.</p>
+
+<p>Of the more recent bridges there is nothing to say
+worth the saying. The Thames, which was the busy and
+silent highway of our forefathers, is still silent, but
+busy no longer, and the appearance of its bridges is
+now no one's concern, since no one sees them. So long
+as they will safely carry the tramcar or the motor 'bus
+from side to side, they may become uglier even than they
+now are, if only that make them a little more cheap.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_023.jpg" width="166" height="200" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fig. 5&mdash;Badge of Bridge House Estates.</span></p></div>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">{99}</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="THE_CLUBS_OF_LONDON" id="THE_CLUBS_OF_LONDON">THE CLUBS OF LONDON</a></h2>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.</span></p>
+
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.png" width="100" height="118" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">These are of many kinds. We suppose they are
+all more or less the lineal descendants of the
+taverns and coffee-houses that we associate with
+the memory of Ben Jonson, Dryden, Addison,
+and Samuel Johnson.</p>
+
+<div class="poem" style="clear: both;"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Souls of poets dead and gone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What elysium have ye known,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Happy field or mossy cavern,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Choicer than the Mermaid tavern?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The wits' coffee-house, where Claud Halcro carried a
+parcel for Master Thimblethwaite in order to get a sight
+of glorious John Dryden. Button's coffee-house, where the
+"Guardian" set up his Lion's Head. The Cock and the
+Cheshire Cheese, which resound with Johnson's sonorous
+echoes. If, indeed, the tavern has developed into the
+club, that palace of luxury, one can only say, as in the
+famous transmutation of alphana to equus, "C'est diablement
+changé sur la route."</p>
+
+<p>Intermediate is the host of clubs meeting occasionally,
+as the Breakfast Club, and the numerous dining clubs,
+one of which, the Royal Naval Club, established in 1765,
+is said to be a renewal of an earlier one dating from 1674.
+"The Club," which comes down from the time of Johnson
+and Reynolds, and still uses a notification to a new member
+drawn up by Gibbon; the Royal Society Club; the X
+Club, which consisted of ten members of the Athenæum;
+the Society of Noviomagus, and the Cocked Hat Club,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">{100}</a></span>
+consisting of members of the Society of Antiquaries; the
+Cosmos Club of the Royal Geographical Society; the
+Colquhoun Club of the Royal Society of Literature; and
+a host of others in connection with learned societies, most
+of which are content to add the word "club" to the
+name of the society. Of another, but cognate, kind is
+the famous "Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," which was
+founded in 1735, and died (of inanition) in 1867. The
+members were not to exceed twenty-four in number. Beef
+steaks were to be the only meat for dinner. The broiling
+began at 2.0, and the tablecloth was removed at 3.30. In
+1785 the Prince of Wales, in 1790 the Duke of York, in
+1808 the Duke of Sussex, became members. It had a
+laureate bard in the person of Charles Morris, elected a
+member in 1785, who died in 1838 at the age of 93 years.
+In early times the members appeared in the uniform of
+a blue coat and buff waistcoat, with brass buttons bearing
+a gridiron and the motto "Beef and Liberty." The hour
+of meeting became later gradually, till in 1866 it was
+fixed at 8 o'clock; then the club quickly died out.
+Founded by John Rich, harlequin and machinist at
+Covent Garden, it had counted among its members William
+Hogarth, David Garrick, John Wilkes, John Kemble,
+William Linley, Henry Brougham (Lord Chancellor), and
+many other distinguished men. The Ettrick Shepherd
+gave an account, in 1833, of a visit he paid to this club:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"They dine solely on beefsteaks&mdash;but what glorious beefsteaks! They
+do not come up all at once&mdash;no, nor half-a-dozen times; but up they come
+at long intervals, thick, tender, and as hot as fire. And during these
+intervals the members sit drinking their port, and breaking their wicked
+wit on each other, so that every time a new service of steaks came up,
+we fell to them with much the same zest as at the beginning. The dinner
+was a perfect treat&mdash;a feast without alloy."</p></div>
+
+<p>Another somewhat similar club, though on a more
+modest scale, deserves a cursory notice, inasmuch as it had
+to do with a state of things that has passed away beyond
+hope of recovery. About 1870 the August Society of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">{101}</a></span>
+the Wanderers was established with the motto, "Pransuri
+vagamur." It selected all the remaining old inns at
+which a dinner could be obtained, and dined at each in
+succession. It also had a bard, Dr. Joseph Samuel Lavies,
+and, like the Beefsteaks, has left a poetic record of its
+convivialities. Of all such records, however, the salt
+quickly evaporates, and it is as well to leave them
+unquoted.</p>
+
+<p>Our main object in this chapter is to state a few
+incidents in the history of some of the great London clubs.
+The oldest existing club appears to be White's, founded
+in 1697. Boodle's, Brooks's, the Cocoa Tree, and Arthur's
+date from 1762 to 1765. Most of the others belong to
+the nineteenth century. The Guards' Club, which was
+the first of the service clubs, dates from 1813, but that
+is confined to officers of the Brigade of Guards. It was
+soon, however, followed by the establishment of a club
+for officers of other branches of military service.</p>
+
+<p>We have it on good authority that before that club
+was founded officers who came to London had no places
+of call but the old hotels and coffee-houses. On May 31st,
+1815, General Lord Lynedoch, Viscount Hill, and others
+united in the establishment of a General Military Club.
+On the 24th January, 1816, it was extended to the Navy,
+and on the 16th February in the same year it adopted
+the name of the United Service Club. On the 1st March,
+1817, the foundation stone of its house in Charles Street
+was laid. In November, 1828, it entered into occupation
+of its present house in Pall Mall, and handed over the
+Charles Street house to the Junior United Service Club.
+Its premises in Pall Mall were largely extended in
+1858-59, and have recently been greatly improved at a
+cost of £20,000. The Club holds a lease from the Crown
+to 4th January, 1964. It has a fine collection of eighty-two
+pictures and busts, many of them of great merit as works
+of art, others of interest as the only portraits of the
+originals. The library contains several splendid portraits<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">{102}</a></span>
+of Royal personages. The King is the patron of the
+Club, and, as Prince of Wales, was a member of it. The
+Prince of Wales, the Duke of Connaught, and Prince
+Christian, are now members. Ten high officers of state
+and persons of distinction are honorary members. Twelve
+kings and thirty princes are foreign honorary members.
+The number of ordinary members is 1,600, but officers
+below the rank of Commander in the Royal Navy, or
+Major in the Army, are not eligible. The entrance fee
+is £30, and the annual subscription £10. Members have
+the privilege of introducing guests. Games of hazard are
+not allowed to be played, or dice to be used. Play is
+not to exceed 2s. 6d. points at whist, or 10s. per hundred
+at bridge.</p>
+
+<p>As we have seen, this club shortly became full, and
+a Junior United Service Club was formed in April, 1827,
+on the same lines, under the patronage of the Duke of
+Wellington, but admitted officers of junior rank, and in
+1828 entered into occupation of the premises in Charles
+Street, vacated by the Senior, on payment of £15,000. It
+erected its new house in 1856 at a cost of £81,000. The
+entrance fee is £40, and annual subscription eight guineas.
+It was not many years after its establishment that the
+list of candidates for membership of the Junior Club
+became so long that the necessity for the establishment
+of a third service club was felt. Sir E. Barnes and a few
+officers, just returned from India, joined in the movement,
+and in 1838 the Army and Navy Club was opened at
+the corner of King Street and St. James's Square&mdash;the
+house memorable as the scene of the party given by
+Mrs. Boehm on the night the news of the Battle of
+Waterloo arrived. Sir E. Barnes, who was its first
+president, died the same year. In 1851 the club moved
+to its present stately building, the site of which includes
+that of a house granted by Charles II. on the 1st of
+April, in the seventeenth year of his reign, to Nell
+Gwynne, where Evelyn saw him in familiar discourse with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">{103}</a></span>
+her. The club possesses a mirror that belonged to her,
+and a portrait by Sir Peter Lely, which was supposed
+to be of her, until it was discovered to be one of Louise
+de Querouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, and is also rich
+in pictures, statuary, and other works of art&mdash;among them,
+two fine mantelpieces carved by Canova, and a miniature
+of Lady Hamilton found in Lord Nelson's cabin after
+his death; it has also autograph letters of Nelson and
+Wellington. It derives its popular name of the "Rag
+and Famish" from a tradition that Captain Duff came
+late one night asking for supper, and being discontented
+with the bill of fare, called it a rag and
+famish affair. In memory of the event he designed
+a button which used to be worn by many members,
+and bore the device of a ragged man devouring
+a bone. Napoleon III. was an honorary member of the
+club, and frequently used it. He presented it with a fine
+piece of Gobelin tapestry in 1849. The regular number
+of members is 2,400. The club has a scheme for granting
+annuities or pensions to its servants.</p>
+
+<p>Of the group of social clubs bearing names derived
+from the original proprietors of the club-houses&mdash;as
+White's, Boodle's, Brooks's, and Arthur's&mdash;Brooks's may
+be taken as a specimen. A roll of its members from the
+date of its foundation in 1764 to 1900 has recently been
+published under the title <i>Memorials of Brooks's</i>, and
+contains much interesting information. The editors,
+Messrs. V. A. Williamson, S. Lyttelton and S. Simeon,
+state that the first London Clubs were instituted with the
+object of providing the world of fashion with a central
+office for making wagers, and a registry for recording
+them. In their early days gambling was unlimited.
+Brooks's was not political in its origin. The twenty-seven
+original members included the Dukes of Roxburgh,
+Portland, and Gordon. In the 136 years 3,465 members
+have been admitted.</p>
+
+<p>The original house was on or near the site of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">{104}</a></span>
+present Marlborough Club, and Almack was the first
+manager or master. About 1774 he was succeeded by
+Brooks, from whom the club derives its name. He died
+in 1782, and was succeeded by one Griffin. In 1795 the
+system was altered, and six managers were appointed.
+The present house in St. James' Street was constructed
+in 1889-90, when 2, Park Place, was incorporated with it.
+The entrance fee in 1791 was five guineas, and was raised
+successively in 1815, 1881, 1892, and 1901, to nine, fifteen,
+twenty-five and thirty guineas. The subscription was at
+first four guineas, raised in 1779 to eight guineas, and in
+1791 to ten guineas.</p>
+
+<p>An offshoot of Brooks's is the Fox Club, a dining club,
+probably a continuation of an earlier Whig Club. Up
+to 1843 it met at the Clarendon Hotel, and since then at
+Brooks's. It is said to have been constituted for the
+purpose of paying Fox's debts, for which his friends, in
+1793, raised £70,000. Sir Augustus Keppel Stephenson
+was the secretary of this club from 1867 until his death
+in 1904. He was the son of a distinguished member of
+Brooks's, who had joined that club in 1818, the Fox
+Club in 1829, was secretary of the Sublime Society of
+Beef Steaks, and the last man to wear Hessian boots.</p>
+
+<p>The Travellers' Club dates from 1819, the Union from
+1821, and the United University from 1822.</p>
+
+<p>The Union Club is composed of noblemen, members
+of Parliament, and gentlemen of the first distinction and
+character who are British subjects, and has 1,250 members.
+Election is by open voting in the committee. Foreign
+and Colonial persons of distinction may be made
+temporary honorary members. The entrance fee is
+twenty-one guineas; the annual subscription ten guineas.</p>
+
+
+<p>The United University Club has 1,000 members, of
+whom 500 belong to Oxford and 500 to Cambridge. The
+King is a member. Cabinet ministers, bishops, judges,
+etc., may be admitted without ballot. All members of
+either University are qualified to be candidates, but only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">{105}</a></span>
+graduates, persons who have resided in college or hall
+for two years, holders of honorary degrees, and students
+in civil law of above three years' standing, are qualified
+to be members. The club has recently rebuilt its house
+at the corner of Suffolk Street and Pall Mall East.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenæum was originated by Mr. John Wilson
+Croker, after consultation with Sir Humphry Davy,
+president of the Royal Society, and was founded in 1824
+for the association of individuals known for their scientific
+or literary attainments, artists of eminence in any class
+of the fine arts, and noblemen and gentlemen distinguished
+as liberal patrons of science, literature, or the arts. It
+is essential to the maintenance of the Athenæum, in
+conformity with the principles upon which it was originally
+founded, that the annual introduction of a certain number
+of persons of distinguished eminence in science, literature,
+or the arts, or for public services, should be secured.
+Accordingly, nine persons of such qualifications are
+elected by the committee each year. The club entrusts
+this privilege to the committee, in the entire confidence
+that they will only elect persons who shall have attained
+to distinguished eminence in science, literature, or the arts,
+or for public services. The General Committee may also
+elect princes of the blood Royal, cabinet ministers,
+bishops, speakers of the House of Commons, judges, and
+foreign ambassadors, or ministers plenipotentiary of not
+less than three years' residence at the Court of St. James's,
+to be extraordinary members; and may invite, as honorary
+members during temporary residence in England, the
+heads of foreign missions, foreign members of the Royal
+Society, and not more than fifteen other foreigners or
+colonists of distinction. The ordinary members of the
+club are 1,200 in number. The entrance fee is thirty
+guineas, and the annual subscription eight guineas. The
+presidents for the time being of the Royal Society, of
+the Society of Antiquaries, and of the Royal Academy
+of Arts, if members, are ex-officio members of the General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">{106}</a></span>
+Committee. An Executive Committee of nine is selected
+from the General Committee to manage the domestic and
+other ordinary affairs of the club. No elected member
+can remain on the General Committee more than three
+consecutive years, unless he is a member of the Executive
+Committee, in which case he may be re-elected for a
+second term of three years. No higher stake than half-a-guinea
+points shall be played for. No game of mere
+chance shall be played in the house for money. No
+member shall make use of the club as an address in any
+advertisement.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the club has been told by the Rev.
+J. G. Waugh in an interesting book printed for private
+circulation in 1900. Its first house was 12, Waterloo
+Place, where it remained until 1827, when it obtained its
+present site. Its success was so great that within four
+months of the preliminary meeting in 1824 it had a list
+of 506 members, including the then Prime Minister and
+seven persons who afterwards became Prime Ministers.
+By 1827 it was full, and had a list of 270 candidates
+waiting for election. The present house was planned by
+Decimus Burton, and an attic storey was added to it in
+1899-1900. It is a successful building, striking attention
+by the statue of Minerva over the porch, the frieze, and
+the noble hall and grand staircase. The hall was re-decorated
+in 1891 under the direction of Sir L. Alma
+Tadema. Originally, a soirée was held every Wednesday,
+to which ladies were admitted. That has long been discontinued,
+and, as a satirical member observed, "Minerva
+is kept out in the cold, while her owls are gorging within."
+Among the members of the club have been the following
+great actors: Macready, Mathews, Kemble, Terry, Kean,
+Young, and Irving.</p>
+
+<p>The Oriental Club was also established in 1824, at
+a meeting held eight days after that at which the
+Athenæum had been established. Sir John Malcolm
+presided. The club was intended for the benefit of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">{107}</a></span>
+persons who had been long resident abroad in the service
+of the Crown, or of the East India Company. By May,
+1826, it had 928 members, and in that year it took
+possession of the site of 18, Hanover Square, and employed
+Mr. B. D. Wyatt as the architect of its house. Its history
+has been written by Mr. Alexander F. Baillie, in a book
+published in 1901. Mr. Wyatt provided a grand staircase,
+but no smoking-room, and only one billiard-room.
+At that time and until 1842 the club provided its members
+gratuitously with snuff at a cost of £25 per year. In 1874
+the present smoking-room was opened; and now the
+handsome drawing-room is a place where those can retire
+who desire solitude, and the smoking-room and billiard-rooms
+are overcrowded. The club has a fine library.
+It claims among its members the prototype of Colonel
+Newcome. The members have a custom of securing a
+table for dinner by inverting a plate upon it.</p>
+
+<p>In 1855 the Oriental Club agreed to take over, without
+entrance fee, the members of the Alfred Club, which had
+been established in 1808, and was then being dissolved.
+Nearly 400 members availed themselves of the
+offer. The history of that club has some points of
+interest. It was largely intended for literary men, but
+it is said that Canning, vexed at overhearing a member
+asking who he was, gave it the nickname of the "Half-read"
+Club, which stuck to it. Its early career was
+prosperous, and by 1811 it had 354 candidates
+and only six vacancies; but its popularity waned.
+The real cause of its dissolution was the firm
+conservatism of the committee. They would not
+recognise the growing demand of accommodation for
+smokers. The clubhouse, No. 23, Albemarle Street, had
+been built and arranged in the days when no such
+accommodation had been considered necessary, and the
+committee resolutely refused to make any concession
+to the members who desired to smoke.</p>
+
+<p>The Garrick Club was founded in 1831. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">{108}</a></span>
+instituted for the general patronage of the drama; for
+the purpose of combining the use of a club on economical
+principles with the advantage of a literary society; for
+bringing together the supporters of the drama; and for
+the foundation of a national library, with works on
+costume. The number of members is limited to 650,
+who pay an entrance fee of twenty guineas, and an annual
+subscription of ten guineas. The club is more than
+usually hospitable, as it allows a member to invite three
+visitors to dinner, and admits the public to see its
+magnificent collection of dramatic pictures daily from
+10 to 1.</p>
+
+<p>The Carlton Club was established in 1832. It is
+famous as the rallying ground for the Conservative party,
+the temple of Toryism. From it, and its resources,
+candidates in that interest derive much encouragement
+and support, and it may not unreasonably be inferred that
+some of that encouragement and support is material as
+well as moral.</p>
+
+<p>The Reform Club was established in 1837, and then
+held the same position towards the Liberal party. It
+was instituted for the purpose of promoting the social
+intercourse of the Reformers of the United Kingdom.
+All candidates are to declare themselves to be reformers,
+but no definition of a "reformer" is given. If, however,
+a member is believed not to be a reformer, fifty members
+may call a general meeting for his expulsion. Members
+of Parliament and peers may be admitted by general
+ballot, with priority of election. The committee elect
+each year two gentlemen of distinguished eminence for
+public service, or in science, literature, or arts. The
+Political Committee of fifty members elect each year
+two persons who have proved their attachment to the
+Liberal cause by marked and obvious services. Other
+members are elected by general ballot, one black
+ball in ten excluding. The club has 1,400 members. It
+has a fine library. It has liberal regulations as to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">{109}</a></span>
+admission of guests, and ladies may be admitted to view
+the club from 11.0 a.m. to 5.0 p.m. Members may inspect
+the books and accounts and take extracts from them.
+The admission fee is £40, and the annual subscription
+ten guineas.</p>
+
+<p>The Conservative Club was established in 1840, and
+the National Club in 1845. The object of the National
+Club is to promote Protestant principles, and to encourage
+united action among Protestants in political and social
+questions by establishing a central organisation to obtain
+and spread information on such questions, by affording
+facilities for conference thereon, and by providing in the
+metropolis a central place of meeting to devise the fittest
+means for promoting the object in view. Its members
+must hold the doctrines and principles of the reformed
+faith, as revealed in Holy Scripture, asserted at the
+Reformation, and generally embodied in the Articles of
+the Church of England. It has a general committee,
+house committee, library committee, prayer and religious
+committee, wine committee, finance committee, and
+Parliamentary committee. The General Committee has
+power to elect as honorary members of the club not
+more than twenty persons distinguished by their zeal and
+exertions on behalf of the Protestant cause; these are
+mostly clergymen. All meetings of committees are to
+be opened with prayer. The household are to attend the
+reading of the Word of God and prayers morning and
+evening in the committee room. The Parliamentary
+committee are to watch all proceedings in Parliament and
+elsewhere affecting the Protestant principles of the club.
+Its fundamental principles are declared to be:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>(1) The maintenance of the Protestant constitution,
+succession, and faith.</p>
+
+<p>(2) The recognition of Holy Scripture in national
+education.</p>
+
+<p>(3) The improvement of the moral and social
+condition of the people.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">{110}</a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>The club is singular in having these definite religious
+purposes, and no doubt has in its time done much for
+the Protestant cause; but there is a little incongruity
+between the earnestness of its purpose and the self-indulgence
+which club life almost necessarily implies;
+and religious opinion, which claims to be the most stable
+of all things, is really one of the most fluid. Most men,
+who think at all, pass through many phases of it in their
+lives. It would not be surprising if this early earnestness
+had somewhat cooled down.</p>
+
+<p>Another group of clubs consists of those the
+members of which are bound together by a common
+interest in some athletic sport or pursuit&mdash;as the Marylebone
+Cricket Club, which dates from 1787; the Alpine
+Club, which was founded in 1857; the Hurlingham Club,
+in 1868; and to these may perhaps be added, as approximating
+to the same class, the Bath Club, 1894.</p>
+
+<p>The gradual filling up of old clubs, which we observed
+in the case of the service clubs, and the congested state
+of their lists of candidates, leading to long delay before
+an intending member had the chance of election, has led
+to the establishment of junior clubs; thus, in 1864, the
+Junior Athenæum and the Junior Carlton were founded.</p>
+
+<p>A further development has been the establishment
+of clubs for women. The Albemarle Club, founded in
+1874, admits both men and women, and adjusts its lists
+of candidates so as to provide for the election of nearly
+equal numbers of both.</p>
+
+<p>The Marlborough Club should also be mentioned
+specially, as it was founded by the King, and no person
+can be admitted a member except upon His Majesty's
+special approval.</p>
+
+<p>The Authors' Club was established in 1891 by the
+late Sir Walter Besant, and is especially noted for its
+house dinners, at which some person of distinction is
+invited to be the guest of the club.</p>
+
+<p>Altogether, the clubs of London are very numerous,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">{111}</a></span>
+and we have only been able to draw attention to
+the peculiarities of a few of them. Like every other
+human institution, they are subject to continual
+change, and there are pessimists who go about saying
+that they are decaying and losing their popularity
+and their usefulness. The long lists of candidates
+on the books of the principal clubs do not lend much
+colour to this suggestion. Social habits alter with every
+generation of men, and it is possible that many men do
+not use their clubs in the same way that the founders
+did, but the fact remains that they do use them, and that
+clubs still form centres of pleasure and convenience to
+many.</p>
+
+<p>One particular in which the change of social habits
+is especially noticeable is with respect to gaming. This,
+as we have seen, was almost the <i>raison d'être</i> of some
+of the early clubs, and there are numerous tales of the
+recklessness with which it was pursued, and the fortunes
+lost and won at the gaming table. We have quoted from
+one or two clubs the regulations which now prevail, and
+similar regulations are adopted in most of the other clubs.
+Games of chance are wholly prohibited; and limits are
+provided to the amount that may be staked on games of
+cards. Each club has also a billiard room.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to smoking, the habitués of clubs have
+experienced a great change. Formerly the smoking
+room, if any, was small and far away; now the luxury
+of the club is concentrated in it, and the question is
+rather in what rooms smoking is not to be allowed. Very
+few clubs retain the old tradition that smoking is a thing
+to be discouraged and kept out of sight.</p>
+
+<p>Other signs of change are the increase in the cost
+of membership and the later hours for dining. It need
+hardly be said that the clubs pay great attention to their
+kitchens. We have it on the authority of Major A.
+Griffiths (<i>Fortnightly Review</i>, April, 1907) that the
+salary of the chef is between £200 and £300 a year.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">{112}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The customs of the clubs with regard to the admission
+of visitors vary. At one end of the scale is the Athenæum,
+which will not allow its members to give a stranger even
+a cup of cold water, and allows of conversation with
+strangers only in the open hall or in a small room by the
+side of the doorway. At the other end are clubs which
+provide special rooms for the entertainment of visitors,
+and encourage their members to treat their friends
+hospitably, and to show them what the club is able to
+do in the matter of cooking and wines.</p>
+
+<p>The social ethics of clubs vary in like manner. In
+some clubs, notably those of the Bohemian type, but
+including several which would claim not to belong to that
+group, mere membership of the club is a sufficient
+introduction to justify a member in addressing another,
+and conversation in the common rooms of the club
+becomes general. This is delightful&mdash;within limits: it
+is not always possible to create by the atmosphere of the
+club a sentiment that will restrain all its members from
+sometimes overstepping those bounds of mutual courtesy
+and consideration which alone can make such general
+conversation altogether pleasant. The greater clubs go
+to the opposite extreme, and members of them may meet
+day after day for many years in perfect unconsciousness
+of the existence of each other; yet, even in these, the
+association of those who know each other outside the
+club, but without its opportunities would rarely meet,
+though they have similar interests and pursuits, is a very
+desirable and useful thing. Many an excellent measure,
+originating in the mind of one member, has been matured
+by conversation with others, to the general good. So may
+the Clubs of London continue to prosper and flourish.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">{113}</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="THE_INNS_OF_OLD_LONDON" id="THE_INNS_OF_OLD_LONDON">THE INNS OF OLD LONDON</a></h2>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By Philip Norman, LL.D.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.png" width="100" height="118" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">To write a detailed account of London inns and
+houses of entertainment generally would
+require not a few pages, but several volumes.
+The inns, first established to supply the modest
+wants of an unsophisticated age, came by degrees to fulfil
+the functions of our modern hotels, railway stations, and
+parcel offices; they were places of meeting for business
+and social entertainment&mdash;in short, they formed a
+necessary part of the life of all Londoners, and of all
+who resorted to London, except the highest and the lowest.
+The taverns, successors of mediæval cook-shops, were
+frequented by most of the leading spirits of each
+generation from Elizabethan times to the early part
+of the nineteenth century, and their place has now been
+taken by clubs and restaurants. About these a mass of
+information is available, also on coffee-houses, a development
+of the taverns, in which, for the most part, they were
+gradually merged. As to the various forms of public-house,
+their whimsical signs alone have amused literary
+men, and perhaps their readers, from the time of <i>The
+Spectator</i> until now. In this chapter I propose to confine
+my remarks to the inns "for receipt of travellers," so
+often referred to by John Stow in his <i>Survey of London</i>,
+which, largely established in the fifteenth and sixteenth
+centuries, continued on the same sites, mostly until years
+after the advent of railways had caused a social revolution.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">{114}</a></span>
+These inns, with rare exceptions, had a galleried
+courtyard, a plan of building also common on the
+Continent, which came perhaps originally from the East.
+In such courtyards, as we shall see, during Tudor times
+theatrical performances often took place, and in form
+they probably gave a hint to the later theatres.</p>
+
+<p>Before the fifteenth century it was usual for
+travellers to seek the hospitality of religious houses, the
+great people being lodged in rooms set apart for them,
+while the poorer sort found shelter in the guest-house.
+But as time went on this proved inadequate, and inns on
+a commercial basis came into existence, being frequented
+by those who could hardly demand special consideration
+from the religious houses, and were not fitting recipients
+of charity. Naturally enough, these inns, when once their
+usefulness became recognised, were soon to be found in
+the main thoroughfares leading out of the metropolis, and
+they were particularly plentiful in Southwark on each side
+of what we now call the Borough High Street, extending
+for a quarter of a mile or more from London Bridge along
+the main road to the south-eastern counties and the
+Continent. The first thus established, and one of the
+earliest in this country, had to some extent a religious
+origin&mdash;namely, the</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i20">"Gentle hostelrye<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That hight the Tabard, fasté by the Belle,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>about which and about the Southwark inns generally I
+propose now to say a few words, for although well known,
+they are of such extreme interest that they demand a
+foremost place in an account of this kind. From the
+literary point of view the "Tabard" is immortalized, owing
+to the fact that Chaucer has selected it as the starting-point
+of his pilgrims in <i>The Canterbury Tales</i>. Historically,
+it may be mentioned that as early as the year 1304 the
+Abbot and Convent of Hyde, near Winchester, purchased
+in Southwark two tenements, on the sites of which he
+built for himself a town dwelling, and at the same time,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">{115}</a></span>
+it is believed, a hostelry for the convenience of travellers.
+In 1307 he obtained license to build a chapel at or by
+the inn, and in a later deed we are told that "the abbott's
+lodginge was wyninge to the backside of the Tabarde
+and had a garden attached." From that time onwards
+frequent allusions can be found to this house, the sign
+of which (a sleeveless coat, such as that worn by heralds)
+got somehow corrupted into the Talbot, a species of dog,
+by which it was known for a couple of centuries or more,
+almost to the time of its final destruction. Although the
+contrary has been asserted, the inn was undoubtedly burnt
+in the Great Southwark Fire of 1676, but was rebuilt
+soon afterwards in the old fashion, and continued to be
+a picturesque example of architecture until 1875, when
+the whole was swept away, hop merchants' offices and
+a modern "old Tabard" now occupying the site.</p>
+
+<p>Equal in interest to the last-named inn was the "White
+Hart." At the one Chaucer gave life and reality to a
+fancied scene; at the other occurred an historical event,
+the bald facts of which Shakespeare has lighted up with
+a halo of romance. The White Hart appears to have
+dated from the latter part of the fourteenth century,
+the sign being a badge of Richard II., derived from his
+mother, Joan of Kent. In the summer of 1450 it was
+Jack Cade's headquarters while he was striving to gain
+possession of London. Hall, in his <i>Chronicle</i>, records this,
+and adds that he prohibited "murder, rape and robbery by
+which colour he allured to him the hartes of the common
+people." It was here, nevertheless, that "one Hawaydyne
+of sent Martyns was beheaded," and here, during
+the outbreak, a servant of Sir John Fastolf, who had
+property in the neighbourhood, was with difficulty saved
+from assassination. His chattels were pillaged, his wife
+left with "no more gode but her kyrtyll and her smook,"
+and he thrust into the forefront of a fight then raging
+on London Bridge, where he was "woundyd and hurt
+nere hand to death." Cade's success was of short duration;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">{116}</a></span>
+his followers wavered, he said, or might have said, in the
+words attributed to him by Shakespeare (2 Henry VI.,
+act iv., scene 8), "Hath my sword therefore broken
+through London gate that you should leave me at the
+White Hart in Southwark?" The rebellion collapsed,
+and our inn is not heard of for some generations. Want
+of space prevents our recording the various vicissitudes
+through which it passed, and the historic names connected
+with it, until the time of the Southwark Fire of 1676,
+when, like the "Tabard," it was burnt down, but rebuilt
+on the old foundations. In 1720 Strype describes it as
+large and of considerable trade, and it so continued until
+the time when Dickens, who was intimately acquainted
+with the neighbourhood, gave his graphic description of
+Sam Weller at the White Hart in the tenth chapter of
+<i>Pickwick</i>. In 1865-66 the south side of the building was
+replaced by a modern tavern, but the old galleries on
+the north and east sides remained until 1889, being
+latterly let out in tenements.</p>
+
+<p>There were several other galleried inns in Southwark,
+dating at least from the time of Queen Elizabeth, which
+survived until the nineteenth century, but we only have
+space briefly to allude to three. The "King's Head" and
+the "Queen's Head" was each famous in its way. The
+former had been originally the "Pope's Head," the sign
+being changed at the Reformation. In 1534 the Abbot
+of Waverley, whose town house was not far off, writes,
+apparently on business, that he will be at the "Pope's
+Head" in Southwark&mdash;eight years afterwards it appears
+as the "King's Head." In a deed belonging to Mr. G. Eliot
+Hodgkin, F.S.A., the two names are given. In the
+sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the house belonged
+to various noteworthy people; among the rest, to Thomas
+Cure, a local benefactor, and to Humble, Lord Ward. It
+was burnt in the Great Southwark Fire, and the last
+fragment of the galleried building, erected immediately
+afterwards, was pulled down in January, 1885.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">{117}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The "Queen's Head" was the only one of the
+Southwark houses we are describing that escaped the
+Fire of 1676, perhaps owing to the fact that, by way
+of precaution, a tenement was blown up at the gateway.
+It stood on the site of a house called the "Crowned
+or Cross Keys," which in 1529 was an armoury or
+store-place for the King's harness. In 1558 it had a
+brew-house attached to it, and had lately been rebuilt.
+In 1634 the house had become the "Queen's Head," and
+the owner was John Harvard, of Emmanuel College,
+Cambridge, who afterwards migrated to America, and
+gave his name to Harvard University, Massachusetts.
+About this time it was frequented by carriers, as we learn
+from John Taylor, "the water-poet." The main building,
+destroyed in 1895, was found to be of half-timbered
+construction, dating perhaps from the sixteenth century.
+A galleried portion, also of considerable age, survived
+until the year 1900.</p>
+
+<p>Of another Southwark inn, the "George," we can
+fortunately speak in the present tense. It seems to have
+come into existence in the early part of the sixteenth
+century, and is mentioned with the sign of "St. George"
+in 1554:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"St. George that swindg'd the Dragon, and e'er since<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sits on his horseback at mine hostess' door."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The owner in 1558 was Humfrey Colet, or Collet, who
+had been Member of Parliament for Southwark. Soon
+after the middle of the seventeenth century, in a book
+called <i>Musarum Deliciæ, or the Muses' Recreation</i>, compiled
+by Sir John Mennes (Admiral and Chief Comptroller
+of the Navy) and Dr. James Smith, appeared some lines,
+"upon a surfeit caught by drinking bad sack at 'the
+George' in Southwark." Perhaps the landlord mended
+his ways; in any case, the rent was shortly afterwards
+£150 a year&mdash;a large sum for those days. The "George"
+was a great coaching and carriers' inn. Only a fragment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">{118}</a></span>
+of it, but a picturesque one, now exists; it is still galleried,
+and dates from shortly after the Southwark Fire of 1676.
+The rest of the building was pulled down in 1889-90.
+All the inns to which allusion has been made were
+clustered together on the east side of the Borough High
+Street, the gateways of those most distant from each
+other being only about 140 yards apart.</p>
+
+<p>Another leading thoroughfare from London to the
+east was the road through Aldgate to Whitechapel. Here,
+though the houses of entertainment were historically far
+less interesting than those of Southwark, they flourished
+for many years. Where a modern hotel with the same
+sign now stands, next to the Metropolitan railway station
+on the north side of Aldgate High Street, there was once
+a well-known inn, the "Three Nuns," so called, perhaps,
+from the contiguity of the nuns of St. Clare, or <i>sorores
+minores</i>, who gave a name to the Minories. The
+"Three Nuns" inn is mentioned by Defoe in his <i>Journal
+of the Plague</i>, which, though it describes events that
+happened when he was little more than an infant, has
+an air of authenticity suggesting personal experience.
+We are told by him that near this inn was the "dreadful
+gulf&mdash;for such it was rather than a pit"&mdash;in which, during
+the Plague of 1665, not less than 1,114 bodies were buried
+in a fortnight, from the 6th to the 20th of September.
+Throughout the eighteenth and the early part of the
+nineteenth centuries this house was much frequented by
+coaches and carriers. The late Mr. Edwin Edwards, who
+etched it in 1871, was told by the landlord that a four-horse
+coach was then running from there to Southend
+during the summer months. A painting of the holy nuns
+still appeared on the sign-board. The house was rebuilt
+soon after the formation of the Metropolitan Railway.
+A short distance west of the "Three Nuns," at 31, Aldgate
+High Street, the premises of Messrs. Adkin and Sons,
+wholesale tobacconists, occupy the site of the old "Blue
+Boar" coaching inn, which they replaced in 1861. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">{119}</a></span>
+sculptured sign of the "Blue Boar," let into the wall
+in front, was put up at the time of the rebuilding. The
+former inn, described on a drawing in the Crace collection
+as the oldest in London, is held by some to be the same
+as that referred to in an order of the Privy Council to
+the Lord Mayor, dated from St. James's, September 5th,
+1557, wherein he is told to "apprehende and to comitt
+to safe warde" certain actors who are about to perform
+in "a lewde Playe called a Sacke full of Newse" at
+the "Boar's Head" without Aldgate.</p>
+
+<p>A few years ago, at No. 25, the entrance might still
+be seen of another famous inn called the "Bull," formerly
+the "Black Bull." Above the gateway was a fine piece
+of ironwork, and the old painted sign was against the
+wall of the passage. This house flourished greatly a
+little before the advent of railways, when Mrs. Anne
+Nelson, coach proprietor, was the landlady, and could
+make up nearly two hundred beds there. Most of her
+business was to Essex and Suffolk, but she also owned
+the Exeter coach. She must have been landlady on the
+memorable occasion when Mr. Pickwick arrived in a cab
+after "two mile o' danger at eightpence," and it was
+through this very gateway that he and his companions
+were driven by the elder Weller when they started on
+their adventurous journey to Ipswich. The house is now
+wholly destroyed and the yard built over.</p>
+
+<p>A common sign in former days was the "Saracen's
+Head." We shall have occasion to refer to several in
+London. One of them stood by Aldgate, just within
+the limits of the city. Here a block of old buildings
+is in existence on the south side, which once formed
+the front of a well-known coaching inn, with this sign.
+The spacious inn yard remains, the house on the east
+side of its entrance having fine pilasters. From the
+"Saracen's Head," Aldgate, coaches plied to Norwich as
+long ago as 1681, and here there is, or was quite recently,
+a carrier's booking office.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">{120}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Another thoroughfare which, within the memory of
+some who hardly admit that they are past middle age, contained
+several famous inns, was that leading to the north,
+and known in its various parts as Gracechurch Street and
+Bishopsgate Street Within and Without. One of the best
+known was the "Cross Keys" in Bishopsgate Street, mentioned
+in the preface to Dodsley's <i>Old Plays</i> as a house
+at which theatrical performances took place. It was here
+that, in the latter part of the sixteenth century, Bankes
+exhibited the extraordinary feats of his horse Marocco.
+One of them, if we may believe an old jest-book, was
+to select and draw forth Tarlton with its mouth as "the
+veriest fool in the company." In more modern times, until
+the advent of railways, the "Cross Keys" was a noted
+coaching and carriers' establishment. Destroyed in the
+Great Fire, and again burnt down in 1734, but rebuilt in
+the old style, it was still standing on the west side of the
+street, immediately south of Bell Yard, when Larwood and
+Hotten published their <i>History of Signboards</i> in 1866.
+Another inn with this sign stood appropriately near the
+site of St. Peter's Church in Wood Street, Cheapside,
+and was pulled down probably about the same time as
+the more famous house in Gracechurch Street.</p>
+
+<p>Of equal note was the "Spread Eagle," the site of
+which has mostly been absorbed by the extension of
+Leadenhall Market. Like the "Cross Keys," it was burnt
+in the Great Fire, but rebuilt in the old style with an
+ample galleried yard. In the basement some mediæval
+arches still remained. At the "Spread Eagle" that
+original writer George Borrow had been staying with
+his future wife, Mrs. Mary Clarke, and various friends,
+when they were married at St. Peter's Church, Cornhill,
+on April 23rd, 1840, her daughter, Henrietta, signing the
+register. Before its destruction in 1865 it had been for
+some time a receiving office of Messrs. Chaplin and Horne.
+The site, of about 1,200 square feet, was sold for no
+less a sum than £95,000. Another Gracechurch inn, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">{121}</a></span>
+"Tabard," which long ago disappeared, had, like the
+immortal hostelry in Southwark, become the "Talbot,"
+and its site is marked by Talbot Court.</p>
+
+<p>In Bishopsgate Street Within three galleried inns
+lingered long enough to have been often seen by the
+writer. These were the "Bull," the "Green Dragon,"
+and the "Four Swans," each with something of a history,
+and to them might be added the picturesque, though less
+important, "Vine" and the "Flower Pot," from which
+last house a seventeenth century trade token was issued.
+The "Bull," the most southern of these inns, all of which
+were on the west side of the highway, was at least as
+old as the latter part of the fifteenth century, for in
+one of the chronicles of London lately edited by
+Mr. C. L. Kingsford, I find it, under the date 1498,
+associated with a painful incident&mdash;namely, the execution
+of the son of a cordwainer, "dwellyng at the Bulle in
+Bisshoppesgate Strete," for calling himself the Earl of
+Warwick. Hall gives his name as Ralph Wilford.
+Anthony Bacon, elder brother of Francis, during the year
+1594 hired a lodging in Bishopsgate Street, but the fact
+of its being near the "Bull," where plays and interludes
+were performed, so troubled his mother that for
+her sake he removed to Chelsea. Shortly afterwards,
+as may be learnt from <i>Tarlton's Jests</i>, the old drama
+called "The Famous Victories of Henry the Fifth" was
+here played, "wherein the judge was to take a boxe on
+the eare, and because he was absent that should take
+the blow, Tarlton himselfe, ever forward to please, tooke
+upon him to play the judge, besides his own part of
+the clown." The "Bull" was the house of call of old
+Hobson, the carrier, to whose rigid rule about the letting
+of his saddle horses we are supposed to owe the phrase,
+"Hobson's Choice." Milton wrote his epitaph in the well-known
+lines beginning:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Here lies old Hobson; Death hath broke his girt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And here, alas! hath laid him in the dirt."<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">{122}</a></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In his second edition of <i>Milton's Poems</i>, p. 319, Wharton
+alludes to Hobson's "portrait in fresco" as having then
+lately been in existence at the inn, and it is mentioned
+in <i>The Spectator</i>, No. 509. There is a print of it representing
+a bearded old man in hat and cloak with a money
+bag, which in the original painting had the inscription,
+"The fruitful mother of an hundred more." He
+bequeathed property for a conduit to supply Cambridge
+with water; the conduit head still exists, though not in
+its original position. In 1649, by a Council of War,
+six Puritan troopers were condemned to death for a
+mutiny at the "Bull." The house remained till 1866.</p>
+
+<p>Further north, at No. 86, was the "Green Dragon,"
+the last of the galleried inns that survived in Bishopsgate
+Street. It is mentioned in De Laune's <i>Present State of
+London</i>, 1681, as a place of resort for coachmen and
+carriers, and I have before me an advertisement sheet
+of the early nineteenth century, showing that coaches
+were then plying from here to Norwich, Yarmouth,
+Cambridge, Colchester, Ware, Hertford, Brighton, and
+many other places. There is a capital etching of the
+house by Edwin Edwards. It was closed in 1877, its
+site being soon afterwards built over. At the sale of the
+effects eleven bottles of port wine fetched 37s. 6d. each.
+The "Four Swans," immediately to the north of the inn
+last named, although it did not survive so long, remained
+to the end a more complete specimen of its class, having
+three tiers of galleries perfect on each side, and two
+tiers at the west end. The "water-poet" tells us that
+in 1637 "a waggon or coach" came here once a week
+from Hertford. Other references to it might be quoted
+from books of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,
+but the story told on an advertisement sheet issued by
+a former landlord about a fight here between Roundheads,
+led by Ireton, and a troop of Royalists, is apocryphal.</p>
+
+<p>Not far off, in Bishopsgate Street Without, there
+was until lately a "Two Swan" inn yard, and a "One<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">{123}</a></span>
+Swan" with a large yard&mdash;an old place of call for carriers
+and waggons. These lingered on until the general clearance
+by the Great Eastern Railway Company a few
+years ago, when the remains of Sir Paul Pindar's mansion,
+latterly a tavern, were also removed; the finely-carved
+timber front and a stuccoed ceiling finding their way into
+the Victoria and Albert Museum. Another old Bishopsgate
+house was the "White Hart," near St. Botolph's
+Church, a picturesque building with projecting storeys,
+and in front the date 1480, but the actual structure was
+probably much less ancient. It was drawn by J. T. Smith
+and others early in the nineteenth century, and did not
+long survive. The site is still marked by White Hart
+Court. On the opposite side of the way was an inn,
+the "Dolphin," which, as Stow tells us, was given in
+1513 by Margaret Ricroft, widow, with a charge in favour
+of the Grey Friars. It disappeared in the first half of
+the eighteenth century. The old "Catherine Wheel,"
+a galleried inn hard by, mentioned by De Laune in 1681,
+was not entirely destroyed till 1894.</p>
+
+<p>Another road out of London richly furnished with
+inns was that from Newgate westward. The first one
+came to was the "Saracen's Head" on Snow Hill, an
+important house, to which the late Mr. Heckethorn
+assigned a very early origin. Whether or not it existed
+in the fourteenth century, as he asserts, it was certainly
+flourishing when Stow in his <i>Survey</i> described it as "a
+fair and large inn for receipt of travellers." It continued
+for centuries to be largely used, and here Nicholas
+Nickleby and his uncle waited on Squeers, the Yorkshire
+schoolmaster, whom Dickens must have modelled from
+various real personages. In a <i>Times</i> advertisement for
+January 3rd, 1801, I read that "at Mr. Simpson's
+Academy, Wodencroft Lodge, near Greta Bridge, Yorkshire,
+young gentlemen are boarded and accurately
+instructed in the English, Latin, and Greek languages,
+writing, arithmetic, merchants' accounts, and the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">{124}</a></span>
+useful branches of the mathematics, at 16 guineas per
+annum, if under nine years of age, and above that age
+17 guineas; French taught by a native of France at
+1 guinea extra. Mr. Simpson is now in town, and may
+be treated with from eleven till two o'clock every day at
+the 'Saracen's Head,' Snow Hill." In the early part
+of last century the landlady was Sarah Ann Mountain,
+coach proprietor, and worthy rival of Mrs. Nelson,
+of the "Bull" Inn, Aldgate. The "Saracen's Head"
+disappeared in the early part of 1868, when this neighbourhood
+was entirely changed by the formation of
+the Holborn Viaduct. Another Snow Hill inn was the
+"George," or "George and Dragon," mentioned by
+Strype as very large and of considerable trade. A
+sculptured sign from there is in the Guildhall Museum.</p>
+
+<p>In Holborn there were once nine or ten galleried inns.
+We will only allude to those still in existence within the
+memory of the writer. The most famous of them,
+perhaps, was the "George and Blue Boar," originally the
+"Blue Boar," the site of which is covered by the Inns
+of Court Hotel. The house is named in the burial
+register of St. Andrew's, Holborn, as early as 1616, but
+it is chiefly known from a story related by the Rev.
+Thomas Morrice, in his <i>Memoir of Roger Earl of Orrery</i>
+(1742), that Cromwell and Ireton, in the disguise of
+troopers, here intercepted a letter sewn in the flap of
+a saddle from Charles I. to his Queen, in which he wrote
+that he was being courted by the Scotch Presbyterians
+and the army, and that he thought of closing with the
+former. Cromwell is supposed to have said, "From that
+time forward we resolved on his ruin." The writer
+ventured to ask that excellent historian, Dr. Samuel
+Gardiner, what he thought of the statement. In August,
+1890, he most kindly replied by letter as follows:&mdash;"The
+tale has generally been repudiated without enquiry, and
+I am rather inclined to believe, at least, in its substantial
+accuracy. The curious thing is, that there are two lines<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">{125}</a></span>
+of tradition about intercepted letters, as it seems to me
+quite distinct." We may, therefore, without being over
+credulous, cherish the belief that the picturesque incident
+referred to was one that actually occurred. There is an
+advertisement of December 27th, 1779, offering the lease
+of the "George and Blue Boar," which helps us to realize
+the value and capacity of an important inn of that period.
+We are told that it contains forty bedrooms, stabling for
+fifty-two horses, seven coach-houses, and a dry ride sixty
+yards long; also that it returns about £2,000 a year.
+In George Colman the younger's "Heir at Law," act i.,
+scene 2, this house is said by one of the characters to
+be "in tumble downish kind of a condition," but it
+survived until 1864, when it made way for the Inns of
+Court Hotel.</p>
+
+<p>A group of inns which remained more recently were
+Ridler's "Bell and Crown," the old "Bell," and the
+"Black Bull," all on the north side of Holborn. Of these,
+the most picturesque was the "Bell," about which I have
+been able to ascertain some curious facts. The earliest
+notice of it that has come to light was on the 14th of
+March, 1538, when William Barde sold a messuage with
+garden called the "Bell," in the parish of St. Andrew,
+Holborn, to Richard Hunt, citizen and girdler. The latter,
+who died in 1569, gave thirty sacks of charcoal yearly
+for ever, as a charge on the property, to be distributed
+to thirty poor persons of the parish. After various
+changes of ownership, in 1679-80 it passed into the hands
+of Ralph Gregge, and his grandson sold it in 1722 to
+Christ's Hospital. In the deed of sale three houses are
+mentioned and described as "formerly one great mansion-house
+or inn known as the Bell or Blue Bell." About
+two years before, the front of the premises facing Holborn
+had been rebuilt, when the sculptured arms of Gregge
+were let into the wall in front; these arms are now at
+the Guildhall Museum. The "Bell" became a coaching
+house of considerable reputation, that part of the business<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">{126}</a></span>
+being about the year 1836 in the hands of Messrs.
+B. W. and H. Horne, who, as coach proprietors, were
+second only to William Chaplin. For many years, until
+finally closed in September, 1897, the house was managed
+by the Bunyer family. It was the last galleried inn on the
+Middlesex side of the water, the galleries being perhaps
+as old as the reign of Charles II. A still older portion
+was a cellar built of stone immediately to the left of
+the entrance, which might almost have been mediæval.
+The rest of the building seems to have dated from the
+early part of the eighteenth century. There is a
+sympathetic reference to the old "Bell" by William Black
+in his <i>Strange Adventures of a Phæton</i>. Another noteworthy
+"Bell" Inn was that in Carter Lane, whence
+Richard Quyney wrote in 1598 to his "loveing good ffrend
+and contreyman Mr. Willm Shackespere," the only letter
+addressed to our greatest poet which is known to exist.
+There is still a Bell yard connecting Carter Lane with
+Knightrider Street. The first scene of the <i>Harlot's
+Progress</i>, by Hogarth, is laid in front of an inn, with the
+sign of the "Bell" in Wood Street. Above the door are
+chequers.</p>
+
+<p>A short distance west of the Holborn house was
+the "Crown" Inn, latterly Ridler's "Bell and Crown,"
+destroyed about 1899. It had been a coaching centre,
+but years ago the yard was built over, and it flourished
+to the end as a quiet family hotel. Next to the "Bell"
+on the east side was the "Black Bull," the front of which,
+with the carved sign of a bull in a violent state of
+excitement, remained after the rest of the inn had disappeared,
+outliving its neighbour for a brief period. It
+was in existence for a couple of hundred years or more,
+but future generations will probably only remember it
+as the house where Mr. Lewson was taken ill, and placed
+under the tender mercies of Betsy Prig and Mrs. Gamp;
+whence also, when convalescent, he was assisted into
+a coach, Mould the undertaker eyeing him with regret<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">{127}</a></span>
+as he felt himself baulked of a piece of legitimate
+business.</p>
+
+<p>A few short years ago if, on leaving this group of
+Holborn inns, we had turned down Fetter Lane in the
+direction of Fleet Street, after passing two or three gabled
+buildings still standing on the right hand side, we should
+have come to another old hostelry called the "White
+Horse," of which there is a well-known coloured print
+from a drawing made by Pollard in 1814, with a coach
+in front called the Cambridge Telegraph. It gradually
+fell into decay, became partly a "pub" and partly a
+common lodging-house, and with its roomy stabling at
+the back was swept away in 1897-98. Most of the
+structure was of the eighteenth century, but there were
+remains of an earlier wooden building. Its northern
+boundary touched the precinct of Barnard's Inn, an
+inn of chancery, now disestablished and adapted for the
+purposes of the Mercers' School.</p>
+
+<p>Continuing our course southward, a short walk would
+formerly have taken us to the "Bolt-in-Tun," I think
+the only coaching establishment in Fleet Street, which
+possessed so many taverns and coffee-houses. The inn
+was of ancient origin, the White Friars having had a
+grant of the "Hospitium vocatum Le Bolt en ton"
+as early as the year 1443. The sign is the well-known
+rebus on the name of Bolton, the bird-bolt through
+a tun or barrel, which was the device of a prior of
+St. Bartholomew's, Smithfield, and may still be seen in
+the church there, and at Canonbury, where the priors had
+a country house. The <i>City Press</i> for September 12th,
+1882, announces the then impending destruction of the
+"Bolt-in-Tun," and in the following year we are told
+that although a remnant of it in Fleet Street exists as
+a booking office for parcels, by far the larger portion,
+represented chiefly by the Sussex Hotel, Bouverie Street,
+which bore on it the date 1692, has just disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>Further east, on Ludgate Hill, La Belle Sauvage Yard,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">{128}</a></span>
+where Messrs. Cassell &amp; Co. carry on their important
+business, marks the site of an historic house, and
+perpetuates an error of nomenclature. Its original title, as
+proved by a document of the year 1452, was "Savage's"
+Inn, otherwise called the "Bell on the Hoop," but in the
+seventeenth century a trade token was issued from here,
+having on it an Indian woman holding a bow and arrow,
+and in 1676 "Bell Sauvage" Inn, on Ludgate Hill, consisting
+of about forty rooms, with good cellarage and
+stabling for about one hundred horses, was to be let.
+The mistake is repeated in <i>The Spectator</i>, No. 28, where
+we are told of a beautiful girl who was found in the
+wilderness, and whose fame was perpetuated in a French
+romance. As we learn from Howe, in his continuation
+of <i>Stow's Annals</i>, on a seat outside this inn Sir Thomas
+Wyat rested, after failing in an attempt to enter the city
+during his ill-advised rebellion in the reign of Mary
+Tudor. From Lambarde we gather that this was one
+of the houses where plays were performed before the
+time of Shakespeare. Writing in 1576, he says, "Those
+who go to Paris Garden, the Bell Savage, or the Theatre
+to behold bear-baiting, interludes, or fence play, must
+not account of any pleasant spectacle unless first they
+pay one pennie at the gate, another at the entrie of the
+scaffold, and a third for quiet standing." Here, as at
+the "Cross Keys," Gracechurch Street, Bankes exhibited
+his horse, and here, in 1683, "a very strange beast called
+a Rhynoceros&mdash;the first that ever was in England," could
+be seen daily. Stow affirms the inn to have been given
+to the Cutlers' Company by Isabella Savage; but, in
+fact, the donor was John Craythorne, who conveyed the
+reversion of it to them in 1568. The sculptured elephant
+and castle representing their crest is still on a wall in
+La Belle Sauvage Yard. The inn, which has left its
+mark in the annals of coaching, was taken down in 1873.</p>
+
+<p>A thoroughfare, formerly containing several fine
+mansions and various inns for travellers, was Aldersgate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">{129}</a></span>
+Street, the continuation of St. Martin's-le-Grand. There
+are allusions in print to the "Bell," the "George" (previously
+the "White Hart"), and to the "Cock" Inn,
+where, after years of wandering, Fynes Moryson arrived
+one Sunday morning in 1595; but these all passed away
+long ago. The last to linger in the neighbourhood was the
+"Bull and Mouth," St Martin's-le-Grand, finally called the
+"Queen's" Hotel, absorbed by the General Post Office
+in 1886. The name is generally supposed to be a
+corruption of Boulogne Mouth, the entrance to Boulogne
+Harbour, that town having been taken by Henry VIII.
+George Steevens, the Shakespearean commentator, seems
+to have suggested this, and his idea has been generally
+accepted; but it is more likely that our inn was identical
+with the house called in 1657 "the Mouth near
+Aldersgate in London, then the usual meeting-place
+for Quakers," to which the Body of John Lilburne was
+conveyed in August of that year. We learn from
+Ellwood's <i>Autobiography</i> that five years afterwards he
+was arrested at the "Bull and Mouth," Aldersgate. The
+house was at its zenith as a coaching centre in the early
+years of the nineteenth century, when Edward Sherman
+had become landlord. He rebuilt the old galleried house
+in 1830. When coaching for business purposes ceased to
+be, the gateway from St. Martin's-le-Grand was partially
+blocked up and converted into the main entrance,
+the inn continuing under its changed name for many
+years. The sculptured signs were not removed until the
+destruction of the building. One, which was over the
+main entrance, is a statuette of a Bull within a gigantic
+open Mouth; below are bunches of grapes; above, a
+bust of Edward VI. and the arms of Christ's Hospital,
+to which institution the ground belonged. Beneath is
+a tablet inscribed with the following doggerel rhyme:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Milo the Cretonian an ox slew with his fist,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And ate it up at one meal, ye Gods what a glorious twist."<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">{130}</a></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Another version of the sign, the Mouth appearing below
+the Bull, was over what had been a back entrance to
+the yard in Angel Street. These signs are now both in
+the Guildhall Museum. I had almost overlooked one
+house, the "Castle and Falcon," Aldersgate, closed within
+the last few months, and now destroyed. The structure
+was uninteresting, but it stood on an old site&mdash;that of
+John Day's printing-house in the reign of Queen
+Elizabeth. At the present inn on April 12th, 1799, was
+founded the Church Missionary Society; here also its
+centenary was celebrated.</p>
+
+<p>Besides being plentiful in the main thoroughfares,
+important inns, like the churches, were often crammed
+away in narrow and inconvenient lanes. This was the
+case with the "Oxford Arms" and the "Bell," both in
+Warwick Lane. The former was approached by a
+passage, being bounded on the west by the line of the
+old city wall, or by a later wall a few feet to the
+east of it, and touching Amen Corner on the south.
+It was a fine example of its kind. As was said by a
+writer in <i>The Athenæum</i> of May 20th, 1876, just before
+it was destroyed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Despite the confusion, the dirt and the decay, he who stands in
+the yard of this ancient inn may get an excellent idea of what it was
+like in the days of its prosperity, when not only travellers in coach or
+saddle rode into or out of the yard, but poor players and mountebanks
+set up their stage for the entertainment of spectators, who hung over the
+galleries or looked on from their rooms&mdash;a name by which the boxes of a
+theatre were first known."</p></div>
+
+<p>The house must have been rebuilt after the Great Fire,
+which raged over this area. That it existed before is
+proved by the following odd advertisement of March,
+1672-73:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"These are to give notice that Edward Bartlet, Oxford Carrier, hath
+removed his inn in London from the Swan at Holborn Bridge to the
+Oxford Arms in Warwick Lane, where he did Inn before the Fire. His
+coaches and waggons going forth on their usual days, Mondays, Wednesdays,
+and Fridays. He hath also a hearse and all things convenient
+to carry a Corps to any part of England."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">{131}</a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>The "Bell" Inn, also galleried, was on the east side
+of Warwick Lane. There Archbishop Leighton died in
+1684. As Burnet tells us, he had often said that "if
+he were to choose a place to die in it should be an Inn;
+it looked like a pilgrim's going home, to whom this world
+was all as an Inn, and who was weary of the noise and
+confusion in it." Thus his desire was fulfilled. There
+is a view of the old house in Chambers' <i>Book of Days</i>,
+vol. i., p. 278. It was demolished in 1865, when the value
+of the unclaimed parcels, some of which had been there
+many years, is said to have been considerable. According
+to one statement, the jewellery was worth £700 or £800.</p>
+
+<p>The few remaining inns to which reference will be
+made may best perhaps be taken in alphabetical order.
+The old "Angel" Inn, at the end of Wych Street, Strand,
+already existed in February, 1503, when a letter was
+directed to Sir Richard Plumpton "at the Angell behind
+St. Clement's Kirk." From this inn Bishop Hooper was
+taken to Gloucester in 1554 to be burnt at the stake. A
+trade token was issued there in 1657. Finally, the
+business, largely dependent on coaches, faded away; the
+building was rased to the ground in 1853, and the set of
+offices called Danes Inn built on the site. These in their
+turn have now succumbed. The "Axe" in Aldermanbury
+was a famous carriers' inn. It is mentioned in drunken
+Barnabee's <i>Journal</i>, and from there the first line of stage
+waggons from London to Liverpool was established
+about the middle of the seventeenth century. It took
+many days to perform the journey.</p>
+
+<p>In Laurence Lane, near the Guildhall, was a noteworthy
+house called "Blossoms" Inn, which, according
+to Stow, had "to sign St. Laurence the Deacon in a
+border of blossoms of flowers." In 1522, when the
+Emperor Charles V. came to visit Henry VIII. in London,
+certain inns were set apart for the reception of his retinue,
+among them "St. Laurence, otherwise called Bosoms Yn,
+was to have ready XX beddes and a stable for LX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">{132}</a></span>
+horses." In Ben Jonson's <i>Masque of Christmas</i>,
+presented at Court in 1616, "Tom of Bosomes Inn,"
+apparently a real person, is introduced as representing
+Mis-rule. That the house was early frequented by
+carriers is shown in the epistle dedicatory to <i>Have
+at you at Saffron Walden</i>, 1596:&mdash;"Yet have I naturally
+cherisht and hugt it in my bosome, even as a carrier at
+Bosome's Inne doth a cheese under his arm." A satirical
+tract about Bankes and his horse Marocco gives the
+name of the authors as "John Dande the wiredrawer of
+Hadley, and Harrie Hunt head ostler of Bosomes inn."
+There is a view of this famous hostelry in the Crace
+collection, date 1855; the yard is now a depôt for
+railway goods.</p>
+
+<p>In 1852 London suffered a sad loss architecturally by
+the removal of the fine groined crypt of Gerard's Hall,
+Basing Lane, which dated perhaps from the end of the
+thirteenth century, and had formed part of the mansion
+of a famous family of citizens, by name Gysors. In
+Stow's time it was "a common hostrey for receipt of
+travellers." He gives a long account of it, mixing fact
+with fiction. The house and hall were destroyed in the
+Great Fire, but the crypt escaped, and on it an inn
+was built with, in front, a carved wooden effigy of that
+mythical personage, Gerard the Giant, which is now in
+the Guildhall Museum. On the removal of the crypt
+the stones were numbered and presented to the Crystal
+Palace Company, with a view to its erection in their
+building or grounds. It is said, however, that after a
+time the stones were used for mending roads.</p>
+
+<p>A rather unimportant-looking inn was the "Nag's
+Head," on the east side of Whitcomb Street, formerly
+Hedge Lane, but it is worthy of mention for one or two
+reasons. We learn from a manuscript note-book, which
+was in the possession of the late Mr. F. Locker Lampson,
+that Hogarth in his later days, when he set up a coach
+and horses, kept them at the "Nag's Head." He was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">{133}</a></span>
+then living on the east side of Leicester Square. According
+to a pencil note on an old drawing, which belongs
+to the writer, "this inn did the posting exclusively for
+the Royal family from George I. to William IV." It
+was latterly used as a livery stable, but retained its
+picturesque galleries until, the lease having come to an
+end, it was closed in 1890. The space remained vacant
+for some years, and is now covered by the fine publishing
+office of Messrs. Macmillan &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>Two "Saracen's Head" inns have already been
+described, and though one feels how imperfect this
+account must of necessity be, and that some houses of
+note are altogether omitted, I am tempted to mention a
+third&mdash;the house with that sign in Friday Street. It
+came into the hands of the Merchant Taylors' Company
+as early as the year 1400, and after several rebuildings
+was finally swept away in 1844. The adjoining house,
+said by tradition to have been occupied by Sir Christopher
+Wren, was destroyed at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the early thirties of last century that coaching
+reached its zenith, and perhaps the greatest coaching
+centre in London was the "Swan with Two Necks," Lad
+Lane. It was an old inn, mentioned by Machyn as early
+as 1556. In 1637 carriers from Manchester and other
+places used to lodge there, but it will be best
+remembered as it appears in a well-known print during
+the heyday of its prosperity, the courtyard crowded with
+life and movement. The gateway was so narrow that
+it required some horsemanship to drive a fast team out
+of the said courtyard, and some care on the part of the
+guard that his horn or bugle basket was not jammed
+against the gate-post. The proprietor of this establishment
+was Mr. William Chaplin who, originally a coachman,
+became perhaps the greatest coach proprietor that
+ever lived. About 1835 he occupied the yards of no
+fewer than five famous and important inns in London,
+to all of which allusion has been made&mdash;the "Spread<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">{134}</a></span>
+Eagle" and "Cross Keys" in Gracechurch Street, the
+"Swan with Two Necks," the "White Horse," Fetter
+Lane, and the "Angel" behind St. Clement's. He had
+1,300 horses at work on various roads, and about that
+time horsed fourteen out of the twenty-seven coaches
+leaving London every night. When the railways came
+he bowed to the inevitable, and, in partnership with Mr.
+Horne, established the great carrying business, which still
+flourishes on the site of the old "Swan with Two Necks."
+In 1845 Lad Lane was absorbed by Gresham Street. The
+origin of the sign has been often discussed, but it is
+perhaps well to conclude this chapter by adding a few
+words about it. The swans on the upper reaches of the
+Thames are owned respectively by the Crown and the
+Dyers and the Vintners' Company, and, according to
+ancient custom, the representatives of these several owners
+make an excursion each year up the river to mark the
+cygnets. The visitors' mark used to consist of the
+chevron or letter V and two nicks on the beak. The
+word nicks has been corrupted into necks, and as the
+Vintners were often tavern-keepers, the "Swan with Two
+Necks" became a common sign.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">{135}</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="THE_OLD_LONDON_COFFEE-HOUSES" id="THE_OLD_LONDON_COFFEE-HOUSES">THE OLD LONDON COFFEE-HOUSES</a></h2>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By G. L. Apperson, I.S.O.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-f.png" width="100" height="119" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">For something like a century and a half
+the coffee-houses formed a distinctive feature
+of London life. The first is said to have
+been established by a man named Bowman,
+servant to a Turkey merchant, who opened a
+coffee-house in St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, in 1652.
+The honour of being the second has been claimed
+for the "Rainbow" in Fleet Street, by the Inner
+Temple Gate, opposite Chancery Lane. Aubrey, speaking
+of Sir Henry Blount, a beau in the time of
+Charles II., says: "When coffee first came in, he was
+a great upholder of it, and had ever since been a constant
+frequenter of coffee-houses, especially Mr. Farre's, at the
+'Rainbow,' by Inner Temple Gate." But according to <i>The
+Daily Post</i> of May 15th, 1728, "Old Man's" Coffee-house,
+at Charing Cross, "was the Second that was set
+up in the Cities of London and Westminster." The
+question of priority, however, is of no importance. It
+is quite certain that in a surprisingly short space of
+time coffee-houses became very numerous. A manuscript
+of 1659, quoted in <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i> for 1852
+(Part I., pp. 477-9), says that at that date there was</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"a Turkish drink to be sould almost in eury street, called Coffee, and
+another kind of drink called Tee, and also a drink called Chocolate,
+which was a very harty drink."</p></div>
+
+<p>Tea made its way slowly; but coffee took the town by
+storm.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">{136}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The coffee-houses, as resorts for men of different classes
+and occupations, survived till the early years of the nineteenth
+century; but their palmy days were over some
+time before the end of the eighteenth century. They
+were at the height of their fame and usefulness from the
+Restoration till the earlier years of George III.'s reign.</p>
+
+<p>From the description given in <i>The Spectator</i> and other
+contemporary writings&mdash;such as "facetious" Tom Brown's
+<i>Trip through London</i> of 1728, and the like&mdash;it is easy
+to reconstruct in imagination the interior of one of these
+resorts as they appeared in the time of Queen Anne.
+Occasionally the coffee-room, as at the famous "Will's"
+in Russell Street, Covent Garden, was on the first floor.
+Tables were disposed about the sanded floor&mdash;the erection
+of boxes did not come in until a later date&mdash;while on
+the walls were numerous flaming advertisements of quack
+medicines, pills and tinctures, salves and electuaries, which
+were as abundant then as now, and of other wares which
+might be bought at the bar. The bar was at the entrance
+to the temple of coffee and gossip, and was presided over
+by the predecessors of the modern barmaids&mdash;grumbled
+at in <i>The Spectator</i> as "idols," who there received homage
+from their admirers, and who paid more attention to
+customers who flirted with them than to more sober-minded
+visitors; and described by Tom Brown as "a
+charming Phillis or two, who invite you by their amorous
+glances into their smoaky territories."</p>
+
+<p>At the bar messages were left and letters taken in
+for regular customers. In the early days of Swift's
+friendship with Addison, Stella was instructed to address
+her letters to the former under cover to Addison at the
+"St. James's" Coffee-house, in St. James's Street; but as
+the friendship between the two men cooled the cover was
+dispensed with, and the letters were addressed to Swift
+himself at the coffee-house, where they were placed,
+doubtless with many others, in the glass frame behind
+the bar. Stella's handwriting was very like that of her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">{137}</a></span>
+famous correspondent, and one day Harley, afterwards
+Earl of Oxford, seeing one of Stella's letters in the
+glass frame and thinking the writing was Swift's, asked
+the latter, when he met him shortly afterwards, how long
+he had learned the trick of writing to himself. Swift
+says he could hardly persuade him that he was mistaken
+in the writing.</p>
+
+<p>The coffee-houses were the haunts of clubs and coteries
+almost from the date of their first establishment. Steele,
+in the familiar introduction to <i>The Tatler</i>, tells us how
+accounts of gallantry, pleasure and entertainment were
+to come from "White's" Chocolate-house; poetry from
+"Will's" Coffee-house; learning from the "Grecian"; and
+foreign and domestic news from the "St. James's."
+Nearly fifty years later, Bonnell Thornton, in the first
+number of <i>The Connoisseur</i>, January 31st, 1754, similarly
+enumerates some of the leading houses. "White's" was
+still the fashionable resort; "Garraway's" was for stock-jobbers;
+"Batson's" for doctors; the "Bedford" for
+"wits" and men of parts; the "Chapter" for book-sellers;
+and "St. Paul's" for the clergy. Mackay, in his <i>Journey
+through England</i>, published in 1724, says that</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"about twelve the <i>beau-monde</i> assembles in several chocolate and coffee-houses,
+the best of which are the Cocoa Tree and White's Chocolate-houses,
+St. James's, the Smyrna, and the British Coffee-houses; and all
+these so near one another that in less than an hour you see the company
+of them all.... I must not forget to tell you that the parties have
+their different places, where, however, a stranger is always well received;
+but a Whig will no more go to the Cocoa Tree or Ozinda's than a Tory
+will be seen at the coffee-house of St. James's. The Scots go generally to
+the British, and a mixture of all sorts to the Smyrna. There are other
+little coffee-houses much frequented in this neighbourhood&mdash;Young
+Man's for officers, Old Man's for stock-jobbers, paymasters, and courtiers,
+and Little Man's for sharpers."</p></div>
+
+<p>It was only natural that people of similar occupations
+or tastes should gravitate in their hours of leisure to
+common social centres, and no one classification, such as
+that just quoted, can exhaust the subject.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">{138}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The devotees of whist had their own houses. The
+game began to be popular about 1730, and some of those
+who first played scientific whist&mdash;possibly including Hoyle
+himself&mdash;were accustomed to meet at the "Crown"
+Coffee-house in Bedford Row. Other groups soon met
+at other houses. A pirated edition of Hoyle's <i>Whist</i>,
+printed at Dublin in 1743, contains an advertisement of
+"A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist, as play'd at
+Court, White's, and George's Chocolate-houses, at
+Slaughter's, and the Crown Coffee-houses, etc., etc." At
+"Rawthmell's" Coffee-house in Henrietta Street, Covent
+Garden, the Society of Arts was founded in 1754. "Old
+Slaughter's" in St. Martin's Lane was a great resort
+in the second half of the eighteenth century of artists.
+Here Roubillac the sculptor, Hogarth, Bourguignon or
+Gravelot the book illustrator, Moser the keeper of the
+St. Martin's Lane Academy, Luke Sullivan the engraver,
+and many others of the fraternity were wont to foregather.
+Near by was "Young Slaughter's," a meeting-place
+for scientific and literary men.</p>
+
+<p>R. L. Edgeworth, in his <i>Memoirs</i> (p. 118, Ed. 1844),
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I was introduced by Mr. Keir into a society of literary and scientific
+men, who used formerly to meet once a week at Jack's Coffee-house
+[<i>i.e., circa 1780</i>] in London, and afterwards at Young Slaughter's Coffee-house.
+Without any formal name, this meeting continued for years to
+be frequented by men of real science and of distinguished merit. John
+Hunter was our chairman. Sir Joseph Banks, Solander, Sir A. Blagden,
+Dr. George Fordyce, Milne, Maskelyne, Captain Cook, Sir G. Shuckburgh,
+Lord Mulgrave, Smeaton and Ramsden, were among our members. Many
+other gentlemen of talents belonged to this club, but I mention those
+only with whom I was individually acquainted."</p></div>
+
+<p>A favourite resort of men of letters during the middle
+and later years of the eighteenth century was the
+"Bedford" Coffee-house, under the Piazza, in Covent
+Garden. This house, it may be said, inherited the
+tradition from Button's, which that famous coffee-house
+had taken over from Will's. To the "Bedford" came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">{139}</a></span>
+Fielding, Foote, Garrick, Churchill, Sheridan, Hogarth,
+and many another man of note. Another haunt of literary
+men, as well as of book-sellers, was the "Chapter" Coffee-house
+in Paternoster Row. Chatterton wrote to his
+mother in May, 1770: "I am quite familiar at the
+'Chapter' Coffee-house, and know all the geniuses there."
+Goldsmith was one of its frequenters. It was here that
+he came to sup one night as the invited guest of
+Churchill's friend, Charles Lloyd. The supper was
+served and enjoyed, whereupon Lloyd, without a penny
+in his pocket to pay for the meal he had ordered, coolly
+walked off and left Goldsmith to discharge the reckoning.
+It was at the same house that Foote, one day when a
+distressed player passed his hat round the coffee-room
+circle with an appeal for help, made the malicious
+remark: "If Garrick hear of this he will certainly send
+in his hat."</p>
+
+<p>Close by was the "St. Paul's" Coffee-house, where,
+according to Bonnell Thornton, "tattered crapes," or
+poor parsons, were wont to ply "for an occasional burial
+or sermon, with the same regularity as the happier
+drudges who salute us with the cry of 'Coach, sir,' or
+'Chair, your honour.'" The same writer relates how a
+party of bucks, by a hoaxing proffer of a curacy, "drew
+all the poor parsons to 'St. Paul's' Coffee-house, where
+the bucks themselves sat in another box to smoke their
+rusty wigs and brown cassocks."</p>
+
+<p>Business men gathered at "Jonathan's" and "Garraway's,"
+both in Exchange Alley, where the sale and
+purchase of stocks and bonds and merchandise of every
+kind formed the staple talk. The former house was a
+centre of operations for both bubblers and bubbled in
+the mania year of 1720. "Lloyd's" Coffee-house was for
+very many years a famous auction mart.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Then to Lloyd's coffee-house he never fails,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To read the letters, and attend the sales,"<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">{140}</a></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>says the author of <i>The Wealthy Shopkeeper</i>, published in
+1700. Addison, in No. 46 of <i>The Spectator</i>, tells how he
+was accustomed to make notes or "minutes" of anything
+likely to be useful for future papers, and of how one day
+he accidentally dropped one of these papers at "Lloyd's
+Coffee-house, where the auctions are usually kept." It
+was picked up and passed from hand to hand, to the
+great amusement of all who saw it. Finally, the "boy
+of the coffee-house," having in vain asked for the owner
+of the paper, was made "to get up into the auction pulpit
+and read it to the whole room." The "Jerusalem" Coffee-house,
+in Exchange Alley, was for generations the resort
+of merchants and traders interested in the East.</p>
+
+<p>The doctors met at "Batson's" or "Child's." The
+pseudonymous author of Don Manoel Gonzales' <i>Voyage
+to Great Britain</i>, 1745, speaking of the London physicians,
+says: "You find them at Batson's or Child's Coffee-house
+usually in the morning, and they visit their patients in the
+afternoon." The Jacobites had two well-known houses
+of call&mdash;"Bromefield's" Coffee-house in Spring Gardens,
+and, later, the "Smyrna" in Pall Mall. Mr. J. H.
+MacMichael, in his valuable book on <i>Charing Cross</i>, 1906,
+quotes an order "given at their Majesties' Board of Green
+Cloth at Hampton Court" in 1689, to Sir Christopher
+Wren, Surveyor of Their Majesties' Works, to have
+"bricked or otherwise so closed up as you shall judge
+most fit for the security of their Majesties' Palace of
+Whitehall" a certain door which led out of Buckingham
+Court into Spring Garden, because Bromefield's Coffee-house
+in that court was resorted to by "a great and
+numerous concourse of Papists and other persons disaffected
+to the Government." Mr. MacMichael suggests
+that probably "Bromefield's" was identical with the
+coffee-house known as "Young Man's." "The Smyrna,"
+in Pall Mall, was the Jacobite resort in Georgian days. It
+was also a house of many literary associations. Thomson,
+the poet, there received subscriptions for his <i>Seasons</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">{141}</a></span>
+Swift and Prior and Arbuthnot frequented it. In 1703
+Lord Peterborough wrote to Arbuthnot from Spain:&mdash;"I
+would faine save Italy and yett drink tea with you at
+the Smirna this Winter." But it is impossible to catalogue
+fully all the different coffee-house centres. The
+"Grecian" in Devereux Court, Strand, was devoted to
+learning; barristers frequented "Serle's," at the corner of
+Serle and Portugal Streets, Lincoln's Inn Fields; the
+Templars went to "Dick's," and later to the "Grecian";
+and so the list might be prolonged.</p>
+
+<p>In the earlier days of the coffee-houses the coterie
+or club of regular frequenters foregathered by the fire,
+or in some particular part of the general room, or in
+an inner room. At "Will's" in Russell Street, Covent
+Garden, where Mr. Pepys used to drop in to hear the
+talk, Dryden, the centre of the literary circle which
+there assembled, had his big arm-chair in winter by the
+fireside, and in summer on the balcony. Around him
+gathered many men of letters, including Addison,
+Wycherley, Congreve, and the juvenile Pope, and all who
+aspired to be known as "wits." On the outskirts of the
+charmed circle hovered the more humble and modest
+frequenters of the coffee-room, who were proud to obtain
+the honour even of a pinch of snuff from the poet's box.
+Across the road at "Button's," a trifle later, Addison
+became the centre of a similar circle, though here the tone
+was political quite as much as literary. Whig men of
+letters discussed politics as well as books. Steele, Tickell,
+Budgell, Rowe, and Ambrose Phillips were among the
+leading figures in this coterie. Pope was of it for a time,
+but withdrew after his quarrel with Addison.</p>
+
+<p>Whig politicians met at the "St. James's"; and
+Addison, in a <i>Spectator</i> of 1712, pictures the scene. A
+rumour of the death of Louis XIV. had set the tongues
+going of all the gossips and quidnuncs in town; and the
+essayist relates how he made a tour of the town to hear
+how the news was received, and to catch the drift of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">{142}</a></span>
+popular opinion on so momentous an event. In the course
+of his peregrinations the silent gentleman visited the
+"St. James's," where he found the whole outer room in
+a buzz of politics. The quality of the talk improved as
+he advanced from the door to the upper end of the room;
+but the most thorough-going politicians were to be found
+"in the inner room, with the steam of the coffee-pot," and
+in this sanctum, says the humorist, "I heard the whole
+Spanish monarchy disposed of, and all the line of
+Bourbon provided for, in less than a quarter of an hour."</p>
+
+<p>In later days coffee-house clubs became more exclusive.
+The members of a club or coterie were allotted a room of
+their own, to which admission ceased to be free and
+open, and thus was marked the beginning of the
+transition from the coffee-house of the old style to the
+club-house of the new. In <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i> for
+1841 (Part II., pp. 265-9) is printed a paper of proposals,
+dated January 23rd, 1768, for enlarging the accommodation
+for the club accustomed to meet at Tom's Coffee-house,
+Great Russell Street, Covent Garden, by taking
+into the coffee-room the first floor of the adjoining house.
+Admission to this club was obtained by ballot.</p>
+
+<p>Coffee-houses were frequented for various purposes
+besides coffee, conversation, and business&mdash;professional
+or otherwise. The refreshments supplied were by no
+means confined to such innocuous beverages as tea and
+coffee and chocolate. Wines and spirits were freely consumed&mdash;"laced"
+coffee, or coffee dashed with brandy,
+being decidedly popular. Swift relates how on the
+occasion of his christening the child of Elliot, the proprietor
+of the "St. James's," he sat at the coffee-house
+among some "scurvy companions" over a bowl of punch
+so late that when he came home he had no time to
+write to Stella. The prolonged sittings and too copious
+libations of the company at Button's Coffee-house gave
+the feeble and delicate Pope many a headache; and
+Addison, who was notoriously a hard drinker, did not,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">{143}</a></span>
+we may feel sure, confine himself during those prolonged
+sittings to coffee.</p>
+
+<p>The coffee-houses were also public reading-rooms.
+There could be read the newspapers and other periodical
+publications of the day. When Sir Roger de Coverley
+entered "Squire's," near Gray's Inn Gate, he "called for
+a clean pipe, a paper of tobacco, a dish of coffee, a wax
+candle, and <i>The Supplement</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Mackay, in his <i>Journey through England</i>, already
+quoted, says that "in all the Coffee-houses you have not
+only the foreign prints, but several English ones with the
+Foreign Occurrences, besides papers of morality and
+party disputes." Swift, writing to Stella, November 18th,
+1711, says, "Do you read the <i>Spectators</i>? I never do;
+they never come in my way; I go to no coffee-houses";
+and when <i>The Tatler</i> had disappeared, a little earlier, Gay
+wrote that "the coffee-houses began to be sensible that
+the Esquire's lucubrations alone had brought them more
+customers than all their other newspapers put together."
+Periodical publications were filed for reference; and at
+all the better houses <i>The London Gazette</i>, and, during
+the session, the Parliamentary Votes could be seen. At
+least one house possessed a library. This was the
+"Chapter," in Paternoster Row, already referred to as
+a literary haunt. Dr. Thomas Campbell, the author of
+a <i>Diary of a Visit to England in 1775</i>, which was published
+at Sydney in 1854, says that he had heard that
+the "Chapter" was remarkable for a large collection of
+books and a reading society.</p>
+
+<p>The coffee-houses served as writing-rooms as well
+as reading-rooms. Many of Steele's numerous love-letters
+to "dear Prue," the lady who became his wife,
+the lovely Mary Scurlock, written both before and after
+his marriage, are dated from the "St. James's," the
+"Tennis Court," "Button's," or other coffee-house. But a
+popular coffee-room could hardly have been an ideal place
+for either reading or writing. A poet of 1690 says that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">{144}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The murmuring buzz which thro' the room was sent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Did bee-hives' noise exactly represent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And like a bee-hive, too, 'twas filled, and thick,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All tasting of the Honey Politick<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Called 'News,' which they all greedily sucked in."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And many years later, Gilly Williams, in a letter to
+George Selwyn, dated November 1st, 1764, says: "I write
+this in a full coffee-house, and with such materials, that
+you have good luck if you can read two lines of it."</p>
+
+<p>A curious proof of the close and intimate way in
+which the coffee-houses were linked with social life
+is to be seen in the occasional references, both in
+dramatic and prose literature, to some of the well-known
+servants of the coffee-houses. Steele, in the first number
+of <i>The Tatler</i>, refers familiarly to Humphrey Kidney, the
+waiter and keeper of book debts at the "St. James's"&mdash;he
+"has the ear of the greatest politicians that come hither"&mdash;and
+when Kidney resigned, it was advertised that he
+had been "succeeded by John Sowton, to whose place of
+caterer of messages and first coffee-grinder William Bird is
+promoted, and Samuel Bardock comes as shoe-cleaner in
+the room of the said Bird." "Robin, the Porter who waits
+at Will's Coffee-house," plays a prominent part in a little
+romance narrated in No. 398 of <i>The Spectator</i>. He is
+described as "the best man in the town for carrying a
+billet; the fellow has a thin body, swift step, demure
+looks, sufficient sense, and knows the town." A waiter
+of the same name at Locket's, in Spring Gardens, is
+alluded to in Congreve's <i>The Way of the World</i>, where
+the fashionable Lady Wishfort, when she threatens to
+marry a "drawer" (or waiter), says, "I'll send for Robin
+from Locket's immediately."</p>
+
+<p>The coffee-houses were employed as agencies for the
+sale of many things other than their own refreshments.
+Most of them sold the quack medicines that were staringly
+advertised on their walls. Some sold specific proprietary
+articles. A newspaper advertisement of 1711 says that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">{145}</a></span>
+the water of Epsom Old Well was "pumped out almost
+every night, that you may have the new mineral every
+morning," and that "the water is sold at Sam's Coffee-house
+in Ludgate Street, Hargrave's at the Temple Gate,
+Holtford's at the lower end of Queen's Street near
+Thames Street, and nowhere else in London." A
+"Ticket of the seal of the Wells" was affixed, so that
+purchasers "might not be cheated in their waters." The
+"Royal" Coffee-house at Charing Cross, which flourished
+in the time of Charles II., sold "Anderson's Pills"&mdash;a
+compound of cloves, jalap, and oil of aniseed. At the
+same house were to be had tickets for the various county
+feasts, then popular, which were an anticipation of the
+annual dinners of county associations so common nowadays.</p>
+
+<p>Razor-strops of a certain make were to be bought in
+1705 at John's Coffee-house, Exchange Alley. In 1742
+it was advertised that "silver tickets" (season tickets)
+for Ranelagh Gardens were to be had at any hour of
+the day at Forrest's Coffee-house, near Charing Cross.
+"All Sorts of the newest fashion'd Tye Perukes, made of
+fresh string, Humane Hair, far exceeding any Country
+Work," were advertised in 1725 as to be bought at
+Brown's Coffee-house in Spring Gardens.</p>
+
+<p>House agents, professional men, and other folk of more
+questionable kind, were all wont to advertise that they
+could be seen by clients at this or that coffee-house.
+The famous and impudent Mrs. Mapp, "the bone-setter,"
+drove into town daily from Epsom in her own carriage,
+and was to be seen (and heard) at the "Grecian." Most
+of the houses were willing to receive letters in answer to
+advertisements, and from the nature of the latter must
+often, it is pretty certain, have been assisting parties to
+fraud and chicanery of various kind. At some houses,
+besides those like Lloyd's specially devoted to auction
+business, sales were held. A black boy was advertised to
+be sold at Denis's Coffee-house in Finch Lane in 1708. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">{146}</a></span>
+the middle of the eighteenth century sales were often held
+at the "Apollo" Coffee-house, just within Temple Bar,
+and facing Temple Gate. Picture sales were usually held
+at coffee-houses. The catalogue of one such sale, held
+at the "Barbadoes" Coffee-house in February, 1689/90,
+contains a glowing address on the art of painting by
+Millington, the Auctioneer, written in the style made
+famous later by George Robins. Says the eloquent
+Millington:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"This incomparable art at the same time informs the Judgment, pleases
+the Fancy, recreates the Eye, and touches the Soul, entertains the Curious
+with silent Instruction, by expressing our most noble Passions, and never
+fails of rewarding its admirers with the greatest Pleasures, so Innocent and
+Ravishing, that the severest Moralists, the Morosest <i>Stoicks</i> cannot be
+offended therewith,"</p></div>
+
+<p>and so on and so on.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the early book sales, too, were held at coffee-houses.
+The third book auction in England, that of the
+library of the Rev. William Greenhill, was held on
+February 18th, 1677/78, "in the House of Ferdinand
+Stable, Coffee-Seller, at the Sign of the 'Turk's Head,'"
+in Bread Street. When sales were held elsewhere,
+catalogues could usually be had at some of the leading
+coffee-houses.</p>
+
+<p>Besides serving as reading, writing and sale rooms,
+they seem sometimes to have been used as lecture rooms.
+William Whiston, in his <i>Memoirs</i> written by himself
+(1749), says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Mr. Addison, with his friend Sir Richard Steele, brought me upon
+my banishment from Cambridge, to have many astronomical lectures at
+Mr. Button's coffee-house, near Covent Garden, to the agreeable entertainment
+of a great number of persons, and the procuring me and my
+family some comfortable support under my banishment."</p></div>
+
+<p>Some of the houses, as an additional attraction to
+visitors, offered exhibitions of collections of curiosities.
+The most famous collection of this kind was that to be
+seen for many years at Don Saltero's Coffee-house at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">{147}</a></span>
+Chelsea. Don Saltero, by the way, was simply plain
+James Salter disguised. Some of his exhibits were
+supplied by his former master, Sir Hans Sloane, and by
+other scientific friends and patrons. But mixed with
+things of genuine interest were to be seen all sorts of
+rubbish. Steele made fun of the collection in <i>The Tatler</i>.
+But people came to see the "piece of nun's skin tanned,"
+"Job's tears, which grow on a tree, and of which anodyne
+necklaces are made," a "waistcoat to prevent sweating,"
+and the many other strange articles which were shown
+side by side with the wooden shoe (of doubtful authenticity,
+one would think) which was placed under Mr.
+Speaker's chair in the time of James II., the King of
+Morocco's tobacco pipe, Oliver Cromwell's sword, and the
+like "historical" curiosities; and Mr. Salter had no reason
+to be dissatisfied with the results of his ingenuity. The
+most interesting association of this coffee-house, perhaps,
+is Pennant's story of how it was frequented by Richard
+Cromwell, the quondam Lord Protector, described in his
+peaceful age as "a little and very neat old man, with a
+most placid countenance, the effect of his innocent and
+unambitious life."</p>
+
+<p>Not far from Don Saltero's was the old Chelsea Bun-house,
+which also contained a museum. The last relics
+of this collection were sold in April, 1839, and included
+a few pictures, plaster casts, a model of the bun-house,
+another, in cut paper, of St. Mary Redcliff Church, and
+other things of a still more trumpery character.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Thoresby tells us that when he was in
+London, in the summer of 1714, he met his "old friend
+Dr. Sloane at the coffee-house of Mr. Miers, who hath
+a handsome collection of curiosities in the room where
+the virtuosi meet." As the name of the proprietor only
+is given, it is not easy to identify this house, but possibly
+it was the "Grecian" in Devereux Court, which was a
+favourite resort of the learned. It was at the "Grecian,"
+by the way, that Goldsmith, in the latter years of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">{148}</a></span>
+life, was often the life and soul of the Templars who
+were wont to meet there. In their company he sometimes
+amused himself with the flute, or with whist&mdash;"neither
+of which he played very well." When he took
+what he called a "Shoemaker's holiday," Goldsmith, after
+his day's excursion, "concluded by supping at the
+'Grecian' or 'Temple-Exchange' Coffee-house, or at
+the 'Globe' in Fleet Street."</p>
+
+<p>A word must be said as to the manners of the frequenters
+of coffee-houses. The author of <i>A Trip
+through London</i>, 1728, tells of fops who stare you out
+of countenance, and describes one man as standing with
+his back to the fire "in a great coffee-house near the
+Temple," and there spouting poetry&mdash;a remarkable specimen,
+indeed, of the bore; but on the whole the evidence
+goes to show that bad manners were usually resented by
+the rest of the company, and that good humour and
+good manners were marked characteristics of coffee-house
+life. There were exceptional incidents, of course. A
+fatal duel once resulted from a heated argument at the
+"Grecian" about a Greek accent. One day, soon after
+the first appearance of <i>The Tatler</i>, two or three well-dressed
+men walked into the coffee-room of the
+"St. James's," and began in a loud, truculent manner to
+abuse Steele as the author of that paper. One of them
+at last swore that he would cut Steele's throat or teach
+him better manners. Among the company present was
+Lord Forbes, with two friends, officers of high rank in
+the army. When the cut-throat had uttered his threat,
+Lord Forbes said significantly, "In this country you will
+find it easier to cut a purse than to cut a throat," and
+with the aid of the military gentlemen the bullies were
+ignominiously turned out of the house. Many years later,
+in 1776, the "St. James's" was the scene of a singular
+act of senseless violence. It is tersely described in
+a letter from Lord Carlisle to George Selwyn. He
+writes:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">{149}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Baron de Lingsivy ran a French officer through the body on
+Thursday for laughing in the St. James's Coffee-house. I find he did
+not pretend that he himself was laughed at, but at that moment he
+chose that the world should be grave. The man won't die, and the baron
+will not be hanged."</p></div>
+
+<p>Incidents of this kind, however, were of rare occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>But it is impossible to attempt to exhaust the subject
+of the Old London Coffee-houses in one brief chapter.
+For a hundred years they focussed the life of the town.
+Within their hospitable walls men of all classes and
+occupations, independently, or in clubs and coteries, met
+not only for refreshment, but for social intercourse&mdash;to
+read and hear the news, to discuss the topics of the day,
+to entertain and be entertained. This was the chief end
+they served. Incidentally, as we have seen, they served
+a number of other subsidiary and more of less useful
+purposes. They died slowly. Gradually the better-class
+houses became more exclusive, and were merged in clubs
+of the modern kind. The inferior houses were driven
+from public favour by the taverns and public-houses, or,
+degenerating from their former condition, lingered on as
+coffee-houses still, but of the lower type, which is not
+yet quite extinct.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">{150}</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="THE_LEARNED_SOCIETIES_OF" id="THE_LEARNED_SOCIETIES_OF">THE LEARNED SOCIETIES OF
+LONDON</a></h2>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-i.png" width="56" height="124" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">In a sense some of the City Guilds are entitled to be
+called "learned societies"&mdash;as the Apothecaries, the
+Parish Clerks, the Stationers, and the Surgeons&mdash;but
+they are dealt with under their proper head. By
+the learned societies of London, we mean here those
+voluntary bodies existing with or without royal patronage,
+but relying wholly for support on the contributions of
+their members, which have taken upon themselves the
+promotion of knowledge in one or more of its branches.
+The earliest which we have been able to trace is that
+Society of Antiquaries which was founded in 1572, the
+fourteenth year of Queen Elizabeth, at the house of Sir
+Robert Cotton, under the presidency of Archbishop Parker.
+It counted among its members Lancelot Andrewes, Bishop
+of Winchester, William Camden, Sir William Dethicke,
+Garter, William Lambarde, James Ley, Earl of Marlborough,
+John Stow, Mr. Justice Whitelock, and other
+antiquaries of distinction. It is said that James I. became
+alarmed for the arcana of his Government and, as some
+thought, for the established Church, and accordingly put
+an end to the existence of the society in 1604.</p>
+
+<p>His grandson, Charles II., founded the Royal Society
+of London for improving natural knowledge in the year
+1660, and thus gave effect to a project which had been in
+the minds of many learned men for some time, is
+expounded by Bacon in his scheme of Solomon's house,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">{151}</a></span>
+and is perhaps best embodied in a letter which was
+addressed by John Evelyn to the Hon. Robert Boyle on
+September 1, 1659. The first meeting recorded in the
+journals of the society was held on November 28, 1660,
+and Evelyn was elected a member on December 26 of
+that year. Sir R. Moray was the first president. Graunt
+aptly called the society "The King's Privy Council for
+Philosophy." Statutes were duly framed by the society,
+and received the King's approval in January, 1662-3.
+For many years it held its meetings at Gresham College,
+with an interval of about four years (1669-1673), when it
+occupied Chelsea College. Its charters (dated 1662,
+1663, and 1669) gave it many privileges, among others that
+of using a mace, and it was formerly said that the one used
+by the society was the identical mace or "bauble" of
+the Long Parliament, but that is an error. The society
+began in 1663 the excellent practice, which has continued
+to the present day, of celebrating the anniversary by
+dining together on St. Andrew's Day (November 30). It
+began on February 21, 1665-6, the formation of its
+museum, a catalogue of which was published in 1681.
+Many of its meetings were devoted to practical experiment;
+thus, on November 14, 1666, the operation of
+the transfusion of blood from one dog to another was
+performed in the presence of the members. In 1671
+Isaac Newton sent his reflecting telescope to the society,
+and on January 11, 1671-2, he was elected a fellow. On
+April 28, 1686, the manuscript of his <i>Principia</i> was
+presented to the society, and it was published by the
+society in the following year. Many great men have
+been presidents of the society. Among them may
+be mentioned Sir Christopher Wren, elected president
+January 12, 1680-1; Samuel Pepys, 1684; Lord Somers,
+Chancellor of England, 1698; Isaac Newton, 1703; Sir
+Hans Sloane, on the death of Newton, 1726-7; Martin
+Folkes, who was also a well-remembered President of the
+Society of Antiquaries, 1741; the Earl of Macclesfield,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">{152}</a></span>
+1753; succeeded on his death by the Earl of Morton, 1764;
+James West, 1768; James Barrow, and shortly afterwards,
+Sir John Pringle, 1772; Sir Joseph Banks, 1777;
+Wollaston, 1820; Davies Gilbert, 1826. In 1830, a contested
+election took place between the Duke of Sussex
+and Herschel the astronomer, when His Royal Highness
+was elected by 119 votes to 111.</p>
+
+<p>The Government have frequently availed themselves
+of the existence of the Royal Society to
+entrust it with important public duties. On December 12,
+1710, the fellows of the society were appointed visitors
+of the Royal Observatory. On February 7, 1712/3,
+the King requested the society to supply enquiries
+for his ambassadors. In 1742, and afterwards, it
+assisted in the determination of the standards. In 1780
+its public services were recognised by the grant of apartments
+in Somerset House. In 1784 it undertook a
+geodetical survey. Recently it has been entrusted by
+Parliament with a sum of £4,000 a year, which it allots
+towards encouraging scientific research. It has promoted
+many public movements, such as Arctic expeditions,
+magnetic observations, and the like. Originally its
+members were drawn from two classes&mdash;the working-men
+of science and the patrons of science; and the idea is
+even now maintained by certain privileges in respect of
+election given to privy councillors and peers; but the
+recent tendency has been to restrict its fellowship to
+persons eminent in physical science. The Royal Society
+Club was founded in 1743, and still flourishes.</p>
+
+<p>After the summary proceedings of James I., in 1604,
+the antiquaries seem to have allowed the whole of the
+seventeenth century to pass without any further attempt
+at organisation, though we learn from Mr. Ashmole that
+on July 2, 1659, an antiquaries' feast was held, and many
+renowned antiquaries, such as Dugdale, Spelman, Selden,
+and Anthony à Wood flourished at that time. On
+November 5, 1707, three antiquaries met at the "Bear"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">{153}</a></span>
+Tavern in the Strand, and agreed to hold a weekly
+meeting at the same place on Fridays at 6 o'clock, "and
+sit till ten at farthest." Other antiquaries joined them,
+and they removed next year to the "Young Devil"
+Tavern in Fleet Street, where Le Neve became their
+president.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_028.jpg" width="600" height="515" alt="" />
+<p class='center'>THE<br />
+ROYAL SOCIETY'S<br />
+LETTER.</p>
+
+<p>I have (by Order of the Royal Society) seen and
+examined the Method used by Mr JOHN MARSHALL,
+for grinding Glasses; and find that he performs
+the said Work with greater Ease and Certainty
+than hitherto has been practised; by means of an Invention
+which I take to be his own, and New; and
+whereby he is enabled to make a great number of Optick-Glasses
+at one time, and all exactly alike; which
+having reported to the Royal Society, they were pleased
+to approve thereof, as an Invention of great use; and
+highly to deserve Encouragement.</p>
+
+<p>Lond. Jan. 18. <br />
+1693, 4.              </p>
+
+<p class='right'>By the Command of the<br />
+Royal Society.<br />
+EDM. HALLEY.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Note</i>, There are several Persons who pretend to have the Approbation of the ROYAL
+SOCIETY; but none has, or ever had it, but my self; as my Letter can testifie.</p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Marshall</i>s True SPECTACLES.</p>
+
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">An Early Letter of the Royal Society, dated January 18th, 1693-4.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1717 they resolved to form themselves into a
+society, which is the Society of Antiquaries now existing.
+Its minutes have been regularly kept since January 1,
+1718. The first volume bears the motto:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Nec veniam antiquis, sed honorem et præmia posci.<br /></span>
+</div>
+<p class="right">"Stukeley, secr., 1726";</p></div>
+
+<p>and the whole of the volume appears to be in Stukeley's
+autograph.</p>
+
+<p>In a quaint preliminary memorandum, he enumerates
+the "antient monuments" the society was to study, as:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Old Citys, Stations, Camps, public Buildings, Roads, Temples,
+Abbys, Churches, Statues, Tombs, Busts, Inscriptions, Castles, Ruins,
+Altars, Ornaments, Utensils, Habits, Seals, Armour, Pourtraits, Medals,
+Urns, Pavements, Mapps, Charts, Manuscripts, Genealogy, Historys,
+Observations, Emendations of Books, already published, and whatever
+may properly belong to the History of Bryttish Antiquitys."</p></div>
+
+<p>The earlier publications of the society consisted of a
+series of fine prints engraved by George Vertue. In 1747
+it began the issue of <i>Vetusta Monumenta</i>, and in 1770
+the first edition of the first volume of <i>Archæologia, or
+Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity</i>, appeared.
+The Society's resources were modest. In the year 1736 its
+income was only £61, but its expenditure was not more
+than £11, and its accumulated funds amounted to £134.
+In 1752 it obtained from George II., who declared himself
+to be the founder and patron of the society, a Royal
+Charter of Incorporation, reciting that:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"the study of Antiquity and the History of former times, has ever been
+esteemed highly commendable and usefull, not only to improve the minds
+of men, but also to incite them to virtuous and noble actions, and such
+as may hereafter render them famous and worthy examples to late
+posterity."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">{154}</a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>The qualifications of a fellow are thus defined in the
+charter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"By how much any persons shall be more excelling in the knowledge
+of the Antiquities and History of this and other nations; by how much
+the more they are desirous to promote the Honour, Business, and Emoluments
+of this Society; and by how much the more eminent they shall be
+for Piety, Virtue, Integrity, and Loyalty: by so much the more fit and
+worthy shall such person be judged of being elected and admitted into
+the said Society."</p></div>
+
+<p>Like the Royal Society, the Society of Antiquaries
+was to have and employ a sergeant-at-mace, and apartments
+were allotted to it in Somerset House. From this
+close neighbourhood grew an intimate association between
+the two societies. Many persons belonged to both, and
+although the paths of the two societies have since
+diverged, that is still so in the case of about twenty
+fellows. A practice grew up of attending each other's
+meetings. For more than forty years that agreeable
+form of interchange has ceased, and the societies contemplate
+each other from opposite corners of the quadrangle
+of Burlington House. The Fellows of the Society of
+Antiquaries dined together for many years on St. George's
+Day, April 23, the day prescribed for their anniversary
+by the charter; but after a while the custom fell into
+disuse, and it has only been revived of late years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1753 the Society for the Encouragement of Arts,
+Manufactures, and Commerce, now called the Royal
+Society of Arts, was established. It held its first public
+meeting in March, 1754. It was incorporated by Royal
+Charter in 1847, and has for its objects:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"the encouragement of the arts, manufactures, and commerce of the
+country, by bestowing rewards for such productions, inventions, or
+improvements as tend to the employment of the poor, to the increase of
+trade, and to the riches and honour of the kingdom; and for meritorious
+works in the various departments of the fine arts; for discoveries, inventions
+and improvements in agriculture, chemistry, mechanics, manufactures,
+and other useful arts; for the application of such natural and
+artificial products, whether of home, colonial, or foreign growth and
+manufacture, as may appear likely to afford fresh objects of industry, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">{155}</a></span>
+to increase the trade of the realm by extending the sphere of British
+commerce; and generally to assist in the advancement, development, and
+practical application of every department of science in connection with
+the arts, manufactures, and commerce of this country."</p></div>
+
+<p>Between 1754 and 1783 it distributed £28,434 by way
+of premiums for inventions. For more than a century
+and a half the society has devoted itself with unabated
+zeal to the promotion of its objects&mdash;by meetings,
+examinations, exhibitions, and in many other ways.</p>
+
+<p>On January 13, 1800, the Royal Institution was founded.
+In the words of one of its most distinguished professors,
+it has been a fertile source of the popularity of science.
+By means of its lectures, its laboratories, its libraries, and
+its rewards for research, it greatly stimulated public
+interest in scientific pursuits when there were few other
+bodies in existence capable of doing so. It continues to
+perform the same useful function, notwithstanding the
+great increase in the number of specialist societies since
+it was established. A feature of its lectures is the annual
+course "adapted to a juvenile auditory." It has appointed
+as its professors some of the most illustrious scientific
+men, such as Sir Humphry Davy (up to 1812), Brande
+(1813 to 1852, and afterwards as honorary professor),
+Faraday (1852), and Tyndall (1853). The late Prince
+Consort (Albert the Good) took great interest in its work,
+and frequently presided at its weekly meetings. It has
+a Board of Managers, and also a Committee of Visitors,
+annually elected, and the visitors make an annual report
+on the state of the institution. After some early pecuniary
+difficulties it entered on a career of steady prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>In 1807 the Geological Society was founded. The
+science of geology was very much opposed to popular
+notions derived from a literal interpretation of the Hebrew
+cosmogony, and was accordingly unpopular among those
+who held those notions; but the society steadily pursued
+its object, and can now look back upon the hundred years
+of its existence with pride and satisfaction. In one of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">{156}</a></span>
+presidential addresses Sir Charles Lyell quoted the
+observation of Hutton, that "We can see neither the
+beginning nor the end of that vast series of phenomena
+which it is our business as geologists to investigate."
+Leonard Horner, another distinguished president, claimed
+that the society had been a "powerful instrument for the
+advancement of geological science, a centre of good
+fellowship, and a band of independent scientific men, who
+steadily and fearlessly promote the cause of truth." The
+society grants an annual medal, founded in memory of
+Wollaston, which has been frequently awarded to foreign
+geologists of distinction; and it also administers a fund
+bequeathed by him to promote useful researches in
+geology.</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1820, Dr. Burgess, the Bishop of St.
+David's, obtained an audience of King George IV., and
+laid before him a plan for the establishment of a Royal
+Society of Literature. The King took so warm an interest
+in the project as to assign out of his privy purse an annual
+sum of 1,100 guineas, out of which pensions of 100 guineas
+each were awarded to ten royal associates of the society,
+and two medals annually granted to distinguished literary
+men. Among the royal associates were Samuel Taylor
+Coleridge, T. R. Malthus, William Roscoe, and Sharon
+Turner. Among the medallists were Dugald Stewart,
+Walter Scott, Robert Southey, Washington Irving, and
+Henry Hallam. Upon September 15, 1825, the society
+received its Charter of Incorporation, in which its object
+is defined to be:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"the advancement of literature by the publication of inedited remains
+of ancient literature, and of such works as may be of great intrinsic
+value, but not of that popular character which usually claims the attention
+of publishers; by the promotion of discoveries in literature; by endeavouring
+to fix the standard, as far as is practicable, and to preserve the purity
+of the English language; by the critical improvement of English
+lexicography; by the reading at public meetings of interesting papers
+on history, philosophy, poetry, philology, and the arts, and the publication
+of such of those papers as shall be approved of; by the assigning of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">{157}</a></span>
+honorary rewards to works of great literary merit, and to important discoveries
+in literature; and by establishing a correspondence with learned
+men in foreign countries for the purpose of literary enquiry and
+information."</p></div>
+
+<p>The first method, the publication of inedited and other
+works, has been greatly promoted by a bequest to the
+society of £1,692 from the Rev. Dr. Richards. Out of the
+income of this fund the <i>Orations of Hyperides</i>, edited
+by the Rev. Churchill Babington; the <i>Discourses of
+Philoxenus</i>, by Dr. E. A. Wallis Budge; the <i>Chronicle
+of Adam of Usk</i>, by Sir E. Maunde Thompson;
+Coleridge's <i>Christabel</i>, by E. H. Coleridge; and other
+valuable works have been provided. The <i>Transactions</i>
+of the society also contain many important papers. On
+the death of George IV. the annual gift of 100 guineas to
+each of the ten royal associates was withdrawn. The
+society now acknowledges literary merit by the award
+of the diploma of Honorary Fellow. In this capacity
+many distinguished authors, both in this country and
+abroad, have been and are associated with the society.</p>
+
+<p>In its early years the society was hotly attacked by
+Macaulay, who held that its claim to be an appreciator of
+excellence in literature involved a claim to condemn
+literature of which it disapproved, and was equivalent to
+the establishment of a literary star-chamber. He
+illustrated this by a rather feeble apologue, and nothing
+in the subsequent history of the society has shown that
+his apprehensions had any foundation. It has been very
+modest in the exercise of the functions conferred upon
+it by its charter, which included the foundation of a
+college and the appointment of professors. At one time
+it did appoint a professor of English archæology and
+history, and it called upon every royal associate on his
+admission to select some branch of literature on which
+it should be his duty, once a year at least, to communicate
+some disquisition or essay. The subject chosen by
+Coleridge was a characteristic one:&mdash;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">{158}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The relations of opposition and conjunction, in which the poetry
+(the Homeric and tragic), the religion, and the mysteries of ancient
+Greece stood each to the other; with the differences between the sacerdotal
+and popular religion; and the influences of theology and scholastic logic
+on the language and literature of Christendom from the 11th century."</p></div>
+
+<p>In pursuance of this undertaking he communicated a
+disquisition on the "Prometheus" of Æschylus.</p>
+
+<p>In 1827 the Royal Asiatic Society was founded. As
+its title implies, it devotes itself to the study of the
+languages, the literature, the history, and the traditions
+of the peoples of Asia, especially of those inhabiting
+our Indian dependency. It has enrolled in its ranks
+many, if not all, the great Indian administrators and
+the most distinguished Asiatic scholars. Daughter
+societies have been established in the three Presidencies,
+and have contributed to the collection of materials for its
+work. Its transactions are of acknowledged value and
+authority. In its rooms at Albemarle Street a library
+and museum have been collected. Its latest publication
+is a collection of Baluchi poems by Mr. Longworth
+Dames, which has also been issued to the members of
+the Folk-lore Society.</p>
+
+<p>On September 26, 1831, the British Association for the
+Advancement of Science held its first meeting at York.
+It originated in a letter addressed by Sir David Brewster
+to Professor Phillips, as secretary to the York Philosophical
+Society. The statement of its objects appended
+to its rules, as drawn up by the Rev. William Vernon
+Harcourt, is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Association contemplates no interference with the ground
+occupied by other institutions. Its objects are:&mdash;To give a stronger
+impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific inquiry&mdash;to promote
+the intercourse of those, who cultivate science in different parts of the
+British Empire, with one another and with foreign philosophers&mdash;to
+obtain a more general attention to the objects of science, and a removal
+of any disadvantages of a public kind which impede its progress."</p></div>
+
+<p>The association was well described by the late Mr.
+Spottiswoode as "general in its comprehensiveness; special<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">{159}</a></span>
+in its sectional arrangement." The general business of
+its meetings consists (1) in receiving and discussing communications
+upon scientific subjects at the various sections
+into which it is divided; (2) in distributing, under the
+advice of a Committee of Recommendations, the funds
+arising from the subscriptions of members and associates;
+and (3) in electing a council upon whom devolves the
+conduct of affairs until the next meeting. Although the
+meetings are held in all parts of the United Kingdom,
+and have been held in Canada and South Africa, the
+British Association may be correctly described as a
+London learned society, as its headquarters are in
+London, where the council meets and directs its continuous
+activities. One principal feature of its work, that of the
+Research Committees, which, either with or without a
+grant of money, pursue special enquiries with the view
+of reporting to the next annual meeting, continues
+throughout the year. The original designation of what
+are now the sections was "Committees of Sciences,"
+and these were&mdash;(1) mathematics and general physics,
+(2) chemistry and mineralogy, (3) geology and
+geography, (4) zoology and botany, (5) anatomy and
+physiology, (6) statistics. The sectional arrangement was
+begun in 1835, and the sections are now constituted
+as follows&mdash;(<i>a</i>) mathematical and physical science,
+(<i>b</i>) chemistry, (<i>c</i>) geology, (<i>d</i>) zoology, (<i>e</i>) geography,
+(<i>f</i>) economic science and statistics, (<i>g</i>) engineering,
+(<i>h</i>) anthropology, (<i>i</i>) physiology, (<i>k</i>) botany, (<i>l</i>) educational
+science. At each annual meeting, which lasts a week, the
+president of the next meeting is chosen, but the previous
+president remains in office until the first day (Wednesday)
+of that meeting, when he introduces his successor, who
+delivers an address. Many memorable addresses have
+been delivered by the distinguished men who have held
+that office. Each section has also a president, chosen for
+the year, and he delivers an address at the opening of
+the proceedings of his section. These addresses usually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">{160}</a></span>
+relate to the progress during the year, or during recent
+years, of the science dealt with by the section, or to some
+interesting matter developed by the personal researches
+of the president himself. Men of eminence in the various
+sciences are generally selected for and willingly accept the
+office of Sectional President. The meetings of the British
+Association have been called a "Parliament of Science,"
+and its influence in promoting scientific movements and
+rendering science popular has been very great.</p>
+
+<p>In 1833 the Royal Geographical Society was founded.
+It may fairly be called the most popular of all the
+special societies, having about 4,000 members. It is
+also one of the most wealthy, having an income of about
+£10,000 a year. It has accumulated a fine series of
+maps, and a large library of geographical literature.
+Its quarterly journal is a store-house of the most recent
+information relating to geographical exploration. By
+medals and other rewards to explorers, by prizes awarded
+in schools and training colleges, by the loan of instruments
+to travellers, by the preparation of codes of
+instruction for their use, and in many other ways, it applies
+its resources to the extension of geographical knowledge.
+It has taken an active part in the promotion of Arctic
+and Antarctic exploration. As geographical researches
+are matters of great public interest, its meetings are
+sometimes important social functions, as on a recent
+occasion, when a foreign prince was the lecturer, and our
+King attended and spoke.</p>
+
+<p>On March 15, 1834, the Statistical Society (now
+Royal Statistical) was founded. It was one of the first
+fruits of the activity of the British Association, which
+established a Statistical Committee at the Cambridge
+meeting in 1833, with Babbage as president. Their
+report recommended the formation of a society for the
+careful collection, arrangement, discussion, and publication
+of facts bearing on or illustrating the complex
+relations of modern society in its social, economical, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">{161}</a></span>
+political aspects, especially facts which can be stated
+numerically and arranged in tables. The first president
+was the Marquis of Lansdowne, and among his successors
+have been many statesmen, such as Lord John Russell,
+Mr. Gladstone, and Lord Goschen; authorities on finance,
+as Lord Overstone, Mr. Newmarch, and Lord Avebury;
+and eminent writers on statistics, as Dr. Farr, Sir Robert
+Giffen, and the Right Hon. Charles Booth. As becomes
+the orderly mind of a statistician, the society has been
+very regular in its publications, having for seventy
+years issued a yearly volume in quarterly parts, which
+form a veritable mine of statistical information.</p>
+
+<p>The society presents a Guy medal (in memory of
+Dr. W. A. Guy) to the authors of valuable papers or to
+others who have promoted its work, and a Howard
+medal (in memory of the great philanthropist) to the
+author of the best essay on a prescribed subject, generally
+having relation to the public health. It has accumulated
+a fine library of about 40,000 volumes of a special
+character, containing the statistical publications of all
+civilised countries. It has conducted some special
+enquiries&mdash;as into medical charities, the production and
+consumption of meat and milk, and the farm school
+system of the Continent&mdash;upon which it has published
+reports.</p>
+
+<p>Among recent developments of statistical method in
+which the society has taken part may be mentioned the
+use of index-numbers for affording a standard of comparison
+between statistics of different years, and a means
+of correction of errors that would otherwise arise; and
+the increasing use of the higher mathematical analysis
+in determining the probabilities of error and defining the
+curves of frequency in statistical observations. Professor
+Edgeworth, Messrs. Bowley, Yule, Hooker, and others,
+have made contributions to the <i>Journal</i> of the society
+on these matters.</p>
+
+<p>In 1844 an Ethnological Society was established,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">{162}</a></span>
+under the presidency of Sir Charles Malcolm. Dr.
+Richard King, the founder, became its secretary. In
+1846 Dr. J. C. Prichard became president, and he and
+Dr. King fulfilled respectively the same functions in an
+ethnological sub-section of the section of zoology of the
+British Association, which then met for the first time.
+In Prichard's first anniversary address to the society, he
+defines ethnology as "the history of human races or of
+the various tribes of men who constitute the population
+of the world. It comprehends all that can be learned
+as to their origin and relations to each other." Prichard
+died in 1848, and Sir C. Malcolm resumed the presidency,
+which he held until his death on November 12, 1851.
+In that year ethnology was transferred from the zoological
+to the geographical section of the British Association.
+Sir B. C. Brodie became the next president of the society.
+He retired in 1854, and was succeeded by Sir James
+Clark. The fourth and last volume of the first series
+of the society's <i>Journal</i> was published in 1856, and a
+series of <i>Transactions</i> begun in 1861. At that time
+Mr. John Crawfurd was president of the society, and he
+retained the office until his death in 1868, when he was
+succeeded by Professor Huxley.</p>
+
+<p>In 1862 Dr. James Hunt, the Honorary Foreign
+Secretary of the Ethnological Society, withdrew from it,
+and founded the Anthropological Society of London,
+which held its first meeting on February 24, 1863, under
+his presidency. In his inaugural address, he defined
+anthropology as the science of the whole nature of man,
+and ethnology as the history or science of nations or
+races. The new society was active and aggressive. It
+published translations of works of such writers as
+Broca, Pouchet, Vogt, and Waitz, and of the famous
+treatise of Blumenbach. Some of the papers read before
+it attracted much attention, and were thought to have a
+political bias. Many men whose names were well known
+in the scientific world adhered to the Ethnological<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">{163}</a></span>
+Society, and that society, under Mr. Crawfurd, entered
+upon a more active career. The rivalry between the
+two societies was prosecuted with great vigour until
+January, 1871, when Professor Huxley effected an
+amalgamation between them.</p>
+
+<p>The title of the combined societies was agreed upon
+as the "Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
+Ireland," to which, in 1907, has been added by the King's
+command the prefix "Royal." In 1871 the department
+of ethnology in the section of biology in the British
+Association became the department of anthropology,
+and in 1884 anthropology became a section of itself.
+This was the final recognition by the Parliament of
+Science that Hunt had fought for twenty years before.
+In the interval, the claim of anthropology to this
+recognition had been established by many great works,
+such as Huxley's <i>Man's Place in Nature</i>, Darwin's
+<i>Descent of Man</i>, Tylor's <i>Early History of Mankind</i>, and
+Lubbock's <i>Prehistoric Times</i>. Besides its annual
+<i>Journal</i>, the Anthropological Institute publishes a
+monthly periodical entitled <i>Man</i>, and it has issued
+several separate monographs. In 1878 the branch of
+anthropology, aptly termed "Folk-lore" by the late
+Mr. W. J. Thoms, became so popular as to call for the
+establishment of a separate society, which publishes a
+quarterly journal entitled <i>Folk-lore</i>, and has annually
+issued one or more volumes of collections of folk-lore.</p>
+
+<p>In 1844 a new departure was taken by the establishment
+of the British Archæological Association, a body
+which was intended to take the same place with regard
+to archæology that the British Association occupied
+with regard to science, holding meetings in various
+parts of the country where there existed objects of
+specially archæological interest. It held its first meeting
+at Canterbury, under the presidency of Lord Albert
+Conyngham (afterwards Lord Londesborough), and
+arranged its work in four sections&mdash;primæval, mediæval,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">{164}</a></span>
+architectural, and historical. Before a second meeting
+could be held, violent dissensions arose, and the
+association split into two. In the result honours were
+divided between the two bodies, those who retained the
+leadership of Lord Albert retaining also the title of
+British Archæological Association; while those who had
+for their president the Marquis of Northampton retained
+the control of the <i>Archæological Journal</i>, and adopted
+the title of "Archæological Institute of Great Britain
+and Ireland," to which has since been prefixed the word
+"Royal." Both bodies still exist, though the causes of
+controversy have long died out.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly afterwards, County Archæological Societies in
+London and greater London began to be formed. In
+1846 the Sussex Society, in 1853 the Essex Society, in
+1854 the Surrey Society, in 1855 the London and
+Middlesex Society, and in 1857 the Kent Society were
+established. Each of these societies has published
+transactions and other works of solid value. In each
+the annual or more frequent excursion to places of
+archæological interest within the county is an essential
+feature, tending to the dissemination of knowledge and
+to the preservation of antiquities, and affording the
+advantages of social intercourse. Societies have also
+been established for the like purposes within more
+restricted areas, as in Hampstead, Battersea, Balham,
+Lewisham, Whitechapel, and elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Of merely publishing societies, the Percy, the
+Camden, the Shakespeare, and the Arundel have run
+their course; but many others, as the Roxburgh, the
+Harleian, the New Palæographic, and the Palæontological
+still exist to delight their subscribers with the
+reproduction of rare works.</p>
+
+<p>In this summary account of the principal Learned
+Societies of London it has not been possible to include
+many societies of great importance, such as the Colleges
+of Physicians and Surgeons, the numerous societies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">{165}</a></span>
+connected with other professional pursuits, the Linnæan,
+Zoological, Botanical, and other societies devoted to
+natural history; the Royal Astronomical Society, which
+has important public functions; the Royal Academy, and
+other institutions devoted to art. The roll of Learned
+Societies is being constantly increased. Among recent
+additions may be mentioned the British Academy for
+Historical Studies, and the Sociological Society.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">{166}</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="LITERARY_SHRINES_OF_OLD_LONDON" id="LITERARY_SHRINES_OF_OLD_LONDON">LITERARY SHRINES OF OLD LONDON</a></h2>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By Elsie M. Lang</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_013.jpg" width="50" height="47" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class='p3'>From the Borough to St. James's</p>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-l.png" width="100" height="123" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">Leigh Hunt was of opinion that "one of the best
+secrets of enjoyment is the art of cultivating
+pleasant associations," and, with his example
+before us, we will endeavour to recall some of
+those that are to be met with on a walk from the Borough
+to St. James's, from one of the poorest parts of our city
+to one of the richest. The Borough, dusty, noisy, toil-worn
+as it is, is yet, he tells us, "the most classical
+ground in the metropolis." From the "Tabard" inn&mdash;now
+only a memory, though its contemporary, the
+"George," hard by, gives us some idea of its look in
+mediæval times&mdash;there rode forth, one bright spring morning,
+"Sir Jeffrey Chaucer" and "nyne and twenty"
+pilgrims "in a companye ... to wenden on (a)
+pilgrimage to Caunterbury with ful devout courage." A
+fellow-poet of Chaucer's, John Gower, lies buried close
+at hand in Southwark Cathedral, "under a tomb of stone,
+with his image of stone also over him." He was one
+of the earliest benefactors of this church, then known as
+St. Mary Overy, and founded therein a chantry, where
+masses should be said for the benefit of his soul. Stones
+in the pavement of the choir likewise commemorate John
+Fletcher, Philip Massinger, and Edmund Shakespeare,
+who lie in unmarked graves somewhere within the
+precincts of the cathedral.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">{167}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Not a stone's throw from the Borough is the Bankside,
+extending from Blackfriars Bridge out beyond Southwark,
+a mean and dirty thoroughfare, with the grey Thames
+on one side, and on the other dull houses, grimy warehouses,
+and gloomy offices. How changed from the semi-rural
+resort of Elizabethan days, when swans floated on
+the river, and magnificent barges, laden with gaily dressed
+nobles and their attendants, were continually passing by!
+Great must have been the pleasure traffic then, for
+according to Taylor, "the Water Poet," who plied his
+trade as waterman and wrote his verses on the Bankside
+in the early days of Elizabeth's successor, "the number
+of watermen and those that live and are maintained by
+them, and by the labour of the oar and scull, between
+the bridge of Windsor and Gravesend, cannot be fewer
+than forty thousand; the cause of the greater half of
+which multitude hath been the players playing on the
+Bankside." Besides the players, the brilliant band of
+dramatists who shed lustre on the reign of the maiden
+Queen frequented it, not only on account of the
+pleasantness of its situation, but because of the near
+proximity of the theatres, for the Globe, the Rose,
+and the Hope all stood on the site now occupied by
+the brewery of Messrs. Barclay and Perkins, while the
+Swan was not far off. It is a well-authenticated fact that
+both Shakespeare and Ben Jonson played at the Globe,
+and patronised the "Falcon" tavern, the name of which
+still lingers in Falcon Dock and Falcon Wharf, Nos. 79
+and 80, Bankside; and while in the meantime they were
+producing their masterpieces, Chapman, Dekker, and
+Middleton were at the height of their fame, Beaumont
+and Fletcher about to begin their career, and Philip
+Massinger was newly arrived in town. Some of these
+Bankside dramatists were well born and rich&mdash;such as
+Francis Beaumont, whose father was a Knight and a
+Justice of the Common Pleas; and John Fletcher, who
+was a son of the Bishop of London. Others were of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">{168}</a></span>
+obscure birth and penniless&mdash;like Ben Jonson, who had
+been forced to follow the trade of a bricklayer, and
+Dekker and Marston, whom he twitted "with their
+defective doublet and ravelled satin sleeves," and Philip
+Massinger, who in early days went about begging
+urgently for the loan of £5. But whatever they had or
+lacked, certain it is that their common art levelled all
+barriers between them, for though the chief of all the
+friendships on the Bankside was that of Beaumont and
+Fletcher&mdash;between whom was "a wonderful consimilarity
+of fancy ... which caused the dearnesse of friendship
+between them so that they lived together on the
+Bankside ... (and had) the same cloaths and cloaks
+between them"&mdash;yet Massinger collaborated with Fletcher
+in at least thirteen plays, with Dekker in one, and with
+Ford in two, while Dekker was occasionally associated
+with Middleton, and Middleton with Webster and Drayton.
+But the Elizabethan dramatists did not confine themselves
+to the Bankside; on certain nights they repaired to the
+"Mermaid" tavern, which used to stand on the south
+side of Cheapside, between Bread and Friday Streets,
+to attend the meetings of the famous Mermaid Club,
+said to have been founded by Sir Walter Raleigh. Here
+were to be found Shakespeare, Spenser, Beaumont,
+Fletcher, Ben Jonson, Carew, Donne, and many others,
+in eager witty converse. Beaumont well described
+the brilliancy of these gatherings in his poem to
+Ben Jonson:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"What things have we seen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Done at the Mermaid! Heard words that have been<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So nimble, and so full of subtle flame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As if that everyone from whence they came<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had meant to put his whole wit in a jest<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And had resolved to live a fool the rest<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of his dull life."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Another favourite haunt of theirs was the "Boar's
+Head," which stood on the spot now marked by the statue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">{169}</a></span>
+of William IV., at the junction of Eastcheap and Gracechurch
+Street. At this tavern Falstaff and Prince Hal
+concocted many of their wildest pranks. In later days the
+Elizabethan poets and dramatists, led by Ben Jonson, went
+even further afield&mdash;to the "Devil" tavern, which stood
+at No. 1, Fleet Street, where they held their meetings in
+a room called the "Apollo," the chief adornments of which,
+a bust of Apollo and a board with an inscription,
+"Welcome to the oracle of Apollo," are still to be seen
+in an upper room of Messrs. Child's Bank, which now
+occupies the site. Ben Jonson tells us that "the first
+speech in my 'Catiline,' spoken to <i>Scylla's Ghost</i>, was
+writ after I had parted with my friends at the 'Devil'
+tavern; I had drank well that night, and had brave
+notions."</p>
+
+<p>We have records of the deaths of two at least of
+these dramatists on the Bankside&mdash;viz., that of Philip
+Massinger, who died "in his own house, near the play-house
+on the Bankside," in 1639; and Fletcher, "who dyed
+of the plague on the 19th of August, 1625." "The parish
+clerk," says Aubrey, "told me that he was his (Fletcher's)
+Taylor, and that Mr. Fletcher staying for a suit of cloathes
+before he retired into the country, Death stopped his
+journey and laid him low there."</p>
+
+<p>Cheapside, so named from the Chepe, or old London
+market, along the south side of the site of which it runs,
+has been a place of barter ever since the reign of
+Henry VI., when a market was held there daily for the
+sale of every known commodity. It is easy to see where
+the vendors of some of the articles had their stands by
+the names of the surrounding streets&mdash;Bread Street, Fish
+Street, Milk Street, etc. Later on the stalls were transformed
+into permanent shops, with a dwelling-place for
+their owners above, and a fair-sized garden at the back.
+Despite the commercial spirit that has always pervaded
+this region, it has given birth to two famous poets&mdash;the
+sweet songster Herrick, who sings in one of his poems of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">{170}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The golden Cheapside where the earth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Julia Herrick gave to me my birth,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>golden, perhaps, having reference to his father, who was
+a goldsmith; and greater still, John Milton, who first
+saw the light in Bread Street, at the sign of the "Spread
+Eagle," in a house which was afterwards destroyed in the
+Great Fire. It must have been a house of comfortable
+dimensions, for it covered the site now occupied by
+Nos. 58 to 63, the business premises of a firm who exhibit
+a bust of Milton, with an inscription, in a room on their
+top floor. Milton's father, moreover, had grown rich in
+his profession, which was that of a scrivener, had been
+made a Judge, and knighted five years before the birth
+of his son, so it is evident the poet began life in easy
+circumstances. He was baptised in All Hallows, a church
+in Bread Street destroyed in 1897. In Bow Church there
+is a tablet in memory of Milton, which was taken from
+All Hallows. When he was ten years of age he began
+to go to Paul's School, which stood in those days on
+the east side of St. Paul's Churchyard, between Watling
+Street and Cheapside. Aubrey records that "when he
+went to schoole, when he was very young, he studied
+very hard, and sat up very late, commonly till twelve or
+one o'clock at night, and his father ordered the mayde
+to sitt up for him, and at these years (ten) he composed
+many copies of verses which might well have become a
+riper age." He continued at this school, the old site
+of which is marked by a tablet on a warehouse, until he
+was sixteen. Some twenty years later Samuel Pepys
+was a pupil at Paul's School, and later on in life witnessed
+its destruction in the Great Fire. Milton would seem
+to have always cherished a great affection for the city,
+for after his return from his travels he seldom lived beyond
+the sound of Bow Bells, once only venturing as far as
+Westminster; and when he died he was buried in St.
+Giles's, Cripplegate, in the same grave as his father.
+Indeed, the city proper was the birthplace of several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">{171}</a></span>
+poets, for was not Pope born in Lombard Street, Gray
+in Cornhill, and Edmund Spenser in East Smithfield,
+while Lord Macaulay spent his earlier years in Birchin
+Lane?</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_030.jpg" width="600" height="379" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Cheapside, with the Cross, as they appeared in 1660.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the narrow confines of Paternoster Row, where the
+tall fronts of the houses are so close together that only
+a thin strip of sky is visible between them, Charlotte
+Brontë and her sister Anne, fresh from the rugged solitudes
+of their bleak Yorkshire moors, awoke on the
+morning of their first visit to the great capital of which
+they had so often dreamed, and, looking out of the dim
+windows of the Chapter Coffee-house, saw "the risen
+sun struggling through the fog, and overhead above the
+house-tops, co-elevate almost with the clouds ... a
+solemn orbed mass dark blue and dim the dome" (of
+St. Paul's).</p>
+
+<p>Fleet Street has always been the haunt of the
+"knights of the pen," and even in these modern days
+the names of newspapers stare at the passer-by on every
+side, while at every step he jostles an ink-stained satellite
+of some great journal. But although these ink-stained
+ones are to be met with in Fleet Street at every hour
+of the day and night, they do not live there like the
+writers of old time&mdash;Michael Drayton, for instance, who
+"lived at ye baye-windowe house next the east end of
+St. Dunstan's Church"; and Izaak Walton, who kept a
+linen-draper's shop "in a house two doors west of the
+end of Chancery Lane," and on his infrequent holidays
+went a-fishing in the River Lea at Tottenham High
+Cross. Abraham Cowley, again, was born over his father's
+grocer's shop, which "abutted on Sargeants' Inn," and
+here, as a little child, he devoured the <i>Faerie Queen</i>, and
+was made "irrecoverably a poet." James Shirley lived
+near the Inner Temple Lane; John Locke in Dorset
+Court. In Salisbury Square, formerly Salisbury Court,
+Thomas Sackville, first Earl of Dorset, the precursor of
+Spenser, John Dryden, and Samuel Richardson, all had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">{172}</a></span>
+a residence at one time or another. Richardson built a
+large printing establishment on the site now occupied
+by Lloyd's newspaper offices, where he continued to carry
+on business many years after he had removed his private
+residence to the West End. He was buried, moreover,
+in St. Bride's Church in 1761, a large stone in the nave
+between pews 12 and 13 recording the fact. But greatest
+and most constant of Fleet Street habitués was Dr.
+Johnson. For ten years he lived at 17, Gough Square,
+busy in an upper room upon his great Dictionary. Here
+he lost his "beloved Tetty," to whose memory he ever
+remained faithful. "All his affection had been concentrated
+on her. He had neither brother nor sister, neither
+son nor daughter." Although twenty years his senior,
+with a complexion reddened and coarsened by the too
+liberal use of both paint and strong cordials, yet "to
+him she was beautiful as the Gunnings, and witty as
+Lady Mary." On leaving Gough Square he lived for
+a few years in the Temple, where he received his first
+visit from Boswell, and made the acquaintance of Oliver
+Goldsmith. The latter was then living at 6, Wine Office
+Court, Fleet Street, where Johnson, visiting him one
+morning in response to an urgent message, found that
+"his landlady had arrested him for his rent." He showed
+Johnson his MS. of the just-completed <i>Vicar of
+Wakefield</i>, which he looked into, and instantly comprehending
+its merit, went out and sold it to a bookseller
+for sixty pounds. In 1765 Johnson returned to Fleet
+Street, and lived for eleven years at 7, Johnson's Court.
+Here Boswell dined with him for the first time on Easter
+Day, 1773, and found to his surprise "everything in very
+good order." Walking up the Court one day in company
+with Topham Beauclerk, Boswell confessed to him that
+he "had a veneration" for it, because the great doctor
+lived there, and was much gratified to learn that Beauclerk
+felt the same "reverential enthusiasm." In later years
+Dickens stole up this Court one dark December evening,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">{173}</a></span>
+and, with beating heart, dropped his first original MS.
+into the letter-box of <i>The Monthly Magazine</i>, the office
+of which stood on the site now occupied by Mr. Henry
+Sell's premises. No. 8, Bolt Court, was the next and last
+residence of Dr. Johnson; here, on December 13th, 1784,
+he met the inevitable crisis, for which he had always felt
+an indescribable terror and loathing, and passed peacefully
+and happily away. Johnson had always had a
+great predilection for club or tavern life, partly because
+it enabled him to escape for a while from the hypochondria
+which always dogged his footsteps. He loved nothing
+so much as to gather kindred spirits around him and
+spend long evenings in congenial conversation. He would
+sit, "the Jupiter of a little circle, sometimes indeed nodding
+approbation, but always prompt on the slightest contradiction
+to launch the thunders of rebuke and sarcasm."
+There was not much expense attached to these gatherings,
+for it is recorded of one of the clubs he founded that
+the outlay was not to exceed sixpence per person an
+evening, with a fine of twopence for those who did not
+attend. Among the Fleet Street haunts thus frequently
+resorted to by Dr. Johnson and his friends were the
+"Cocke," patronised in former years by Pepys, and in later
+years by Thackeray, Dickens, and Tennyson; the
+"Cheshire Cheese," the only house of the kind which
+remains as it was in Dr. Johnson's day; the "Mitre," also
+formerly patronised by Pepys; and the "Devil," where
+the poets laureate had been wont to repair and read their
+birthday odes. St. Clement Danes, too, is connected with
+Johnson, for, in spite of his love of festivity, he was devout,
+and regularly attended this church, occupying pew No. 18
+in the north gallery, now marked by a brass plate.
+Boswell records that "he carried me with him to the
+church of St. Clement Danes, where he had his seat,
+and his behaviour was, as I had imagined to myself,
+solemnly devout."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">{174}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One more memory of Fleet Street before we leave
+it, in connection with Dick's Coffee-house, which used
+to stand at Nos. 7 and 8. In December, 1763, the poet
+Cowper, then a student in the Inner Temple, was appointed
+Clerk of the Journals of the House of Lords. Delicate,
+shy, intensely sensitive, and with a strong predisposition
+to insanity, the dread of these onerous public duties disturbed
+the balance of his morbid brain. His madness
+broke out one morning at Dick's, as he himself afterwards
+narrated. He said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"At breakfast I read the newspaper, and in it a letter, which the
+further I perused it the more closely engaged my attention. I cannot
+now recollect the purport of it; but before I had finished it, it appeared
+demonstratively true to me that it was a libel or satire upon me. The
+author appeared to be acquainted with my purpose of self-destruction,
+and to have written that letter on purpose to secure and hasten the
+execution of it. My mind probably at this time began to be disordered;
+however it was, I was certainly given to a strong delusion. I said within
+myself, 'Your cruelty shall be gratified, you shall have your revenge,'
+and flinging down the paper in a fit of strong passion, I rushed hastily
+out of the room, directing my way towards the fields, where I intended to
+find some lane to die in, or if not, determined to poison myself in a ditch,
+when I could meet with one sufficiently retired."</p></div>
+
+<p>This paroxysm ended in Cowper trying to hang himself,
+but, the rope breaking, he went down to the Thames to
+the Custom House Quay and threatened to drown himself.
+This attempt, however, also failed, and friends
+interfering, he was removed to an asylum, where he
+remained eighteen months.</p>
+
+<p>From Fleet Street it is but a step to the Temple, with
+its grey quiet corners full of echoing memories, stretching
+back even to the days of Shakespeare, whose <i>Twelfth
+Night</i> was performed before an audience of his contemporaries
+in the self-same Middle Temple Hall that
+still confronts us. The names of Henry Fielding,
+Edmund Burke, John Gower, Thomas Shadwell, William
+Wycherley, Nicholas Rowe, Francis Beaumont, William
+Congreve, John Horne Tooke, Thomas Day, Tom Moore,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">{175}</a></span>
+Sheridan, George Colman, jun., Marston, and Ford, are
+all upon the Temple rolls and each must in his day
+have been a familiar figure among the ancient buildings.
+But Charles Lamb is the presiding genius of the place.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I was born and passed the first seven years of my life in the Temple,"
+he tells us. "Its church, its halls, its garden, its fountains, its river
+... these are my oldest recollections. Indeed it is the most elegant
+spot in the metropolis. What a transition for a countryman visiting
+London for the first time, the passing from the crowded Strand or Fleet
+Street, by unexpected avenues into its magnificent ample squares, its
+classic green recesses. What a cheerful liberal look hath that portion of
+it, which from three sides, overlooks the greater gardens, that goodly pile
+... confronting with massy contrast, the lighter, older, more
+fantastically shrouded one, named of Harcourt, with the cheerful Crown
+Office Row (place of my kindly engendure) right opposite the stately
+stream, which washes the garden foot.... A man would give something
+to have been born in such a place."</p></div>
+
+<p>When Lamb was twenty-five years of age he went back
+to live in the Temple, at 16, Mitre Court Buildings, in
+an "attic storey for the air." His bed faced the river,
+and by "perking on my haunches and supporting my
+carcase with my elbows, without much wrying my neck
+I can see," he wrote to a friend, "the white sails glide
+by the bottom of King's Bench Walk as I lie in my bed."
+Here he passed nine happy years, and then, after a short
+stay in Southampton Buildings, he returned to the
+Temple for the second time, to 4, Inner Temple Lane,
+fully intending to pass the remainder of his life within
+its precincts. His new set of chambers "looked out
+upon a gloomy churchyard-like court, called Hare Court,
+with three trees and a pump in it." But fate intervened,
+and he and his sister soon after left the Temple, never
+to return. It was no easy parting, however, for he wrote
+in after years, "I thought we never could have been torn
+up from the Temple. Indeed it was an ugly wrench....
+We never can strike root so deep in any other
+ground."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">{176}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was when Dr. Johnson had a set of chambers on
+the first floor of No. 1, Inner Temple Lane, that Boswell
+first went to see him. Boswell wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"He received me very courteously, but it must be confessed that his
+apartment, furniture, and morning dress were sufficiently uncouth. His
+brown suit of clothes looked very rusty, he had on a little old shrivelled
+unpowdered wig which was too small for his head, his shirt-neck and
+knees of his breeches were loose, his black worsted stockings ill drawn
+up, and he had a pair of unbuckled shoes by way of slippers. But all
+these slovenly peculiarities were forgotten the moment that he began
+to talk."</p></div>
+
+<p>Boswell, indeed, conceived so violent an admiration for
+him that he took rooms in Farrar's Buildings in order
+to be near him. Oliver Goldsmith seems to have followed
+his example, for he went to lodge first in 2, Garden Court,
+and afterwards in 2, Brick Court, on the right-hand side,
+looking out over the Temple Garden. Thackeray, who,
+years afterwards, lodged in the same set of rooms, wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I have been many a time in the Chambers in the Temple which
+were his, and passed up the staircase, which Johnson and Burke and
+Reynolds trod to see their friend, their poet, their kind Goldsmith&mdash;the
+stair on which the poor women sat weeping bitterly when they heard that
+the greatest and most generous of men was dead within the black oak
+door."</p></div>
+
+<p>A stone slab with the inscription, "Here lies Oliver
+Goldsmith," was placed on the north side of Temple
+Church, as near as possible to the spot where he is
+supposed to have been buried.</p>
+
+<p>No. 2, Fountain Court, was the last house of William
+Blake, the poet-painter, the seer of visions, who had a
+set of rooms on the first floor, from whence a glimpse
+of the river was to be obtained. It was very poorly
+furnished, though always clean and orderly, and decorated
+only with his own pictures, but to the eager young
+disciples who flocked around him it was "the house of
+the Interpreter." When he lay there upon his death-bed,
+at the close of a blazing August day in 1827, beautiful
+songs in praise of his Creator fell from his lips, and as
+his wife, his faithful companion of forty-five years of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">{177}</a></span>
+struggle and stress, drew near to catch them more distinctly,
+he told her with a smile, "My beloved! they are
+not mine! no, they are not mine!"</p>
+
+<p>Passing out into the Strand, we are confronted by
+the Law Courts. In former days this site was occupied
+by a network of streets, one of which was Shire Lane,
+where the members of the Kit Cat Club first held their
+gatherings, and toasted Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,
+when, as a child of seven, enthroned on her proud
+father's knee, she spent "the happiest hour of her life,"
+overwhelmed with caresses, compliments, and sweetmeats.
+The famous "Grecian" stood in Devereux Court, and the
+"Fountain" where Johnson, on his first arrival in London,
+read his tragedy <i>Irene</i> to his fellow-traveller Garrick, on
+the site since occupied by Simpson's for several generations.
+The Strand "Turk's Head" was at No. 142, and
+patronised by Johnson, because "the mistress of it is
+a good civil woman and has not much business"; and the
+"Coal Hole," immortalised by Thackeray as the "Cave
+of Harmony" in <i>The Newcomes</i>, where Terry's Theatre
+now uprears its front. But the chief literary association
+of the Strand is that of Congreve, who spent his last
+years in Surrey Street, "almost blind with cataracts," and
+"never rid of the gout," but looking, as Swift wrote to
+Stella, "young and fresh and cheerful as ever." He had
+always been a favourite with society, and Surrey Street
+was thronged by his visitors, among whom were four of
+the most beautiful women of the day&mdash;Mrs. Bracegirdle,
+Mrs. Oldfield, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and
+Henrietta Duchess of Marlborough. Voltaire, too, who
+greatly admired his work, sought him out when staying
+at the "White Peruke," Covent Garden, and was much
+disgusted by the affectation with which Congreve begged
+to be regarded as a man of fashion, who produced airy
+trifles for the amusement of his idle hours. "If you had
+been so unfortunate as to have been a <i>mere</i> gentleman,"
+said Voltaire, "I should never have taken the trouble of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">{178}</a></span>
+coming to see you." In spite of the looseness of his
+life, Congreve had early acquired habits of frugality, and
+continuing to practise them when the need for economy
+had disappeared, he contrived to amass a fortune of
+£10,000, which, on his death in 1789, he bequeathed to
+the Duchess of Marlborough, his latest infatuation. This
+sum, which would have restored the fallen fortunes of
+his nearest relatives, was a mere nothing to the wealthy
+beauty, who expended it in the purchase of a magnificent
+diamond necklace, which she continually wore in memory
+of the dead dramatist.</p>
+
+<p>The whole of Covent Garden is classic ground, from
+its association with the wits of Dryden's time, when Bow
+Street and Tavistock Street were in turn regarded as
+the Bond Street of the fashionable world. Edmund
+Waller, William Wycherley, and Henry Fielding, each
+lived in Bow Street. In Russell Street stood the three
+great coffee-houses of the seventeenth and eighteenth
+centuries&mdash;Wills', Button's, and Tom's. Wills' stood at
+No. 21, at the corner of Russell Street and Bow Street;
+here Pepys stopped one February evening on his way
+to fetch his wife, and heard much "witty and pleasant
+discourse"; here Dryden had his special arm-chair, in
+winter by the fire, and in summer on the balcony, and
+was always ready to arbitrate in any literary dispute. It
+is said that Pope, before he was twelve years old, persuaded
+his friends to bring him here, so that he might gaze
+upon the aged Dryden, the hero of his childish imagination.
+Dr. Johnson, Addison, Steele, and Smollett were
+all regular visitors. Button's, which stood on the south
+side of Russell Street, and Tom's at No. 17, were equally
+popular, and the Bedford Coffee-house "under the piazza
+in Covent Garden" was another favourite resort.</p>
+
+<p>It was in Russell Street, in the bookshop of Thomas
+Davies, the actor, that Boswell had his eagerly desired
+first meeting with Dr. Johnson, which he describes as
+follows:&mdash;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">{179}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"At last, on Monday, the 16th of May, when I was sitting in Mr. Davies'
+back parlour, after having drunk tea with him and Mrs. Davies, Johnson
+came unexpectedly into the shop, and Mr. Davies having perceived him
+through the glass door in the room in which we were sitting advancing
+towards us, he announced his awful approach to me somewhat in the
+manner of an actor in the part of Horatio, when he addresses Hamlet on
+the appearance of his father's ghost: 'Look, my lord, he comes.'"</p></div>
+
+<p>In St. Paul's, Covent Garden, were buried Samuel
+Butler, author of <i>Hudibras</i>, Mrs. Centlivre, Thomas
+Southerne, John Wolcot, and Wycherley, but when the
+church was burned down in 1786 all trace of their graves
+disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>One other literary memory before we leave the Strand;
+it is connected with what was once No. 30, Hungerford
+Stairs (now part of Villiers Street), where stood Warren's
+blacking factory, in which the child Dickens passed days
+of miserable drudgery, labelling pots of blacking for a
+few shillings a week. He describes it in <i>David Copperfield</i>,
+under the name of "Murdstone and Grimsby's
+warehouse, down in Blackfriars." It was "a crazy old
+house, with a wharf of its own, abutting on the water
+when the tide was in, and on the mud when the tide was
+out, and literally overrun with rats."</p>
+
+<p>Pall Mall, the centre of club-land, in the eighteenth
+century was the "ordinary residence of all strangers,"
+probably on account of its proximity to the fashionable
+chocolate and coffee-houses (the forerunners of the clubs),
+which, as Defoe wrote, "were all so close together that
+in an hour you could see the company at them all." In
+Pall Mall itself were the "Smyrna," the "King's Arms,"
+and the "Star and Garter." At the "King's Arms" the
+Kit Cat Club met when it had quitted its quarters in
+Shire Lane, and at the "Star and Garter" the "Brothers"
+were presided over by Swift. The "Tully's Head," a
+bookshop kept by the wonderful Robert Dodsley, footman,
+poet, dramatist, and publisher, was another favourite
+lounging place of the times.</p>
+
+<p>In Charing Cross were the "Rummer," at No. 45, kept<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">{180}</a></span>
+by the uncle of Matthew Prior; Lockett's, two doors
+off; the "Turk's Head," next door to No. 17; and the
+British Coffee-house, which stood on the site now
+occupied by the offices of the London County Council.</p>
+
+<p>In St. James's Street the great coffee and chocolate-houses
+positively elbowed each other up and down, just
+as the clubs which succeeded them do in the present day.
+The "Thatched House," where the Literary Club, founded
+by Dr. Johnson, held its meetings under the presidency
+of Swift and his contemporaries; the "St. James's," where
+Addison "appeared on Sunday nights," and "Swift was
+a notable figure," for "those who frequented the place
+had been astonished day after day, by the entry of a
+clergyman, unknown to any there, who laid his hat on
+the table, and strode up and down the room with rapid
+steps, heeding no one, and absorbed in his own thoughts.
+His strange manner earned him, unknown as he was to all,
+the name of the "mad parson""; White's, to which Colley
+Cibber was the only English actor ever admitted; and
+the "Cocoa Tree," nicknamed the "Wits' Coffee-house,"
+which, in Gibbon's time, afforded "every evening a sight
+truly English. Twenty or thirty, perhaps, of the finest
+men in the kingdom, in point of fashion and fortune,
+supping at little tables covered with a napkin, in the
+middle of a coffee-room, upon a bit of cold meat or
+a sandwich and drinking a glass of punch."</p>
+
+<p>Lord Byron was the most romantic literary figure
+connected with St. James's Street. His first home in
+London, after his youthful days, was at No. 8, where
+he went to live after the publication of his <i>English
+Bards and Scotch Reviewers</i>. From this house the proud
+and gloomy young man set forth to take his seat in the
+House of Lords as a peer of the realm. Moore wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"In a state more alone and unfriended, perhaps, than any youth of
+his high station had ever before been reduced to on such an occasion&mdash;not
+having a single individual of his own class, either to take him by the
+hand as friend, or acknowledge him as an acquaintance."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">{181}</a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>But this state of affairs was not to endure. On February
+29th, 1812, <i>Childe Harold</i> appeared.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The effect was electric; his fame had not to wait for any of the
+ordinary gradations, but seemed to spring up like the palace of a fairy
+tale&mdash;in a night.... From morning till night flattering testimonies
+of his success reached him; the highest in the land besieged his door, and
+he who had been so friendless found himself the idol of London society."</p></div>
+
+<p>Perhaps we cannot do better than end these literary
+associations of club-land with a few words about a man
+who in his time was one of its most brilliant figures&mdash;Theodore
+Hook. When he was released from the King's
+Bench prison, with his debt to the Crown still hanging
+over him,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"he took a large and handsome house in Cleveland Row. Here he
+gave dinners on an extensive scale, and became a member of all the best
+clubs, particularly frequenting those where high play was the rule. His
+visiting book included all that was loftiest and gayest and in every sense
+most distinguished in London society. The editor of <i>John Bull</i>, the
+fashionable novelist, the wittiest and most vivid talker of the time, his
+presence was not only everywhere welcome but everywhere coveted and
+clamoured for. But the whirl of extravagant dissipation emptied his
+pocket, fevered his brain, and shortened the precious hours in which alone
+his subsistence could be gained."</p></div>
+
+<p>In the height of his social triumphs there always hung
+inexorably over him the Damocles sword of debt. When
+at last he gave way under the strain, and went into comparative
+retirement at Fulham, the number of dinners at
+the Athenæum Club, where he had always had a particular
+table kept for him near the door (nicknamed Temperance
+Corner), fell off by upwards of three hundred per annum.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>These are a few out of the many literary memories
+that we may encounter in an afternoon's stroll from the
+Borough to St. James's, along one of the great city's
+busiest highways; others, indeed, there are, meeting us
+at every corner, but space forbids our dwelling upon
+them, and regretfully we must pass them by.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">{182}</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="CROSBY_HALL" id="CROSBY_HALL">CROSBY HALL</a></h2>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By the Editor</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-f.png" width="100" height="119" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">Few old mansions in the city of London could
+rival the ancient dwelling-place of the brave
+old knight, Sir John Crosby. Its architectural
+beauties and historical associations endeared it
+to all lovers of old London, and many a groan was heard
+when its fate was doomed, and the decree went forth
+that it was to be numbered among the departed glories
+of the city. Unhappily, the hand of the destroyer could
+not be stayed, and the earnest hope had to be abandoned
+that many a generation of Londoners might be permitted
+to see this relic of ancient civic life, and to realise from
+this example the kind of dwelling-place wherein the city
+merchants of olden days made their homes, and the
+salient features of mediæval domestic architecture.
+Shorn of its former magnificence, reduced to a fraction
+of its original size, it retained evidences of its ancient
+state and grandeur, and every stone and timber told of
+its departed glories, and of the great events of which
+Crosby Hall had been the scene. It has been associated
+with many a name that shines forth in the annals of
+English history, and imagination could again people the
+desolate hall with a gay company of courtiers and
+conspirators, of knights and dames, of city merchants
+gorgeous in their liveries of "scarlet and green," or
+"murrey and plunket," when pomp and pageantry,
+tragedy and death, dark councils and mirth, and gaiety<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">{183}</a></span>
+and revellings followed each other through the portals
+of the mansion in one long and varied procession. It
+will be our pleasure to recall some of these scenes which
+were enacted long ago, and to tell of the royal, noble,
+and important personages who made this house their
+home.</p>
+
+<p>Many people who live in our great overgrown modern
+London&mdash;who dwell in the West End, and never wander
+further east than Drury Lane Theatre or St. Pancras
+Station&mdash;have never seen Crosby Hall, and know not
+where it stood. If you go along Cheapside and to
+the end of Cornhill, and then turn to the left, up
+Bishopsgate, the old house stood on the right hand side;
+or you may approach along Holborn and London Wall.
+Alas! the pilgrimage is no longer possible. Bishopsgate
+is historic ground. The name is derived from the
+ancient gate of the city that was built, according
+to Stow, by some Bishop of London, "though now
+unknown when or by whom, for ease of passengers
+toward the east, and by north, as into Norfolk, Suffolk,
+Cambridgeshire, &amp;c." Some authorities name Bishop
+Erkenwald, son of King Offa, as the first builder of
+Bishopsgate, and state that Bishop William, the
+Norman, repaired the gate in the time of his namesake,
+the Conqueror. Henry III. confirmed to the German
+merchants of the Hanse certain liberties and privileges,
+which were also confirmed by Edward I. in the tenth
+year of his reign, when it was discovered that the
+merchants were bound to repair the gate. Thereupon
+Gerald Marbod, alderman of the Hanse, and other Hanse
+merchants, granted 210 marks sterling to the Mayor and
+citizens, and covenanted that they and their successors
+should from time to time repair the gate. In 1479, in
+the reign of Edward IV., it was entirely rebuilt by
+these merchants, and was a fine structure adorned with
+the effigies of two bishops, probably those named above,
+and with two other figures supposed to represent King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">{184}</a></span>
+Alfred and Alred, Earl of Mercia, to whom Alfred
+entrusted the care of the gate. This repair was probably
+necessary on account of the assault of the bastard
+Falconbridge on this and other gates of the city, who
+shot arrows and guns into London, fired the suburbs,
+and burnt more than three-score houses. The gate has
+been frequently repaired and rebuilt, its last appearance
+being very modern, with a bishop's mitre on the
+key-stone of the arch, and surmounted by the city arms
+with guarding griffins. London "improvements" have
+banished the gate, as they have so many other interesting
+features of the city.</p>
+
+<p>The neighbourhood is interesting. Foremost among
+the attractions of Bishopsgate Street is the beautiful
+church of St. Helen, formerly the church of the Nunnery
+of St. Helen, the Westminster of the city, where lie so
+many illustrious merchants and knights and dames, and
+amongst them the founder of Crosby Hall and other
+owners of the mansion. The church is closely associated
+with the hall. There in that fine house they lived.
+There in the church hard by their bodies sleep, and their
+gorgeous tombs and inscriptions tell the story of their
+deeds. St. Helen's Church was one of the few which
+escaped destruction at the Great Fire of London.
+There was an early Saxon church here, but the earliest
+parts of the existing building date back to the thirteenth
+century. There are some blocked-up lancet windows of
+the transept, a staircase doorway in the south-east corner,
+another doorway which led from the nun's choir into the
+convent, and a lancet window. There is a Renaissance
+porch, the work of Inigo Jones, erected in 1663. The
+main part of the structure is Decorated and Perpendicular,
+the fifteenth century work being due to the builder of
+Crosby Hall, who left 500 marks for its restoration and
+improvement. The whole church possesses many
+interesting features, of which want of space prevents a
+full description.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">{185}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_032.jpg" width="426" height="600" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Crosby Hall.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sir John Crosby determined to seek a site for his
+house close to this church and the Nunnery of St. Helen,
+and in 1466 obtained a lease from Alice Ashford, prioress
+of the Nunnery, of some lands and tenements for a period
+of ninety-nine years for the yearly rent of £11 6s. 8d.
+Doubtless many good citizens of London in the present
+day would like to make so good a bargain.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Crosby, whose honoured name is preserved to
+this day by the noble house which he built, was a worthy
+and eminent citizen of London&mdash;one of the men who
+laid the foundations of English trade and commercial
+pre-eminence. He attained to great wealth, and his
+actions and his bequests prove that he was a very worthy
+man. Some idle story stated that, like the famous Dick
+Whittington, he was of humble origin and unknown
+parentage. Stow says: "I hold it a fable said of him,
+to be named Crosby, from his being found by a cross."
+A very pretty conceit! He was discovered, when an
+infant, or having attained the age of boyhood, sleeping
+on the steps of the market cross at Cheapside or Charing;
+and the sympathetic folk who found him there named him
+Cross-by! Our ancestors, like ourselves, loved a romance,
+a nice cheerful story of a poor boy attaining to rank and
+opulence, marrying his master's daughter and doing brave
+deeds for his King and country. The notable career of
+Sir Richard Whittington, thrice Lord Mayor of London,
+was so embellished with romantic incident. He was no
+poor man's son who begged his way to London,
+accompanied by his favourite cat. Was he not the
+youngest son of Sir William Whittington, the owner of
+Pauntley Manor in Gloucestershire, and of Solers Hope,
+Hereford? and was not his famous cat the name of his
+ship which brought him wealth and affluence? Or shall
+we accept the story of the sale of the cat to the King
+of Barbary? So the legend of the foundling Crosby is
+equally a fable, woven by the skilful imaginations of
+our Elizabethan forefathers. Sir John came of goodly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">{186}</a></span>
+parentage. There was a Johan de Crosbie, King's Clerk
+in Chancery, in the time of Edward II.; a Sir John
+Crosbie, Knight, and Alderman of London, in the reign
+of Edward III.; and a John Crosby, Esquire, and servant
+of King Henry IV., who gave to him the wardship of
+Joan, daughter and sole heir of John Jordaine,
+Fishmonger&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, a member of the Worshipful Company
+of Fishmongers of the City of London. This John
+Crosby was, according to Stow, either the father or
+grandfather of the builder of Crosby Hall.</p>
+
+<p>The family held the manor and advowson of the
+church of Hanworth-on-the-Thames, not far from
+Hampton Court. This manor was owned by the Sir John
+Crosbie who lived in the time of King Edward III., and
+after his death it was placed in the hands of a certain
+Thomas Rigby for safe custody until John Crosbie, the
+son and heir of the knight, should have grown up to
+man's estate and attained his majority. This estate
+seems afterwards to have passed into the hands of King
+Henry VIII., who, on account of its pleasant situation,
+delighted in it above any other of his houses.</p>
+
+<p>The father of the founder of the Hall was a friend
+of Henry Lord Scrope, of Masham, the unfortunate
+nobleman who was beheaded at Southampton for
+complicity in a plot against the life of Henry V. He
+bequeathed to his friend, John Crosbie, "a woollen gown
+without furs and one hundred shillings."</p>
+
+<p><i>Bene natus</i>, <i>bene vestitus</i>, and doubtless <i>modice
+doctus</i>, the qualifications of an All Souls' Fellow, John
+Crosby began his career, embarking in trade and
+commerce, and undertaking the duties of a worthy citizen
+of London. The palmy days of commercial enterprise
+inaugurated by King Henry VII. had not yet set in.
+Before his time the trade between England and the
+Continent was much more in the hands of foreigners than
+of English merchants. English trading ships going
+abroad to sell English goods and bring back cargoes of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">{187}</a></span>
+foreign commodities were few in number. The English
+merchant usually stayed at home, and sold his wares
+to the strangers who came each year to London and the
+other trading ports, or bartered them for the produce of
+other lands, with which their ships were freighted. The
+German Hanse merchants, the Flemish traders, the
+Lombards, and many others, enjoyed great privileges in
+their commerce with England. But, in spite of this, men
+like Crosby were able to amass wealth and make large
+profits. Sir John's dealings extended far into other
+countries, and he had important connections with the
+Friscobaldi of Florence, who with the Medici were the
+great bankers and engrossers of the commerce of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Of the great merchants who laid the foundations of
+our English commerce we often know little more than
+their names, the offices they held, with a meagre catalogue
+of their most philanthropic labours and their wills. It
+is possible, however, to gather a little more information
+concerning the owner of Crosby Place. The records at
+Guildhall tell us that in 1466, the seventh year of
+Edward IV., John Crosby, Grocer, was elected with three
+others a Member of Parliament. He was also elected in
+the same year one of the auditors of the City and Bridge
+House. In 1468 we find him elected Alderman of Broad
+Street Ward, and two years later Sheriff of London.
+He took a prominent part in the old city life of London,
+and was a prominent member of two of the old City
+Companies, the Grocers and the Woolmen. Of the former
+he twice served the office of warden, and preserved a
+strong affection for his company, bequeathing to it by
+his will considerable gifts. The honourable and
+important post of Mayor of the Staple at Calais was
+also conferred upon him.</p>
+
+<p>He seems to have been a brave and valiant man, as
+well as a successful trader and good citizen. During his
+time the safety of the City of London was endangered
+owing to the attack of Thomas Nevil, the bastard Lord<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">{188}</a></span>
+Falconbridge, to which reference has already been made.
+Stow tells the story graphically. This filibusterer came
+with his rebel company and a great navy of ships near
+to the Tower&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Whereupon the mayor and aldermen fortified all along the Thames
+side, from Baynard's Castle to the Tower, with armed men, guns and other
+instruments of war, to resist the invasion of the mariners, whereby the
+Thames side was safely preserved and kept by the aldermen and other
+citizens that assembled thither in great numbers. Whereupon the rebels,
+being denied passage through the city that way, set upon Aeldgate,
+Bishopsgate, Criplegate, Aeldersgate, London Bridge, and along the river
+of Thames, shooting arrows and guns into the city, fired the suburbs, and
+burnt more than three score houses. And farther, on Sunday, the eleventh
+of May, five thousand of them assaulting Aeldgate, won the bulwarks, and
+entered the city; but the portclose being let down, such as had entered were
+slain, and Robert Basset, portcullis alderman of Aeldgate ward, with the
+recorder, commanded in the name of God to draw up the portclose; which
+being done, they issued out, and with sharp shot and fierce fight, put their
+enemies back so far as St. Bottolph's Church, by which time Earl Rivers, and
+lieutenant of the Tower, was come with a fresh company, which joining
+together discomfited the rebels, and put them to flight, whom the said Rober,
+Basset with the other citizens chased to the Mile's End, and from thence,
+some to Poplar, some to Stratford, slew many, and took many of them
+prisoners. In which space the Bastard, having assayed other places on the
+water side, and little prevailed, fled toward his ships."</p></div>
+
+<p>In this determined defence of the city against a
+formidable attack, John Crosbie took a leading part,
+bravely contending against the forces of the foe and
+fighting fiercely. Twelve aldermen with the recorder
+were knighted in the field by King Edward IV., and
+amongst those so honoured were the Lord Mayor of
+London, William Taylor, and John Crosby. Our hero
+was no carpet knight, no poor-spirited tradesman and
+man of peace. Like many other famous citizens of his
+age, he could don his armour and fight for his King
+and country, and proved himself a gallant leader of a
+citizen army, the best sort of army in the world. He
+was a devoted adherent of the House of York, and a
+favourite of Edward IV., who sent him on an important
+embassage to the Duke of Burgundy, who had married<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">{189}</a></span>
+Elizabeth of York, the King's sister. The secret object of
+the mission was an alliance against Francis I. of France.
+The embassy was also sent to the Duke of Brittany with
+the same object, and also to secure the persons of the
+Earls of Richmond and Pembroke, who had taken refuge
+in France, and there felt themselves secure. The future
+Richard III. was nearly persuaded to return to
+England; his foot was almost on the ship's deck, when,
+fortunately for him, his voyage was prevented. If he
+had continued his journey he would never have worn
+a crown, as he would have lacked a head whereon to
+place it.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Crosby not long before his death began to
+build the beautiful house in Bishopsgate "in the place
+of certain tenements, with their appurtenances let to him
+by Alice Ashfield, Prioress of St. Helen's....
+This house he built of stone and timber, very large and
+beautiful, and the highest at that time in London," as
+Stow records. The whole structure was known as Crosby
+Place, and rivalled the dimensions of a palace. All
+that remained of this magnificent building was the Hall,
+together with the Council Room and an ante-room,
+forming two sides of a quadrangle. It was built of stone,
+and measured 54 feet by 27 feet, and was 40 feet in height.
+The Hall was lighted by a series of eight Perpendicular
+windows on one side and six on the other, and by a
+beautifully-constructed octagonal bay window. It had a
+fine roof of exquisite workmanship richly ornamented, and
+a wide chimney. Much of the original stone pavement
+had vanished. The Council Chamber was nearly as large
+as the hall, being only 14 feet less in length.</p>
+
+<p>Crosby Hall has been the scene of many notable
+historic scenes. In the play of "Edward IV." by
+Heywood, Sir John Crosby figures as Lord Mayor of
+London, a position which he never occupied, and the
+King dines with him and the Alderman after the defeat
+of the rebel Falconbridge at Crosby Hall. He had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">{190}</a></span>
+just received the honour of knighthood, and thus
+muses:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ay, marry, Crosby! this befits thee well.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But some will marvel that, with scarlet gown,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I wear a gilded rapier by my side."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is quite possible that the King thus dined with his
+favourite, but there is no historical account that confirms
+the poet's play. The builder did not long enjoy his
+beautiful house, and died in 1475, leaving a second wife
+and a daughter by his first wife, whom he seemed to
+have loved with a more ardent affection than his second
+spouse. Soon after his death the man whom he tried
+to trap in France, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, came to
+reside here, and made it the scene of endless plots and
+conspiracies against his luckless nephews and his many
+enemies. Crosby Place is frequently alluded to by
+Shakespeare in his play, "Richard the Third."
+Gloucester tells Catesby to report to him at Crosby Place
+the treacherous murder of the Princes in the Tower, and
+he bids the Lady Anne to "presently repair to Crosby
+Place."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_033.jpg" width="600" height="423" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">St. Paul's Cathedral, with Lord Mayor's Show on the water.</span></p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Engraved by Pugh, 1804.</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The house in 1502 passed into the possession of Sir
+Bartholomew Reed, Lord Mayor, and then to John Best,
+Alderman, from whom it was purchased by Sir Thomas
+More, the famous Lord Chancellor. Doubtless it was in
+the chambers of Crosby Place that he wrote his <i>Utopia</i>.
+He sold the lease to his beloved friend, Antonio
+Bonvisi, an Italian gentleman, who had long lived in
+England; and when the Dissolution of Monasteries took
+place, and the possessions of the Priory of St. Helen's
+were seized by the Crown, the King allowed the Italian
+to retain possession of Crosby Place. We need not
+record all its worthy owners. It was frequently used as
+a fitting place for the lodging of foreign ambassadors,
+and here Sir John Spencer, having restored the house,
+kept his mayoralty in 1594. Enormously wealthy, he
+lived in great splendour and entertained lavishly. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">{191}</a></span>
+was a great favourite of Queen Elizabeth. It was not
+from Crosby Hall, but from his house at Canonbury, that
+his only daughter effected her escape in a baker's basket
+in order to wed the handsome Lord Compton. Terrible
+was the father's wrath, and everyone knows the charming
+story of the Queen's tactful intervention, how she induced
+Sir John to stand as sponsor with her for an unknown
+boy, whom Sir John declared should be the heir of
+all his wealth, and how this boy was, of course, Lady
+Compton's child, and how a full reconciliation was
+effected. It is a very pretty story. It is not so pleasant
+to read of the disastrous effect of the possession of so
+much wealth had on the brain of Lord Compton, when
+he came into possession of his lady's riches. She was
+a little vixenish, spoilt and exacting, if she really
+intended seriously the literal meaning of that well-known
+letter which she wrote setting forth her needs and
+requirements. It is too long to quote. Lord Compton
+was created Earl of Northampton, and that precious child
+of his when he grew to man's estate was killed fighting
+for the Royalist cause in the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>During that disastrous time Crosby became a prison
+for Royalists, and later on a great part of the house
+was destroyed by fire, and its ancient glories
+departed. For a hundred years the Hall was used as
+a Nonconformist chapel. In 1778 part of the premises
+was converted into a place of business by Messrs. Holmes
+and Hall, the rest being used as private dwellings. It
+provided a model for the banqueting-hall of Arundel
+Castle, and some of the carved stones of the Council
+Chamber were removed to Henley-upon-Thames to adorn
+a dairy. Alien buildings soon covered the site of the
+destroyed portion of the old house. In 1831 it was left
+forlorn and untenanted, and in a state of considerable
+decay. Then arose a considerable excitement, of which
+the struggle of the present year reminds us. Crosby
+Hall was doomed. But zealous lovers of the antiquities<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">{192}</a></span>
+of the city determined to try to save it. An appeal
+was made, and a restoration fund started, though, like
+many other restoration funds, it proved itself inadequate.
+A benevolent lady, Miss Hackett, gallantly came to the
+rescue, and practically saved Crosby Hall. Her idea
+was to convert it into a lecture hall for the Gresham
+Professors; but this plan came to nothing, though the
+building was repaired, the south wall of the Throne
+and Council Chambers being rebuilt. Then a company
+was formed to take over Miss Hackett's interest, and the
+Crosby Hall Literary and Scientific Institution was
+formed, but that scheme came to nothing. Then it was
+bought by Messrs. F. Gordon &amp; Co., who restored the
+building, attached to it an annex of half-timbered
+construction, and converted the premises into a
+restaurant. Thus it remained for several years.
+Recently the site was acquired by a banking company,
+and its demolition was threatened. Immediate action
+was taken by Sir Vesey Strong, the Lord Mayor, and
+others, to save the building. The fight was fought
+strenuously and bravely. Apathy was found in some
+quarters where it would least have been expected, and
+all efforts were fruitless. It is deplorable to have to
+record that the last of the mansions of the old city
+magnates has been allowed to disappear, and that Crosby
+Hall is now only a memory.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">{193}</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="THE_PAGEANT_OF_LONDON" id="THE_PAGEANT_OF_LONDON">THE PAGEANT OF LONDON</a></h2>
+
+<p class='p3'><span class="smcap">By the Editor</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-w.png" width="150" height="121" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">We have stated in the Preface that London
+needs no pageant or special spectacular
+display in order to set forth its wonderful
+attractions. London is in itself a pageant,
+far more interesting than any theatrical representation;
+and in this final chapter we will enumerate some of
+those other features of Old London life which have
+not found description in the preceding pictures. We
+will "stand by and let the pageant pass," or, rather,
+pass along the streets and make our own pageant.</p>
+
+<p>The great city is always changing its appearance,
+and travellers who have not seen it for several years
+scarcely know where they are when visiting some of
+the transformed localities. But however great the
+change, the city still exercises its powerful fascination
+on all who have once felt its strangely magnetic force,
+its singular attractiveness. Though the London County
+Council have effected amazing "improvements,"
+constructing a street which nobody wants and nobody
+uses, and spending millions in widening Piccadilly;
+though private enterprise pulls down ancient dwellings
+and rears huge hotels and business premises in their
+places&mdash;it is still possible to conjure up the memories
+of the past, and to picture to ourselves the multitudinous
+scenes of historic interest which Old London has
+witnessed. Learned writers have already in these
+volumes enabled us to transport ourselves at will to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">{194}</a></span>
+the London of bygone times&mdash;to the mediæval city,
+with its monasteries, its churches, its palaces, its
+tragedies; to Elizabethan London, bright and gay, with
+young life pulsing through its veins; to the London of
+Pepys, with its merry-makings, its coarseness, and its
+vice. In this concluding chapter we will recall some
+other memories, and try to fill the background to the
+picture.</p>
+
+<p>Westminster, the rival city, the city of the court,
+with its abbey and its hall, we have not attempted to
+include in our survey. She must be left in solitary state
+until, perhaps, a new volume of this series may presume
+to describe her graces and perfections. The ever-growing
+suburbs of the great city, the West End, the
+fashionable quarter, Southern London across the river,
+with Lambeth and its memories of archbishops&mdash;all this,
+and much else that deserves an honoured place in the
+chronicles of the metropolis, we must perforce omit in
+our survey. Some of the stories are too modern to
+please the taste of those who revel in the past; and if
+the curious reader detects omissions, he may console
+himself by referring to some of the countless other books
+and guides which the attractions of London are ever
+forcing industrious scribes to produce.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Christ's Hospital</h3>
+
+<p>Many regrets were expressed when it was found
+necessary to remove this ancient school from London,
+and to destroy the old buildings. Of course, "everything
+is for the best in this best of possible worlds."
+Boys, like plants, thrive better in the open country,
+and London fogs are apt to becloud the brain as well
+as injure health. But the antiquary may be allowed
+to utter his plaint over the demolition of the old features
+of London life. The memorials of this ancient school
+cannot be omitted from our collection.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">{195}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_035.jpg" width="600" height="462" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Christ's Hospital.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>We are carried back in thought to the Friars, clad
+in grey habits, girt with cord, and sandal shod, who
+settled in the thirteenth century on the north side of
+what we now call Newgate Street, and, by the generosity
+of pious citizens, founded their monastery. Thus John
+Ewin gave them the land in the ward of Farringdon
+Without, and in the parish of St. Nicholas Shambles;
+William Joyner built the choir; William Wallis the
+nave; William Porter the chapter house; Gregory
+Bokesby the dormitories, furnishing it with beds;
+Bartholomew de Castello the refectory, where he feasted
+the friars on St. Bartholomew's Day. Queen Margaret,
+the second wife of Edward I., was a great benefactor
+of the order, and advanced two thousand marks towards
+the cost of a large church, which was completed in
+1327, and was a noble structure, 300 feet in length,
+89 feet in breadth, and 74 feet high. "Dick"
+Whittington built for the friars a splendid library, which
+was finished in 1424. The church was the favoured
+resting-place of the illustrious dead. Four queens, four
+duchesses, four countesses, one duke, two earls, eight
+barons, and some thirty-five knights reposed therein.
+In the choir there were nine tombs of alabaster and
+marble, surrounded by iron railings, and monuments
+of marble and brass abounded. The dissolution of
+monasteries came with greedy Henry, and the place was
+rifled. The crown seized the goodly store of treasure;
+the church became a receptacle for the prizes taken
+from the French; and Sir Martin Bowes, Mayor of
+London, for the sum of £50, obtained all the beautiful
+tombs and brasses, marble and alabaster, which were
+carted away from the desecrated shrine.</p>
+
+<p>But Henry's conscience smote him. The death of
+Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, the King's boon
+companion, moved him "to bethink himself of his end,
+and to do some good work thereunto," as Fuller states.
+The church was reopened for worship, and Bishop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">{196}</a></span>
+Ridley, preaching at Paul's Cross, announced the
+King's gift of the conventual grounds and buildings,
+with the hospital of St. Bartholomew, for the relief
+of the poor. Letters patent were issued in 1545, making
+over to the Mayor and Commonalty of London for ever
+"the Grey Friars' Church, with all the edifices and
+ground, the fratry, library, dortor, chapter-house, great
+cloister, and the lesser tenements and vacant grounds,
+lead, stone, iron, etc.; the hospital of
+St. Bartholomew, West Smithfield,
+the church of the same, the lead, bells,
+and ornaments of the same hospital,
+with all messuages, tenements, and
+appurtenances."</p>
+
+<p>It was a poor return to the Church
+for all of that the King had robbed
+her. Moreover, he did not altogether
+abandon a little profit. He made the
+monastic church, now called the Christ
+Church, do duty for the parishes
+of St. Nicholas in the Shambles,
+St. Ewins, and part of St. Sepulchre,
+uniting these into one parish, and
+pulling down the churches of the first
+two parishes. It would be curious
+to discover what became of the
+endowments of these parishes, and of
+the fabrics.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_036.jpg" width="176" height="400" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'>Carrying the Crug-basket</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>For some years nothing was done to further the
+cause of this charity, but in 1552, when Bishop Ridley,
+who was a mightily convincing preacher, was discoursing
+upon charity before Edward VI., the boy-King was so
+moved that he conversed with the bishop, and, together
+with the Lord Mayor and aldermen of the city,
+determined to found three hospitals&mdash;Christ's Hospital
+for the education of poor children, St. Thomas's for the
+relief of the sick and diseased, and Bridewell for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">{197}</a></span>
+correction and amendment of the idle and the vagabond.
+Before his last illness, Edward had just strength enough
+to sign the charter for the founding of these institutions,
+ejaculating: "Lord, I yield Thee most hearty thanks
+that Thou hast given me life thus long to finish this
+work to the glory of Thy name." The good citizens of
+London, with their accustomed charity, immediately set
+to work, before the granting of the charter, to subscribe
+money for the repair of the old monastic buildings, and
+in 1552 three hundred and forty children were admitted,
+not so much for educational purposes as for their rescue
+from the streets, and the provision of shelter, food, and
+clothing. It must have been a welcome sight to the
+citizens to see them clothed in livery of russet cotton,
+the boys with red caps, the girls with kerchiefs on their
+heads, lining the procession when the Lord Mayor and
+aldermen rode to St. Paul's on Christmas Day. On the
+following Easter the boys and "mayden children" were
+in "plonket," or blue&mdash;hence the hospital derived the
+name of the Blue Coat School. The dress of the boys,
+concerning the origin of which many fanciful interpretations
+have been made, is the costume of the period
+generally worn by apprentices and serving men,
+consisting of a long blue coat, with leathern girdle, a
+sleeveless yellow waistcoat and yellow stockings, clerical
+bands and a small black cap completing the dress.
+"Four thousand marks by the year" from the royal
+exchequer were granted by the King for the maintenance
+of the school, which sum was largely supplemented by
+the citizens and other pious benefactors, such as Lady
+Ramsay, who founded "a free writing schoole for poor
+men's children" at the hospital. Camden says that at
+the beginning of the seventeenth century six hundred
+children were maintained and educated, and one thousand
+two hundred and forty pensioners relieved by the hospital
+in alms, and, later on, as many as one thousand one
+hundred and twenty children were cared for by this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">{198}</a></span>
+institution. The governors, moreover, started "place
+houses" in other districts&mdash;at Hertford, Ware, Reading,
+and Bloxburn&mdash;where boys were educated.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_037.jpg" width="300" height="227" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'>Wooden Platters and Beer Jack.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The buildings were greatly injured by the fire of
+1666, when the old monastic church was entirely
+destroyed. The great hall was soon rebuilt by Sir John
+Frederick, and then the famous Royal Mathematical
+School was founded through the exertions of Sir Robert
+Clayton, Sir Jonas Moore, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir
+Charles Scarbrough, and Samuel Pepys. King Charles II.
+granted a charter and £1,000 a year for seven years,
+and the forty boys who composed the school were called
+"King's boys." They were instructed in navigation, and
+wore a badge on the left shoulder. A subordinate
+mathematical school, consisting of twelve scholars,
+denoted "the Twelves," who wore a badge on the right
+shoulder, was subsequently formed. Pepys took a keen
+interest in the school, and a series of a large number
+of his letters is in existence which show the efforts
+he made to maintain the mathematical school. He tells
+also of a little romance connected with the hospital,
+which is worth recording. There was at that time a
+grammar school for boys and a separate school for
+girls. Two wealthy citizens left their estates, one to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">{199}</a></span>
+a bluecoat boy, and the other to a bluecoat girl. Some
+of the governors thought that it would be well if these
+two fortunate recipients were married. So a public
+wedding was arranged at the Guildhall chapel, where
+the ceremony was performed by the Dean of St. Paul's,
+the bride, supported by two bluecoat boys, being given
+away by the Lord Mayor, and the bridegroom, attired
+in blue satin, being led to the altar by two bluecoat
+girls.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_038.jpg" width="300" height="199" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'>Piggin: Wooden Spoon.
+Wooden Soup-ladle.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A noble gift of Sir Robert Clayton enabled the
+governors to rebuild the east cloister and south front.
+The writing school was erected by Sir Christopher Wren
+in 1694, at the expense of Sir John Moore. The ward
+over the east side cloister was rebuilt in 1705 by Sir
+Francis Child, the banker, and in 1795 the grammar
+school was erected. Some of the buildings of the old
+monastery survived until the beginning of the last
+century, but they were somewhat ruinous and unsafe,
+hence, in 1803, a great building fund was formed. The
+hall erected after the great fire was pulled down, and
+a vast building in the Tudor style begun in 1825, which
+was so familiar to all who passed along the eastern
+end of Holborn. John Shaw was the architect. You
+will remember the open arcade, the buttresses and
+octagonal towers, and the embattled and pinnacled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">{200}</a></span>
+walls, and, above all, you will remember the crowd of
+happy boys, clad in their picturesque garb, kicking about
+the merry football. The dining hall was one of the
+finest rooms in London, being 187 feet long, 51 feet wide,
+and 47 feet high; lighted by nine large windows, those
+on the south side being filled with stained glass. There
+hung the huge charter picture, representing Edward VI.
+presenting the charter to the Lord Mayor, the Chancellor,
+officers of State, and children of the school being in
+attendance. This picture has been attributed to Holbein,
+but since the event occurred in 1553, and that artist
+could have produced no work later than 1534, the
+tradition is erroneous. Two portraits of Edward VI.
+are also in the possession of the hospital attributed to
+Holbein, but they have been proved to be the work of
+a later artist. Verrio's portrait of Charles II., and his
+picture of James II. receiving the mathematical boys,
+are very large canvases.</p>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary to describe all the buildings which
+so recently existed, but have now been swept away.
+It is more interesting to note some of the curious
+customs which exist or formerly existed in the school,
+and some of the noted of the old "Blues." Christ's
+Hospital was a home of old customs, some of them,
+perhaps, little relished by the scholars. Each boy had
+a wooden "piggin" for drinking small beer served out
+of a leathern or wooden jack; a platter, spoon, and
+soup-ladle of the same material. There was a quaint
+custom of supping in public on Sundays during Lent,
+when visitors were admitted, and the Lord Mayor or
+president of the governors sat in state. Quaint wooden
+candlesticks adorned the tables, and, after the supper,
+were carried away in procession, together with the
+tablecloths, crug-baskets, or baskets used for carrying
+bread, bowls, jacks, and piggins. Before the supper a
+hymn was sung, and a "Grecian," or head boy, read
+the prayers from the pulpit, silence being enforced by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">{201}</a></span>
+three blows of a wooden hammer. The supper then
+began, consisting of bread and cheese, and the visitors
+used to walk about between the tables. Then followed
+the solemn procession of the boys carrying their goods,
+and bowing repeatedly to the governors and their guests.
+It was a pleasing custom, honoured by the presence of
+many distinguished guests, and Queen Victoria and Prince
+Albert on one occasion witnessed the spectacle.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_039.jpg" width="600" height="441" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Christ's Hospital: the Garden.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then there were the annual orations on St. Matthew's
+Day, commemorating the foundation of the school, and
+attended by the civic magnates. A state service was
+held in Christ Church, Newgate Street, and, afterwards,
+the Grecians delivered speeches, and a collection was
+made for the support of these headboys when they went
+to the University. The beadles delivered up their staves
+to the Court, and if no fault was found with these officers
+their badges were returned to them. The Company was
+regaled with "sweet cakes and burnt wine."</p>
+
+<p>At Easter there were solemn processions&mdash;first, on
+Easter Monday, to the Mansion House, when the Lord
+Mayor was escorted by the boys to Christ Church to
+hear the Spital or hospital sermon. On Easter Tuesday
+again the scholars repaired to the Mansion House, and
+were regaled with a glass of wine, in lieu of which
+lemonade, in more recent times, could be obtained, two
+buns, and a shilling fresh from the Mint, the senior
+scholars receiving an additional sum, and the Grecians
+obtained a guinea. Again the Spital sermon was
+preached. The boys were entitled, by ancient custom,
+to sundry privileges&mdash;to address the sovereign on his
+visiting the city, and the "King's boys" were entitled
+to be presented at the first drawing-room of the season,
+to present their charts for inspection, and to receive
+sundry gifts. By ancient privilege they were entitled to
+inspect all the curiosities in the Tower of London free
+of any charge, and these at one time included a miniature
+zoological garden.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">{202}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_040.jpg" width="326" height="400" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">Old Staircase.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many are the notable men renowned in literature and
+art who have sprung from this famous school. Charles
+Lamb, S. T. Coleridge, Leigh Hunt, and countless other
+men might be mentioned who have done honour to their
+school. Some of their recollections of old manners
+reveal some strange educational methods&mdash;the severe
+thrashings, the handcuffing of runaways, the confining
+in dungeons, wretched holes, where the boys could just
+find room to lie down on straw, and were kept in solitary
+confinement and fed worse than prisoners in modern
+gaols. Bread and beer breakfasts were hardly the best
+diet for boys, and the meat does not always appear
+to have been satisfactory. However, all these bygone
+abuses have long ago disappeared. For some years the
+future of the hospital was shrouded in uncertainty.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">{203}</a></span>
+At length it was resolved to quit London, and now
+the old buildings have been pulled down, and the school
+has taken a new lease of life and settled at Horsham,
+where all will wish that it may have a long and
+prosperous career. We may well conclude this brief
+notice of the old school in the words of the School
+Commissioners of 1867, who stated: "Christ's Hospital
+is a thing without parallel in the country and <i>sui generis</i>.
+It is a grand relic of the mediæval spirit&mdash;a monument
+of the profuse munificence of that spirit, and of that
+constant stream of individual beneficence, which is so
+often found to flow around institutions of that character.
+It has kept up its main features, its traditions, its
+antique ceremonies, almost unchanged, for a period of
+upwards of three centuries. It has a long and goodly
+list of worthies." We know not how many of these
+antique ceremonies have survived its removal, but we
+venture to hope that they may still exist, and that the
+authorities have not failed to maintain the traditions
+that Time has consecrated.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The City Churches</h3>
+
+<p>In the pageant of London no objects are more
+numerous and conspicuous than the churches which greet
+us at every step. In spite of the large number which
+have disappeared, there are very many left. There they
+stand in the centre of important thoroughfares, in obscure
+courts and alleys&mdash;here surrounded by high towering
+warehouses; there maintaining proud positions, defying
+the attacks of worldly business and affairs. A whole
+volume would be required to do justice to the city
+churches, and we can only glance at some of the most
+striking examples.</p>
+
+<p>The Great Fire played havoc with the ancient
+structures, and involved in its relentless course many
+a beautiful and historic church. But some few of them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">{204}</a></span>
+are left to us. We have already seen St. Bartholomew's,
+Smithfield, and glanced at the church of St. Helen,
+Bishopsgate, and old St Paul's. Wren's St. Paul's
+Cathedral has so often been described that it is not
+necessary to tell again the story of its building.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+"Destroyed by the Great Fire, rebuilt by Wren," is the
+story of most of the city churches; but there were some
+few which escaped. At the east end of Great Tower
+Street stands All Hallows Barking, so called from
+having belonged to the abbey of Barking, Essex. This
+narrowly escaped the fire, which burned the dial, and
+porch, and vicarage house. Its style is mainly
+Perpendicular, with a Decorated east window, and
+has some good brasses. St. Andrew's Undershaft,
+Leadenhall Street, opposite to which the May-pole was
+annually raised until "Evil May-day" put an end to
+the merry-makings, was rebuilt in 1520-32, and contains
+some mural paintings, much stained glass, and many
+brasses and monuments, including that of John Stow,
+the famous London antiquary. St. Catherine Cree, in
+the same street, was rebuilt in 1629, and consecrated by
+Laud. St. Dunstan's-in-the-East was nearly destroyed,
+and restored by Wren, the present nave being rebuilt
+in 1817. St. Dunstan's, Stepney, preserves its fifteenth
+century fabric, and St. Ethelburga's, Bishopsgate,
+retains some of its Early English masonry, and St.
+Ethelreda's, Ely Place, is the only surviving portion
+of the ancient palace of the Bishops of Ely. St. Giles',
+Cripplegate, stands near the site of a Saxon church built
+in 1090 by Alfun, the first hospitaller of the Priory of
+St. Bartholomew. Suffering from a grievous fire in
+1545, it was partially rebuilt, and in 1682 the tower
+was raised fifteen feet. Many illustrious men were
+buried here, including John Fox, John Speed, the
+historian, John Milton and his father, several actors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">{205}</a></span>
+of the Fortune Theatre, and Sir Martin Frobisher. In
+1861 the church was restored in memory of Milton, and
+a monument raised to him. This church saw the
+nuptials of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bowchier
+in 1620. All Hallows Staining, Mark Lane, escaped the
+fire, and its tower and west end are ancient. St. James',
+Aldgate, was built in 1622, and escaped the fire, which
+might have spared more important edifices; and St.
+Olave's, Hart Street, a building which shows Norman,
+Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular work, was
+happily preserved. This is sometimes called Pepys's
+church, since he often mentions it in his diary, and lies
+buried here. There are other interesting monuments, and
+in the churchyard lie some of the victims of the Great
+Plague. St. Sepulchre's, near Newgate, was damaged
+by the fire, and refitted by Wren, but the main building
+is fifteenth century work. Several churches escaped the
+Great Fire, but were subsequently pulled down and
+rebuilt. Amongst these are St. Alphege, London Wall;
+St. Botolph-without, Aldersgate; St. Botolph's, St.
+Martin's Outwich. St. Mary Woolnoth was also
+damaged by the fire, and repaired by Wren. It stands
+on the site of an early church, which was rebuilt in
+the fifteenth century; but the greater part of the present
+church was built by Hawksmoor in 1716.</p>
+
+<p>A strange, weird, desolate city met the eyes of the
+people of London when the Great Fire had died away.
+No words can describe that scene of appalling ruin and
+desolation. But, with the energy for which Englishmen
+are remarkable, they at once set to work to restore their
+loss, and a master-mind was discovered who could
+grapple with the difficulty and bring order out of chaos.
+This wonderful genius was Sir Christopher Wren. He
+devised a grand scheme for the rebuilding of the city.
+Evelyn planned another. But property owners were
+tenacious of their rights, and clung to their own parcels
+of ground; so these great schemes came to nothing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">{206}</a></span>
+However, to Wren fell the task of rebuilding the fallen
+churches, and no less than fifty-two were entrusted to
+his care. He had no one to guide him; no school of
+artists or craftsmen to help him in the detail of his
+buildings; no great principles of architecture to direct
+him. Gothic architecture was dead, if we except the
+afterglow that shone in Oxford. He might have
+followed his great predecessor, Inigo Jones, and produced
+works after an Italian model. But he was no copyist.
+Taking the classic orders as his basis, he devised a style
+of his own, suitable for the requirements of the time
+and climate, and for the form of worship and religious
+usages of the Anglican Church. "It is enough for
+Romanists to hear the murmur of the mass, and see the
+elevation of the Host; but our churches are to be fitted
+for auditories," he once said.</p>
+
+<p>Of the churches built by Wren, eighteen beautiful
+buildings have already been destroyed. St. Christopher-le-Stocks
+is swallowed up by the Bank of England;
+St. Michael, Crooked Lane, disappeared in 1841, when
+approaches were made to New London Bridge; St.
+Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange made way for the Sun
+Fire Office; and St. Benet Fink was pulled down because
+of its nearness to the Royal Exchange. Since the
+passing of the Union of City Benefices Act in 1860,
+fourteen churches designed by Wren have succumbed,
+and attacks on others have been with difficulty warded
+off.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>The characteristics of Wren's genius were his
+versatility, imagination, and originality. We will notice
+some of the results of these qualities of mind. The
+tower hardly ever enters into the architectural treatment
+of the interior. It is used as an entrance lobby or
+vestry. His simplest plan was a plain oblong, without
+columns or recesses, such as St. Mildred's, Bread Street,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">{207}</a></span>
+or St. Nicholas', Cole Abbey. St. Margaret, Lothbury,
+St. Vedast, St. Clement, Eastcheap, have this simple form,
+with the addition of an aisle or a recess. His next
+plan consists of the central nave and two aisles, with
+or without clerestory windows; of this St. Andrew
+Wardrobe and St. Magnus the Martyr furnish good
+examples. The third plan is the domed church, such
+as St. Swithun and St. Mary Abchurch. The merits
+and architectural beauties of Wren's churches have been
+recently described in an able lecture delivered by
+Mr. Arthur Keen before the Architectural Association,
+a lecture which we should like to see expanded to the
+size of a book, and enriched with copious drawings.
+It would be of immense service in directing the minds
+of the citizens of London to the architectural treasures
+of which they are the heirs.</p>
+
+<p>The churches are remarkable for their beautifully
+carved woodwork, often executed or designed by
+Grinling Gibbons or his pupils. Pews, pulpits, with
+elaborate sounding boards, organ cases, altar pieces,
+were all elaborately carved, and a gallery usually was
+placed at the west end. Paintings by Sir James
+Thornhill and other artists adorn his churches, and
+the art of Strong the master mason, Jennings the
+carpenter, and Tijou the metal worker, all combined
+to beautify his structures.</p>
+
+<p>Within the limits of our space it is only possible
+to glance at the interiors of a few of these churches,
+and note some of the treasures therein contained.
+St. Andrew's, Holborn, has its original fifteenth century
+tower, recarved in 1704. It is known as the "Poet's
+Church," on account of the singers connected with it,
+including a contemporary of Shakespeare, John Webster,
+Robert Savage, Chatterton, and Henry Neele, and can
+boast of such illustrious rectors as Bishops Hacket and
+Stillingfleet, and Dr. Sacheverel. The spire of Christ
+Church, Spitalfields, built by Hawksmoor, is the loftiest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">{208}</a></span>
+in London, and has a fine peal of bells. In the church
+there is an early work of Flaxman&mdash;the monument of
+Sir Robert Ladbrooke, Lord Mayor. The name of
+St. Clement Danes reminds us of the connection of the
+sea-rovers with London. Strype says that the church
+was so named "because Harold, a Danish King, and
+other Danes, were buried there, and in that churchyard."
+He tells how this Harold, an illegitimate son of Canute,
+reigned three years, and was buried at Westminster;
+but, afterwards, Hardicanute, the lawful son of Canute,
+in revenge for the injury done to his mother and brother,
+ordered the body to be dug up and thrown into the
+Thames, where it was found by a fisherman and buried
+in this churchyard. There seems to be no doubt that there
+was a colony of peaceful Danes in this neighbourhood,
+as testified by the Danish word "Wych" given to a street
+hard by, and preserved in the modern Aldwych. It was
+the oldest suburb of London, the village of Ældwic,
+and called Aldewych. Oldwych close was in existence
+in the time of the Stuarts. These people were allowed
+to reside between the Isle of Thorney, or Westminster,
+and Ludgate, and, having become Christians, they built
+a church for themselves, which was called <i>Ecclesia
+Clementis Danorum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There is a wild story of the massacre of the Danes
+in this church in the days of Ethelred, as recorded in
+Strype's <i>Continuation of Stow</i>, and in the <i>Jomsvikinga
+Saga</i>. As Mr. Loftie has not found space in <i>Saxon
+London</i> to mention this colony of Danes and their
+doings, I venture to quote a passage from Mr. Lethaby's
+<i>Pre-Conquest London</i>, which contains some interesting
+allusions to these people:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"We are told that Sweyn made warfare in the land of King Ethelred,
+and drove him out of the land; he put <i>Thingumannalid</i> in two places.
+The one in Lundunaborg (London) was ruled by Eilif Thorgilsson, who
+had sixty ships in the Temps (Thames); the other was north in Sleswik.
+The Thingamen made a law that no one should stay away a whole night.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">{209}</a></span>
+They gathered at the Bura Church every night when a large bell was
+rung, but without weapons. He who had command in the town (London)
+was Ædric Streona. Ulfkel Snilling ruled over the northern part of
+England (East Anglia). The power of the Thingamen was great. There
+was a fair there (in London) twice every twelve month, one about midsummer
+and the other about midwinter. The English thought it would
+be the easiest to slay the Thingamen while Cnut was young (he was ten
+winters old) and Sweyn dead. About Yule, waggons went into the
+town to the market, and they were all tented over by the treacherous
+advice of Ulfkel Snelling and Ethelred's sons. Thord, a man of the
+Thingumannalid, went out of the town to the house of his mistress, who
+asked him to stay, because the death was planned of all the Thingamen
+by Englishmen concealed in the waggons, when the Danes would go
+unarmed to the church. Thord went into the town and told it to Eilif.
+They heard the bell ringing, and when they came to the churchyard
+there was a great crowd who attacked them. Eilif escaped with three
+ships and went to Denmark. Some time after, Edmund was made King.
+After three winters, Cnut, Thorkel and Eric went with eight hundred
+ships to England. Thorkel had thirty ships, and slew Ulfkel Snilling,
+and married Ulfhild, his wife, daughter of King Ethelred. With Ulfkel
+was slain every man on sixty ships, and Cnut took Lundunaborg."</p></div>
+
+<p>Matthew, of Westminster, also records this massacre
+of the Danes, and other authorities consider that the
+account in the <i>Saga</i> is founded on fact. However that
+may be, the Danes undoubtedly had a colony here of
+their traders, merchants, and seamen, and dedicated their
+church to their favourite saint, St. Clement, the patron
+of mariners, whose constant emblem is an anchor. Nor
+was this the only location of the Northmen. Southwark
+was their fortified trading place, where they had a church
+dedicated to St. Olaf, the patron saint of Norway. His
+name remains in Tooley Street, not a very evident but
+certainly true derivative of St. Olaf's Street. There are
+three churches dedicated to St. Olave, who was none
+other than St. Olaf. St. Magnus, too, tells of the
+Northmen, who was one of their favourite saints. Going
+back to the church of St. Clement Danes, we notice that
+it was rebuilt in 1682 under the advice of Wren, the
+tower and steeple being added forty years later.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">{210}</a></span>
+Dr. Johnson used to attend here, and a pillar near his
+seat bears the inscription:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"In this pew and beside this pillar, for many years attended Divine
+Service, the celebrated Dr. Johnson, the philosopher, the poet, the great
+lexicographer, the profound moralist, and chief writer of his time. Born
+1709, died 1794. In remembrance and honour of noble faculties, nobly
+employed, some inhabitants of the parish of St. Clement Danes have
+placed this slight memorial, <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 1851."</p></div>
+
+<p>One of the most important city churches is St. Mary-le-Bow,
+Cheapside. It is one of Wren's finest works;
+but the old church, destroyed by the Great Fire, had a
+notable history, being one of the earliest Norman
+buildings in the country. Stow says it was named
+St. Mary <i>de Arcubus</i> from its being built on arches of
+stone, these arches forming a crypt, which still exists.
+The tower was a place of sanctuary, but not a very
+effectual one, as Longbeard, a ringleader of a riot, was
+forced out of his refuge by fire in 1190, and Ducket,
+a goldsmith, was murdered. The Bow bells are famous,
+and one of them was rung nightly for the closing of
+shops. Everyone knows the protesting rhyme of the
+'prentices of the Cheap when the clerk rang the bell
+late, and the reassuring reply of that officer, who
+probably feared the blows of their staves. Lanterns
+hung in the arches of the spire as beacons for travellers.
+The bells of Bow are said to have recalled Dick
+Whittington, and those who have always lived in the
+district where their sound can be heard are
+deemed very ignorant folk by their country cousins.
+Whittington's church was St. Michael's Paternoster
+Royal, Thames Street, which he rebuilt, and wherein he
+was buried, though his body has been twice disturbed.
+The church was destroyed by the Great Fire, and rebuilt
+by Wren.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible for us to visit all the churches, each
+of which possesses some feature of interest, some
+historical association. They impart much beauty to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">{211}</a></span>
+every view of the city, and not one of them can be
+spared. Sometimes, in this utilitarian age, wise men
+tell us that we should pull down many of these ancient
+buildings, sell the valuable sites, and build other churches
+in the suburbs, where they would be more useful.
+Eighteen of Wren's churches have been thus destroyed,
+besides several of later date. The city merchants of
+old built their churches, and made great sacrifices in
+doing so, for the honour of God and the good of their
+fellow-men, and it is not for their descendants to pull
+them down. If suburban people want churches, they
+should imitate the example of their forefathers, and
+make sacrifices in order to build them. Streets, old
+palaces, interesting houses, are fast vanishing; the
+churches&mdash;at least, some of them&mdash;remain to tell the
+story of the ancient civic life, to point the way to
+higher things amid the bustling scenes of mercantile
+activity and commercial unrest. The readers of these
+Memorials will wish "strength i' th' arme" to the City
+Churches Preservation Society to do battle for these
+historic landmarks of ancient London.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Pageant of the Streets</h3>
+
+<p>Nothing helps us to realise the condition of ancient
+London, its growth and expansion, like a careful study
+of its street-names. It shows that in the Middle Ages
+London was very different from that great, overcrowded,
+noisy, and far-extending metropolis which we see to-day.
+It is difficult for us in these days to realise the small
+extent of ancient London, when Charing was a village
+situated between the cities of Westminster and London;
+or, indeed, to go back in imagination even a century
+or two ago, when the citizens could go a-nutting on
+Notting Hill, and when it was possible to see Temple
+Bar from Leicester Square, then called Leicester Fields,
+and with a telescope observe the heads of the Scotch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">{212}</a></span>
+rebels which adorned the spikes of the old gateway.
+In the early coaching days, on account of the impassable
+roads, it required three hours to journey from Paddington
+to the city. Kensington, Islington, Brompton, and
+Paddington were simply country villages, separated by
+fields and pastures from London; and the names of
+such districts as Spitalfields, Bethnal Green, Smithfield,
+Moorfields, and many others, now crowded with houses,
+indicate the once rural character of the neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<p>The area enclosed by the city walls was not larger than
+Hyde Park. Their course has been already traced, but we
+can follow them on the map of London by means of the
+names of the streets. Thus, beginning at the Tower, we
+pass on to Aldgate, and then to Bishopsgate. Outside was
+a protecting moat, which survives in the name Houndsditch,
+wherein doubtless dead dogs found a resting
+place. Then we pass on to London Wall, a street which
+sufficiently tells its derivation. Outside this part of the
+wall there was a fen, or bog, or moor, which survives
+in Moorfields, Moorgate Street, and possibly Finsbury;
+and Artillery Street shows where the makers of bows
+and arrows had their shops, near the artillery ground,
+where the users of these weapons practised at the butts.
+The name of the Barbican tells of a tower that guarded
+Aldersgate, and some remains of the wall can still be
+seen in Castle Street and in the churchyard of St. Giles',
+Cripplegate, the derivation of which has at length been
+satisfactorily determined by Mr. Loftie in our first
+chapter, and has nothing to do with the multitude of
+cripples which Stow imagined congregated there. Thence
+we go to Newgate and the Old Bailey, names that tell
+of walls and fortifications. Everyone knows the name
+of the Bailey court of a castle, which intervened between
+the keep or stronger portion of the defences and the
+outer walls or gate. The court of the Old Bailey
+suggests to modern prisoners other less pleasing ideas.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">{213}</a></span>
+Now the wall turns southward, in the direction of
+Ludgate, where it was protected by a stream called
+the Fleet, whence the name Fleet Street is derived.
+Canon Isaac Taylor suggests that Fleet Street is really
+Flood Street, from which Ludgate or Floodgate takes
+its name. We prefer the derivation given by Mr. Loftie.
+On the south of Ludgate, and on the bank of the
+Thames, stood a mighty strong castle, called Baynard
+Castle, constructed by William the Conqueror to aid
+him, with the Tower of London, to keep the citizens
+in order. It has entirely disappeared, but if you look
+closely at the map you will find a wharf which records
+its memory, and a ward of the city also is named after
+the long vanished stronghold. Now the course of the
+wall follows the north bank of the river Thames, and
+the names Dowgate and Billingsgate record its memory
+and of the city gates, which allowed peaceable citizens
+to enter, but were strong to resist foes and rebels.</p>
+
+<p>Within these walls craftsmen and traders had their
+own particular localities, the members of each trade
+working together side by side in their own street or
+district; and although now some of the trades have
+disappeared, and traders are no longer confined to one
+district, the street-names record the ancient home of
+their industries. The two great markets were the
+Eastcheap and Westcheap, now Cheapside. The former,
+in the days of Lydgate, was the abode of the butchers.
+Martin Lyckpenny sings:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Then I hyed me into Est-chepe<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One cryes ribbes of befe and many a pye."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And near the butchers naturally were the cooks, who
+flourished in Cooks' Row, along Thames Street.
+Candlewick Street took its name from the chandlers.
+Cornhill marks the site of the ancient corn market.
+Haymarket, where the theatre is so well known, was
+the site of a market for hay, but that is comparatively<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">{214}</a></span>
+modern. The citizens did not go so far out of the
+city to buy and sell hay. Stow says: "Then higher
+in Grasse Street is that parish church of St. Bennet,
+called Grasse Church, of the herb market there kept";
+and though he thinks Fenchurch Street may be derived
+from a fenny or moorish ground, "others be of opinion
+that it took that name of <i>Fænum</i>, that is, hay sold there,
+as Grasse Street took the name of grass, or herbs, there
+sold." Wool was sold near the church of St. Mary
+Woolchurch, which stood on the site of the present
+Mansion House, and in the churchyard was a beam for
+the weighing of wool. The name survives in that of
+St. Mary Woolnoth, with which parish the other was
+united when St. Mary Woolchurch was destroyed by
+the Great Fire. Lombard Street marks the settlement
+of the great Lombardi merchants, the Italian financiers,
+bankers, and pawnbrokers, who found a convenient
+centre for their transactions midway between the two
+great markets, Eastcheap and Cheapside. Sometimes
+the name of the street has been altered in course of
+time, so that it is difficult to determine the original
+meaning. Thus Sermon Lane has nothing to do with
+parsons, but is a corruption of Sheremoniers' Lane, who
+"cut and rounded the plates to be coined and stamped
+into sterling pence," as Stow says. Near this lane was
+the Old Exchange, where money was coined. Later on,
+this coining was done at a place still called the mint,
+in Bermondsey. Stow thought that Lothbury was so
+called because it was a loathsome place, on account of
+the noise made by the founders; but it is really a
+corruption of Lattenbury, the place where these founders
+"cast candlesticks, chafing-dishes, spice mortars, and
+such like copper or laton works." Of course, people
+sold their fowls in the Poultry; fish and milk and bread
+shops were to be found in the streets bearing these names;
+and leather in Leather Lane and, perhaps, Leadenhall
+Market, said to be a corruption of Leatherhall, though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">{215}</a></span>
+Stow does not give any hint of this. Sopers' Lane
+was the abode of the soapmakers; Smithfield of the
+smiths. Coleman Street derives its name from the man
+who first built and owned it, says Stow; but later
+authorities place there the coalmen or charcoal-burners.
+As was usual in mediæval towns, the Jews had a district
+for themselves, and resided in Old Jewry and Jewin
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>The favourite haunt of booksellers and publishers,
+Paternoster Row, derives its name, according to Stow,
+"from the stationers or text-writers that dwelled there,
+who wrote and sold all sorts of books then in use, namely,
+A. B. C. or Absies, with the Paternoster, Ave, Creed,
+Graces, etc. There dwelled also turners of beads, and
+they are called Paternoster-makers. At the end of
+Paternoster Row is Ave Mary Lane, so called upon the
+like occasion of text-writers and bead-makers then
+dwelling there." Creed Lane and Amen Corner make
+up the names of these streets where the worshippers in
+Old St. Paul's found their helps to devotion.</p>
+
+<p>Old London was a city of palaces as well as of
+trade. All the great nobles of England had their town
+houses, or inns, as they were called. They had vast
+retinues of armed men, and required no small lodging.
+The Dukes of Exeter and Somerset, the Earl of
+Northumberland, and many others, had their town
+houses, every vestige of which has passed away, though
+their names are preserved by the streets and sites on
+which they stood. The Strand, for example, is full of
+the memories of these old mansions, which began to
+be erected along the river bank when the Wars of the
+Roses had ceased, and greater security was felt by the
+people of England, who then began to perceive that
+it might be possible to live in safety outside the walls
+of the city. Northumberland Avenue tells of the house
+of the Earls of Northumberland, which stood so late
+as 1875; Burleigh Street and Essex Street recall the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">{216}</a></span>
+famous Sir William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, whose son
+was created Earl of Essex. Arundel House, the mansion
+of the Howards, is marked by Arundel Street, Surrey
+Street, Howard Street, Norfolk Street, these being the
+titles borne by scions of this famous family. The
+readers of the chapter on the Royal Palaces need not
+be told of the traditions preserved by the names
+Somerset House and the Savoy. Cecil Street and
+Salisbury Street recall the memory of Salisbury House,
+built by Sir Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, brother of
+the Earl of Essex mentioned above. Then we have
+Bedford Street, with Russell Street, Southampton Street,
+Tavistock Street, around Covent Garden. These
+names unfold historical truths. Covent Garden is an
+abbreviated form of Convent Garden, the garden of the
+monks of Westminster. It was granted to the Russell
+family at the dissolution of monasteries, and the Russells,
+Earls of Bedford, erected a mansion here, which has
+long disappeared, but has left traces behind in the
+streets named after the various titles to which members
+of the Russell family attained. In another part of
+London we find traces of the same family. After
+leaving Covent Garden they migrated to Bloomsbury,
+and there we find Bedford Square, Southampton Street,
+Russell Square, Tavistock Square, and Chenies Street,
+this latter being named after their seat in Buckinghamshire.
+Craven buildings, near Drury Lane, tells of the
+home of Lord Craven, the devoted admirer of the
+"Queen of Hearts," the beautiful Queen of Bohemia.
+Clare House, the mansion of the Earls of Clare, survives
+in Clare Market; and Leicester Square points to the
+residence of the favourite of Queen Elizabeth, and
+Villiers Street and Buckingham Street to that of another
+court favourite, the Duke of Buckingham. The bishops
+also had their town houses, and their sites are recorded
+by such names as Ely Place, Salisbury Square, Bangor
+Court, and Durham Street.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">{217}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We might wander westward, and trace the progress
+of building and of fashion, and mark the streets that
+bear witness to the memories of great names in English
+history; but that would take us far beyond our limits.
+Going back citywards, we should find many other
+suggestive names of streets&mdash;those named after churches;
+those that record the memories of religious houses, such
+as Blackfriars, Austin Friars, Crutched Friars; those
+that mark the course of many streams and brooks that
+now find their way underground to the great river.
+All these names recall glimpses of Old London, and
+must be cherished as priceless memorials of ancient days.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Heart of the City</h3>
+
+<p>In the centre of London, at the eastern end of
+Cheapside, stand the Royal Exchange, the Mansion
+House, and Bank of England, all of which merit
+attention. The official residence of the Lord Mayor&mdash;associated
+with the magnificent hospitality of the city,
+with the memory of many distinguished men who have
+held the office of Chief Magistrate, and with the
+innumerable charitable schemes which have been initiated
+there&mdash;was built by Dance, and completed in 1753. It
+is in the Italian style, and resembles a Palladian
+Palace. Its conspicuous front, with Corinthian columns
+supporting a pediment, in the centre of which is a
+group of allegorical sculpture, is well known to all
+frequenters of the city. Formerly it had an open
+court, but this has been roofed over and converted into
+a grand banquetting hall, known as the Egyptian Hall.
+There are other dining rooms, a ball room, and drawing
+room, all superbly decorated, and the Mansion House
+is a worthy home for the Lord Mayor of London.</p>
+
+<p>The Bank of England commenced its career in 1691;
+founded by William Paterson, a Scotsman, and
+incorporated by William III. The greatest monetary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">{218}</a></span>
+establishment in the world at first managed to contain
+its wealth in a single chest, not much larger than a
+seaman's box. Its first governor was Sir John Houblon,
+who appears largely in the recent interesting volume on
+the records of the Houblon family, and whose house
+and garden were on part of the site of the present
+bank. The halls of the mercers and grocers provided
+a home for the officials in their early dealings. The
+site of the bank was occupied by a church, St.
+Christopher-le-Stocks, three taverns, and several houses.
+These have all been removed to make room for the
+extensions which from time to time were found necessary.
+The back of the Threadneedle Street front is the
+earliest portion&mdash;built in 1734, to which Sir Robert
+Taylor added two wings; and then Sir John Soane
+was appointed architect, and constructed the remainder
+of the present buildings in the Corinthian style, after
+the model of the Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli. There
+have been several subsequent additions, including the
+heightening of the Cornhill front by an attic in 1850.
+There have been many exciting scenes without those
+sombre-looking walls. It has been attacked by rioters.
+Panics have created "runs" on the bank; in 1745 the
+managers just saved themselves by telling their agents
+to demand payment for large sums in sixpences, which
+took a long time to count, the agents then paying in
+the sixpences, which had to be again counted, and
+thus preventing <i>bonâ-fide</i> holders of notes presenting
+them. At one time the corporation had a very
+insignificant amount of money in the bank, and just
+saved themselves by issuing one pound notes. The
+history of forgeries on the bank would make an
+interesting chapter, and the story of its defence in the
+riots of 1780, when old inkstands were used as bullets by
+the gallant defenders, fills a page of old-world romance.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_041.jpg" width="600" height="354" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p class='center'><span class="smcap">The Royal Exchange.</span></p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Engraved by Hollar, 1644.</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But interesting as these buildings are, their stories
+pale before that of the Royal Exchange. The present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">{219}</a></span>
+building was finished in 1844, and opened by her late
+Majesty Queen Victoria with a splendid state and civic
+function. Its architecture is something after the style
+of the Pantheon at Rome. Why the architects of that
+and earlier periods always chose Italian models for
+their structures is one of the mysteries of human error;
+but, as we have seen, all these three main buildings in
+the heart of the city are copied from Italian structures.
+William Tite was the architect, and he achieved no
+mean success. The great size of the portico, the vastness
+of the columns, the frieze and sculptured tympanum,
+and striking figures, all combine to make it an imposing
+building. Upon the pedestal of the figure of
+"Commerce" is the inscription: "The earth is the
+Lord's, and the fulness thereof." The interior has been
+enriched by a series of mural paintings, representing
+scenes from the municipal life of London, the work of
+eminent artists.</p>
+
+<p>This exchange is the third which has stood upon
+this site. The first was built by Sir Thomas Gresham,
+one of the famous family of merchants to whom
+London owes many benefits. It was a "goodly Burse,"
+of Flemish design, having been built by a Flemish
+architect and Flemish workmen, and closely resembled
+the great Burse of Antwerp. The illustration, taken
+from an old engraving by Hollar, 1644, shows the
+building with its large court, with an arcade, a corridor
+or "pawn" of stalls above, and, in the high-pitched
+roof, chambers with dormer windows. Above the roofs
+a high bell-tower is seen, from which, at twelve o'clock
+at noon and at six in the evening, a bell sounded forth
+that proclaimed the call to 'Change. The merchants
+are shown walking or sitting on the benches transacting
+their business. Each nationality or trade had its own
+"walk." Thus there were the "Scotch walk," "Hanbro',"
+"Irish," "East country," "Swedish," "Norway,"
+"American," "Jamaica," "Spanish," "Portugal,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">{220}</a></span>
+"French," "Greek," and "Dutch and Jewellers'" walks.
+When Queen Elizabeth came to open the Exchange, the
+tradesmen began to use the hundred shops in the
+corridor, and "milliners or haberdashers sold mouse-traps,
+bird-cages, shoeing-horns, Jews' trumps, etc.;
+armourers, that sold both old and new armour;
+apothecaries, booksellers, goldsmiths, and glass-sellers."
+The Queen declared that this beautiful building should
+be no longer called the Burse, but gave it the name
+"The Royal Exchange." In the illustration some
+naughty boys have trespassed upon the seclusion of
+the busy merchants, and the beadle is endeavouring to
+drive them out of the quadrangle.</p>
+
+<p>This fine building was destroyed by the Great Fire,
+when all the statues fell down save that of the founder,
+Sir Thomas Gresham. His trustees, now known as the
+Gresham Committee, set to work to rebuild it, and
+employed Edward German as their architect, though
+Wren gave advice concerning the project. As usual,
+the citizens were not very long in accomplishing their task,
+and three years after the fire the second Exchange was
+opened, and resembled in plan its predecessor. Many
+views of it appear in the Crace collection in the British
+Museum. In 1838 it was entirely destroyed by fire. In
+the clock-tower there was a set of chimes, and the
+last tune they played, appropriately, was, "There's nae
+luck about the house." As we have seen, in a few years
+the present Royal Exchange arose, which we trust will
+be more fortunate than its predecessors, and never fall
+a victim to the flames.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>There is much else that we should like to see in
+Old London, and record in these Memorials. We should
+like to visit the old fairs, especially Bartholomew Fair,
+Smithfield, either in the days of the monks or with
+my Lady Castlemaine, who came in her coach, and
+mightily enjoyed a puppet show; and the wild beasts,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">{221}</a></span>
+dwarfs, operas, tight-rope dancing, sarabands, dogs
+dancing the Morrice, hare beating a tabor, a tiger
+pulling the feathers from live fowls, the humours of
+Punchinello, and drolls of every degree. Pages might
+be written of the celebrities of the fair, of the puppet
+shows, where you could see such incomparable dramas
+as <i>Whittington and his Cat</i>, <i>Dr. Faustus</i>, <i>Friar Bacon</i>,
+<i>Robin Hood and Little John</i>, <i>Mother Shipton</i>, together
+with "the tuneful warbling pig of Italian race." But
+our pageant is passing, and little space remains. We
+should like to visit the old prisons. A friend of the
+writer, Mr. Milliken, has allowed himself to be locked
+in all the ancient gaols which have remained to our
+time, and taken sketches of all the cells wherein famous
+prisoners have been confined; of gates, and bars, and bolts
+and doors, which have once restrained nefarious gaol-birds.
+Terrible places they were, these prisons, wherein
+prisoners were fleeced and robbed by governors and
+turnkeys, and, if they had no money, were kicked and
+buffeted in the most merciless manner. Old Newgate,
+which has just disappeared, has perhaps the most
+interesting history. It began its career as a prison in
+the form of a tower or part of the city gate. Thus
+it continued until the Great Fire, after which it was
+restored by Wren. In our illustration of the old
+gatehouse, it will be seen that it had a windmill at
+the top. This was an early attempt at ventilation, in
+order to overcome the dread malady called "gaol
+distemper," which destroyed many prisoners. Many
+notable names appear on the list of those who suffered
+here, including several literary victims, whose writings
+caused them grievous sufferings. The prison so lately
+destroyed was designed by George Dance in 1770.
+A recent work on architecture describes it as almost
+perfect of its kind. Before it was completed it was
+attacked by the Gordon rioters, who released the
+prisoners and set it on fire. It was repaired and finished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">{222}</a></span>
+in 1782. Outwardly so imposing, inwardly it was, for
+a long period, one of the worst prisons in London, full
+of vice and villainy, unchecked, unreformed; while
+outside frequently gathered tumultuous crowds to see
+the condemned prisoners hanged. We might have
+visited also the debtors' prisons with Mr. Pickwick and
+other notables, if our minds were not surfeited with
+prison fare; and even followed the hangman's cart
+to Tyburn, to see the last of some notorious criminals.
+Where the Ludgate Railway Station now stands was
+the famous Fleet prison, which had peculiar privileges,
+the Liberty of the Fleet allowing prisoners to go on
+bail and lodge in the neighbourhood of the prison.
+The district extended from the entrance to St. Paul's
+churchyard, Old Bailey, Ludgate Hill, to the Thames.
+Everyone has heard of the Fleet marriages that took
+place in this curious neighbourhood. On the other side
+of New Bridge Street there was a wild district called
+Alsatia, extending from Fleet Street to the Thames,
+wherein, until 1697, cheats and scoundrels found a safe
+sanctuary, and could not be disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>Again, we should like to visit the old public gardens,
+Vauxhall and Ranelagh, in company with Horace
+Walpole, or with Miss Burney's <i>Evelina</i> or Fielding's
+<i>Amelia</i>, and note "the extreme beauty and elegance of
+the place, with its 1,000 lamps"; "and happy is it for
+me," the young lady remarks, "since to give an adequate
+idea of it would exceed my power of description."</p>
+
+<p>But the pageant must at length pass on, and we
+must wake from the dreams of the past to find ourselves
+in our ever growing, ever changing, modern London.
+It is sufficient for us to reflect sometimes on the past
+life of the great city, to see again the scenes which
+took place in the streets and lanes we know so well,
+to form some ideas of the characters and manners of
+our forefathers, and to gather together some memorials
+of the greatest and most important city in the world.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">{223}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX">INDEX</a></h2>
+
+<p class='center'>[Transcriber's Note: Links to volume i are external links to
+etext 28742 on the Project Gutenberg website. They require an internet connection
+and may not be supported by your device.]</p>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Abbey, Bermondsey, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Abbot of Westminster and monks in Tower prison, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Malmesbury, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Actor, Thomas Davies the, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Addison at Wills' Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Albemarle Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Monk, Duke of, ii., <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Albus, Liber, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Aldermanbury, St. Mary, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Aldersgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Aldgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Aldwych, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Alfred Club, ii., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; the Great, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">All Hallows Barking ii., <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Staining, Mark Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; the More, Church of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Alpine Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Alsatia, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Anecdote of Charles II. and the Chaplains' dinner, ii., <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Angel Inn," Wych Street, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Anglo-Saxon houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Anlaf the Dane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Anthropological Institute, ii., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Society, ii., <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Antiquaries, Society of, ii., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Apothecaries' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Apprentices of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; dress of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; flogging of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Archæological Association, British, ii., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Institute, ii., <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Archdeacon Hale, reforms of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Archery, ii., <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Architect, George Dance, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Palace of Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Tower, Gundulf, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Architecture, Crusaders' influence on, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Armory, London's</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Armourers' and Braziers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arms of the City and See of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Army and Navy Club, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arsenal, Tower an, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arthur's Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Artillery Street, ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Artists, Blackfriars as abode of, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Artizans' Houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arts, Society of, ii., <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arundel House, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Asiatic Society, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Associates of the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Association, British Archæological, ii., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; for the Advancement of Science, British, ii., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Associations of Covent Garden, Literary, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Pall Mall, Literary, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. James' Street, Literary, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of the Temple, Literary, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Athenæum Club, ii., <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">{224}</a></span>Augustine Friars, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">August Society of the Wanderers Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Aulus Plautius, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Austin Friars, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Authors' Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Authors of the Temple, ii., <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ave Mary Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Avenue, Northumberland, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Axe" Inn, Aldermanbury, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Axe Yard, Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Bacon, Sir Francis, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bacon's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bailey, Old, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bank of England, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bankside, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Banqueting Hall," Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Banqueting House, Whitehall, ii., <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Banquets, City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_188">188</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Barbers', or Barber Surgeons' Company i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Barbican, ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; destroyed, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Barges of City Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Barnard's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Barry, Sir Charles, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bars, London, ii., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bartholomew Fair, ii., <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; the Great, St., Smithfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Basilica, Roman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bath Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Roman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Batson's" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Battle at Crayford, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Baynard Castle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bear-baiting, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bear Garden, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Beauchamp, Monument of Sir John, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Beauvale, Nottinghamshire, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Bedford" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bedford, Earls of, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Bell and Crown" Inn, Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Bell" Inn, Warwick Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bell Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bells of Bow, The, ii., <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Belmie, Richard de, Bishop of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Berkeley House, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bermondsey Abbey, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Berwick Bridge and Bribery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bethnal Green, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Billingsgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bishop of London, Mellitus, first, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Richard de Belmies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bishopsgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bishops of London, seals of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bishops' houses, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bishopric of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Black death, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Blackfriars, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; abode of artists, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Glovers in, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; playhouse near, ii., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Shakespeare's house in, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Vandyke's studio in, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Blacksmiths' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Blackwell Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Blake, William, poet, painter, ii., <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bloody Gate Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Blossoms" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Blue Boar" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Boar's Head" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Bolt-in-Tun" Inn, Fleet Street, ii., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bolton, William, prior of St. Bartholomew, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bonfires, ii., <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Boodle's Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Borough, The, ii., <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Boswell, ii., <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bow Bells, ii., <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bowyers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Braziers' Company, Armourers' and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bread Street, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; John Milton born in, ii., <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brewers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bribery and Berwick Bridge, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Extraordinary, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brick building by the Hansa, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bridewell, ii., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace of, ii., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bridge, Blackfriars, ii., <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Chapel, ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">{225}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Gate, ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of London, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Thomas of the, ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Southwark, ii., <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Waterloo, ii., <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Bridge House Estates," ii., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">British Archæological Association, ii., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Association for the Advancement of Science, ii., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Broad Street, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Broderers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brontë, Charlotte and Anne, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brook, Turnmill, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brooks's Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Brooks's, Memorials of</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brown, Dr. Haig, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Buckingham Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bucklersbury, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Builder of Tower of London, Gundulf, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Westminster Bridge, Labelye, ii., <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Building, Goldsmith, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lamb, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; operations at the Tower, Henry III., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wren's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Buildings, Craven, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Harcourt, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Johnson's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Mitre Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Bull and Mouth" Inn, St. Martin's-le-Grand, ii., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bull-Baiting, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Bull" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Burbage, James, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Burleigh Street, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Burlington House, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Butler, Samuel, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Button's Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Byron, Lord, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Camden's description of St. Paul's Cathedral, ii., <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Candlewick Street, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cannon Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Canterbury, William de Corbeil, Archbishop of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Capital of Kings of Essex, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cardinal Wolsey, ii., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wolsey's Palace, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carlton Club, ii., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carpenters' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carthusian house, first, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Order, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carved woodwork in City Churches, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cassius, Dion, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Castle, Baynard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Castles of earth and timber, Early, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cathedral, St. Paul's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Catherine Wheel" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cedd, St., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Celtic London, i., <a href="#Page_1">1-5</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; site of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chair in Fishmongers' Hall, ii., <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chancery, difference between the Inns of Court and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Holborn and the Inns of Court and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inns of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Change, Old, ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chantry Chapel of St. Bartholomew, built by de Walden, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chapel, Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; London Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. John, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. Peter and Vincula, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pardon Churchyard and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal, at St. James's Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Savoy, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Chapter" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Charing Cross, the "Rummer" in, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Three Tuns" at, ii., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Charles I. a prisoner in St. James's Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; his execution, ii., <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Charles II. and the Chaplains' dinner, anecdote of, ii., <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Evelyn's description of Restoration of, ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Charles the Martyr, ii., <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Charnel-house, St. Bartholomew, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Charter of William I., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">{226}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; alterations in sixteenth century, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; ejection of schoolmaster, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; fifteenth century plan of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hospital, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; John Houghton, Prior of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Monastery, destruction of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Refectory, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; reforms of Archdeacon Hale, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; School, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; moved to Godalming, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chaucer, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; marriage of, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cheapside, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Mary-le-Bow, ii., <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Cheshire Cheese," ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cheshire Cheese Club, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Christchurch, ii., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Christ Church, Spitalfields, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Christ's Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; pictures at, ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; removed to Horsham, ii., <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Samuel Pepys and, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Church, All Hallows the More, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; consecrated by Heraclius, Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; desecration of Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; effigies in Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Life of the City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Organ, Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Andrew in Holborn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Andrew in the Wardrobe, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Bartholomew the Great, former neglected condition of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Bride, ii., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Buttolph, ii., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Helen, ii., <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Leonard's, ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Mary le Bow, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Michael-le-Querne, ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Churches, carved woodwork in City, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; City, ii., <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; destroyed, Wren's, ii., <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in London, number of, ii., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Plays in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Churchyard and Chapel, Pardon, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Citizens, liveries of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Middlesex granted to the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">City and See of London, Arms of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; banquets, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_188">188</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Churches, carved woodwork in, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; ii., <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Church life of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; barges of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Charity and Religion of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Patron Saints of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; promotion of trade by, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Customs of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Feasts, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Freedom of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gates of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Heart of the, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of palaces, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Civil War troubles, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clare Market, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clarendon House, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clement's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clerkenwell, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clerks' Company, Parish, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cleveland Row, Theodore Hook in, ii., <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clifford's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clipping or "sweating" coin, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clockmakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cloister Court, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cloth Fair, Smithfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clothworkers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Club, Albemarle, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Alfred, ii., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Alpine, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Army and Navy, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Arthur's, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Athenæum, ii., <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; August Society of the Wanderers, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Authors', ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bath, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Boodle's, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Brooks's, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">{227}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Button's Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Carlton, ii., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cheshire Cheese, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cock, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cocoa Tree, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Conservative, ii., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fox, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Garrick, ii., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Guards', ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hurlingham, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Junior United Service, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Kit Cat, ii., <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Literary, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Marlborough, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Marylebone Cricket, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; National, ii., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Oriental, ii., <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Rag and Famish," ii., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Reform, ii., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," ii., <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Thatched House," ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Travellers', ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Union, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; United Service, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; United University, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; White's, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clubs of London, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coach and Coach-Harness Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Coal Hole," ii., <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cock Club, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Cock" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cockpit Theatre, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cocoa Tree Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coffee, first introduction of, ii., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coffee-house, Button's, ii., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coffee-houses, Old London, ii., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; as lecture rooms, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; as public reading-rooms, ii., <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Manners and modes in, ii., <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Museums at, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Quack medicines sold at, ii., <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sales at, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coin, clipping or "sweating," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coins found in the Thames, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Colchester keep, compared with the keep of the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cold Harbour Gate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Colechurch, Peter of, ii., <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coleman Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Colet, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Collections, Zoological, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Colony, Danish, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Commerce, Trade and, ii., <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Common Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Common Playhouses," ii., <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Companies, Barges of City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Charity and Religion of City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Halls of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Patron Saints of City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Promotion of trade by City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Spoliation of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Company, Apothecaries', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Armourers' and Braziers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Barbers' or Barber Surgeons', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Blacksmiths', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bowyers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Brewers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Broderers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Carpenters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clockmakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clockworkers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coach and Coach Harness, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cooks', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coopers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cordwainers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Curriers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cutlers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Distillers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Drapers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Dyers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fanmakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Farriers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Feltmakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fishmongers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fletchers', <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Founders', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Framework Knitters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fruiterers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Girdlers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Glass-sellers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Glaziers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Glovers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Goldsmiths', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">{228}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Grocers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gunmakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Haberdashers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Horners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Innholders', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ironmongers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Joiners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Leathersellers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Loriners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Masons', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Mercers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Merchant Taylors', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Musicians', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Needlemakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Painters' or Painter-stainers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Parish Clerks', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pattenmakers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pewterers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Plaisterers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Playing-card Makers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Plumbers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Poulters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Saddlers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Salters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Scriveners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Shipwrights', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Skinners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Spectacle-makers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Stationers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tallow Chandlers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tin-plate Workers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Turners' or Wood-potters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tylers' and Bricklayers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Upholders', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Vintners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wax Chandlers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Weavers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wheelwrights', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Woolmen's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Concentric" Castle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conduit, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Conduit, The Little," ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conference, Savoy, ii., <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Congreve, ii., <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Consecration of the Temple Church by Heraclius, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conservative Club, ii., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Constable of the Tower, Geoffrey de Mandeville, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; William Puinctel, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conversion of Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cooks' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Row, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coopers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Corbeil, William de, Archbishop of Canterbury, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Corbis, Peter&mdash;Water engineer, ii., <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cordwainers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cornhill, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gray born in, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Corporation, religious services of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Corpus Christi Day, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Court and Chancery, difference between the Inns of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Holborn and the Inns of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Buildings, Mitre, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cloister, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hare, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Northumberland, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Requests, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Plays in halls of Inns of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tanfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wardrobe, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Covent Garden, ii., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Literary associations of, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cowley, Abraham, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cowper, ii., <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Craven Buildings, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crayford, Battle at, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cripplegate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; wooden houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Croft, Spittle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crooked Streets, Narrow and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crosby estate at Hanworth-on-Thames, ii., <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Place, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sir John, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Thomas More at, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cross, Demolition of St. Paul's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Eleanor, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crossbows, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Cross Keys" in Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cross, Paul's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Crown" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inn, Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Crowned or Cross Keys" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Crug-baskets," ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">{229}</a></span>Crusaders, their influence on architecture, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crutched Friars, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crypt of St. Ann's Chapel, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crypts, Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cursitors' Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Custom House, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Customs of the City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cutlers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Dance, George, Architect, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dane, Anlaf the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Danes destroyed London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; massacre of the, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Danish colony, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; invasion, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Davenant, ii., <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Davies, Thomas, the actor, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Davy's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Death, Black, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dekker, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Demolition of Paul's Cross, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Description of Restoration of Charles II., Evelyn's, ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Desecration of Temple Church, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Destruction of Charterhouse monastery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Monuments, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Wren's churches, ii., <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Devil" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Devonshire House, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dickens' days in Hungerford Stairs, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Difference between Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Dine with Duke Humphrey, to," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dinner, anecdote of Charles II. and the Chaplains', ii., <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dion Cassius, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Disabilities of Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Distillers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Diurnal</i>, Rugge's, ii., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Doctors, Heroic, ii., <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Dog" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Dolphin" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dominicans' monastery in Shoe Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dorset Gardens Theatre, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Thomas Sackville, first Earl of, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dowgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Downing Street, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Drapers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Drayton, Michael, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dress of apprentices, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Drury Lane Theatre, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dryden, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Duke Humphrey, to dine with," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Duke of Albemarle, Monk, ii., <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Gloucester, at Crosby Hall, Richard, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Duke's House Theatre, ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Place, ii., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dyers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Earl of Warwick, Inn of, in Warwick Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Earls of Bedford, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Early castles of earth and timber, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Times, London in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_1">1-26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Earth and timber, early castles of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Eastcheap, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and Westcheap, markets of, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">East Smithfield, Edmund Spenser born in, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Effigies in Temple Church, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ejection of Charterhouse Schoolmaster, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Eleanor Cross, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Elizabeth, Industries encouraged by, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Elizabethan London, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">England, Bank of, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Enlargement of the Tower by Richard I., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Erkenwald, Bishop of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ermin Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Escape from the Tower of Flambard, Bishop of Durham, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Essex, capital of the Kings of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Street, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Estates, Bridge House," ii., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ethnological Society, ii., <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Etiquette in Hyde Park, ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Etymology of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Eve, Midsummer, ii., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Evelyn, John, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Evelyn's description of Restoration of Charles II., ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Exchange, Old, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">{230}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Execution of Charles I., ii., <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Expulsion of Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Extraordinary bribery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Fair, Bartholomew, ii., <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Smithfield Cloth, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fanmakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Farriers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Father Gerard, prisoner in Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Feasts, City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Feltmakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fenchurch Street, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ferries, Thames, ii., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fields, Goodman's, ii., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Finsbury, ii., <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fire, Great, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; London rebuilt after Great, ii., <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fires at the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Frequency of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">First Bishop of London, Mellitus, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Carthusian house, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Introduction of Coffee, ii., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Prisoners sent to the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fishmongers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; chairs in, ii., <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">FitzStephen's <i>Description of London</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Flambard, Bishop of Durham, escape from the Tower of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fleet, Liberty of the, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Prison, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; River, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fletcher, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fletchers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Flogging of apprentices, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Floods at Whitehall, ii., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Florence, Friscobaldi of, ii., <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fludyer Street, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Folkmote, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ford across Thames, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Foreigners," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Foreigners in London, ii., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Former neglected condition of St. Bartholomew's Church, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Founder of Lincoln's Inn, Henry de Lacy, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Founders' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Four Swans" Inn in Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fox Club, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Framework Knitters' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">France, Petty, ii., <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Franklin, Benjamin, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Freedom of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of the City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Frequency of fires, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Friars, Augustine, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Austin, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Black, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Crutched, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Friars of London, Chronicle of the Grey</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Friscobaldi of Florence, ii., <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fruiterers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Furnival's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Galleried Inns, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Game of Mall, ii., <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Game of Swans," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Garden, Bear, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Covent, ii., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old Spring, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Stairs, Paris, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Garraway's" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Garrick Club, ii., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gate, Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Traitors', ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gates of City, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gaunt at Savoy Palace, John of, ii., <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Geographical Society, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Geological Society, ii., <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"George" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gerard prisoner in Tower, Father, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Gerard's Hall" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">German Hanse Merchants, ii., <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gibbons's Statue of James II., Grinling, ii., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Gilda Teutonicorum</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Girdlers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Glasshouse Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Glass-making, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Glass-sellers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Glaziers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Globe Theatre, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Glovers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">{231}</a></span>Glovers in Blackfriars, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Godalming, Charterhouse School moved to, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gog and Magog, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Goldsmith Building, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Oliver, ii., <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Goldsmiths' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Row, ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Goodman's Fields, ii., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gordon Riots, ii., <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Governance of London, the," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_15">15</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Grand Tour, the," ii., <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Grasse Church, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gray born in Cornhill, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gray's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Great Fire, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; a blessing, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; London rebuilt after, ii., <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Plague, ii., <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tower Hill, scaffold on, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Grecian," ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Green Dragon" Inn, in Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Greenwich, Palace at, ii., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gresham, residence of Sir Thomas, ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sir Thomas, ii., <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Grey Friars of London, Chronicle of the</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Grey Friars' monastery, ii., <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Reginald de, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Griffin, prisoner in Tower keep, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Grocers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Guards' Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Guild, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Guilda Aula Teutonicorum, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_227">227</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Guildhall, The, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Chapel, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Crypts, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Historic scenes in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Library, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Little Ease" at the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of the Steel-yard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Portraits at the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Windows in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Gull's Horne-Book, The</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gundulf, architect of Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gunmakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gunpowder manufactured in Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Guy Fawkes, prison of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gwynne's house, Nell, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Haberdashers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hale, Reforms of Archdeacon, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Half-timbered houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hall, Crosby, a prison for Royalists, ii., <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Blackwell, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Chair in Fishmongers', ii., <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clothworkers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Common, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Crosby, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fishmongers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Goldsmiths', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Grocers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Haberdashers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inner Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ironmongers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Mercers', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Merchant Taylors', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Middle Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at Crosby, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Salters', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Skinners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Thomas More at Crosby, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Vintners', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Halls of Inns of Court, Plays in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of the Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hamburg, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hanged, Three hundred Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hansa, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; brick building by the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hanseatic League, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hanse Merchants, German, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hanworth-on-Thames, Crosby Estate at, ii., <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Harcourt Buildings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hare Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Haymarket, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Head, The Monk's," ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Heads on Bridge Gate, ii., <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">{232}</a></span>Heart of the City, ii., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Henry III.'s building operations at the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; VIII.'s buildings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Henslowe, Philip, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Heraclius, Temple Church consecrated by, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Herber, the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Herfleets' Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hermitage in the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Heroic Doctors, ii., <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Herrick, ii., <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hill, St. Andrew's, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hinton, Somersetshire, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Historic Scenes in the Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Hobson's Choice," ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Holborn and the Inns of Court and Chancery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149-177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Church of St. Andrew in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inns, ii., <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old Temple, in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Origin of name, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Viaduct, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Holeburn, Manor of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Holy Trinity, Priory of, ii., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Holywell, ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hook, Theodore, in Cleveland Row, ii., <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Horne-Book, The Gull's</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Horners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Horse Races at Smithfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Horsham, Christ's Hospital removed to, ii., <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hospital, Bridewell, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Christ's, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; removed to Horsham, ii., <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; for lepers, ii., <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pictures at Christ's, ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Bartholomew's, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Thomas's, ii., <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Samuel Pepys and Christ's, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Houghton, John, Prior of Charterhouse in 1531, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Houndsditch, ii., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">House, Arundel, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Banqueting, Whitehall, ii., <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Berkeley, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Burlington, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clarendon, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Custom, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Devonshire, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"House Estates, Bridge," ii., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; First Carthusian, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Howard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Blackfriars, Shakespeare's, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Marlborough, ii., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Marquis of Winchester's, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Nell Gwynne's, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Nonesuch," ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Salisbury, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sessions, without Newgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Southampton, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; twelfth century, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Winchester, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; York, ii., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Houses, Anglo-Saxon, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and shops on old London Bridge, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Artizans', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bishops', ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; half-timbered, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; merchants', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; near Temple, wooden, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of nobility, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; wooden, Cripplegate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Humphrey, to dine with Duke," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hungerford Stairs, Dickens' days in, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hunting, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hurlingham Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hurriers, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hyde Park, ii., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Imprisoned in Tower, Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Imprisonment of Knights Templars, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Industries encouraged by Queen Elizabeth, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Influence on Architecture, Crusaders', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Inner Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and Middle Temples, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Temple Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Inn, Henry de Lacy, founder of Lincoln's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bacon's i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Barnard's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clement's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Clifford's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cursitors', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Davy's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">{233}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Earl of Warwick, in Warwick Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Furnival's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gray's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Herfleet's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Kidderminster, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lincoln's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lyon's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; New, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Scrope's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Six Clerks, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Staple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Innholders' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Inns of Chancery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Court and Inns of Chancery, difference between, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Plays in halls of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; and Chancery, Holborn and the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; at Southwark, ii., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and Taverns, old, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Angel, Wych Street, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Axe, Aldermanbury, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bell, Warwick Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bell and Crown, Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Belle, ii., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Blossoms, ii., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Blue Boar, ii., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Boars' Head, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bolt-in-Tun, ii., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bull, ii., <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; and Mouth, ii., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Catherine Wheel, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Cheshire Cheese," ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cross Keys, Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Crown, Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Crowned or Cross Keys, ii., <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Devil," ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Dolphin, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Four Swans, Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Galleried, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; George, ii., <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Gerard's Hall, ii., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Green Dragon, Bishopsgate Street, ii., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in King Street, Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; King's Head, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Mitre," ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Nag's Head, Whitcomb Street, ii., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Oxford Arms, ii., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Queen's Head, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. George's, ii., <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Saracen's Head, ii., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Spread Eagle, ii., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Swan with Two Necks, ii., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tabard, ii., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Three Nuns, ii., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Two Swan," ii., <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; White Hart, ii., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; White Horse, ii., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Insanitary condition of Old London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Installation of the Lord Mayor, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Institute, Archæological, ii., <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Anthropological, ii., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Introduction of Coffee, first, ii., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Invasion, Danish, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ireland Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ironmongers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Islington, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Jacobite Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">James I. and the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; II., Grinling Gibbons's statue of, ii., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jeffreys, Judge, and Temple Church organ, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jewry Lane, Poor, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Leicester, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jews, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Conversion of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; disabilities of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; expulsion of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Imprisoned in Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Money-lending by, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; plundered, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; prejudice against, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; three hundred hanged, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Johnson, Dr., in Fleet Street, ii., <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Johnson's Buildings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Joiners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jomsborg, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jones, Inigo, ii., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jonson, Ben, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jousts at Smithfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">{234}</a></span>Junior United Service Club, ii., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Keep of Tower of London compared with Colchester keep, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kensington Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kidderminster Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Killigrew, ii., <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">King Street, Westminster, Inns in, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">King's Bench Walk, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"King's Head" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"King's House," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kings of Essex, capital of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kit Cat Club, ii., <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Knights Hospitallers, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Templars, imprisonment, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kontors of the League, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_226">226</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">La Belle Sauvage Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Labelye, builder of Westminster Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lacy, Henry de, founder of Lincoln's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lady Chapel and printing shop, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lamb Building, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Charles, ii., <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lambeth Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lane, Ave Mary, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Chancery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inn of Earl of Warwick in Warwick, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Mincing, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Poor Jewry," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sermon, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Shoe, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sopars', ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lawyers in the Temple, settlement of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Leadenhall, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">League, The Hanseatic, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Kontors of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Learned Societies of London, ii., <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Leather-sellers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lecture rooms, Coffee-houses as, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Leicester Jewry, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Square, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lepers, Hospital for, ii., <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Liber Albus</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Liberty of the Fleet, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Library, Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Life of the City, Church, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lincoln's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Henry de Lacy, founder of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Literary associations of Covent Garden, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Pall Mall, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; St. James' Street, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; The Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Club, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Shrines of Old London, ii., <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Literature, Royal Society of, ii., <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Little Conduit, The," ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Little Ease," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; at the Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Liveries of Citizens, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lives of the People, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Lloyd's" Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Locke, John, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Lock, Rock," ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lombard Street, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Pope born in, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lombardy merchants, ii., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>London's Armory</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lord Mayor, Installation of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Loriners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lothbury, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lovel, Sir Thomas, ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lübeck, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ludgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lydgate's <i>London's Lickpenny</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Lynn, dun</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lyon's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_176">176</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Macaulay's picture of London, ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mall, the game of, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Malmesbury, Abbot of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Constable of the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Manners and modes in Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Manny, Sir Walter de, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Manor of Holeburn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mansion, Sir Paul Pindar's, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Manufacture of <i>gunpowder</i> in Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mariners, St. Clement patron saint of, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Market, Clare, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">{235}</a></span>Markets of Eastcheap and Westcheap, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Marlborough Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; House, ii., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Marriage of Chaucer, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Marylebone Cricket Club, ii., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Masons' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Masques, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Massacre of the Danes, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Massinger, Philip, ii., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mathematical School, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mayor, Installation of the Lord, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">May-poles, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Meat Market, Shambles or, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mediæval London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mellitus, first Bishop of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Memorials of Brooks's</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Menagerie at the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mercers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Merchant Taylors' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Hall, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>., <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; School, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Merchants, German Hanse, ii., <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Lombardy, ii., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hanse, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Merchants' houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mermaid Tavern, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Middle Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Temples, Inner and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Middlesex granted to the citizens, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Midsummer Eve, ii., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Millianers, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Milton, John, born in Bread Street, ii., <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mincing Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Minories, ii., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mint, Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mitre Court Buildings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Mitre" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mob, Tower surprised by, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Modern London founded after the Restoration, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Monastery, destruction of Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Grey Friars, ii., <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Shoe Lane, Dominicans', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Money-lending by Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Monk, Duke of Albemarle, ii., <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Monk's Head, The," ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Monks tortured and executed, i.,<a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, ii., <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Monument of Sir John Beauchamp, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Monuments in the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; destruction of, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Moorgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Moorfields, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">More, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Thomas, at Crosby Hall, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mosaic pavements, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Museums at Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Musicians' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">"Nag's Head" Inn, Whitcomb Street, ii., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Name Holborn, Origin of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Names of Streets, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Narrow and crooked streets, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and unsavoury streets, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; escape of Richard III., ii., <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">National Club, ii., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Needlemakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Newgate, ii., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sessions House without, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Newington, playhouse at, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">New Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nobility, houses of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Nonesuch House," ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Norfolk, Duke of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Norman London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Well, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">North, Sir Edward, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Northburgh, Michael de, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Northumberland Avenue, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Norway, St. Olaf patron saint of, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Number of Churches in London, ii., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Office, Rolls, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Old Bailey, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bridges, ii., <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Change, ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Exchange, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">{236}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Inns, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; in Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Jewry, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; London Bridge, houses and shops on, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Prisons, ii., <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. Paul's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Spring Garden, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Temple in Holborn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Theatres, ii., <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; time punishments, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Order, Carthusian, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Orderic, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ordinance of the Staple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Organ, Temple Church, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Oriental Club, ii., <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Origin of the name Holborn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Oxford Arms" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Pageant of London, ii., <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of the Streets, ii., <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pageants, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; on the Thames, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Painters' or Painter-stainers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Palace, Bridewell, ii., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Buckingham, ii., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cardinal Wolsey's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Greenwich, ii., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lambeth, ii., <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. James's, ii., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Savoy, ii., <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Westminster, ii., <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Whitefriars, ii., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Whitehall, ii., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Palaces, City of, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of London, ii., <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pall Mall, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Literary Associations of, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Panton Street, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Papye," ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pardon Churchyard and Chapel, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Paris Garden Stairs, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Parish Clerks' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Park, Hyde, ii., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; St. James's, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Passage, Subterranean, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Paternoster Row, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Patron Saint of Norway, St. Olaf, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; of Mariners, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Saints of City Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pattenmakers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Paul's Cathedral, St., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cross, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Demolition of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Paul's School," ii., <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Paul's Walk, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pavements, Mosaic, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Penn, Sir William, ii., <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Penthouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">People, Lives of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pepys, Samuel, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; and Christ's Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; as a dramatic critic, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; as a playgoer, ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pepys's London, ii., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Peter of Colechurch, ii., <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Petty France, ii., <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pewterers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Piccadilly, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Picture of London, Macaulay's, ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pictures at Christ's Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Piggin," ii., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pike Ponds, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pillory, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pindar's mansion, Sir Paul, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Place, Duke's, ii., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plague, Great, ii., <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plaisterers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plan of Charterhouse, fifteenth century, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plantation, Ulster, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Playhouse at Newington, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; near Blackfriars, ii., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; the Rose, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Swan, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Playhouses, Common," ii., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Playing-card Makers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plays, ii., <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Churches, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Halls of Inns of Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Religious, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plowden, Edmund, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plumbers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plundered Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Poet-painter, William Blake, The, ii., <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pomerium, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ponds, Pike, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">{237}</a></span>"Poor Jewry Lane," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pope born in Lombard Street, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Port of London, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Portraits at the Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Portreeve, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Portugal Row, Theatre in, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pottery, Roman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_5">5</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Poulters' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Poultry, The, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Pound sterling," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Prejudice against Jews, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Princes murdered in the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Printing-house, Richardson's, ii., <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Printing-shop, Lady Chapel and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Prior, John Walford, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Charterhouse in 1531, John Houghton, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. Bartholomew, William Bolton, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Priory of Holy Trinity, ii., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. Mary Overie, ii., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Prison, Abbot of Westminster and Monks in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fleet, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; for Royalists, Crosby a, ii., <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Guy Fawkes, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Ranulph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Sir Walter Raleigh, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Subterranean, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Prisoner in St. James's Palace, Charles I. a., ii., <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Prisoners in Tower, Scotch, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; sent to the Tower, First, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Prisons, Old, ii., <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Proceedings, <i>quo warranto</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Projecting storeys of houses, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Promotion of Trade by City Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Puinctel, William, Constable of the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Punishments, Old-time, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; School, ii., <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Purgatory," St. Bartholomew, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_78">78</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Quack medicines sold at Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Queenhithe, ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Queen's Head" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Quintain, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Quo warranto</i> proceedings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_216">216</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Races at Smithfield, Horse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Rag and Famish," ii., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rahere, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rahere's vision, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Rainbow" in Fleet Street, ii., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Raleigh, Prison of Sir Walter, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ranelagh, Vauxhall and, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rawlinson, Daniel, a loyal innkeeper, ii., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rebuilt after great fire, London, ii., <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Refectory, Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Reform Club, ii., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Reforms of Archdeacon Hale, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Relics in the Temple, Treasures and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Religion, City Companies, their charity and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Religious plays, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; services of the Corporation, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Renovations of the Tower, Wren's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Requests, Court of, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Residence of Sir Thomas Gresham, ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Restoration of Charles II., Evelyn's description of, ii., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of St. Bartholomew, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Modern London founded after the, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rich, Sir Richard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at Crosby Hall, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; I.'s enlargement of the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; III., Narrow escape of, ii., <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Richardson's printing-house, ii., <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Ridings," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Riots, London, ii., <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Rock Lock," ii., <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rolls Office, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Roman basilica, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; bath, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">{238}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6-12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Bridge, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; pottery, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_5">5</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; remains, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; wall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rose playhouse, The, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Row, Cooks', ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Goldsmiths', ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Paternoster, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Royal Asiatic Society, ii., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Chapel, at St. James's Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Exchange, ii., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Geographical Society, ii., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Institution, ii., <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Mathematical School, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Prisoners, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Society, ii., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Society of Literature, ii., <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Royalists, Crosby a prison for, ii., <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rugge's <i>Diurnal</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Rummer" in Charing Cross, The, ii., <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Russell Street, ii., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rutland Place, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_96">96</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Sackville, Thomas, first Earl of Dorset, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Saddlers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Andrew, Holborn, Church of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in the Wardrobe, Church of, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Undershaft, ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Andrew's Hill, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Holborn, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Ann's Chapel, Crypt of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Restoration of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Bartholomew's Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Bénezet, ii., <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Bride, Church of, ii., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Bruno, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Buttolph, Church of, ii., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Catherine Cree, ii., <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Cedd, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Clement Danes, ii., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Clement, patron saint of mariners, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Dunstan's, Stepney, ii., <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Ethelreda's, Ely Place, ii., <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. George's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Giles', Cripplegate, ii., <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Helen, Church of, ii., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"St. James's," Addison at the, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Park, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Square, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Street, Literary associations of, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Swift at the, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. John, Chapel of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Leonard's Church, ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Margaret's, Lothbury, Screen in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Martin's le Grand, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Mary, Aldermanbury, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Axe, ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Mary-le-Bow, Church of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cheapside, ii., <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Mary Overie, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Priory, ii., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Woolchurch, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Michael-le-Querne, Church of, ii., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Olaf, patron saint of Norway, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Olave's, Hart Street, ii., <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Paul's Cathedral, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Camden's description of, ii., <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coffee-house, ii., <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Peter ad Vincula, Chapel of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Sepulchre's, near Newgate, ii., <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Thomas of the Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Thomas's Hospital, ii., <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Saints of City Companies, Patron, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Saladin Tithe," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sales at Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Salisbury House, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Salters' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Saracen's Head" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; on Snow Hill, ii., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Savoy Chapel, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Conference, ii., <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace of the, ii., <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; pillaged by Wat Tyler, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Saxon London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12-21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">{239}</a></span>Scaffold on Great Tower Hill, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Scenes in the Guildhall, Historic, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">School, Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; moved to Godalming, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Merchant Taylors', i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Paul's, ii., <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Punishments, ii., <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal Mathematical, ii., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Schoolmaster, Ejection of Charterhouse, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Science, British Association for the Advancement of, ii., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Scotch prisoners in Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Screen in St. Margaret's, Lothbury, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Scriveners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Scrope's Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sculpture in the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Seal of Bishops of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sebert, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">See of London, Arms of the City and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sergeants-at-Law, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sermon Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sessions House, without Newgate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Settlement at Westminster, Roman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of lawyers in the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Shakespeare, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in London, ii., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Shakespeare's house in Blackfriars, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Shambles, or meat market, ii., <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Shipwrights' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Shirley, James, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Shoe Lane, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Shops on Old London Bridge, houses and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Shoreditch, ii., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Site of Celtic London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Six Clerks Inn</i>, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Skating on the Thames, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Skinners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Smithfield, Cloth Fair, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; horse races at, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; jousts at, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Societies of London, Learned, ii., <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Society, Anthropological, ii., <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ethnological, ii., <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Geological, ii., <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Antiquaries, ii., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Arts, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of Literature, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal Asiatic, ii., <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal Geographical, ii., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Royal Statistical, ii., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sopars' Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Southampton House, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Southwark Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inns at, ii., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Spectacle-makers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Spencer, Sir John, ii., <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Spenser, Edmund, born in East Smithfield, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Spittle Croft, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Spoliation of the Companies, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sports of London youths, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Spread Eagle" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Square, St. James's, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Leicester, ii., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stairs, Paris Garden, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Thames, ii., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Standard, The, ii., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Staple Inn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ordinance of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stationers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Statistical Society, Royal, ii., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Statue of James II., Grinling Gibbons's, ii., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Steel-yard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Guildhall of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stepney, ii., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Sterling, a pound," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stone, London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stow, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stow's <i>Survey</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Strand, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Street, Artillery, ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bread, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Broad, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Burleigh, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Candlewick, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Cannon, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coleman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Downing, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ermin, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Essex, ii., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fenchurch, ii., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fludyer, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">{240}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; Jewry, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Lombard, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Panton, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tooley, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Watling, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Streets, Life of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Names of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Narrow and crooked, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Narrow and unsavoury, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pageant of the, ii., <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," ii., <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Subterranean passage, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; prison, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Sun" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Surprised by mob, Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Surrender of London to William I., i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Survey</i>, Stow's, ii., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sutton, Thomas, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Swans, Game of," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Swan-marking, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Swan playhouse, ii., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Swan with Two Necks," Lad Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Sweating" coin, Clipping or, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Swift at the "St. James's," ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sword in the City Arms, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_235">235</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Tabard Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Tabard" Inn in Gracechurch Street, ii., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tacitus, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tallow Chandlers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tanfield Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tavern, Mermaid, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Taverns and Inns, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Templars, the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Temple, Associates of the," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Temple, Authors of the, ii., <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Church consecrated by Heraclius, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; desecration of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; effigies in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; organ, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Fires at the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Garden, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, Inner, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Middle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Holborn, Old, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Inner, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; James I. and the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Literary Associations of the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Middle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Monuments in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; New, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Settlement of lawyers in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Sculpture in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; The, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_133">133-148</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Treasures and relics in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wooden houses near, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Temples, Inner and Middle, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><i>Teutonicorum, Gilda</i>, ii., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Thames, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Coins found in the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ferries, ii., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ford across, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Pageants on the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Skating on the, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; "Stairs," ii., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Thames' watermen, ii., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Thatched House" Club, ii., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Theatre, Cockpit, ii., <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Dorset Gardens, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Drury Lane, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Duke's House, ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Globe, ii., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; in Portugal Row, ii., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; King's House, ii., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Theatres, Old, ii., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Thorney, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Three hundred Jews hanged, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Three Nuns" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tuns" at Charing Cross, ii., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tilt Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Timber, Early Castles of earth and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tin-plate Workers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Tithe, Saladin," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tooley Street, ii., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Tour, The Grand," ii., <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tower, Gundulf, architect of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_27">27-65</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; keep compared with Colchester keep, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wren's renovations of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Town of London, a walled, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Trade and commerce, ii., <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; City Companies; their promotion of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Traitors' Gate," i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">{241}</a></span>Travellers' Club, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Treasures and relics in the Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Troubles, Civil War, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Turners' or "Wood-potters'" Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Turnmill Brook, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Twelfth century house, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Two Swan" Inn yard, ii., <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tyler, Wat, Savoy Palace pillaged by, ii., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Wat, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tylers' and Bricklayers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Ulster Plantation, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Undershaft, St. Andrew, ii., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Union Club, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">United Service Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; University Club, ii., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Unsavoury Streets, Narrow and, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Upholders' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Vandyke's Studio in Blackfriars, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vauxhall, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; and Ranelagh, ii., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Viaduct, Holborn, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vikings, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vintners' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vintry, ii., <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vision of Rahere, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_67">67</a></li></ul>
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Wadlow, Simon, ii., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="indx">Walbrook, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_5">5</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Walden, Roger de, builds chantry chapel of St. Bartholomew, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Walford, Prior John, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Walk, King's Bench, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Paul's, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Walled Town, London a, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Walls, London, ii., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Roman, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Walton, Izaac, ii., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Walworth, Sir William, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wardrobe, Church of St. Andrew in the, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Court, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Warwick Lane, Inn of Earl of Warwick in, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wash House Court, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Water-engineer, Peter Corbis, ii., <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Waterloo Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Watermen, Thames', ii., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Watling Street, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wax Chandlers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Weavers' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Westcheap, ii., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; markets of Eastcheap and, ii., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Westminster, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; abbot and monks of, in prison, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Axe Yard, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Bridge, ii., <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Hall, ii., <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Old inns in, ii., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace of, ii., <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Roman settlement at, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wheelwrights' Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Wherries," ii., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Whist played at Coffee-houses, ii., <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Whitefriars Palace, ii., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Whitehall, ii., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Banqueting House, ii., <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Floods at, ii., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Palace of, ii., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"White Hart" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"White Horse" Inn, ii., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">White Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"White's" Chocolate-house, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Club, ii., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Whittington, Sir Richard, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wild-fowl in St. James's Park, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">William I., Charter of, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_29">29</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; surrender of London to, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">"Will's" Coffee-house in Russell Street, ii., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Winchester House, ii., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; House of Marquis of, ii., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Windows in the Guildhall, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Witham, Somersetshire, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wolsey, Cardinal, ii., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wolsey's Palace, Cardinal, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wooden houses near Temple, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">{242}</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; at Cripplegate, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Woodwork in City Churches, Carved, ii., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Woolcombers, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Woolmen's Company, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wren, Sir Christopher, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>; ii., <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wren's building, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; churches destroyed, ii., <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; renovations of the Tower, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Yard, Glasshouse, ii., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Ireland, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Playhouse, ii., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Tilt, ii., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">&mdash;&mdash; Westminster, Axe, ii., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">York House, ii., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Youths, Sports of London, i., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28742/28742-h/28742-h.htm#Page_131">131</a></li></ul>
+
+<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Zoological collections, ii., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li></ul>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/image_042.jpg" width="125" height="119" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class='center'>Bemrose &amp; Sons Limited, Printers, Derby and London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class='p3'>FOOTNOTES:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Thomas Dekker, the pamphleteer and dramatist, describes the
+Exchange as it was in 1607, when "at every turn a man is put in mind of
+Babel, there is such a confusion of languages"; and as late as 1644 the
+picturesque dresses of the foreign merchants appear in an engraving by
+Hollar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Camden speaks of "this so stately building," and in his terse fashion
+conveys the effect of the interior: "The west part, as also the Cross-yle, are
+spacious, high-built, and goodly to be seene by reason of the huge Pillars and
+a right beautiful arched Roof of stone."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> This is Stow's figure. Camden gives the measurement as 534 feet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The name survives in Pike Gardens, Bankside.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> See the "Bear-house" near the "Play-house" (<i>i.e.</i>, the Rose) in
+Norden's plan, 1593.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Cal. State Papers</i>, 1603-10, p. 367.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> During the time that the Jacobites were formidable, and long after,
+it was firmly believed that the Old Pretender was brought into this room
+as a baby in a warming pan, and plans of the room were common to show
+how the fraud was committed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Rariora</i>, vol. i., p. 17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Originally the crosses were of a blue colour, but Dr. Creighton says
+that the colour was changed to red before the plague of 1603.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> A full account of the fire and of the rebuilding of the city has still
+to be written, and the materials for the latter are to hand in the remarkable
+"Fire Papers" in the British Museum. I have long desired to work on
+this congenial subject, but having been prevented by other duties from
+doing so, I hope that some London expert will be induced to give the
+public a general idea of the contents of these valuable collections.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <i>Cf. Cathedral Churches of Great Britain.</i> (Dent &amp; Co.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Mr. Philip Norman's notes on a recent lecture by Mr. Arthur
+Keen. <i>Architect</i>, December 27th, 1907.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+<h2><a name="Selected_from_the_Catalogue_of" id="Selected_from_the_Catalogue_of">Selected from the Catalogue of</a><br />
+BEMROSE &amp; SONS Ltd.</h2>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class='center u' style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Memorials of the Counties of England.</b></p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Beautifully Illustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, gilt top.<br />
+Price <b>15/-</b> each net.</i></p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD OXFORDSHIRE.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">P. H. Ditchfield</span>, M.A., F.S.A. Dedicated by kind
+permission to the Right Hon. the Earl of Jersey, G.C.B., G.C.M.G.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"This beautiful book contains an exhaustive history of 'the wondrous Oxford,' to which so many
+distinguished scholars and politicians look back with affection. We must refer the reader to the
+volume itself ... and only wish that we had space to quote extracts from its interesting pages."&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD DEVONSHIRE.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">F. J. Snell</span>, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Right
+Hon. Viscount Ebrington.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"A fascinating volume, which will be prized by thoughtful Devonians wherever they may be
+found ... richly illustrated, some rare engravings being represented."&mdash;<i>North Devon Journal.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD HEREFORDSHIRE.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">Compton Reade</span>, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to
+Sir John G. Cotterell, Bart.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Another of these interesting volumes like the 'Memorials of Old Devonshire,' which we noted
+a week or two ago, containing miscellaneous papers on the history, topography, and families of the
+county by competent writers, with photographs and other illustrations."&mdash;<i>Times.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD HERTFORDSHIRE.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">Percy Cross Standing</span>. Dedicated by kind permission to the
+Right Hon. the Earl of Clarendon, G.C.B.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The book, which contains some magnificent illustrations, will be warmly welcomed by all
+lovers of our county and its entertaining history."&mdash;<i>West Herts and Watford Observer.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The volume as a whole is an admirable and informing one, and all Hertfordshire folk should
+possess it, if only as a partial antidote to the suburbanism which threatens to overwhelm their
+beautiful county."&mdash;<i>Guardian.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD HAMPSHIRE.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">G. E. Jeans</span>, M.A., F.S.A. Dedicated by kind permission
+to His Grace the Duke of Wellington, K.G.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"'Memorials of the Counties of England' is worthily carried on in this interesting and readable
+volume."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD SOMERSET.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">F. J. Snell</span>, M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Most
+Hon. the Marquis of Bath.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"In these pages, as in a mirror, the whole life of the county, legendary, romantic, historical, comes
+into view, for in truth the book is written with a happy union of knowledge and enthusiasm&mdash;a fine bit
+of glowing mosaic put together by fifteen writers into a realistic picture of the county."&mdash;<i>Standard.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD WILTSHIRE.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">Alice Dryden</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The admirable series of County Memorials ... will, it is safe to say, include no volume of
+greater interest than that devoted to Wiltshire."&mdash;<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD SHROPSHIRE.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">Thomas Auden</span>, M.A., F.S.A.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Quite the best volume which has appeared so far in a series that has throughout maintained
+a very high level."&mdash;<i>Tribune.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD KENT.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">P. H. Ditchfield</span>, M.A., F.S.A., and <span class="smcap">George Clinch</span>,
+F.G.S. Dedicated by special permission to the Rt. Hon. Lord Northbourne,
+F.S.A.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"A very delightful addition to a delightful series. Kent, rich in honour and tradition as in
+beauty, is a fruitful subject of which the various contributors have taken full advantage, archæology,
+topography, and gossip being pleasantly combined to produce a volume both attractive and
+valuable."&mdash;<i>Standard.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD DERBYSHIRE.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., F.S.A. Dedicated by kind permission
+to His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"A valuable addition to our county history, and will possess a peculiar fascination for all who
+devote their attention to historical, archæological, or antiquarian research, and probably to a much
+wider circle."&mdash;<i>Derbyshire Advertiser.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD DORSET.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">Thomas Perkins</span>, M.A., and the Rev. <span class="smcap">Herbert Pentin</span>,
+M.A. Dedicated by kind permission to the Right Hon. Lord Eustace Cecil,
+F.R.G.S.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The volume, in fine, forms a noteworthy accession to the valuable series of books in which it
+appears."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD WARWICKSHIRE.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">Alice Dryden</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Worthy of an honoured place on our shelves. It is also one of the best, if not the best, volume
+in a series of exceptional interest and usefulness."&mdash;<i>Birmingham Gazette.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD NORFOLK.</b></p>
+
+<p>Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. J. Dukinfield Astley</span>, M.A., Litt.D., F.R.Hist.S.
+Dedicated by kind permission to the Right Hon. Viscount Coke, C.M.G., C.V.O.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"This latest contribution to the history and archæology of Norfolk deserves a foremost place
+among local works.... The tasteful binding, good print, and paper are everything that can be
+desired."&mdash;<i>Eastern Daily Press.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD LONDON.</b> Two vols. Price <b>25/-</b> net. Edited by
+the Rev. <span class="smcap">P. H. Ditchfield</span>, M.A., F.S.A.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contents</span>: Celtic, Roman, Saxon, and Norman London, by the Rev. W. J. Loftie, F.S.A.&mdash;The
+Tower of London, by Harold Sands, F.S.A.&mdash;St. Bartholomew's Church, Smithfield, by
+J. Tavenor-Perry.&mdash;The Charterhouse, by the Rev. A. G. B. Atkinson, M.A.&mdash;Glimpses of Mediæval
+London, by G. Clinch, F.G.S.&mdash;The Palaces of London, by the Rev. R. S. Mylne, LL.D., F.S.A.&mdash;The
+Temple, by the Rev. H. G. Woods, D.D., Master.&mdash;The Inns of Court, by E. Williams&mdash;The
+Guildhall, by C. Welsh, F.S.A.&mdash;The City Companies, by the Editor.&mdash;The Kontor of the Hanse, by
+J. Tavenor-Perry.&mdash;The Arms of London, by J. Tavenor-Perry.&mdash;Elizabethan London, by
+T. Fairman Ordish, F.S.A.&mdash;The London of Pepys, by H. B. Wheatley, F.S.A.&mdash;The Thames
+and its Bridges, by J. Tavenor-Perry.&mdash;The Old Inns of London, by Philip Norman, LL.D.&mdash;London
+Clubs, by Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.&mdash;The Coffee Houses, by G. L. Apperson.&mdash;Learned
+Societies of London, by Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A.&mdash;Literary Shrines, by
+Mrs. Lang.&mdash;Crosby Hall, by the Editor.&mdash;The Pageant of London; with some account of the City
+Churches, Christ's Hospital, etc., by the Editor.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD ESSEX.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">A. Clifton Kelway</span>, F.R.Hist.S.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Among the contributors are: Guy Maynard, Francis W. Reader, Rev. J. Charles
+Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., C. Forbes, T. Grose Lloyd, C. Fell Smith, Alfred Kingston, Miller
+Christy, F.L.S., W. W. Porteous, E. Bertram Smith, Thomas Fforster, Edward Smith, and
+the Editor.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>The following volumes are in preparation:&mdash;</i></p>
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD SUFFOLK.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">Vincent B. Redstone</span>,
+F.R.Hist.S.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Among the contributors will be: F. Seymour Stevenson, M.A., Rev. J. Charles Cox, LL.D.,
+F.S.A., L. P. Steele Hutton, Rev. Rowland Maitland, B.A., B. J. Balding, P. Turner,
+H. J. Hitchcock, and the Editor.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD SUSSEX.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">Percy D. Mundy</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD LANCASHIRE.</b> Two vols. Price <b>25/-</b> net.
+Edited by <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Colonel Fishwick</span>, F.S.A.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD YORKSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">T. M. Fallow</span>,
+M.A., F.S.A.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD GLOUCESTERSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">P. W. P.
+Phillimore</span>, M.A., B.C.L.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD LINCOLNSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">Canon Hudson</span>, M.A.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">P. W. P.
+Phillimore</span>, M.A., B.C.L.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF NORTH WALES.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">E. Alfred Jones</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD MANXLAND.</b> Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">John Quine</span>, M.A.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF SOUTH WALES.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">E. Alfred Jones</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD STAFFORDSHIRE.</b> Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">W. Beresford</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD MONMOUTHSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">Colonel
+Bradney</span>, F.S.A., and <span class="smcap">J. Kyrle Fletcher</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD WORCESTERSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">F. B. Andrews</span>,
+F.R.I.B.A.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD LEICESTERSHIRE.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">Alice Dryden</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMORIALS OF OLD CHESHIRE.</b> Edited by the <span class="smcap">Ven. the Archdeacon
+of Chester</span>, and the Rev. <span class="smcap">P. H. Ditchfield</span>, M.A., F.S.A.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>OLD ENGLISH GOLD PLATE.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">E. Alfred Jones</span>. With numerous Illustrations of existing specimens
+of Old English Gold Plate, which by reason of their great rarity and
+historic value deserve publication in book form. The examples are from
+the collections of Plate belonging to His Majesty the King, the Dukes of
+Devonshire, Newcastle, Norfolk, Portland, and Rutland, the Marquis of
+Ormonde, the Earls of Craven, Derby, and Yarborough, Earl Spencer, Lord
+Fitzhardinge, Lord Waleran, Mr. Leopold de Rothschild, the Colleges of
+Oxford and Cambridge, &amp;c. Royal 4to, buckram, gilt top. Price <b>21/-</b> net.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Pictures, descriptions, and introduction make a book that must rank high in the estimation of
+students of its subject, and of the few who are well off enough to be collectors in this Corinthian field
+of luxury."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>LONGTON HALL PORCELAIN.</b></p>
+
+<p>Being further information relating to this interesting fabrique, by the late
+<span class="smcap">William Bemrose</span>, F.S.A., author of <i>Bow, Chelsea and Derby Porcelain</i>. Illustrated
+with 27 Coloured Art Plates, 21 Collotype Plates, and numerous line
+and half-tone Illustrations in the text. Bound in handsome "Longton-blue"
+cloth cover, suitably designed. Price <b>42/-</b> net.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"This magnificent work on the famous Longton Hall ware will be indispensable to the
+collector."&mdash;<i>Bookman.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The collector will find Mr. Bemrose's explanations of the technical features which characterize
+the Longton Hall pottery of great assistance in identifying specimens, and he will be aided thereto by
+the many well-selected illustrations."&mdash;<i>Athenæum.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>THE VALUES OF OLD ENGLISH SILVER &amp; SHEFFIELD
+PLATE, FROM THE FIFTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH
+CENTURIES.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">J. W. Caldicott</span>. Edited by <span class="smcap">J. Starkie Gardner</span>, F.S.A. 3,000
+Selected Auction Sale Records; 1,600 Separate Valuations; 660 Articles.
+Illustrated with 87 Collotype Plates. 300 pages. Royal 4to Cloth. Price
+<b>42/-</b> net.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"A most comprehensive and abundantly illustrated volume.... Enables even the most inexperienced
+to form a fair opinion of the value either of a single article or a collection, while as a
+reference and reminder it must prove of great value to an advanced student."&mdash;<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>HISTORY OF OLD ENGLISH PORCELAIN AND ITS
+MANUFACTURES.</b></p>
+
+<p>With an Artistic, Industrial and Critical Appreciation of their Productions.
+By <span class="smcap">M. L. Solon</span>, the well-known Potter-Artist and Collector. In one
+handsome volume. Royal 8vo, well printed in clear type on good paper, and
+beautifully illustrated with 20 full-page Coloured Collotype and Photo-Chromotype
+Plates and 48 Collotype Plates on Tint. Artistically bound.
+Price <b>52/6</b> net.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Mr. Solon writes not only with the authority of the master of technique, but likewise with that
+of the accomplished artist, whose exquisite creations command the admiration of the connoisseurs of
+to-day."&mdash;<i>Athenæum.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>MANX CROSSES; or The Inscribed and Sculptured Monuments
+of the Isle of Man, from about the end of the Fifth to
+the beginning of the Thirteenth Century.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">P. M. C. Kermode</span>, F.S.A.Scot., &amp;c. The illustrations are from drawings
+specially prepared by the Author, founded upon rubbings, and carefully
+compared with photographs and with the stones themselves. In one handsome
+Quarto Volume 11<sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub> in. by 8<sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub> in., printed on Van Gelder hand-made
+paper, bound in full buckram, gilt top, with special design on the side.
+Price <b>63/-</b> net. The edition is limited to 400 copies.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"We have now a complete account of the subject in this very handsome volume, which Manx
+patriotism, assisted by the appreciation of the public in general, will, we hope, make a success."&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>DERBYSHIRE CHARTERS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
+LIBRARIES AND MUNIMENT ROOMS.</b></p>
+
+<p>Compiled, with Preface and Indexes, for Sir Henry Howe Bemrose, Kt., by
+<span class="smcap">Isaac Herbert Jeayes</span>, Assistant Keeper in the Department of MSS.,
+British Museum. Royal 8vo, cloth, gilt top. Price <b>42/-</b> net.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The book must always prove of high value to investigators in its own recondite field of research,
+and would form a suitable addition to any historical library."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>SOME DORSET MANOR HOUSES, WITH THEIR LITERARY
+AND HISTORICAL ASSOCIATIONS.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">Sidney Heath</span>, with a fore-word by R. Bosworth Smith, of Bingham's
+Melcombe. Illustrated with forty drawings by the Author, in addition to
+numerous rubbings of Sepulchral Brasses by W. de C. Prideaux, reproduced
+by permission of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
+Dedicated by kind permission to the most Hon. the Marquis of Salisbury.
+Royal 4to, cloth, bevelled edges. Price <b>30/-</b> net.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Dorset is rich in old-world manor houses; and in this large, attractive volume twenty are
+dealt with in pleasant, descriptive and antiquarian chapters, fully illustrated with pen-and-ink
+drawings by Mr. Heath and rubbings from brasses by W. de C. Prideaux."&mdash;<i>Times.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>THE CHURCH PLATE OF THE DIOCESE OF BANGOR.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">E. Alfred Jones</span>. With Illustrations of about one hundred pieces of
+Old Plate, including a pre-Reformation Silver Chalice, hitherto unknown;
+a Mazer Bowl, a fine Elizabethan Domestic Cup and Cover, a Tazza of the
+same period, several Elizabethan Chalices, and other important Plate from
+James I. to Queen Anne. Demy 4to, buckram. Price <b>21/-</b> net.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"This handsome volume is the most interesting book on Church Plate hitherto issued."&mdash;<i>Athenæum.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>THE OLD CHURCH PLATE OF THE ISLE OF MAN.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">E. Alfred Jones</span>. With many illustrations, including a pre-Reformation
+Silver Chalice and Paten, an Elizabethan Beaker, and other important
+pieces of Old Silver Plate and Pewter. Crown 4to, buckram. Price <b>10/6</b>
+net.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"A beautifully illustrated descriptive account of the many specimens of Ecclesiastical Plate to
+be found in the Island."&mdash;<i>Manchester Courier.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>GARDEN CITIES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">A. R. Sennett</span>, A.M.I.C.E., &amp;c. Large Crown 8vo. Two vols.,
+attractively bound in cloth, with 400 Plates, Plans and Illustrations. Price
+<b>21/-</b> net.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"... What Mr. Sennett has to say here deserves, and will no doubt command, the careful
+consideration of those who govern the future fortunes of the Garden City."&mdash;<i>Bookseller.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>DERBY: ITS RISE AND PROGRESS.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">A. W. Davison</span>, illustrated with 12 plates and two maps. Crown 8vo,
+cloth. Price <b>5/-</b>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"A volume with which Derby and its people should be well satisfied."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>THE CORPORATION PLATE AND INSIGNIA OF OFFICE
+OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS OF ENGLAND AND WALES.</b></p>
+
+<p>By the late <span class="smcap">Llewellynn Jewitt</span>, F.S.A. Edited and completed with large
+additions by <span class="smcap">W. H. St. John Hope</span>, M.A. Fully illustrated, 2 vols., Crown
+4to, buckram, <b>84/-</b> net. Large paper, 2 vols., Royal 4to, <b>105/-</b> net.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"It is difficult to praise too highly the careful research and accurate information throughout these
+two handsome quartos."&mdash;<i>Athenæum.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p><b>THE RELIQUARY: AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE FOR
+ANTIQUARIES, ARTISTS, AND COLLECTORS.</b></p>
+
+<p>A Quarterly Journal and Review devoted to the study of primitive industries,
+mediæval handicrafts, the evolution of ornament, religious symbolism,
+survival of the past in the present, and ancient art generally. Edited by the
+Rev. <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., F.S.A. New Series. Vols. 1 to 13, Super
+Royal 8vo, buckram, price <b>12/-</b> each net. Special terms for sets.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Of permanent interest to all who take an interest in the many and wide branches of which it
+furnishes not only information and research, but also illumination in pictorial form."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p></div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p class='center'>
+<span class="smcap">London: Bemrose &amp; Sons Ltd., 4 Snow Hill, E.C.;<br />
+And Derby.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48187 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-27 18:45:18 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-27 18:45:18 -0800
commit	82032ec3a6bc3bbb1e6bf63b73f008e46593f545 (patch)
tree	594582140b99242bcc953fd0c1daf37209961f35
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