initial commit of ebook 48191HEADmain

28 files changed, 48427 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/old/48191-0.txt b/old/48191-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ff2b35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20911 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and
+Lorraine, 1522-1590, by Julia Cartwright
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, 1522-1590
+
+Author: Julia Cartwright
+
+Release Date: February 7, 2015 [EBook #48191]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTINA OF DENMARK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Richard Tonsing, Charlene Taylor and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                          CHRISTINA OF DENMARK
+
+                     DUCHESS OF MILAN AND LORRAINE
+
+                               1522-1590
+
+[Illustration: _Christina, Duchess of Milan_]
+
+
+
+
+                          CHRISTINA OF DENMARK
+                         DUCHESS OF MILAN AND
+                               LORRAINE
+
+                               1522-1590
+
+
+                          BY JULIA CARTWRIGHT
+                              (MRS. ADY)
+
+        AUTHOR OF "ISABELLA D'ESTE," "BALDASSARRE CASTIGLIONE,"
+                   "THE PAINTERS OF FLORENCE," ETC.
+
+      "Dieu, qu'il la fait bon regarder,
+    La gracieuse, bonne et belle!
+    Pour les grans biens qui sont en elle,
+    Chacun est prest de la louer.
+      Qui se pourrait d'elle lasser?
+    Toujours sa beauté renouvelle.
+    Dieu, qu'il la fait bon regarder,
+    La gracieuse, bonne et belle!
+      Par deça, ne delà la mer,
+    Ne sçay Dame ne Damoiselle
+    Qui soit en tous biens parfais telle;
+    C'est un songe que d'y penser,
+      Dieu, qu'il la fait bon regarder!"
+
+                          CHARLES D'ORLÉANS
+
+                                NEW YORK
+                       E. P. DUTTON AND COMPANY
+                                  1913
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Christina of Denmark is known to the world by Holbein's famous portrait
+in the National Gallery. The great Court painter, who was sent to
+Brussels by Henry VIII. to take the likeness of the Emperor's niece,
+did his work well. With unerring skill he has rendered the "singular
+good countenance," the clear brown eyes with their frank, honest gaze,
+the smile hovering about "the faire red lips," the slender fingers of
+the nervously clasped hands, which Brantôme and his royal mistress,
+Catherine de' Medici, thought "the most beautiful hands in the world."
+And in a wonderful way he has caught the subtle charm of the young
+Duchess's personality, and made it live on his canvas. What wonder
+that Henry fell in love with the picture, and vowed that he would
+have the Duchess, if she came to him without a farthing! But for all
+these brave words the masterful King's wooing failed. The ghost of his
+wronged wife, Katherine of Aragon, the smoke of plundered abbeys, and
+the blood of martyred friars, came between him and his destined bride,
+and Christina was never numbered in the roll of Henry VIII.'s wives.
+This splendid, if perilous, adventure was denied her. But many strange
+experiences marked the course of her chequered life, and neither beauty
+nor virtue could save her from the shafts of envious Fortune. Her
+troubles began from the cradle. When she was little more than a year
+old, her father, King Christian II., was deposed by his subjects, and
+her mother, the gentle Isabella of Austria, died in exile of a broken
+heart. She lost her first husband, Francesco Sforza, at the end of
+eighteen months. Her second husband, Francis Duke of Lorraine, died in
+1545, leaving her once more a widow at the age of twenty-three. Her
+only son was torn from her arms while still a boy by a foreign invader,
+Henry II., and she herself was driven into exile. Seven years later she
+was deprived of the regency of the Netherlands, just when the coveted
+prize seemed within her grasp, and the last days of her existence were
+embittered by the greed and injustice of her cousin, Philip II.
+
+Yet, in spite of hard blows and cruel losses, Christina's life was
+not all unhappy. The blue bird--the symbol of perpetual happiness in
+the faery lore of her own Lorraine--may have eluded her grasp, but
+she filled a great position nobly, and tasted some of the deepest and
+truest of human joys. Men and women of all descriptions adored her, and
+she had a genius for friendship which survived the charms of youth and
+endured to her dying day. A woman of strong affections and resolute
+will, she inherited a considerable share of the aptitude for government
+that distinguished the women of the Habsburg race. Her relationship
+with Charles V. and residence at the Court of Brussels brought her
+into close connection with political events during the long struggle
+with France, and it was in a great measure due to her exertions that
+the peace which ended this Sixty Years' War was finally concluded at
+Câteau-Cambrésis in 1559.
+
+Holbein's Duchess, it is evident, was a striking figure, and her
+life deserves more attention than it has hitherto received. Brantôme
+honoured her with a place in his gallery of fair ladies, and the sketch
+which he has drawn, although inaccurate in many details, remains true
+in its main outlines. But with this exception Christina's history has
+never yet been written. The chief sources from which her biography
+is drawn are the State Archives of Milan and Brussels, supplemented
+by documents in the Record Office, the Bibliothèque Nationale, the
+Biblioteca Zelada near Pavia, and the extremely interesting collection
+of Guise letters in the Balcarres Manuscripts, which has been preserved
+in the Advocates' Library at Edinburgh. A considerable amount of
+information, as will be seen from the Bibliography at the end of
+this volume, has been collected from contemporary memoirs, from the
+histories of Bucholtz and Henne, and the voluminous correspondence of
+Cardinal Granvelle and Philip II., as well as from Tudor, Spanish, and
+Venetian State Papers.
+
+In conclusion, I have to acknowledge the kind help which I have
+received in my researches from Monsignor Rodolfo Maiocchi, Rector
+of the Borromeo College at Pavia, from Signor O. F. Tencajoli, and
+from the keepers of English and foreign archives, among whom I must
+especially name Signor Achille Giussani, of the Archivio di Stato
+at Milan, Monsieur Gaillard, Director of the Brussels Archives, and
+Mr. Hubert Hall. My sincere thanks are due to Count Antonio Cavagna
+Sangiuliani for giving me permission to make use of manuscripts in his
+library at Zelada; to Monsieur Leon Cardon for leave to reproduce four
+of the Habsburg portraits in his fine collection at Brussels; and to
+Mr. Henry Oppenheimer for allowing me to publish his beautiful and
+unique medal of the Duchess of Milan. I must also thank Sir Kenneth
+Mackenzie and the Trustees of the Advocates' Library for permission
+to print a selection from the Balcarres Manuscripts, and Mr. Campbell
+Dodgson and Mr. G. F. Hill for the kindness with which they have placed
+the treasures of the British Museum at my disposal. Lastly, a debt
+of gratitude, which I can never sufficiently express, is due to Dr.
+Hagberg-Wright and the staff of the London Library for the invaluable
+help which they have given me in this, as in all my other works.
+
+                                                        JULIA CARTWRIGHT.
+
+        OCKHAM,
+  _Midsummer Day, 1913_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  BOOK I
+                                                                    PAGE
+  ISABELLA OF AUSTRIA, QUEEN OF DENMARK, THE MOTHER
+  OF CHRISTINA: 1507-1514                                              1
+
+  BOOK II
+
+  CHRISTIAN II., KING OF DENMARK, THE FATHER OF
+  CHRISTINA: 1513-1523                                                17
+
+  BOOK III
+
+  KINGS IN EXILE: 1523-1531                                           36
+
+  BOOK IV
+
+  CHRISTINA, DUCHESS OF MILAN: 1533-1535                              71
+
+  BOOK V
+
+  THE WIDOW OF MILAN: 1535-1538                                      111
+
+  BOOK VI
+
+  THE COURTSHIP OF HENRY VIII.: 1537-1539                            144
+
+  BOOK VII
+
+  CLEVES, ORANGE, AND LORRAINE: 1539-1541                            207
+
+  BOOK VIII
+
+  CHRISTINA, DUCHESS OF LORRAINE: 1541-1545                          256
+
+  BOOK IX
+
+  CHRISTINA, REGENT OF LORRAINE: 1545-1552                           298
+
+  BOOK X
+
+  THE FRENCH INVASION: 1551-1553                                     354
+
+  BOOK XI
+
+  CHRISTINA AT BRUSSELS: 1553-1559                                   382
+
+  BOOK XII
+
+  THE PEACE OF CÂTEAU-CAMBRÉSIS: 1557-1559                           419
+
+  BOOK XIII
+
+  THE RETURN TO LORRAINE: 1559-1578                                  450
+
+  BOOK XIV
+
+  THE LADY OF TORTONA: 1578-1590                                     496
+
+  APPENDIX: A SELECTION OF UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS                     516
+
+  BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                       528
+
+  GENEALOGICAL TABLES                                                533
+
+  INDEX                                                              541
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                            TO FACE PAGE
+
+  CHRISTINA OF DENMARK, DUCHESS OF MILAN                  _Frontispiece_
+
+     By HOLBEIN (National Gallery).
+
+  CHARLES V.                                                           4
+
+     By B. VAN ORLEY (Cardon Collection, Brussels).
+
+  ELEANOR OF AUSTRIA                                                   6
+
+     By B. VAN ORLEY (Cardon Collection, Brussels).
+
+  ISABELLA OF AUSTRIA, QUEEN OF DENMARK                               12
+
+     By B. VAN ORLEY.
+
+  CHRISTIAN II., KING OF DENMARK                                      30
+
+     London Library.
+
+  THE CHILDREN OF CHRISTIAN II., KING OF DENMARK                      54
+
+     By JEAN MABUSE (Hampton Court Palace).
+
+  FRANCESCO SFORZA, DUKE OF MILAN                                     92
+
+     British Museum.
+
+  CHRISTINA, DUCHESS OF MILAN                                         92
+
+     Oppenheimer Collection, London.
+
+  FREDERIC, COUNT PALATINE                                           106
+
+     Ascribed to A. DÜRER (Darmstadt).
+
+  MARY, QUEEN OF HUNGARY                                             188
+
+     By B. VAN ORLEY (Cardon Collection, Brussels).
+
+  GRANDE PORTERIE, PALAIS DUCAL, NANCY                               260
+
+  CHARLES V.                                                         322
+
+     By TITIAN (Munich).
+
+  HÔTEL-DE-VILLE, BRUSSELS                                           332
+
+  S. GUDULE, BRUSSELS                                                332
+
+  PALAIS DUCAL, NANCY                                                364
+
+  PHILIP II. AND MARY                                                412
+
+     By JACOPO DA TREZZO (British Museum).
+
+  ANTOINE PERRENOT, CARDINAL GRANVELLE                               412
+
+     By LEONE LEONI (British Museum).
+
+  MARGARET, DUCHESS OF PARMA                                         412
+
+     By PASTORINO (British Museum).
+
+  WILLIAM, PRINCE OF ORANGE                                          456
+
+     By ADRIAAN KEY (Darmstadt).
+
+  MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS                                               466
+
+     By FRANÇOIS CLOUET (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris).
+
+  CHARLES III., DUKE OF LORRAINE                                     472
+
+     British Museum.
+
+  THE THREE DUCHESSES                                                508
+
+     Prado, Madrid.
+
+                          CHRISTINA OF DENMARK
+
+
+
+
+BOOK I
+
+ISABELLA OF AUSTRIA, QUEEN OF DENMARK, THE MOTHER OF CHRISTINA
+
+1507-1514
+
+
+I.
+
+The 19th of July, 1507, was a memorable day in the history of Malines.
+A solemn requiem Mass was sung that morning in the ancient church of
+S. Rombaut for the soul of Philip, King of Castille and Archduke of
+Austria, and, by right of his mother, Duke of Burgundy and Count of
+Flanders and Brabant. The news of this young monarch's sudden death
+at Burgos had spread consternation throughout the Netherlands, where
+the handsome, free-handed Prince was very popular with the subjects
+who enjoyed peace and prosperity under his rule. "Never," wrote a
+contemporary chronicler, "was there such lamentation made for any
+King, Duke, or Count, as for our good King Philip. There was no church
+or monastery in the whole land where solemn Masses were not said for
+the repose of his soul, and the mourning was greatest in the city of
+Antwerp, where all the people assembled for the yearly Fair wept over
+this noble young Prince who had died at the age of twenty-eight."[1]
+The King's corpse was laid in the dark vaults of Miraflores, where his
+widow, the unhappy Queen Juana, kept watch by her husband's grave night
+and day; while, in obedience to his last wishes, his heart was brought
+to the Netherlands and buried in his mother's tomb at Bruges. Now the
+States-General and nobles were summoned by Margaret of Austria, the
+newly-proclaimed Governess of the Netherlands, to attend her brother's
+funeral at Malines.
+
+[Sidenote: JULY, 1507] MARGARET OF AUSTRIA]
+
+From the gates of the Keyserhof, through the narrow streets of the old
+Flemish city, the long procession wound its way: Knights of the Golden
+Fleece, nobles, deputies, Bishops and clergy, merchants, artisans, and
+beggars, all clad in deep mourning. Twelve heralds, followed by a crowd
+of gentlemen with lighted torches, bore the armour and banners of the
+dead King to the portals of S. Rombaut. There an immense catafalque,
+draped with cloth of gold and blazing with wax lights, had been erected
+in the centre of the nave. Three golden crowns, symbols of the three
+realms over which Philip held sway, hung from the vault, and the
+glittering array of gold and silver images on the high-altar stood
+out against the sable draperies on the walls. A funeral oration was
+pronounced by the late King's confessor, the Bishop of Arras chanted
+the requiem Mass, and when the last blessing had been given, Golden
+Fleece threw his staff on the floor, crying: "The King is dead!"[2]
+At the sound of these thrice-repeated words the heralds lowered their
+banners to the ground, and there was a moment of profound silence,
+only broken by the sound of weeping. Then Golden Fleece cried in
+a ringing voice: "Charles, Archduke of Austria!" and all eyes were
+turned to the fair, slender boy, who, robed in a long black mantle,
+knelt alone before the altar. "My lord lives! long may he live!" cried
+the King-at-Arms; and a great shout went up on all sides: "Long live
+Charles, Archduke of Austria and Prince of Castille!" A sword blessed
+by the Bishop of Arras was placed in the boy's hands, and the heralds
+of Burgundy, Flanders, Holland, and Friesland, raising their fallen
+pennons, each in turn proclaimed the titles of the youthful Prince, who
+was to be known to the world as Charles V.
+
+No one wept more bitterly for King Philip than his only sister,
+Margaret, the widowed Duchess of Savoy, as she knelt in her oratory
+close to the great church. Although only twenty-seven, she had known
+many sorrows. After being wedded to the Dauphin at two years old, and
+educated at the French Court till she reached the age of thirteen, she
+was rejected by Charles VIII. in favour of Anne of Brittany, and sent
+back to her father, the Emperor Maximilian. Three years afterwards
+she went to Spain as the bride of Don Juan, the heir to the crowns of
+Castille and Aragon, only to lose her husband and infant son within a
+few months of each other. In 1501 she became the wife of Duke Philibert
+of Savoy, with whom she spent the three happiest years of her life. But
+in September, 1504, the young Duke died of pleurisy, the result of a
+chill which he caught out hunting, and his heart-broken widow returned
+once more to her father's Court.
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1509] MAXIMILIAN'S GRANDCHILDREN]
+
+On the death of Philip in the following year, Maximilian prevailed
+upon his daughter to undertake the government of the Netherlands,
+and in April, 1507, Margaret was proclaimed Regent, and took up her
+abode at Malines. She was a singularly able and gifted woman, and her
+personal charms and rich dowry soon attracted new suitors. Before
+she became Regent she had received proposals of marriage from Henry
+VII. of England, which Maximilian urged her to accept, saying that
+she might divide the year between England and the Netherlands. Louis
+XII., who in his boyhood had played with the Archduchess at Amboise,
+would also gladly have made her his second wife, but, as he remarked:
+"Madame Marguerite's father has arranged marriages for her three times
+over, and each time she has fared badly." Margaret herself was quite
+decided on the subject, and declared that she would never marry again.
+Henceforth she devoted herself exclusively to the administration of
+the Netherlands and the guardianship of her brother's young family. Of
+the six children which Juana of Castille had borne him, two remained
+in Spain, the younger boy Ferdinand and the infant Katherine, who did
+not see the light until months after her father's death. But the elder
+boy, Charles, and his three sisters, grew up under their aunt's eye
+in the picturesque old palace at Malines, which is still known as the
+Keyserhof, or Cour de l'Empereur. The eldest girl, Eleanor, afterwards
+Queen of Portugal and France, was two years older than her brother;
+the second, Isabella, the future Queen of Denmark, born on the 15th
+of August, 1501, was nearly six; and Mary, the Queen of Hungary, who
+was to play so great a part in the history of the Netherlands, had
+only just completed her first year. Margaret, whose own child hardly
+survived its birth, lavished all a mother's affection on her youthful
+nephew and nieces. If the boy was naturally the chief object of her
+care, the little girls held a place very near to her heart. This was
+especially the case with "Madame Isabeau," her godchild, who was born
+when Margaret was living at Malines before her second marriage. A
+gentle and charming child, Isabella won the hearts of all, and became
+fondly attached to the brother who was so nearly her own age.
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES V. (1515)
+
+By Bernard van Orley (Cardon Collection)
+
+_To face p. 4_]
+
+Margaret's letters to the Emperor abound in allusions to these
+children, whose welfare was a matter of deep interest to their
+grandfather. In the midst of the most anxious affairs of State, when
+he was presiding over turbulent Diets or warring beyond the Alps,
+Maximilian was always eager for news of "our very dear and well-beloved
+children." The arrangements of their household, the choice of their
+tutors and companions, their childish maladies and amusements, were all
+fully reported to him. One unlucky day, when the royal children had
+just recovered from measles, Madame Isabeau caught the smallpox, and
+gave it to Madame Marie. Then Madame Leonore complained of her head,
+and since Margaret had been told that the malady was very contagious,
+and especially dangerous in winter, she felt it advisable to keep her
+nephew at Brussels out of reach of infection. But this precaution
+proved fruitless, for presently the boy sickened and became dangerously
+ill. Great was the alarm which his condition excited, and it was only
+at the end of three weeks that Margaret was able to inform the Emperor,
+who was in Italy fighting against the Venetians, that his grandson was
+out of danger.[3]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1509] A SFORZA DUKE]
+
+The education of Charles and his sisters was the subject of their
+guardian's most anxious consideration. A lady of Navarre, Dame Anne
+de Beaumont, took charge of the little girls from their infancy,
+and watched over them with a tenderness which earned their lifelong
+gratitude. The old King of Aragon rewarded this lady with the Order
+of S. Iago, while Margaret begged that she might be allowed to spend
+her old age in one of the Archduke's houses at Ghent, seeing that
+she had served "Mesdames mes nièces" so long and so well, and had
+been but poorly paid for her trouble. Among their teachers was Louis
+Vives, the learned friend of Erasmus, who afterwards became tutor to
+their cousin, the Princess Mary of England, and took Sir Thomas More's
+daughters as his models. Vives taught his pupils Greek and Latin, and
+made them study the Gospels, and St. Paul's Epistles, as well as some
+parts of the Old Testament. French romances, then so much in vogue,
+were banished from their schoolroom, and the only tales which they were
+allowed to read were those of Joseph and his brethren, of the Roman
+matron Lucretia, and the well-known story of Griselda. Madame Leonore
+was fond of reading at a very early age, but Madame Isabeau was more
+occupied with her dolls, and is represented holding one in her arms in
+the triptych of Charles and his sisters at Vienna. All the children
+were very fond of music, in which they were daily instructed by the
+Archduchess's organist, and there is a charming portrait of Eleanor
+playing on the clavichord in Monsieur Cardon's collection at Brussels.
+When, in 1508, the Spanish Legate, Cardinal Carvajal, visited Malines,
+Charles and his sisters were confirmed by him in the palace chapel,
+and the Archduke addressed a letter of thanks to Pope Julius II. in his
+childish round hand.
+
+[Illustration: ELEANOR OF AUSTRIA, QUEEN OF PORTUGAL AND FRANCE
+
+By Bernard van Orley (Cardon Collection)
+
+_To face p. 6_]
+
+Margaret was careful to provide her young charges with suitable
+companions. A niece of Madame de Beaumont and a Spanish girl of noble
+birth were brought up with the Archduchesses, while the sons of the
+Marquis of Brandenburg and Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg were among Charles's
+playmates. Another youth whom the Emperor sent to be educated at
+Malines in 1509 was his godson, Maximilian Sforza, the eldest son of
+the unfortunate Duke Lodovico and Beatrice d'Este. While his younger
+brother, Francesco, afterwards the husband of Christina of Denmark,
+remained at Innsbruck with his cousin, the Empress Bianca, Maximilian
+grew up with Charles, and throughout his life never ceased to regard
+Margaret as a second mother. The young Duke of Milan's name often
+figures in the Archduchess's correspondence with her father. One day
+Maximilian tells her to borrow 3,000 livres from the Fuggers, and give
+them to the Duke, who has not enough to buy his own clothes, let alone
+those of his servants.[4] At another time we find Margaret appealing
+to her father to settle the disputes of precedence which have arisen
+between the Dukes of Milan and Saxe-Lauenburg, upon which Maximilian
+replied that they were too young to think of such matters, and that for
+the present they had better take the place of honour on alternate days.
+
+It was a free and joyous life which these young Princes and Princesses
+led at the Court of Malines. If they were kept strictly to their
+lessons, they also had plenty of amusements. They played games, shot
+with bows and arrows, and looked on at stag-hunts from the balcony of
+the Swan, an old hostelry in the market-place. Charles had a little
+chariot, drawn by two ponies, in which he often drove his sisters
+through the town and out into the open country. Above all they enjoyed
+the visits which they paid to the Castle of Vueren, near Brussels,
+where Charles often went by his grandfather's orders to enjoy fresh air
+and take hunting expeditions. The old Emperor was delighted to hear of
+his grandson's taste for sport, and wrote from Augsburg that, if the
+Archduke had not been fond of hunting, people would have suspected him
+of being a bastard.[5]
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1512] "FELIX AUSTRIA NUBE"]
+
+When, in 1512, Maximilian came to Brussels, and Charles was sent to
+meet him, he begged Margaret to bring the three Princesses, without
+delay, to "amuse themselves in the park at Vueren," and sent the haunch
+of a stag which he had killed that day as a present to his "dear little
+daughters." At the children's urgent entreaty, the Emperor himself rode
+out to join them at supper, and invited them to a banquet in the palace
+at Brussels on Midsummer Day. When the English Ambassador, Sir Edward
+Poynings, came to pay the Emperor his respects, he found His Majesty
+in riding-boots, standing at the palace gates, with the Lady Regent,
+the Lord Prince and his sisters, looking on at a great bonfire in the
+square. The Ambassador and his colleague, Spinelli, were both invited
+to return to the palace for supper, and had a long conversation with
+the Lady Margaret, in whom they found the same perfect friend as ever,
+"while the Prince and his sisters danced gaily with the other young
+folk till between nine and ten o'clock."[6]
+
+But this merry party was soon to break up. Before the end of the year
+Maximilian Sforza crossed the Brenner, and entered Milan amidst the
+acclamations of his father's old subjects, and eighteen months later
+two of the young Archduchesses were wedded to foreign Kings.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1514] MARRIAGE-MAKING]
+
+While her nieces were still children Margaret was busy with plans
+for their marriage. Her views for them were ambitious and frankly
+expressed. "All your granddaughters," she wrote to her father, "should
+marry Kings." The old Emperor himself was an inveterate matchmaker,
+and the House of Austria had been proverbially fortunate in its
+alliances. _Tu felix Austria nube_ had passed into a common saying.
+By his marriage with Mary of Burgundy, Maximilian entered on the vast
+inheritance of Charles the Bold, and his grandson was heir to the
+throne of Spain by right of his mother Juana. In 1509 proposals for
+two of the Archduchesses came from Portugal, and Margaret urged her
+father to accept these offers, remarking shrewdly that King Emanuel
+was a wealthy monarch, and that there were few marriageable Princes
+in Europe. If both Madame Leonore and Madame Marie were betrothed to
+the two Portuguese Princes, there would still be two of her nieces
+to contract other alliances. But Maximilian's thoughts were too much
+occupied with his war against Venice to consider these proposals
+seriously, and the matter was allowed to drop.[7] Meanwhile Madame
+Isabeau's hand was in great request. In March, 1510, Maximilian
+received offers of marriage for his second granddaughter from the
+King of Navarre's son, Henri d'Albret, but this project was nipped in
+the bud by the jealousy of Isabella's other grandfather, Ferdinand of
+Aragon, and Francis I.'s sister, Margaret, Duchess of Alençon, became
+Queen of Navarre in her stead. A new and strange husband for the
+nine-year-old Princess was now proposed by the Regent herself. This
+was none other than Charles of Egmont, Duke of Guelders, the turbulent
+neighbour who had been a thorn in Margaret's side ever since she became
+Governess of the Netherlands. It is difficult to believe that Margaret
+ever really intended to give her beloved niece to the man whom she
+openly denounced as "a brigand and a felon," but it was necessary to
+cajole Guelders for the moment, and conferences were held in which
+every detail of the marriage treaty was discussed, and the dowry and
+fortune of the bride and the portions of her sons and daughters were
+all minutely arranged. But when the deputies of Guelders asked that
+Madame Isabeau should be given up to the Duke at once to be educated
+at his Court, the Regent met their demands with a flat refusal.
+The negotiations were broken off, and war began again.[8] Another
+matrimonial project, which had been discussed ever since King Philip's
+lifetime, was the union of the Archduchess Eleanor with the young Duke
+Antoine of Lorraine. Maximilian seems to have been really eager for
+this marriage, which he regarded as a means of detaching a neighbouring
+Prince from the French alliance, but was so dilatory in the matter that
+Margaret wrote him a sharp letter, asking him if he ever meant to
+marry his granddaughters. Upon this the affronted Emperor rebuked her
+for these undutiful remarks, and asked peevishly "if she held him for
+a Frenchman who changed his mind every day."[9] But in spite of these
+protestations he took no further steps in the matter, and in 1515 Duke
+Antoine married Renée de Bourbon, a Princess of the blood royal of
+France.
+
+The marriage of Louis XII. to Henry VIII.'s handsome sister Mary was
+a more serious blow. Six years before the English Princess had been
+wedded by proxy to the Archduke Charles, and Margaret, whose heart was
+set on this alliance, vainly pressed her father to conclude the treaty.
+Meanwhile, in January, 1514, Anne of Brittany died, and the widowed
+King sent offers of marriage, first to Margaret herself, and then to
+her niece Eleanor.[10] A few months later news reached Brussels that
+Louis had made a treaty with Henry, and was about to wed the Princess
+Mary. So the Archduke lost his promised bride, and his sister was
+once more cheated of a husband. The Lady Regent was deeply hurt, but
+found some consolation for her wounded feelings in the double marriage
+that was arranged in the course of the same year between the Archduke
+Ferdinand and Anna, daughter of Ladislaus, King of Hungary, and between
+this monarch's son Louis and the Archduchess Mary. In May, 1514, the
+little Princess was sent to be educated with her future sister-in-law
+at Vienna, where the wedding was celebrated a year afterwards.[11]
+
+At the same time marriage proposals for another of his granddaughters
+reached Maximilian from a new and unexpected quarter. The young King
+of Denmark, Christian II., on succeeding to the throne, declined the
+French marriage which had been arranged for him by his father, and
+conceived the ambitious design of allying himself with the Imperial
+Family. In March, 1514, two Danish Ambassadors, the Bishop of Schleswig
+and the Court-Marshal Magnus Giœ, were introduced into Maximilian's
+presence by Christian's uncle, the Elector of Saxony, and asked for
+the Archduchess Eleanor's hand on behalf of their royal master. The
+prospect of an alliance with Denmark met with the Emperor's approval,
+and could not fail to be popular in the Low Countries as a means
+of opening the Baltic to the merchants of Bruges and Amsterdam.
+Accordingly the envoys met with a friendly reception, and were told
+that, although the elder Archduchess was already promised to the Duke
+of Lorraine, the Emperor would gladly give King Christian the hand
+of her sister Isabella. The contract was signed at Linz on the 29th
+of April, 1514, and the dowry of the Princess was fixed at 250,000
+florins, an enormous sum for those times. Only three-fifths of his
+sister's fortune, however, was to be paid by Charles, and the remainder
+by her grandfather, the King of Aragon.[12]
+
+[Illustration: ISABELLA OF AUSTRIA, QUEEN OF DENMARK
+
+By Bernard van Orley (Cardon Collection)
+
+_To face p. 12_]
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1514] A ROYAL WEDDING]
+
+From Linz the Ambassadors travelled by slow stages to Brussels, where
+they were received with great honour. But Margaret was scarcely
+prepared for the proposal which they made, that the wedding might take
+place on the following day, when King Christian was to be crowned at
+Copenhagen. It was, however, impossible to refuse such a request, and
+on Trinity Sunday, the 11th of June, the marriage was solemnized with
+due splendour. At ten o'clock a brilliant assembly met in the great
+hall of the palace, which had been hung for the occasion with the
+famous tapestries of the Golden Fleece, and Magnus Giœ, who represented
+the King, appeared, supported by the Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg and the
+Marquis of Brandenburg. Presently a flourish of trumpets announced the
+bride's coming, and Charles led in his sister, a tall, slender maiden
+of thirteen, robed in white, with a crown of pearls and rubies on her
+fair locks. "Madame Isabeau," as Margaret wrote with motherly pride to
+her father, "was certainly good to see."[13] They took their places
+under a baldacchino near the altar, followed by the Regent, who led
+her niece Eleanor by the hand. The Archbishop of Cambray, clad in rich
+vestments of purple and gold, performed the nuptial rites, and the
+Danish Ambassador placed a costly ring, bearing three gold crowns set
+round with large sapphires and the motto _Ave Maria gratia plena_, on
+the finger of the bride, who plighted her faith in the following words:
+
+"Je, Isabelle d'Autriche et de Bourgogne, donne ma foi à très hautt et
+très puissant Prince et Seigneur, Christierne roy de Danemarck, et à
+toy Magnus Giœ, son vrai et léal procureur, et je le prens par toy en
+époux et mari légitime."[14]
+
+Then the Mass of the Holy Ghost was chanted, the Spanish Ambassador
+being seated at the Archduke's side, and the others according to their
+rank, all but the English Envoy, who refused to be present owing to
+a dispute as to precedence. Afterwards the guests were entertained by
+the Regent at a banquet, followed by a tournament and a state ball,
+which was kept up far into the night. Finally all the chief personages
+present escorted the bride with lighted torches to her chamber, and
+Magnus Giœ, in full armour, lay down on the nuptial bed at her side
+in the presence of this august company. Then, rising to his feet, he
+made a deep obeisance to the young Queen and retired. During the next
+three days a succession of jousts and banquets took place, and on the
+Feast of Corpus Christi a public reception was held in the palace, at
+which the bride appeared wearing the ring of the three kingdoms and
+a jewelled necklace sent her by King Christian. Unfortunately, the
+Archduke danced so vigorously on the night of the wedding that this
+unwonted exertion brought on a sharp attack of fever.
+
+"Monseigneur," wrote his aunt to the Emperor, "fulfilled all his
+duties to perfection, and showed himself so good a brother that he
+overtaxed his strength, and fell ill the day after the wedding. Not,"
+she hastened to add, "that his sickness is in any way serious, but that
+the slightest ailment in a Prince of his condition is apt to make one
+anxious."[15]
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1515] EVIL OMENS]
+
+On the 4th of July the Danish Ambassadors took their leave, but
+Isabella remained in her home for another year. She and Eleanor shared
+in the fêtes which celebrated the Archduke's coming of age, and were
+present at his _Joyeuse Entrêe_ into Brussels. But in the midst of
+these festivities the Danish fleet, with the Archbishop of Drondtheim
+on board, arrived at Veeren in Zeeland, and on the 16th of July, 1515,
+the poor young Queen took leave of her family with bitter tears, and
+sailed for Copenhagen. On the day of Isabella's christening, fourteen
+years before, the ceremony had been marred by a terrific thunderstorm,
+and now the same ill-luck attended her wedding journey. A violent
+tempest scattered the Danish fleet off the shores of Jutland, and the
+vessel which bore the Queen narrowly escaped shipwreck. When at length
+she had landed safely at Helsingfors, she wrote a touching little
+letter to the Regent:
+
+  "MADAME, MY AUNT AND GOOD MOTHER,
+
+    "I must tell you that we landed here last Saturday, after
+    having been in great peril and distress at sea for the last ten
+    days. But God kept me from harm, for which I am very thankful.
+    Next Thursday we start for Copenhagen, which is a day's journey
+    from here. I have been rather ill, and feel weak still, but
+    hope soon to be well. Madame, if I could choose for myself I
+    should be with you now; for to be parted from you is the most
+    grievous thing in the world to me, and the more so as I do not
+    know when there is any hope of seeing you again. So I can only
+    beg you, my dearest aunt and mother, to keep me in your heart,
+    and tell me if there is anything that you wish me to do, and
+    you shall always be obeyed, God helping me. That He may give
+    you a long and happy life is the prayer of your humble and
+    dutiful niece
+
+                                                    "ISABEAU.[16]
+  "August 7, 1515."
+
+
+Two days later Isabella continued her journey to Hvidore, the royal
+country-house near Copenhagen. There she was received by King
+Christian, who rode at her side, a splendid figure in gold brocade and
+shining armour, when on the following day she made her state entry into
+the capital in torrents of rain. On the 12th of August the wedding was
+celebrated in the great hall of the ancient castle, which had been
+rebuilt by King Christian's father, and was followed by the coronation
+of the young Queen. But Isabella was so much exhausted by the fatigue
+which she had undergone, that before the conclusion of the ceremony she
+fell fainting into the arms of her ladies. Her illness threw a gloom
+over the wedding festivities, and seemed a forecast of the misfortunes
+that were to darken the course of her married life and turn her story
+into a grim tragedy.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] L. Gachard, "Voyages des Souverains des Pays-Bas." i. 455.
+
+[2] "Bulletins de la Commission Royale d'Histoire," 2^{ième} série, v.
+113-119. Jehan Le Maire, "Les Funéraux de Feu Don Philippe."
+
+[3] E. Le Glay, "Correspondance de l'Empereur Maximilien I. et de
+Marguerite d'Autriche," i. 203.
+
+[4] Le Glay, i. 393.
+
+[5] Le Glay, i. 241.
+
+[6] Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., i. 369.
+
+[7] Le Glay, i. 165.
+
+[8] Le Glay, i. 281, 399-441.
+
+[9] Le Glay, ii. 205.
+
+[10] H. Ulmann, "Kaiser Maximilian," ii. 484, 498.
+
+[11] Le Glay, ii. 252; A. Henne, "Histoire du Règne de Charles V.," i.
+96.
+
+[12] Le Glay, ii. 383.
+
+[13] Le Glay, ii. 256.
+
+[14] J. Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 53.
+
+[15] Le Glay, ii. 257.
+
+[16] Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 43.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK II
+
+CHRISTIAN II., KING OF DENMARK, THE FATHER OF CHRISTINA
+
+1513-1523
+
+
+I.
+
+Christian II., King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, as the proud title
+ran, was in many respects a remarkable man. His life and character
+have been the subject of much controversy. Some historians have held
+him up to admiration as a patriot and martyr who suffered for his
+love of freedom and justice. Others have condemned him as a cruel and
+vindictive tyrant, whose crimes deserved the hard fate which befell
+him. Both verdicts are justified in the main. On the one hand, he was
+an able and enlightened ruler, who protected the liberties of his
+poorer subjects, encouraged trade and learning, and introduced many
+salutary reforms. On the other, he was a man of violent passions,
+crafty and unscrupulous in his dealings, cruel and bloodthirsty in
+avenging wrongs. His career naturally invites comparison with that
+of Lodovico Sforza, whose son became the husband of his daughter
+Christina. Both Princes were men of great ability and splendid dreams.
+In their zeal for the promotion of commerce and agriculture, in their
+love of art and letters, both were in advance of the age in which
+they lived. Again, their vices and crimes, the cunning ways and
+unscrupulous measures by which they sought to attain their ends, were
+curiously the same. No doubt Christian II., born and bred as he was
+among the rude Norsemen, belonged to a coarser strain than the cultured
+Duke of Milan, and is hardly to be judged by the same standard. But
+the two Princes resembled each other closely, and the fate which
+eventually overtook them was practically the same. Both of these able
+and distinguished men lost their States in the prime of life, and were
+doomed to end their days in captivity. This cruel doom has atoned in
+a great measure for their guilt in the eyes of posterity, and even in
+their lifetime their hard fate aroused general compassion.
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1516] THE KING'S DOVE]
+
+Certainly no one could have foreseen the dismal fate which lay in store
+for Christian II. when he ascended the throne. Seldom has a new reign
+opened with fairer promise. His father, good King Hans, died in 1513,
+lamented by all his subjects, and leaving his successor a prosperous
+and united kingdom. Christian was thirty-two, and had already shown
+his courage and ability in quelling a revolt in Norway. A man of noble
+and commanding presence, with blue eyes and long fair hair, he seemed
+a born leader of men, while his keen intelligence, genial manners,
+and human interest in those about him, early won the affection of his
+subjects. Unfortunately his own passions proved his worst enemies. In
+Norway he had fallen in love with a beautiful girl named Dyveke--the
+Dove--whose mother, a designing Dutchwoman named Sigebritt Willems,
+kept a tavern at Bergen. On his accession he brought Dyveke and her
+mother to Hvidore, and gave them a house in the neighbourhood. This
+illicit connection excited great scandal at Court, and the Chancellor,
+Archbishop Walkendorf of Drondtheim, exhorted the King earnestly to put
+away his mistress on his marriage. Even before Isabella left Brussels,
+the Archbishop wrote glowing accounts of her beauty and goodness to
+his master, and told the King of the romantic attachment which she
+cherished for her unknown lord. After her arrival at Copenhagen he did
+his utmost to insure her comfort, and see that she was treated with
+proper respect.
+
+For a time Christian seems to have been genuinely in love with his
+young wife, whose innocent charm won all hearts in her new home. In
+his anxiety to please her, he furnished his ancestral castle anew,
+and sent to Germany for musicians, fearing that the rude voices
+of Danish singers might sound harsh in her ears. A young Fleming,
+Cornelius Scepperus, was appointed to be his private secretary, and
+the Fuggers of Antwerp were invited to found a bank at Copenhagen. At
+the same time twenty-four Dutch families, from Waterland in Holland,
+were brought over in Danish ships, and induced to settle on the
+island of Amager, opposite the capital, in order that the royal table
+might be supplied with butter and cheese made in the Dutch fashion.
+This colony, imported by Christian II., grew and flourished, and to
+this day their descendants occupy Amager, where peasant women clad
+in the national costume of short woollen skirts, blue caps, and red
+ribbons, are still to be seen. Unfortunately, the influence which
+Sigebritt and her daughter had acquired over the King was too strong
+to be resisted. Before long they returned to Court, and, to the
+indignation of Isabella's servants, Sigebritt was appointed Mistress
+of her household. Rumours of the slights to which the young Queen was
+exposed soon reached the Netherlands, and when Maximilian informed
+Margaret that he intended to marry her niece Eleanor to the King
+of Poland, she replied with some asperity that she could only hope
+the marriage would turn out better than that of her unhappy sister.
+The Emperor expressed much surprise at these words, saying that he
+considered his granddaughter to be very well married, since the King
+of Denmark was a monarch of the proudest lineage, and endowed with
+noble manners and rare gifts, if his people were still somewhat rude
+and barbarous.[17] But, in spite of Maximilian's protests, the reports
+of King Christian's misconduct soon became too persistent to be
+ignored. When, in October, 1516, Charles, who had assumed the title
+of King of Spain on his grandfather Ferdinand's death, held his first
+Chapter of the Golden Fleece, the Knights with one accord refused to
+admit the King of Denmark to their Order, because he was accused of
+adultery and ill-treated his wife.[18] At length Maximilian was moved
+to take action, and wrote to his grandson Charles in sufficiently plain
+language, saying:
+
+[Sidenote: 1513-23] ELEANOR'S ROMANCE]
+
+    "The shameful life which our brother and son-in-law, the King
+    of Denmark, is leading with a concubine, to the great sorrow
+    and vexation of his wife, our daughter and your sister, is
+    condemned by all his relatives; and in order to constrain him
+    to abandon this disorderly way of living, and be a better
+    husband to our said daughter, we are sending Messire Sigismund
+    Herbesteiner to remonstrate with him, and have begged Duke
+    Frederic of Saxony, his uncle, who arranged the marriage, to
+    send one of his servants on the same errand. And we desire
+    you to send one of your chief councillors to help carry out
+    our orders, and induce the King to put away his concubine and
+    behave in a more reasonable and honourable manner."[19]
+
+But none of these remonstrances produced any effect on the misguided
+King. When Herbesteiner reproached him with sacrificing the laws of
+God and honour and the Emperor's friendship to a low-born woman, he
+shook his fist in the imperial Envoy's face, and bade him begone from
+his presence.[20] At the same time he showed his resentment in a more
+dangerous way by making a treaty with France and closing the Sound to
+Dutch ships. He even seized several trading vessels on pretence that
+the Queen's dowry had not been paid, and when Archbishop Walkendorf
+ventured to expostulate with him on his misconduct, banished the
+prelate from Court.[21]
+
+Meanwhile Isabella herself bore neglect and insults with the same
+uncomplaining sweetness. But we see how much she suffered from a
+private letter which she wrote to her sister Eleanor about this time.
+This attractive Princess, who at the age of eighteen still remained
+unmarried, had fallen in love with her brother's brilliant friend,
+Frederic, Count Palatine, the most accomplished knight at Court, and
+the idol of all the ladies. The mutual attachment between the Palatine
+and the Archduchess was the talk of the whole Court, and met with
+Margaret's private approval, although it was kept a secret from Charles
+and his Ministers. Eleanor confided this romantic story to her absent
+sister, and expressed a secret hope that the popular Count Palatine
+might succeed her aunt as Regent when the young King left Brussels for
+Spain. In reply Isabella sent Eleanor the warmest congratulations on
+her intended marriage, rejoicing that her sister at least would not be
+forced to leave home, and would be united to a husband whom she really
+loved. The poor young Queen proceeded to lament her own sad fate in the
+following strain:
+
+    "It is hard enough to marry a man whose face you have never
+    seen, whom you do not know or love, and worse still to be
+    required to leave home and kindred, and follow a stranger to
+    the ends of the earth, without even being able to speak his
+    language."[22]
+
+[Sidenote: 1513-23] A LOVE-LETTER]
+
+She goes on to describe the misery of her life, even though she bears
+the title of Queen. What is she, in fact, but a prisoner in a foreign
+land? She is never allowed to go out or appear in public, while her
+lord the King spends his time in royal progresses and hunting-parties,
+and amuses himself after his fashion, apart from her. Far better would
+it be for Eleanor to follow her own inclination, and choose a husband
+who belongs to her own country and speaks her language, even if he were
+not of kingly rank. Unfortunately, the pretty romance which excited
+Isabella's sympathy was doomed to an untimely end. The death of Mary
+of Castille, Queen of Portugal, in May, 1517, left King Emanuel a
+widower for the second time. He had married two of Charles's aunts in
+turn, and was now over fifty, and a hunchback into the bargain. None
+the less, the plan of a marriage between him and his niece Eleanor
+was now revived, and in August these proposals reached the young King
+at the seaport of Middelburg, where he and his sister were awaiting
+a favourable wind to set sail for Spain. Filled with alarm, Frederic
+implored Eleanor to take a bold step, confess her love to Charles,
+and seek his consent to her marriage with his old friend. In a letter
+signed with his name, and still preserved in the Archives of Simancas,
+the Palatine begged his love to lose no time if she would escape from
+the snare laid for them both by "the Uncle of Portugal."
+
+    "Ma mignonne," he wrote, "si vous voulez, vous pouvez être la
+    cause de mon bien ou de mon mal. C'est pourquoi je vous supplie
+    d'avoir bon courage pour vous et pour moi. Cela peut se faire
+    si vous voulez. Car je suis prêt, et ne demande autre chose,
+    sinon que je sois à vous, et vous à moi."[23]
+
+Accordingly, on the Feast of the Assumption Eleanor approached her
+brother after hearing Mass in the abbey chapel. But while she was
+gathering all her courage to speak, Charles caught sight of the
+Palatine's letter in her bosom, and, snatching it from his sister's
+hands, broke into furious reproaches, swearing that he would avenge
+this insult with the traitor's blood. As Spinelli, the English Envoy,
+remarked, "The letter was but honest, concerning matters of love and
+marriage,"[24] but the young King would listen to no excuses, and, in
+spite of the Regent's intervention, Frederic was banished from Court
+in disgrace. A fortnight later Charles and his sister sailed for
+Castille, and in the following summer Madame Leonore became the bride
+of "l'Oncle de Portugal," King Emanuel.
+
+
+II.
+
+The death of Christian II.'s mistress, Dyveke, in the summer of 1517
+produced a change in the situation at Copenhagen. This unfortunate
+girl, a victim of her ambitious mother's designs, died very suddenly
+one afternoon after eating cherries in the royal gardens. The King's
+suspicions fell on his steward, Torben Axe, who was brutally put to
+death in spite of his protestations of innocence. But the Queen's
+position was distinctly improved. Christian now treated his wife with
+marked kindness, and appointed her Regent when, early in the following
+year, he went to Sweden to put down a rising of the nobles. Sigebritt
+Willems's influence, however, still remained paramount, and, in a
+letter to the Queen from Sweden, Christian begged her to consult the
+Dutchwoman in any difficulty, and ended by wishing her and "Mother
+Sigebritt" a thousand good-nights. Stranger still to relate, when, on
+the 21st of February, Isabella gave birth to a son, the infant Prince
+was entrusted to Sigebritt's care.
+
+[Sidenote: 1513-23] BIRTH OF PRINCES]
+
+This happy event, combined with Isabella's unfailing affection for
+her wayward lord, led to improved relations between Christian and his
+wife's family. After the death of Maximilian, Charles became anxious
+to secure his brother-in-law's support in the imperial election, and
+in February, 1519, a treaty was concluded between the two monarchs at
+Brussels.[25] The Danish Envoys, Anton de Metz and Hermann Willems,
+Sigebritt's brother, received rich presents from Margaret, who was
+once more acting as Regent of the Netherlands, and she even sent a
+silver-gilt cup to the hated Dutchwoman herself.[26] A month later the
+King of Denmark was elected Knight of the Golden Fleece at a Chapter of
+the Order held at Barcelona, and in a letter which Charles addressed to
+him he expressed his pleasure at hearing good accounts of his sister
+and little nephew, and promised to pay the arrears of Isabella's dowry
+as soon as possible.[27]
+
+On the 28th of June, 1519, Charles was elected King of the Romans, and
+the formal announcement of his election was brought to Barcelona by
+Eleanor's rejected suitor, the Palatine Frederic, whom he received with
+open arms. A few days after this auspicious event the Queen of Denmark,
+on the 4th of July, 1519, gave birth to twin sons, who received the
+names of Philip and Maximilian. Both, however, died within a week of
+their baptism, upon which Sigebritt is said to have remarked that this
+was a good thing, since Denmark was too small a realm to support so
+many Princes.
+
+With the help of Dutch ships and gold, Christian succeeded in subduing
+the Swedish rebels, and was crowned with great solemnity in the
+Cathedral of Upsala on the 4th of November, 1520. But the rejoicings
+on this occasion were marred by the execution of ninety Swedish nobles
+and two Bishops, who were treacherously put to death by the King's
+orders. This act, which earned for Christian the title of the Nero
+of the North, is said to have been instigated by Sigebritt and her
+nephew Slagbök, a Westphalian barber, who had been raised from this low
+estate to be Archbishop of Lunden. The insolent conduct of these evil
+counsellors naturally increased the King's unpopularity in all parts of
+the kingdom. Yet at the same time Christian II. showed himself to be an
+excellent and enlightened ruler. He administered justice strictly, and
+introduced many salutary reforms.
+
+[Sidenote: 1513-23] BIRTH OF DOROTHEA]
+
+The common practice of buying and selling serfs was prohibited,
+Burgomasters and Town Councils were appointed to carry out the laws,
+and a system of tolls and customs was established. Schools and
+hospitals were founded, inns were opened in every town and village
+for the convenience of travellers, piracy and brigandage were sternly
+repressed. An Act was passed ordering that all cargoes recovered from
+wrecks were to be placed in the nearest church, and, if not claimed by
+the end of the year, divided between the Crown and the Church. When the
+Bishops complained of the loss thus inflicted on them, the King told
+them to go home and learn the Eighth Commandment. Still greater was
+the opposition aroused when he attempted to reform clerical abuses.
+Early in life Christian showed strong leanings towards the doctrines of
+Luther, and on his return from Sweden he asked his uncle, the Elector
+of Saxony, to send him a Lutheran preacher from Wittenberg. Although
+these efforts at proselytizing met with little success, the King openly
+professed his sympathy with the new Gospel. He had the Bible translated
+into Danish, bade the Bishops dismiss their vast households, issued
+edicts allowing priests to marry, and ordered the begging friars to
+stay at home and earn their bread by honest labour.[28]
+
+All these reforms could not be effected without vigorous opposition,
+and the discontent among the nobles and clergy became every day more
+active. In the spring of 1521 a young Swedish noble, Gustavus Wasa,
+raised the standard of revolt in Dalecarlia, and led his peasant bands
+against Stockholm. Upon this Christian decided to pay a visit to the
+Low Countries to meet the new Emperor, who was coming to be crowned at
+Aix-la-Chapelle, and seek his help against the citizens of Lübeck and
+the Swedish rebels. The government was once more placed in the hands
+of Isabella. A few months before this, on the 10th of November, 1520,
+while Christian was absent in Sweden, the Queen had given birth to a
+daughter, named Dorothea after the King's grandmother, the able and
+ambitious Princess of Brandenburg, who married two Kings of Denmark
+in succession. Now she followed her husband with wistful thoughts as
+he started on his journey, attended only by his Chamberlain, Anton de
+Metz, and three servants, and rode all the way to her old home in the
+Netherlands.
+
+On the 20th of June nine Danish ships sailed into the port of Antwerp,
+and a few days afterwards Christian II. rode into the town. His fine
+presence and the courage which he had shown in riding through Germany
+with this small escort excited general admiration.
+
+    "I noted," wrote Albert Dürer in his Journal, "how much the
+    people of Antwerp marvelled at the sight of this manly and
+    handsome Prince, who had come hither through his enemies'
+    country, with these few attendants."[29]
+
+[Sidenote: 1513-23] KING CHRISTIAN AT BRUSSELS]
+
+The Nuremberg master had been spending the winter in the Low
+Countries, paying his respects to the Regent at Malines, and conversing
+with Erasmus of Rotterdam and Lucas van Leyden. He was starting on his
+journey home, when, on the Feast of the Visitation, he was sent for
+by the King of Denmark, who received him very graciously, and asked
+him to dine at his table and to take his portrait. So great was the
+interest which Christian showed in the painter's work, that Dürer gave
+him a fine set of his prints, which are still preserved in the museum
+at Copenhagen, and accepted an invitation to accompany him to Brussels
+the next day. Thus Albert Dürer was a witness of the meeting between
+Christian and his brother-in-law Charles V., who had just arrived
+from his coronation at Aix-la-Chapelle, and had been received with
+great rejoicing by his subjects. At five that summer evening Charles
+rode out from Brussels at the head of a brilliant cavalcade, and met
+his royal brother-in-law in a meadow, where they embraced each other
+and conversed with the help of an interpreter, Christian speaking in
+German, and Charles in French. They entered Brussels after sunset, and
+found the streets hung with tapestries and lighted with innumerable
+torches and bonfires. The Emperor escorted Christian to the Count of
+Nassau's palace on the top of the hill, which Dürer describes as the
+finest house that he had ever seen. The next morning Charles brought
+his guest to the palace gates, where the Regent and Germaine de Foix,
+King Ferdinand's widow, were awaiting them, and for the first time
+Margaret came face to face with her niece's husband. Christian kissed
+the two ladies in French fashion, and after dinner the two Princes
+spent the evening dancing with the Court ladies.
+
+    "Now," wrote the Venetian Ambassador, Gaspare Contarini,
+    "at two hours after dark, they are still dancing, for young
+    monarchs such as these are not easily tired."[30]
+
+The impression which the Danish King made on the learned Italian was
+very favourable. He describes him as a fine-looking Prince, with an
+earnest, animated expression, long locks, and a beard curled after
+the Italian fashion. In his black satin doublet, Spanish cloak, and
+jewelled cap, he looked every inch a King. On the Sunday after his
+arrival Christian entertained the Emperor, the Lady Margaret, and
+the Queen-Dowager of Spain, at dinner. Albert Dürer was present on
+this occasion, and was afterwards employed to paint a portrait of the
+King in oils, for which Christian gave him thirty florins, an act of
+liberality which contrasted favourably with Margaret's parsimony. "The
+Lady Margaret in particular," remarks the painter in his Journal, "gave
+me nothing for what I made and presented to her." Another personage in
+whose society the King took pleasure was Erasmus, who discussed the
+reform of the Church with him, and was much struck by the monarch's
+enlightened opinions. On the 12th of July Christian accompanied his
+brother-in-law to Antwerp, to lay the foundations of the new choir of
+Our Lady's Church, and went on to Ghent, where he paid formal homage
+for the duchy of Holstein, and was confirmed in his rights over the
+Hanse towns, but could not persuade Charles to join him in making war
+on the friendly citizens of Lübeck. At Ghent the King sent for the
+English Ambassador, Sir Robert Wingfield, with whom he had a long
+and friendly conversation, expressing great anxiety to meet King
+Henry VIII. In reply, Wingfield told him that he would soon have the
+opportunity of seeing the English monarch's powerful Minister, Cardinal
+Wolsey, to whom he could speak as frankly as to the King himself.[31]
+Accordingly, on the 5th of August Christian accompanied Charles and
+Margaret to the Prinzenhof at Bruges, where Wolsey joined them a week
+later. The regal state of the English Cardinal formed a striking
+contrast to the King's simplicity. He arrived with a train of over
+a thousand followers, clad in red satin, and twenty English nobles,
+wearing gold chains, walked at his horse's side. On Sunday he rode to
+Mass with the Emperor, and dined with Charles and Margaret, "praising
+the delicate and sumptuous manner" in which he was entertained. When
+the King of Denmark sent to ask him to come to his lodgings, the
+Cardinal demurred, saying that, as he represented His Majesty of
+England, the King must be the first to visit him, but that if Christian
+preferred he would meet him in the palace garden. Christian, however,
+waived ceremony, and called on Wolsey the next morning. The interview
+was a very friendly one. Christian expressed his anxiety to enter into
+a close alliance with England, and begged King Henry to be a good uncle
+to his young kinsman, James V. of Scotland. Wolsey on his part was much
+impressed by the King's good sense and peaceable intentions.
+
+[Sidenote: 1513-23] REVOLT IN DENMARK]
+
+    "Surely, Sir," he wrote to his royal master, "the King of
+    Denmark, though in appearance he should be judged to be a
+    rash man, yet he is right wise, sober, and discreet, minding
+    the establishing of good peace betwixt Christian Princes,
+    wherein he right substantially declared his mind to me at good
+    length."[32]
+
+[Illustration: CHRISTIAN II., KING OF DENMARK
+
+_To face p. 30_]
+
+But the next day the King sent the Cardinal word that he had received
+such bad news from his own country that he must return without delay.
+He actually left Bruges that day, and was escorted to the city gates
+by the Papal Nuncio Caracciolo and Contarini, who took leave of the
+King, and returned to dine with Erasmus and his English friend, _Messer
+Toma Moro_.[33] Unfortunately, Christian's visit to the Low Countries
+produced no good result, and there was some justification for the
+Imperial Chancellor's cynical remark: "It would have been better to
+keep the King here, where he can do no harm, than to let him go home
+to make fresh mischief."[34] He left Bruges dissatisfied with the
+Emperor, and on reaching Copenhagen his first act was to dismiss the
+Queen's confessor, Mansueri. When the Emperor begged him to leave his
+sister free in matters of conscience, he broke into a passionate fit of
+rage, tore the Golden Fleece from his neck, and trampled it underfoot,
+cursing his meddlesome brother-in-law. What was worse, he seized
+several Dutch ships in the Sound, and drew upon himself the serious
+displeasure of the Regent and her Council.
+
+Meanwhile Gustavus Wasa had laid siege to Stockholm, and there was a
+rising in Jutland. A Papal Legate arrived at Copenhagen to inquire into
+the judicial murder of the Swedish Bishops and demand the punishment
+of Slagbök. The unfortunate Archbishop was made a scapegoat, and put
+to death in January, 1522. Stones were thrown at Sigebritt when she
+drove out in the royal carriage, and one day she was thrown into a pond
+by some peasants, and only rescued with difficulty. Even Christian
+began to realize the danger of the situation, and wrote to Isabella
+from Jutland, begging her to "bid Mother Sigebritt hold her tongue,
+and not set foot outside the castle, if she wished him to return home
+alive." In another letter, written on the 4th of February, 1522, from
+the Convent of Dalin, the King congratulates his wife on her safe
+deliverance, and the birth of "a marvellously handsome child."[35]
+This is the only intimation we have of the birth of Isabella's second
+daughter, Christina. The exact date is not to be found in the Danish
+archives, and has hitherto eluded all research. The child who saw the
+light in these troubled times received the name of Christina from her
+grandmother, the Queen-Dowager of Denmark, a Princess of Saxon birth,
+who still resided at King Hans's favourite palace of Odensee. All we
+know of Queen Christina is that, on the 2nd of April, 1515, two years
+after her husband's death, she addressed an urgent prayer to King Henry
+VIII., begging him to send her a relic of St. Thomas of Canterbury.[36]
+We are not told if a phial containing a drop of the saint's blood was
+sent to Denmark in response to this entreaty, but the request is of
+interest as a proof of the English martyr's widespread renown.
+
+A few weeks after the birth of her little daughter Isabella wrote a
+touching appeal to her aunt, imploring the Regent's help against the
+Danish rebels:
+
+[Sidenote: 1513-23] CHRISTIAN II. DEPOSED]
+
+    "We have sad news from my lord in Jutland. The nobles there
+    have rebelled against him, and seek to deprive him and our
+    children of their crown and their lives. So we entreat you to
+    come to our help, that we may chastise these rebels."[37]
+
+Anton de Metz was sent to Brussels on the same errand, but could obtain
+small hopes of assistance. The Regent's Council complained that King
+Christian had damaged the trade of the Low Countries and ill-treated
+their sailors, and the temper of the Court was reflected in Sir Robert
+Wingfield's despatches to England.
+
+    "The Easterlings," remarked the Ambassador, "handle the King
+    of Denmark roughly, and his own people are said to have killed
+    the Woman of Holland, who was mother to his Dove, as the King's
+    mistress was called, whereby it appeareth that ill life and
+    like governance often cometh to a bad end."[38]
+
+King Christian's affairs, as Wingfield truly said, were in an evil
+plight. In June Stockholm surrendered to Gustavus Wasa, and the
+citizens of Lübeck sent a fleet to burn Helsingfors and threaten
+Copenhagen. To add to the unfortunate King's difficulties, his uncle
+Frederic, Duke of Holstein, who had always nursed a grievance against
+his elder brother, the late King Hans, now took up a hostile attitude,
+and made common cause with the rebels. On the 20th of January, 1523,
+the nobles of Jutland met at Viborg, deposed Christian II. formally,
+and elected his uncle Frederic to be King in his stead. In vain
+Christian endeavoured to raise fresh forces, and sent desperate appeals
+to his kinsfolk in the Low Countries and Germany, and to his allies in
+England and Scotland.
+
+Margaret replied curtly that the Emperor himself needed all the
+men and ammunition that could be obtained in those parts. The young
+King of Scotland's Chancellor, the Archbishop of Glasgow, sent a
+sympathetic message, regretting that the enmity of England prevented
+him from helping King Christian against his rebel subjects. When the
+Dean of Roskild appeared in London with a letter from the Danish
+monarch, begging King Henry to induce Margaret to help him against the
+Easterlings, Wolsey sent a splendid barge to conduct the Ambassador
+to Greenwich, but gave him little encouragement beyond fair words.
+"So I hope," wrote Sir Robert Wingfield, who, in spite of Christian's
+civilities at Ghent, had little pity for him, "that this wicked King
+will fail."[39]
+
+[Sidenote: 1513-23] FLIGHT OF THE ROYAL FAMILY]
+
+The unhappy monarch was at his wits' end. Yet many of his subjects were
+still loyal. The bulk of the middle and lower classes, the burghers,
+artisans, and country-folk, looked on him as their best friend; and
+when he appeared at the fair of Ringsted, a thousand strong arms
+were raised, and a thousand lusty voices swore fealty to Christian,
+the peasants' King. Copenhagen was strongly fortified, and as long
+as he stayed there he was safe from his foes. But an unaccountable
+panic seized him. Whether, as in the case of Lodovico Sforza, whom he
+resembled in so many ways, remorse for past crimes enfeebled his will,
+or whether his nerves gave way, he could not summon up courage to meet
+his foes, and decided to fly. A fleet of twenty ships was equipped,
+fully supplied with arms and ammunition, and laden with the crown
+jewels, archives, and treasures. The Queen and her young children--the
+five-year-old Prince John, the two little Princesses, Dorothea and
+Christina (a babe of fifteen months)--went on board the finest vessel
+of the fleet, the _Great Mary_, and Mother Sigebritt was hidden in a
+chest to save her from the fury of the people, who regarded her as the
+chief cause of the King's unpopularity. But the greatest compassion was
+felt for Isabella and her innocent babes; and even the usurper Frederic
+wrote to beg the Queen to remain in Denmark, assuring her that she and
+her children would be perfectly safe. On the 14th of April the fleet
+set sail. An immense crowd assembled on the ramparts to see the last
+of the royal family. The King made a farewell speech, exhorting the
+garrison to remain loyal to his cause, and promising to return in three
+months with reinforcements. Then the ships weighed anchor, and neither
+Isabella nor her children ever saw the shores of Denmark again.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[17] Le Glay, ii. 336.
+
+[18] De Reiffenberg, "Histoire de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or," 307.
+
+[19] Le Glay, ii. 337.
+
+[20] L. Van Bergh, "Correspondance de M. d'Autriche," ii. 135.
+
+[21] Ulmann, ii. 510.
+
+[22] Hubertus Leodius Thomas, "Spiegel des Humors grosser Potentaten,"
+79. E. Moeller, "Éléonore d'Autriche," 307.
+
+[23] Moeller, 327. L. Mignet, "Rivalité de Francis I. et Charles V.,"
+i. 140.
+
+[24] Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., ii. 2, 1151. H. Baumgarten,
+"Geschichte Karl V.," i. 58.
+
+[25] Henne. ii. 249.
+
+[26] Archives du Royaume: Bruxelles Régistre des Revenus et Dépenses de
+Charles V., ii. 72.
+
+[27] J. Altmeyer, 46.
+
+[28] F. Dahlmann, "Geschichte von Dänemark," iii. 359.
+
+[29] M. Conway, "Literary Remains of Albert Dürer," 124.
+
+[30] Venetian State Papers, iii. 139.
+
+[31] Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., iii. 2, 555, 561, 582.
+
+[32] Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., iii. 2, 614.
+
+[33] Venetian State Papers, iii. 162.
+
+[34] Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., iii. 2, 576.
+
+[35] Altmeyer, 23. Reedtz Manuscripts, xiii. 28.
+
+[36] Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., ii. 191.
+
+[37] Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 23.
+
+[38] Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., iii. 2, 1086.
+
+[39] Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., iii. 2, 1189. Altmeyer,
+"Relations Commerciales du Danemark et des Paysbas," 105.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK III
+
+KINGS IN EXILE
+
+1523-1531
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] VISIT TO LONDON]
+
+The troubles of the Danish royal family were not over when they left
+Copenhagen. A violent storm scattered the fleet in the North Sea, and
+drove several of the ships on the Norwegian coast, where many of them
+were lost with all their cargo. The remaining eleven or twelve ships
+entered the harbour of Veeren, in Walcheren, on the 1st of May. Here
+the King and Queen were kindly received by Adolf of Burgundy, the
+Admiral of the Dutch fleet, who kept them for a week in his own house,
+and then escorted them to the Regent's Court at Malines. Margaret
+welcomed her niece with all her old affection, and took her and the
+royal children into her own house. But she met the King's prayer for
+help coldly, saying that it was beyond her power to give him either men
+or money. The moment, it is true, was singularly unpropitious. Not only
+were all the Emperor's resources needed to carry on his deadly struggle
+with France, but nearer home the Regent was engaged in a fierce
+conflict with her old enemy, Charles of Guelders, for the possession
+of Friesland. As Adolf of Burgundy wrote to Wolsey: "We need help so
+much ourselves that we are hardly in condition to help others."[40]
+Christian soon realized this, and determined to apply to Henry VIII.,
+relying on his former assurances of brotherly affection, and feeling
+confident of Wolsey's support. The scheme met with Margaret's approval,
+and, since Isabella had only brought one Dutch maid and the children's
+nurses from Copenhagen, the Regent lent her several ladies, in order
+that she might appear in due state at the English Court.[41]
+
+On the 5th of June the King and Queen left Malines with a suite of
+eighty persons and fifty horses, and, after waiting some time at Calais
+to hear the latest news from Denmark, crossed the Channel, and reached
+Greenwich on the 19th. Wolsey had already told the Imperial Ambassador,
+De Praet, that the King of Denmark would receive little encouragement
+from his master, and had expressed a hope that he would not give them
+the trouble of coming to England. He met the royal travellers, however,
+at the riverside, and conducted them to the palace, where they dined
+in the great hall with the King on the following day, Henry leading
+Christian by the hand, and Queen Katherine following with Isabella and
+her sister-in-law, Mary, Duchess of Suffolk, the widow of Louis XII.,
+who was still known as _la Reine blanche_. From Greenwich the King and
+Queen of Denmark moved to Bath Place, where they were lodged at Henry's
+expense. Katherine welcomed her great-niece with motherly affection,
+but both Henry and Wolsey told Christian plainly that he had made a
+fatal mistake in deserting his loyal subjects, and advised him to
+return at once and encourage them by his presence.
+
+All the English monarch would do was to send Envoys to Denmark to urge
+the usurper Frederic and his supporters to return to their allegiance.
+
+    "For," as Henry himself wrote to the Emperor, "this perfidy
+    of the King's subjects is a most fatal example, if for the
+    most trifling cause a Prince is to be called in question, and
+    expelled and put from his crown."[42]
+
+The futility of these measures was evident to De Praet, who wrote to
+Charles at Toledo, saying that unless he took up the exiled monarch's
+cause for his sister's sake he would never recover his kingdom.
+Copenhagen was now besieged by land and sea, and if the garrison
+were not relieved by Michaelmas they would be forced to surrender,
+and Christian's last hope would be gone. The King himself, De Praet
+owned, seemed little changed, and he advised the Emperor to insist on
+Sigebritt's removal before giving him any help.
+
+    "Your Majesty," wrote the Ambassador, "ought first of all to
+    have the Woman of Holland sought out and punished, an act which
+    in my small opinion would acquire great merit in the eyes of
+    both God and man."[43]
+
+At Isabella's request, both Margaret and King Henry had spoken
+strongly to Christian on this subject, but he still persisted in his
+infatuation, and it was not till after he had left the Netherlands, and
+his wife and aunt were dead, that this miserable woman was arrested in
+Ghent and burnt as a witch.[44]
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] A NOBLE WIFE]
+
+As for the Queen, no words could express De Praet's admiration for her
+angelic goodness. "It is indeed grievous," he wrote, "to see this poor
+lady in so melancholy a plight, and I cannot marvel too much at her
+virtues and heroic patience." Henry was equally moved, and wrote to
+Charles in the warmest terms of his sister's noble qualities, but did
+not disguise his contempt for her husband.[45]
+
+There was, clearly, nothing more to be gained by remaining in England,
+and on the 5th of July the King and Queen returned to the Low
+Countries. Isabella joined her children at Malines, and Christian went
+to Antwerp to equip ships for the relief of Copenhagen. But he soon
+quarrelled with Margaret, and left suddenly for Germany. In September
+he appeared at Berlin, having ridden from Brussels attended by only
+two servants, and succeeded in raising a force of 25,000 men, with
+the help of his brother-in-law, the Marquis of Brandenburg, and Duke
+Henry of Brunswick. But when the troops assembled on the banks of the
+Elbe, King Christian was unable to fulfil his promises or provide the
+money demanded by the leaders, and he was glad to escape with his
+life from the angry hordes of soldiers clamouring for pay. By the end
+of the year Copenhagen capitulated, and in the following August the
+usurper Frederic was elected King by the General Assembly, and solemnly
+crowned in the Frauenkirche.[46] The crimes of the unhappy Christian
+recoiled on his own head, and in the Act of Deprivation by which he
+was formally deposed, it was expressly stated that his neglect of his
+noble and virtuous wife, and infatuation for the adventuress Sigebritt
+and her daughter, had estranged the hearts of his people. But through
+all these troubles Isabella clung to him with unchanging faithfulness.
+She followed him first to Berlin, then to Saxony, where he sought his
+uncle's help. In March she went to Nuremberg on a visit to her brother,
+King Ferdinand, and pleaded her husband and children's cause before the
+Diet in so eloquent a manner that the assembled Princes were moved to
+tears.
+
+    "Everyone here," wrote Hannart, the minister whom Charles V.
+    had sent to his sister's help, "is full of compassion for the
+    Queen, but no one places the least trust in the King. If it
+    were not for her sake, not a single man would saddle a horse on
+    his behalf."
+
+Hannart, in fact, confessed that he had done his utmost to keep
+Christian away from Nuremberg, feeling sure that his presence would do
+more harm than good. Even Isabella's entreaties were of no avail. She
+begged her brother in vain for the loan of 20,000 florins to satisfy
+the Duke of Brunswick, whose angry threats filled her with alarm.
+
+    "I am always afraid some harm may happen to you when I am
+    away," she wrote to her husband. "I long to join you, and would
+    rather suffer at your side than live in comfort away from
+    you."[47]
+
+But Christian, as Hannart remarked in a letter to the Regent Margaret,
+had few friends. Even his servants did not attempt to deny the charges
+that were brought against him, and the Queen alone, like the loyal wife
+that she was, sought to explain and excuse his conduct.
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] MARTIN LUTHER]
+
+To add to Isabella's troubles, her brother Ferdinand was seriously
+annoyed at the leanings to the Lutheran faith which she now displayed.
+Christian's Protestant tendencies had been greatly strengthened by
+his residence in Saxony during the winter of 1523. He heard Luther
+preach at Wittenberg, and spent much time in his company, dining
+frequently with him and Spalatin, the Court chaplain, and making
+friends with the painter Lucas Cranach. The fine portrait of King
+Christian by this artist forms the frontispiece of a Danish version
+of the New Testament published by Hans Mikkelsen, the Burgomaster of
+Malmoë, who shared his royal master's exile. When the Marquis Joachim
+of Brandenburg remonstrated with his brother-in-law for his intimacy
+with the heretic Luther, Christian replied that he would rather lose
+all three of his kingdoms than forsake this truly Apostolic man.[48]
+Isabella's naturally religious nature was deeply impressed by these
+new influences, and both she and her sister-in-law, Elizabeth of
+Brandenburg, secretly embraced the reformed doctrine. At Nuremberg she
+attended the sermons of the Lutheran doctor Osiander, and received
+Communion in both kinds from his hands on Maundy Thursday, to the great
+indignation of King Ferdinand, who told her he could not own a heretic
+as his sister. Isabella replied gently that if he cast her off God
+would take care of her. Luther on his part was moved by the apparent
+sincerity of his royal convert.
+
+    "Strange indeed are the ways of God!" he wrote to Spalatin.
+    "His grace penetrates into the most unlikely places, and may
+    even bring this rare wild game, a King and Queen, safely into
+    the heavenly net."[49]
+
+While Luther addressed a strong remonstrance to the newly-elected
+King of Denmark and the citizens of Lübeck, Christian's Chancellor,
+Cornelius Scepperus, drew up an eloquent memorial to Pope Clement
+VII. on the exiled King's behalf, and travelled to Spain to seek the
+Emperor's help. By Hannart's exertions a Congress was held at Hamburg
+in April, which was attended by representatives of the Emperor, the
+Regent of the Netherlands, the Imperial Electors and Princes, as well
+as by deputies from Denmark, England, Poland, and Lübeck. Isabella
+accompanied her husband on this occasion, at Hannart's request.
+
+    "I hear on all sides," he wrote to Charles, "that the people of
+    Denmark would gladly welcome the return of the Queen and her
+    children if the King would not meddle with public affairs, and
+    a good Governor appointed by Your Majesty should act as Regent
+    until the young Prince is of age."[50]
+
+But when, by way of compromise, some members of the Congress proposed
+that Frederic should retain the throne, and recognize Prince John as
+his successor, Christian rejected this offer angrily, and negotiations
+were soon broken off. Both Charles and Margaret now gave up all hope
+of effecting Christian's restoration, and concluded a treaty in the
+following August with King Frederic, by which his title was recognized,
+and the Baltic was once more opened to the merchants of the Low
+Countries.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] THE CHILDREN OF DENMARK]
+
+The exiled monarch, now compelled to realize the hopelessness of his
+cause, returned sorrowfully with his wife to the Low Countries, and
+Isabella had at least the joy of embracing her children once more.
+During this long absence the faithful servants who had followed their
+King and Queen into exile had kept her well supplied with news of their
+health and progress.
+
+    "Prince John," wrote Nicolas Petri, Canon of Lunden, "learns
+    quickly, and begins to speak French. He is already a great
+    favourite with the Lady Margaret. His sisters, the Princesses,
+    are very well, and are both very pretty children. The youngest,
+    Madame Christine, has just been weaned. Madame Marguerite says
+    that she will soon be receiving proposals of marriage for the
+    elder one. These are good omens, for which God be praised. It
+    is a real pleasure to be with these children, they are so good
+    and charming. If only Your Grace could see them, you would soon
+    forget all your troubles."[51]
+
+But not all Margaret's affection for Isabella and her children could
+reconcile her to the King's presence. Christian was, it must be
+confessed, a troublesome guest. His restless brain was always busy
+with new plots and intrigues. At first he announced his intention of
+taking Isabella to visit the Emperor in Spain, but, after spending some
+weeks in Zeeland fitting out ships, he suddenly changed his mind, and
+took Isabella, whose health had suffered from all the hardships and
+anxiety that she had undergone, to drink the waters at Aix-la-Chapelle.
+On his return he wished to settle at Ghent, but the Regent and her
+Council, fearing that his presence would excite sedition in this city,
+suggested that the Castle of Gemappes should be offered him instead.
+Charles replied that if the King lived at Gemappes he would certainly
+spoil his hunting, and thought that Lille or Bruges would be a better
+place. In the end Lierre, a pleasant city halfway between Malines and
+Antwerp, was chosen for the exiled Princes' home. Towards the end of
+1524 Christian and his family took up their abode in the old castle
+which still goes by the name of _Het Hof van Denemarken_, or _Cour de
+Danemarck_. A guard of fifty halberdiers and a considerable household
+was assigned to them by the Emperor's order. A monthly allowance of 500
+crowns was granted to the King, while the Queen received a yearly sum
+of 2,000 crowns _pour employer en ses menus plaisirs_. But Christian's
+reckless and disorderly conduct soon landed him in fresh difficulties.
+Isabella cut up her husband's old robes to make clothes for her
+little girls, and was reduced to such penury that she was compelled
+to pledge, not only her jewels, but the children's toys. Meanwhile
+Margaret's letters to her imperial nephew were filled with complaints
+of the Danish King's extravagance. She declared that he was spending
+800 crowns a month, and perpetually asking for more. When she sent
+her _maître d'hôtel_, Monsieur de Souvastre, to set his affairs in
+order, he was confronted with a long list of unpaid bills from doctors,
+apothecaries, saddlers, masons, carpenters, tailors, and poulterers.
+But accounts of the straits to which the Queen and her children were
+reduced had evidently reached Spain, and Charles felt it necessary to
+remind his aunt gently that, after all, Isabella was his own sister,
+and that many pensioners whom he had never seen received many thousands
+of crowns a year from his purse.[52]
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] A ZEALOUS LUTHERAN]
+
+Another cause of perpetual irritation was the favour shown by the
+King to the Lutherans, whom the Regent was trying to drive out of
+Flanders. The Court of Lierre became the refuge of all who professed
+the new doctrine. Margaret insisted on the banishment of several of the
+King's servants, including the chaplain, Hans Monboë, and Prince John's
+tutor, Nicolas Petri, and sent others to prison. But these high-handed
+acts only strengthened Christian's zeal in the cause of reform. "The
+word of God," he wrote to his friend Spalatin, "waxes powerful in
+the Netherlands, and thrives on the blood of the martyrs."[53] The
+letters which he addressed to his old subjects were couched in the
+same strain. He confessed his past sins, and prayed that he might be
+restored to his kingdom, like David of old, declaring that his sole
+wish was to live for Christ and do good to his enemies. At the same
+time he hired freebooters to ravage the coast of Denmark, and provoked
+King Frederic to close the Sound, an act which aroused widespread
+discontent in the Low Countries. In August, 1525, he sent a herald
+to England, begging King Henry and his good friend the Cardinal to
+intercede with the Regent, and induce her to lend him men and money for
+a fresh expedition. But Margaret turned a deaf ear to all entreaties,
+and when Isabella's physician recommended her to try the waters of
+Aix-la-Chapelle again, she declined to sanction this journey on the
+score of expense. She sent her own doctor, however, to Lierre, and at
+his suggestion the invalid was moved for change of air to Swynaerde,
+the Abbot of St. Peter's country-house near Ghent. But Isabella's ills
+were beyond the reach of human skill, and she soon became too weak to
+leave her room. On the 12th of December Christian sent for his old
+chaplain from Wittenberg, begging him to return without delay.
+
+  "DEAR BROTHER IN CHRIST," he wrote,
+
+    "Here we forget Christ, and have no one to preach the word
+    of God. I implore you to come and give us the comfort of the
+    Gospel. Greet our brothers and sisters."
+
+Upon receiving this summons, Monboë and Hans Mikkelsen hastened
+to Ghent, at the peril of their lives, and administered spiritual
+consolation to the dying Queen. On the 19th of January she received
+the last Sacraments from the priest of Swynaerde, and saw Monsieur de
+Souvastre, by whom she sent her aunt affectionate messages, commending
+her poor children to Margaret's care. A few hours afterwards she passed
+quietly away. Both Catholics and Lutherans bore witness to her angelic
+patience, and a letter which Christian addressed to Luther, ten days
+later, gives a touching account of his wife's last moments:
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] DEATH OF ISABELLA]
+
+    "As her weakness increased, Frau Margaret sent her servant,
+    Philippe de Souvastre, and other excellent persons, to admonish
+    her after the fashion of the Popish Anti-Christ's faith and the
+    religion of his sect. But Almighty God in His mercy deprived
+    my wife of her powers of speech, so that she made no reply,
+    and they gave up speaking, and only anointed her with oil. But
+    before this she had received the Blessed Sacrament in the most
+    devout manner, with ardent longing, firm faith, and stedfast
+    courage; and when one of our preachers exhorted her, in the
+    words of the Gospel, to stand fast in the faith, she confessed
+    her firm trust in God, and paid no heed to the superstitious
+    mutterings of the others. After this she became speechless, but
+    gave many signs of true faith to the end, and took her last
+    farewell of this world on the 19th of January. May God Almighty
+    be gracious to her soul, and grant her eternal rest! We are
+    strong in the sure and certain hope that she has entered into
+    eternal bliss, unto which God bring us all!"[54]
+
+On the 4th of February the dead Queen, who had not yet completed her
+twenty-fifth year, was buried with great pomp in the cloisters of the
+Abbey of St. Peter at Ghent, where a stately marble tomb was raised
+over her ashes. The painter Mabuse was employed to design the monument,
+as we learn from a letter which the King addressed to the Abbot of
+St. Peter's in 1528, complaining of his delay in completing the work.
+A Latin inscription by Cornelius Scepperus, giving Isabella's titles
+in full, and recording her virtues and the sufferings which she had
+endured during her short life, was placed on the monument, which is
+described by an English traveller of the sixteenth century, Philip
+Skippon.[55] Unfortunately, the tomb was rifled by the mob at the time
+of the French Revolution, but the ashes of the Queen were carefully
+preserved by a pious Curé, and afterwards restored to their former
+resting-place.
+
+Isabella's early death was deeply lamented, not only in the Low
+Countries, where she was so beloved, but in her husband's kingdoms.
+Funeral services were held throughout the land, and all men wept for
+the good Princess "who had been the mother of her people." On all sides
+testimonies to her worth were paid. Henry of England wrote to King
+Christian that the late Queen had been as dear to him as a sister, and
+Luther paid an eloquent tribute to her memory in his treatise on Holy
+Women:
+
+    "Of such Kings' daughters there was indeed one, of the noblest
+    birth, Isabella, Queen of Denmark, a Princess of the royal
+    house of Spain. She embraced the Gospel with great ardour, and
+    confessed the faith openly. And because of this she died in
+    want and misery. For had she consented to renounce her faith,
+    she would have received far more help and much greater kindness
+    in this life."[56]
+
+
+III.
+
+The news of the Queen of Denmark's death reached her brother, the
+Emperor, on the eve of his marriage to Isabella of Portugal. Guillaume
+des Barres, the bearer of Margaret's letters, found him at a village in
+Andalusia, on his way to Seville, where the wedding was to take place
+on the following day, and had a long interview with his imperial master
+before he left his bed on the 9th of March. Charles spoke with deep
+feeling of his sister, and inquired anxiously if the Regent had been
+able to obtain possession of her children--"a thing," wrote Des Barres,
+"which His Majesty desires greatly, because of the King's heretical
+leanings."[57]
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] MARGARET INTERVENES]
+
+Margaret had certainly not been remiss in this matter. But Christian
+was more intractable than ever. He took his children to Ghent
+immediately after their mother's death, and refused to give them up
+until the Regent had paid all his debts, including 7,000 florins for
+the funeral expenses, and 2,000 more which he owed to the landlord of
+the Falcon at Lierre for Rhine-wine and fodder. His language became
+every day more violent. He threatened to cut off the Governor of
+Antwerp's head, and appealed to his comrades of the Golden Fleece for
+the redress of his supposed grievances. At length Margaret, seeing that
+none of her Court officials and Councillors could bring him to reason,
+rode to Lierre herself on the 2nd of March, and made a last attempt to
+obtain possession of the children _par voye aimable_. The King, she
+found, had already packed up his furniture and plate, even the chalice
+which was used in the royal chapel, and was about to start for Germany.
+
+After prolonged discussion, the Regent succeeded in persuading
+Christian to leave his children with her, on condition that she
+paid his debts in Lierre, and provided for the late Queen's funeral
+expenses--"a thing which must be done," she wrote to Charles, "out
+of sheer decency." But she quite refused the King's demand for an
+increased allowance, saying that he could not require more money
+than he had received in his wife's lifetime. Christian then left the
+Netherlands for Saxony, saying that he intended to raise a fresh army
+and invade Denmark. "He is confident of recovering his kingdoms,"
+wrote Margaret to the Emperor, "but my own impression is that his
+exploits will be confined to plundering and injuring your subjects."
+This prophecy was literally fulfilled, and during the next four years
+the peaceful folk in Friesland were harassed by turbulent freebooters
+in the King of Denmark's pay, while pirates ravaged the coasts of the
+North Sea, and led the Hanse cities to make severe reprisals on the
+Dutch ships.
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] THE PALACE OF MALINES]
+
+Margaret's chief object, however, was attained. On the 5th of March
+she returned to Malines with the Prince of Denmark and his little
+sisters. "Henceforth, Monseigneur," she wrote to Charles, "you will
+have to be both father and mother to these poor children, and must
+treat them as your own."[58] The Regent herself nobly fulfilled the
+sacred trust committed to her by the dying Queen. From this time
+until her own death, four and a half years later, Isabella's children
+were the objects of her unceasing care, and lacked nothing that money
+could provide or love suggest. They lived under her own roof in the
+Palace of Malines, that city of wide streets and canals, with the fine
+market-place and imposing cathedral, which many called the finest town
+in Flanders. Margaret's first care was to arrange the royal children's
+household. Prince John was placed in the charge of a governess,
+Mademoiselle Rolande de Serclaes, who superintended his meals and
+taught him "Christian religion and good manners," while he had for
+his tutor Cornelius Agrippa, the distinguished scholar and defender
+of women's rights, who dedicated his book, "On the Pre-excellence of
+Women," to the Regent. In Lent the Prince and his sisters received
+regular instruction in the palace chapel, and one year Friar Jehan de
+Salis received thirty-six livres for preaching a course of Lent sermons
+before the Prince and Princesses of Denmark. Margaret herself kept
+a watchful eye on the children. A hundred entries in her household
+accounts show how carefully she chose their nurses and companions,
+their clothes and playthings. One of her first gifts to the Prince
+was a handsome pony, richly harnessed with black and gold trappings.
+Another was a dwarf page, who became his constant playfellow, and
+in his turn received good Ypres cloth and damask for his own wear.
+Italian merchants from Antwerp often came to lay their wares before the
+Regent. We find her choosing black velvet and white satin for Prince
+John's doublet, and pearl buttons and gold fringe to trim his sleeves,
+and ordering the goldsmith, Master Leonard of Augsburg, to supply
+an antique silver dagger and an image of Hercules for the Prince's
+cap. Or else a merchant is desired to send her two pairs of cuffs of
+exquisitely fine "toile de Cambray," embroidered with gold thread, for
+the young Princesses' wear,[59] and twenty gold balls for the fringe
+of their bed. Amid all the anxious cares of State which filled her
+time, this great lady seldom allowed a day to pass without seeing her
+nephew and nieces. Their innocent prattle and merry laughter cheered
+her lonely hours, while the Prince and his sisters found plenty to
+amuse them in their great-aunt's rooms. The halls were hung with costly
+Arras tapestries of David killing Goliath, stories of Alexander and
+Esther, hunting scenes and Greek fables, or adorned with paintings
+by the best masters. Van Eyck's "Merchant of Lucca, Arnolfini with
+his Wife," and "Virgin of the Fountain," Rogier Van der Weyden's and
+Memling's Madonnas, Jerome Bosch's "St. Anthony," Jacopo de' Barbari's
+"Crucifixion," were all here, as well as Michel van Coxien's little
+Virgin with the sleeping Child in her arms, which Margaret called her
+_mignonne_.[60] The library contained a complete collection of family
+portraits, chiefly the work of the Court painter, Bernard van Orley or
+Jehan Mabuse.
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] MABUSE'S PICTURE]
+
+Among these were pictures of Margaret's parents, Maximilian and Mary
+of Burgundy; of her second husband, Monsieur de Savoie, a brilliant
+cavalier clad in a crimson mantle sown with daisies in allusion to his
+wife's name; and of her brother, King Philip, with his children, the
+young Archduke Charles and the future Queens of France and Denmark.
+Prince John and his sisters would recognize the portraits of their
+own father and mother, King Christian and his gentle wife, which hung
+over the mantelpiece, together with those of their great-grandparents,
+Ferdinand and Isabella, the Kings of France and England, and the
+Grand Turk. But better in the children's eyes than all the pictures
+and bronzes, the marble busts and ivories, the silver mirrors and
+chandeliers, better even than the Chinese dragons and stuffed
+birds-of-Paradise from the New World, were the live pets with which
+their aunt loved to be surrounded. The famous green parrot which once
+belonged to Mary of Burgundy had lately died, to her great sorrow.
+Margaret herself had written its epitaph, and the Court poet, Jehan Le
+Maire, had sung the bird's descent into the Elysian fields, and its
+converse with Charon and Mercury, in his elegy of "L'Amant Vert." But
+in its stead she had cages full of parakeets and singing birds, which
+were carefully tended by her ladies, and fed with white loaves newly
+baked every morning. There was an Italian greyhound in a white fur
+tippet, and a number of toy-dogs in baskets lined with swansdown, and
+a marmoset that she had bought from a French pedlar, which afforded
+the Court ladies as much amusement as the royal children. Nor were
+other diversions wanting. Margaret was very fond of music, and not
+only kept a troop of viol and tambourine players, but often sent for
+the town band of Ghent and Brussels, or the Prince of Orange's fife
+and organ players, to beguile her evenings. Sometimes the children
+of S. Rombaut and the choir-boys of Notre Dame du Sablon in Brussels
+would sing chorales during dinner, or strolling players and German
+marionettes, Italian jugglers, or Poles and Hungarians with tame bears,
+would be allowed to perform in her presence. On one occasion a famous
+lute-player from the Court of Whitehall was sent over by King Henry,
+and received seven gold crowns for his pains. Another time three
+Savoyards were rewarded with a handful of gold pieces for the tricks
+with which they had amused the Court after supper. And every May Day
+the archers of the guard marched in procession to plant hawthorn-bushes
+covered with blossom under the palace windows.[61]
+
+In these pleasant surroundings the children of Denmark grew up under
+the same roof as their mother and aunts before them, leading the same
+joyous and natural life. No wonder that through all her troubled life
+Christina looked back fondly to these early times, and never forgot the
+happy days which she had spent at Malines. There is a charming picture,
+now at Hampton Court, of the three children, painted by Mabuse soon
+after their mother's death, and sent to King Henry VIII., whose favour
+Christian II. was once more trying to obtain.[62]
+
+The three children are standing at a table covered with a green cloth,
+on which apples and cherries are laid. Prince John, a manly boy with a
+thoughtful, attractive face, wearing a black velvet suit and cap and
+a gold chain round his neck, is in the centre between his sisters. On
+his right, Dorothea, a pretty child with brown eyes and golden curls
+frizzled all over her head, reaches out her hand towards the fruit,
+while on his left the little Christina grasps an apple firmly in one
+hand, and lays the other confidingly on her brother's arm. Both little
+girls are dressed in black velvet with white ermine sleeves, probably
+made out of their father's old robes. But while Dorothea's curly head
+is uncovered, Christina wears a tight-fitting hood edged with pearls,
+drawn closely over her baby face. Her tiny features are full of
+character, and the large brown eyes, with their earnest gaze, and small
+fingers clasping the apple, already reveal the courage and resolution
+for which she was to be distinguished in days to come.
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] A PROMISING PRINCE]
+
+At this early period of their lives it was, naturally enough, Prince
+John who chiefly occupied his guardian's thoughts. A boy of rare
+promise, studious, intelligent, and affectionate, he had inherited much
+of his mother's charm, and soon became a great favourite at Court.
+Margaret was never tired of describing his talents and progress to
+the Emperor, who took keen interest in his young nephew, and was
+particularly glad to hear how fond he was of riding.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, H. M. the King_
+
+THE CHILDREN OF CHRISTIAN II., KING OF DENMARK
+
+By Jean Mabuse (Hampton Court Palace)
+
+_To face p. 54_]
+
+  "MADAME MY GOOD AUNT," he wrote,
+
+    "I hear with great pleasure of the kindness shown by M. de
+    Brégilles, the Master of your Household, to my nephew, the
+    Prince of Denmark, and am very grateful to him for teaching
+    the boy to ride and mounting him so well. And you will please
+    tell Brégilles that I beg him to go on from good to better, and
+    train the boy in all honest and manly exercises, as well as in
+    noble and virtuous conduct, for you know that he is likely to
+    follow whatever example is set before him in his youth. And I
+    have no doubt that, not only in this case, but in all others,
+    you will not cease to watch over him.
+
+                                             "Your good nephew,
+                                                         "CHARLES."[63]
+
+
+When in July, 1528, Margaret's servant Montfort was sent on an
+important mission to Spain, the Emperor's first anxiety was to hear
+full accounts of Prince John and his sisters from the Envoy's lips.
+He expressed great satisfaction with all Montfort told him, saying
+that he entertained the highest hopes of his nephew, and would far
+rather support his claim to Denmark than help his father to recover the
+throne--"the more so," he added, "since we hear that King Christian, to
+our sorrow, still adheres to the false doctrine of Luther."
+
+
+IV.
+
+King Christian, as the Emperor hinted, was still a thorn in the
+Regent's side. Although, since his wife's death, most of his time had
+been spent in Germany, he remained a perpetual source of annoyance.
+In July, 1528, he induced his sister Elizabeth to leave her husband,
+Joachim of Brandenburg, and escape with him to Saxony. All Germany rang
+with this new scandal, and while the Marquis appealed to Margaret,
+begging her to stop Christian's allowance as the only means of bringing
+him to his senses, Elizabeth, who had secretly embraced the reformed
+faith, implored the Emperor's protection against her husband, and
+refused to return to Berlin. At the same time the King did his utmost
+to stir up discontent round Lierre, and raised bands of freebooters in
+Holland, whose lawless depredations were a constant source of vexation
+to Charles's loyal subjects. When the Regent protested, he replied that
+he had nothing to do with these levies, and that his intentions were
+absolutely innocent, assurances which, Margaret remarked, would not
+deceive a child. Under these circumstances, relations between the two
+became daily more strained. "Margaret loves me not, and has never loved
+me," wrote Christian to his Lutheran friends, while the Regent turned
+to Charles in her despair, saying: "Monseigneur, if the King of Denmark
+comes here, I simply do not know what I am to do with him!"[64]
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] DEATH OF MARGARET]
+
+Suddenly a new turn in the tide altered the whole aspect of affairs. On
+the 3rd of August, 1529, the Peace of Cambray was finally concluded.
+The long war, which had drained the Emperor's resources, was at an end,
+and his hands were once more free. Christian lost no time in taking
+advantage of this opportunity to secure his powerful kinsman's help. He
+addressed urgent petitions to the Emperor and King Ferdinand, and sent
+an Envoy to plead his cause at Bologna, where on the 24th of February,
+1530, Charles V. received the imperial crown from the hands of Pope
+Clement VII. But the only condition on which the exiled monarch could
+be admitted into the new confederation was his return to the Catholic
+Church. For this, too, Christian seems to have been prepared. On the
+2nd of February he signed an agreement at Lierre, in which he promised
+to obey the Emperor's wishes, and to hold fast the Catholic faith, if
+he should be restored to the throne of Denmark. When Charles crossed
+the Brenner, Christian hastened to meet him at Innsbruck, and, throwing
+himself at the foot of Cardinal Campeggio, craved the Holy Father's
+pardon for his past errors, and received absolution. But, in spite of
+this public recantation, the King still secretly preferred the reformed
+faith, and continued to correspond with his Lutheran friends. On the
+25th of June he arrived at Malines with letters of credit for 24,000
+florins, which he had received from the Emperor as the price of his
+submission. But the Council refused to give him a farthing without the
+Regent's consent, and Margaret declined to see him, pleading illness
+as her excuse. Although only fifty years of age, she had long been
+in failing health, and only awaited the Emperor's coming to lay down
+her arduous office and retire to a convent at Bruges. An unforeseen
+accident hastened her end. She hurt her foot by treading on the broken
+pieces of a crystal goblet, blood-poisoning came on, and she died in
+her sleep on the 30th of November, without ever seeing her nephew
+again. The touching letter in which she bade him farewell was written a
+few hours before her death:
+
+  "MONSEIGNEUR,
+
+    "The hour has come when I can no longer write with my own hand,
+    for I am so dangerously ill that I fear my remaining hours will
+    be few. But my conscience is tranquil, and I am ready to accept
+    God's will, and have no regrets saving that I am deprived of
+    your presence, and am unable to see you and speak with you
+    before I die.... I leave you your provinces, greatly increased
+    in extent since your departure, and resign the government,
+    which I trust I have discharged in such a way as to merit a
+    Divine reward, and earn the good-will of your subjects as well
+    as your approval. And above all, Monseigneur, I recommend you
+    to live at peace, more especially with the Kings of France and
+    England. Finally I beg of you, by the love which you have been
+    pleased to bear me, remember the salvation of my soul and my
+    recommendations on behalf of my poor servants. And so I bid you
+    once more farewell, praying, Monseigneur, that you may enjoy a
+    long life and great prosperity.
+
+                                  "Your very humble aunt,
+                                                  "MARGARET."[65]
+
+  "From Malines the last day of November, 1530."
+
+
+This letter reached the Emperor at Cologne together with the news of
+Margaret's death, and a solemn requiem was chanted for her soul in the
+cathedral. Charles and his subjects fully realized the great loss which
+his _pays de par-deça_ had suffered by his aunt's death.
+
+"All the provinces," said Cornelius Agrippa, in the funeral oration
+which he pronounced in S. Rombaut of Malines, "all the cities, and all
+the villages, are plunged in tears and sorrow. For no greater loss
+could have befallen us and our country."
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] MARY OF HUNGARY]
+
+The young Prince of Denmark, whom Margaret had loved so well, was chief
+mourner on this occasion, and rode at the head of the procession which
+bore her remains to Bruges. Here they were laid in the Convent of the
+Annunciation until the magnificent shrine that she had begun at Brou in
+Savoy was ready to receive her ashes and those of her husband. When, in
+the following March, the Emperor came to Malines, Prince John welcomed
+him in a Latin speech, in which he made a pathetic allusion to the loss
+which he and his sisters had sustained in the death of one who had
+been to them the wisest and tenderest of mothers. Then, turning to his
+uncle with charming grace, he begged the Emperor to have compassion
+upon him and his orphaned sisters, and allow them to remain at his
+Court until their father should be restored to his rightful throne.
+The young Prince's simple eloquence produced a deep impression. The
+Emperor with tears in his eyes embraced him, and the magistrates of
+Malines presented him with a barrel of Rhenish wine in token of their
+regard.[66]
+
+Fortunately for the children of Denmark, as well as for the provinces
+which Margaret had ruled so well, another Habsburg Princess was found
+to take her place. This was the Emperor's sister Mary, whose gallant
+husband, King Louis of Hungary, had fallen on the field of Mohacz four
+years before, fighting against the Turks. The widowed Queen, although
+only twenty-one, had shown admirable presence of mind, and it was
+largely due to her tact and popularity that her brother Ferdinand
+and his wife Anna, the dead King's sister, were recognized as joint
+Sovereigns of Bohemia and Hungary. Her own hand was sought in marriage
+by many Princes, including the young King James V. of Scotland and her
+sister Eleanor's old lover, the Palatine Frederic, whose romantic
+imagination was deeply impressed by the young Queen's heroic bearing.
+But Mary positively refused to take another husband, saying that,
+having found perfect happiness in her first marriage, she had no wish
+to try a second. To the end of her life she remained true to her dead
+lord, and never put off her widow's weeds. But her courage and spirit
+were as high as ever. She was passionately fond of hunting, and amazed
+the hardest riders by being all day in the saddle without showing any
+trace of fatigue. Her powers of mind were no less remarkable. She was
+the ablest of the whole family, and the wisdom of her judgments was
+equalled by the frankness with which she expressed them. Like all the
+Habsburg ladies, she was highly educated, and spoke Latin as well as
+any doctor in Louvain, according to Erasmus, who inscribed her name
+on the first page of his "Veuve Chrétienne." Mary shared her sister
+Isabella's sympathy with the reformers, and accepted the dedication
+of Luther's "Commentary on the Four Psalms of Consolation." When this
+excited her brother Ferdinand's displeasure, she told him that authors
+must do as they please in these matters, and that he might trust her
+not to tarnish the fair name of their house. "God," she added, "would
+doubtless give her grace to die a good Christian."[67]
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] THE NEW REGENT]
+
+In the spring of 1530 Mary met Charles at Innsbruck, and accompanied
+him to Augsburg. When, a few months later, the news of Margaret's death
+reached him at Cologne, the Emperor begged her to become Regent of the
+Low Countries and share the burden of government with him. But Mary had
+no wish to enter public life, and asked her brother's leave to retire
+to Spain and devote herself to the care of their unhappy mother, Queen
+Juana. For some time she resisted the entreaties of both her brothers,
+and it was only a strong sense of duty which finally overcame her
+reluctance to assume so arduous and ungrateful a task. When at length
+she consented, she made it a condition that she should not be troubled
+with offers of marriage, and pointed out that her Lutheran sympathies
+might well arouse suspicion in the Netherlands. But Charles brushed
+these objections lightly aside, saying that no one should disturb her
+peace, and that he should never have trusted her with so important
+a post if he had regarded her Lutheran tendencies seriously. All he
+asked was that the Queen should not bring her German servants to the
+Low Countries, lest they should arouse the jealousy of his Flemish
+courtiers.
+
+Mary scrupulously fulfilled these conditions, and on the 23rd
+of January, 1531, the new Regent entered Louvain in state, and
+was presented to the Council by the Emperor, as Governess of the
+Netherlands. Two months later she accompanied Charles to Malines, where
+for the first time she embraced her little nieces. For the present,
+however, Dorothea and Christina, who were only nine and ten years old,
+remained at Malines, while Prince John accompanied his uncle and aunt
+on a progress through the provinces.
+
+Mary soon realized all the difficulties of the task that she had
+undertaken with so much reluctance.
+
+    "The Emperor," she wrote to Ferdinand from Brussels, "has
+    fastened the rope round my neck, but I find public affairs in a
+    great tangle, and if His Majesty does not reduce them to some
+    degree of order before his departure, I shall find myself in a
+    very tight place."[68]
+
+The Treasury was exhausted, the people groaned under the load of
+taxation, and the prodigal generosity of the late Regent had not
+succeeded in suppressing strife and jealousy among the nobles. As Mary
+wrote many years afterwards to her nephew, Philip II.:
+
+    "No doubt our aunt, Madame Marguerite, ruled the Netherlands
+    long and well; but when she grew old and ailing she was obliged
+    to leave the task to others, and when the Emperor returned
+    there after her death, he found the nobles at variance, justice
+    little respected, and all classes disaffected to the imperial
+    service."[69]
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] A FORLORN HOPE]
+
+But the young Regent brought all her spirit and energy to the task, and
+with her brother's help succeeded in reforming the gravest abuses and
+restoring some order into the finances. The gravest difficulty with
+which she had to contend was the presence of the King of Denmark. Since
+Margaret's death this monarch had grown bolder and more insolent in
+his demands. With the help of his old ally, Duke Henry of Brunswick,
+he collected 6,000 men-at-arms and invaded Holland, spreading fire and
+sword wherever he went. In vain Charles remonstrated with him on the
+suffering which he inflicted on peaceable citizens. Christian only
+replied with an insolent letter, which convinced the Emperor more
+than ever of "the man's little sense and honesty." He now feared that
+the King would seize one of the forts in Holland and remain there all
+the winter, feeding his soldiers at the expense of the unfortunate
+peasantry, and infecting them with Lutheran heresy. Under these
+circumstances Charles felt that it was impossible to desert his sister,
+and decided to put off his departure for Germany until he had got rid
+of this troublesome guest.
+
+At length, on the 26th of October, Christian sailed from Medemblik, in
+North Holland, with twenty-five ships and 7,000 men.
+
+    "He has done infinite damage to my provinces of Holland and
+    Utrecht," wrote Charles to Ferdinand, "treating them as if they
+    were enemies, and forcing them to provide him with boats and
+    provisions, besides seizing the supplies which I had collected
+    for my own journey."[70]
+
+So great were the straits to which Charles found himself reduced that
+he was compelled to raise a fresh loan in order to defray the expenses
+of his journey to Spires. But at least the hated adventurer was gone,
+and as a fair wind sprang up, and the sails of King Christian's fleet
+dropped below the horizon, the Emperor and his subjects felt that they
+could breathe freely.
+
+    "The King of Dacia," wrote the Italian traveller Mario
+    Savorgnano, from Brussels, on the 6th of November, "has sailed
+    with twenty big ships, thus relieving this land from a heavy
+    burden. He goes to recover his kingdom of Denmark, a land lying
+    north of the Cymbric Chersonesus.... But I am sure that when
+    the people come face to face with these mercenaries, especially
+    those who have been in Italy and have there learnt to rob,
+    sack, burn, and leave no cruelty undone, in their greed for
+    gold, they will rise and drive out the invaders."[71]
+
+This time Christian determined not to attempt a landing in Denmark, but
+to sail straight to Norway, where he had always been more popular than
+in any other part of his dominions, and still numbered many partisans.
+His expectations were not disappointed. When he landed, on the 5th
+of November, the peasantry and burghers flocked to his standard. The
+Archbishop of Drondtheim and the clergy declared in his favour, and the
+States-General, which met in January, 1532, at Oslo, the old capital,
+renewed their oaths of allegiance to him as their rightful King. But
+the strong forts of Bergen and Aggershus, at the gates of the town,
+closed their gates against him, and his army soon began to dwindle away
+for want of supplies. Early in the spring a strong fleet, fitted out
+by King Frederic, with the help of the citizens of Lübeck, appeared
+before Oslo, and set fire to Christian's ships in the harbour, while
+a Danish army, under Knut Gyldenstern, advanced from the south. Once
+more the King's nerve failed him. He met the Danish captain in a meadow
+outside Oslo, and, after prolonged negotiations, agreed to lay down
+his arms and go to Copenhagen, to confer with his uncle. The next day
+he disbanded his forces and took leave of his loyal supporters. Thus,
+without striking a blow, he delivered Norway into the usurper's hands,
+and surrendered his last claim to the three kingdoms.[72]
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] CHRISTIAN II.'S FALL]
+
+In return for his submission, Gyldenstern had promised the King
+honourable entertainment and given him a written safe-conduct. Trusting
+in these assurances, Christian went on board a Danish ship, and on the
+24th of July arrived before Copenhagen. As the ship sailed up the Sound
+in the early summer morning, people flocked from all parts to see their
+old King, and many of the women and children wept aloud. His fate,
+they realized, was already sealed. Before the arrival of the fleet,
+a conference had been held between Frederic and the Swedish and Hanse
+deputies, who agreed that so dangerous a foe must not be allowed to
+remain at liberty, and condemned the unfortunate monarch to perpetual
+imprisonment in the island fortress of Sonderburg. In vain Christian
+demanded to be set on shore and conducted into his uncle's presence.
+He was told that the King would meet him in the Castle of Flensburg in
+Schleswig. But when, instead of sailing in this direction, the ship
+which bore him entered the narrow Alsener Sound, and the walls of
+Sonderburg came in sight, the unhappy King saw the trap into which he
+had fallen, and broke into transports of rage. But it was too late, and
+he was powerless in the hands of his enemies. No indignity was spared
+him by his captors. As he entered the lonely cell in the highest turret
+of the castle, Knut Gyldenstern, who is said to have been one of his
+mistress Dyveke's lovers, plucked the fallen monarch by the beard,
+and tore the jewel of the Golden Fleece from his neck. None of the
+old servants who had clung to their exiled Prince so faithfully were
+allowed to share his prison, and for many years a pet dwarf was his
+sole companion.[73]
+
+In this foul and treacherous manner King Christian II. was betrayed
+into the hands of his foes and doomed to lifelong captivity. And, by a
+strange fate, in these early days of August, at the very moment when
+the iron gates of Sonderburg closed behind him, his only son, the
+rightful heir to the three kingdoms, died far away in Southern Germany,
+within the walls of the imperial city of Regensburg.
+
+Meanwhile the news of Christian's unexpected success in Norway had
+reached Brussels and excited great surprise.
+
+    "The King of Denmark," wrote Mary of Hungary to her brother
+    Ferdinand, "has done so well by his rashness that he has
+    actually recovered possession of one of his kingdoms, and his
+    friends hope that he may be able to stay there."[74]
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] COURT FÊTES]
+
+This was towards the end of December, when the imperial family had
+assembled in the palace to keep Christmas. Prince John had won golden
+opinions on the progress which he had made with his uncle and aunt, and
+was as much beloved by the Emperor, wrote Mario Savorgnano, as if he
+were his own son. Now his little sisters were brought to Brussels by
+their uncle's command to share in the festivities. Early in January,
+1532, Charles heard that his sister, Queen Katherine of Portugal, had
+given birth to a son, and the happy event was celebrated by a grand
+tournament on the square in front of the Portuguese Ambassador's
+house. The Emperor, accompanied by the Queen of Hungary and the
+Prince and Princesses of Denmark, looked on at the jousts and sword
+and torch dances from a balcony draped with white and green velvet,
+and at nine o'clock sat down to a sumptuous banquet. The Queen was
+seated at the head of the table, opposite the fireplace, with the
+Emperor on her right and Princess Dorothea at his side. Prince John
+was on his aunt's left, and the youthful Christina, who made her first
+appearance in public on this occasion, sat between her brother and
+the Portuguese Ambassador. Henry of Nassau, the Prince of Bisignano,
+and Ferrante Gonzaga, were at the same board, while Nassau's son,
+the young Prince René, who had lately inherited the principality of
+Orange from his maternal uncle, sat with the Queen's ladies at another
+table. Charles was in high spirits. He talked and laughed with all
+the lords and ladies who were present during the interminable number
+of courses of meat, fish, game, wines, cakes, and fruits, that were
+served in succession, with brief interludes of music. When, at eleven,
+the Emperor rose from table, an Italian comedy was acted, in which
+Ferrante Gonzaga and several Italian and Spanish noblemen took part.
+Then King Cupid appeared, riding in a triumphal car, and a troop of
+Loves danced hand in hand, until, at a sign from Charles, the actors
+removed their masks. A collation of confetti and Madeira and Valencia
+wines was then served at a buffet laden with costly gold and silver
+cups and precious bowls of Oriental porcelain. When all the guests
+had ate and drunk their fill, the finest crystal vases and bottles
+of perfume were presented to the Queen and Princesses, and the other
+ladies received gifts from the Ambassador. The royal guests joined with
+great spirit in the dancing which followed, and did not retire till two
+o'clock.[75] Concerts and suppers, jousts and dances, succeeded each
+other throughout the week, and the Emperor gave splendid presents to
+the Ambassador of Portugal, and sent cordial congratulations to his
+royal brother-in-law on the birth of his son and heir.
+
+A fortnight later Charles left Brussels, taking Prince John with him,
+and travelled by slow stages to Regensburg, where the Imperial Diet
+was opened in May. Here the Court remained during the next three
+months, and the young Prince was sent to receive the Count Palatine,
+the Archbishop of Mainz, and other Princes of the Empire, who arrived
+in turn to take part in the assembly. Unluckily the weather proved
+very disagreeable. "Never," exclaimed the Venetian Ambassador, "was
+there such a detestable climate!" A long continuance of heavy rains and
+unusual heat was followed by some bitterly cold days, which produced
+serious illness. Princes and nobles, Ambassadors and servants, all
+succumbed in turn to the same epidemic. The Venetian took to his bed,
+and four of his servants became seriously ill. The Emperor himself
+was invalided, and left the town to take waters and change of air in
+a neighbouring village. "There is hardly a house in the Court," wrote
+the Mantuan Envoy, "where some person is not ill. Most people recover,
+but a good many die, especially those who are young." Among the victims
+was Prince John of Denmark. Charles returned to find his nephew in
+high fever and delirium. He was deeply distressed, and when the poor
+boy became unconscious, and the doctors gave no hope, he left the town
+again, saying that he could not bear to see the child die. The Prince
+never recovered consciousness, and passed away at two o'clock on the
+morning of the 12th of August.
+
+    "The poor little Prince of Denmark died last night," wrote the
+    Mantuan Ambassador, "to the infinite distress of the whole
+    Court, and above all of Cæsar, who bore him singular affection,
+    not only on account of the close ties of blood between them,
+    but because of the young Prince's charming nature and winning
+    manners, which made him beloved by everyone and gave rise to
+    the highest hopes."[76]
+
+[Sidenote: 1523-31] THE EMPEROR'S GRIEF]
+
+By the Emperor's orders an imposing funeral service was held at
+Regensburg, after which the Prince's body was taken to Ghent and buried
+in his mother's grave. Charles himself wrote to break the sad news to
+Mary of Hungary and her poor little nieces:
+
+  "MADAME MY GOOD SISTER,
+
+    "This is only to inform you of the loss we have suffered in the
+    death of our little nephew of Denmark, whom it pleased God to
+    take to Himself on Sunday morning, the day before yesterday,
+    after he had been ill of internal catarrh for a whole week.
+    This has caused me the greatest grief that I have ever known.
+    For he was the dearest little fellow, of his age, that it was
+    possible to see, and I have felt this loss more than I did that
+    of my son, for he was older, and I knew him better and loved
+    him as if he had been my own child. But we must bow to the
+    Divine will. Although I know that God might have allowed this
+    to happen anywhere, I cannot help feeling that if I had left
+    the boy at home with you he might not have died. At least his
+    father will be sure to say so. I expect you know where he is
+    said to be. Without offence to God, I could wish he were in his
+    son's place, and his son well received in his own kingdom. All
+    the same, without pretending to be the judge, perhaps the King
+    has not deserved to be there, and the little rogue is better
+    off where he is than where I should have liked to see him, and
+    smiles at my wish for him, for he was certainly not guilty of
+    any great sins. He died in so Christian a manner that, if he
+    had committed as many as I have, there would have been good
+    hope of his soul's weal, and with his last breath he called on
+    Jesus. I am writing to my little nieces, as you see, to comfort
+    them. I am sure that you will try and do the same. The best
+    remedy will be to find them two husbands."[77]
+
+When Charles wrote these touching words, he had not yet heard of
+the disastrous end to King Christian's campaign, and believed the
+Prince's father to be in possession of the Norwegian capital. But
+he added a postscript to his letter, telling the Queen of a report
+which had just arrived, that the King had been taken prisoner by his
+foes. Four days later this report was confirmed by letters from Lübeck
+merchants, and no further doubt could be entertained of the doom which
+had overtaken the unhappy monarch. His melancholy fate excited little
+compassion, either in Germany or in the Netherlands. Luther, to his
+credit, addressed an earnest appeal to King Frederic congratulating
+him on his victory, and begging him to take example by Christ, who
+died for His murderers, and have pity on the unfortunate captive. But
+in reply Frederic issued an apology, in which he brought the gravest
+charges against the deposed King, and accused him of having preferred
+a low woman of worthless character to the noblest and most virtuous of
+Queens. Before long the old commercial treaties between Denmark and
+the Low Countries were renewed, and the Baltic trade was resumed on
+the understanding that no attempt was made to revive King Christian's
+claims.
+
+The prisoner of Sonderburg was forgotten by the world, and the one
+being who loved him best on earth, his sister Elizabeth of Brandenburg,
+could only commend his little daughters sadly to the Regent, and beg
+her to have compassion on these desolate children. Mary replied in a
+letter full of feeling, assuring Elizabeth that she need have no fear
+on this score, and that her little nieces should be treated as if they
+were her own daughters. She kept her word nobly.[78]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[40] Calendar of State Papers, iii. 2, 1270.
+
+[41] Altmeyer, "Relations Commerciales," 108.
+
+[42] State Papers, Record Office, vi. 139, 155-158. Calendar of State
+Papers, iii. 2, 1293, 1329.
+
+[43] J. Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 108.
+
+[44] D. Schäfer, "Geschichte von Dänemark," iv. 26.
+
+[45] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 141, 156.
+
+[46] Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 112; Schäfer, iv. 44, 48.
+
+[47] Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 30.
+
+[48] "Relations," etc., 126; C. Förstemann, "Neues Urkundenbuch z.
+Geschichte d. Reformation," i. 269.
+
+[49] J. Köstlin, "Leben Luthers," i. 66; C. Förstemann, i. 169.
+
+[50] K. Lanz, "Correspondenz Karls V.," i. 108.
+
+[51] Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 26.
+
+[52] Lanz, i. 145, 150, 195; Archives du Royaume: Revenus et Dépenses
+de Charles V., 1520-1530, Rég. 1709; Schäfer, iv. 89.
+
+[53] J. H. Schlegel, "Geschichte der Könige v. Dänemark," 123.
+
+[54] Schlegel, 124-126.
+
+[55] 2 Churchill, "Travels," vi. 348.
+
+[56] Altmeyer, "Isabelle," 35; "Relations," 160.
+
+[57] Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 166.
+
+[58] Lanz, i. 195.
+
+[59] Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles. Régistre des Dépenses, etc., Nos.
+1799, 1800, 1803.
+
+[60] L. de Laborde, "Inventaire"; Henne, iv. 387-390.
+
+[61] Henne, iv. 387-391.
+
+[62] This painting is mentioned in one of Henry VIII.'s catalogues
+as "A table with the pictures of the three children of the King of
+Denmark, with a curtain of white and yellow sarcenet." In Charles I.'s
+inventory it is described as "A Whitehall piece, curiously painted by
+Mabusius, wherein two men children and one woman child are playing
+with some oranges in their hands by a green table, little half-figures
+upon a board in a wooden frame." At the sale of the King's effects it
+was called a Mabuse, and valued at £10. In 1743 the same picture hung
+in Queen Caroline's closet at Kensington Palace, and was described by
+Vertue as "Prince Arthur and his sisters, children of Henry VII." Five
+years later it was removed to Windsor and engraved under this name. Sir
+George Scharf was the first to correct this obvious error and restore
+the original title (see "Archæologia," xxxix. 245). Old copies of the
+picture, mostly dating from the seventeenth century, are to be seen at
+Wilton, Longford, Corsham, and other places.
+
+[63] Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 52.
+
+[64] Lanz, i. 283; Henne. iv. 337.
+
+[65] Lanz, i. 408; Gachard, "Analecta Belgica," i. 378.
+
+[66] Schlegel, 126; Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 186.
+
+[67] Altmeyer, "Relations," 190.
+
+[68] T. Juste, "Les Pays-Bas sous Charles V.," 35.
+
+[69] L. Gachard, "Retraite et Mort de Charles V.," i. 348.
+
+[70] Lanz, i. 572.
+
+[71] M. Sanuto, "Diarii," lv. 174.
+
+[72] Schäfer, iv. 178-194.
+
+[73] Schlegel, 127-219.
+
+[74] T. Juste. "Les Pays-Bas sous Charles V.," 49.
+
+[75] M. Sanuto, lv. 417-419.
+
+[76] M. Sanuto, lvi. 813-823.
+
+[77] Lanz, ii. 3.
+
+[78] Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 206.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IV
+
+CHRISTINA, DUCHESS OF MILAN
+
+1533-1535
+
+
+I.
+
+In the letter which the Emperor wrote to Mary of Hungary on his
+nephew's death, he remarked that the best way of consoling his little
+nieces for their brother's loss would be to find them husbands.
+The marriages of these youthful Princesses had already engaged his
+attention for some time past. While Christina was still a babe in her
+nurse's arms, the Regent Margaret had been planning marriages for her
+great-nieces. In 1527 Wolsey proposed King Henry's illegitimate son,
+the Duke of Richmond, as an eligible suitor for one of them, but the
+idea of such a union was scouted by the imperial family.[79] A marriage
+between Dorothea and her second cousin, King James V. of Scotland, was
+discussed during many years, and only abandoned eventually owing to
+the fickle character of the young monarch. After Prince John's death,
+this Princess inherited her brother's claims to the Danish throne, and
+King Frederic went so far as to propose that she should wed his younger
+son John, offering to recognize him as heir to Denmark, and leave the
+duchies of Schleswig-Holstein to his elder son Christian. But the
+Emperor and Mary of Hungary were both reluctant to treat with the
+usurper who had deposed their brother-in-law, and the death of Frederic
+in April, 1533, put an end to the scheme.[80]
+
+[Sidenote: 1533-35] FRANCESCO SFORZA]
+
+Another suitor now came forward in the person of Francesco Sforza,
+Duke of Milan. This Prince was the younger brother of Massimiliano
+Sforza, who as a boy had spent several years at the Court of Malines,
+and had been deposed by Francis I. after a brief reign of three years.
+Born at Milan on the 4th of February, 1495, when his father, Lodovico,
+was at the height of his glory, and named after his grandfather, the
+great Condottiere, Francesco II. had been the sport of Fortune from
+his childhood. Before he was two years old, his mother, the brilliant
+Duchess Beatrice, died, and when he was five his father lost both
+throne and freedom. While the unfortunate Moro ended his days in the
+dungeons of Loches, his young children were brought up in Germany
+by their cousin Bianca, the second wife of the Emperor Maximilian.
+Francesco spent most of his time at Innsbruck, and, after the brief
+interlude of his brother's reign at Milan, retired once more to Trent.
+His opportunity came in 1521, when Leo X., in his dread of France,
+joined with Charles V. to place the younger Sforza on his father's
+throne. A gallant soldier and cultivated man, Francesco II. won the
+hearts of all his subjects, who rejoiced to see a Sforza Duke again
+among them. But misfortune dogged his footsteps. In 1523 Milan was
+once more taken by the French, and after their defeat at Pavia the
+Duke incurred the Emperor's displeasure, and was deprived of his
+State, chiefly owing to the intrigues of his Chancellor, Morone,
+with Pope Clement VII. It was only in December, 1529, when Charles
+came to Bologna for his coronation, that, at the intercession of the
+Pope and the Venetians, he consented to pardon Francesco, and give
+him the investiture of Milan for the enormous sum of 900,000 ducats.
+But it was a barren realm to which the Duke returned. His subjects
+were ruined by years of warfare, his own health had suffered severely
+from the hardships which he had undergone, and he had been dangerously
+wounded by the poisoned dagger of an assassin. At thirty-eight he was
+a broken man, prematurely old and grey. The Venetian chronicler Marino
+Sanuto, who saw the Duke at Venice in October, 1530, describes him
+as looking very melancholy, and being only able to walk and move his
+hands with difficulty.[81] He applied himself, however, manfully to
+the almost hopeless task of relieving the distress of his subjects and
+restoring order and prosperity. With great difficulty he succeeded in
+raising 400,000 ducats, the first installment of the payment for the
+investiture of Milan, upon which the Castello was restored to him. His
+loyalty and modesty had gone far to recover the Emperor's confidence,
+and Charles treated him with marked favour and kindness.
+
+[Sidenote: 1533-35] THE DUKE'S COURTSHIP]
+
+This encouraged Francesco to aspire to the hand of a Princess of the
+imperial house. His subjects were exceedingly anxious to see their Duke
+married, and already more than one suitable bride had been proposed.
+But Margherita Paleologa, the heiress of Montferrat, whom her mother
+would gladly have given Francesco in marriage, was wedded to his
+cousin Federico, Duke of Mantua, in October, 1531, and the Pope's
+niece, the Duchessina Caterina de' Medici, another prize who had been
+dangled before the Duke of Milan's eyes, was betrothed to the Duke
+of Orleans in the following year. Before this event was announced,
+in January, 1532, the Milanese Ambassador, Camillo Ghilino, who had
+accompanied Charles to Brussels, ventured to ask the Emperor, on
+his master's behalf, for the hand of one of his nieces. Charles was
+evidently not averse to the proposal. It was part of his policy to
+consolidate the different Italian dynasties, and he was alive to the
+advantage of drawing the Duke of Milan into his family circle. But he
+returned an evasive answer, saying that Princess Dorothea was already
+destined for the King of Scotland, while her sister Christina was too
+young, and that he could arrange nothing without the consent of her
+father, the King of Denmark, who had gone to Norway to try and recover
+his kingdom.[82] When Francesco met Charles at Bologna in the following
+December, and was admitted to the newly-formed League of Italian
+States, he renewed his suit, and once more asked for Christina's hand.
+On the 10th of March Charles came to Milan, and spent four days in
+the Castello, after which he accompanied the Duke on a hunting-party
+at Vigevano, and enjoyed excellent sport, killing two wild-boars and
+three stags with his own hand.[83] During this visit the marriage was
+arranged, and on the 10th of June, 1533, the contract was signed at
+Barcelona by the Emperor on the one hand, and the Chancellor of Milan,
+Count Taverna, and the ducal Chamberlain, Count Tommaso Gallerati, on
+the other. Christina was to receive 100,000 ducats out of the sum due
+to the Emperor, as her dowry, and in the event of Dorothea succeeding
+to the throne of Denmark another 100,000 was to be settled on her.
+Hawkins, the English Ambassador, who wrote home from Barcelona to
+announce the conclusion of the marriage, remarked that the Milanese had
+left well pleased, but that the Duke was somewhat to be pitied, since
+he was only to have the younger sister, and no fortune with her. "Dower
+getteth he none."[84]
+
+In spite of this drawback, the Milanese received the news with
+great rejoicing, and any regret which they might have felt at the
+substitution of the younger for the elder sister was dispelled by the
+Spaniards in the Emperor's suite, who informed the Duke's Ambassadors
+that Christina was taller and far more beautiful than Dorothea.
+Francesco himself wrote to an old friend in Cremona, Giorgio Guazzo,
+saying that he would lose no time in telling him of his great good
+fortune in winning so high-born and attractive a young lady for his
+bride.[85] At the same time he agreed with the Emperor to send Count
+Massimiliano Stampa, his intimate friend, to the Netherlands, to wed
+the Princess in his name, and bring her to Milan that autumn. Meanwhile
+the news of the marriage was received with much less satisfaction
+in the Low Countries. Mary had taken the motherless children to her
+heart, and was especially attached to Christina, who resembled her in
+character and tastes. She inherited the family passion for riding and
+hunting, and combined her aunt's intelligence and ability with her
+mother's sweetness of disposition. The idea of marrying this charming
+child of eleven to a half-paralyzed invalid old enough to be her
+father was repulsive, and Mary did not hesitate to protest against the
+Emperor's decision with characteristic frankness.
+
+[Sidenote: 1533-35] MARY'S PROTEST]
+
+    "MONSEIGNEUR," she wrote to Charles on the 25th of August,
+    "I have received Your Majesty's letters with the copy of the
+    treaty which you have been pleased to make between our niece,
+    Madame Chrétienne, and the Duke of Milan, on which point I must
+    once for all relieve my conscience. I will at least show you
+    the difficulties which to my mind lie in the way, so that Your
+    Majesty may consider if any remedy can be devised before the
+    matter is finally arranged. As for our said niece, I have no
+    doubt that she will agree to whatever you please to wish, since
+    she regards you as her lord and father, in whom she places
+    absolute trust, and is ready to obey you as your very humble
+    daughter and slave. The child is so good and willing there will
+    be no need for any persuasion on my part, either as regards
+    the Count's coming or anything else that you may please to
+    command; but on the other hand, Monseigneur, since the words of
+    the treaty clearly show that the marriage is to be consummated
+    immediately, and she will have to take her departure without
+    delay, I must point out that she is not yet old enough for
+    this, being only eleven years and a half, and I hold that it
+    would be contrary to the laws of God and reason to marry her at
+    so tender an age. She is still quite a child, and, whatever may
+    be the custom in yonder country, you are exposing her to the
+    risk of bearing a child at this tender age, and of losing both
+    her own life and that of her issue. Monseigneur, I am saying
+    more than I ought to say, and speaking with a freedom which I
+    can only beg you to forgive, because both my conscience and the
+    love which I bear the child constrain me to write thus. On the
+    other hand, seeing that this treaty requires the two sisters to
+    make certain promises, I do not think that she is old enough to
+    enter into these engagements, while her sister, although turned
+    twelve, is very young of her age, and should hardly make
+    these promises without the consent of her father, who is still
+    living. I know that I am meddling with other people's business
+    by writing to you of those matters which are not, strictly
+    speaking, my affair. But I feel that I must send you these
+    warnings, not from any wish to prevent the marriage, if Your
+    Majesty thinks it well, but in order to give you a reason for
+    breaking it off, if any difficulties should arise. For it seems
+    to me, that as people often try to discover the fifth wheel in
+    the coach, where there is no reason to make any difficulty, it
+    would be easy to find some excuse for embroiling matters, when
+    so good a cause exists. I quite understand that it may not be
+    easy to alter the treaty at this hour, but, since I had not the
+    opportunity of speaking to you on the subject before, I feel it
+    to be my duty to warn you of these things, and to remind you of
+    the child's tender age, of which Your Majesty may not have been
+    aware. However this may be, Monseigneur, I have written this to
+    fulfil my duty to God, as well as to Your Majesty, my niece,
+    and the whole world, and can only beg you not to take what
+    I have said in bad part, or to believe that any other cause
+    could have led me to speak so plainly; and I take my Creator to
+    witness that this is true, begging Him to give you health and
+    long life, and grant your good and virtuous desires:
+
+                            "Your very humble and obedient sister,
+                                                         "MARIE.
+
+  "From Ghent, August 25, 1533."[86]
+
+
+Charles answered the Queen's protest in the following brief letter,
+which showed that his mind was made up, and that he would allow no
+change in his plans:
+
+  "MADAME MY GOOD SISTER,
+
+    "I have received your letter, and will only reply briefly, as I
+    am writing to you at length on other matters by my secretary,
+    and also because my niece's affair is rather a matter for
+    priests and lawyers than for me, and I have desired Granvelle
+    to satisfy your objections. So I will only tell you that, as
+    the children's father is more dead to them than if he had
+    ceased to live, I signed the marriage treaty before I left
+    Barcelona. As for the question of issue, I fear that the Duke's
+    advanced years will prove a greater barrier than my niece's
+    tender youth. I am sure that you will act in accordance with my
+    wishes, and I beg you to do this once more.
+
+    "From Monzone, September 11, 1533."[87]
+
+There was clearly nothing more to be said; but Mary had secretly
+determined, whatever happened, not to allow the actual marriage to take
+place until the following year, and in the end she had her way.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: 1533-35] STAMPA'S MISSION]
+
+When the Emperor wrote this letter to his sister, Count Massimiliano
+had already started on his journey. He left Milan on the eve of St.
+Bartholomew, taking Count Francesco Sfondrati of Cremona and Pier
+Francesco Bottigella of Pavia with him, and travelled by Trent and
+Spires to Louvain, where he arrived on the 12th of September. The
+next day he was conducted to Ghent by Monsieur de Courrières, the
+Captain of the Archers' Guard, and met at the palace gates by Monsieur
+de Molembais, the Queen's Grand Falconer, who informed him that Her
+Majesty was laid up, owing to a slight accident out hunting, and
+could not receive him at present. After many delays, Stampa at length
+succeeded in obtaining an audience, and begged the Queen earnestly
+to satisfy his master's impatience, and allow the marriage to be
+concluded without delay. Mary replied very civilly that, since this
+was Cæsar's will, she would certainly put no obstacle in the way, but
+explained that affairs of State compelled her to visit certain frontier
+towns, and begged the Count to await her return to Brussels. She then
+sent for the Princesses, and Stampa was presented and allowed to kiss
+their hands. But, as he only saw them for five minutes, all he could
+tell his master was that Christina seemed very bright and lively, and
+was much better-looking than her sister.[88]
+
+In spite of the courtesy with which he was entertained by De Courrières
+and the Duke of Aerschot, Stampa clearly saw that it was Mary's
+intention to delay the marriage as long as possible, and began to
+despair of ever attaining his object. Fortunately, by the end of the
+week the Emperor's confidential Chamberlain, Louis de Praet, arrived
+at Ghent. De Praet had been Ambassador in England and France, and was
+now sent from Spain to represent His Majesty at the wedding and escort
+the bride to Milan. When he had seen Stampa's copy of the Treaty of
+Barcelona, he advised him to join the Queen at Lille and deliver his
+credentials. Here the Count accordingly presented himself on the 18th
+of September, and was graciously received by Mary, who assured him
+that the affair which lay so near his heart would shortly be arranged.
+He was conducted into a room where he found the Princesses and their
+governess, Madame de Fiennes, and conversed with them for half an hour.
+When the Queen rose to attend vespers, she touched the Count's sleeve
+and made him walk at her side as far as the chapel, and thanked him
+for the fine horse which the Duke had sent her, telling him how fond
+she was of hunting. The next day Stampa was invited to supper, and
+afterwards ventured to ask if he might see the Princesses dance. To
+this request the Queen gave her consent. The flutes and tambourines
+struck up a merry tune, and the Princesses danced first a _ballo al
+francese_, then a _branle_, and a variety of French and German dances,
+in which the gentlemen and ladies-in-waiting took part. The Count was
+about to take his leave, since the hour was already late, when De Praet
+told him he must first see the Princesses dance a _ballo all'italiano_,
+upon which the two sisters rose and, joining hands, danced an Italian
+ballet with charming grace. The Ambassador was delighted, and wrote to
+tell his master what a favourable impression Christina had made upon
+him and his companions:
+
+    "She is hardly shorter than her sister, and much handsomer and
+    more graceful, and is indeed as well built and attractive a
+    maiden as you could wish to see. God grant this may lead to a
+    happy marriage!"[89]
+
+The next morning business began in good earnest. Prolonged negotiations
+were held between Stampa and the Queen's Councillors--Aerschot, De
+Praet, and other nobles--and the rights of the Princess Dorothea and
+the condition of Denmark were fully discussed. While the Count was at
+dinner, De Praet came in, and, to his surprise, informed him that Her
+Majesty wished the wedding to be celebrated on the following Sunday,
+the 28th of September. The Count asked nothing better, and hastened to
+send the good news to Milan.
+
+[Sidenote: 1533-35] CHRISTINA'S WEDDING]
+
+On Saturday evening Christina signed the marriage contract before an
+illustrious assembly in a hall of the palace at Lille, which was hung
+with black and gold damask for the occasion, and between four and five
+on Sunday afternoon the wedding was solemnized by the Bishop of Tournay
+in the chapel. Count Massimiliano, gallantly arrayed in cloth of gold,
+was conducted to the altar by De Praet and the great officers of State;
+the violins and drums sounded, and the bridal procession entered, the
+Queen leading her niece by the hand. "As the Bishop placed the nuptial
+ring on the bride's finger," wrote Stampa to his lord, "she received it
+with evident pleasure, and all the Court displayed great satisfaction."
+
+When the ceremony was over, the bride retired, and Stampa spent some
+time in conversation with the Queen, vainly endeavouring to persuade
+her to fix a date for the Duchess's journey. But on this point Mary was
+inflexible. De Praet, who visited him the next day, explained that the
+Queen could not allow this youthful lady to be exposed to the perils
+and fatigue of so long a journey in winter, and that her departure must
+therefore be put off till the following spring. This was a grievous
+disappointment to the Count, who knew how anxious the Duke was to see
+his wife. But he had to accept the situation, and could only try and
+console his master by repeating the Queen's assurances of good-will and
+affection.
+
+She even begged the Count to join her in a hunting expedition at
+Brussels in the following week. But this Stampa firmly declined, saying
+that he must return to Milan without delay. On the same evening he had
+the honour of a parting interview with the Duchess, and presented her
+with a fine diamond and ruby ring and a length of costly brocade in
+her lord's name. Christina's eyes sparkled with delight at the sight
+of these gifts, and she thanked Count Massimiliano with a warmth which
+captivated him. Then he took leave of the Queen, who started at break
+of day in torrents of rain, to hunt on her way to Brussels, leaving the
+Princesses to return by Tournay. The Count himself went to Antwerp to
+raise money for his journey, and despatched a messenger to Milan with
+full accounts of the wedding.
+
+    "All this Court and the Queen herself," he wrote, "are
+    delighted with this happy event. And Your Excellency may
+    rejoice with good reason, and may rest assured that you have
+    the fairest, most charming and gallant bride that any man could
+    desire."[90]
+
+These despatches reached Milan on the 13th of October, and were
+received with acclamation. Guns were fired from the Castello, the bells
+of all the churches were rung, and the Senate went in solemn procession
+to give thanks to God in the Duomo. "It was indeed good tidings of
+great joy," wrote the chronicler Burigozzo, "and such rejoicing had not
+been known in Milan for many years."[91] Francesco's own satisfaction
+was considerably diminished by hearing that his bride was not to
+set out on her journey until the following February. But he took
+the Queen's decision in good part, and wrote to express his eternal
+gratitude to her and Cæsar for giving him their niece.
+
+    "However anxious I naturally am to have my wife with me," he
+    added, "I recognize the gravity of the reasons which have made
+    you put off her journey to a more convenient season, and think,
+    as you say, this should take place next February."[92]
+
+[Sidenote: 1533-35] THE DUKE'S APPEAL]
+
+The Duke sent this letter by a special messenger, and received in reply
+the following brief note in Italian from Christina:
+
+  "MOST ILLUSTRIOUS CONSORT,
+
+    "It gave me great pleasure to hear of Your Excellency's good
+    health from Messer Sasso, and I can assure you that my wish
+    to join you is no less ardent than your own. But it is only
+    reasonable that we should bow to the decision of the Most
+    Serene Queen, who orders everything wisely and well. I will
+    only add how sincerely I hope that you will keep well, and love
+    me as much as I love you.
+
+  "Your Excellency's most loving consort,
+         "CHRISTIERNA, DUCHESS OF MILAN.
+
+    "From Brussels, November 4, 1533."[93]
+
+On the last day of January, 1534, the Duke held a Council of State to
+consider the best means of raising the £100,000 due to Cæsar, which was
+assigned to his niece for dower, and the citizens agreed cheerfully to
+new taxes on grain and wine in order to provide the necessary amount.
+But it was not until the 31st of March that Francesco was able to issue
+a proclamation informing the Milanese that his wife had started on her
+journey. The Duchess, he told them, would be among them by the end of
+April, and he could count on his loyal subjects to receive her with
+due honour; but, knowing as he did their poverty, he begged that the
+customary wedding gift should be omitted. The Milanese responded with
+enthusiasm to their Duke's appeal, and prepared to give his bride a
+worthy reception. Their example was followed by the citizens of Novara,
+Vigevano, and the other towns along the route between Savoy and Milan.
+The roads, which were said to be the worst in the duchy, were mended,
+triumphal arches were erected, and lodgings were prepared for her
+reception. The following quaintly-worded memorandum was drawn up by
+Councillor Pier Francesco Bottigella, to whom these arrangements were
+entrusted:
+
+    "(1) Mend the roads and clean the streets through which the
+    Lady Duchess will pass, and hang the walls with tapestries
+    and carpets, the largest and widest that you can find. (2)
+    Paint her arms on all the gates through which she passes. (3)
+    Provide a baldacchino to be carried over her head. (4) See that
+    lodgings are prepared for her at Novara, either in the Bishop's
+    palace or in the ducal hunting-lodge, and let these be cleansed
+    and decorated. (5) Prepare rooms in the town for the Duchess's
+    household. (6) Let this also be done in the Castello Vecchio at
+    Vigevano. (7) Desire that no gifts of any kind should be made
+    to the Duchess at Novara, Vigevano, or any other place."[94]
+
+When these instructions had been duly carried out, Bottigella, who had
+accompanied Stampa on his mission to the Low Countries, and was already
+acquainted with the chief members of the Duchess's suite, set out for
+Chambéry by the Duke's orders, to meet the bride on the frontiers of
+Savoy and escort her across the Alps.
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1534] A WEDDING JOURNEY]
+
+Christina had now completed her twelfth year, and Mary of Hungary could
+no longer invent any excuse to delay her journey to Milan. The bridal
+party finally set out on the 11th of March, conducted by Monseigneur
+de Praet, the Emperor's representative, and Camillo Ghilino, the
+Duke's Ambassador, with an escort of 130 horse. Madame de Souvastre,
+one of Maximilian's illegitimate daughters, whose husband had been one
+of the late Regent's confidential servants, was appointed mistress
+of the Duchess's household, which consisted of six maids of honour,
+six waiting-women, four pages, and ten gentlemen. Christina herself
+rode in a black velvet litter, drawn by four horses and attended by
+six footmen, and her ladies travelled in similar fashion, followed by
+twenty mules and three waggons with the baggage. Mary had taken care
+that the bride's trousseau was worthy of a daughter of the imperial
+house, and the chests were filled with sumptuous robes of cloth of
+gold and silver, of silk, satin, and velvet, costly furs, jewels and
+pearls, together with furniture and plate for her table and chapel, and
+liveries and trappings for her servants and horses. The Duchess's own
+lackeys and all the gentlemen in attendance wore coats and doublets
+of black velvet, and the other servants, we learn from John Hackett,
+the English Ambassador at Brussels, were clad in suits of "medley
+grey," trimmed with velvet, all "very well accounted."[95] The imposing
+cortège travelled by slow stages through the friendly duchy of Lorraine
+and across the plains of the imperial county of Burgundy, taking
+journeys of twelve or fifteen miles a day, until, on the 12th of April,
+it halted at Chambéry, the frontier town of Savoy. The reigning Duke,
+Charles III., was the Emperor's brother-in-law and stanch ally, and the
+travellers were hospitably entertained in his ancestral castle on the
+heights. Here Bottigella was introduced into Christina's presence by
+his old friend Camillo Ghilino, and found her on the way to attend Mass
+in the castle chapel.
+
+    "The Duchess," wrote the Councillor to his lord, "received
+    me in the most friendly manner, and asked eagerly after you,
+    and was especially anxious to know where you were now. I told
+    her that you were at Vigevano, but would shortly return to
+    Milan, to prepare for her arrival. Mass was just beginning,
+    so I had to take my leave, but hope for another opportunity
+    of conversing with her before long, and can see how eager she
+    is to ask a hundred questions. She is very well and lively,
+    and does not seem any the worse for the long journey. She has
+    grown a great deal since I saw her last September, and is as
+    beautiful as the sun. M. de Praet hopes to reach Turin in seven
+    days, and will start again to-morrow."[96]
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1534] BEATRIX OF SAVOY]
+
+The most arduous part of the journey now lay before the travellers.
+Leaving Chambéry, they penetrated into the heart of the Alps, through
+the narrow gorge of the Isère, between precipitous ravines with
+castles crowning the rocks on either side, until they reached the
+impregnable fortress of Montmélian, the ancient bulwark of Savoy,
+which had resisted all the assaults of the French. After spending the
+night here, they rode up the green pastures and pine-clad slopes of S.
+Jean de Maurienne, and began the ascent of the Mont Cenis, over "those
+troublesome and horrid ways" of which English travellers complained
+so bitterly, where loose stones and tumbled rocks made riding almost
+impossible. "These ways, indeed," wrote Coryat, "are the worst I
+ever travelled in my life, so much so that the roads of Savoy may be
+proverbially spoken of as the owls of Athens, the pears of Calabria,
+or the quails of Delos."[97] On the summit of the pass De Praet and
+his companions saw with interest the Chapel of Our Lady of the Snows,
+where a few years before the famous Constable of Bourbon had offered
+up his sword on the altar of the Virgin, as he led the imperial armies
+across the Alps. Then they came down into a smiling green valley, with
+walnut woods and rushing streams, and saw the medieval towers of Susa
+at their feet. Here they were met by the Emperor's Ambassador at the
+Court of Savoy, who came to pay his respects to the Duchess, bringing
+with him two elegant litters of crimson brocade, sent by Charles's
+sister-in-law, Beatrix of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy, for Christina's
+use. At Rivoli, two stages farther on, fifty Councillors from Turin,
+with the Bishop of Vercelli at their head, appeared on horseback to
+escort the Duchess to the city gates. Here Christina mounted her horse
+and rode up the steep ascent to the citadel, with De Praet walking at
+her side. The beautiful Duchess Beatrix herself awaited her guest at
+the castle gates, and, embracing Christina affectionately, led her by
+the hand up the grand staircase into the best suite of rooms in the
+palace. The travellers spent two days in these comfortable quarters,
+and enjoyed the brief interval of rest, although the Duchess, as
+Bottigella was careful to tell the Duke, seemed the least tired of the
+whole party, and was in blooming health and high spirits.
+
+On the following Sunday Christina rode into Novara, on a brilliant
+spring morning, and was lodged in the Bishop's palace, and received
+with the greatest enthusiasm by her lord's subjects. At Vigevano, the
+birthplace and favourite home of Lodovico Sforza, the nobles, with
+Massimiliano Stampa at their head, rode out to welcome the Duke's
+bride, and carried a rich baldacchino over her head. Nevertheless,
+halfway between Novara and Vigevano, De Praet complained to the Count
+that neither the reception of the Duchess nor the rooms prepared
+for her were sufficiently honourable--"in fact, he found fault with
+everything." The Count expressed some surprise, since both the Emperor
+Maximilian and Charles V. himself had stayed at Vigevano, and the
+latter had greatly admired the buildings and gardens laid out by
+Bramante and Leonardo. But, to pacify the exacting priest, Stampa
+proposed that the Duchess should only take her _déjeuner_ in the
+castle, and push on to his own villa of Cussago, where she was to spend
+some days before entering Milan. But De Praet replied that the Duchess,
+not being yet accustomed to this climate, felt the heat of the sun,
+and must on no account ride any farther till evening. So all the Count
+could do was to send Bottigella on to see that the Castello was adorned
+with wreaths of flowers and verdure, and that a good bed was prepared
+for the Duchess.[98]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1534] CHRISTINA'S HUSBAND]
+
+At least, De Praet could find nothing to grumble at in Stampa's
+country-house at Cussago, the ducal palace and hunting-grounds which
+had been given him by Francesco II. in reward for his unwavering
+loyalty. The beauty of the spot, the delicious gardens with their sunny
+lawns and sparkling fountains, their rose and myrtle bowers, their
+bosquets and running streams, enchanted the travellers from the north.
+The villa had been adorned with frescoes and marble doorways by the
+best Lombard masters of the Moro's Court, and was once the favourite
+country-house of Beatrice d'Este, the present Duke's mother, who often
+rode out from Milan to hunt in the forests of the Brianza or play at
+ball on the terraces. Now her son's child-bride saw these green lawns
+in all the loveliness of early summer, and the frescoed halls rang once
+more to the sound of mirth and laughter. Music and dancing enlivened
+the days, and a drama--_La Sposa Sagace_--was acted one evening to
+amuse Christina. At nightfall the guns of the Castello, firing salutes
+in her honour, were heard in the distance, and the bonfires on the
+towers of Milan lit up the evening sky with crimson glow. Count
+Massimiliano took care that nothing should be lacking to the enjoyment
+of the Duchess, and begged De Praet to attend to her comfort in every
+particular, but, as he told the Duke, it was not always easy to satisfy
+these gentlemen.
+
+One day Christina and her ladies received a visit from the great
+Captain Antonio de Leyva, the Duke's old enemy, who now came, cap in
+hand, to pay homage to the Emperor's niece. Another day there was
+a still greater stir at the villa, for the Duke himself appeared
+unexpectedly, having ridden out almost alone, to pay a surprise visit
+to his bride. The first sight of her future lord must have given
+Christina a shock, and her ladies whispered to each other that this
+wan, grey-haired man, who could not walk without the help of a stick,
+was hardly a fit match for their fair young Princess. But Francesco's
+chivalrous courtesy and gentleness went far to atone for his physical
+defects, and nothing could exceed the kindness which he showed his
+youthful bride. After all, she was but a child, and the sight of this
+new world that was laid at her feet with all its beauties and treasures
+was enough to dazzle her eyes and please her innocent fancy.
+
+On Sunday, the 3rd of May, the Duchess made her state entry into Milan.
+Early in the afternoon she rode in her litter to S. Eustorgio, the
+Dominican convent outside the Ticino gate, where she was received by
+the Duke's half-brother, Giovanni Paolo Sforza, mounted on a superb
+charger, and attended by all his kinsmen, clad in white and gold.
+After paying her devotions at the marble shrine of S. Pietro Martive,
+the Prior and friars conducted her to partake of refreshments in the
+guests' hall, and receive the homage of the Bishop and clergy, of the
+magistrates and senators. At six o'clock, after vespers, the procession
+started from the Porta Ticinese. First came the armourers and their
+apprentices, in companies of 200, with coloured flags in their hands
+and plumes to match in their caps. One troop was in blue, the other in
+green. At the head of the first rode Alessandro Missaglia, a splendid
+figure, wearing a silver helmet and shining armour over his turquoise
+velvet vest, and mounted on a horse with richly damascened harness. The
+green troop was led by Girolamo Negriolo, the other famous Milanese
+armourer. Then came 300 archers in pale blue silk, and six bands of
+trumpeters and drummers, followed by a great company of the noblest
+gentlemen of Milan, all clad in white, with flowing plumes in their
+hats and lances in their hands, riding horses draped with silver
+brocade. Visconti, Trivulzio, Borromeo, Somaglia--all the proudest
+names of Milan were there, and in the rear rode the veteran Antonio de
+Leyva, with the Emperor's representative, De Praet, at his side.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1534] THE BRIDE'S ENTRY]
+
+Immediately behind them, under a white and gold velvet baldacchino,
+borne by the doctors of the University, rode the bride, mounted on
+a white horse with glittering trappings, and wearing a rich white
+brocade robe and a long veil over her flowing hair--"a vision more
+divine than human," exclaims the chronicler who witnessed the sight;
+"only," he adds in an undertone, "she is still very young." At the
+sight of the lovely child the multitude broke into shouts of joy,
+and the clashing of bells, the blare of trumpets, and sound of guns,
+welcomed the coming of the Duchess. Close behind her rode Cardinal
+Ercole Gonzaga, the Duke's cousin, and on either side a guard of twelve
+noble youths, with white ostrich feathers in their caps, so that Her
+Excellency "appeared to be surrounded with a forest of waving plumes."
+In the rear came Madame de Souvastre and her ladies in litters,
+followed by a crowd of senators, bishops, and magistrates.
+
+Six triumphal arches, adorned with statues and paintings, lined the
+route. Peace with her olive-branch, Plenty with the cornucopia,
+Prosperity bearing a caduceus, Joy crowned with flowers, welcomed the
+bride in turn. Everywhere the imperial eagles were seen together with
+the Sforza arms, and countless mottoes with courtly allusions to the
+golden age that had at length dawned for distracted Milan. "Thy coming,
+O Christina, confirms the peace of Italy!" On the piazza of the Duomo,
+a pageant of the Seasons greeted her--Spring with arms full of roses,
+Summer laden with ripe ears of corn, Autumn bearing purple grapes, and
+Winter wrapt in snowy fur; while Minerva was seen closing the doors of
+the Temple of Janus, and Juno and Hymen, with outstretched arms, hailed
+Francesco, the son of the great Lodovico, and Christina, the daughter
+of Dacia and Austria. At the steps of the Duomo the long procession
+halted. Cardinal Gonzaga helped the Duchess to alight, and led her to
+the altar, where she knelt in silent prayer, kissed the _pax_ held up
+to her by the Archbishop, and received his benediction. The walls of
+the long nave were hung with tapestries, and the choir draped with
+cloth of gold and adorned with statues of the patron saints of Milan.
+"When you entered the doors," wrote the chronicler, "you seemed to be
+in Paradise."
+
+Then the Duchess mounted her horse again, and the procession passed
+up the Goldsmiths' Street to the Castello. Here the decorations were
+still more sumptuous. One imposing arch was adorned with a painting
+of St. John leaning on the bosom of Christ, copied from Leonardo's
+"Cenacolo" in the refectory of S. Maria delle Grazie. Another bore a
+figure of Christ with the orb and sceptre, and the words "Mercy and
+Truth have kissed each other." On the piazza in front of the Castello,
+a colossal fountain was erected, and winged children spouted wine and
+perfumed water. The Castello itself had been elaborately adorned. The
+arms of Denmark and Milan were carved in fine marble over the portals,
+the walls were hung with blue draperies studded with golden stars and
+wreathed with garlands of myrtle and ivy, and on either side of the
+central doorway two giant warriors leaning on clubs supported a tablet
+crowned with the imperial eagles, and inscribed with the words: "The
+wisest of Princes to-day weds the fairest of Virgins, and brings us the
+promise of perpetual peace."[99]
+
+[Illustration: CHRISTINA, DUCHESS OF MILAN (1534)
+
+(Oppenheimer Collection)]
+
+[Illustration: FRANCESCO SFORZA, DUKE OF MILAN (1534)
+
+(British Museum)
+
+_To face p. 92_]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1534] IN THE CASTELLO]
+
+As the procession reached the gates of the Castello, a triumphant burst
+of martial music was sounded by the trumpeters on the topmost tower,
+and Count Massimiliano, the Castellan, presented the golden keys of
+the gates to the Duchess, on bended knee. Christina received them with
+a gracious smile, and, accepting his hand, alighted from her horse,
+amid the cheers of the populace, who, rushing in on all sides, seized
+the baldacchino, tore the costly brocade into ribbons, and divided the
+spoil. Meanwhile the Duke, leaning on a stick, received his wife with
+a deep reverence, and led her by the hand into the beautiful suite of
+rooms, hung with mulberry-coloured velvet and cloth of gold, which had
+been prepared for her use.[100] Cardinal Gonzaga and De Praet supped
+with the bride and bridegroom that evening, to the sweet melodies of
+the Duke's flutes and viols. The gates of the Castello were closed,
+enormous bonfires blazed on the walls, and rockets went up to heaven
+from the top of the great tower. Thousands of torches illumined the
+darkness, and the streets were thronged with gay crowds, who gladly
+took advantage of the Duke's permission and gave themselves up to mirth
+and revelry all night long. Long was that day remembered in Milan.
+Old men who could recall the reign of Lodovico, and had witnessed the
+coming of Beatrice and the marriage of Bianca, wept, and thanked God
+that they had lived to see this day. But their joy was destined to be
+of short duration.
+
+
+IV.
+
+At six o'clock on the evening of the 4th of May the marriage of the
+Duke was finally celebrated in the hall of the Rocchetta, which was
+hung with cloth of gold beautifully decorated with garlands of flowers.
+Among the illustrious guests present were the Cardinal of Mantua, the
+Legate Caracciolo, Antonio de Leyva, and the chief nobles and senators.
+The Bishops of Modena and Vigevano chanted the nuptial Mass, and
+Monseigneur de Praet delivered a lengthy oration, which sorely tried
+the patience of his hearers. No sooner had he uttered the last words
+than the Duke took the bride's hand, and brought the ceremony to an
+abrupt conclusion by leading her into the banquet-hall. There a supper
+of delicate viands, fruit, and wines, was prepared, and the guests were
+entertained with music and songs during the evening.[101]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1534] ALFONSO D'ESTE]
+
+Letters of congratulation now poured in from all the Courts of Europe.
+Christina's own relatives--Ferdinand and Anna, the King and Queen of
+Hungary and Bohemia, the King and Queen of Portugal, the Elector of
+Saxony and the Marquis of Brandenburg--all congratulated the Duchess
+on her safe arrival and happy marriage; while the Pope, the Doge of
+Venice, and other Italian Princes, sent the Duke cordial messages.
+One of the most interesting letters which the bridegroom received was
+an autograph epistle from his cousin, Bona Sforza, Queen of Poland,
+who would probably herself have been Duchess of Milan if Massimiliano
+Sforza had reigned longer. It had been the earnest wish of her widowed
+mother, Isabella of Aragon, to effect this union, and it was only
+after the French conquest of Milan in 1515 that her daughter became the
+wife of King Sigismund. From her distant home Bona kept up an active
+correspondence with her Italian relatives, and now sent Francesco the
+following friendly letter:
+
+  "DEAREST AND MOST ILLUSTRIOUS COUSIN,
+
+    "I rejoice sincerely to hear that your most illustrious wife
+    has reached Milan safely. I feel the greatest joy at your happy
+    marriage, and trust that Heaven will send you a fine son. My
+    husband and children join with me in wishing you every possible
+    happiness.
+
+                                                   "BONA, QUEEN.
+  "From Cracow, July 15, 1534."[102]
+
+
+Another of Francesco's illustrious kinsfolk, Alfonso d'Este, Duke
+of Ferrara, came to Milan in person to offer his congratulations to
+his nephew, although he preferred to remain incognito, and his name
+does not figure among the guests who were present at the wedding
+festivities. But Ferrarese chroniclers record that the Duke went to
+Milan on the 30th of April, to attend the wedding of Duke Francesco
+Sforza, who took for wife Madame Christierna, daughter of the King
+of Dacia, and returned home on the 6th of May.[103] Forty-four years
+before, Alfonso, then a boy of fourteen, had accompanied his sister
+Beatrice to Milan for her marriage, and escorted his own bride, Anna
+Sforza, back to Ferrara. Now his long and troubled life was drawing to
+a close, and he died a few months after this last journey to Milan,
+on the 31st of October, 1534. By his last will he left two of his
+best horses and a pair of falcons to his beloved nephew, the Duke of
+Milan.[104] Some writers have conjectured that Alfonso brought his
+favourite painter, Titian, to Milan, and that the Venetian master
+painted portraits of the Duke and Duchess on this occasion.[105] No
+record of Titian's visit, however, has been discovered, and he probably
+painted the portraits of Francesco and Christina from drawings sent to
+him at Venice.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1534] TITIAN'S PORTRAIT]
+
+Titian's friend, Pietro Aretino, was in constant correspondence with
+Count Massimiliano Stampa, who rewarded his literary efforts with gifts
+of gold chains, velvet caps, and embroidered doublets. "I shall be
+clad in your presents all through the summer months," he wrote in a
+letter, signing himself, "Your younger brother and devoted servant."
+Aretino was not only profuse in thanks to this noble patron, but sent
+him choice works of art, mirrors of Oriental crystal, medals engraved
+by Anichino, and, best of all, a little painting of the youthful
+Baptist clasping a lamb, "so life-like that a sheep would bleat at
+the sight of it."[106] The wily Venetian was exceedingly anxious to
+ingratiate himself with the Duke of Milan, and not only dedicated a
+"Paraphase" to him on his marriage, but, according to Vasari, painted
+portraits of both the Duke and Duchess. These pictures were reproduced
+by Campo in the "History of Cremona," which he published in 1585, while
+Christina was still living. The portrait of Francesco was at that
+time the property of the Milanese noble Mario Amigone, while that of
+Christina hung in the house of Don Antonio Lomboni, President of the
+Magistrates.[107] This last portrait was afterwards sent to Florence
+by order of the Grand-Duke Ferdinand, who married the Duchess's
+granddaughter, Christine of Lorraine.
+
+    "I send Your Highness," wrote Guido Mazzenta in January, 1604,
+    "the portrait of the Most Serene Lady, Christina, Queen of
+    Denmark, and grandmother of the Most Serene Grand-Duchess,
+    painted by Titian, by order of Duke Francesco Sforza, when he
+    brought her to Milan as his bride."[108]
+
+Unfortunately, this precious portrait was afterwards sent to Madrid,
+where it is said to have perished in a fire. In Campo's engraving the
+youthful Duchess wears a jewelled cap and pearl necklace, with an
+ermine cape on her shoulders. Her serene air and thoughtful expression
+recall Holbein's famous picture, and give an impression of quiet
+happiness and content which agrees with all that we know of her short
+married life.
+
+The change was great from Malines and Brussels, and Christina often
+missed her old playmates. But her simple, docile nature became easily
+accustomed to these new surroundings, and the affectionate little
+letters which she sent to her aunt and sister all breathe the same
+strain. "We are as happy and contented as possible," she writes to
+Dorothea; and when Camillo Ghilino was starting for Germany, she sends
+a few words, at her lord's suggestion, to be forwarded to Flanders,
+just to tell her aunt how much she loves and thinks of her.[109]
+
+Certainly, when we compare her lot with that of her mother, and
+remember the hardships and sorrows which the young Queen had to
+endure, Christina may well have counted herself fortunate. Her husband
+treated his child-wife with the greatest kindness. Her smallest wish
+was gratified, her tastes were consulted in every particular. The
+rooms which she occupied in the Rocchetta, where his mother, Duchess
+Beatrice, had lived, were hung with rich crimson velvet; the walls
+of her bedroom were draped with pale blue silk; a new loggia was
+built, looking out on the gardens and moat waters. The breaches which
+French and Spanish guns had made in the walls were repaired, and the
+Castello resumed its old aspect. Three state carriages, lined with
+costly brocades and drawn by four horses draped with cloth of gold,
+were prepared by the Duke for his wife, and were first used by the
+Duchess on Ascension Day, when, ten days after her wedding, she made
+her first appearance in public. As she drove to the Duomo, followed by
+the Legate and Ambassadors, and escorted by a brilliant cavalcade of
+nobles, the streets were thronged with eager crowds, who greeted her
+with acclamation, and waited for hours to catch a sight of her face.
+On Corpus Christi, again, a few weeks later, the Duke and Duchess both
+came to see the long procession of Bishops and priests pass through the
+streets, bearing the host under a stately canopy from the Duomo to the
+ancient shrine of S. Ambrogio.
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1534] FRANCESCA PALEOLOGA]
+
+The popularity of the young Duchess soon became unbounded. Her tall
+figure, dark eyes, and fair hair, excited the admiration of all her
+subjects, while her frank and kindly manners won every heart. Although
+prices went up in Milan that year, and the tolls on corn and wine were
+doubled, the people paid these dues cheerfully, and, when they sat down
+to a scanty meal, remarked that they must pay for Her Excellency's
+dinner.[110] Fortunately, by the end of the year there was a
+considerable fall in prices, and a general sense of relief and security
+prevailed.
+
+To the Duke himself, as well as to his people, the coming of the
+Duchess brought new life. For a time his failing health revived in
+the sunshine of her presence. He threw himself with energy into the
+task of beautifying Milan and completing the façade of the Duomo. At
+the same time he employed painters to decorate the Castello and Duomo
+of Vigevano, and an illuminated book of the Gospels, adorned with
+exquisite miniatures and bearing his arms and those of the Duchess, may
+still be seen in the Brera.
+
+Hunting-parties were held for Christina's amusement both at Vigevano
+and in Count Massimiliano's woods at Cussago. Madame de Souvastre
+and most of the Duchess's Flemish attendants had returned to the
+Netherlands with De Praet, and Francesco took great pains to provide
+his wife with a congenial lady-in-waiting. His choice fell on Francesca
+Paleologa, a lady of the noble house of Montferrat, and cousin of the
+newly-married Duchess of Mantua. Her husband, Constantine Comnenus,
+titular Prince of Macedonia, had served under the Pope and Emperor; and
+her daughter, Deianira, had lately married Count Gaspare Trivulzio, a
+former partisan of the French, who was now a loyal subject of the Duke.
+From this time the Princess of Macedonia became Christina's inseparable
+companion, and remained devotedly attached to the Duchess throughout
+her long life. At the same time Francesco appointed one of his
+secretaries, Benedetto da Corte of Pavia, to be master of the Duchess's
+household, and to teach her Italian, which she was soon able to speak
+and write fluently.
+
+The Milanese archives contain several charming little notes written in
+Christina's large, round hand to the Duke during a brief visit which he
+paid to Vigevano, for change of air, in the summer of 1535:
+
+  "MY LORD AND DEAREST HUSBAND,
+
+    "I have received your dear letters, and rejoice to hear of your
+    welfare. This has been a great comfort to me, but it will be a
+    far greater pleasure to see you again. I look forward to your
+    return with such impatience that a single hour seems as long as
+    a whole year. May God keep you safe and bring you home again
+    very soon, for I can enjoy nothing without Your Excellency. I
+    am very well, thank God, and commend myself humbly to your good
+    graces. Signora Francesca is also well, and commends herself to
+    Your Highness.
+
+                                    "Your very humble wife,
+                                                   "CHRISTIERNA.
+  "Milan, June 7, 1535.
+
+    "The bearer of this letter has been very good to me."
+
+Francesco's health had lately given fresh cause for anxiety. He
+suffered from catarrh and fever, and was frequently confined to his
+bed. A Pavian Envoy who had been promised an audience had to leave the
+Castello without seeing His Excellency, and a visit which he and the
+Duchess had intended to pay to Pavia in the spring was put off, to
+the great disappointment of the loyal citizens. Now his absence was
+prolonged owing to a fresh attack of illness, and the young wife wrote
+again at the end of the month, lamenting the delay and expressing the
+same impatience for his return:
+
+  "MY DEAREST HUSBAND,
+
+    [Sidenote: JUNE, 1535] DOROTHEA OF DENMARK]
+
+    "I was delighted, as I always am, with your dear letter of the
+    20th instant, but should have been much better pleased to see
+    you and enjoy the pleasure of your presence, as I hoped to
+    do by this time, especially as these Signors assured me that
+    your absence would be short. But they were, it is plain, quite
+    wrong. However, I must be reasonable, and if your prolonged
+    absence is necessary I will not complain. I thank you for your
+    kind excuses and explanations, but I will not thank you for
+    saying that I need not trouble to write to you with my own
+    hand, because this at least is labour well spent, and I am only
+    happy when I can talk with Your Excellency or write to you, now
+    that I cannot enjoy your company. I commend myself infinitely
+    to your remembrance, and trust God may long preserve you, and
+    grant you a safe and speedy return.
+
+                                      "Your very humble wife,
+                                                   "CHRISTIERNA.
+  "From Milan, June. 1535."[111]
+
+
+But the warm-hearted young wife's wish remained unfulfilled, and four
+months after these lines were written Christina was a widow.
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1535] THE PALATINE]
+
+The chief event of Christina's brief married life was the marriage of
+her elder sister, the Princess of Denmark. Dorothea was by this time
+an attractive girl of fourteen, shorter and slighter than her sister,
+and inferior to her in force of character, but full of brightness and
+gaiety. She was very popular in her old home at Malines, and often
+shot with a crossbow at the meetings of the Guild of Archers. Several
+marriages had been proposed for her, and King James of Scotland had
+repeatedly asked for her hand; but the Emperor hesitated to accept his
+advances, from fear of offending King Francis, whose daughter Magdalen
+had long been pledged to this fickle monarch, while the difficulty
+of providing a dower and outfit for another portionless niece, made
+Mary reluctant to conclude a second marriage. But, a few months after
+Christina's marriage, a new suitor for Dorothea's hand came forward
+in the person of the Count Palatine, who had vainly aspired to wed
+both Eleanor of Austria and Mary of Hungary. Frederic's loyal support
+of Charles's claims to the imperial crown, and his gallant defence of
+Vienna against the Turks, had been scurvily rewarded, and hitherto all
+his attempts to find another bride had been foiled. When, in 1526,
+after the King of Portugal's death, he approached his old love, the
+widowed Queen Eleanor, his advances were coldly repelled; and when
+he asked King Ferdinand for one of his daughters, he was told that
+she was too young for him. After Mary of Hungary's refusal, he left
+the Imperial Court in anger, and told Charles V. that he would take
+a French wife;[112] but Isabel of Navarre, Margaret of Montferrat,
+and the King of Poland's daughter, all eluded his efforts, and when
+he asked for Mary Tudor's hand, King Henry told him that he could not
+insult his good friend and cousin by offering him a bride born out of
+wedlock.[113] Now Ferdinand, unwilling to lose so valuable an ally,
+suddenly proposed that the Palatine should marry his niece Dorothea,
+saying that both he and Charles would rejoice to see him reigning over
+the three northern kingdoms. At first Frederic hesitated, saying that
+he was a grey-headed man of fifty, little fitted to be the husband of
+so young a lady, and had no wish to reign over the turbulent Norsemen.
+Mary, however, welcomed her brother's proposal, regarding it as a
+means of strengthening the Emperor's cause in Northern Europe. In
+Denmark the succession of Frederic's son Christian III. was disputed,
+and a Hanseatic fleet had seized Copenhagen, while Christopher of
+Oldenburg, a cousin of the captive King, had invaded Jutland. With
+the help of these allies it might be possible for the Palatine to
+recover his wife's inheritance. But the execution of this plan was full
+of difficulties, as Prince John's old tutor, the wise Archbishop of
+Lunden, told Charles V. in a letter which he addressed to him in the
+autumn of 1534:
+
+    "MOST SACRED CÆSAR,--I know Denmark well, and am convinced that
+    the Danes will never recognize Christian II. as their King.
+    Count Christopher's expedition will prove a mere flash in the
+    pan, and when he can no longer pay his men, the peasants, who
+    flocked to his banner at the sound of their old King's name,
+    will return to their hearths. Then the nobles will have their
+    revenge, and the proud Lübeck citizens will seize Denmark and
+    establish the Lutheran religion in the name of Christopher or
+    King Henry of England, or any other Prince, as long as he is
+    not Your Majesty; and if they succeed, the trade of the Low
+    Countries will be ruined."[114]
+
+The bait held out to the Palatine, however, proved too alluring, and
+he easily fell a victim to the snare. The Emperor sent him flattering
+messages by Hubert, the faithful servant who has left us so delightful
+a chronicle of his master's doings, and promised his niece a dowry of
+50,000 crowns. It was late on New Year's Eve when Hubert reached his
+master's house at Neumarkt, on his return from Spain, and Frederic was
+already in bed; but he sent for him, and bade him tell his news in
+three words. The messenger exclaimed joyfully: "I bring my lord a royal
+bride, a most gracious Kaiser, and a sufficient dowry." Upon which the
+Palatine thanked God, and bade Hubert go to the cellar and help himself
+to food and drink.[115]
+
+One of Charles's most trusted Flemish servants, Nicholas de Marnol,
+was now sent to Milan, to obtain the consent of the Duke and Duchess
+to Dorothea's marriage. After a perilous journey over the Alps in snow
+and floods, Marnol reached Milan on the 10th of January, 1535, and
+received a cordial welcome. Francesco approved warmly of a union which
+would insure the Princess's happiness and serve to confirm the peace of
+Germany, but quite declined to accept the Emperor's suggestion that he
+should help to provide a pension for Christina's brother-in-law, saying
+that this was impossible, and that His Majesty would be the first to
+recognize the futility of making promises which cannot be kept.
+
+After a short stay at Milan, Marnol went on to Vienna, and advised the
+Palatine to go to Spain himself if he wished to settle the matter.
+Frederic, always glad of an excuse for a journey, travelled by way
+of Brussels and France to Saragossa, and accompanied the Emperor to
+Barcelona, where Charles signed the marriage contract on the eve of
+sailing for Africa.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1535] A HAPPY MARRIAGE]
+
+On the 18th of May, 1535, the marriage was solemnized at Brussels, and
+Frederic consented to leave his bride with her aunt until her outfit
+was completed. Queen Eleanor expressed the liveliest interest in her
+old lover's marriage, and insisted on seeing Dorothea before she
+went to Germany. At length the wedding-party reached Heidelberg, on
+the 8th of September, where the gallant bridegroom, who, in Hubert's
+words, "loved to shine," rode out in rich attire to meet his bride, and
+escorted her with martial music and pomp worthy of a King's daughter
+to the famous castle on the heights. The next day the nuptial Mass
+was celebrated by the Bishop of Spires, and a series of splendid
+entertainments were given by Frederic's brother, the Elector Louis,
+after which the Count took his bride to his own home at Neumarkt, in
+the Upper Palatinate.[116]
+
+"Now at length," wrote Hubert, "my lord thought that he had attained a
+haven of rest, and found a blessed end to all his troubles; but he was
+grievously mistaken, and soon realized that he had embarked on a new
+and tempestuous ocean."[117]
+
+The splendid prospects of recovering his wife's kingdom were destined
+to prove utterly fallacious, and only involved him in heavy expenses
+and perpetual intrigues. The Emperor, as he soon discovered, "had no
+great affection for the enterprise of Denmark,"[118] and before long
+Copenhagen surrendered, and Charles and Mary were compelled to come
+to terms with Christian III. and acknowledge his title. Fortunately,
+in all other respects his marriage proved a happy one. Dorothea was
+greatly beloved by her husband's family and subjects, and made him a
+devoted wife, although, as Hubert soon found out, she was as great a
+spendthrift as her lord, and confessed that she was never happy until
+she had spent her last penny.[119] The very frivolity of her nature
+suited the volatile Count. She shared his love of adventure, and was
+always ready to accompany him on perilous journeys, to climb mountains
+or ford rivers, with the same unquenchable courage and gaiety of
+heart. Even when, in her anxiety to bear a child, she imitated the
+example of Frederic's mother, the old Countess Palatine, and went on
+pilgrimages and wore holy girdles, "this was done without any spirit
+of devotion, but with great mirth and laughter. And how little," adds
+the chronicler, "either pilgrimages or girdles profited her, we all
+know."[120]
+
+
+VI.
+
+Before the Palatine and his bride reached Heidelberg, Europe was
+thrilled by the news of the capture of Tunis, and the flight of the
+hated Barbarossa before his conqueror. It was the proudest moment of
+the Emperor's life. Twenty thousand Christian captives were released
+that day, and went home to spread the fame of their great deliverer
+throughout the civilized world. The news reached Milan on the 2nd of
+August, and was hailed with universal joy. _Te Deums_ were chanted
+in the Duomo, bells were rung in all the churches, and the guns of
+the Castello boomed in honour of the great event. Camillo Ghilino
+was immediately sent by the Duke to congratulate the Emperor on
+his victory, and thank His Majesty once more for all the happiness
+which the generous gift of his niece had brought Francesco and his
+people.[121]
+
+[Illustration: FREDERIC, COUNT PALATINE
+
+Ascribed to A. Dürer (Darmstadt)
+
+_To face p. 106_]
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1535] FRANCESCO SFORZA'S DEATH]
+
+The late Pope, Clement VII., had already expressed his intention of
+rewarding Ghilino's services with a Cardinal's hat, and his successor,
+Paul III., would probably have kept his promise, but the Ambassador
+fell ill in Sicily, and died at Palermo in September, to the Duke's
+great sorrow.[122] Soon after receiving the news, Francesco himself
+fell ill of fever, and once more lost the use of his limbs. All through
+October he grew steadily worse, and by the end of the month the people
+of Milan learnt that their beloved Prince was at the point of death. On
+Monday, the Feast of All Saints, the public anxiety was at its height,
+and silent crowds waited all day at the gates of the Castello to hear
+the latest reports. At length, early in the morning of All Souls' Day,
+they learnt that the last Sforza Duke was no more. Christina watched
+by his bedside to the end, and wept bitterly, for, in the chronicler's
+words, "they had loved each other well."[123] All Milan shared in her
+grief, and nothing but sobbing and wailing was heard in the streets.
+Everyone lamented the good Duke, and grieved for the troubles and
+misery which his death would bring on the land. But the city remained
+tranquil, and there was no tumult or rioting. This was chiefly due to
+Stampa, who, by the Duke's last orders, took charge of the Duchess, and
+administered public affairs in her name, until instructions could be
+received from Cæsar.
+
+A messenger was despatched without delay to the Emperor at Palermo,
+with letters from the Count and a touching little note from Christina,
+informing her uncle how her dear lord's weakness had gradually
+increased, until in the early morning he passed to a better life. The
+dead Prince lay in state for three days in the ducal chapel, clad in
+robes of crimson velvet and ermine, on a bier surrounded by lighted
+tapers. But the funeral was put off till the 19th of November, in
+order, writes the chronicler, to give the people time to show the love
+they bore their lamented master, and also because of the difficulty of
+obtaining sufficient black cloth to drape the walls of the Castello
+and put the Court in mourning. It was a sad time for the young widow.
+During three weeks not a ray of light was allowed to penetrate the
+gloom of the funereal hall where she sat with her ladies, while solemn
+requiems and Masses were chanted in the chapel.
+
+It had been Francesco's wish to sleep with his parents in the Church
+of S. Maria delle Grazie, where the effigies of Lodovico and his lost
+Beatrice had been carved in marble. But when this became known there
+was a general outcry. The people would not allow their beloved Duke to
+be buried anywhere but in the Duomo with the great Francesco and the
+other Sforza Princes. So it was decided only to bury the Duke's heart
+in the Dominican church. His body was laid in a leaden casket covered
+with black velvet, and a wax effigy, wearing the ducal crown and robes,
+was exposed to public view.
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1535] FUNERAL RITES]
+
+Late on Friday, the 19th of November, an imposing funeral procession
+passed from the Castello to the Duomo, through the same streets
+which, only eighteen months before, had been decked in festive array
+to receive the late Duke's bride. First came the Bishops and clergy
+with candles and crosses, then the senators, magistrates, and nobles,
+wearing long black mantles and hoods. After them gentlemen bearing
+the ducal standard, cap, and baton, and Francesco's sword and helmet,
+and what moved the spectators more than all, the white mule which he
+had ridden daily, led by four pages, "looking just as it did when
+His Excellency was alive, only that the saddle was empty." Then the
+bier was carried past, under a gold canopy, and the wax effigy of the
+dead man, was seen clad in gold brocade and ermine, with a vest of
+crimson velvet and red shoes and stockings. Immediately behind rode the
+chief mourner, Giovanni Paolo Sforza, followed by Antonio de Leyva,
+the Imperial and Venetian Ambassadors, the Chancellor Taverna, Count
+Massimiliano Stampa, and the chief Ministers and officials. After
+them came a vast multitude of poor, all in mourning, bearing lighted
+tapers, and weeping as they went. A catafalque, surrounded with burning
+torches, had been erected in the centre of the Duomo, and here, under a
+canopy of black velvet, the Duke's effigy was laid on a couch of gold
+brocade, with his sword at his side and the ducal cap and baton at his
+feet--"a thing," says the chronicler, "truly marvellous to see."[124]
+
+The next morning the funeral rites were celebrated in the presence of
+an immense concourse of people, and a Latin oration was delivered by
+Messer Gualtiero di Corbetta. During three days requiems were chanted
+at every altar in the Duomo, and the great bell, which had never been
+rung before, was tolled for the space of three hours, accompanied by
+all the bells of the other churches in Milan. "And there was no one
+with heart so hard that he was not moved to tears that day," writes
+Burigozzo, the chronicler who was a living witness of the love which
+the citizens bore to their dead Duke.[125] At the end of the week the
+casket containing Francesco's remains was finally laid in a richly
+carved sarcophagus, which had been originally intended to receive
+the ashes of Gaston de Foix, the victor of Ravenna, and which was now
+placed against the wall of the choir, "for a perpetual memorial in the
+sight of all Milan."[126]
+
+No one loved the Duke better and lamented his loss more truly than
+Count Massimiliano Stampa, and Pietro Aretino, who realized this,
+condoled with his noble friend, and at the same time paid an eloquent
+tribute to the dead Prince, in the following letter:
+
+    "The Duke is dead, and I feel that this sad event has not only
+    taken away all your happiness, but part of your own soul.
+    I know the close intimacy in which you lived, nourished in
+    your infancy at the same breast, and bound together in one
+    heart and soul. But you must take comfort, remembering that
+    His Excellency may well be called fortunate in his end. His
+    wanderings began when he was barely six years old, and he was
+    driven into exile before he was old enough to remember his
+    native land. After so many wars and labours, after experiencing
+    famine and sickness himself, and seeing the cruel misery
+    and affliction endured by his subjects, he lived to see
+    perfect tranquillity restored in his dominions, and to enjoy
+    the passionate affection of all Milan. Now, secure in the
+    friendship of Cæsar and the love of Italy, he has given back
+    his spirit to God who gave it. Rejoice, therefore, and render
+    praise and glory to Francesco Sforza's name, because by his
+    wisdom and virtue he conquered fortune, and has died a Prince
+    on his throne, reigning in peace and happiness over his native
+    land. So, my dear lord, I beg you dry your tears, and meet
+    those who love you as I do with a serene brow. The fame of your
+    learning and greatness is known everywhere. Rise above the
+    blows of fate, and console yourself with the thought of your
+    Duke's blessed end. There lies His Excellency's corpse. Give it
+    honourable burial, and I meanwhile will not cease to celebrate
+    him dead and you who are alive."[127]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[79] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, ii. 146.
+
+[80] Schäfer, iv. 204, 209.
+
+[81] "Diarii," liii. 231.
+
+[82] Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 298; Sanuto, lv. 389, 414.
+
+[83] Sanuto, lvii. 610, 637.
+
+[84] State Papers, Record Office, vii. 465.
+
+[85] M. Sanuto, lvii. 157; A. Campo, "Storia di Cremona," 107.
+
+[86] Lanz, ii. 87, 88.
+
+[87] Lanz, ii. 89.
+
+[88] Archivio di Stato, Milan, Carteggio Diplomatico, 1533.
+
+[89] Archivio di Stato, Milano, Carteggio Diplomatico, 1533.
+
+[90] Carteggio Diplomatico, 1533, Archivio di Stato, Milan.
+
+[91] G. M. Burigozzo, "Cronaca Milanese," 1500-1544, p. 516; "Archivio
+Storico Italiano," iii. (1842).
+
+[92] Potenze Sovrane, 1533-34, Archivio di Stato, Milan.
+
+[93] Autografi di Principi Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milan.
+
+[94] Potenze Sovrane, Archivio di Stato, Milan.
+
+[95] State Papers, Record Office, vii. 545.
+
+[96] Potenze Sovrane, Archivio di Stato, Milan.
+
+[97] T. Coryat, "Crudities," i. 215; "Hardwick Papers," i. 85.
+
+[98] Potenze Sovrane, Archivio di Stato, Milan.
+
+[99] M. Guazzo, "Historie d'Italia," 272-275; P. Avenati, "Entrata
+Solemne di Cristina di Spagna"; MS. Continuazione della Storia di
+Corio, O. 240 (Biblioteca Ambrosiana).
+
+[100] C. Magenta, "I Visconti e gli Sforza nel Castello di Pavia," i.
+750; Nubilonio, "Cronaca di Vigevano," 131.
+
+[101] MS. Continuazione di Corio, O. 240 (Biblioteca Ambrosiana).
+
+[102] Autografi di Principi: Sforza. Archivio di Stato, Milan.
+
+[103] F. Roddi, "Annali di Ferrara" (Harleian MSS. 3310).
+
+[104] E. Gardiner, "A King of Court Poets," 355.
+
+[105] Crowe and Cavalcaselle, "Titian," i. 355.
+
+[106] P. Aretino, "Lettere," i. 214.
+
+[107] A. Campo, 107.
+
+[108] Gaye, "Carteggio," iii. 531.
+
+[109] Autografi di Principi: Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milan.
+
+[110] Burigozzo, 521.
+
+[111] Autografi di Principi: Sforza, Archivio di Stato (see Appendix
+I.).
+
+[112] Lanz, i. 419.
+
+[113] H. Thomas, 310.
+
+[114] Altmeyer, "Relations Commerciales," etc., 317; Lanz, ii. 120.
+
+[115] H. Thomas, 328.
+
+[116] Henne, vi. 132.
+
+[117] H. Thomas, 350.
+
+[118] Lanz, ii. 659.
+
+[119] H. Thomas, 350.
+
+[120] "Zimmer'sche Chronik," iv. 145.
+
+[121] Burigozzo, 525.
+
+[122] G. Ghilino, "Annali di Alessandria," 141.
+
+[123] Potenze Sovrane, Archivio di Stato.
+
+[124] Burigozzo, 525.
+
+[125] _Ibid._, 529.
+
+[126] M. Guazzo, 312.
+
+[127] P. Aretino, "Lettere," i. 43.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK V
+
+THE WIDOW OF MILAN
+
+1535-1538
+
+
+I.
+
+Christina's short married life was over. At the end of eighteen months
+she found herself a widow, before she had completed her fourteenth
+year. But the brief interval which had elapsed since she left Flanders
+had sufficed to turn the child into a woman. From the moment of the
+Duke's death, her good sense and discretion won golden opinions from
+the grey-headed statesmen around her. The senators and Ambassadors, the
+deputies from Pavia and the other Lombard cities, who came to offer
+their condolences, were deeply moved at the sight of this Princess,
+whose heavy mourning and widow's weeds contrasted strangely with her
+extreme youth. The dignity and grace of her bearing charmed them still
+more, and all the Milanese asked was to keep their Duchess among
+them. By the terms of the late Duke's investiture, if he died without
+children, the duchy of Milan was to revert to the Emperor, but the city
+of Tortona was settled on the Duchess. By Francesco's will the town and
+Castello of Vigevano, which he had done so much to beautify, were also
+bequeathed to her. Immediately after the Duke's funeral, in obedience
+to his dying lord's order, Stampa hoisted the imperial standard on
+the Castello of Milan, but refused to allow Antonio de Leyva to take
+possession of the citadel until he received orders from Cæsar himself.
+This was faithfully reported to the Emperor by Christina, who gave her
+uncle a full account of the steps which she had taken to administer
+affairs as her lord's representative, adding:
+
+    "If I have failed in any part of my duty or done anything
+    contrary to Your Majesty's wishes, I beg you to excuse my
+    ignorance, assuring you that I have acted by the advice of
+    my late husband's Councillors, and with no regard to my own
+    interests, but with the sole object of promoting Your Majesty's
+    honour and service, and remain
+
+                          "Your very humble and obedient servant,
+                                                    "CHRÉTIENNE.
+  "November 20, 1535."[128]
+
+
+The messenger whom Stampa sent to Palermo on the day of the Duke's
+death missed the Emperor, who had already left for Messina, and the
+news did not reach him until he had landed in Calabria, on his way to
+Naples. It was not till the 27th of November that a horseman bearing
+letters from Cæsar arrived in Milan. Here intense anxiety prevailed
+among all classes, and the Spaniards were as much hated as the Duke
+and Duchess had been beloved. Accordingly, the relief was great when
+it became known that, although Signor Antonio de Leyva was appointed
+Governor-General, Stampa was to retain his post as Castellan, and the
+Duchess was to remain in the Castello.
+
+    "The Duchess remains Duchess," wrote the chronicler, "and all
+    the other officials retain their places. Above all, Count
+    Massimiliano keeps his office, and the city is perfectly
+    quiet."[129]
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1535] THE PRINCE OF PIEDMONT]
+
+Stampa now made a last effort to maintain the independence of Milan.
+He proposed that the widowed Duchess should be given in marriage to
+the Duke of Savoy's eldest son, Louis, a Prince of her own age, who
+was being educated at his imperial uncle's Court. A petition to this
+effect, signed by Chancellor Taverna and all the leading senators, was
+addressed to the Emperor, and Giovanni Paolo Sforza was sent to Rome to
+meet His Majesty and obtain the Pope's support.
+
+    "Gian Paolo Sforza and Taverna," wrote the Venetian Envoy,
+    Lorenzo Bragadin, "have begged Cæsar to give the hand of his
+    niece, the widow, to the Duke of Savoy's son, and this is the
+    wish of all the people of Milan."[130]
+
+Unfortunately, Giovanni Paolo fell ill on the journey, and breathed his
+last in a village of the Apennines, and before Charles left Naples he
+heard that the promising young Prince of Piedmont had died on Christmas
+Day at Madrid. His brother, Emanuel Philibert, was a child of seven,
+and although his ambitious mother, Duchess Beatrix, hastened to put
+forward his claim, nothing more was heard of the scheme.
+
+By this time another marriage for Christina was being seriously
+discussed at the Imperial Court. Even before the Duke's death, the
+French King had done his best to provoke a quarrel with him, and
+had begun to make active preparations for war. Hardly had Francesco
+breathed his last, than he openly renewed his old claim to Milan, and
+sent an Ambassador to the Emperor at Naples, demanding the duchy for
+his second son, Henry, Duke of Orleans, the husband of Catherine de'
+Medici. This plan, which would have made the French supreme in North
+Italy, could not be entertained for a moment, but Charles, in his
+anxiety to avoid war, was ready to accept almost any other alternative.
+When his sister Eleanor implored him to agree to her husband's
+proposal, and, by way of cementing the alliance, give "the little widow
+of Milan" in marriage to the King's third son, the Duke of Angoulême,
+he replied that he would gladly treat of the proposed marriage, but
+only on condition that Angoulême, not Orleans, was put in possession of
+Milan.
+
+The union of the French Prince with Christina now became the subject of
+prolonged negotiations between the two Courts. The Imperial Chancellor,
+Granvelle, drew up a long and careful memorandum, dwelling on the
+obvious advantages of the scheme, on the virtues and charms of the
+young Duchess, on her large dowry and great popularity in Milan, and
+Charles told Francis plainly that he would agree to no scheme by which
+the widowed Duchess was removed from the State, "where she was so much
+beloved and honoured, and where the people placed all their hopes of
+tranquillity in her presence." One great object of these negotiations,
+he wrote, "is to find a noble and suitable husband for our niece, the
+Widow of Milan, who is to us almost a daughter, and who has always
+shown herself so discreet and so obedient to our wishes."[131]
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1536] MANY SUITORS]
+
+Both the Pope and the Venetians supported this scheme as the best
+means of avoiding war and preserving the independence of Milan. At
+the same time Pope Paul did not fail to put in a plea for his own
+kinsman, the son of his niece Cecilia Farnese, and Count Bosio Sforza,
+a descendant of Francesco I.'s half-brother. Bosio had been a loyal
+supporter of the late Duke, but died soon after Christina's marriage,
+leaving a son of fifteen, who was brought up at the Court of Milan.
+The Pope himself addressed a grateful letter to Christina, thanking
+her for the kindness which she had shown the boy, and throwing out a
+hint that a marriage with her young Sforza cousin might be possible.
+Another husband whom Granvelle proposed for her was Duke Alexander
+of Florence, but, fortunately, Charles decided to give him his own
+illegitimate daughter Margaret, and Christina thus escaped union with
+this reckless and profligate Prince, who was soon afterwards murdered
+by his kinsman.[132] Meanwhile the Scottish Ambassadors at the French
+Court made proposals to the Emperor on behalf of their King, James
+V., who had not yet made up his mind to wed Magdalen of Valois, and
+these negotiations were only interrupted by the high-handed action of
+King Henry's new favourite, Thomas Cromwell. Thus, a few weeks after
+the Duke of Milan's death his widow's hand had become the subject of
+animated controversy in all the Courts of Europe.[133]
+
+But while others were negotiating the French were arming. On the 6th of
+March, the first day of Carnival, news reached Milan that a French army
+had crossed the Alps. The strong citadel of Montmélian was betrayed by
+the treachery of a Neapolitan captain, and after a gallant defence the
+Duke of Savoy was compelled to evacuate Turin, and take refuge with
+his wife and children at Vercelli. All hope of peace was now over, and,
+in a consistory held in the Vatican on the 8th of April, the Emperor
+appealed to the Pope to bear witness how earnestly he had tried to
+prevent war, and how fruitless his efforts had proved. At Granvelle's
+suggestion, he determined to carry the war into the enemy's country,
+and, following in the steps of Charles VIII., crossed the Apennines,
+and marched by the Emilian Way and along the banks of the Po towards
+Asti.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1536] MEETING WITH CHARLES V.]
+
+The dread of a French invasion had united all parties in Milan. The
+citizens forgot their hatred of the Spaniards in their terror of
+another siege, and cheerfully submitted to fresh taxes to pay the
+defending army. It was a late spring that year in Lombardy, the weather
+was bitterly cold, and by the end of April the vines had only put forth
+tiny shoots, and the roses were not yet in flower. Nothing was heard
+in the streets but the din of approaching warfare, and the tramp of
+armed _Landsknechten_ marching from Tyrol on their way to the frontier.
+But in the last days of April Christina's dull life was brightened by
+the sudden arrival of the Duchess of Savoy, who fled from the camp at
+Vercelli to take refuge in the Castello of Milan. Times were altered
+since the two Princesses had met at Turin, and the Duchess Beatrix, who
+had welcomed the little bride so warmly, was sadly changed in body and
+mind. She had lost her eldest son, and been driven out of her home by
+foreign invaders, never to return there again in her lifetime. With her
+she brought her two remaining children, the little Princess Catherine
+and Emanuel Philibert, who was one day to become famous as the bravest
+captain in Europe. And she also brought a treasure which excited the
+utmost enthusiasm among the Milanese--the Holy Shroud of St. Joseph of
+Arimathea, which had been preserved for centuries at Chambéry. Crowds
+flocked to the Duomo when Beatrix's Franciscan confessor preached,
+in the hope of seeing the precious Shroud; but the Duchess would not
+allow the relic to leave the Castello, and on the 7th it was exposed
+on the ramparts to the view of an enormous multitude assembled in the
+piazza.[134]
+
+A week later Francesco Sforza's cousin, Ferrante Gonzaga, and the Duke
+of Savoy, came to Milan, but soon left for the camp. Beatrix then
+obtained permission to pay the Emperor a visit on his journey north,
+and by Charles's express request took Christina with her. On the 18th
+of May the magistrates of Pavia received orders from the Duchess of
+Milan's _maggiordomo_, Benedetto da Corte, to prepare lodgings for
+Her Excellency and the Duchess of Savoy, as near to each other as
+possible.[135] The Castello of Pavia had suffered terribly in the siege
+by Lautrec in 1528, but a few rooms were hastily furnished, and on the
+20th Beatrix and Christina arrived, escorted by Count Massimiliano and
+several courtiers. Early on the following morning the two Duchesses
+rode out to Arena on the Po, where they found the Emperor awaiting
+them. Charles was unfeignedly glad to see both his sister-in-law and
+the niece whom he had left as a child at Brussels four years before,
+and welcomed them affectionately.[136] But the interview was a short
+one, and the next day he continued his journey to Asti, where he joined
+Antonio de Leyva and Ferrante Gonzaga, and prepared to invade Provence.
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1536] CARDINAL CARACCIOLO]
+
+Meanwhile Beatrix and Christina returned to Milan, and spent the summer
+together in the Castello. A close friendship sprang up between the two
+Duchesses. Beatrix took a motherly interest in her young companion, and
+the children's presence helped to cheer these anxious months. At first
+the Emperor's arms were entirely successful. The French retired before
+him to Avignon, laying the country waste, and he met with no opposition
+until he reached Aix, which resisted all his attacks. During the long
+siege which followed, his soldiers suffered severely from disease and
+famine, and many youths of the noblest Milanese families were among
+the victims.[137] Early in September, while Christina's own secretary,
+Belcorpo, was robbed and murdered on his way to the camp, Antonio de
+Leyva, the redoubtable Commander-in-Chief, died, and was buried in S.
+Eustorgio at Milan. The Papal Legate, Cardinal Caracciolo, a Neapolitan
+by birth, was appointed to succeed him as Viceroy of Milan. He had
+only just assumed the reins of office, and paid his first visit to the
+young Duchess, when he received a summons from the Emperor to join him
+at Genoa. Finding it impossible to reduce Aix, Charles had determined
+to abandon the campaign, and on the 16th of November a three months'
+truce was signed between the two monarchs. The Emperor was anxious to
+return to Spain, where his presence was sorely needed. But before his
+departure he sent for the Cardinal, desiring him to leave some trusty
+lieutenant to govern the State in his absence, and take charge of his
+niece the Duchess. Accordingly, Caracciolo went to Genoa on the 4th of
+October, accompanied by Beatrix of Savoy, who, after a long interview
+with the Emperor, joined her husband at Nice, the only city which
+still belonged to him. Soon after this her health gave way under the
+prolonged strain, and this once brilliant and beautiful woman died in
+January, 1538, as she said herself, of a broken heart.
+
+Christina, now left alone at Milan, wrote a long letter to the
+Cardinal, whom she addressed in the language of a caressing child,
+saying that he was dear to her as a father, and seeking his help for
+two objects which lay very near her heart.
+
+    "The true affection," she writes, "which Your Excellency has
+    shown me, and the kind remembrance of me which you always keep,
+    makes me anxious for your health and welfare. So I beg you to
+    tell me how you have prospered on your journey, and if you are
+    well in health."
+
+She then begs her friend the Cardinal to use his influence with the
+Emperor on behalf of her sister Dorothea, "the person now nearest and
+dearest to her on earth," who is in need of her powerful uncle's help.
+Probably the Palatine was, as usual, endeavouring to recover arrears
+of the pension due to him by the Emperor, and to obtain compensation
+for the costs which he had incurred in the disastrous expedition
+against Copenhagen. Hubert had lately been sent to Charles with this
+object, and had at the same time suggested that, if the Emperor needed
+a Viceroy for Milan, no one could be more suitable than his lord. But
+whatever the precise object of Dorothea's request may have been,
+Christina's intercession, it is to be feared, availed her little.
+
+The Duchess's other petition was more easily granted.
+
+    "As a whole year," she wrote, "will soon have elapsed since the
+    death of my dearest husband, of blessed memory, I beg you to
+    entreat His Majesty, in my name, to be pleased to give orders
+    that this anniversary may be observed in a due and fitting
+    manner. And I am quite certain that he will not refuse to hear
+    this my prayer."[138]
+
+It would indeed have been impossible for the Emperor to refuse so
+reasonable a request, and the anniversary of the late Duke's death was
+observed with due ceremonial in all the churches of Milan. But the days
+of the young Duchess's abode in this city were fast drawing to a close.
+Before Charles left Italy he had determined to place a strong Spanish
+garrison in the Castello, to defend Milan against the risk of a French
+invasion, and had only delayed to take this step from fear of exciting
+discontent in the city. Stampa had hitherto succeeded in warding off
+the blow, but now he was forced to bow to the imperial command, and
+surrender the Castello to a foreign captain.
+
+Charles, it must be owned, did his best to soften the blow. He made the
+Count a present of the rich fief of Soncino in the province of Cremona,
+and sent him as a parting gift the costly plate which had belonged to
+the late Duke, with a cordial invitation to follow him to Spain. But we
+see, from a letter which Stampa's friend Aretino sent him, how sorely
+this vexed his noble heart.
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1536] ARETINO'S COMFORT]
+
+    "I will not grieve, my illustrious friend," wrote the
+    time-serving Venetian, "if you have to give up the Castello,
+    which you held for love of His Excellency, of happy memory,
+    because to my mind it was a prison for your genius. Dry your
+    tears, and console yourself with the reflection that now at
+    least you are a free man. His Majesty is relieved from the
+    jealousy of his Spanish servants, and you are saved from
+    further anxieties on this subject. Now you can, if you choose,
+    follow him to Spain, and lay down your office with honour
+    unstained, and then return to Milan to live in freedom and
+    contentment."[139]
+
+This was poor comfort for Massimiliano, but the Emperor's will was
+not to be gainsaid, and the Count could only lay down his office and
+take leave of the young Duchess, assuring her of his undying loyalty
+and faithfulness. Charles had not forgotten his niece, and before he
+sailed for Barcelona on the 15th of November he sent one of his oldest
+and most trusted servants, Jean de Montmorency, Sieur de Courrières,
+the Captain of the Archers' Guard, to take charge of the Duchess, and
+eventually conduct her to Flanders. But while negotiations for her
+second marriage were still pending, it was felt desirable that she
+should remain in Lombardy; and since the Castello would no longer be a
+fit place for her, Montmorency was ordered to escort her to Pavia. On
+the 10th of December, 1536, De Courrières arrived with fifty archers of
+the Imperial Guard, and, after a brief consultation with the Cardinal
+and Stampa, decided to take the Duchess to Pavia without delay.[140]
+
+The leaves of the trees in the gardens were turning yellow, and a pale
+wintry sun shone down on the Castello, which Christina had first seen
+in the joyous May-time, when a little procession of black-robed ladies,
+with their attendants, issued from the Rocchetta, and mounted the
+horses and litters in waiting for them. A few bystanders saluted them
+reverently, and followed them with wistful eyes as they rode out of the
+gates, down the street leading to the Porta Ticinese, until they were
+out of sight.
+
+A few days later Count Massimiliano Stampa marched out of the Castello
+at the head of his troops, and gave up the keys, which he had received
+from the last Sforza Duke, to the Spanish Captain Alvarez de Luna,
+who entered the gates amid the curses and groans of the citizens.
+Henceforth the life of Milan as an independent State was over, and the
+yoke of Spain descended on the ancient capital of Lombardy.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1536] A PALACE IN RUINS]
+
+The city of Pavia had always been loyal to the House of Sforza. In
+no part of the duchy was there greater rejoicing on the restoration
+of Duke Francesco II.; nowhere was his premature death more deeply
+lamented. Several of Christina's most faithful servants were natives of
+Pavia; among others, Benedetto da Corte, the master of her household,
+and Bottigella, who had been so active in the preparations for her
+reception. Now the people of Pavia welcomed her coming warmly, and
+exerted themselves to see that nothing was lacking to her comfort. But
+the city and Castello had suffered terribly in the protracted struggle
+with France. The palace which had been the pride of the Sforza Dukes
+was stripped of its fairest treasures. The frescoes and tapestries
+were destroyed, the famous library was now in the castle of Blois,
+and a great part of the walls had been thrown down by French guns and
+allowed to crumble to pieces. So dilapidated was the state of the
+building that it was difficult to find habitable rooms for the Duchess
+and her suite.
+
+On the 21st of December, ten days after Christina's arrival, she
+was forced to address a request to the chief magistrate, Lodovico
+Pellizone, begging that her bedroom might be supplied with a wooden
+ceiling, as the room was lofty and bitterly cold in this winter season.
+Pellizone wrote without delay to the Governor of Milan, but received
+no reply, and on New Year's Day Montmorency himself wrote to remind
+the Cardinal of the Duchess's request, urging that the work might
+be done without delay, and putting in a plea for a better provision
+of mattresses to accommodate the members of her household. Still no
+redress was obtained, and at length the Captain of the Archers took the
+law into his own hands, and sent for carpenters to panel the Duchess's
+bedroom.[141] But in spite of these drawbacks, in spite of the wind
+that whistled through the long corridors and the comfortless air of the
+empty halls, Christina's health and spirits were excellent. Her spirits
+quickly recovered their natural buoyancy in these new surroundings, her
+eyes shone with the old brightness, and the sound of merry laughter
+was once more heard in the spacious halls and desolate gardens. On
+the 3rd of January, only two days after Montmorency addressed his
+fruitless remonstrance to the Viceroy, Christina herself wrote a
+letter to the same illustrious personage in a very different strain.
+She had, it appears, seen a very handsome white horse in the hostelry
+of the Fountain in Pavia, and was seized with a passionate desire to
+have the palfrey for her own use. So she wrote in the most persuasive
+language to her good Father the Cardinal, begging his leave to buy the
+horse, which she is convinced will suit her exactly. But, since she
+fears that her monthly allowance will not suffice to defray the cost,
+she begs His Eminence to advance the necessary sum, and charge it to
+the extraordinary expenses for which she is not responsible. This
+letter, written in her large round hand, was sent to Milan by one of
+the Duchess's lackeys, with the words "Cito, cito" on the cover, and
+an urgent plea for an immediate answer.[142] The kindly old Cardinal,
+who had a soft side for the youthful Princess, could hardly refuse so
+pressing a request, and Christina probably bought the white horse, and
+had the pleasure of mounting it when she rode out to visit the friars
+of the Certosa or hunted in their park.
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1537] THE EMPEROR'S SERVANT]
+
+She had another good friend and devoted servant in the Sieur de
+Courrières--Monsignor di Corea, as he was called in Italy. This
+gallant gentleman had grown up in close intimacy with the Emperor from
+his boyhood. He accompanied Charles to Spain as cupbearer, and was
+appointed Captain of the Archers' Guard on attaining his majority.
+In 1535 he followed his master to Africa at the head of a chosen
+band of archers, fifty of whom remained with him as an escort for
+the Duchess. By Charles's orders, he sent constant reports to His
+Majesty from Pavia. The correspondence fills a whole volume, and is
+extremely interesting if only because it shows the familiarity with
+which the great Emperor treated his old servant, and the freedom which
+Montmorency allowed himself in addressing his master.
+
+On the 15th of February, Charles wrote from Valladolid, thanking
+De Courrières cordially for the services which he had rendered the
+Duchess, approving highly of her residence at Pavia, and promising
+to pay for the maintenance of his archers. He alludes pleasantly to
+Montmorency's meeting with another of his confidential servants,
+Simonet, whom he had left at Milan.
+
+    "Simonet was right to put off his return to Flanders until the
+    worst rigours of winter were over, and was fortunate in meeting
+    you, for old folks of the same country are very glad to meet
+    in foreign lands, even if they are not natives of Brabant.
+    Farewell, _cher et féal_, for the present, and God have you in
+    His holy keeping!"
+
+Five weeks later he wrote again, expressing his satisfaction at hearing
+of his dear niece's health and happiness, and saying how entirely he
+trusted Montmorency to provide for her comfort.
+
+    "At the same time," he continued, "we cannot help feeling, both
+    with regard to the Duchess's widowed condition and the troubled
+    state of Italy, that she would be better with our sister, the
+    Queen of Hungary, in our own country, _par-deça_, where some
+    suitable marriage might be found for her. Accordingly we have
+    written to our sister on the subject, and desired Cardinal
+    Caracciolo to make all needful preparation for her journey.
+    You had better see that she has a proper escort and all else
+    that is necessary to her comfort, without making these things
+    public, until we hear from our sister."[143]
+
+Mary on her part was most anxious for her niece's return, and lost no
+time in letting Charles know how impatiently she expected her. But,
+with characteristic dilatoriness, the Imperial Council, which met at
+Monzone on the 2nd of June, pronounced that it was highly expedient
+for the Widow of Milan to go to Flanders, but that the Queen's wishes
+must first of all be consulted.[144] Meanwhile Count Massimiliano
+Stampa returned from Spain with instructions from the Emperor to
+make arrangements for the Duchess's journey with the Cardinal and
+Montmorency, and Charles wrote again to beg the Captain to start
+without delay. But this, as Montmorency replied, was not so easy. Three
+months' pay was due to his men, and in his penniless condition it was
+hard to provide them with food or their horses with fodder.
+
+    "I will do my utmost, Sire," he wrote on the 15th of June, "but
+    some things are impossible. As I told you when you left me at
+    Genoa, six months' wages were due to me, and I can only beg you
+    to have pity on your poor Captain; for we are in sore straits,
+    and you alone can help us, for, as the Scripture saith, _Tua
+    est potentia_."
+
+At the same time, like the brave soldier that he was, the writer cannot
+refrain from expressing his joy at the good news of the capture of S.
+Pol, which had just arrived from Flanders.
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1537] CAPTAIN OF THE ARCHERS]
+
+    "Sire, I hear grand news from S. Pol, and am sure, when you
+    return to your Low Countries, you will find that the Queen
+    has been very vigilant in charge of your affairs, and will be
+    welcomed by very humble and loyal subjects. But you will have
+    something to say to the citizens of Ghent, for I fear those
+    gentlemen are not as wise as they might be. Sire, I hear that,
+    after the surrender of Hesdin, your sister the Queen of France
+    came to the camp in rich attire, with a number of ladies all
+    in white. Such insolence cannot last long, as S. Pol--both the
+    town and the Apostle--bear witness. I hear that Madame the new
+    Duchesse d'Étampes was nowhere. _Sic transit gloria mundi._ All
+    this Latin is to show Your Majesty that I have not wasted my
+    time in Pavia, any more than Don Beltrami did at Louvain. Once
+    more I beg you to have pity on _La Chrétiennete_, who needs
+    your help more than ever."
+
+But the summer months went by, and still no orders and no money came
+from Spain. Pavia became unhealthy, and the Duchess and all the members
+of her household fell ill of fever.
+
+    "Hardly one has escaped," wrote Montmorency on the 22nd of
+    August, "but now, thank God, my Lady has recovered, and I am
+    trying to raise money to carry out your orders, although I fear
+    my purse is not long enough to feed my poor archers."[145]
+
+A month later the Captain went to Milan to expedite matters, but as
+yet could hear nothing from Spain, and on his return to Pavia early in
+October, he addressed long remonstrances both to Charles and Granvelle.
+
+    "Sire," wrote the irate Captain, "I have been ordered to take
+    my Lady Duchess to Flanders, but not a word has been said as
+    to the route that I am to take. Since it is your pleasure, it
+    shall be done; but if any harm comes to her in Germany, seeing
+    the poor escort we shall have, who will be to blame? My fear is
+    that, as we pass through the duchy of Würtemberg, the Duke's
+    son may fall upon us with his _Landsknechten_, and my Lady
+    would certainly not be a bad match for him! Your Majesty has
+    not given me a single letter or warrant for the journey, and
+    has not written me a word. And when I get _par-deça_, I know
+    not what I am to do or say. My Lady, too, is much surprised
+    not to have received a letter from Your Majesty before her
+    departure, but of this, of course, I have no right to speak."
+
+In a postscript he adds that he has raised 500 gold crowns, and given
+each of his men 10 crowns to buy new saddles, as they hope to start on
+the 15th of October. He ends by humbly reminding His Majesty that he is
+growing old, and is almost fifty, and that if he does not soon take a
+wife it will be too late.
+
+    "All this coming and going ages a man, and before long I shall
+    be as wrinkled as the rest. So when I reach the Queen, I hope
+    some little token of honour may be given me, that men may see
+    Your Majesty has not wholly forgotten me. And you will, I hope,
+    tell me what I am to do when I have taken Her Excellency to
+    Flanders, as I have written to Granvelle repeatedly, and had
+    no answer, but suppose he is busy with great affairs. And I
+    pray that all prosperity may attend Your Majesty, and that this
+    year, which has begun so well, may end by seeing you back in
+    Piedmont."[146]
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1537] CHRISTINA'S DEPARTURE]
+
+On the 14th of October Christina herself wrote to inform the Emperor of
+her intended departure, and of the good order of her affairs, thanks to
+the Cardinal and Seigneur de Courrières. "We hope to start to-morrow,
+and travel by way of Mantua and Trent, and through Germany, taking
+whichever seems to be the shortest and safest route." There had, it
+appears, been much discussion over the revenues assigned to the Duchess
+as her dower, and in the end she was deprived of the town and Castello
+of Vigevano, which the Duke had left her by his will. But by the terms
+of her marriage contract she remained absolute mistress of the city of
+Tortona, and informed the Emperor that, acting on the advice of the
+Cardinal, as Lady of Tortona, she had appointed a certain Gabriele
+Panigarola to be Governor of the town, and begged his approval. At
+the same time she sent her uncle a memorial, drawn up by Montmorency,
+explaining that, since she had not received the arrears of her dowry,
+she was not able to pay her servants, and had been forced to contract
+many debts at Pavia, and to spend money on the repair of the rooms
+which she occupied in the Castello.
+
+Many last requests were addressed to the Duchess by the poor and needy
+whom she had befriended, and from her own servants, who with one
+voice begged to be allowed to follow her to Flanders. One of the most
+pressing came from an old Milanese couple, whose son, Niccolò Belloni,
+was Christina's secretary, and at their earnest prayer she decided
+to allow the young man to remain in her service as one of the four
+Italians who accompanied her to Flanders by the Emperor's orders. And
+the last letter which the Duchess wrote to the Cardinal, on the eve of
+her departure, was to plead for a community of noble ladies in Pavia
+who were reduced to dire poverty owing to the late wars, and begged
+humbly for a remission of taxes.[147] During the ten months which she
+had spent at Pavia the young Duchess had made herself beloved by all
+classes of people, and her departure was lamented by the whole city.
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1537] "EN VOYAGE"]
+
+On the 15th of October Christina and her suite left Pavia, and started
+on their long-deferred journey to Flanders. When she first set foot in
+Italy as a bride, three and a half years before, the Lombard plains
+were in the first flush of spring, roses and myrtles were breaking
+into bloom, and the flowers sprang up under her feet. Now the autumn
+rains fell in such torrents that Cardinal Caracciolo was seriously
+alarmed, and wrote to Benedetto da Corte and Monsignore di Corea,
+asking if it might not be well to delay their departure. The first
+idea had been to go from Pavia to Cremona in a single day, but the bad
+roads and swollen rivers increased the difficulties of travel, and the
+Cardinal wrote to implore Messer Benedetto and Corea not to undertake
+such long journeys, lest the Duchess should be overtired. So the party
+only rode as far as Codogno, the castle of Count Gaspare Trivulzio,
+where he and his beautiful wife, Deianira, received them joyfully,
+and entertained them "as magnificently as if they had been invited to
+a wedding." Christina's lady-in-waiting, the Princess of Macedonia,
+rejoiced to be under her daughter's roof, and Benedetto da Corte wrote
+to tell the Cardinal that nothing could exceed the splendour and
+hospitality of Count Gaspare's reception. On the 18th the travellers
+rode along the plains flooded by the swollen Po till they reached
+Cremona, the dower city of Bianca Visconti, where she had been married
+to the great Condottiere Francesco Sforza, and which had clung with
+unswerving loyalty to the fortunes of his house. Here the Castellan
+came out to meet the Duchess, at the head of the chief citizens, and
+escorted her to the Castello under the shadow of the famous Torrazza,
+where she and all her suite found the best of cheer. The next morning
+the travellers resumed their way, and crossed the rushing Oglio, under
+the castle of the Gonzagas of Bozzolo, and rode along the green meadows
+by Castiglione's country home, where his aged mother was still living.
+The great courtier's name was familiar to all Charles V.'s servants,
+and Montmorency, who had known him in Spain, may have paused to look at
+the fair sepulchral chapel which Giulio Romano had lately reared in the
+pilgrimage church of S. Maria delle Grazie. At Mantua another splendid
+welcome awaited Christina. The Gonzaga Princes never forgot their close
+relationship to the Sforzas, and while the reigning Duchess welcomed
+the Princess of Macedonia as a kinswoman, the old Marchesana, Isabella,
+rejoiced to embrace her nephew's wife, and looked with affection on
+this youthful Duchess who bore the same title as her long-lost Beatrice.
+
+The next morning Benedetto da Corte sent the Cardinal a glowing
+account of their journey, which, in spite of the weather, had been one
+triumphal progress:
+
+  "REVERENDISSIMO,
+
+    "Her Excellency arrived safely here at Mantua yesterday with
+    all her company, horses, and carriages, and was received
+    most royally, as has, indeed, been the case in every place
+    where we have halted on our way. Her whole household has been
+    entertained with the best fare, and with little damage to our
+    purses.... The kindness with which we have been received has
+    made these perpetual rains tolerable. We are quite accustomed
+    to them, and shall not be afraid of the next tempest! We are
+    resting here on this sixth day of our journey at the entreaty
+    of these illustrious Princes. On Sunday, please God, we shall
+    reach Verona, and I have sent to ask the Governor to prepare
+    convenient lodgings for Her Excellency. His Reverence the
+    Cardinal of Trent has sent a messenger here to-night to inquire
+    how many we number, and so we go on gaily from stage to stage.
+    Once we have reached Trent, we shall seem to be in sight of
+    the Rhine, and can pursue our way at less peril to our lives,
+    and, let us hope, to the greater advantage of His Majesty's
+    service. I kiss Your Reverence's hand, and so also does
+    Monsignore di Corea.
+
+                                            "BENEDETTO DA CORTE.
+  "Mantova, October 20."[148]
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1537] THE CARDINAL OF TRENT]
+
+The Cardinal's worst anxieties were relieved by the receipt of
+Benedetto's letter, and he sent a reply to the Castle of Trent thanking
+him and Monsignore di Corea for their trouble, and expressing great
+satisfaction to hear of their prosperous journey. The travellers now
+turned their steps northwards, and, after spending a night in the city
+of the Scaligeri, followed the Adige through the rocky defile known
+as La Chiusa di Verona. As they passed through the fortified gates at
+the farther end of the ravine, a salute from the guns made them aware
+that they had entered Austrian territory. A few miles farther they
+were met by the Cardinal-Bishop, Bernhard von Clès, who had ridden out
+with a great train to welcome the Duchess. A strong Imperialist no
+less than an active reformer, Bernhard von Clès had been raised to the
+cardinalate at Charles's coronation, and was now Vice-Chancellor of the
+Empire.[149] He had lately received a visit from Christina's uncle,
+King Ferdinand, and his wife, Anna, who honoured his niece's wedding
+with their presence, and the sumptuous rooms which they had occupied
+were now placed at Christina's disposal. "Nothing was lacking," wrote
+Benedetto da Corte, "which could please the eye or delight the mind."
+The splendour of the episcopal palace and the open-handed liberality of
+the Cardinal made a great impression on Montmorency, who wrote himself
+to tell the Cardinal how well Madama had borne the journey.
+
+    "I cannot tell you," he adds, "how splendidly Monsignor
+    Reverendissimo has received the Duchess, and how sumptuously he
+    has feasted us. Here we mean to rest all to-day, and to-morrow
+    we will pursue our journey with the utmost diligence."
+
+But so pressing was the Cardinal, and so luxurious were the quarters
+provided for them, that the travellers remained at Trent several days,
+and only resumed their journey on the 27th of October.
+
+The most arduous part of the way now lay before them, and Benedetto
+describes how they harnessed the mules to the chariot in order that
+the Duchess and her ladies might drive across the Brenner Pass, at
+least as far as Innsbruck. Montmorency was in some doubt as to the
+route which the Duchess had better take through Germany, but, much to
+his satisfaction, he found the long-expected letter from the Emperor
+awaiting him at Innsbruck. It was written from Monzone on the last day
+of October, a fortnight after Christina had left Pavia. Charles put the
+blame of his delay on the Queen of Hungary's shoulders, and, since it
+was too late to wait for her directions, bade him consult the Cardinal
+of Trent as to their future journey.
+
+    "If you have already left Trent, you had better go on either
+    by road or else by the Rhine. If you are at Innsbruck, you can
+    take advice from the King our brother or from Dr. Matthias
+    Held"--one of Ferdinand's most trusted German Councillors--"and
+    choose whichever route they consider the safest. If you have
+    received no letters from the Queen, you had better send a
+    messenger to Flanders, and we will inform you as soon as we
+    know her pleasure regarding our niece's future plans."
+
+In conclusion the Emperor tells Montmorency that he is sending the
+letters patent for which he asked, although they are hardly necessary,
+and has already told the Queen to refund all the expenses which he has
+incurred, and to be mindful of his great and long services.[150]
+
+The travellers spent some time at Innsbruck in the ancient castle which
+is still adorned with the Sforza arms, and Christina saw the superb
+monument erected by her great-grandfather Maximilian in the church
+hard by. Ferdinand and his wife and daughters were in Vienna, but the
+route which Montmorency chose was that followed by most travellers,
+along the Lake of Constance and down the Rhine to Spires. From the
+first Christina had been very anxious to visit her sister Dorothea on
+her journey north, and she succeeded in obtaining her uncle's consent
+to this arrangement. The two Princesses had not met since Christina
+left Brussels in the spring of 1534, and Dorothea was no less impatient
+to see her sister. Even before the travellers reached Trent, they met
+two Genoese merchants, who told Montmorency that on their way through
+Germany they had seen the Count Palatine Frederic and Madama la
+Principessa, his wife, with a great company, on their way to Heidelberg
+to await the Duchess's coming. When, in November, the travellers at
+length reached Heidelberg, they found themselves impatiently expected,
+and Christina received the warmest welcome from the Elector Palatine
+and his family.
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1537] AT HOME AGAIN]
+
+Festivities such as Frederic and Dorothea took delight in--jousting,
+banquets, and dances--followed each other in rapid succession, and the
+castle blazed with innumerable torches through the winter nights.
+It was a great change from the funereal blackness of the Castello of
+Milan and the desolate halls of Pavia, and the young Duchess enjoyed it
+to the full. The days sped by all too quickly, and so happy were the
+sisters in each other's company that the Elector invited Christina to
+stay over Christmas. The young Duchess accepted the proposal gleefully,
+and all were preparing to spend a joyous festival, when Montmorency
+received peremptory orders from the Queen-Regent to bring her niece
+forthwith to Flanders. After this no delays were possible. The sisters
+parted sadly from each other, and the travellers once more took boat
+and sailed down the Rhine to Cologne.
+
+From here it was an easy journey to Aix-la-Chapelle, and through the
+friendly State of Cleves to Maestricht, and thence to Louvain and
+Brussels. On the 8th of December Christina set foot once more in the
+ancient palace of the Dukes of Brabant, and was clasped in her aunt's
+arms. Ten days afterwards she wrote a letter to inform the Emperor
+of her safe arrival, and of "the good and loving welcome" which she
+had received from "Madame my aunt." She begged His Majesty to keep
+her still in his remembrance, and signed herself, "Your humble niece,
+Chrétienne."[151]
+
+She was at home once more among her own people, and all the strange
+sights and scenes, all the wonderful experiences which she had known,
+in these four eventful years, seemed to fade away like a dream. But she
+had left Flanders a child, and she came back a woman.
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1537] THE CLEVES MARRIAGE]
+
+Christina's return was impatiently awaited at Brussels. The courtiers
+who remembered her mother, and had known her as a child, were eager
+to see the young Duchess, whose courage and wisdom had been shown in
+such trying circumstances. All through the summer her coming had been
+expected, and the Regent was seriously annoyed at the prolonged delays
+which had hindered her niece's departure from Milan. Her heart yearned
+over the child from whom she had parted with so much reluctance. More
+than this, she had in her mind's eye a second husband ready for the
+young Duchess. This was William, the only son and heir of the reigning
+Duke of Cleves. A handsome and well-educated young man of twenty-two,
+the young Duke had not yet developed that fatal weakness of purpose
+which proved his bane, and was to all appearances an excellent match
+for the Emperor's niece. The political advantages of the union were
+obvious. Duke John had married the heiress of Jülich and Bergh, and
+reigned over three rich and peaceful provinces on the Lower Rhine. He
+had always been on friendly terms with the Emperor, and when, a few
+months after the Duke of Milan's death, he asked for the young widow's
+hand on behalf of his son, Mary welcomed these advances gladly, and
+hastened to communicate them to the Emperor.[152] At first Charles
+replied coolly that, if the marriage with Angoulême could not be
+arranged, the proposals made by the King of Scotland or Cleves might be
+entertained. In October, 1536, Mary sent a confidential messenger, La
+Tiloye, to Genoa to learn the Emperor's pleasure in the matter, but
+nothing further was done. After the fresh outbreak of war in 1537, and
+the invasion of Artois by the French, Charles became more alive to the
+importance of the question, and wrote to his sister from Spain, saying
+that he had ordered the Widow of Milan to go to the Low Countries, and
+hoped she would proceed at once to the conclusion of the marriage with
+Cleves.[153]
+
+At that moment all Mary's energies were absorbed in the struggle with
+France. She herself went to Lille to superintend military operations,
+and appeared on horseback in the trenches before Thérouenne, where her
+courage excited the admiration of John Hutton, the English Ambassador.
+"Let the King but tarry fifteen days," she exclaimed, "and I will show
+him what God may strengthen a woman to do!" But, in spite of these
+brave words, Mary, as Hutton soon discovered, was sincerely desirous
+to end the war. "The Queen's anxiety for peace," he wrote home, "is as
+great as her ardour in war."[154] She knew the straits to which the
+Emperor was reduced and the exhaustion of the Treasury. "The poverty
+of this country is so great," she wrote to Charles on the 9th of June,
+"that it is impossible to provide necessary funds for the war. We must
+have peace, or we are lost."[155] Under these circumstances she lent a
+willing ear to her sister Queen Eleanor's advances, and the two sisters
+had the satisfaction of arranging a truce at Bomy, a village near
+Thérouenne. The siege of this city was raised, the French evacuated the
+towns which they held, and on the 10th of September peace was ratified
+by the Emperor at Monzone.
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1538] THE SUCCESSION OF GUELDERS]
+
+Mary felt that she could once more breathe freely. She lost no time
+in renewing negotiations with the Duke of Cleves, and the proposed
+marriage became the talk of the Court. "The Queen," wrote Hutton,
+on the 2nd of September, from Bruges, where Mary was hunting after
+her wont and spending all day in the saddle, "looketh daily for the
+Duchess of Milan, who shall be married to the Duke of Cleves's son and
+heir."[156] A month later the Cleves Envoys arrived at Brussels, and,
+after repeated interviews with the Queen and her Council, returned,
+well satisfied, to obtain their master's consent to the terms of the
+contract. The news spread rapidly, and was reported by Ambassadors
+from Spain and Germany, from Rome and Paris, with the same unanimity.
+Suddenly an unexpected event altered the face of affairs. Charles of
+Egmont, the fiery old Duke of Guelders, who had for many years been
+the Emperor's bitter enemy, fell ill, and, feeling his end to be near,
+summoned the Estates of his realm to choose a successor. Since he had
+no issue, his own wish was to leave his States to the French King; but
+his subjects positively refused to be handed over to a foreign Power,
+and chose the young Duke William of Cleves, who hastened to visit
+Nimeguen, where he was acclaimed by his future subjects. This was a
+clear breach of faith, since, by the treaty concluded a year before
+with the Emperor, Guelders was to pass into his hands at Charles of
+Egmont's death, and the ancient rights to the duchy which the House
+of Cleves formerly claimed had been already sold to the Dukes of
+Burgundy.[157] Mary's indignation was great. She wrote angrily to tell
+William of Cleves that Guelders was the property of the Emperor, and
+that if he persevered in his pretensions all idea of his marriage
+to her niece must be abandoned. The young Duke returned a courteous
+answer, saying that nothing could be farther from his thoughts than a
+breach of loyalty to the Emperor, and professing the utmost anxiety
+for the marriage. At the same time the old Duke's action excited great
+annoyance in Lorraine, where his nephew, the reigning Duke Anthony,
+claimed to be heir to Guelders, through his mother, Philippa of Egmont.
+An attempt to pacify him by reviving a former marriage contract between
+his son Francis and the Duke of Cleves's daughter Anne met with no
+encouragement, and Ambassadors were sent to Guelders to enter a protest
+on the Duke of Lorraine's behalf.[158] But Charles of Egmont turned
+a deaf ear to all remonstrances, and on the 27th of January, 1538,
+William of Cleves received the homage of the States of Guelders, and
+was publicly recognized as the old Duke's successor.
+
+Such was the state of affairs when Christina reached Brussels on the
+8th of December, 1537. Her faithful guardian, Montmorency, alludes to
+the Cleves marriage in the following letter, which he addressed to
+Cardinal Caracciolo on the 5th of January, 1538:
+
+    "I wrote last from Trent on the 26th of October, and since
+    then have received several letters from you, and have duly
+    informed the Duchess of their contents. She is very grateful
+    for your kindness regarding her affairs, and begs you not to
+    relax your efforts.... As to Madama's marriage with Cleves, as
+    far as I can learn, it will not take place, because the Duke
+    has quarrelled with Lorraine, and Guelders is interfering.
+    Negotiations, however, are not yet broken off."
+
+Three months later he referred to the matter again in another letter,
+and this time expressed his conviction that the marriage would never
+take place.[159]
+
+Montmorency's own claims had not been forgotten. Soon after his return
+he married a lady of the Lannoy family, and was appointed Bailiff
+of Alost. Both Charles and Mary treated him with marked favour, and
+employed him on important diplomatic missions. But he still held an
+honorary post in the Duchess's household, and never ceased to be her
+devoted servant.
+
+During the winter Hutton alluded repeatedly to the affair of Cleves in
+his letters to Cromwell, saying that the Duke had been recognized by
+the Communes of Guelders as their liege lord, and that the Queen quite
+refused to let him wed the Duchess, although he was still eager for the
+alliance. All sorts of wild rumours were flying about, and an Italian
+merchant at Antwerp wrote to London that young Cleves was about to
+marry the daughter of Lorraine, with Guelders as her dowry. But on the
+25th of January Hutton reported that the Queen had sent Nassau and De
+Praet to Duke William, to break off marriage negotiations and clear her
+of all former promises.[160]
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1538] THE PALACE OF BRABANT]
+
+Christina herself was the person least concerned in these rumours.
+Princes and Ministers might wrangle as they chose; they could not
+destroy the happiness of being in her old home, surrounded by familiar
+faces. The sound of the French tongue and the carillon in the towers
+were music in her ears. Three things above all impressed Italian
+travellers, like Guicciardini and Beatis, who came to the Low Countries
+for the first time--the cleanliness of the streets and houses, the
+green pastures with their herds of black and white cows, and the
+beautiful church bells. These were all delightful to the young Duchess,
+who had been so long absent from her old home. The city of Brussels,
+with its fine houses and noble churches, its famous hôtel-de-ville,
+and 350 fountains, was a pleasant town to live in. And the Palace of
+Brabant itself was a wonderful place. There was the great hall, with
+its lofty pointed arches, and priceless Burgundian tapestries, and the
+golden suns and silver moons recently brought back from the New World
+by Cortes, the conqueror of Mexico.
+
+The Queen gave Christina a suite of rooms close to her own, looking out
+on the glossy leaves and interwoven boughs of the labyrinth, and the
+gardens beyond, which Albert Dürer had called an earthly paradise, and
+which the Cardinal of Aragon's secretary pronounced to be as beautiful
+as any in Italy.[161] Here the young Duchess lived with her ladies and
+household, presided over by Benedetto da Corte and Niccolò Belloni.
+Every morning she attended Mass in the Court chapel, and dined and
+spent the evenings with the Queen. On fine days, when Mary could spare
+time from public affairs, they rode out together and hunted the deer
+in the park, or took longer expeditions in the Forest of Soignies. As
+fearless and almost as untiring a rider as her aunt, Christina was
+quite at home in the saddle, and followed the Queen's example of riding
+with her foot in the stirrup, an accomplishment which was new in those
+days, and excited Brantôme's admiration.[162]
+
+The following Christmas was celebrated with great festivity at
+Brussels. The war was over, and the presence of a youthful Princess
+gave new charm to Court functions. Wherever Christina went she made
+herself beloved. Her quick wit and frank enjoyment of simple pleasures
+charmed everyone. Although in public she still wore heavy mourning
+robes after the Italian fashion, and hid away her bright chestnut locks
+under a black hood, in the evening, by her aunt's desire, she laid
+aside her weeds, and appeared clad in rich brocades and glittering
+jewels. Then she conversed freely with her aunt's ladies and with the
+foreign Ambassadors, or played cards with the few great nobles who were
+admitted to the Queen's private circle--Henry, Count of Nassau, the
+proudest and richest lord in Flanders; the Duke of Aerschot and his
+wife, Anne de Croy, the heiress of the Princes of Chimay; his sister,
+Madame de Berghen; Count Büren; and a few others.
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1538] A PERFECT KNIGHT]
+
+Among them was one whom the young Duchess regarded with especial
+interest. This was the hero of S. Pol, René, Prince of Orange. The
+only son and heir of the great House of Nassau, René had inherited
+the principality of Orange, in the South of France, from his uncle
+Philibert of Châlons, the Imperialist leader who fell at the siege of
+Florence, and whose sister Claude was Henry of Nassau's first wife.
+As a child René had been Prince John of Denmark's favourite playmate,
+and Christina had not forgotten her brother's old friend. Now he had
+grown up a handsome and chivalrous Prince, skilled in all knightly
+exercises. He had won his first laurels in the recent campaign, and
+was the foremost of the valiant band which surprised the citadel of
+S. Pol. The Queen honoured him with her especial favour, and, as the
+Nassau house stood close to the palace, the young Prince was often in
+her company. When, on Shrove Sunday, a grand tournament was held at
+Court, one troop, clad in blue, was led by Count Büren's eldest son,
+Floris d'Egmont; and the other by René, wearing the orange colours of
+his house, with the proud motto, _Je maintiendrai_. Christina looked
+down from her place at the Queen's side on the lists where the gallant
+Prince challenged all comers, and it was from her hand that the victor
+received the prize. Neither of them ever forgot that carnival.[163]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[128] Potenze Sovrane, 1535. Archivio di Stato.
+
+[129] Burigozzo, 528.
+
+[130] G. de Leva, "Storia Documentata di Carlo V.," etc., iii. 152.
+
+[131] Granvelle, "Papiers d'État," ii. 407, 446, 435.
+
+[132] Granvelle, ii. 407.
+
+[133] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 1, 586; Granvelle, ii. 417.
+
+[134] Burigozzo, 532.
+
+[135] Museo Civico di Storia Patria, Pavia, 546.
+
+[136] L. Gachard, "Voyages des Souverains des Pays-Bas," ii. 133.
+
+[137] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 230.
+
+[138] Autografi di Principi, Archivio di Stato (see Appendix II.).
+
+[139] Aretino, "Lettere," i. 45.
+
+[140] "Correspondance de Charles V. avec J. de Montmorency, Seigneur de
+Courrières," Papiers d'État de l'Audience, No. 82, p. 1, Archives du
+Royaume, Bruxelles.
+
+[141] Carteggio con Montmorency, Archivio di Stato, Milan.
+
+[142] Autografi di Principi, Archivio di Stato, Milan (see Appendix
+III.).
+
+[143] Papiers d'État, 82. 2, 12, Archives du Royaume.
+
+[144] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 353.
+
+[145] Papiers d'État, 82, 8-10.
+
+[146] Papiers d'État. 82, 12.
+
+[147] Autografi di Principi, Archivio di Stato, Milan.
+
+[148] "Carteggio con Montmorency, Conte di Corea," 1537-38, Archivio di
+Stato, Milan.
+
+[149] L. Pastor, "Geschichte d. Papste," iv. 375; M. Guazzo, 371.
+
+[150] Papiers d'État, 82, 13, Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.
+
+[151] Papiers d'État, 82, 19; State Papers, Record Office, viii. 6;
+Calendar of State Papers, xii. 2, 415, 419.
+
+[152] Lanz, ii. 657.
+
+[153] Lanz, iii. 667, 677.
+
+[154] State Papers, Record Office, vii. 695.
+
+[155] Lanz, ii. 675.
+
+[156] Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., xii. 2, 231.
+
+[157] Henne, vii. 263, 267.
+
+[158] Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., xiii. 1, 35.
+
+[159] Carteggio Diplomatico, 1537-38, Archivio di Stato, Milan.
+
+[160] State Papers, xiii. 1, 8; Record Office, viii. 27, 29.
+
+[161] L. Pastor, "Reise des Kardinal Luigi d'Aragona," 116. L.
+Guicciardini, "Paesi-Bassi," 74.
+
+[162] "Œuvres," xii. 107.
+
+[163] State Papers, Henry VIII., Record Office, viii. 16.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VI
+
+THE COURTSHIP OF HENRY VIII.
+
+1537-1539
+
+
+I.
+
+The Widow of Milan's fate still hung in the balance. While Mary of
+Hungary had not yet lost all hope of marrying her to the Duke of
+Cleves, and Queen Eleanor was no less anxious to see her the wife of
+a French Prince, fresh proposals reached Brussels from an unexpected
+quarter. This new suitor was none other than the Emperor's _bel oncle_,
+King Henry of England. This monarch, who had openly defied the laws
+of the Church, and after divorcing Charles's aunt, had pronounced
+Queen Katherine's daughter to be illegitimate, could hardly expect to
+find favour in the eyes of the Regent. Mary's own opinion of Henry's
+character is frankly given in a very interesting letter which she wrote
+to her brother Ferdinand in May, 1536, when the King of England had
+sent Anne Boleyn to the block and made Jane Seymour his third wife.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1536] HENRY VIII. AND HIS WIVES]
+
+    "I hope," she wrote, "that the English will not do us much
+    harm now we are rid of the King's mistress, who was a good
+    Frenchwoman, and whom, as you have no doubt heard, he has
+    beheaded; and since no one skilful enough to do the deed could
+    be found among his own subjects, he sent for the executioner of
+    S. Omer, in order that a Frenchman should be the minister of
+    his vengeance. I hear that he has married another lady, who is
+    said to be a good Imperialist, although I do not know if she
+    will remain so much longer. He is said to have taken a fancy to
+    her before the last one's death, which, coupled with the fact
+    that neither the poor woman nor any of those who were beheaded
+    with her, saving one miserable musician, could be brought to
+    acknowledge her guilt, naturally makes people suspect that he
+    invented this pretext in order to get rid of her.... It is
+    to be hoped--if one can hope anything from such a man--that
+    when he is tired of this wife he will find some better way of
+    getting rid of her. Women, I think, would hardly be pleased if
+    such customs became general, and with good reason; and although
+    I have no wish to expose myself to similar risks, yet, as I
+    belong to the feminine sex, I, too, will pray that God may
+    preserve us from such perils."[164]
+
+But whatever Mary's private opinions were, political reasons compelled
+her to preserve a friendly demeanour towards King Henry. The English
+alliance was of the utmost importance to the trade of the Netherlands,
+and the enmity of France made it essential to secure Henry's
+neutrality, if not his active help. The death of Queen Katherine,
+as Cromwell wrote, had removed "the onelie matter of unkindness"
+between the two monarchs, and was soon followed by more friendly
+communications. When the news of Prince Edward's birth reached Spain,
+the Emperor held a long conversation with Sir Thomas Wyatt, the poet
+and scholar, who had been sent to the Imperial Court early in 1537. He
+expressed great pleasure at the news, laughing and talking pleasantly,
+inquiring after the size and goodliness of the child, and ended by
+saying frankly that he approved of the King's recent marriage as much
+as he had always disliked his union with Anne Boleyn.[165] These last
+remarks must have fallen strangely on the ears of Wyatt, whose old
+intimacy with the hapless Queen had nearly cost him his life, and whose
+death he lamented in some of his sweetest verse. But he was too good a
+courtier not to repeat them in his letters to Cromwell and the King.
+The news of the Prince's birth was shortly followed by that of the
+Queen's death, which took place at Hampton Court on the 24th of October.
+
+    "Divine Providence," said the royal widower, "has mingled my
+    joy for the son which it has pleased God to give me with the
+    bitterness of the death of her who brought me this happiness."
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1537] MARIE DE GUISE]
+
+Cromwell wrote to inform Lord William Howard, the special Envoy who had
+taken the news of the Prince's birth to France, of Her Grace's death,
+and in the same letter desired him to bring back particulars of two
+French ladies who had been recommended as suitable successors to the
+late Queen, since His Majesty, "moved by tender zeal for his subjects,"
+had already resolved to marry again. One of these was King Francis's
+plain but accomplished daughter Margaret, who eventually married
+the Duke of Savoy, although Cromwell, knowing his master's tastes,
+remarked that, from what he heard, he "did not think she would be the
+meetest."[166] The other was Mary, Duchess of Longueville, the eldest
+daughter of Claude de Guise, brother of the Duke of Lorraine. The
+charms of this young widow were renowned at the French Court, and the
+English Ambassador's reports of her modesty and beauty inspired Henry
+with an ardent wish to make her his wife. Even before Jane Seymour was
+in her grave, he attacked the French Ambassador, Castillon, on the
+subject, and suggested that both these Princesses, and any other ladies
+whom the King of France could recommend, might be sent to meet him at
+Calais.[167]
+
+Francis, who was more gallant in his relations with women than his
+brother of England, laughed long and loudly when this message reached
+him, and sent Castillon word that royal Princesses could not be trotted
+out like hackney horses for hire! He quite declined to allow his
+daughter to enter the lists; and as for Madame de Longueville, whom
+the King was pleased to honour with his suit, she was already promised
+to his son-in-law, the King of Scots. This fickle monarch, who had
+courted Dorothea and Christina by turn, and finally married Madeleine
+de Valois, had lost his young wife at the end of six months, and was
+already in search of another. At the same time Francis sent his royal
+brother word that he should count it a great honour if he could find
+a bride in his realm, and that any other lady in France was at his
+command.[168] But Henry was not accustomed to have his wishes thwarted,
+and in December, 1537, he sent a gentleman of his chamber, Sir Peter
+Mewtas, on a secret mission to Joinville, the Duke of Guise's castle
+on the borders of Lorraine, to wait on Madame de Longueville, and find
+out if her word was already pledged. Both Madame de Longueville and
+her clever mother, Antoinette de Bourbon, returned evasive answers,
+saying that the Duke of Guise had agreed to the marriage with King
+James, but that his daughter's consent had never been given. This reply
+encouraged Henry to persevere with his suit, while Mewtas's description
+of the Duchess's beauty, in Castillon's words, "set the tow on fire."
+He complained that his brother had behaved shamefully in preferring the
+beggarly King of Scots to him, and was forcing the lady to marry James
+against her will. In vain Castillon told him that Madame de Longueville
+had been promised to the King of Scots before Queen Jane's death, and
+that Francis could not break his word without mortally offending his
+old ally and son-in-law. Nothing daunted, Henry sent Mewtas again
+to Joinville in February, 1538, to obtain Madame de Longueville's
+portrait, and ask if she were still free. This time his errand proved
+fruitless. The marriage with the King of Scots was already concluded,
+and the contract signed. Nevertheless, Henry still harped on the same
+string. "Il revient toujours à ses moutons," wrote Castillon, "et ne
+peut pas oublier sa bergère." "Truly he is a marvellous man!"[169]
+
+Meanwhile Cromwell, who had no personal inclination for the French
+alliance, was making inquiries in other directions. Early in December,
+while Mewtas was on his way to Joinville, the Lord Privy Seal wrote
+privately to Hutton, desiring him to send him a list of ladies in
+Flanders who would be suitable consorts for the King. In a letter
+written on the 4th of December, the Ambassador replied that he had
+little knowledge of ladies, and feared he knew no one at the Regent's
+Court "meet to be Queen of England."
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1537] A GOODLY PERSON]
+
+    "The widow of Count Egmont," he wrote, "was a fair woman
+    of good report, and the Duke of Cleves had a marriageable
+    daughter, but he heard no great praise of her person or beauty.
+    There is," he added, "the Duchess of Milan, whom I have not
+    seen, but who is reported to be a goodly personage of excellent
+    beauty."[170]
+
+Five days later Hutton wrote again, to announce the arrival of the
+Duchess, who entered Brussels on the 8th, and was received by a great
+company of honourable gentlemen.
+
+    "She is, I am informed, of the age of sixteen years, very high
+    in stature for that age--higher, in fact, than the Regent--and
+    a goodly personage of competent beauty, of favour excellent,
+    soft of speech, and very gentle in countenance. She weareth
+    mourning apparel, after the manner of Italy. The common saying
+    here is that she is both widow and maid. She resembleth much
+    one Mistress Skelton,[171] that sometime waited in Court upon
+    Queen Anne. She useth most to speak French, albeit it is
+    reported that she can speak both Italian and High German."
+
+The same evening Hutton added these further details in a postscript
+addressed to Cromwell's secretary, Thomas Wriothesley:
+
+    "If it were God's pleasure and the King's, I would there were
+    some good alliance made betwixt His Highness and the Emperor,
+    and there is none in these parts of personage, beauty, and
+    birth, like unto the Duchess of Milan. She is not so pure white
+    as was the late Queen, whose soul God pardon, but she hath a
+    singular good countenance, and when she chanceth to smile,
+    there appeareth two pits in her cheeks and one in her chin, the
+    which becometh her right excellently well."[172]
+
+The honest Englishman's first impressions of Christina were evidently
+very favourable. During the next week he watched her carefully, and
+was much struck by "the great majesty of her bearing and charm of her
+manners." At the same time he expressed his earnest conviction that,
+now peace was concluded between the Emperor and the French King, a
+close alliance between his own master and the Emperor was the more
+necessary, and suggested that a marriage between Henry and the Duchess,
+and another between the Princess Mary and the Duke of Cleves, would be
+very advantageous to both monarchs, who would then have all Germany at
+their command.
+
+Cromwell lost no time in placing these letters in his master's hands.
+Hutton's account of the Duchess's beauty and virtues made a profound
+impression on the King, and, since Madame de Longueville was beyond his
+reach, he determined to pay his addresses to the Emperor's niece. With
+characteristic impetuosity, he wrote to Wyatt on the 22nd of January,
+saying that, as the Duchess of Milan's match with the Duke of Cleves
+was broken off, he thought of honouring her with an offer of marriage.
+This he desired Wyatt to suggest as of himself, in conversation with
+the Emperor and his Ministers, Granvelle and Covos, giving them a
+friendly hint to make overtures on behalf of the said Duchess.[173]
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1538] KING HENRY'S SUIT]
+
+Strangely enough, two years before Charles had himself proposed this
+alliance between his niece and the King of England. In May, 1536, when
+he was hurrying northwards to defend Savoy against the French, the
+news of Anne Boleyn's fall reached him at Vercelli. Without a moment's
+delay he wrote to Chapuys, his Ambassador in London, saying that,
+since Henry, being of so amorous a complexion, was sure to take another
+wife, and it was most important that he should not marry in France,
+Chapuys might propose his union with one of the Emperor's nieces,
+either Queen Eleanor's daughter, the Infanta Maria of Portugal, or the
+widowed Duchess of Milan, "a beautiful young lady, very well brought
+up, and with a rich dower." And then, as if a qualm had seized him at
+the thought of sacrificing Christina to a man of Henry's character, he
+added a postscript desiring the Ambassador not to mention the Duchess
+unless His Majesty should appear averse to the other.[174]
+
+By the time, however, that these letters reached London, it was plain
+that the fickle monarch's affections were already fixed on Jane
+Seymour, and nothing more came of the Emperor's proposal until, in
+January, 1538, Henry himself wrote to Wyatt. Sir Thomas, who knew his
+royal master intimately, hastened to approach the Emperor, and on the
+2nd of February Charles wrote from Barcelona to Chapuys, saying that,
+although royal ladies ought by right to be _sought_, not _offered_,
+in marriage, the King's language was so frank and sincere that he was
+willing to waive ceremony, and lend a favourable ear to his brother's
+proposal. Before these letters reached the Imperial Ambassador, he
+received a message from Henry, saying that he wished to treat of his
+own marriage with the Duchess of Milan, being convinced that a Princess
+born and bred in Northern climes would suit him far better than the
+Portuguese Infanta. The next day Cromwell paid a visit to Chapuys, and
+confirmed every word of the royal message.[175]
+
+On the eve of Valentine's Day Henry saw Castillon, and told him in
+bitter tones that, if his master did not choose to give him Madame
+de Longueville, he could find plenty of better matches, and meant to
+marry the Duchess of Milan and conclude a close alliance with the
+Emperor.[176]
+
+On the same day the German reformer Melanchthon, writing from Jena to a
+Lutheran friend, summed up the situation neatly in the following words:
+
+    "The Widow of Milan, daughter of Christian, the captive King
+    of Denmark, was brought to Germany to wed the young Duke of
+    Juliers. This is now changed, for Juliers becomes heir to
+    Guelders, against the Emperor's will, and the girl is offered
+    to the Englishman, whom the Spaniards, aiming at universal
+    empire, would join to themselves against the Frenchmen and us.
+    There is grave matter for your consideration."[177]
+
+
+II.
+
+The ball was now set rolling, but, as Chapuys foretold, there were
+many difficulties in the way. For the moment, however, all went well.
+Henry sent Hutton orders to watch the Duchess closely, and report on
+all her words, deeds, and looks. In obedience to these commands, the
+Ambassador hung about the palace from early morning till late at night,
+was present at supper and card parties, attended the Queen out riding
+and hunting, and lost no opportunity of entering into conversation with
+Christina herself.
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1538] HUTTON'S ADVANCES]
+
+One evening towards the end of February a page brought him some
+letters from the Duchess's servant, Gian Battista Ferrari, who had
+friends among the Italian merchants in London, with a request that
+the Ambassador would forward them by his courier. The next morning,
+after Mass, when the Queen passed into the Council-chamber, Hutton
+took advantage of this opportunity to thank the Duchess most humbly
+for allowing him to do her this small service. Christina replied, with
+a gracious smile, that she would not have ventured to give him this
+trouble, had she not been as ready herself to do him any pleasure that
+lay in her power.
+
+It was stormy weather. For three days and nights it had rained without
+ceasing, and courtiers and ladies alike found the time hang heavy on
+their hands. "This weather liketh not the Queen," remarked Christina,
+who was standing by an open window looking out on the park. "She is
+thereby penned up, and cannot ride abroad to hunt." As she spoke, the
+wind drove the rain with such violence into her face that she was
+obliged to draw back farther into the room, and Hutton, growing bolder,
+asked if it were true that the Duchess herself loved hunting. "Nothing
+better," replied Christina, laughing; and she seemed as if she would
+gladly have prolonged the conversation. But then two ancient gentlemen
+drew near--"Master Bernadotte Court, her Grand Master, who, next to
+Monsieur de Courrières, is chief about her and another"--and, with a
+parting bow, the Duchess retired to her own rooms.
+
+    "She speaketh French," adds Hutton in reporting this interview
+    to Cromwell, "and seemeth to be of few words. And in her
+    speaking she lispeth, which doth nothing misbecome her.
+    I cannot in anything perceive but she should be of much
+    soberness, very wise, and no less gentle."[178]
+
+Among the ladies who came to Court for the Carnival fêtes, Hutton found
+a friend in the Duke of Aerschot's sister, Madame de Berghen, a lively
+lady whom he had known in the town of Berghen-op-Zoom, where he had
+spent much time as Governor of the Merchant Adventurers. The Dutch
+merchants in this city had presented him with a house, an honour which
+the Ambassador appreciated highly, although he complained that it led
+him into great extravagance, and that the furniture, tapestries, and
+pictures, necessary for its adornment, "plucked the lining out of his
+purse, and left him as rich as a newly-shorn sheep."[179]
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1538] "MR. HAUNCE"]
+
+One day Madame de Berghen saw Hutton in the act of delivering a packet
+of letters which Wyatt had forwarded from Barcelona to the Queen, and
+her curiosity was excited by the warmth of Mary's thanks. That evening
+she invited the English Ambassador to dinner to meet her kinsman the
+Bishop of Liége, "a goodly personage," remarks Hutton, "but a man of
+little learning and less discretion, and, like most Bishops in these
+parts, very unfit for his office." When this secular ecclesiastic
+retired, the Lady Marchioness, "whose tongue always wagged freely,"
+asked Hutton if the letters which he had delivered to the Queen came
+from England, and confessed that she hoped they contained good news
+regarding the Duchess of Milan, whose beauty, wisdom, and great
+gentleness, she could not praise too highly. She told him that he
+would have been amazed had he seen Christina gorgeously apparelled
+as she was the day before, and confided to him that the Duchess was
+having her portrait taken by the Court painter, Bernard van Orley, and
+had promised to give it to her. Hutton begged to be allowed to borrow
+the picture in order to show it to his wife, and told Cromwell that
+as soon as he could secure the portrait he would send it to England.
+Accordingly, on the 9th of March the Ambassador received the picture,
+which Madame de Berghen begged him to accept as her gift, and sent a
+servant to bear it without delay to the Lord Privy Seal's house in
+St. James's. Late on the following evening, much to the Ambassador's
+surprise, a young Shropshire gentleman, named Mr. Philip Hoby, who
+had lately entered Cromwell's service, appeared at his lodgings,
+accompanied by the King's painter, Master Hans Holbein. At this time
+the German master was at the height of his reputation. Since 1536,
+when he entered Henry's service as Court painter, he had executed some
+of his finest portraits, including the famous picture of the King
+in Whitehall Palace, the superb portrait of Queen Jane, and that of
+Cromwell himself, which is so marvellous a revelation of character. Now
+the Lord Privy Seal sent him across the Channel to take a sketch of the
+Duchess of Milan, and bring it back with all possible despatch.
+
+Hutton's first idea was to send a messenger to stop the bearer of the
+Flemish portrait, fearing it might give a wrong impression of the lady,
+"since it was not so perfect as the cause required, and as the said
+Mr. Haunce could make it." But his servant had already sailed, and the
+Ambassador could only beg Cromwell to await Master Hans's return before
+he formed any opinion of the Duchess. The next morning he waited on
+the Queen, and informed her how the Lord Privy Seal, having received
+secret overtures from the Imperial Ambassador for a marriage between
+the King's Majesty and Her Grace of Milan, thought the best way to
+approach the King was to show him a portrait of the Duchess.
+
+    "And forasmuch as his lordship heard great commendation of
+    the form, beauty, wisdom, and other virtuous qualities, with
+    which God had endowed the Duchess, he could perceive no means
+    more meet for the advancement of the same than to procure her
+    perfect picture, for which he had sent a man very excellent in
+    the making of physiognomies."
+
+After long and elaborate explanation, Hutton asked humbly if his
+lordship's servant might salute the Duchess, and beg her to appoint a
+time and place for the painter to accomplish his task.
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1538] HOLBEIN'S PORTRAIT]
+
+Mary was evidently greatly surprised to hear of the Ambassador's
+errand. She started from her chair in amazement, but, quickly
+recovering composure, she sat down again, and listened attentively
+till Hutton had done speaking. Then she thanked him and Lord Cromwell
+for their good-will to the Emperor, and said that she had no objection
+to grant his request, and that he should see the Duchess herself.
+With these few words she rose and passed into the Council-chamber.
+Presently Christina entered the room, attended by two ladies. She
+listened graciously to Hutton's message, expressed her gratitude to
+Lord Cromwell for his kind intentions, and sent Benedetto da Corte back
+with him to meet the English gentleman. Fortunately, Philip Hoby was a
+pleasant and cultivated young man who could speak Italian fluently. He
+conversed for some time with Messer Benedetto, much to Hutton's envy
+and admiration, and at two o'clock that afternoon was conducted by him
+into the presence of the Duchess.
+
+Cromwell had given Hoby minute instructions as to his behaviour on this
+occasion, and had composed a long and elaborate speech which he was to
+deliver to Christina herself.
+
+    "The said Philip shall, as of himself, express a wish that it
+    might please the King, now a widower, to advance Her Grace
+    to the honour of Queen of England, considering her virtuous
+    qualities were a great deal more than ever was notified, and
+    for a great confirmation of amity and love to continue between
+    the Emperor's Majesty and the King's Highness."
+
+Hoby was charged to take careful note of the Duchess's answers,
+gestures, and expression, and was especially to note if she seemed
+favourably inclined to these proposals, in order that he might be able
+to satisfy Henry's anxiety on the subject.[180]
+
+Philip Hoby was too accomplished a courtier not to discharge his errand
+with tact and courtesy. The Duchess was graciously pleased to accede
+to his request, and at one o'clock the next day Holbein was ushered by
+Messer Benedetto into his mistress's presence. The time allowed for the
+sitting was short, but Master Hans was an adept at his art, and had
+already taken drawings in this swift and masterly fashion of all the
+chief personages at the English Court.
+
+    "Having but three hours' space," wrote Hutton, "he showed
+    himself to be master of that science. For his picture is very
+    perfect; the other is but slobbered in comparison to it, as by
+    the sight of both your lordship shall well perceive."[181]
+
+An hour afterwards Hoby and the painter both took leave of the Duchess
+and started for England. In order to avoid suspicion and observe the
+strict secrecy enjoined by Cromwell, Hoby did not even seek a farewell
+audience from the Regent, who contented herself with sending friendly
+greetings to the Lord Privy Seal, saying that he should hear from her
+more at large through the Imperial Ambassadors.
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1538 AT HAMPTON COURT]
+
+The precious sketch, from which Holbein afterwards made "the great
+table"[182] which hung in the Palace of Westminster until Henry's
+death, was safely delivered into Cromwell's hands, and shown by him to
+the King on the 18th of March. Henry was singularly pleased with the
+portrait, and, as his courtiers noticed, seemed to be in better humour
+than for months past. For the first time since Queen Jane's death he
+sent for his musicians, and made them play to him all the afternoon
+and evening. Two days afterwards he went to Hampton Court, and "gave
+orders for new and sumptuous buildings" at this riverside palace. After
+that he returned to Whitehall by water, accompanied by his whole troop
+of musicians, paid a visit to his brother-in-law's wife, Katherine,
+Duchess of Suffolk, and resumed his old habit of going about with a few
+of his favourites in masks--"a sure sign," remarked Chapuys, "that he
+is going to marry again."
+
+The Imperial Ambassadors, Chapuys and his colleague Don Diego Mendoza,
+were now treated with extraordinary civility. They were invited to
+Hampton Court, where Henry entertained them at a splendid banquet, and
+showed them his "fine new lodgings" and the priceless tapestries and
+works of art with which Cardinal Wolsey had adorned this magnificent
+house. The next day they were taken to the royal manor of Nonsuch to
+see the little Prince, "one of the prettiest children you ever saw,
+and his sister, Madam Elizabeth, who is also a sweet little girl."
+Then they went on to Richmond to visit Princess Mary, who played to
+them with rare skill on both spinet and lute, and spoke of her cousin
+the Emperor in terms of the deepest gratitude. The French Ambassadors,
+Castillon and the Bishop of Tarbes, who arrived at Hampton Court
+just as the Imperial Envoys were leaving, were received with marked
+coolness, a treatment, as Chapuys shrewdly remarks, "no doubt artfully
+designed to excite their jealousy."[183]
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1538] CHRISTINA'S CHARM]
+
+The sight of Holbein's portrait revived Henry's wish to see Christina,
+and he pressed Chapuys earnestly to induce his good sister the Queen
+of Hungary to bring her niece to meet him at Calais. But on this
+point Mary was obdurate. She told the Ambassador that this was out of
+the question, and although she wrote civilly to the Lord Privy Seal,
+thanking him for his good offices, she complained bitterly to Chapuys
+of Cromwell's extraordinary proceeding in sending the painter to
+Brussels, and laid great stress on her condescension in allowing him
+to take her niece's portrait. So far Charles himself had never written
+fully to his sister on the subject, and Mary asked Chapuys repeatedly
+if these proposals really came from the Emperor, and if the King and
+Cromwell were sincere. As for her part, she believed these flattering
+words were merely intended to deceive her. Chapuys could only assure
+her that both Henry and his Minister were very much in earnest. When
+the courier arrived from Spain, the King was bitterly disappointed
+because there was no letter from Charles, and sent Cromwell twice
+to implore the Ambassadors, for God's sake, to tell him if they had
+any good news to impart. On Lady Day the Minister came to Chapuys's
+lodgings, and, after two hours' earnest conversation, went away
+"somewhat consoled." The next day Henry sent for the Ambassadors, and
+discussed the subject in the frankest, most familiar manner, ending by
+saying with a merry laugh: "You think it a good joke, I trow, to see me
+in love at my age!"
+
+In his impatience, Henry complained that Hutton was remiss in his
+duties, and did not say enough about the Duchess in his despatches.
+Yet the excellent Ambassador was unremitting in his attendance on Her
+Grace, and spent many hours daily at Court, watching her closely when
+she danced or played at cards, and telling the King that he "felt
+satisfied that her great modesty and gentleness proceeded from no
+want of wit, but that she was rather to be esteemed wisest among the
+wise."[184]
+
+From the day of Hoby's visit Christina treated Hutton with marked
+friendliness, and threw aside much of her reserve in talking with him.
+On the bright spring days, when the Queen and her niece hunted daily in
+the forest, the Englishman seldom failed to accompany them. He admired
+the Duchess's bold horsemanship, and was much struck by the evident
+delight which she and her aunt took in this favourite sport. By way
+of ingratiating himself with Mary, he presented her with four couple
+of English hounds, "the fairest that he had ever seen," and a fine
+gelding, which made Christina remark that he had done the Queen a great
+pleasure, and that she had never seen her aunt so well mounted. Hutton
+hastened to reply that, since Her Grace was good enough to admire the
+horse, he would do his utmost to secure another as good for her own
+use, which offer she accepted graciously.[185] All these incidents
+naturally provoked attention, and, in spite of the secrecy with which
+the negotiations were carried on, the King's marriage with the Duchess
+of Milan was freely discussed both in Flanders and in England.
+
+    "Few Englishmen," wrote the Duke of Norfolk to Cromwell on
+    the 6th of April, "will regret the King of Scots' marriage to
+    Madame de Longueville, hoping that one of Burgundian blood may
+    have the place she might have had."[186]
+
+And the report that after Easter the King was going to meet his future
+bride at Calais became so persistent that even Castillon believed it,
+and complained to his royal master of the strange alteration in Henry's
+behaviour, and of the marvellous haughtiness and coldness with which he
+was now treated.[187]
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1538] MARRIAGE NEGOTIATIONS]
+
+On the 27th of March the Imperial Ambassadors dined at the Lord
+Privy Seal's house, to meet Archbishop Cranmer, Chancellor Audley,
+Thomas Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, the Lord High Admiral Southampton,
+and two other Bishops, who were the Commissioners appointed to treat
+of two royal marriages. One of these was the long-planned union of
+Princess Mary with the Infant Don Louis of Portugal, brother of the
+reigning King, which was the ostensible object of Don Diego's mission
+to England. The other was the King's own marriage with the Duchess,
+which Henry sent word must be arranged at once, since until this was
+concluded he absolutely refused to treat of his daughter's alliance
+with the Infant. As they sat down at table, by way of _Benedicite_,
+remarks Chapuys, the King's deputies began by rejoicing to think they
+had not to deal with Frenchmen, and pouring scorn on their mendacious
+habits. But before the end of the meeting many difficulties had arisen.
+First of all the English Commissioners demanded that the Count Palatine
+should renounce all his wife's rights to the crown of Denmark without
+compensation. Then the question of the Papal dispensation, which was
+necessary owing to Christina's relationship to Katherine of Aragon,
+was mooted, and, as Chapuys soon realized, was likely to prove an
+insuperable difficulty, since nothing would induce Henry to recognize
+the Pope's authority.[188]
+
+During the next few weeks several meetings between the Commissioners
+took place, and the Ambassadors were repeatedly admitted to confer
+with the King and his Privy Council; but little progress was made, and
+Chapuys informed the Regent that there was even less hope of agreement
+than there had been at first. Henry on his part complained loudly
+of the coldness of the Imperial Envoys, and of their evident desire
+to push forward the Portuguese marriage and drop his own, which was
+the one thing for which he really cared.[189] An attempt to effect
+some mode of reconciliation between him and the Pope only incensed
+Henry, who sent two Doctors of Law, Bonner and Haynes, to Madrid,
+to protest against the meeting of a General Council, and to point
+out how the Bishops of Rome wrested Scripture to the maintenance of
+their lusts and worldly advantage. And he told Don Diego angrily that
+the meeting of a Council would do him the worst injury in the world,
+since if he refused to attend it he would be cut off from the rest of
+Christendom.[190] To add to the King's ill-temper, he was suffering
+from a return of the ulcers in the leg from which he had formerly
+suffered, and for some days his condition excited serious alarm.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1538] LOUISE DE GUISE]
+
+On his recovery, Castillon, who had been looking on with some amusement
+while the Emperor's folk were "busy brewing marriages," approached
+His Majesty with flattering words, and tried to instil suspicions
+of Cromwell into his mind. Henry swallowed the bait greedily, and
+the French Ambassador's remarks on his favourite's "great Spanish
+passion" rankled in his mind to so great an extent that he sent for
+Cromwell and rated him soundly, telling him that he was quite unfit
+to meddle in the affairs of Kings. The wily Frenchman, satisfied that
+the only way of managing this wayward monarch was to make him fall
+in love, took advantage of his present mood to speak to him of the
+Queen of Scotland's sister, Louise de Guise, whom he described as
+being quite as beautiful as herself, with the additional advantage of
+being a maid, and not a widow. Henry, who was on his way to Mass when
+Castillon made this suggestion, slapped him familiarly on the back,
+and laughed, saying he must hear more of this young lady. The next day
+the Comptroller of the King's Household was sent to ask the Ambassador
+for particulars about Mademoiselle de Guise, and was told that she was
+so like Madame de Longueville that you would hardly know the sisters
+apart, and that a Scotchman who had seen both, wondered how King
+James could prefer Mary to so lovely a creature as Louise. The French
+Ambassador now found himself overwhelmed with attentions. The King sent
+him presents of venison and artichokes from his gardens, invited him to
+spend Sunday at Greenwich, and, when the plague broke out in London,
+lent him the beautiful old house in Chelsea which had belonged to Sir
+Thomas More, as a country residence.[191]
+
+The wedding of King James was finally celebrated at Châteaudun on the
+9th of May, and, hearing that the Duke of Guise and his fair daughter
+Louise had accompanied the new Queen to Havre, Henry sent Philip Hoby
+across the Channel to see Mademoiselle de Guise and have her picture
+painted. These orders were duly executed, and Louise's portrait,
+probably painted by Holbein, was placed in the King's hands. But,
+although Henry "did not find the portrait ugly," he was now anxious
+to see Louise's younger sister, Renée, who was said to be still more
+beautiful, and would not be put off when Castillon told him that she
+was about to take the veil in a convent at Reims.
+
+    "No doubt," remarked Montmorency, the Constable of France, "as
+    King Henry has made himself Pope in his own country, he would
+    prefer a nun to any other Princess."[192]
+
+Nothing would now satisfy Henry but that the French King or Queen
+should meet him at Calais with the Duke of Guise's daughters,
+Mademoiselle de Lorraine, and Mademoiselle de Vendôme, who had all
+been recommended to his notice. When the English Envoy, Brian,
+proposed this to Queen Eleanor, she replied indignantly that she was
+not a keeper of harlots, and the Constable told Castillon once more
+that French Princesses were not to be trotted out like hackneys at a
+fair. At last the Ambassador, tired of repeating that this plan was
+impossible, asked Henry if the Knights of King Arthur's Round Table had
+ever treated ladies in such a fashion. This brought the King to his
+senses. He reddened and hesitated, and, after rubbing his nose for some
+moments, said that his proposal might have sounded a little uncivil,
+but he had been so often deceived in these matters that he could trust
+no one but himself.[193]
+
+Still Henry would not give up all hope of winning the fair Louise,
+and towards the end of August he sent Philip Hoby on a fresh errand
+to Joinville. As before, he was to take Holbein with him, and, after
+viewing well the younger sister, ask the Duchess of Guise for leave to
+take the portraits of both her daughters, Louise and Renée, "in one
+faire table." Hoby was to explain that he had business in these parts,
+and that, since he had already made acquaintance with Mademoiselle
+de Guise at Havre, he could not pass Joinville without saluting her.
+On leaving Joinville he was to proceed to the Duke of Lorraine's
+Court, and inform him that the Lord Privy Seal, having heard that His
+Excellency had a daughter of excellent quality, begged that the King's
+painter might be allowed to take her portrait. On the 30th of August
+the travellers reached Joinville, as we learn from the following letter
+addressed by the Duchess of Guise to her eldest daughter in Scotland:
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1538] HOLBEIN AT JOINVILLE]
+
+    "It is but two days since the King of England's gentleman
+    who was at Havre, and the painter, were here. The gentleman
+    came to see me, pretending that he was on his way to find the
+    Emperor, and, having heard that Louise was ill, would not pass
+    by without inquiring after her, that he might take back news
+    of her health to the King his master. He begged to be allowed
+    to see her, which he did, although it was a day when the fever
+    was on her, and repeated the same words which he had already
+    said to me. He then told me that, as he was so near Lorraine,
+    he meant to go on to Nancy to see the country. I have no doubt
+    that he was going there to draw Mademoiselle's portrait, in the
+    same way that he has drawn the others, and so I sent down to
+    the gentleman's lodgings, and found that the said painter was
+    there. Since then they have been at Nancy, where they spent a
+    day and were well feasted and entertained, and at every meal
+    the _maître d'hôtel_ ate with them, and many presents were made
+    them. That is all I know yet, but you see that, at the worst,
+    if you do not have your sister for a neighbour, you may yet
+    have your cousin."[194]
+
+This time Hoby's journey was evidently unsuccessful. Louise was ill
+of intermittent fever, and Renée had already been sent to the convent
+at Reims, where she was afterwards professed; and it is clear from
+Antoinette's letters that she had no wish to marry either of her
+daughters to Henry. A month before, on the 3rd of August, she wrote
+to the Queen of Scotland: "I have heard nothing more of the proposals
+which you know of"; and again on the 18th: "I have begged your father
+to speak of these affairs to the King, that we may be rid of them if
+possible, for no one could ever be happy with such a man."[195]
+
+As for Anne de Lorraine, in spite of many excellent qualities,
+she lacked the beauty and charm of her cousins, and, as her aunt
+Antoinette said, "elle est bien honnête, mais pas si belle que je
+voudrais."[196]
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1538] HENRY'S SCRUPLES]
+
+The result of these disappointments was to revive Henry's wish to marry
+Christina. Several times in the course of the summer Castillon remarked
+that this monarch was still hankering after the Duchess of Milan,
+and had repeatedly tried to induce the Regent to bring her niece to
+meet him at Brussels. "The King my master," said Cromwell to Chapuys,
+"will never marry one, who is to be his companion for life, without
+he has first seen and known her."[197] In a long and careful paper of
+instructions which Henry drew up for the Ambassador Wyatt, he lays
+great stress on this point.
+
+    "His Grace, prudently considering how that marriage is a
+    bargain of such nature as may endure for the whole life of
+    man, and a thing whereof the pleasure and quiet, or the
+    displeasure and torment, doth much depend, thinketh it to be
+    most necessary, both for himself and the party with whom it
+    shall please God to join him in marriage, that the one might
+    see the other before the time that they should be so affianced,
+    which point His Highness hath largely set forth heretofore to
+    the Emperor's Ambassador."[198]
+
+But on her side Mary was equally inflexible. Nothing would induce her
+to take a step forward in this direction, and even Hutton began to
+realize how coldly the marriage overtures were received at Brussels.
+The Queen never failed to ask after the King's health or to express her
+anxiety for the strengthening of the ancient friendship between the
+realm of England and the House of Burgundy; but when the Ambassador
+ventured to allude to the subject of her niece's preferment, she
+invariably gave an evasive reply. Since both the Queen and the Duchess
+spent much of the summer hunting in the Forest of Soignies, or in more
+distant parts, Hutton seldom had an opportunity of seeing Christina.
+Her servants were still very friendly, especially the Lord Benedick
+Court, as Hutton calls the Italian master of her household. One evening
+in June, when Hutton had been at Court, Benedetto came back to supper
+with him, whether of his own accord or at his mistress's command the
+Englishman could not tell. As they walked along the street, Benedetto
+asked the Ambassador if he had brought the Queen any good news about
+the Duchess. Hutton replied that the first good news must come from the
+Emperor, and, to his mind, was a long time upon the road. The old man
+looked up to heaven, and said devoutly: "I pray God that I may live
+to see her given to your master, even if I die the next day. But," he
+added significantly, "there is one doubt in the matter." Hutton asked
+eagerly what this might be, upon which Benedetto explained that, as the
+King's first wife, the Lady Katherine, was near of kin to the Duchess,
+the marriage could not be solemnized without the Pope's dispensation,
+and this he feared His Majesty would never accept. The Ambassador
+replied warmly that he did not know what might be against the Bishop
+of Rome's laws, but that he was quite sure his master would do nothing
+against God's laws. Then they sat down to supper with other guests, and
+nothing further was said on the subject. But the old Italian knew what
+he was talking about, and the Papal dispensation proved to be the one
+insuperable obstacle which stood in the way of a settlement.[199]
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1538] DEATH OF HUTTON]
+
+Another of Christina's servants, Gian Battista Ferrari, paid a visit to
+England this summer, and brought back glowing accounts of the beauties
+of London and the splendours of King Henry's Court. He had an Italian
+friend named Panizone, who was one of the royal equerries, and had been
+sent over to England with some Barbary horses from the Gonzaga stables.
+Panizone introduced him to Cromwell, who entertained him hospitably,
+and sent him back to tell his mistress all that he had seen and done
+at the Court of Whitehall. Christina was exceedingly curious to hear
+Battista's account of his visit, and was surprised when he told her
+that England was as beautiful as Italy. When she proceeded to inquire
+if he had seen the King, Battista replied that he had been fortunate
+enough to be received by His Majesty, and broke into ecstatic praises
+of Henry's comeliness, gracious manners, and liberality. The Duchess
+said that she had often heard praises of His Grace, and was glad to
+know from Battista's lips that they were true. After supper she sent
+for him again, and he informed her that Chapuys had told him the
+marriage would shortly be concluded. "At this it seemeth she did much
+rejoice." So at least Battista assured Hutton.[200] Ferrari himself
+was evidently very anxious to see his mistress Queen of England, and
+in a letter which he addressed on the 7th of September to his friend,
+"Guglielmo Panizone scudier del Invictissimo Rè d' Inghilterrà a
+Londra, alla Corte di sua Maestà," he wrote, "Madama the Duchess, my
+mistress, loves the King truly," and proceeded to send commendations
+to the Lord Privy Seal, Signor Filippo (Hoby), Portinari, and others.
+This letter contained one sad piece of news. "The Ambassador here is
+said to be dying; I am grieved because of the friendship between us
+and his excellent qualities. The next one we have will, I hope, be
+yourself."[201] Battista's news was true. Honest John Hutton, the
+popular Governor of the Merchant Adventurers, fell ill at Antwerp, and
+died there on the 5th of September. His genial nature had made him a
+general favourite, and he was lamented by everyone at Court. "It is
+a great loss," wrote Don Diego to Cromwell, "because he was so good
+a servant and so merry and honest a soul." To his own master, the
+Emperor, he remarked that the English Ambassador who had just died was
+a jovial, good-natured man, but more fit for courtly functions and
+social intercourse than grave political business, for which he had
+neither taste nor capacity.[202]
+
+
+IV.
+
+The meeting of the Emperor and King of France at Aigues-Mortes in
+July, 1538, produced a marked change in the political situation. This
+interview, which the Pope had failed to bring about at Nice, was
+finally effected by Queen Eleanor, and the two monarchs, who had not
+met since Francis was a prisoner at Madrid, embraced each other, dined
+together, and ended by swearing an inviolable friendship. The truce was
+converted into a lasting peace, and several marriages between the two
+families were discussed in a friendly and informal manner.
+
+    "Never," wrote the Constable to Castillon, "were there two
+    faster friends than the King and Emperor, and I do not for a
+    moment imagine that His Imperial Majesty will ever allow the
+    Widow of Milan to marry King Henry! So do not believe a single
+    word that you hear in England!"[203]
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1538] CROMWELL AND CHAPUYS]
+
+This unexpected reconciliation was a bitter pill to Henry and Cromwell.
+The French and Imperial Ambassadors at Whitehall exchanged the warmest
+congratulations, and did not fail to indulge in a hearty laugh at
+King Henry's expense. On the 21st of August Chapuys and Don Diego
+followed the Court to Ampthill, where the King was hunting, and
+were entertained by Cromwell at one of his own manors. As they sat
+down to dinner, the Lord Privy Seal asked brusquely if it were true
+that the King and Emperor had made peace, to which the Ambassadors
+replied in the affirmative. He then proceeded to start a variety of
+disagreeable topics. First he remarked that he heard the Turk was
+already in Belgrade; next he said that the young Duke of Cleves had
+taken possession of Guelderland, upon which Chapuys retaliated by
+expatiating on the perfect friendship and understanding between Charles
+and Francis. After dinner they were admitted into the King's presence,
+and informed him that the Queen of Hungary had received the powers
+necessary for the conclusion of the Duchess's marriage, and wished to
+recall Don Diego in order that he might draw up the contract. Henry
+expressed great sorrow at parting from the Spaniard, and, drawing him
+apart, begged him to induce the Queen to treat directly with him,
+repeating two or three times that he was growing old, and could not put
+off taking a wife any longer. Meanwhile Cromwell was telling Chapuys,
+in another corner of the hall, how much annoyed the King had been
+to hear that the Emperor was treating of his niece's marriage with
+the Duke of Cleves, which would make people say either that she had
+refused the King or else had only accepted Henry after refusing Cleves.
+Chapuys stoutly denied the truth of this report, and Cromwell confessed
+that the King was very eager for the marriage, and, if there were any
+difficulty about the Duchess's dowry, he would gladly give her 20,000
+crowns out of his own purse.[204]
+
+As the Ambassadors were putting on their riding-boots, Cromwell ran
+after Don Diego with a present from his master of £400, after which
+they returned to London and dined in Chelsea with Castillon, to meet
+Madame de Montreuil, the lady-in-waiting of the late Queen Madeleine of
+Scotland, who was returning to France. They all spent a merry evening,
+laughing over King Henry's matrimonial plans, and Castillon declared
+that the King and Lord Privy Seal were so much perturbed at his
+master's alliance with the Emperor that they hardly knew if they were
+in heaven or on earth.[205]
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1538] STEPHEN VAUGHAN]
+
+Don Diego arrived in Flanders to find general rejoicings--"gun-shots
+and melody and jousting were the order of the day"--and an English
+merchant declared that the proud Spaniards were ready to challenge all
+the world. Queen Mary marked the occasion by honouring her favourite,
+Count Henry of Nassau, with a visit at his Castle of Breda in Holland.
+The beautiful gardens and vast orchards planted in squares, after the
+fashion of Italy, which excited the Cardinal of Aragon's admiration,
+were in their summer beauty, and a series of magnificent fêtes were
+given in honour of the Queen and her companion, the Duchess of Milan.
+The Count was assisted in doing the honours by his third wife, the
+Marchioness of Zeneta, a rich Spanish heiress, whom the Emperor had
+given him in marriage, and his son René, Prince of Orange. The presence
+of Christina at Breda on this occasion, and the attentions that were
+paid her by her hosts, naturally gave rise to a report that she was
+about to wed the Prince, and Cromwell told Don Diego before he left
+Dover that this rumour had caused the King great annoyance.[206] But
+the festivities at Breda met with a tragic close. On the day after the
+royal ladies left the castle, Henry of Nassau died very suddenly, and
+Don Diego heard the sad news when he reached the castle gates, on his
+way to salute his kinswoman, the Marchioness.
+
+The Ambassador now hastened to Court, and craved an audience of the
+Queen to deliver King Henry's letters; but he found her little inclined
+to attend to business, and engaged in preparations to pay a visit to
+King Francis, who had gallantly invited her to a hunting-party at
+Compiègne. At first there had been some doubt if the Duchess should
+be of the party, but Queen Eleanor was eager to see her niece, and
+Christina was nothing loth to take part in these brilliant festivities.
+Meanwhile Henry's renewed impatience to conclude his marriage was shown
+by the promptitude with which another Ambassador was sent to take
+Hutton's place.
+
+On the 27th of September the new Envoy, Stephen Vaughan, was admitted
+into the Queen's presence, and begged for an answer to the letters
+delivered by Don Diego. Mary told him that he might inform His Majesty
+that there was no truth in the reports of her niece's marriage, and
+that, if any coolness had arisen between them, it was the King's own
+fault for seeking a wife in other places. Hoby's mission to Joinville
+and Nancy was, it is plain, well known at Brussels. But the Queen kept
+her counsel, and told Vaughan that, if his master was still in the
+same mind, she would urge the Emperor to hasten the conclusion of the
+treaty. Only she must beg the Ambassador to have a little patience,
+as her time was fully occupied at this moment. But the next day he
+was again put off, and told the Queen would see him when she reached
+Mons. Accordingly, Vaughan and his colleague, Thomas Wriothesley,
+Cromwell's confidential secretary, arrived at this town on the 8th,
+only to be told by Don Diego that they must await the Queen's pleasure
+at Valenciennes. The Spanish Ambassador did his best to atone for their
+disappointment by giving them an excellent dinner, and lending them
+two of his own horses with velvet saddles and rich trappings for the
+journey.[207]
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1538] AT COMPIÈGNE]
+
+At length, at eight on Sunday morning, the 6th of October, they were
+conducted into the Queen's presence by the Grand Falconer, Molembais,
+and Vaughan, who spoke French fluently, explained Henry's reasons for
+arranging the marriage treaty without delay. Mary replied briefly that
+she had already written to accede to the King's request, and that no
+further steps could be taken until after her meeting with the French
+King. Dinner was being served while she spoke these words, and, as
+the meat was actually coming in, the Ambassadors were compelled to
+retire. Before they left the room, however, they saluted the Duchess,
+who was standing near her aunt, and ventured to tell her how much my
+Lord Privy Seal remained her humble servant, although, as she no doubt
+knew, his overtures had been so coldly received. Christina smiled and
+thanked them for their good-will with a gentle grace, which went far
+to mollify their ruffled feelings, and made Wriothesley write home
+that all Hutton had said of the Duchess's charms was true. "She is as
+goodly personage, of stature higher than either of us, and hath a very
+good woman's face, competently fair and well favoured, but a little
+brown."[208]
+
+As if to make amends for these delays, the great lords in attendance
+overwhelmed the Ambassadors with civilities. Aerschot invited them to
+dinner; Count Büren embraced them warmly and asked affectionately after
+the King; De Praet, Molembais, and Iselstein, escorted them to the
+door, and Don Diego made them a present of wine. When Wriothesley fell
+ill of fever at Cambray, the Queen sent her own physician to attend
+him, and begged him either to remain there or return to Brussels. This
+he refused to do, and travelled on by slow stages to Compiègne, hoping
+to obtain another audience there. But the roads were bad, and two
+leagues from Cambray one of the carts broke down, leaving the English
+without household stuff or plate when Don Diego came to supper.[209]
+
+On Tuesday news reached Cambray that King Francis was on his way to
+salute the Queen, and Mary rode out to meet him, leaving the Duchess of
+Milan at home with others, who like herself, remarks Wriothesley, had
+no great liking for Frenchmen.[210] But the King's greeting was most
+cordial, and when, on the following day, Queen Eleanor arrived with a
+great train of lords and ladies, there was much feasting and merriment,
+until on the 10th the whole party started for Compiègne.
+
+It was a brilliant company that met in the ancient castle of the
+French Kings, in the forest on the banks of the Oise, near the bridge
+where, a hundred years before, Jeanne d'Arc had made her last heroic
+stand. King Francis had summoned all the Princes and Princesses of
+the blood to do honour to the Queen of Hungary, and the neighbouring
+villages were filled to overflowing with Court officials and servants.
+There was the King himself, a fine figure in cloth of gold and nodding
+plumes, gallant as ever in spite of ill-health and advancing years,
+with a glance and smile to spare for every fair lady; and there was his
+consort, Queen Eleanor, too often neglected by her fickle lord, but
+now radiant with happiness, and in her beautiful robes and priceless
+pearls, as winning and almost as fair as when she fascinated the young
+Palatine twenty years ago. The sense of family affection was as strong
+in Eleanor as in all the Habsburgs, and she was overjoyed to meet her
+sister and embrace the daughter of the beloved and lamented Isabella.
+With her came the King's daughter Margaret, the homely-featured but
+pleasing and accomplished Princess for whom a royal husband was still
+to be found, and who, the courtiers whispered, might now wed the Prince
+of Spain.
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1538] A BRILLIANT COMPANY]
+
+Her brothers were there too--the dull and morose Henry, who had
+succeeded his elder brother as Dauphin two years before, but had never
+recovered from the effects of his long captivity in Spain; and the
+more lively but weak and vicious Charles of Angoulême, now Duke of
+Orleans, whom Eleanor was so anxious to see married to the Duchess of
+Milan. With them was the Dauphin's Italian wife, Catherine de' Medici,
+whose wit and grace atoned in her father-in-law's eyes for her lack of
+beauty, although her husband's heart was given to Diane de Poitiers,
+and a childless marriage made her unpopular in the eyes of the nation.
+But a galaxy of fair ladies surrounded the King and Queen. Chief among
+them was Madame d'Étampes, whose dazzling charms had captivated the
+fickle King, and who now reigned supreme both in Court and Council. Of
+the youthful ladies whose charms had aroused King Henry's interest,
+only Mademoiselle de Vendôme was here. The fair Louise had not yet
+recovered from her illness, and the Duchess of Guise was nursing her
+at Joinville. But both her father, Claude of Guise, the Governor of
+Burgundy, and his brother, the Cardinal of Lorraine, were present, and
+held a high place in the King's favour. Claude's elder brother, the
+Duke of Lorraine, had lately been to meet the Emperor at Aigues-Mortes
+and plead his claims to Guelders, but on his return he fell ill with a
+severe attack of gout, and was unable to obey the King's summons. In
+his stead he sent Duchess Renée his wife, another Bourbon Princess, a
+daughter of Gilbert de Montpensier and sister of the famous Constable.
+Her daughter Anne remained at home to nurse the Duke, but her eldest
+son, Francis, came with his mother to Compiègne. This cultured and
+polished Prince, who bore the King's name, had been brought up at the
+French Court, and could ride and joust as well as any of his peers;
+but he was quite thrown into the shade by his cousin, Antoine de
+Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, the darling of the people and the idol of
+all the ladies. A head and shoulders taller than the Dauphin and his
+brother, Antoine was the cynosure of all eyes at Court festivals. The
+elegance of his attire, the inimitable grace with which he raised his
+hat, his wit and gaiety, fascinated every woman, while the gilded
+youth of the day copied the fashion of his clothes and the precise
+angle at which he wore the feather in his cap. Frivolous, volatile,
+and recklessly extravagant, Vendôme wore his heart on his sleeve, and
+was ready to enter the lists for the sake of any fair lady. He fell
+desperately in love with the Duchess of Milan at first sight, and
+devoted himself to her service. As premier Prince of the blood, he
+rode at Christina's side, and led her out to dance in the eyes of the
+Court. Together they joined in the hunting-parties that were organized
+on a vast scale in the Forest of Compiègne, and while all the French
+were lost in admiration at the fine horsemanship of the royal ladies,
+Antoine de Bourbon threw himself at the Duchess's feet, and declared
+himself her slave for life. But whether this gay cavalier was too
+wild and thoughtless for her taste, or whether her heart was already
+given to another, Christina paid little heed to this new suitor, and
+remained cold to his impassioned appeals. "The Duke of Vendôme," wrote
+Wriothesley to Cromwell, "is a great wooer to the Duchess, but we
+cannot hear that he receiveth much comfort."[211]
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1538] A VISIT TO CHANTILLY]
+
+On the 17th of October the Constable de Montmorency prevailed on the
+royal party to accompany him to his sumptuous home at Chantilly, nine
+leagues farther on the road to Paris. This brave soldier and able
+Minister had grown up in the closest intimacy with the Royal Family,
+and was habitually addressed as "bon père" by the King's children,
+but had, unfortunately, excited the hatred of the reigning favourite,
+the Duchess of Étampes, who called him openly "un grand coquin," and
+declared that he tried to make himself a second monarch. On the other
+hand, his constant loyalty to Queen Eleanor gratified Mary of Hungary,
+who now gladly accepted his invitation to Chantilly.
+
+Anne de Montmorency was as great a patron of art as his royal master,
+and during the last fifteen years he had transformed his ancestral
+home into a superb Renaissance palace. The halls were decorated with
+frescoes by Primaticcio; the gardens were adorned with precious marbles
+and bronzes, with busts of the Cæsars and statues of Mars and Hercules,
+with fountains of the finest Urbino and Palissy ware. Portraits by
+Clouet, priceless manuscripts illuminated by French and Burgundian
+masters, and enamels by Léonard Limousin, were to be seen in the
+galleries. But what interested Mary and Christina most of all were the
+tapestries woven at Brussels from Raphael of Urbino's cartoons, which
+the Constable had rescued after the sack of Rome, and which he restored
+some years later to Pope Julius III.[212]
+
+After entertaining his guests magnificently during two days, the
+Constable accompanied them on a hunting-party in the forest, and
+finally brought them back to Compiègne on the 19th of October. Here
+the Queen of Hungary's return was impatiently awaited by the English
+Ambassadors, who found themselves in a miserable plight. The town was
+so crowded that they had to be content with the meanest lodgings; the
+hire of post-horses cost forty pounds, and provisions were so scarce
+that a partridge or woodcock sold for tenpence, and an orange for more
+than a groat. The King's Ambassadors at the French Court--Sir Anthony
+Browne, and Bonner, the Bishop-elect of Hereford--who joined them at
+Compiègne on the 14th, were in still worse case; for they could get
+no horses for love or money, and spent six days without receiving a
+visit from the Court officials. These outraged personages stood at the
+window, and saw the French Councillors, and even the Constable, go
+by, without giving them the smallest sign of recognition. At least,
+Vaughan and Wriothesley were treated with the utmost civility by the
+Flemish nobles, and their audience was only deferred on account of the
+Queen's visit to Chantilly. Don Diego was courtesy itself, and, before
+he started for Spain, wrote a letter to Cromwell, assuring him that
+Queen Mary was the truest friend and sister his master could have, but
+that it had been impossible for her to attend to business when her
+days were spent in festivities and family meetings.[213] At length,
+on Sunday, the 20th, the Ambassadors were received by the Queen, and
+introduced Browne and Bonner, as well as Dr. Edward Carne, a learned
+lawyer whom Henry had sent to assist in drawing up the marriage treaty.
+Mary informed them that Francis was bent on taking her to the Duke of
+Vendôme's house at La Fère on the way home, but begged Wriothesley,
+who was still unwell, to go straight to Brussels. The next day Browne
+started for England, saying that it was impossible to follow a King
+who "goes out of all highways," and on the 22nd Wriothesley and his
+companions set out on their return to Brussels.[214]
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1538] MARRIAGE-MAKING]
+
+
+V.
+
+By the end of October the English Envoys were back at Brussels,
+rejoicing to be once more in comfortable quarters. Here they found
+great fear and distrust of France prevailing, and much alarm was
+expressed lest the Queen should have been induced to give the Duchess
+of Milan in marriage to a French Prince. This, however, was not
+the case, and the English Ambassadors were satisfied that beyond
+feasting and merrymaking nothing had been done. A friendly gentleman,
+Monsieur de Brederode, told them that there had been some attempt
+at marriage-making among the women. Queen Eleanor still pressed her
+sister earnestly to further the marriage of Christina with the Duke of
+Orleans, as the best way of insuring a lasting peace, and had revived
+her old dream of marrying her daughter, Maria of Portugal, to the
+Prince of Spain. But Mary turned a deaf ear to all these proposals,
+saying that she could not consider them without Charles's approval.
+At La Fère, in the valley of the Oise, Francis entertained his guests
+at a splendid banquet, after which he presented Mary with a very fine
+diamond, and Christina with a beautiful jewel, besides lavishing rings,
+bracelets, brooches, caps, and pretty trinkets from Paris and Milan,
+Lisbon and Nuremberg, on the ladies of their suite. Here he took leave
+of his guests, but the Duke of Vendôme insisted on escorting the Queen
+and her niece as far as Valenciennes.[215]
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1538] KING HENRY'S ANGER]
+
+On Monday, the 4th of November, Mary and Christina reached Brussels,
+and were received with warm demonstrations of affection. Now, "after
+all these gay and glorious words," the English Ambassadors confidently
+hoped to see some end to their toil. But they soon realized that
+their hopes were doomed to disappointment. First the Queen was too
+tired to receive them; then nothing could be done until the return
+of the Duke of Aerschot, who was her chief adviser. At length, on
+the 16th, the first conference took place at the Duke's house. The
+Captain of the Archers, Christina's old friend De Courrières, conducted
+the Ambassadors to the room where the Commissioners were awaiting
+them--Aerschot, Hoogstraaten, Lalaing, and the Chancellor of Brabant,
+Dr. Schoren, "a very wise father." After a lengthy preamble, setting
+forth the powers committed to the Regent, the terms of the contract
+were discussed. The chief points on which Wriothesley insisted were
+that Henry should be allowed to see his bride, that the payment
+of her dowry should be assigned to Flanders instead of Milan, and
+that Christina's title to Denmark should be recognized, although,
+remarked the Ambassador, "for my little wit I care not if this last
+condition were scraped out of the book."[216] The Duchess's claim to
+the throne of Denmark, as Wriothesley realized, was so remote that
+it seemed hardly worth discussing. The dowry and the question of the
+Papal dispensation were the two real stumbling-blocks, and he advised
+Cromwell, if the King was really anxious to secure this desirable wife,
+not to press the former point, money being so scarce in Spain and the
+Netherlands that the Emperor would rather leave his niece unwed, than
+part with so large a sum. At the close of the sitting the Duke of
+Aerschot begged Wriothesley to stay to dinner, and gave him the chief
+place at table and pre-eminence in all things. The fare was abundant;
+four courses of ten dishes were served in silver, with "covers of a
+marvellous clean and honourable sort," and carvers and waiters stood
+around, and attended as diligently to the Ambassador's wants as if
+he were a Prince. Later in the evening the Duke's brother-in-law,
+the Marquis of Berghen, who was always well disposed to the English,
+came to supper, and chatted pleasantly for some time, but shocked
+Wriothesley by asking him if it were true that all religion was extinct
+in England, that Mass was abolished, and that the bones of saints were
+publicly burned. Cromwell's Commissioner, who had himself plundered the
+shrines of St. Swithun at Winchester and of St. Thomas at Canterbury,
+could hardly deny this latter charge, although he declared stoutly that
+only such money-making devices and tricks of the friars as the Rood of
+Boxley and the tomb of Becket had been unmasked. But, in spite of the
+outward civility with which the Ambassador was treated, he realized
+that all good Catholics in Flanders looked on him with horror and
+disgust.
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1539] MARY'S APPEAL]
+
+All through the summer abbeys and shrines had been going down fast.
+"Dagon is everywhere falling," wrote a Kentish fanatic, and, as
+Castillon said, by the end of the year hardly a single abbey was left
+standing. The recent trend of political events had served to excite
+the King's worst passions, and when the French Ambassador went to see
+him early in November, he found him in a towering rage. The French
+had treated his Ambassadors abominably; the Emperor and King were
+plotting together to take the Duchess of Milan away from him and give
+her to Monsieur de Vendôme, which, "if it be done, would finish the
+picture."[217] Late on this same evening, Lord Exeter, a grandson of
+Edward IV. and head of the noble house of Courtenay, and his cousin,
+Lord Montague, the son of Lady Salisbury and brother of Cardinal Pole,
+were thrown into the Tower on the charge of high-treason. All that
+the most prolonged cross-examination of their servants and friends
+could bring out to prove their guilt, was that in my Lord of Exeter's
+garden at Horsley Place, in Surrey, Sir Edward Nevill had been heard
+singing merry songs against the knaves that ruled about the King,
+and, clenching his fist, had cried: "I trust to give them a buffet
+and see honest men reign in England one day." But the King had long
+ago told the French Ambassador that he was determined to exterminate
+the White Rose, and, as Castillon remarked, no pretext was too flimsy
+to bring men to the block. On the 9th of December, Exeter, Montague,
+and Nevill, all died on the scaffold, and Castillon wrote to King
+Francis: "No one knows who will be the next to go." Terror reigned
+throughout the land, and no one of noble birth was safe.[218] Mary of
+Hungary might well shudder at the thought of giving her niece to such
+a man. But every day her position became more difficult. Soon after
+her return from Compiègne she wrote to Charles, urgently begging for
+instructions as to how she was to proceed with the English Ambassadors.
+If the King persists in treating of the Duchess's marriage, is she to
+consent or to refuse altogether? And if so, on what pretext? Is she
+to discuss the question of the Papal dispensation, which Henry will
+never consent to receive from the Pope, but without which the Emperor
+cannot possibly allow the union.[219] In reply to this letter, Charles
+wrote from Toledo, on the 5th of December, telling her to temporize
+with the English, and to consult her Council on the best method of
+procedure.[220]
+
+A carefully-worded paper, in Mary's own handwriting, setting forth
+the results of the deliberation with the Council in clear and concise
+language, was forwarded to the Emperor early in January:
+
+    "If the King of England would seriously mend his ways and
+    proceed to conclude the marriage in earnest, not merely to sow
+    dissension between His Majesty and the King of France, this
+    would no doubt be the most honourable alliance for the Duchess
+    and the most advantageous for the Low Countries; but there is
+    no evidence of this--rather the reverse, as your Ambassador
+    in France tells us, from what he hears of the conversations
+    held by King Henry with the French Envoy in London. The Queen
+    considers this point to be entirely settled, and it remains
+    only to know Your Majesty's wishes. Are we to dissemble with
+    the English as we have done till now, which, however, is very
+    difficult, or are we to break off negotiations altogether? This
+    can best be done by putting forward quite reasonable terms, but
+    which are not agreeable to the King. The Queen begs His Majesty
+    to tell her exactly what she is to do, remembering that the
+    King of England, when he cannot ally himself with the Emperor
+    or in France, may seek an alliance with Cleves, and will be
+    further alienated from religion, and may do much harm by
+    putting himself at the head of the German Princes--all of which
+    she prays Your Majesty to consider."[221]
+
+But no reply to this appeal came for many weeks. In vain Mary
+implored Charles to put an end to this interminable procrastination,
+and relieve her from the necessity of dissembling with the English
+Ambassadors, who never left her in peace.
+
+    "Once more, Monseigneur," she wrote at the end of January, "I
+    implore you tell me if I am to allow these conferences to drag
+    on, for it is impossible to do this any longer without the most
+    shameless dissimulation."[222]
+
+Still no answer came from Spain, and the solemn farce was prolonged.
+During the next two months frequent meetings between the Commissioners
+were held at Brussels, and the Queen herself was often present.
+"Indeed," wrote Wriothesley, "she is one and principal in it, and how
+unmeet we be to match with her ourselves do well acknowledge."[223]
+But little progress was made, although Henry, in his anxiety for the
+marriage, offered to give the Duchess as large a dowry as any Queen of
+England had ever enjoyed. On St. Thomas's Day he informed the French
+Ambassador in the gallery at Whitehall that his marriage was almost
+concluded.
+
+    "All the same," wrote Castillon to the Constable, "I know that
+    he would gladly marry Madame de Guise had he the chance. If you
+    think the King and Emperor would enjoy the sport of seeing him
+    thus _virolin-virolant_, I can easily get it up, provided you
+    show his Ambassador a little civility, and make the Cardinal
+    and Monsieur de Guise caress him a little."[224]
+
+[Illustration: MARY, QUEEN OF HUNGARY
+
+By Bernard van Orley (Cardon Collection)
+
+_To face p. 188_]
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1539] FAIR WORDS]
+
+But two days after this interview Henry addressed a pathetic appeal
+to the Regent on his behalf, saying that "old age was fast creeping
+on, and time was slipping and flying marvellously away." Already the
+whole year had been wasted in vain parleyings, and, since neither
+money nor prayers could redeem this precious time, he could wait the
+Emperor's pleasure no longer, but must seek another bride. If this
+appeal produced no effect, he told Wriothesley to take leave of the
+Duchess, and declare to her the great affection which the King bore
+her, and how earnestly he had desired to make her his wife, but, since
+this was plainly impossible, he must "beg her not to marvel if he
+joined with another."[225] When this letter reached Brussels, Mary and
+Christina were absent on a hunting expedition, but on New Year's Eve
+they returned. The Queen received Wriothesley the next morning, and,
+after listening patiently to the long discourse in which he delivered
+his master's message, said that she was still awaiting the Emperor's
+final instructions, remarking that perhaps the King hardly realized the
+distance between Spain and Flanders. There was nothing for it but to
+await the coming of the courier from Spain. But even Wriothesley began
+to realize that, "for all this gentle entertainment and fair words and
+feastings," the deputies meant to effect nothing.
+
+Like Hutton, the Ambassador felt the spell of Christina's charms,
+and certain expressions which her servants Benedetto and Ferrari had
+dropped, led him to suppose that the Duchess was favourably inclined
+towards his master. But he was convinced that attempts had been made to
+poison her mind against the King, and to prefer the suit of William of
+Cleves or of Francis of Lorraine, who was also said to be seeking her
+hand.
+
+    "I know," he wrote to Cromwell, "that some of these folks
+    labour to avert the Duchess's mind from the King's Majesty,
+    and to rest herself either upon Lorraine or Cleves; but as
+    far as I can learn she is wiser than they, and will in no
+    wise hearken to them, offering rather to live a widow than to
+    fall from the likelihood of being Queen, and to light so low
+    as from a mistress to become an underling, as she must if she
+    marry either of them, their fathers and mothers being yet both
+    alive. What for the virtue that I think I see in her, the good
+    nature that every man must note her to be of, as well as her
+    good inclination to the King's Majesty, I have privily wished
+    myself sometimes that the King might take her with nothing, as
+    she hath somewhat, rather than His Highness should, by these
+    cankered tongues, be tromped and deceived of his good purpose,
+    and so want such a wife as I think she would be to His Grace.
+    For I shall ever pray God to send His Majesty such a mate,
+    humble, loving, and of such sort as may be for His Grace's
+    quiet and content, with the increase of the offspring of his
+    most noble person."[226]
+
+
+VI.
+
+At length the eagerly-expected courier reached Brussels, but, as usual,
+the Queen and Duchess were away hunting, and it was only on the 1st of
+February that the Ambassadors obtained their desired audience. Mary
+received them in her bedroom between seven and eight in the morning,
+and told them that the Emperor had decided to await the arrival of the
+Count Palatine, who with his wife, the Duchess's elder sister, was
+shortly expected at Toledo, in order that he might discuss the subject
+fully with them; but, since she knew Henry to be impatient for an
+answer, she had despatched a trusty messenger, Cornelius Scepperus, to
+Spain to beg her brother for an immediate decision.[227]
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1539] AN AWKWARD QUESTION]
+
+Wriothesley now ventured on a bold step. As the Queen rose to leave
+the room, he begged, in order to satisfy his own peace of mind, to
+be allowed to ask her one question, hoping that she would give him a
+frank answer. At these words Mary blushed deeply, conscious of the
+double part that she was playing, and bade him speak, assuring him
+that she would take whatever he said in good part. "Madame," returned
+Wriothesley, "I beseech Your Grace to tell me plainly how you find
+the Duchess herself affected towards this marriage with the King my
+master." If, as was commonly reported, the Duchess had really said
+that she minded not to fix her heart that way, all his efforts were
+but lost labour. And he made bold to ask this question because he knew
+that of late "divers malicious tongues, servants of the Bishop of Rome,
+had dared to speak lewdly in hugger-mugger of the King's Majesty." The
+question was an awkward one, but Mary proved equal to the occasion.
+She thanked the Ambassador for his frankness, and replied with some
+warmth that she was quite sure her niece had never spoken such words,
+and that, if evil men spoke lewdly of the King, she would know how to
+deal with them. "Touching my niece's affection," she added, "I dare say
+unto you, that if the Emperor and your master the King agree upon this
+marriage, she will be at the Emperor's command."
+
+Wriothesley could only express his gratitude for this gracious answer,
+even if it were not so plain as he could have wished. Seeing that
+nothing else would satisfy him, the Queen referred him to the Duchess
+herself, and at two o'clock the same afternoon the Ambassador was
+conducted to Christina's lodgings. He found her standing under a canopy
+in a hall hung with black velvet and damask, with five or six ladies
+near her, and a dozen gentlemen and pages at the other end of the
+room. Christina received him with a graceful salute, bade him heartily
+welcome, and asked the purpose of his errand. Wriothesley proceeded to
+explain the object of his visit at great length, saying that he was
+quite sure that a lady of her gravity and discretion would never allow
+such unseemly words to pass her lips; yet, since untrue and wicked
+reports might have reached her ears and cooled her inclination towards
+the King, he felt it would be his bounden duty, were this true, to
+inform His Majesty, in order that he might withdraw his suit without
+further waste of time and dishonour.
+
+Christina listened to this long harangue without moving a muscle. When
+the Ambassador had ended, she desired him to put on his cap, saying it
+was a cold day, and that she regretted not to have noticed that he was
+uncovered before. Wriothesley replied that this was his duty, and that
+he hoped often to have the honour of talking with her bareheaded in the
+future. Without paying any heed to this last remark, Christina replied
+in the following words:
+
+"Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, I do heartily thank you for your good opinion
+of me, wherein I can assure you, you have not been deceived. I thank
+God He hath given me a better stay of myself, than to be of so light a
+sort as, by all likelihood, some men would note me. And I assure you
+that neither these words that you have spoken, nor any like to them,
+have passed at any time from my mouth, and so I pray you report for me."
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1539] CHRISTINA'S ANSWER]
+
+But grateful as Wriothesley expressed himself for this frank answer,
+he was not yet satisfied. "It is an evil wind, as we say in England,
+that bloweth no man good," and at least the Duchess would see by this,
+how little faith was to be placed in idle tales. "There are those," he
+said mysteriously, "who play on both hands; they tell Your Excellency
+many things, and us somewhat." But would she go farther, and tell him
+if he might assure the King his master of her own good inclination
+towards the marriage? At these words Christina blushed exceedingly, and
+said with some hesitation: "As for my inclination, what should I say?
+You know I am at the Emperor's commandment." And when the Ambassador
+pressed her to be a little plainer, she smiled and repeated: "You know
+I am the Emperor's poor servant, and must follow his pleasure!"
+
+"Marry!" exclaimed Wriothesley; "why, then I may hope to be one of the
+first Englishmen to be acquainted with my new mistress. Oh, madame, how
+happy shall you be if you are matched with my master--the most gentle
+gentleman that liveth, his nature so benign and pleasant that I think
+no man hath heard many angry words pass his mouth. As God shall help
+me, if he were no King, instead of one of the most puissant Princes
+of Christendom, I think, if you saw him, you would say that for his
+virtues, gentleness, wisdom, experience, goodliness of person, and all
+other gifts and qualities, he were worthy to be made a King. I know
+Your Grace to be of goodly parentage, and to have many great Princesses
+in your family, but if God send this to a good conclusion, you shall be
+of all the rest the most happy!"
+
+This fulsome panegyric was too much for Christina's gravity. She
+listened for some time, like one that was tickled, then smiled, and
+almost burst out laughing, but restrained her merriment with much
+difficulty, and, quickly recovering herself, said gravely that she
+knew His Majesty was a good and noble Prince. "Yes, madame," replied
+the Ambassador, with enthusiasm, "and you shall know this better
+hereafter. And for my part, I would be content, if only I may live to
+see the day of your coronation, to say with Simeon, "Nunc dimittis
+servum tuum, Domine." And he dwelt with fervour on the wish of the
+English to have her for their Queen, and on the admiration and love
+which the fame of her beauty and goodness had excited in the King.
+Christina bowed her thanks, saying that she was much bounden to His
+Majesty for his good opinion, and then, calling her Grand Master, bade
+him escort the Ambassador home.
+
+    "Your Majesty," wrote Wriothesley to the King that evening,
+    "shall easily judge from this of what inclination the women
+    be, and especially the Duchess, whose honest countenance, with
+    the few words that she wisely spoke, make me to think there
+    can be no doubt in her. A blind man should judge no colours,
+    but surely, Sir, after my poor understanding and the little
+    experience that I have, she is marvellous wise, very gentle,
+    and as shamefaced as ever I saw so witty a woman. I think her
+    wisdom is no less than the Queen's, which, in my poor opinion,
+    is notable for a woman, and I am deceived if she prove not a
+    good wife. And somewhat the better I like her for that I have
+    been informed that, of all the whole stock of them, her mother
+    was of the best opinion in religion, and showed it so far that
+    both the Emperor and all the pack of them were sore grieved
+    with her, and seemed in the end to hold her in contempt. I
+    would hope no less of the daughter, if she might be so happy as
+    to nestle in England. Very pure, fair of colour she is not, but
+    a marvellous good brownish face she hath, with fair red lips
+    and ruddy cheeks. And unless I be deceived in my judgment, she
+    was never so well painted but her living visage doth much excel
+    her picture."[228]
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1539] WORTHY TO BE A QUEEN]
+
+Two things, Wriothesley told Cromwell, in a letter which he wrote to
+him the next day, were plain: the Queen would be very loth to let them
+go with nothing settled, and the Duchess was well inclined, considering
+that nothing had as yet been said to her on the King's behalf. And he
+suggested that he might be allowed to show her a portrait of Henry, the
+sight of which, he felt sure, would make her die a maid rather than
+marry anyone else. "The woman is certainly worthy to be a Queen," he
+adds, "and in my judgment is worth more than all the friendship and
+alliances in the world."[229]
+
+Unfortunately, these letters, which the writer hoped would give the
+King so much pleasure, found Henry in a furious temper. In January,
+1539, Pope Paul III. issued the long-delayed Bull of excommunication,
+and called on the Emperor and the French King to declare war on the
+heretic monarch, and forbid all intercourse between their subjects and
+the misguided English. Cardinal Pole, whose kinsmen Henry had beheaded,
+and whose own life had been attempted by his emissaries, was sent to
+Spain to induce Charles to take up arms against "this abominable tyrant
+and cruel persecutor of the Church of God."[230] At the same moment a
+treaty was signed between Charles and Francis at Toledo, by which the
+two monarchs pledged themselves to conclude no agreements with Henry
+excepting by mutual consent.[231]
+
+Henry now became seriously alarmed. He complained bitterly to Castillon
+of the way in which he was reviled in France, not only by the vulgar,
+but by the Cardinal of Paris and members of the Council. And he sent
+Cromwell to Chapuys with an imperative summons to come to Court without
+delay. The Imperial Ambassador obeyed, and came to Whitehall on the
+Feast of the Three Kings. Henry was on his way to Mass, but he stopped
+to greet Chapuys, and complained once more of the Queen of Hungary's
+interminable delays and of the scandalous treatment of his Ambassadors.
+Chapuys made the best excuses which came into his mind, and assured the
+King that Mary was only awaiting the Emperor's instructions as to the
+Papal dispensation, and that he would hear from Spain as soon as the
+Palatine had reached Toledo. To this Henry vouchsafed no answer, but
+walked straight on, to the door of the chapel.
+
+During Mass Cromwell entered into conversation with Chapuys, and told
+him that the Pope had thrown off the hypocrite's mask, and was doing
+his best to kindle a flame in Italy. Before the Ambassador could reply
+he changed the subject, and said he saw clearly that the Emperor
+intended to marry his niece to Cleves or Lorraine. Chapuys laughed, and
+remarked that the Duchess could hardly be given to both Princes, but
+added in all seriousness that his master knew the difference between
+the King of England and these suitors. After dinner Henry seemed in
+a better temper, but told Chapuys in confidential tones that he was
+growing old, and that his subjects pressed him to hasten his marriage,
+and that these vexatious delays were all due to the French, who boasted
+that the Emperor could do nothing without their consent.
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1539] A COLD FROST]
+
+    "He seemed in great trouble," reported Chapuys, "and it is
+    plain, as everyone about him tells me, that he is very much
+    in love with the Duchess of Milan. He told one of his most
+    intimate friends the other day that he would gladly take her
+    without a penny.... And just now the French Ambassador asked
+    me if it were true that he had sent her a diamond worth 16,000
+    ducats."[232]
+
+At the same time Chapuys heard that Henry was negotiating with the
+German Princes, and offering his daughter Mary to the young Duke of
+Cleves, in order to prevent him from marrying the Duchess. "He is so
+much in love," wrote Castillon, "that for one gracious word from her I
+believe he would go to war to recover Denmark."[233]
+
+The same week Henry wrote to Wyatt, complaining bitterly of the
+treatment which he had received from his imperial brother, as being
+wholly unworthy of a Prince who professed to be his zealous friend.
+"After so hot a summer we saw never so cold a winter; after all these
+professions of love and friendship, in the end nothing but a cold
+frost." He ended by declaring he would no longer be kept "hanging in
+the balance," and must have an immediate answer, even if it were a flat
+denial.[234] At length even Charles could procrastinate no longer, and
+on the 15th of February he told Wyatt that it was impossible for the
+marriage to take place without the Pope's dispensation, as the King's
+dispensation would never satisfy the Duchess herself, or any of her
+relations, and might cause endless inconvenience if children were born
+of the union. "All the stay," wrote Cromwell to Wriothesley, "is upon
+the dispensation, to which they object now, but whereof they never
+spake before."[235]
+
+Even before the courier from Spain arrived, Henry's face was so black
+that Castillon wrote home begging to be recalled, and declaring that
+this King was the most cruel and dangerous man in the world. He was
+in such a rage that he had neither reason nor understanding left, and
+once he found out that Francis could do nothing for him, Castillon was
+convinced that his own life would not be worth a straw. A few days
+later the Ambassador left London, and rejoiced to find himself safely
+back in France.[236]
+
+
+VII.
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1539] A GAY CARNIVAL]
+
+While London was full of alarms, Wriothesley and his colleagues were
+spending a gay Shrovetide at Brussels, all unconscious of the clouds
+that were darkening the horizon. During the last few weeks nobles
+and courtiers had vied with each other in paying them attentions.
+Visitors of the highest rank honoured their humble lodgings. Madame de
+Berghen, Aerschot's lively sister--"a dame of stomach that hath a jolly
+tongue"--dined with them. The Queen herself was expected to pay them a
+visit, and great preparations in the way of plate and furniture were
+made for her reception. Count Büren, a very great man in Holland, was
+particularly friendly, and impressed Wriothesley so much by his honesty
+and loyalty that he gave him the best horse in his stables. Another
+day he entertained the Captain of Gravelines, who railed against the
+abominations of Rome to his heart's content, and told him it would be
+the Pope's fault if the King's marriage were not concluded. Carnival
+week brought a round of festivities. On Monday, the 17th of February,
+the Ambassadors were invited to meet the Queen at supper at the Duke of
+Aerschot's house, and were received at half-past five by the Duchess
+and her sister-in-law, Madame de Berghen. The Duchess sent for her
+young daughter and her two sons--boys of ten and twelve--and presently
+they were joined by Monsieur de Vély, the new French Ambassador.
+Wriothesley expressed great pleasure at meeting him, saying that, since
+their masters were good friends, they ought not to be strangers, and
+received a cordial reply. The rest of the company looked on with some
+surprise at these friendly fashions, a rumour being abroad that the
+French King was about to attack England and force Henry to submit to
+the Pope. Then a flourish of trumpets, sackbuts, and fifes, was heard
+at the gates, and the guests rose as the Queen and Duchess entered the
+hall. At supper the French Ambassador sat on the Queen's right, and
+Wriothesley on her left, while Christina was between him and Vaughan.
+Madame d'Egmont sat next to Dr. Carne, and the Prince of Orange was on
+the Duchess of Aerschot's right hand. Mary made herself very agreeable
+to both her neighbours, and when, after supper, her chapel choir sang
+roundelays and merry drinking-songs, she asked Wriothesley if he were
+fond of music, and invited him to sup with her on the morrow and hear
+her minstrels. The Ambassador confessed that he was very fond of music,
+and often had some at his poor home to cheer his dull spirits. "Well,
+it is an honest pastime," said the Queen, "and maketh good digestion,
+for it driveth thoughts away." Here Wriothesley ventured to remark
+that he would feel merrier if he had not wasted so much time here,
+and asked if there was still no news from Spain. "None," replied the
+Queen; and Wriothesley observed that reports reached him from Germany
+that the Emperor was merely trying to gain time, and meant to do the
+Bishop of Rome's bidding. "Jesus!" exclaimed the Queen, "I dare say
+the Emperor never meant such a thing;" upon which Wriothesley hastened
+to say that he felt sure the Emperor was too wise and honourable a
+Prince to deceive the King, but now that he had made friends with his
+old enemy, he hoped he would not make a new enemy of his old friend.
+After supper the Duke and several ladies came in, wearing masks and
+rich costumes, and threw dice with the Queen and her niece for some
+fine diamonds, which the Princesses won. Then the Prince of Orange led
+out Christina to dance, and the other youthful guests followed suit,
+while Wriothesley sat at the Queen's side on the daïs and watched the
+princely pair.
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1539] AN UNPLEASANT SURPRISE]
+
+The next evening (Shrove Tuesday) Wriothesley and his colleagues dined
+at the palace, and this time the English Ambassador sat in the post of
+honour, on the Queen's right, with the Duchess on his left. Mary was in
+high spirits, toasted her guests and drank with each of them in turn.
+After supper Wriothesley approached Christina, and ventured to tell
+her that she would be happy if her best friends did not put hindrances
+in her way, and begged her not to lend ear to malicious reports of
+his master. The Duchess shook her head, saying she would listen to
+no calumnies, and always hold the King to be a noble Prince. But he
+felt sure that she was afraid of the Queen, and told her he hoped to
+converse more freely with her another time. Never had he seen her look
+so beautiful as she did that night; never did he wish more ardently to
+see her his master's bride. "For indeed it were pity," he wrote home,
+"if she were bestowed on a husband she did not like, only to serve
+others."
+
+There was one Prince at table for whom, it was easy to see, Christina
+had no dislike. This was René of Orange, who had an opportunity of
+distinguishing himself in his lady's eyes that evening. The Queen led
+the way into the great hall, where first Aerschot and three other
+nobles challenged all comers to fight, and then the Prince of Orange
+and Floris d'Egmont took their places at the barriers, and broke lances
+and received prizes for their valour, while the Queen's band of lutes,
+viols, and rebecks, played the finest music that Wriothesley had ever
+heard. When the jousting was ended, Mary led her guests to the royal
+gallery, where another banquet was served, and there was much lively
+discourse, and more talking than eating. So that gay Carnival came
+to a close, and with it the last hope of winning the fair Duchess's
+hand.[237]
+
+An unpleasant surprise was in store for Wriothesley the next morning.
+Certain disquieting rumours having reached Brussels, Vaughan went to
+Antwerp on Ash Wednesday, and found great consternation among the
+English merchants. A proclamation had been issued forbidding any ships
+to leave the port, and several English vessels laden with merchandise
+had been detained. The wildest rumours were current on the Exchange.
+It was commonly said that the Emperor, with the Kings of France and
+Scotland, had declared war on King Henry, and that a large Dutch and
+Spanish fleet was about to sail for England. Already in Brussels
+gallants and pikemen were taking bets on the issue of the war, and
+Wriothesley wrote to Cromwell that he and his colleagues "might
+peradventure broil on a faggot." He was unable to obtain an audience
+until Friday, when the Queen told him that, by the Emperor's orders,
+she was recalling Chapuys to conduct the marriage negotiations. This
+unexpected intimation, coming as it did after the startling news from
+Antwerp, disconcerted him considerably. He sent an express to London,
+and received orders to take his departure at once. Castillon was
+already on his way to France, but Henry quite refused to let Chapuys go
+until Wriothesley and Vaughan had left Brussels. A long wrangle between
+the two Courts followed. The Ambassadors were detained on both sides.
+The Spanish and Dutch ships in English harbours were stopped, all ports
+were closed, and active preparations were made for war along the shores
+of the Channel.
+
+    "After fair weather," wrote Cromwell to Wriothesley, "there is
+    succeeded a weather very cloudy. Good words, good countenance,
+    be turned, we perceive, to a wonderful strangeness. But
+    let that pass. They can do us no harm but to their own
+    detriment."[238]
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1539] STRANGE ENTERTAINMENT]
+
+The situation of the Ambassadors was by no means pleasant. A marked
+change was visible in the behaviour of the Court. They were "treated
+as very strangers" by those nobles who had been their best friends.
+No one called at their house or came to dine with them. The Duchess's
+servants, who used to go to and fro constantly, now dared not come
+except at dusk--"in the owl-flight"--and would not allow Wriothesley
+to send them home by torchlight. Wherever they went, the English heard
+their King slandered, and met with cold looks and scornful words. Worse
+than all, they were forced to pay excise duties--"eighteen pence on
+every barrel of beer above the price asked by the brewer"--an indignity
+to which no Ambassador before had ever been exposed. "I write in haste
+and live in misery," wrote Wriothesley to Cromwell on the 7th of
+March.[239]
+
+The Emperor, however, was still friendly. His heart was set on a
+Crusade against the Turk, and he had no wish to embark on war with
+England. Pole met with a cold reception at Toledo, and, finding
+Charles averse to executing the Pope's sentence, retired to his friend
+Sadoleto's house at Carpentras. This was a relief to Henry, and he bade
+Wyatt thank his imperial brother, but could not forbear pointing out
+that these friendly words agreed ill with the doings of his officers
+in the Low Countries. A despatch addressed to Wyatt on the 10th of
+March contains a long recital of the extraordinary treatment which his
+Ambassadors at Brussels had met with:
+
+    "Since Lent began, as for a penance, their entertainment
+    hath been marvellous strange--yea, and stranger than we will
+    rehearse: strangeness in having audience with long delay,
+    strangeness in answer and fashion. Also they have been
+    constrained to pay Excise, which no Ambassador of England paid
+    in any man's remembrance. They have complained to the Queen,
+    but nevertheless must pay or lack drink.... These rumours
+    and hints of war, the arrest of our ships, this strangeness
+    shown to our Ministers, this navy and army in readiness, the
+    recall of Chapuys, ran abroad this realm and everywhere. We
+    do not write to you the rumours half so spiteful, and the
+    entertainment half so strange, as it hath been. I think never
+    such a thing was heard, and especially after a treaty of
+    marriage such a banquet!"[240]
+
+Henry concluded this letter by saying that, since the Emperor insisted
+on the need of Papal dispensation, there could be no further question
+of any marriage between him and the Duchess, and he would be now at
+liberty to seek another wife. On the same day he wrote to Carne, who
+had been secretly corresponding with the Duke of Cleves, telling him to
+open negotiations for a marriage with that Prince's sister, the Lady
+Anne.[241]
+
+Twelve days after this despatch was sent to Spain Wriothesley left
+Brussels. At Calais he met Chapuys, who had just crossed the Channel,
+and Mary's almoner, the Dean of Cambray, who was being sent to take the
+Ambassador's place, and was awaiting a fair wind to embark for Dover.
+All three Ambassadors dined in a friendly manner with Lord Lisle, the
+Deputy Governor of Calais, and continued their respective journeys
+without hindrance. But the much-discussed marriage treaty was at an
+end. The long-drawn comedy had reached its last act. "All hope of the
+Duchess," wrote Wriothesley to Cromwell, "is utterly past."
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1539] A WELSHMAN'S OPINION]
+
+The rupture was loudly lamented by the English merchants in Antwerp,
+and keen disappointment was felt throughout England, where the marriage
+had always been popular. Among many scattered notices of the feeling
+which prevailed on the subject, the following incident is of especial
+interest, because of the sidelight which it throws on Christina's
+personal reluctance to the marriage.
+
+On a summer evening in August, 1539, five months after Wriothesley
+left Brussels, a married priest named George Constantyne, of Llan
+Hawaden in South Wales, rode from Chepstow to Abergavenny with John
+Barlow, Dean of Westbury. The priest had got into trouble in Wolsey's
+time, for buying copies of Tyndale's New Testament, and was forced to
+fly the country and practise as a physician for several years in the
+Netherlands. Now he had returned to England, and was on his way to his
+old home in Wales. He walked from Bristol to Westbury, where he supped
+with Dean Barlow, a brother of his friend the Bishop of St. Davids,
+who made him heartily welcome, and invited him to be his travelling
+companion the next day to Pembrokeshire. As the two ecclesiastics rode
+through the green valleys on the way to Abergavenny, the Dean asked
+Constantyne if he could tell him why the King's marriage had been so
+long delayed. The priest replied that he, for his part, was very sorry
+the King should still be without a wife, when he might by this time
+have been the father of fair children. As the Dean knew, both the
+Duchess of Milan and she of Cleves were spoken of, and now the little
+doctor, Nicholas Wotton, had been sent to Cleves with Mr. Beard, of
+the Privy Chamber, and the King's painter; so there was good hope
+of a marriage being concluded with the Duke of Cleves, who favoured
+God's word, and was a mighty Prince now, holding Guelderland against
+the Emperor's will. But why, asked the Dean, was the marriage with
+the Duchess of Milan broken off? Constantyne, who was familiar with
+all the gossip of the Regent's Court, replied that the Duchess quite
+refused to marry the King, unless he would accept the Bishop of Rome's
+dispensation, and give pledges that her life would be safe and her
+honour respected. "Why pledges?" asked the Dean innocently. "Marry!"
+returned Constantyne, "she sayeth that, since the King's Majesty was in
+so little space rid of three Queens, she dare not trust his Council,
+even if she dare trust His Majesty. For in Flanders the nobles suspect
+that her great-aunt, Queen Catherine, was poisoned, that Anne Boleyn
+was innocent of the crimes for which she was put to death, and that the
+third wife, Queen Jane, was lost for lack of attention in childbed."
+Such, at least, were the mutterings which he heard at Court before
+Whitsuntide. The Dean remarked that he was afraid the affair of Milan
+must be dashed, as Dr. Petre, who was to have gone to fetch the royal
+bride from Calais, was at the Court of St. James's last Sunday; upon
+which Constantyne gave it as his opinion that there could be no amity
+between the King and the Emperor, whose god was the Pope.
+
+So the two men talked as they rode over the Welsh hills on the pleasant
+summer evening. But the poor priest had good reason to regret that he
+had ever taken this ride; for his false friend the Dean reported him as
+a Sacramentary to the Lord Privy Seal, and a few days after he reached
+Llan Hawaden he was arrested and thrown into the Tower, where he spent
+several months in prison as a penalty for his freedom of speech.[242]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[164] Papiers d'État, 1178, Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.
+
+[165] Calendar of State Papers, xii. 2, 367.
+
+[166] State Papers, Henry VIII., Record Office, viii. 2.
+
+[167] J. Kaulek, "Correspondance Politique de M. de Castillon," 4, 5;
+Calendar of State Papers, xii. 2, 394.
+
+[168] Calendar of State Papers, xii. 2, 392; G. Pimodan, "La Mère des
+Guises," 72.
+
+[169] Kaulek, 12, 15; Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 54.
+
+[170] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 5.
+
+[171] Anne Boleyn's cousin Mary Skelton, who had been a great favourite
+with the King (see Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 24).
+
+[172] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 7.
+
+[173] Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 42.
+
+[174] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 572.
+
+[175] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 429.
+
+[176] Kaulek, 24; Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 82.
+
+[177] Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 93.
+
+[178] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 16.
+
+[179] _Ibid._, viii. 30.
+
+[180] British Museum, Additional Manuscripts, 5,498, f. 2; Calendar of
+State Papers, xiii. 1, 130.
+
+[181] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 17-19.
+
+[182] Holbein's portrait is described in the Catalogues of the King's
+pictures at Westminster in 1542 and 1547 as "No. 12. A greate Table
+with the picture of the Duchess of Myllane, being her whole stature."
+After Henry's death it passed into the hands of Fitzalan, Earl of
+Arundel, the King's Lord Chamberlain and godson, who married Lady
+Katherine Grey, and acquired the Palace of Nonsuch, with most of its
+contents. When he died, in 1580, it became the property, first of his
+elder daughter Jane, wife of Lord Lumley, and then of her great-nephew,
+Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel. This great collector took the Duchess
+of Milan's portrait with him abroad during the Civil Wars, and after
+his death, in 1645, it hung, with many other Holbeins, in the house
+of his widow at Amsterdam. Lady Arundel left the whole collection
+to her son, Henry Howard, who became the sixth Duke of Norfolk, and
+Holbein's portrait remained in the family until, in 1909, it was
+acquired by the National Gallery for the sum of £72,000. A second
+portrait of the Duchess of Milan, a half-length, is mentioned in Henry
+VIII.'s Catalogues ("No. 138. A Table with a picture of the Duchess of
+Myllane"), and was discovered by Sir George Scharf in a waiting-room
+near the private chapel at Windsor. This is probably the portrait by
+Van Orley which Hutton sent to England before Holbein's arrival at
+Brussels. The attitude of the sitter, her dress and features, are the
+same as in Holbein's picture, but the face is less finely modelled
+and lacks charm and expression. The hands are in a slightly different
+position, and instead of one big ruby ring she wears three rings--a
+cameo and a gold ring on the right hand, and a black ring, the badge
+of widowhood, on the third finger of the left hand. This curious and
+interesting portrait is plainly the work of an inferior artist, and,
+as the Ambassador justly remarked, bears no comparison with Holbein's
+Duchess--"surely," in the words of his biographer, "one of the most
+precious pictures in the world" (Wornum's "Life of Holbein," p. 322;
+L. Cust in the _Burlington Magazine_, August, 1911, p. 278; and Sir G.
+Scharf in "Archæologia," xl. 205).
+
+[183] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 523.
+
+[184] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 21.
+
+[185] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 30.
+
+[186] Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 263.
+
+[187] Kaulek, 29, 33, 35.
+
+[188] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 524.
+
+[189] Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 258.
+
+[190] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 526, 558.
+
+[191] Kaulek, 48, 50, 53, 58, 70.
+
+[192] _Ibid._, 58, 73; Pimodan, 73.
+
+[193] Kaulek, 70, 79, 81; Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 9.
+
+[194] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 20.
+
+[195] _Ibid._, ii. 10.
+
+[196] There has been some confusion as to the date of Holbein's visit
+to Joinville, owing to a mistake in the Calendar of State Papers (xiii.
+1, 130), where Cromwell's instructions to Hoby for his journeys to
+Brussels and France are entered under the date of February, 1538. But
+the Duchess of Guise's letter (see Appendix), as well as the payment of
+£10 made by Sir Brian Tuke, Treasurer of the Household, to Hans Holbein
+on the 30th of December, 1538, "for going to the parts of High Burgony
+about certain of the King's business," make it clear that this journey
+took place at the end of August (G. Scharf, "Archæologia," xxxix. 7).
+From Lorraine the painter went on to Bâle, where he spent some months,
+and returned to England at Christmas. The original documents in the
+British Museum (Additional Manuscripts, 5,498, f. 1) bear no date, and
+are on separate sheets, and the heading of the instructions regarding
+the journey to Brussels was added by a later hand, and is thus worded:
+"Instructions given by the L. Cromwell to Philip Hoby, sent over by him
+to the Duchess of Lorraine, then Duchess of Milan"--_i.e._, Christina,
+Duchess of Lorraine, at that time Duchess of Milan. But the editor of
+the Calendars inserted the words "to the" between "then" and "Duchess
+of Milan," thus making it appear that Hoby went first to Lorraine, and
+then to the Duchess of Milan, whereas the journey to Brussels took
+place in March, and that to Lorraine in August. Since this chapter was
+written, the subject has been fully dealt with by Mr. A. B. Chamberlain
+in the _Burlington Magazine_, April, 1912.
+
+[197] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 531.
+
+[198] Nott's "Life of Wyatt," ii. 488.
+
+[199] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 33.
+
+[200] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 40.
+
+[201] Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 119.
+
+[202] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 42.
+
+[203] Kaulek, 77.
+
+[204] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 15-31.
+
+[205] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 41.
+
+[206] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 46.
+
+[207] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 53, 56; Calendar of State
+Papers, xiii. 2, 214.
+
+[208] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 56-60.
+
+[209] Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 245, 247.
+
+[210] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 67.
+
+[211] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 78; Calendar of State Papers,
+xiii. 2, 255.
+
+[212] F. Decrue, "Anne de Montmorency," 415, 418, 491.
+
+[213] State Papers, xiii. 2, 238.
+
+[214] _Ibid._, xiii. 2, 247, 248.
+
+[215] Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 261.
+
+[216] Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 255.
+
+[217] Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 289.
+
+[218] _Ibid._, xiii. 2, 291, 296.
+
+[219] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 96.
+
+[220] Lanz, ii. 686.
+
+[221] Papiers d'État, 82, 20, Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.
+
+[222] Lanz, ii. 296.
+
+[223] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 72.
+
+[224] Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 467, 468.
+
+[225] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 110, 118, 123.
+
+[226] Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 37.
+
+[227] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 139.
+
+[228] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 140-148.
+
+[229] Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 93, 121.
+
+[230] _Ibid._, xiv. 1, 14; Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 97.
+
+[231] _Ibid._, xiv. 1, 26.
+
+[232] Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 16-19.
+
+[233] _Ibid._, xiv. 1, 52; Lanz, ii. 297-306.
+
+[234] Nott, ii. 306.
+
+[235] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 145.
+
+[236] Kaulek, 84.
+
+[237] Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 125, 126
+
+[238] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 155.
+
+[239] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 166, 175.
+
+[240] Nott, "Life of Wyatt," II. 511.
+
+[241] Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 189, 191.
+
+[242] "Archæologia Cambrensis," xxiii. 139-141.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VII
+
+CLEVES, ORANGE, AND LORRAINE
+
+1539-1541
+
+
+I.
+
+The negotiations for the King of England's marriage with the Duchess of
+Milan were broken off. But there was no lack of suitors for Christina's
+hand. During the winter and spring of 1539 the Emperor's niece received
+offers of marriage from three princely bridegrooms. The first of these
+was Antoine, Duke of Vendôme, whose courtship of the Duchess on the
+journey to Compiègne had aroused King Henry's jealousy. The second was
+William of Cleves, who since the old Duke Charles's death had taken
+possession of Guelders, and was now seeking to obtain the investiture
+of the duchy, together with Christina's hand. The third was Francis,
+the Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson, and heir of Lorraine. From the day that
+this Prince first met the Duchess at Compiègne, he sought her for his
+bride with a constancy and steadfastness that were eventually to be
+crowned with success. But for the moment the Duke of Cleves seemed
+to have the best chance of winning the coveted prize. From the first
+Mary of Hungary had regarded this alliance with favour, and when,
+in January, 1539, she consulted her Councillors on the Duchess's
+marriage, it was this union which met with their highest approval.
+
+    "Duke William," wrote the Queen in her reply to the Emperor,
+    "has greatly offended Your Majesty, both as a private
+    individual and sovereign lord, by taking possession of
+    Guelders. Still, as he renews his suit and professes to be your
+    loyal friend and servant, it would be well to treat with him
+    and offer him the Duchess's hand, on condition that he will
+    give up Guelderland."[243]
+
+The alternative proposal, she proceeded to say, deserved consideration,
+seeing the great anxiety which the Duke of Lorraine's son showed for
+the marriage. No doubt the Emperor's niece, with her large dowry, would
+be a very honourable match for him, and well worth the surrender of his
+rights on Guelders; but, since it was most desirable to recover this
+duchy without delay, it might be well to secure the help of Lorraine by
+this means.
+
+The situation was a difficult one, and from the moment of the old
+Duke's death in June, 1538, Mary had never ceased to entreat Charles to
+come to Flanders and take active measures for the recovery of Guelders
+before it was too late. Throughout the winter Duke William went from
+town to town, endearing himself to his new subjects; and when the
+deputies of Lorraine asserted their master's superior claims, he told
+them that he would never give up Guelders to any mortal man. By the
+death of his father on the 6th of February, 1539, he succeeded to the
+rich provinces of Cleves and Jülich, and became the wealthiest and most
+powerful Prince in North Germany.[244]
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1539] ANNE OF CLEVES]
+
+Still Charles put off his coming, and told his sister that he was
+bent on undertaking a second Crusade against the Turks, and could not
+spare the time for a journey to Flanders. This was too much for Mary's
+equanimity, and she protested in the strongest language against the
+Emperor's folly in exposing his person to such risks, declaring that
+this Crusade would not only prove the utter ruin of the Netherlands,
+but of all Christendom.[245] Fortunately, Mary's remonstrances were
+supported by the Emperor's wisest Councillors, and, in deference to
+their representations, he decided to abandon his Crusade for the
+present and come to Flanders. This decision was confirmed by the
+discontent which the Duke of Cleves's intrigues helped to foment in
+Ghent--always a turbulent city--as well as by the news that the King of
+England had entered into a close alliance with Cleves, and was about to
+marry his sister.
+
+Cromwell, with his habitual duplicity, had been in correspondence with
+the German Princes while he professed to be zealous for the Emperor's
+alliance; and in March Christopher Mont, his Envoy to Frankfort,
+was desired to make diligent inquiries as to the shape, stature,
+and complexion, of the Duke of Cleves's sister Anne. If these were
+satisfactory, he was to suggest that proposals of marriage should be
+made by that Prince and his brother-in-law, the Elector John Frederick
+of Saxony. Mont sent glowing descriptions of the lady's beauty, and was
+bold enough to declare that she excelled the Duchess of Milan as much
+as the golden sun excels the silver moon.[246]
+
+Henry was now all on fire to see the Lady Anne, although he had not
+yet lost all interest in Christina, whose name still figures constantly
+in letters from Brussels. On the 6th of April we hear that the Duchess
+of Milan is sick of fever, and ten days later Cromwell writes to the
+King that Her Grace is no longer sick, and that "at Antwerp the people
+still cherish a hope that Your Highness will yet marry her."[247] If he
+could not make her his wife, the King was determined to prevent another
+suitor from succeeding where he had failed, and renewed his offer of
+his daughter Mary with a large dowry to the Duke of Cleves. William,
+however, showed no alacrity to avail himself of this offer, and sent
+Envoys both to Brussels and Toledo to press his suit for Christina's
+hand.
+
+The sudden death of the Empress at Toledo on the 1st of May altered all
+Charles's plans. A few weeks before this Isabella had given birth to a
+son, who only lived a few hours, and Charles had written to inform his
+sister of the infant's death. On the 2nd of May he wrote a few touching
+lines with his own hand to tell Mary the grievous news. The doctors had
+pronounced her to be out of danger, but catarrh attacked the lungs, and
+proved fatal in a few hours.
+
+    "I am overwhelmed with sorrow and distress, and nothing can
+    comfort me but the thought of her good and holy life and the
+    devout end which she made. I leave you to tell my subjects
+    over yonder, of this pitiful event, and ask them to pray for
+    her soul. I will do my best to bow to the will of God, whom I
+    implore to receive her in His blessed paradise, where I feel
+    certain that she is. And may God keep you, my dear sister, and
+    grant you all your desires."[248]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1539] THE PALATINE'S TRAVELS]
+
+When this sad event took place, Christina's sister Dorothea and her
+husband, Count Frederic, were staying at the Imperial Court. These
+adventurous travellers had come to Spain in the vain hope of inducing
+the Emperor to support their claims on Denmark, and, after crossing the
+Pyrenees in rain and snow, had at length reached Toledo, where they
+were hospitably entertained. The Empress treated Dorothea with great
+affection, but Frederic's German servants, who consumed five meals
+a day and ate meat on Ash Wednesday, shocked the Spanish courtiers,
+and drew down the censures of the Inquisition upon them. Even the
+Emperor asked his cousin why he brought so numerous a suite on his
+travels; but, although he would make no promises of further help, he
+good-naturedly paid Frederic's expenses at Toledo, and gave him a
+present of 7,000 crowns. The death of the Empress, Dorothea's best
+friend, put an end to all hope of further assistance. The Emperor
+shut himself up in a Carthusian convent, and the Palatine and his
+wife started for the Low Countries.[249] On their way through France
+they were royally entertained by the King and Queen in the splendid
+Palais des Tournelles, and Francis took so great a fancy to his wife's
+niece that Eleanor felt it wise to keep Dorothea continually at her
+side. Here they were detained some time by Frederic's illness, and
+after his recovery spent several days at Chantilly with the Constable,
+and at the King's fine new villa of Cotterets, on their way to the
+Netherlands.[250]
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1539] A MOCK FIGHT]
+
+Here the travellers were eagerly awaited by Christina and her aunt.
+After the funeral services for the repose of the Empress's soul had
+been duly celebrated, and the last requiem sung in S. Gudule, the Queen
+set out on a progress through Holland and Friesland, and spent some
+time at Bois-le-Duc, on the frontiers of Guelders, trying to arrange
+matters with the Duke of Cleves. But, although friendly letters and
+messages were exchanged, nothing could be settled until the Emperor's
+arrival, which was now delayed till the autumn, and the Court moved
+to the Hague for August. Here the Queen received news that the Count
+Palatine and his wife had reached Dordrecht and were coming by sea to
+Holland. Christina at once travelled to Rotterdam, intending to go by
+boat to meet the travellers. But the weather was rough and stormy, and
+the sailors were reluctant to set out. The Duchess, however, would
+hear of no delay, and, embarking in a small boat, bade the sailors
+put out to sea. Hardly had they left the shore before a terrific gale
+sprang up, and from the deck of their ship the Palatine and his wife
+saw a barque tossed on the raging seas, sending up signals of distress.
+Altering their course, they hastened to the rescue, and found, to their
+great surprise, that the Duchess of Milan was on board. Count Frederic
+scolded his sister-in-law soundly for her rashness, but Dorothea was
+enchanted to see Christina, and laughed and cried by turn as she
+embraced her.[251] The Queen awaited the travellers no less eagerly,
+in her anxiety to hear the latest news from Spain, and agreed readily
+to Frederic's proposal that his wife should remain at the Hague while
+he returned to Germany. Early in September the Palatine took leave of
+his relatives and went to Antwerp, saying that he must raise money for
+his journey to Heidelberg. But he kept his true destination a secret.
+During his illness in Paris, Bishop Bonner had brought Frederic a
+letter from Cromwell, begging him to come to England, since he was only
+divided from this country by a narrow arm of the sea, and His Majesty
+was very anxious to see him again. All immediate alarm of war had died
+away, and the irascible monarch's anger was allayed by the arrival of a
+new French Ambassador in the person of Marillac, and by the permission
+which Mary gave him to buy ammunition in the Low Countries. In return,
+he ordered an imposing requiem to be held in St. Paul's for the late
+Empress, and desired Cromwell and the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk,
+with twenty Bishops, to attend the service.[252] He resumed his old
+habit of spending the summer evenings on the river, enjoying the
+music of flutes and harps, and sent to France and Italy for excellent
+painters and musicians--a sure sign, Marillac was told, that he was
+about to marry again. Another fête, at which the Ambassador declined
+to be present, was a mock-fight on the Thames between two galleys,
+one of which bore the King's arms, while the other was decorated with
+an effigy of the Pope with the triple tiara and keys, attended by
+the Cardinals. The show ended in the triumph of the English sailors,
+who threw the Pope and Cardinals into the river--"the whole thing,"
+according to Marillac, "being as badly represented as it was poorly
+conceived."[253]
+
+Now the King was anxious to hear the Emperor's intention from the
+Palatine's own lips, while Frederic on his part was flattered by this
+powerful monarch's invitation, and felt that his assistance might
+prove of use in his visionary schemes for the recovery of Denmark. But,
+knowing that of late relations between Henry and the Queen had been
+strained, he kept his counsel, and told no one but his wife that he was
+bound for Calais.
+
+Here he was courteously entertained by Lord Lisle, an illegitimate son
+of Edward IV., and escorted by him to Canterbury and London. Frederic
+was lost in admiration at the rows of stately palaces along the Thames,
+and the fine Castle of Richmond, but was disappointed, when he visited
+Westminster Abbey, not to see the famous antlers of the stag which King
+Dagobert caught, and which wore a golden collar inscribed with the
+words, "Julius Cæsar let me go free." Afterwards he learnt that these
+legendary trophies had lately been removed by the King's orders, for
+fear the monks, whom he was about to expel, might conceal them.
+
+In the absence of the King at Ampthill, Cromwell, who had been told
+to "grope out the reason of Frederic's coming," entertained the Count
+splendidly at his own house, and showed him the Tower of London and
+the Temple Church. But the Deputy's wife, Lady Lisle, who looked on
+Cromwell with deep distrust, begged her husband to beware of the Lord
+Privy Seal's fair words, and was none too well pleased to hear that he
+had partaken of the partridge pasty and baked cranes which she had sent
+from Calais, together with her own toothpick for the Palsgrave's use,
+having noticed that her noble guest "used a quill to pick his teeth
+with."[254]
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1539] THE PALATINE AT WINDSOR]
+
+Meanwhile the Palatine's visit to England was exciting much curiosity,
+and not a little alarm, in some quarters. The Pope and the French King
+feared it might lead to a secret covenant between Henry and Charles,
+while in London it was commonly reported that Frederic came to renew
+negotiations for his union with the Duchess of Milan, and the Duke of
+Cleves hastily sent Ambassadors to conclude his sister's marriage.
+These Envoys reached Windsor on the same day as the Count Palatine,
+whom Henry invited to a banquet there on the 24th of September.
+When he bade the Lord High Admiral escort the Palsgrave to Windsor,
+Southampton, eager to curry favour with the King, expressed his
+opinion that the Cleves alliance was preferable to a marriage with a
+French Princess or one of the Emperor's family, "albeit the Duchess of
+Milan was a fair woman and well spoken of," and told the King of the
+resentment which his union with the Lady Anne had aroused at the Court
+of Brussels. Henry remained plunged in thought for some moments; then
+a smile broke over his face, and he exclaimed: "Have they remembered
+themselves now? They that would not when they might, when they would
+they shall have nay!"[255]
+
+Nothing was lacking, however, to the splendour of the Palatine's
+reception at Windsor. The Duke of Suffolk rode out to meet him beyond
+Eton Bridge with 100 horsemen clad in velvet, and the banquet was
+served on golden dishes in a hall carpeted with cloth of gold, to the
+strains of delicious music from the King's famous band. The Cleves
+Envoys were at table, but after dinner the King took the Count apart,
+and conversed with him for over two hours on his travels. Frederic
+took this opportunity of begging the King to help him in driving out
+the usurper of Denmark, and releasing his unhappy father-in-law,
+Christian II.[256] Henry listened kindly, and promised to consider the
+matter, but no mention was made of Christina. The next day a great
+hunting-party was given in the Palsgrave's honour. A pavilion of
+green laurel boughs was set up in a meadow on the banks of the river,
+and while the King and his guests were at dinner the merry note of
+hunting-horns rang through the air, and a stag bounded across the turf,
+followed by the hounds at full cry. Immediately the whole party sprang
+to horse and joined in the chase, which lasted for three hours, and
+ended in the slaughter of thirty-four stags. From Windsor Frederic went
+to Hampton Court, and on the 3rd of October finally took leave of the
+King, who gave him 2,000 crowns as a parting gift. Hubert also received
+a silver cup from the Lord Privy Seal, who begged him and his lord to
+return at Christmas, and surprised him by asking if the Palsgrave had
+any castle to let or sell, as it might be convenient for him to secure
+a retreat abroad. The Minister evidently realized the precarious nature
+of his position, and Hubert remembered his request when he heard of the
+doom which soon afterwards overtook the King's favourite.[257]
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1539] THE LADY ANNE]
+
+In his last interview Henry told the Count that he feared it would be
+impossible for him to join in any enterprise against Denmark, as his
+new allies the German Princes were in league with the present King.
+At the same time he informed his good cousin of his intended marriage
+to the Lady Anne of Cleves, a Princess of suitable age and elegant
+stature, and begged him to obtain a safe-conduct from the Regent for
+his bride's passage through the Low Countries.[258] The next day
+Frederic crossed the Channel and joined his wife at Brussels. Here, as
+Dorothea had already told him, he found the Queen much displeased at
+the trick which he had played her, and Hubert came in for his share of
+blame. They soon left Brabant for Heidelberg, and the Palatine sent
+Lady Lisle--or, as he called her, "Madame ma bonne mère"--a barrel of
+fine red and white Rhine wine in remembrance "of her loving son."[259]
+
+
+II.
+
+King Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves, as Southampton told his
+master, was exceedingly unpopular in the Netherlands. The alliance
+of so powerful a monarch with Duke William was fraught with danger,
+and the people bitterly resented the insult which, in their eyes, had
+been offered to the Duchess of Milan. The merchants of Antwerp said
+openly that, if King Henry chose to break faith with their Princess, he
+should not enjoy the company of another wife, and declared they would
+not allow the Lady Anne to pass through their city. The Cleves Envoys
+in England were so much alarmed by these reports that they travelled
+back to Düren in disguise, and advised the bride to take the sea-route
+from Germany. But Mary of Hungary was too wise to show her annoyance,
+and sent a gracious message to Henry, saying that she would send Count
+Büren to wait on the Lady Anne, on her journey through the Emperor's
+dominions. The King wrote back in high glee to thank "his dearest
+sister," and on the 27th of December his new bride landed safely at
+Dover.[260] The loyal citizens of Flanders consoled themselves with
+the thought that, if their Duchess was not to be Queen of England,
+they would keep her among them, and the old rumour was persistently
+repeated: "She shall marry the Prince of Orange." All through the past
+year René had devoted himself to Christina's service, had worn her
+favours and broken lances in her honour. Her Italian servants called
+him openly the Duchess's _cavaliere sirvente_.[261] But it was plain
+to Italians and Flemings alike that the affection was not at all on
+one side, and that this gallant Prince had won Christina's heart. Old
+courtiers smiled kindly on the young couple, and ladies drew aside
+discreetly to leave them together. They were eminently fitted for each
+other by age, race and character. If the succession to the principality
+of Orange, which had been lately restored by the French King, hardly
+entitled René to a place among the reigning Princes of Europe, at least
+he could offer her splendid homes at Brussels and Breda, and a position
+which many ladies of royal birth might envy. The Countess Palatine
+Dorothea privately encouraged the Prince, and her husband warmly
+approved of the match, and said openly that, since his sister-in-law
+could not be King Henry's wife, she had better marry the man of her
+choice, and not waste the best years of her life, as he himself had
+done.[262]
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1539] THE REVOLT OF GHENT]
+
+Queen Mary was, clearly, not averse to the Prince's suit, and had
+a strong liking for René; but reasons of State prevented her from
+giving the union her public sanction, and all parties were agreed that
+nothing could be arranged until the Emperor's arrival. The date of his
+journey was now definitely fixed, and in November Mary told the English
+Ambassador Vaughan that her brother would be at Brussels by the New
+Year. Charles at length realized the critical situation of affairs,
+and saw that if he wished to keep his provinces _de par-deça_ he must
+no longer delay his coming.[263] In September, 1539, the citizens of
+Ghent, who had long been discontented, broke into open revolt. After
+refusing to pay their share of the subsidy voted by the States, the
+leading citizens put to death their chief magistrate, Lieven Pyl,
+because he declined to bear their insolent message to the Regent, and
+proceeded to tear up the famous "Calf-vel," a parchment deed containing
+an agreement which they had made with Charles V. twenty-four years
+before. Worse than all, they sent deputies to King Francis, asking him
+to defend their liberties against the Emperor. At the first tidings of
+these disorders Mary hastened to Malines and took energetic measures
+to suppress the insurrection, which had already spread to several of
+the neighbouring towns.[264] For some weeks the alarm was great, and
+watchers were posted on the tower of S. Rombaut night and day; but the
+Queen's presence of mind, and the support of her able lieutenants,
+Aerschot and De Courrières, who was now Bailiff of Alost, succeeded in
+confining the mutiny to the walls of Ghent. A simultaneous rising at
+Maestricht was put down by the Prince of Orange, who raised 300 horse
+and hastened to restore order in that city. But the citizens of Ghent
+still openly defied the Regent, although Francis, to do him credit,
+refused to help the rebels. More than this, he addressed a letter
+with his own royal hand to Charles, saying that, if the Emperor was
+coming to chastise his revolted subjects, he hoped that he would do
+him the honour of passing through France, assuring him, on the faith
+of a Prince, that every possible honour and hospitality would be shown
+him.[265]
+
+So critical was the situation, both with regard to Ghent and Guelders,
+that Charles decided to accept the offer and take the shortest route to
+Flanders.
+
+    "My good brother the Emperor," wrote Francis to his Ambassador
+    in England, "is coming to visit me on his way to the Low
+    Countries, a thing which not only does me the greatest honour,
+    content, and pleasure, but is a proof of the good and perfect
+    friendship between us."
+
+He expressed the same feelings in still stronger terms to Wyatt, whom
+Cromwell sent to Blois in December to be present at the meeting of the
+two monarchs.
+
+    "The Emperor," he added, "is doing me the greatest honour that
+    can be, by coming to visit me, and showing thereby that he
+    taketh me for an honest man."[266]
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1539] A SPLENDID RECEPTION]
+
+On the 23rd of November Charles left Burgos, and four days later
+he entered Bayonne, attended by the Dauphin and the Constable
+Montmorency, whom the King had sent to meet him on the frontier. He
+had begged Francis to dispense with ceremonies, as his great object
+was to reach Flanders as quickly as possible, and to excuse him from
+entering on political matters, since he could not decide anything of
+importance until he had seen the Queen-Regent.[267] But, in spite of
+this request, he was everywhere received with the utmost pomp and
+festivity. Triumphal arches were erected at the city gates, and the
+prison doors were thrown open at his entrance. Bordeaux presented him
+with 300 barrels of wine, Poitiers gave him a golden eagle, Orleans a
+dinner-service of richly chased plate. The meeting of the two monarchs
+took place at Loches on the 10th of December. Charles, clad in deep
+mourning, walked under a canopy of cloth of gold, adorned with the
+imperial eagles, across the picturesque court to the gates of the
+castle, where King Francis met him, surrounded by a brilliant company.
+Three times over he embraced his guest, and led him to the hall, where
+Eleanor, in robes of purple satin glittering with pearls, welcomed
+her brother with transports of joy. Banquets and hunting-parties now
+followed each other, as the Court journeyed by slow stages along the
+banks of the Loire, from one fair château to another. At Amboise a heap
+of tow caught fire as Charles rode up the famous spiral staircase in
+the dusk, and he narrowly escaped being suffocated. But, mercifully,
+no one was injured, and Francis escorted his imperial brother by way
+of Blois and Orleans to Fontainebleau, where Christmas was spent and
+the Emperor was allowed to enjoy a week's rest. On New Year's Day the
+Emperor entered Paris, where the Parliament and University received
+him "as if he were a god from heaven," and the following motto was
+inscribed on the gates in golden letters:
+
+    "Ouvre, Paris, ouvre tes hautes portes,
+    Entrer y veut le plus grand des Chrétiens."[268]
+
+Queen Eleanor, who scarcely left her brother's side, took him to see
+the _Sainte Chapelle_ which St. Louis had built to receive the Crown of
+Thorns, and escorted him to the Louvre, where sumptuous rooms had been
+prepared for his reception. On Sunday a grand tournament was held on
+the Place des Tournelles, in front of the palace which then occupied
+the Place des Vosges, and the Duke of Vendôme and the Count of Aumale
+opened the joust, while it was closed by Francis of Lorraine, the
+Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson. Charles left Paris on the 7th of January,
+and was presented by the city with a silver model of the Column of
+Hercules, seven feet high, bearing his motto, _Plus oultre_.[269] The
+King took his guest to dine at his new pleasure-house, the Château de
+Madrid, accompanied him to St. Denis, where he visited the Tomb of the
+Kings, and went on to the Constable's house at Chantilly. Finally,
+on the 20th, the Emperor took his leave of the King and Queen at St.
+Quentin, and with tears in his eyes thanked his host for this truly
+brotherly reception.[270]
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1540] THE CALENDAR OF FOOLS]
+
+In spite of the sinister warnings which Charles had received before
+he set out on his journey, in spite of Mary of Hungary's fears and of
+Madame d'Étampes' thinly-veiled hostility, the experiment had proved a
+brilliant success. Spanish and French poets celebrated the triumph of
+Peace over War, and the return of the golden age. And Charles himself
+laughed heartily when the King's jester, Triboulet, told him that he
+had inscribed His Imperial Majesty's name on his Calendar of Fools,
+because he had been so rash as to venture into his enemy's country,
+but now that he had reached the end of his journey without mishap,
+he should rub out Charles's name, and write that of Francis in its
+place.[271]
+
+The French King went home in high delight, and wrote to Marillac saying
+that now all his differences with the Emperor would be easily arranged.
+During those five weeks the King had respected his guest's wishes
+and avoided politics, but the Constable, who enjoyed the Emperor's
+confidence in a high degree, had made good use of this opportunity,
+and flattered himself that he had been entirely successful. He was
+above all anxious to effect a marriage between the widowed Emperor and
+the King's daughter, and told Granvelle that Madame Marguerite was a
+rose among thorns, an angel among devils, and that, if His Imperial
+Majesty thought of making a second marriage, he could not do better.
+But Charles was firmly resolved never to take another wife, and, when
+the Constable pressed the point after he had left France, wrote that he
+must beg the King to give up all idea of such a union, as he did not
+intend to marry again, and was too old for Madame Marguerite.[272]
+
+[Sidenote: 1539-41] A COURTLY FAREWELL]
+
+In spite of the splendour and cordiality of his reception, Charles was
+sad and tired, and longed more than all else to find himself among
+his kindred and people. It was with heartfelt relief that he reached
+Cambray, and found the Prince of Orange, the Duke of Aerschot, and his
+faithful De Courrières, with the Archers' Guard, awaiting him. The
+next day he went on to Valenciennes, where his loyal subjects welcomed
+his return with passionate joy. Triumphal arches adorned the streets,
+and the houses were hung with tapestries. Now it was his turn to act
+as host, and do honour to the Dauphin and Duke of Orleans, who, with
+Vendôme, the Constable, and Aumale, the Duke of Guise's eldest son,
+had insisted on escorting him across the frontier.[273] The keys of
+the city were presented to the Dauphin at the Cambray gate, torches
+blazed all along the streets, and the bells rang merry peals as Charles
+led the way to the ancient hôtel-de-ville, known as La Salle, where
+the Queen of Hungary and the Duchess of Milan received him with open
+arms. The next two days were given up to mirth and festivity. Charles
+showed the French Princes the sights of the town, while the Constable
+was invited to dine alone with the Queen and her niece, and sat down to
+table between the two royal ladies. A splendid banquet was followed by
+a ball, which lasted far on into the morning. All the ladies appeared
+in magnificent costumes--French, Italian, Flemish, or Spanish, as they
+chose--and wore the richest jewels. The Emperor moved through the vast
+hall, blithe and debonair beyond his wont, jesting with his old friends
+and rejoicing to be once more in his native land. Mary and Christina,
+both of whom, remarks the chronicler, although widows, were still young
+and beautiful, danced with the French Princes all the evening, and
+were in high spirits.[274] There was much gay talk, and the Pope's
+Legate, the young Cardinal Farnese, amused the guests with stories of
+the latest gossip from the Court of England, which Queen Eleanor had
+heard from Marillac. According to him, the new Queen, Anne of Cleves,
+was too old and ugly for King Henry's taste, while her dresses and
+those of her German "Fraus" were so monstrous that the King would
+not allow them to appear at Court, and told his wife to adopt French
+fashions.[275]
+
+The next morning the French Princes appeared early to bid the Queen
+farewell, and were very gracious in their manner of leave-taking. The
+Dauphin received a superb diamond jewel in the shape of a griffin,
+and a very fine emerald was bestowed on the Constable. There was some
+talk of a marriage between the Duke of Orleans and a daughter of
+King Ferdinand, while the King of Navarre and his wife, Margaret of
+Angoulême, were eager for a match between their only daughter, Jeanne,
+and the Prince of Spain. Vendôme probably realized that he had little
+chance of winning the Duchess of Milan, but he shrugged his shoulders
+and went his way gaily, saying he would wed the Pope's granddaughter,
+Vittoria Farnese, the sister of the boy Cardinal. And they all rode off
+in high spirits to join the King at La Fère and show him the Emperor's
+costly gifts. They met him on his way back from hunting, riding at the
+side of the Queen's litter, clad in a scarlet cloak, which made the
+English Ambassador remark how much better Eleanor was treated since
+her brother's visit. And the whole Court, in Bishop Bonner's words,
+"made much demonstration of gladness, thinking they have God by the
+foot."[276]
+
+
+III.
+
+Among all his political anxieties and preoccupations, the Emperor had
+not forgotten his niece. Before he left Spain on this perilous journey
+through his old enemy's country, he drew up a paper of instructions to
+be given to his son Philip in case of his own death. A large part of
+this advice was devoted to the choice of a wife for the Prince himself,
+the heiress of Navarre being on the whole, in Charles's opinion, the
+most eligible bride for his son. After suggesting various alliances
+for his little daughters, Maria and Juana, the Emperor proceeded to
+urge on his successor the importance of finding a husband for his
+niece, the Widow of Milan, saying that he counted her as one of his
+own children. Three Princes, he said, were all eager to marry her--the
+Duke of Cleves, the heir of Lorraine, and the Duke of Vendôme--but
+it would be necessary to defer his decision until he had ascertained
+the best measures for recovering Denmark and settling the question of
+Guelders. "And if God," he added, "should call to Himself the Palatine
+Frederic, who is old and broken, one of these Princes might marry his
+widow."[277] Christina's marriage, it is easy to see, was closely bound
+up with the settlement of Guelders, an object which lay very near to
+her uncle's heart.
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1540] GUELDERS]
+
+The English Ambassador Wyatt, who had been posting after the Emperor
+across France, "through deep and foul roads," was convinced that
+Charles in his heart of hearts cared more for Guelders than he did for
+all Italy. This earnest desire to recover Guelders was, he felt sure,
+the true reason why the Emperor had undertaken this long journey in the
+depth of winter, and exposed his person to such great risks in passing
+through France. When, contrary to the Constable's express orders, Wyatt
+obtained an audience from the Emperor at Châtelhérault, as he came
+in from hunting with the Dauphin, and informed him of His Majesty's
+marriage and alliance with Cleves, Charles turned angrily on him,
+saying:
+
+"What hath Monsieur de Cleves to do with Guelders? I mean to show him
+that he has played the young man. I hope the King will give him good
+advice, for, I can tell you, Monsieur de Cleves shall give me reason. I
+say he shall--he shall! If he does," he continued, laying his hand on
+his heart, "he shall find in me a Sovereign, a cousin, and a neighbour.
+Otherwise he will lose all three."[278]
+
+When, two months later in Brussels, Wyatt craved another interview
+of the Emperor, and begged him in Henry's name to look favourably on
+his brother-in-law's petition, Charles said he must desire the King
+not to meddle between him and his subjects, repeating the same words,
+"Je ne ferai rien," two or three times over. An Envoy from the Duke
+of Cleves came to meet him at Brussels, but was told that the Emperor
+could not attend to his master's business until the affairs of Ghent
+were settled. These, as Wyatt remarked, had already quieted down in
+a singular manner from the moment that the Emperor started on his
+journey, and deputies from the revolted city had been sent to meet him
+at Valenciennes. But he refused sternly to see them, saying that they
+would learn his pleasure when he came to Ghent.[279]
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1540] A SEVERE PUNISHMENT]
+
+It was Charles's intention to overawe the turbulent city by an
+imposing display of armed force. On the 14th of February, 1540, he
+entered Ghent--"that great, rich, and beautiful city," writes the city
+chronicler, "with its broad streets, fair rivers, noble churches,
+houses, and hospitals, the finest in the Netherlands"--at the head of
+a stately procession. The Queen rode on his right hand, the Duchess
+of Milan on his left, followed by the Princess of Macedonia and other
+ladies in litters, the officers of the household, and a long train
+of foreign Ambassadors, Princes, and Knights of the Golden Fleece.
+Cardinal Farnese, Don Ferrante Gonzaga, Viceroy of Sicily, the Prince
+of Orange, the Dukes of Alva and Aerschot, Count Egmont, Büren, De
+Praet, Lalaing, and Granvelle, were all present. In their rear came
+the troops--4,000 horse, 1,000 crossbowmen, 5,000 _Landsknechten_,
+and a strong body of artillery, numbering in all 60,000 persons and
+15,000 horses. Their entry lasted six hours, and it was dusk before
+the last guns and baggage defiled through the streets. Charles, with
+his sister and niece, alighted at the Prinzenhof, the house where he
+had been born just forty years before, and the Archers' Guard took
+up their station at the gates.[280] A strong body of infantry was
+encamped in the neighbouring market-place, pickets of cavalry occupied
+the chief squares, and the rest of the troops were quartered in other
+parts of the city. But there was not the least show of resistance on
+the part of the citizens. Absolute tranquillity reigned everywhere
+while the stricken city awaited the Emperor's sentence. It was, as
+might be expected, a severe one. Twenty-three of the ringleaders were
+arrested, and after a prolonged trial were found guilty. On the 17th
+of March, nine of these were put to death in the market-place, while
+the others were banished and heavily fined. On the 29th of April the
+Emperor convened the chief officers of State and magistrates in the
+great hall of the Prinzenhof, and, in the presence of the Queen and
+her Court, delivered his sentence on the guilty city. The charters and
+privileges of Ghent were annulled, the property of the Corporation
+was confiscated, and heavy additional fines were imposed, beside the
+payment of the 400,000 florins which had been the cause of the quarrel.
+In their consternation, the burghers turned to Mary and implored her
+to intercede on their behalf; but she could only advise them to throw
+themselves on the Emperor's mercy. On the 3rd of May a memorable and
+historic scene took place in the court of the Prinzenhof. Here the
+Emperor, seated on a tribunal, with his crown on his head and sceptre
+in his hand, and surrounded by the Archers' Guard, received the
+senators and chief burghers, as, robed in black, with bare heads and
+feet, and halters round their necks, they knelt in the dust at his
+feet. The sentence of condemnation was read aloud in the presence of
+a brilliant assembly of nobles and courtiers, and of a vast crowd who
+looked on from the windows and roofs of the neighbouring houses. Then
+Mary, who occupied a chair at her brother's side, rose, and, turning to
+the Emperor, in eloquent words implored him to have pity on his poor
+city of Ghent, and to remember that he had been born there. The Emperor
+gave a gracious answer, saying that out of brotherly love for her and
+pity for his poor subjects he would pardon the citizens and restore
+their property. But he decided to build a citadel to keep the city in
+subjection, and, after taking his brother Ferdinand to the top of the
+belfry tower to choose a site, he eventually fixed on the high ground
+above the River Scheldt, where St. Bavon's Abbey stood. The demolition
+of the ancient monastery was at once begun, and before the Emperor left
+Ghent the first stone of the new fortress was laid.[281]
+
+While these tragic events were taking place, a succession of
+illustrious guests arrived at Court. First of all, at the end of
+February, came Ferdinand, King of the Romans, a simple and honest
+Prince, the best of husbands and fathers, and as fondly attached to his
+sister Mary as she was to him. At the same time the Palatine Frederic
+sent his wife to join the family party and plead her unfortunate
+father's cause with the all-powerful Emperor. Although his journey
+to England had failed to secure Henry's support, he still cherished
+designs against Denmark, and was anxious to prevent a renewal of
+the truce between the Low Countries and King Christian III. After
+consulting Archbishop Carondelet, the President of the Council, and
+Granvelle, the two sisters, Dorothea and Christina, drew up a petition
+to the Emperor, imploring him to have pity on the poor prisoner,
+who had already languished seven years in solitary confinement, and
+reminding him gently of the pledges given to the Palatine at his
+marriage.
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1540] WILLIAM OF CLEVES]
+
+    "My sister and I,"--so ran the words of Dorothea's
+    prayer--"your humble and loving children, entreat you, as
+    the fountain of all justice, to have compassion on us. Open
+    the prison doors, which you alone are able to do, release my
+    father, and give me advice as to how I may best obtain the
+    kingdom which belongs to me by the laws of God and man."[282]
+
+But although the sisters' touching appeal on behalf of their captive
+father moved many hearts, and both Henry VIII. and James V. of Scotland
+wrote to assure the Palatine of their sympathy, no one was inclined to
+embark on so desperate an enterprise, and Dorothea went back to her
+lord at Heidelberg without having obtained any satisfaction. On the
+14th of April a truce was concluded with the Danish Envoys, who had
+followed the Emperor to Ghent, and the illusory hopes of the three
+crowns which had been so long dangled before the Palatine's eyes melted
+into thin air.[283]
+
+There was still one important question awaiting settlement. William of
+Cleves had sent three successive Ambassadors to congratulate Charles on
+his return and to seek the investiture of Guelders at his hand. Now, at
+King Ferdinand's instance, he arrived at Ghent one day in person, to
+the surprise of the whole Court.
+
+    "The Duke of Cleves," wrote an eyewitness of his entry, "has
+    come to Ghent with a fine suite, to claim Guelders and marry
+    the Duchess of Milan. This is not to be wondered at, for she
+    is a young and very beautiful widow as well as a Princess of
+    the noblest birth. He who wins her for his bride will be a
+    fortunate man."[284]
+
+The English Ambassador at Düren, Nicholas Wotton, had done his utmost
+to prevent the Duke from accepting Ferdinand's invitation; and Wyatt
+was charged by Cromwell to neglect no means of preventing an alliance
+which would defeat all his schemes. The wily Ambassador laid his snares
+cleverly. When the Cleves Ambassador, Olisleger, told him that the Duke
+was about to wed the Duchess, he whispered that his master had better
+be careful and take counsel of King Henry before he took any further
+pledges.
+
+    "I told him," wrote Wyatt to King Henry, "to advise his master,
+    in case of marriage, to use his friend's counsel, and herein,
+    if I shall be plain with Your Majesty, I cannot but rejoice
+    in a manner of the escape that you made there; for although I
+    suppose nothing but honour in the Lady, yet methinketh Your
+    Highness's mate should be without mote or suspicion; and yet
+    there is thought affection between the Prince of Orange and
+    her, and hath been of long; which, for her bringing-up in
+    Italy, may be noted but service which she cannot let, but I
+    have heard it to proceed partly from her own occasion. Of this
+    Your Majesty will judge, and do with your friend as ye shall
+    think meet."[285]
+
+René's courtship of the Duchess was no secret, and Christina's
+preference for the popular Prince was plain to everyone at the Imperial
+Court; but the unworthy insinuations by which the Ambassador strove to
+blacken her character were altogether his invention.
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1540] THE DUKE'S SUIT]
+
+Since this was the surest way to win both Henry's and Cromwell's
+favour, Wyatt made unscrupulous use of these slanders to poison William
+of Cleves's mind against the Duchess whose hand he sought. On the
+13th of April the Duke arrived at Ghent, and was met by the Prince
+of Orange, who brought him to King Ferdinand's rooms. Late the same
+evening the English Ambassador had a secret interview with him, and
+did his utmost to dissuade him from entering into any treaty with the
+Emperor. The Duke's irresolution was now greater than ever. The next
+day Ferdinand himself conducted him into the Emperor's presence, where
+he received the most friendly greeting, and was invited to join the
+imperial family at dinner. The gracious welcome which he received from
+Mary, and the sight of Christina, went far to remove his doubts, and
+during the next few days the harmony that prevailed among the Princes
+excited Wyatt's worst misgivings. The Venetian Ambassador, Francesco
+Contarini, met the Countess Palatine returning from Ghent, and heard
+from her servants that a marriage was arranged between her sister and
+the Duke of Cleves. Monsieur de Vély, the French Envoy, sent this
+report to Paris, and it was confidently asserted at the French and
+English Courts that Cleves had settled his quarrel with the Emperor,
+and was to wed the Duchess.[286]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1540] AN ABRUPT DEPARTURE]
+
+But these reports were premature. The Duke told Wotton and Wyatt that
+nothing would induce him to give up Guelders, and at their suggestion
+he placed a statement of his claims in the hands of Ferdinand, who
+promised to submit the document to the Emperor. During the next
+fortnight the question was discussed in all its bearings by Charles and
+his Councillors. The Duke pressed his suit for the Duchess's hand, and
+the Emperor went so far as to offer him the reversion of Denmark if he
+would renounce Guelders. But William was as obstinate as the Emperor,
+and, when Ferdinand induced Charles to offer Cleves his niece and the
+duchy of Guelders for his lifetime, he quite refused to accept this
+proposal. All Ferdinand could persuade him to do, was to consent that
+the question of Guelders should be referred to the Imperial Chamber,
+a compromise which satisfied neither party. Still friendly relations
+were maintained outwardly. On Sunday, the 27th of April, the imperial
+family attended Mass in state, the Emperor riding to the Church of St.
+John with the King of the Romans and the boy Legate, Cardinal Farnese,
+on his left, followed by the Dukes of Brunswick, Cleves, Savoy, and the
+Marquis of Brandenburg. In the afternoon Ferdinand sent for the Duke
+again, and made one more attempt to arrange matters, without success.
+Some insolent words spoken by Cleves's servants aroused the Emperor's
+anger, upon which the Duke became alarmed, and sent Wotton word that,
+seeing no hope of agreement, he intended to return home. Early the
+next morning, without taking leave of anyone, he rode out of the town
+secretly, and never halted until he was safe in his own dominions.
+His royal brother-in-law, King Henry, sent him a long letter,
+congratulating him on his safe return, and advising him solemnly not to
+marry the Duchess of Milan without finding out the true state of her
+affections towards the Prince of Orange, lest he should be deceived.
+Wotton told the King, in reply, that the Duke's affection for Christina
+was now cooled, partly because she had refused him, and partly because
+of the information which Henry had given him. All idea of the marriage
+was certainly abandoned, and on the 22nd of June Cleves himself wrote
+to tell Henry that he had received friendly overtures from the French
+King, and was sending Ambassadors to make proposals for his niece, the
+Princess of Navarre.[287]
+
+Meanwhile the Duke's strange conduct had excited much surprise at
+Ghent. The Emperor, who had spent the anniversary of his wife's death
+in retirement at a Carthusian convent in the neighbourhood, returned
+to find Cleves gone. Henry of Brunswick rode with his friend to the
+outskirts of the town, and hurried back to be present at the imperial
+table, where he tried to explain the Duke's abrupt departure by saying
+that he was afraid of treachery. But Ferdinand and Mary were both
+seriously annoyed, and the only member of the family to rejoice was
+Christina, who felt that she could once more breathe freely.
+
+The pacification of Ghent was now complete, and the bulk of the forces
+were disbanded. On Ascension Day--the 6th of May--the imperial family
+attended Mass at St. John's, the Queen "walking lovingly up the church,
+hand in hand with the King of the Romans." The Ambassadors were all
+present, as well as Cardinal Farnese--in Wotton's opinion "a very calf,
+and a greater boy in manners and condition than in years."
+
+On the 12th the King of the Romans took leave of his family, but the
+Council at which he assisted lasted so late in the evening that he did
+not actually set out on his journey till two o'clock on the following
+day. About six in the cool hours of the May morning, the Emperor,
+with his sister and niece, rode out to see the foundations of the new
+citadel laid, and then continued their journey towards Antwerp, where
+"great gun-shot" and bonfires welcomed their arrival.[288]
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: JULY, 1540] CROMWELL'S FALL]
+
+The Court spent the next three weeks at Bruges, the beautiful old city
+which was always a favourite with Charles and his sisters, in the
+ancient Prinzenhof where their mother had died. During these summer
+days many important events took place, and startling news came from
+England. On the 10th of June Cromwell was suddenly arrested and sent to
+the Tower on a charge of high-treason. A fortnight later the new Queen,
+Anne of Cleves, left Whitehall for Richmond, and on the 9th of July
+her marriage was pronounced null and void by a decree of Convocation.
+The ostensible reason for the divorce was a precontract between Anne
+and Francis of Lorraine. It was true that as children they had been
+affianced by their respective parents, but, as was common in such
+cases, all idea of the marriage had been afterwards abandoned, and
+Henry had professed himself entirely satisfied with the explanations
+given by Anne's relatives on the subject. But from the first moment
+that he met his bride at Rochester, on New Year's Day, 1540, he was
+profoundly disappointed. When Cromwell asked him how he liked her, he
+replied, "Nothing so well as she was spoken of," adding that, had he
+known as much of her before as he did now, she should never have set
+foot in his realm. However, he felt constrained to marry her, for fear
+of "making a ruffle in the world," and driving her brother into the
+Emperor's arms. At Whitsuntide he told Cromwell that from the day of
+his marriage he had become weary of life, and took a solemn oath that
+before God Anne had never been his lawful wife.
+
+From that moment Cromwell knew that his own fate was sealed. "The King
+loves not the Queen," he said to Wriothesley. "What a triumph for the
+Emperor and the Pope!" A week afterwards he was committed to the Tower,
+and on the 28th of July he was beheaded.[289]
+
+The news of his fall was received with general satisfaction abroad.
+King Francis gave vent to boisterous joy, and sent his brother word
+how sincerely he rejoiced to hear that this false and wicked traitor,
+who had brought the noblest heads in England to the block, was at
+length unmasked. The Emperor, on the contrary, showed no surprise or
+emotion when he heard the news from Archdeacon Pate, the new Envoy
+who had succeeded Wyatt, but merely said: "What! is he in the Tower
+of London, and by the King's counsel?" And when, on the 6th of July,
+Pate informed him that the King had repudiated his wife, he cast his
+eye steadfastly on the speaker, and asked what scruples His Majesty
+entertained regarding his marriage with the daughter of Cleves. The
+Ambassador explained, as best he could, what he took to be the motives
+of the King's action, upon which the Emperor said that he was convinced
+Cromwell was the true cause of all the terrible crimes which had of
+late years been committed against religion and order in England. So
+friendly was the Emperor that Pate wrote to the Duke of Norfolk: "If
+His Majesty hath thereby lost the hearts of the Electors, he hath in
+their places gained those of the Emperor and the French King."[290]
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1540] RENÉ OF ORANGE]
+
+Both at Bruges and Antwerp the news aroused much excitement among
+the merchants, who were unanimous in the opinion that the King now
+intended to take the Duchess of Milan "for the true heart which she
+bore him." But nothing was further from Christina's mind. She had
+rejoiced at the failure of the King's suit, and saw the Duke of Cleves
+leave Ghent without regret. Now all seemed ripe for the fulfilment of
+her long-cherished hopes. The Prince of Orange had been unremitting in
+his attendance on the Emperor since his arrival, and, as all men knew,
+was honoured by His Majesty's confidence and affection. His popularity
+with the army was unbounded, and it was a common saying that wherever
+the Prince's little pony went, every Dutchman would follow. The Queen
+looked kindly on his suit, and Christina's heart was already his own.
+But when, in these bright June days at Bruges, he modestly laid his
+suit before the Emperor, an unexpected difficulty arose. Three years
+before a marriage with the Duke of Lorraine's only daughter had been
+proposed for the young Prince of Orange by his uncle, William of
+Nassau-Dillenburg, the head of the German branch of the house. The idea
+met with Henry of Nassau's cordial approval, and at his request the
+Emperor sent his servant Montbardon to obtain Duke Antoine's consent.
+This was granted without any difficulty, and the contract was drawn
+up before the Count of Nassau's death.[291] Now the Duke urged the
+Prince to keep this long-standing engagement and marry his daughter
+Anne--the plain but excellent lady whose portrait Holbein had taken
+for King Henry. The Prince had never seen his destined bride, and was
+very reluctant to carry out the contract, but the Emperor was resolute.
+Antoine already had a serious grievance in the matter of Guelders, and
+it was of the highest importance to secure his alliance. Accordingly,
+Charles told René that he must prove himself a loyal knight, and with
+his own hand drew up the articles of the marriage treaty, and sent
+them to Nancy by the Archdeacon of Arras. Christina's name is never
+mentioned in the whole transaction. It was the old story of the Count
+Palatine and the Archduchess Eleanor. She was a daughter of the House
+of Habsburg, and knew that the Emperor's will must be obeyed. So she
+could only bow her head in silence and submit to his decrees. If she
+wept bitter tears, it was in secret, in her quiet chamber in the
+ancient Cour des Princes at Bruges, looking down on the green waters of
+the canal.[292]
+
+There was great rejoicing throughout Lorraine when the Emperor's
+messenger reached Nancy and the marriage was proclaimed. Anne was very
+popular throughout the duchy, and since her mother's death, a year
+before, had taken a prominent place at the ducal Court, where her tact
+and kindness made her universally beloved. The wedding took place in
+the last week of August at Bar.[293] All the members of the ducal house
+were present, including the Duke and Duchess of Guise, with their sons
+and daughters, and the Cardinal of Lorraine, who came from the French
+Court to pronounce the nuptial blessing.
+
+The Prince of Orange's martial appearance and his splendid suite made
+a favourable impression on his new relatives, as Antoinette de Bourbon
+wrote to her daughter in Scotland:
+
+    "I have delayed longer than I intended before writing to you,
+    but we have been so well amused by the wedding of Mademoiselle
+    de Lorraine that until this moment I have not had leisure to
+    begin this letter. Yesterday we left the assembled company.
+    There was a very large gathering, and the wedding took place
+    last Tuesday. Monsieur le Prince arrived honourably attended,
+    and is, I can assure you, a very charming and handsome Prince.
+    He is much pleased with his bride, and she is devoted to him.
+    They are to go home in a fortnight. The fête was at Bar, but
+    there were very few strangers present--only a few nobles and
+    ladies of the neighbourhood."[294]
+
+On the 27th of September the Prince of Orange brought his bride to
+Brussels, where the States were assembled. The whole Court rode out
+to welcome the happy pair, and escorted them to the Nassau palace,
+where the Prince changed his travelling dress for a Court mantle, and
+hastened to pay his respects to the Emperor. A succession of fêtes
+was given in their honour, and dances, masques, and banquets, were
+the order of the day. The Princess charmed everyone by her gracious
+manners, and her fine figure and splendid clothes and jewels became the
+object of general admiration.
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1540] ANNE OF LORRAINE]
+
+On the 2nd of October a grand tournament was given in the Prince's
+house, which the Emperor, Queen Mary, and Christina, honoured with
+their presence. René himself challenged all comers at the barriers,
+and his wife was the most charming hostess. Before Charles left, he
+presented Anne with a costly ring, and appointed the Prince to succeed
+Antoine de Lalaing as Stadtholder of Holland and Friesland. Three
+days afterwards the newly-married pair left Court for their own home
+at Breda, and the Emperor set out on a progress through Artois and
+Hainault, leaving his sister and niece at Brussels.
+
+René's wife soon became a great favourite with the Queen, and Christina
+danced as gaily as the rest at the wedding fêtes. But it is significant
+that the only mention made of her in contemporary records is in the
+despatches of the English Ambassador, Richard Pate, who tells us that
+the Duchess of Milan spent much of her time in the company of her
+brother-in-law, the Palatine.[295] Frederic had come to Brussels to
+confer with the Emperor on German affairs, and, if possible, to raise a
+loan of 600,000 ducats for his intended campaign against Denmark. But
+although Charles professed himself ready and anxious to oblige his good
+cousin, the Regent would give him no answer, and ended by telling him
+to get the money from the Imperial Treasury. Richard Pate held long and
+confidential conversations with the Palatine, who recalled his visit
+to Windsor with delight, and spoke with warm admiration of the beauty
+of the singing in St. George's Chapel. He was curious to know if his
+old friend the King had grown as fat as he was represented in recent
+portraits, and rejoiced to hear that His Majesty was lusty and merry.
+As for the Duchess of Milan, he could only feel sorry that so charming
+a lady should still lack a husband, and frankly regretted that she had
+not married King Henry, or, failing him, the Prince of Orange.[296]
+After his return to Germany, Frederic made another attempt to bring
+about his sister-in-law's marriage to the Duke of Cleves, who still
+hesitated between his old love for Christina and his reluctance to give
+up Guelders. But negotiations were already in progress with another
+suitor, who had bided his time patiently, and who was now at length to
+obtain his reward.
+
+[Sidenote: 1539-41] LOUISE DE GUISE]
+
+The Prince of Orange's union with Anne of Lorraine had strengthened
+the ties that bound her father to the Emperor, and a second marriage,
+which took place this autumn, united the two houses still more closely.
+Among the young nobles who accompanied René to Bar for his wedding was
+Charles, Prince of Chimay, the eldest son of the Duke of Aerschot, the
+wealthy and powerful Governor of Brabant, who was foremost among the
+Regent's confidential advisers, and whom she affectionately called by
+the pet name of "Moriceau." On the death of his mother in 1539, the
+young Prince had succeeded to her vast estates, and lived at the fine
+castle of Beaumont, near the French frontier. At Bar he saw and fell
+in love with Louise de Guise, the lovely girl whom Henry VIII. would
+gladly have made his wife. But there were difficulties in the young
+suitor's way. His own family began by opposing the marriage, and it
+was some time before Charles's consent could be obtained. The Duke of
+Guise had long been the Emperor's most bitter enemy, and was known to
+have strongly opposed his journey through France. Fortunately, Duchess
+Antoinette was from the first on the lovers' side, and succeeded in
+gaining her husband's consent. For some time past King Francis had been
+trying to arrange a marriage between her eldest son, the Count of
+Aumale, and the Pope's granddaughter, "_Vyquetorya_ Farnese," as Louise
+calls her in one of her letters. But the Pope haggled over the dowry,
+and insisted on asking the Emperor's consent; so that Antoinette had a
+troublesome task in her lord's absence, and complained sorely to the
+Queen of Scotland of these vexatious delays.
+
+    "By way of consolation, however," she writes on the 30th of
+    November, "we have an offer for your sister. Monsieur le Duc
+    d'Aerschot has sent to ask for her, on behalf of his eldest
+    son, the Prince of Chimay, a youth about twenty, handsome and
+    well brought up, we hear. He will give him a portion of 50,000
+    crowns a year, and he will have some fine estates, such as the
+    duchy of Aerschot, the principality of Chimay, the counties of
+    Beaumont and Porcien, most of them near Guise. I have told your
+    father, who is at Court, and he approves, and has spoken to
+    the King and to our brothers, who all advise us to accept the
+    proposal. So do my brother-in-law [the Duke of Lorraine] and my
+    mother [Madame de Vendôme]. It has been arranged that we should
+    all meet at Bar on the Conception of Our Lady, as my lord the
+    Duke wishes the matter to be settled at his house. I hope your
+    father will be there, but if not he will give me the necessary
+    powers. If things can be arranged, she will be well married,
+    for the Prince has great possessions and beautiful houses, and
+    plate and furniture in abundance. But it is a great anxiety to
+    be treating of two marriages at once."[297]
+
+Happily for the good Duchess, the young Prince had his way, and the
+contract between him and Louise was duly signed at Bar on the 22nd of
+December. On the same day the Emperor, accompanied by the Regent and
+Duchess of Milan, paid a visit to the Duke of Aerschot at Beaumont, and
+offered him their warmest congratulations on his son's marriage.[298]
+The wedding took place at Joinville in the following March, by which
+time Christina's own marriage to Louise's cousin was arranged, and all
+Lorraine rang with the sound of wedding-bells.
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1541] CHRISTINA'S BETROTHAL]
+
+The vaunted alliance between Charles and Francis did not last long,
+and less than a year after the Emperor and King had parted at St.
+Quentin, vowing eternal friendship, a renewal of war seemed already
+imminent. Francis was bitterly disappointed to find that none of the
+great results which he expected from Charles's visit had come to pass.
+The Emperor firmly declined to marry his daughter, and gave no signs
+of surrendering Milan to the Duke of Orleans. All he would offer was
+the reversion of the Low Countries as his daughter's portion if she
+married Orleans. This failed to satisfy Francis, who declared that
+he would have Milan and nothing else. In order to prevent his niece,
+Jeanne of Navarre, marrying the Prince of Spain, the King offered her
+to the Duke of Cleves, who signed a treaty with France this summer, but
+was not actually affianced to the little Princess until the Duchess of
+Milan was finally betrothed to Francis of Lorraine. Upon hearing of
+the alliance between France and Cleves, Charles retaliated by solemnly
+investing his son Philip with the duchy of Milan. This ceremony took
+place at Brussels on the 11th of October, and was regarded by Francis
+as an open act of defiance. He vented his anger on the Constable, who
+asked leave to retire; while Madame d'Étampes did her best to obtain
+her rival's disgrace and induce the King to declare war against the
+Emperor. But Francis was loth to let his old servant go, and said to
+Montmorency, with tears in his eyes: "How can you ask me to let you
+leave me? I have only one fault to find with you, that you do not love
+what I love."[299] The Constable consented to remain, and for the
+moment the crisis was delayed.
+
+After visiting the forts along the frontier and leaving garrisons in
+every town, the Emperor came to Namur for Christmas, and prepared
+for his final departure. Forty chariots were needed for his own use,
+and all the horses and carts in the neighbouring provinces were
+requisitioned to provide for the conveyance of his immense suite. On
+Innocents' Day the Court moved to Luxembourg, and all the gentlemen
+of the countryside rode out to meet the Emperor. With him came the
+Queen and the Duchess of Milan, and on the same evening they were
+joined by the Duke of Lorraine and his son Francis, the Marquis of
+Pont-à-Mousson. On the Feast of the Three Kings the imperial party
+attended Mass in the cathedral, and the Emperor, after his usual
+custom, presented golden cups to three abbeys in the town. And on
+the same day the marriage of the Marquis to the Duchess of Milan
+was finally concluded, to the great delight of the old Duke, who
+was as much pleased as the bridegroom. Two days afterwards Charles
+took an affectionate farewell of his sister and niece, and went on
+to Regensburg, leaving them to return to Brussels, while the Duke of
+Lorraine hastened to Nancy to summon the States and inform his loyal
+subjects of his son's marriage.[300]
+
+On the 1st of March the contract drawn up by the Imperial Ministers,
+Granvelle and De Praet, was signed by the Duke of Lorraine at Bar, and
+on the 20th by the Emperor. The ducal manors of Blamont and Denœuvre
+were settled upon the Duchess, and, in order that she might not lose
+any rank by her marriage, the Marquis received the title of Duke of
+Bar.[301] On the 12th of March the Queen and Duchess both went to the
+Castle of Beaumont in Hainault, to be present at the splendid reception
+which the Duke of Aerschot gave his daughter-in-law. The Duchess of
+Guise herself accompanied the beloved Louise to her future home,
+and wrote the following account of the festivities to Queen Mary of
+Scotland from her husband's château at Guise:
+
+  "MADAME,
+
+    [Sidenote: MARCH, 1541] WEDDING-BELLS]
+
+    "I have been so confidently assured that the safest way for
+    letters is to send them by Antwerp merchants that I am sending
+    mine by this means, and your sister will be my postmistress in
+    future. I wrote to tell you of the conclusion of her marriage,
+    and sent the articles of the treaty and the account of her
+    wedding by your messenger. I have just taken her to her new
+    home, a fine and noble house, as well furnished as possible,
+    called Beaumont. Her father-in-law, the Duke, received her very
+    honourably, attended by as large and illustrious a company as
+    you could wish to see. Among others, the Queen of Hungary was
+    present, and the Duchess of Milan, and both the Prince and
+    Princess of Orange, who, by the way, is said to be with child,
+    although this is not quite certain as yet, and I confess I have
+    my doubts on the subject. I think your sister is very well
+    married. She has received beautiful presents, and her husband
+    has made her a very rich wedding-gift. He is young, but full of
+    good-will and excellent intentions. It did not seem at all like
+    Lent, for the sound of trumpets and the clash of arms never
+    ceased, and there was some fine jousting. At the end we had
+    to part--not without tears. I am now back at Guise, but only
+    for one night, and go on to-morrow to La Fère. My brother the
+    Cardinal, and my brother and sister of St. Pol, will be there
+    on Wednesday. For love of them I will stay at La Fère over
+    Thursday, and set out again on Friday, to reach Joinville as
+    soon as may be, in the hope of finding your father still there,
+    as well as our children--that is to say, the little ones and
+    the priests."[302]
+
+Ten days later Louise herself wrote a long and happy letter to her
+sister from Beaumont, full of the delights of her new home and of the
+kindness with which she had been received by her husband's family.
+
+  "MADAME,
+
+    "Since God gave me this great blessing of a good husband, I
+    have never found time to write to you. But I can assure you
+    that I count myself indeed fortunate to be in this house,
+    for, besides all the grandeur of the place, I have a lord
+    and father-in-law whom I may well call good. It would take
+    three sheets of paper if I were to tell you all the kindness
+    with which he treats me. You may therefore be quite satisfied
+    of your sister's happiness, and she is further commanded to
+    offer you the very humble service of the masters and lords of
+    this house, who beg that you will employ them on any occasion
+    that may arise, since they will always be very glad to obey
+    your wishes. We also have a very wise and virtuous Queen, who
+    has done me the greatest honour by coming here to our house,
+    expressly, as she condescended to say, to receive me. She
+    told me herself that she meant to take me for her very humble
+    daughter and servant, and that in future she hoped I should
+    be often in her company, which, considering how little she has
+    seen of me, was exceedingly kind. The Duchess of Milan said
+    the same, and was the best and kindest of all. We may soon
+    hope to see her in Lorraine, for her marriage to the Marquis
+    is in very good train. Since my mother went home, she has sent
+    a letter asking me to find out if this route to Scotland will
+    be shorter than the other. If this is the case, and you like
+    to send me your letters for her, I shall be delighted. Only,
+    Madame, you must be sure to address your packets to the Duke
+    of Aerschot, which will be easy for you, as then the merchants
+    who come from Scotland will leave them at Antwerp or Bruges,
+    or any other town, and they will not fail to reach me, since
+    my father-in-law is greatly loved and honoured throughout the
+    Netherlands. And I pray that God will give you a long and happy
+    life.
+
+                                  "Your very humble and obedient sister,
+                                                     "Louise of Lorraine.
+
+  "From Beaumont, the 25th day of March."[303]
+
+The keenest interest in these marriages was shown at the Court of
+Scotland. King James wrote cordial letters from Edinburgh to his
+sister-in-law and to the Duke of Aerschot, and congratulated the
+Princess of Orange on her happy expectations, begging her to write
+to him and his wife more frequently.[304] Anne had always been on
+affectionate terms with her aunt and cousins at Joinville, and the
+presence of Louise at Brussels this summer was another bond between
+them.
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1541] AN UNWILLING BRIDE]
+
+Meanwhile King Francis was greatly annoyed to hear of the Duchess of
+Milan's marriage. He complained bitterly to the Duke of Guise and the
+Cardinal of their brother's desertion, and vowed that Antoine and his
+son should feel the full weight of his displeasure. He was as good
+as his word, and, when the Prince assumed the title of Duke of Bar,
+disputed his rights to this duchy on the ground that it was a fief of
+the Crown. In order to satisfy these new claims, the Duke was compelled
+to sign an agreement on the 22nd of April, by which he and his son
+consented to do homage to the King for the duchy of Bar, and to grant
+free passage of French troops through this province.[305]
+
+At the same time Francis invited the Duke of Cleves to come to Blois,
+as he wished his marriage to the Princess of Navarre to be celebrated
+without delay. On the 11th of April the States assembled at Düsseldorf
+were amazed to hear from Chancellor Olisleger that their Duke, being
+unable to obtain the Duchess of Milan's hand without the surrender of
+Guelders, was about to contract another marriage with the Princess of
+Navarre, and had actually started on his wedding journey.[306] The
+King and Queen of Navarre had always been averse to their daughter's
+union with the Duke of Cleves, but Margaret's resistance was overcome
+by the royal brother whom she adored, and her husband gave a reluctant
+consent to the marriage; but the little Princess Jeanne, a delicate
+child of twelve, refused in the most determined manner to marry this
+foreign Prince. In vain she was scolded and whipped, and threatened by
+her uncle the King with worse punishments. For many weeks the child
+persisted in her refusal, and, when compelled to yield, signed a
+protest on the eve of her marriage, which with the secret connivance
+of her parents was duly witnessed and preserved. On the 14th of June,
+1540, the strange wedding was finally solemnized at Châtelhérault, on
+the Garonne. A series of Arcadian fêtes in beautiful summer weather
+were given by King Francis, who never lost an opportunity for indulging
+his love of romance. Arbours and colonnades of verdure were reared on
+the river-banks. King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table were
+seen riding forth in quest of adventure; high-born ladies, clad as
+nymphs and dryads, danced on the greensward by torchlight.[307] The
+bridegroom gave his bride magnificent jewels, although Jeanne was never
+seen in public, and did not even appear at the ball on the night before
+the wedding. Finally, when all were assembled in the royal chapel, and
+the King came to lead his niece to the altar, the little Princess,
+weighed down by her costly jewels and gold and silver brocades, was
+unable to walk. "Take her by the neck!" cried the impatient monarch to
+Montmorency, and the Constable of France, not venturing to disobey the
+royal command, lifted up the frightened child in his arms and bore her
+to the altar before the eyes of the whole Court. As he did so he was
+heard to mutter, "C'en est fini, de ma faveur, adieu lui dis!" and,
+surely enough, the day after the wedding he received his dismissal, and
+left Court, never to return during the lifetime of Francis.[308]
+
+[Sidenote: JULY, 1541] CHRISTINA'S WEDDING]
+
+The Duke had agreed, in order to satisfy the King and Queen of Navarre,
+that the marriage should be merely formal, and consented to leave his
+unwilling bride with her parents for another year. Accordingly, three
+days later he bade them farewell, and rode, attended by a strong French
+escort, through the Ardennes, and travelled down the Moselle and Rhine
+to Cologne. As he passed through Luxembourg he saw the trained bands
+gathering in force on the frontier, and heard that they were assembling
+under Count Büren to meet his successful rival, Francis of Lorraine,
+and bring him to Brussels for his wedding.[309]
+
+Here great preparations had been made to do honour to the Emperor's
+niece, and the guests came from far and wide. Christina's trousseau
+was worthy of her exalted rank, and the Queen presented her with a
+wonderful carcanet of rubies, diamonds, and emeralds, with pendants
+of large pear-shaped pearls. The marriage was solemnized on Sunday,
+the 10th of July, in the great hall where, twenty-six years before,
+Isabella of Austria, had been married to the King of Denmark. Only two
+of the foreign Ambassadors were absent from the wedding banquet--the
+Englishmen Vaughan and Carne--a fact which naturally excited much
+comment. King Henry changed colour when Chapuys told him of Christina's
+marriage, and was at no pains to conceal his surprise and vexation.
+He said repeatedly that he wondered how the Emperor could allow so
+noble and renowned a Princess to marry the Marquis, when there could
+be no doubt that Anne of Cleves was his lawful wife, and insisted
+that this had been the chief reason of his own separation from this
+lady. After the wedding he again referred to the incident, and told
+Chapuys in confidence that the Duke of Lorraine had secretly made
+over his rights on Guelders to the French King, and would never help
+the Emperor against France, since Monseiur de Guise and the Cardinal
+of Lorraine were entirely on the French side. Chapuys listened with
+polite attention, and reported most of the King's conversation for the
+amusement of the Court at Brussels.[310]
+
+Here a series of fêtes took place after the wedding. A grand tournament
+was held in front of the hôtel-de-ville, followed by the mock siege
+of a fortress in the park, and a hunting-party in the Forest of
+Soignies.[311]
+
+On the 14th, the Duke and Duchess of Bar left Brussels to pay a round
+of visits in the neighbourhood and "see the country," and on the 27th
+the Queen went to meet them at the Duke of Aerschot's hunting-palace at
+Heverlé, near Louvain, and spent several days there with the two other
+newly-married couples, the Prince and Princess of Orange and the Prince
+and Princess of Chimay.[312]
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1541] A NOBLE LADY]
+
+Finally, on the 1st of August, the bride and bridegroom set out on
+their journey, attended by a brilliant company, which included the
+Prince and Princess of Orange, the Duke of Aerschot, the Prince and
+Princess of Chimay, the Counts of Berghen, Büren, and Brederode. They
+travelled by slow stages, resting at Namur, Luxembourg, Thionville,
+and Metz. Triumphal arches were erected over the gates of each city,
+and the burghers came out in procession to greet the bride. At Metz
+Christina was presented with an illuminated book on "Marriage," by the
+Regent of the University, Édmond du Boullay, and the Chapter of Toul
+offered her a gold cup, filled with 300 crowns, while the city gave her
+200 crowns and ten barrels of choice wine.[313]
+
+On the 8th the wedding-party reached Pont-à-Mousson, and found a
+large family gathering waiting to receive them. A few days before
+the Cardinal of Lorraine had joined the Duke and Duchess of Guise at
+Joinville, and had accompanied them to Pont-à-Mousson, as Antoinette
+wrote,
+
+    "in order to give our new Lady her first greeting and conduct
+    her to Nancy. Great preparations have been made to welcome
+    her, and there is to be some fine jousting. I will tell you if
+    there is anything worth writing, and must confess I am very
+    curious to see if the Marquis makes a good husband. At least
+    the country rejoices greatly at the coming of so noble and
+    excellent a lady."[314]
+
+The Duchess of Guise had collected most of her family for the occasion,
+and brought four of her sons--Aumale, Mayenne, Charles, Archbishop of
+Reims, and Louis, Bishop of Troyes--to Pont-à-Mousson, as well as her
+little grandson, the Duke of Longueville, the Queen of Scotland's son
+by her first marriage. Duke Antoine and his younger son, Nicholas de
+Vaudemont, Bishop of Metz, were also present, together with all the
+chief nobles of Lorraine.
+
+It was a strange meeting. Guise and his sons had often crossed swords
+with the Prince of Orange and Aerschot, and the Duke had refused to
+meet the Emperor on his memorable visit to Chantilly. Now he was
+engaged in repairing the forts along the frontier in view of another
+war, an occupation which had at least one merit in his wife's eyes,
+and kept him longer at home than he had been for many years. All
+alike, however, friends and foes, joined in giving the new Duchess a
+hearty welcome, and drank joyously to the health and prosperity of the
+illustrious pair.
+
+At Pont-à-Mousson Francis took his bride to the convent of Poor Clares,
+to see his grandmother, Philippa of Guelders, who had taken the veil
+twenty years before, but still retained all her faculties, and was
+the object of her sons' devoted affection. The Duke of Guise and his
+wife constantly visited the good old lady, whose name appears so often
+in Antoinette's letters, and who now embraced her new granddaughter
+tenderly and gave the bridal pair her blessing. The next day Christina
+entered Nancy, where immense crowds assembled to receive her, and
+choirs of white-robed maidens welcomed her coming at the ancient
+gateway of La Craffe. One quaint medieval practice which had lasted
+until this century was dispensed with. It was the custom for a band
+of peasants from the neighbouring village of Laxou, to beat the pools
+in the marshes under the palace walls all through the night when the
+Princes of Lorraine brought their brides home, to drive away the
+frogs, whose croaking might disturb the ducal slumbers. But instead
+of this, the peasant women of Laxou stood at the palace gates as the
+Duchess alighted, and presented her with baskets of flowers and ripe
+strawberries and cherries.[315]
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1541] REJOICINGS AT NANCY]
+
+A grand tournament was held the following morning, on the Place des
+Dames in front of the ducal palace, in which many of the Flemish
+nobles took part, and was followed by a state banquet and ball--"all
+very sumptuously done," wrote Lord William Howard, the English
+Ambassador.[316] Then the wedding festivities came to an end, the gay
+party broke up, and the old city which was henceforth to be Christina's
+home resumed its wonted air of sleepy tranquillity.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[243] Papiers d'État. 82. 20, Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.
+
+[244] Lanz, ii. 297; Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 16.
+
+[245] Lanz, ii. 289, 683.
+
+[246] State Papers, Record Office, Henry VIII., i. 605; Calendar of
+State Papers, xiv. 1, 192.
+
+[247] Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 348, 374.
+
+[248] See Appendix; Papiers d'État, 82, 26, Archives du Royaume,
+Bruxelles.
+
+[249] Hubert Thomas, 376-390; Cust, "Gentlemen Errant," 377-379.
+
+[250] "Zimmerische Chronik," ii. 547.
+
+[251] H. Thomas, 396.
+
+[252] Kaulek, 104.
+
+[253] _Ibid._, 105.
+
+[254] Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 2, 61; H. Thomas, 393-398.
+
+[255] State Papers, Record Office, Henry VIII., i. 616; Calendar of
+State Papers, xiv. 2, 54.
+
+[256] Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 2, 66, 69, 94, 368.
+
+[257] H. Thomas, 399-401; Kaulek, 136.
+
+[258] Kaulek, 135.
+
+[259] Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 2, 215; H. Thomas, 401.
+
+[260] Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 2, 127, 232; Calendar of Spanish
+State Papers, vi. 1, 200; Kaulek, 138, 139.
+
+[261] Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 2, 127; Nott, ii. 399.
+
+[262] Calendar of State Papers, xvi. 61; Henne, vi. 301-396.
+
+[263] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 205.
+
+[264] Bulletin de la Commission d'Histoire, série ii., 3, 490.
+
+[265] Granvelle, "Papiers d'État," ii. 540; Calendar of State Papers,
+xiv. 1, 437, 2, 193; Gachard, "Relation des Troubles de Gand," 258.
+
+[266] Kaulek, 142; Nott, ii. 353.
+
+[267] Gachard, 252.
+
+[268] Gachard, 49.
+
+[269] Henne, vii. 4; A. de Ruble, "Le Mariage de Jeanne d'Albret," 46;
+R. de Bouillé, "Histoire des Ducs de Guise," i. 123.
+
+[270] Gachard, 305.
+
+[271] M. du Bellay, iv. 413.
+
+[272] Granvelle, "Papiers d'État," ii. 562; Kaulek, 153.
+
+[273] Gachard, 531.
+
+[274] Gachard, 664-666.
+
+[275] Calendar of State Papers, xv. 65.
+
+[276] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 236, 237.
+
+[277] Granvelle, "Papiers d'État," ii. 542.
+
+[278] Nott, ii. 358.
+
+[279] Nott, ii. 380, 391.
+
+[280] Gachard, "Relation des Troubles de Gand," 65.
+
+[281] Henne, vii. 40-90; Gachard, 67-70, 389.
+
+[282] Lanz, ii. 308.
+
+[283] Henne, vii. 282; Nott, ii. 418.
+
+[284] Gachard, 65, 71.
+
+[285] Nott, ii. 398.
+
+[286] Nott, ii. 417; State Papers, Record Office, viii. 329.
+
+[287] Calendar of State Papers, xv. 349, 367.
+
+[288] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 336, 340, 354; Calendar of
+State Papers, xv. 318.
+
+[289] Calendar of State Papers, xv. 363, 390, 391.
+
+[290] Kaulek, 191; State Papers, Record Office, viii. 386, 397, 412.
+
+[291] L. Hugo, "Traité sur l'Origine de la Maison de Lorraine," 212.
+
+[292] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 398.
+
+[293] Pfister, "Histoire de Nancy," ii. 188.
+
+[294] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 15, Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.
+
+[295] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 444.
+
+[296] Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., xvi. 1, 60.
+
+[297] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 22.
+
+[298] W. Bradford, "Itinerary of Charles V.," 517; State Papers, Record
+Office, viii. 508.
+
+[299] F. Decrue, "Montmorency à la Cour de François I.," i. 392.
+
+[300] Gachard, "Voyages de Charles V.," ii. 167.
+
+[301] A. Calmet, "Histoire de Lorraine," iii. 387.
+
+[302] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 5 (see Appendix). The priests were
+Antoinette's two sons, Charles, Archbishop of Reims, and Louis, both of
+whom afterwards became Cardinals.
+
+[303] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 153 (see Appendix).
+
+[304] _Ibid._, ii. 157.
+
+[305] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 609.
+
+[306] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 550; Calendar of State Papers,
+xv. 344, 362; A. de Ruble, "Mariage de Jeanne d'Albret," 83.
+
+[307] M. du Bellay, "Mémoires," iv. 415.
+
+[308] A. de Ruble, 118; F. Decrue, "Anne de Montmorency à la Cour de
+François I.," 403.
+
+[309] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 585.
+
+[310] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 332, 349.
+
+[311] Henne, vii. 282; Calendar of State Papers, xvi. 1, 470.
+
+[312] Calendar of State Papers, xvi. 1, 508.
+
+[313] J. B. Ravold, "Histoire de Lorraine," iii. 743; Hugo, 217; C.
+Pfister, "Histoire de Nancy," ii. 192.
+
+[314] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 4 (see Appendix).
+
+[315] Pfister, ii. 63, 188; Ravold, iii. 703.
+
+[316] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 609.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VIII
+
+CHRISTINA, DUCHESS OF LORRAINE
+
+1541-1545
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1477] KING RENÉ]
+
+The ducal house of Lorraine, into which Christina had now married, was
+one of the oldest and proudest in Europe. The duchy took its name of
+Lotharingia from Lothair, a great-grandson of Charlemagne, who reigned
+over a vast kingdom stretching from the banks of the Scheldt and Rhine
+to the Mediterranean. After this monarch's death, his territories
+became the object of perpetual contention between the German Empire
+and France, and were eventually divided among a number of Counts and
+Barons who owned the Emperor or the French King as their suzerain.
+Godfrey of Bouillon, the leader of the first Crusade, was one of many
+illustrious Princes who reigned over Lorraine; but Gerard d'Alsace, who
+died in 1046, was the ancestor of the ducal house to which Christina's
+husband belonged.[317] From him descended a long line of hereditary
+Princes, who were loyal vassals of France and took an active part in
+the wars against England. Raoul, the founder of the collegiate church
+and Chapter of St. Georges at Nancy, was killed fighting valiantly
+at Crécy, and his son John was taken prisoner with the French King by
+the Black Prince at Poitiers. Duke John's second son, Ferry, Count
+of Vaudemont and Joinville, fell at Agincourt. In 1444 this Prince's
+grandson, Ferry II., the representative of the younger branch of the
+House of Lorraine, married Yolande, daughter of René of Anjou, King of
+Provence, Jerusalem, and Sicily, and Duke of Lorraine in right of his
+wife, Isabella, the heiress of Duke Charles II. Yolande, whose sister,
+Margaret of Anjou, married Henry VI., became Duchess of Lorraine after
+the death of her nephew in 1473, and united the two branches of the
+family in her person. But she renounced the sovereignty in favour of
+her son, René II., who still bore the proud title of King of Sicily and
+Jerusalem, although, as the English Ambassador, Wotton, remarked, he
+had never seen either the one or the other. René had a fierce struggle
+for the possession of Lorraine with Charles of Burgundy, who defeated
+him completely in 1475, and entered Nancy in triumph. But in January,
+1477, King René recovered his duchy with the help of the Swiss, and
+Charles was defeated and slain in a desperate battle under the walls of
+Nancy.[318]
+
+Ten years later René married Philippa of Egmont, sister of Charles,
+Duke of Guelders, and, together with his admirable wife, devoted the
+rest of his life to the welfare of his subjects and the improvement
+of the capital. During his reign the ducal palace, founded by his
+ancestors in the fourteenth century, was enlarged and beautified, and
+the neighbouring church and convent of the Cordeliers were built. Here
+René was buried after his early death in 1508, and his sorrowing wife
+reared a noble monument in which he is represented kneeling under a
+pinnacled canopy crowned by a statue of the Virgin and Child.[319]
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1519] QUEEN PHILIPPA]
+
+Six stalwart sons grew up under Philippa's watchful eye, to bear
+their father's name and maintain the honour of his house. The eldest,
+Antoine, succeeded René as Duke of Lorraine and Bar, and the second,
+Claude, became a naturalized French subject, and inherited the family
+estates in France, including Joinville, Guise, and Aumale. Both Princes
+were educated at the French Court, where Claude became the friend and
+companion of the future King Francis, and in 1513 married Antoinette
+de Bourbon, the Count of Vendôme's daughter. This lovely maiden was
+brought up with her cousins, Louis XII.'s daughters, the elder of whom
+married Francis of Angoulême, the heir to the Crown. When, in 1515,
+this Prince succeeded his father-in-law on the throne, he promised the
+young Duke of Lorraine the hand of Louis XII.'s widow, Mary of England;
+but the fair Dowager had already plighted her troth to Brandon, Duke
+of Suffolk, and Antoine consoled himself with another Princess of the
+blood royal, Renée de Bourbon, daughter of Gilbert de Montpensier and
+Chiara Gonzaga. The wedding was celebrated at Amboise on the 26th of
+June, 1515, and Antoine and Claude both left their brides in Lorraine
+with Queen Philippa while they followed Francis to Italy. There they
+fought gallantly by the King's side at Marignano. Antoine was knighted
+on the field of battle, while Claude received a dangerous wound, and a
+third brother was slain in the mêlée. Two of Philippa's younger sons
+lost their lives in the French King's later campaigns. One was killed
+at Pavia, and Louis, the handsomest of all his handsome race, died of
+the plague in Lautrec's army before Naples. A sixth son, Jean, Bishop
+of Metz, was made a Cardinal at twenty, and, like his brother, Claude
+of Guise, became a prominent figure at the French Court.
+
+During Antoine's absence his duchy was governed wisely and well by
+his mother, Philippa; but when he no longer needed her help, the good
+Queen retired from the world, and on the 8th of December, 1519, entered
+the Order of the Poor Clares at Pont-à-Mousson. Here she spent the
+remaining twenty-seven years of her life in works of devotion, and
+edified her family and subjects by the zeal with which she performed
+the humblest duties, going barefoot and wearing rough serge. But she
+still retained great influence over her sons, who were all deeply
+attached to her and often came to visit her in the convent. By a will
+which she made when she forsook the world, she left her furniture,
+jewels, and most of her property, to her second son, Claude, "pour
+aider ce jeune ménage,"[320] and the Duke and Duchess of Guise went
+to live at her dower-house of Joinville, the _beau châtel_ on the
+heights above the River Marne, which had once belonged to St. Louis's
+follower, le Sieur de Joinville. Here that remarkable woman, Duchess
+Antoinette, the mother of the Guises, reared her large family, the six
+sons who became famous as soldiers or prelates, and the four beautiful
+daughters who were courted by Kings and Princes. Antoine's wife, Renée,
+had not the ability and force of character which made her cousin a
+power at the French Court, as well as in her own family, but she was
+greatly beloved in Lorraine, and inherited the cultivated tastes of
+her Gonzaga mother--the sister of Elizabeth, Duchess of Urbino, and
+sister-in-law of the famous Isabella d'Este. Renée brought the graces
+and refinement of the Mantuan Court to her husband's home, and the
+blossoming of art which took place at Nancy during Antoine's reign was
+largely due to her influence.
+
+[Illustration: GRANDE PORTERIE. PALAIS DUCAL, NANCY]
+
+_To face p. 260_
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1541] THE DUCAL PALACE]
+
+A whole school of local architects and painters were employed to adorn
+the ducal palace, which under his rule and that of his immediate
+successors became, in the words of a contemporary, "as fine a
+dwelling-place for a great Prince as could possibly be desired."[321]
+King René had rebuilt the older portions of the house; his son now
+added the noble gateway known as "La Grande Porterie," with his own
+equestrian statue carved by Mansuy Gauvain, and the magnificent upper
+gallery called "La Galerie des Cerfs," from the antlers and other
+trophies of the chase which hung upon its walls.[322] A wealth of
+delicate sculpture was lavished on the façade. Flowers and foliage,
+heraldic beasts and armorial bearings, adorned the portal; "le bœuf qui
+prêche"--an ox's head in a pulpit--appeared in one corner, and on the
+topmost pinnacle, above the busts of René and Antoine, a monkey was
+seen clad in a friar's habit. Within, the vaulted halls were decorated
+with stately mantelpieces and richly carved friezes. Without, the roofs
+glittered with gilded copper fretwork and a tall bronze _flèche_,
+bearing the cross of Lorraine and the thistle of Nancy, crowned the
+"Tour du Paradis," which enclosed the fine spiral staircase leading
+to the Galerie des Cerfs. Another round tower, containing an inclined
+way broad enough for a horse and chariot, stood in the older part of
+the palace, and led up to the Treasury, where the Crown jewels were
+kept. Here, too, were the apartments occupied by the ducal family. On
+one side they opened on to the "Cour d'Honneur," where tournaments
+and pageants were held. On the other the windows looked down on
+the gardens, with their cut yews and box hedges, their arbours and
+bosquets, and in the centre a superb fountain adorned with _putti_ by
+Mansuy Gauvain; while beyond the eye ranged across the sleepy waters of
+the moat to green meadows and distant woods.[323] The grand portal and
+state-rooms at the new end of the palace looked down on the Grande Rue,
+and were only divided by a narrow street from the shops and stalls of
+the market-place. The fact that the Duke's house stood in the heart of
+the city naturally fostered the affection with which he was regarded by
+the people of Nancy. The citizens were familiar with every detail of
+the ducal family's private life, and took the deepest interest in their
+comings and goings, their weddings and funerals, in the guests who
+arrived at the palace gates, and in the children who grew up within its
+walls.
+
+Duke Antoine was especially beloved by his subjects. Early in life
+he had learnt by experience the horrors of war, and all through his
+reign he tried manfully to preserve a strict neutrality between the
+rival powers on either side, with the result that Lorraine enjoyed
+an unbroken period of peace and prosperity. The burden of taxation
+was lightened, trade and agriculture flourished, and the arts were
+encouraged by this good Prince, who was justly called the "father of
+his people." When his beloved wife Renée died, in June, 1539, his
+sorrow was shared by the whole nation.
+
+    "Since I sent my last letter," wrote the Duchess of Guise to
+    her daughter in Scotland, "you will have heard of the death of
+    your aunt--whom God pardon--a fortnight ago. The attack--_a
+    flux de ventre_--which carried her off only lasted nine days,
+    but she was enfeebled by long illness. Nature could no longer
+    offer any resistance, and God in His good pleasure took her to
+    Himself. She died as a good Christian, doing her duty by all
+    and asking forgiveness of everyone, and remained conscious to
+    the end. After Friday morning she would not see her children,
+    or even her husband, but, as this distressed him greatly, she
+    sent for him again after she had received God. On Sunday she
+    was anointed with holy oil, and died at ten o'clock the next
+    evening. It was the tenth of June. It is a heavy loss for all
+    our family, but your uncle bears up bravely. He sent for us,
+    and I set out for Nancy at once, but only arrived there after
+    her death. Your father, with whom I have been in Picardy,
+    followed on Saturday. I have just returned to Pont-à-Mousson,
+    where I came to see my mother-in-law, the good old Queen. The
+    funeral will be on St. John's Day, and your aunt will be buried
+    in the Cordeliers, opposite the tomb of the late King" (René
+    II.).[324]
+
+Four days after his wife's death, Antoine himself sent these touching
+lines to his niece, the Queen of Scotland:
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1541] FRANCIS OF LORRAINE]
+
+    "I was glad to hear from you the other day, Madame, and must
+    tell you the great sorrow which it has pleased God to send
+    me, in calling my wife to Himself. She died on the morrow of
+    Pentecost. God be praised, Madame, for the beautiful end which
+    she made, like the good Christian that she was. Commend me to
+    the King your lord; and if there is any service which I can
+    render you or him, let me know, and I will do it gladly.
+
+                                    "Your humble and loving uncle,
+                                                        "ANTOINE."[325]
+
+Renée bore the Duke a large family, but only three of her children
+lived to grow up: Francis, Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson, born in 1517;
+Anne, the Princess of Orange, who was five years younger; and Nicolas,
+Count of Vaudemont, born in 1524, who took Deacon's Orders, and became
+Bishop of Metz when the Cardinal of Lorraine resigned this see. Francis
+had the French King for his godfather, and was sent, as a matter of
+course, to be educated at the Court of France with the Dauphin. This
+Prince inherited the tall stature and regular features of his father's
+family, together with his mother's love of art and letters. His
+studious tastes and quick intelligence made him the delight of all his
+teachers, and King Francis was heard to say that the Marquis du Pont
+was the wisest Prince of his age. But although he could ride and tilt
+as well as any of his peers, he was never robust, and the strain of
+melancholy in his nature increased as years went by. In 1538 the young
+Marquis accompanied his father to meet the Emperor at Aigues-Mortes,
+and made a very favourable impression on Charles, who proposed that
+he should marry one of King Ferdinand's daughters. Several other
+alliances had been already suggested for this promising Prince.[326]
+In 1527, while he was still a boy, the fateful marriage between him
+and Anne of Cleves had been arranged; and when this was abandoned,
+King Francis first offered him one of his own daughters, and then his
+cousin, Mary of Vendôme, whom the King of Scotland had deserted for
+the fair Duchess of Longueville. At the same time Henry VIII. asked
+Castillon to arrange a marriage between his daughter Mary and the heir
+of Lorraine.[327] But from the moment that Francis of Lorraine saw
+the Duchess of Milan at Compiègne his choice never wavered, and his
+constancy triumphed in the end over all difficulties.
+
+The lamented death of Duchess Renée, and the marriage of her only
+daughter, Anne, in the following year, had left the palace at Nancy
+without a mistress, and rendered Christina's presence there the more
+welcome. The old Duke was as proud of his daughter-in-law as his
+subjects were of their young Duchess, and Christina's frank manners
+and open-handed generosity soon made her very popular in Lorraine. She
+received a cordial welcome from Antoinette and the Guise Princes at
+Joinville, and was on the best of terms with her young brother-in-law,
+Monsieur de Metz. Above all, she was adored by her spouse, whose
+devotion to Christina quickly dispelled the Duchess of Guise's fears
+lest this grave and thoughtful Prince should not prove a good husband.
+His love satisfied every longing of her heart, and filled her soul with
+deep content. After all the storms of her early youth, after the lonely
+months at Milan and Pavia, after the disappointment of her cherished
+hopes, the young Duchess had found a happiness beyond her highest
+dreams. As she wrote to her old friend Granvelle a few months later:
+"My husband treats me so kindly, and has such great affection for me,
+that I am the happiest woman in the whole world."[328]
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1541] A VISIT TO FONTAINEBLEAU]
+
+
+II.
+
+The King of France's ill-temper was the one drawback to the general
+satisfaction with which Christina's marriage had been received. The
+coldness with which he treated the Duke of Lorraine and his son, the
+sacrifice of their rights on Bar, rankled in the old man's heart. His
+surprise was the greater when he received a courteous invitation to
+bring his son and daughter-in-law on a visit to the French Court. His
+brother the Cardinal wrote saying that Queen Eleanor was anxious to see
+her niece, and that the King wished to confer the Order of St. Michel
+on her lord, and begged Duke Antoine to accompany the young couple to
+Fontainebleau.
+
+Christina and her husband, who since his marriage had become a strong
+Imperialist, were reluctant to accept the invitation, lest an attempt
+should be made to draw Lorraine into an alliance against the Emperor.
+But the Cardinal's bland promises and Antoine's anxiety to keep on
+good terms with the King prevailed over their hesitation, and early
+in November the two Dukes and the young Duchess spent three days at
+Fontainebleau. Hunting-parties and banquets occupied the first two
+days. Eleanor took the greatest delight in her niece's company, and the
+King, who could never resist a woman's charms, was assiduous in his
+attention to Christina. The Queen of Navarre's presence afforded the
+Duchess additional pleasure, and this accomplished Princess showed her
+Leonardo and Raphael's paintings, and did the honours of the superb
+palace which had excited the Emperor's admiration two years before.
+On the third evening the King expressed his wish to confer the Order
+of St. Michel on the young Duke in so pressing a manner that it was
+impossible to refuse this offer. But an unpleasant surprise was in
+store for him and his father. The next morning the Cardinal informed
+them that the King demanded the cession of the town and fortress of
+Stenay, in return for the privilege of holding the duchy of Bar.
+This unexpected demand aroused an indignant protest from Antoine and
+Francis. Stenay was one of the bulwarks of Lorraine, and its position
+on the frontiers of Luxembourg made it of great importance to the
+defence of the empire. But nothing that the Duke and his son could
+say was of the slightest avail. They were told that if Stenay was not
+surrendered peaceably the King would declare war and reduce their
+country to subjection. These threats alarmed the old Duke to such a
+pitch that before leaving Fontainebleau he was induced to sign a treaty
+by which Stenay was given up in perpetuity to the French Crown. It
+was a grievous blow to the prestige of Lorraine, and filled Christina
+and her husband with grave fears for the future. The following letter
+which the Duchess wrote to Granvelle a few weeks afterwards shows how
+bitterly she resented the wrong:
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1541] THE CESSION OF STENAY]
+
+    "You have no doubt heard of the voyage which the Lord Duke my
+    father-in-law, my husband, and I, took to the French Court,
+    where we made a very short stay, but one which turned out very
+    badly for our house. For the King used violent threats to my
+    father and husband, and sent my uncle the Cardinal to tell them
+    that, if they did not satisfy his demands, he would prove their
+    worst enemy, and make them the smallest people in the world.
+    So they were compelled to give him the town of Stenay, which
+    is a great loss to this house, and has vexed my husband and
+    me sorely, showing us how much we are despised on that side,
+    and to what risk of destruction we should be exposed if it were
+    not for the good help of the Emperor, in whom I place my whole
+    trust."[329]
+
+Unfortunately for the Duchess and her husband, Charles was at this
+moment engaged in his disastrous expedition to Algiers. The news of the
+tempest which wrecked his fleet on the coast of Africa had reached the
+French Court, and it was confidently asserted that the Emperor himself
+had perished, or was a prisoner in Barbarossa's camp. These disquieting
+rumours were set at rest early in December by his safe return to
+Cartagena with the remnants of his army. But his enemies had been
+active in his absence. On the 15th of November the Duke of Lorraine set
+his seal to the deed of cession, and a week later a French garrison
+took possession of Stenay. General indignation was excited throughout
+Europe by this arbitrary act. Mary of Hungary entered a vigorous
+protest in her brother's name against this surrender of an imperial
+fief, and no sooner did the news reach Charles than he told his
+Ambassador to require the French King to do homage for the town. The
+new English Ambassador, Paget, who arrived at Fontainebleau a few days
+after the Lorraine Princes left Court, noticed that the King "looked
+very black, as if the Imperial Envoy had spoken of matters not all the
+pleasantest"; while he informed his royal master that the entertainment
+of the Duke of Lorraine had been but cold, and that he had lost all
+credit with the French.[330] When Chapuys told King Henry at Christmas
+how King Francis had snatched Stenay from the Duke of Lorraine, the
+English monarch only shrugged his shoulders, saying he had always known
+no good would come out of that marriage.[331]
+
+Meanwhile Christina and her husband found some consolation for their
+wounded feelings in the friendly reception which they met with at
+Joinville, on their return from France. The Duke and Duchess of Guise
+came to meet them at Annonville, and were eager to do honour to their
+nephew's bride and show her the beauties of their stately home. They
+had lately decorated the halls and chapel with paintings and statues,
+and Antoinette had laid out terraced gardens along the wooded slopes on
+the River Marne, adorned with pavilions and fountains. Nothing escaped
+the eye of this excellent lady, who watched over the education of her
+children and the welfare of her servants, and managed her kitchen,
+stables, and kennels, with the same indefatigable care. Her household
+was a model of economy and prudence, and her works of mercy extended
+far beyond the limits of Joinville. The active correspondence which she
+kept up with her eldest daughter, the Queen of Scotland, abounds in
+details regarding every member of her family, and above all her little
+grandson, the Duke of Longueville. The Duchess's letters are naturally
+full of this precious boy, who was the pet and plaything of the whole
+household, and on whose perfections she is never tired of dwelling.
+For his mother's benefit, she sends minute records of his height and
+appearance, of the progress which he is making at lessons, the walks
+which he takes with his nurse.
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1541] AT JOINVILLE]
+
+    "We have here now," she wrote to Mary of Guise, on the 18th of
+    November, "not only your uncle, but the Duke and Duchess of
+    Bar, on their way back from Court. They are all making good
+    cheer with us, and your father is so busy entertaining them
+    that you will hardly have a letter from him this time. Your
+    eldest brother [Aumale] is here too, but goes to join the
+    King at Fontainebleau next week. I shall go to my mother [the
+    old Countess of Vendôme], who is quite well, and so also is
+    the good old Queen, your grandmother. I have kept as a _bonne
+    bouche_ for you a word about our grandson, who will soon be a
+    man, and is the finest child that you ever saw. I am trying
+    to find a painter who can show you how tall, healthy, and
+    handsome, he is."
+
+Sad news had lately come from Scotland, where the Queen's two children,
+a boy of a year old and a new-born babe, had died in the same week.
+Antoinette's motherly heart yearned over her absent daughter in this
+sudden bereavement.
+
+    "Your father and I are sorely grieved at the loss you have
+    suffered," she wrote to Mary; "but you are both young, and I
+    can only hope that God, who took away those dear little ones,
+    will send you others.... If I were good enough for my prayers
+    to be of any avail with God, I would pray for this, but I can
+    at least have prayers offered up by others who are better than
+    I am, especially by the good Queen in her convent and her
+    holy nuns. We are glad to hear the King bears his loss with
+    resignation, and trust God will give you patience to live for
+    Him in this world and in the next, to which tribulation is the
+    surest way."
+
+And in a postscript she adds a word of practical advice, saying that
+she did not like to hear of the poor babes having so many different
+nurses, and fears this may have been one cause of the mischief.[332]
+
+In return for this affectionate sympathy, King James sent his
+mother-in-law a fine diamond and a portrait of himself, which arrived
+during Christina's visit, and excited much interest at Joinville. All
+the Duchess of Guise's daughters were absent from home, the youngest,
+Antoinette, having joined her sister, Abbess Renée, in the convent at
+Reims, where she afterwards took the veil. But her eldest son, as we
+have seen, was at Joinville on this occasion. A tall, dark-haired,
+olive-skinned youth, recklessly brave and adventurous, Aumale was a
+great favourite both in Court and camp, and his mother had been sadly
+disappointed at the failure of the marriage negotiations, which had
+cost her so much time and trouble. The Pope's daughter, Vittoria
+Farnese, who was to have been his wife, had since then been offered
+in turn to the Prince of Piedmont and the Duke of Vendôme, and was
+eventually married to the Duke of Urbino. Aumale himself cared little
+for the loss of the Italian bride, whom he had never seen, and had
+hitherto shown no eagerness for matrimony, but the sight of Christina
+made a deep impression upon him, and he never forgot his fair cousin's
+visit to Joinville. The most friendly relations prevailed between the
+two families, and frequent visits were interchanged during the winter.
+Christmas was celebrated with prolonged festivities at Nancy, and on
+the 6th of February the old Duke wrote from Joinville to his niece, the
+Queen of Scotland:
+
+    "Your father and I have spent the last week together, and have
+    made great cheer with all our family. Your son, De Longueville,
+    is very well, and has grown a fine boy.
+
+                         "Your very humble and affectionate uncle,
+                                                        "ANTOINE."[333]
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1542] CHRISTINA'S ANXIETIES]
+
+In spite of these distractions, Christina found it difficult to make
+her husband forget the loss of Stenay. The injustice which had been
+done to the House of Lorraine still rankled in his mind, and he feared
+that the Emperor would hold him responsible for the surrender of the
+town, and regard it as an act of disloyalty. Christina accordingly
+addressed a long letter to Granvelle, explaining that her husband had
+been very reluctant to accept the French Order of St. Michel, and
+had only done this at his father's express command, before there had
+been any mention of surrendering Stenay. Now she feared that the King
+might make some fresh demand, which would complete the destruction of
+the ducal house, and could only beg the Emperor to help them with his
+advice and support.
+
+    "For you may rest assured," she goes on, "that, whatever His
+    Majesty is pleased to command, my husband and I will obey,
+    although, as you know, my father-in-law is somewhat difficult
+    to please, and we must do his will for the present. So I beg
+    you earnestly to point this out to His Majesty, and ask him to
+    give us his advice; for since our return to Nancy my husband
+    has been so sad and melancholy, and so full of regret for the
+    great wrong which his house has suffered, that I am quite
+    afraid it will injure his health. Once more I beg you, Monsieur
+    de Granvelle, to be a good friend to us in the present, as
+    you have been in the past ... for we have received so much
+    kindness from you that I hope you will not hesitate to give us
+    whatever advice seems best in your eyes. As for me, I am so
+    much indebted to you for having helped to place me where I am,
+    that you and yours will always find me ready to do you service.
+    For I can never forget that it is to you I owe my present great
+    happiness."[334]
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1542] KING HENRY'S WIVES]
+
+Charles, however, wrote kindly to his niece, and refused to listen to
+the unkind tongues who tried to poison his mind against her husband.
+By degrees the young Duke recovered his equanimity, and devoted his
+attention to beautifying the ducal palace of Nancy. In the last years
+of Renée's life a Lorraine artist, Hugues de la Faye, had been employed
+to paint subjects from the life of Christ at one end of the "Galerie
+des Cerfs," and hunting-scenes at the other. Christina's presence gave
+new impulse to the work, and the large quantity of gold-leaf and azure
+supplied to the painters in the Duke's service, show how actively the
+internal decoration of the palace was carried on. In one particular
+instance Christina's influence is clearly to be traced. By Duke
+Antoine's orders, a fresco of the Last Supper was begun by Hugues de la
+Faye in the refectory of the Cordeliers, but was only completed after
+this painter's death in 1542, by Crock and Chappin. These two Lorraine
+artists were sent to Italy by Duke Francis soon after his accession,
+and visited Milan amongst other places. Here they saw Leonardo's famous
+"Cenacolo" in the refectory of S. Maria le Grazie, which was closely
+connected with the Sforza Princes, and must have been very familiar
+to Christina when she lived in Milan. The fresco which they executed
+at Nancy is said to have been a replica of Leonardo's great work, and
+kneeling figures of Antoine and Renée were introduced on the same
+wall, in imitation of the portraits of Lodovico Sforza and Beatrice
+d'Este which are still to be seen in the Dominican refectory at Milan.
+Unfortunately, the Lorraine masters' painting suffered a still worse
+fate than Leonardo's immortal work, and, after being partly spoilt by
+damp, was finally destroyed thirty years ago and replaced by a modern
+copy.[335]
+
+During this winter, when Christina was happily settled in her new home
+and surrounded by loyal friends and subjects, news came from England of
+the trial and execution of Henry VIII.'s fifth Queen, Catherine Howard.
+When the Duke and Duchess were at Fontainebleau, rumours reached the
+Court that this unhappy lady, of whom Henry was deeply enamoured but
+a short time before, had been suddenly banished from his presence,
+and taken into custody. "Par ma foi de gentil homme!" exclaimed King
+Francis when he heard the account of the Queen's misdeeds. "She has
+done wondrous naughtily!"[336] But in England, as Chapuys reported,
+much compassion was felt for the King's latest victim, who had dragged
+down the noble house of Howard in her fall. Lord William Howard, the
+late Ambassador, was hastily recalled from France, and sent to the
+Tower with his mother, the old Duchess of Norfolk. The King himself,
+wrote Chapuys, felt the case more than that of any of his other wives,
+just as the woman who had lost ten husbands grieved more for the tenth
+when he died than for any of the other nine! But when the luckless
+Queen was beheaded, Henry recovered his spirits, and spent Carnival in
+feasting and entertaining ladies with a gaiety which made people think
+that he meant to marry again. "But few, if any, ladies of the Court,"
+remarked Chapuys, "now aspire to the honour of becoming one of the
+King's wives."[337]
+
+It was an honour to which Christina herself had never aspired. One
+day at the Court of Nancy, conversation turned on the King of England,
+and some indiscreet lady asked the Duchess why she had rejected this
+monarch's suit. A smile broke over Christina's face, and the old
+dimples rose to her cheeks as she replied that, unfortunately, she only
+had one head, but that if she had possessed two, one might have been at
+His Majesty's disposal. It was a characteristic speech, and has passed
+into history.[338]
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1542] THE KING'S CHASE]
+
+All through the winter of 1541-42 preparations for war were actively
+carried on in France, and intrigue was rife among the Courts of Europe.
+Francis was determined to profit by his rival's misfortunes, in spite
+of the remonstrances of the Pope and of the deputies who were sent by
+the Imperial Diet to adjure him not to trouble the peace of Christendom
+while the Emperor was fighting against the Turks. By the end of the
+year he succeeded in forming a strong coalition, which included
+Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, and Cleves. The Palatine Frederic had once
+more pressed his wife's claims to the three kingdoms, with the result
+that Christian III. lent a willing ear to the French King's advances,
+and sent Envoys to Fontainebleau, where a secret treaty between
+France and Denmark was signed a few days after the Duke and Duchess
+of Lorraine had left Court. Francis was now exceedingly anxious to
+draw Lorraine into the league and induce Duke Antoine to take up arms
+against the Emperor. In May he set out on a progress through Burgundy
+and Champagne, taking the Queen and all the Court with him, to inspect
+the fortifications of the eastern frontier and enjoy some hunting on
+the way. "Tell the Pope," he said merrily to the Legate Ardinghelli,
+"that I do nothing but make good cheer and amuse myself, whether I
+entertain fair ladies or go a-hunting the deer." Paget and the other
+Ambassadors complained bitterly of the bad quarters "in peevish
+villages" which they had to put up with as they followed the King
+from place to place, wherever "great harts were to be heard of."[339]
+Fortunately, he found excellent sport at the Duke of Guise's château of
+Esclaron, where he spent three weeks, and declared that he had never
+been so happy in his life.
+
+    "The King," wrote Duchess Antoinette to Mary of Scotland, "has
+    found so many big stags here that he says he was never in a
+    place which pleased him better, and that in spite of torrents
+    of rain and God knows what mud! And you cannot think how fond
+    he is of your father."[340]
+
+She herself went to Esclaron to receive her royal guest, taking the
+eight-year-old Duke of Longueville with her, to make his bow to the
+King and be petted by Queen Eleanor and her ladies. But the life of
+a Court lady, as she told her daughter, was little to her taste,
+and she returned to Joinville early in June, to keep the Fête-Dieu
+and prepare her husband's and sons' equipment for the war which was
+expected to begin immediately. Two days later, on the 10th of June,
+the Duke and Duchess of Bar paid the French King a visit at Esclaron,
+and were present at the reception of the Swedish Ambassadors, whom
+Gustavus Wasa had sent to sign the new treaty. The ceremony took place
+in a large barn hung with tapestries and wreathed with green boughs.
+The King and his guests sat on a raised daïs, draped with cloth of
+gold, under a canopy, while the Princes of the blood and the other
+courtiers, among whom were no less than six Cardinals, stood below.
+Here Francis listened patiently to a long Latin harangue from the
+Swedish Ambassador, and then, coming down from his seat, he mingled
+freely in the crowd of Cardinals and Princes, gentlemen and yeomen, who
+stood "all in a heap" at the doors of the barn, and showed himself very
+affable, although, in Paget's opinion, "his manner lacked the majesty
+which he had noticed in his own master on similar occasions."[341]
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1542] THE FRENCH INVASION]
+
+Christina looked with curiosity at these Envoys from the Northern
+kingdom over which her father had once ruled, many of whom had known
+the captive monarch in old days. This time she and her husband had no
+cause to complain of the King's treatment. He was all courtesy and
+smiles, and assured them in the most cordial terms of the singular
+affection which he bore to all their house. But he soon saw that there
+was no prospect of inducing Antoine and his son to join him against
+Christina's uncle, and on the 12th of June he consented to sign an
+agreement by which he promised to respect the neutrality of Lorraine
+and the properties of the Duke's subjects.[342] After spending another
+week at Joinville, enjoying the splendid hospitality of the Guises, he
+left Eleanor with the Duchess, and went on to Ligny, a strong fortress
+on the borders of Luxembourg, where he gave orders for the opening of
+the campaign.
+
+By the middle of July four separate armies had invaded the Emperor's
+dominions. Guise and Orléans fell upon Luxembourg, Vendôme entered
+Flanders, the Dauphin attacked Roussillon, and the forces of Cleves,
+under the redoubtable Guelders captain, Martin van Rossem, laid Brabant
+waste with fire and sword. But they met with determined opposition in
+every quarter, and the heroism of the Regent and her captains saved the
+Netherlands from ruin.
+
+    "The attack," wrote De Praet to Charles on September 21, 1542,
+    "was so secretly planned and so well carried out that it is a
+    miracle Your Majesty did not lose your Pays-Bas. We must thank
+    God first of all, and next to Him the Queen, to whose extreme
+    care, toil, and diligence, this is owing."[343]
+
+Fortunately for the Imperialists, Francis's extravagance had emptied
+his treasury. All his money, as Paget reported, was spent in building
+new palaces and buying jewels for himself and his favourites. Stenay
+and other places had been fortified at vast expense, and by the end of
+the year most of the French forces were disbanded for lack of funds.
+
+It was a sad autumn at Joinville, where the good Duchess wept and
+prayed for her absent lord and sons, and sighed to think they were
+fighting against her daughter Louise's husband and father-in-law. In
+September Guise was invalided home, and he was hardly fit to mount his
+horse again when the parents received the news of Louise's death, which
+took place at Brussels on the 18th of October. The charming Princess
+had always been a delicate girl, and now she died without leaving a
+child to comfort the husband and father who had loved her so well. This
+sad event was followed by tidings of the disaster which had befallen
+the King of Scotland's army in Solway Moss, and of his death on the
+18th of December. Antoinette's heart bled for her widowed daughter,
+who had just given birth to an infant Princess at Linlithgow. "It came
+with a lass, and it will go with a lass," were the words of the King
+when he was told of the child's birth, a few days before he died at
+Falkland Palace. Both Guise and Aumale would gladly have hastened to
+Mary's help, but it was impossible for them to leave the camp at this
+critical moment, and Antoinette could only beg her daughter to keep up
+her courage and trust in God, "the Almighty, who would defend her and
+the poor little Queen, who although so young is already exposed to the
+insults of her enemies."[344]
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1543] BIRTH OF A SON]
+
+It was a no less anxious time for Christina in her home at Nancy.
+From the palace roof the smoke of burning villages was to be seen in
+all directions, and the people of Lorraine were exposed to frequent
+raids from the hordes of irregular soldiers in both armies, and were
+compelled to raise trained bands for the defence of the frontiers. It
+was only by the strictest observance of the laws of neutrality that
+an outbreak of actual hostilities could be avoided. When Aumale was
+badly wounded by a shot from a crossbow in the siege of Luxembourg,
+his uncle the Duke sternly refused to have him carried into his
+neighbouring castle of Longwy; and when Mary of Hungary proposed to
+garrison this fortress to protect his subjects from French aggression,
+he declined her offer firmly at the risk of incurring the imperial
+displeasure.[345] Christina herself spent Christmas at Fontainebleau
+with her aunt, Queen Eleanor. This poor lady was distracted with grief
+at the war between her husband and brother, and spent much time in
+making futile attempts to induce her sister, the Regent, to listen
+to peace negotiations. Early in December, while the King was hunting
+at Cognac, she sent a gorgeous litter to Bar to bring the Duchess to
+Court, and kept her there till the middle of January.[346] A month
+afterwards--on the 13th of February--Christina gave birth to her first
+child, a son, who received the name of Charles, after her imperial
+uncle. There was great rejoicing in Nancy, where the happy event took
+place, and the old Duke himself went to Pont-à-Mousson to bear the
+good news to the venerable Queen Philippa, who thanked God that she
+had lived to see her great-grandson. The little Prince's christening
+was celebrated with as much festivity as the troubled state of the
+country would allow, and Christina's faithful friend, the Princess of
+Macedonia, who had followed her to Lorraine, held the child at the font
+and was appointed his governess.[347]
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1543] DUKE ANTOINE MEDIATES]
+
+Two days before the Prince's birth a secret treaty between the Emperor
+and King Henry was concluded at Whitehall. Chapuys had at length
+attained the object of his untiring efforts, and De Courrières was sent
+from Spain on a confidential mission to induce Henry to declare war
+against France. The defeat of the Duke of Aerschot at Sittard excited
+general alarm in Flanders, and Mary was at her wits' end for money
+and men. But the Emperor himself was hastening across the Alps to the
+help of his loyal provinces. The marriage of his son Philip with the
+Infanta of Portugal had been finally settled, and with the help of
+this Princess's large dowry and another half-million of Mexican gold,
+Charles was able to raise a large army of German and Italian troops.
+On the 22nd of August he appeared in person before Düren, the capital
+of Cleves, which surrendered within a week. The Duke threw himself
+on the victor's mercy, and was pardoned and invested anew with his
+hereditary duchies, while Guelders was annexed to the Netherlands and
+the Prince of Orange became its first Governor. William of Cleves on
+his part renounced the French alliance, and agreed to marry one of
+King Ferdinand's daughters. His previous marriage with Jeanne d'Albret
+was annulled by the Pope, and this resolute young Princess had the
+satisfaction of carrying her protest into effect. Encouraged by these
+successes, Charles now laid siege to Landrécy, the capital of Hainault,
+which had been captured and fortified by the French, and was joined by
+a gallant company of English under Lord Surrey and Sir John Wallop.
+"Par ma foi!" exclaimed the Emperor, as he rode down their ranks, "this
+is a fine body of gentlemen! If the French King comes, I will live
+and die with the English."[348] But Francis refused to be drawn into
+a battle, and the approach of winter made both armies retire from the
+field.
+
+The Duke of Lorraine took advantage of this temporary lull to mediate
+between the two monarchs. Old as he was, and suffering severely with
+gout, Antoine came to the Prince of Chimay's house with his son
+Francis, and begged for an audience with the Emperor and Regent, who
+were spending a few days at Valenciennes, on their way to Brussels.
+Charles sent him word not to come into his presence if he brought
+offers from the French King; but in spite of these peremptory orders
+the two Dukes arrived in the town on Sunday, the 17th of November,
+and were received by the Emperor after dinner. Antoine delivered a
+long oration begging His Imperial Majesty to make peace for the sake
+of Christendom, and, laying his hand on his breast, swore that he had
+taken this step of his own free will, without communicating with any
+other person. The old man's earnestness touched Charles, who answered
+kindly, saying that he was always welcome as a cousin and a neighbour,
+and that this was doubly the case now that his son had married the
+Emperor's dearly loved niece. But he told him frankly that he had been
+too often deluded by false promises to listen to French proposals for
+peace, and that in any case he could do nothing without the consent
+of his ally, the King of England. Nothing daunted, the old Duke went
+on to visit the Regent, and was found by Lord Surrey and the English
+Ambassador Brian sitting at a table before a fire in the Queen's room,
+playing at cards. Antoine greeted Brian as an old friend, and asked him
+to drink with him. But Mary sternly refused to listen to the Duke's
+errand, being convinced that he came from the King, and declaring that
+all the gentlemen in his suite were good Frenchmen. When he and his son
+were gone, she called Brian to her, and said: "Monsieur l'Ambassadeur,
+heard you ever so lean a message?" "Madame," replied the Englishman,
+"if the broth be no fatter, it is not worth the supping," a sentiment
+which provoked a hearty laugh from the Queen.[349]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1544] EGMONT'S WEDDING]
+
+Neither Queen Eleanor, who sent an entreating letter with a present
+of falcons to her sister, nor Cardinal Farnese, who brought fresh
+proposals of peace from the Pope, fared any better. The young Duchess
+Christina now determined to make an attempt herself, and came to
+meet her uncle at Spires when he attended the Diet. The ostensible
+reason of this journey was to visit her sister Dorothea, but Charles,
+divining her intention, sent the Countess Palatine word that if the
+Duchess of Bar brought proposals of peace she might as well stay at
+home. Christina, however, arrived at Spires on the 8th of February,
+with a train of fourteen ladies and fifteen horse, and spent a week
+with the Count and Countess Palatine. The sisters saw the Emperor
+and King Ferdinand every day, and were to all appearance on the most
+affectionate terms with them. But nothing transpired as to what passed
+between Christina and her uncle in private. On the day that she left
+Spires to return to Nancy, Frederic heard of the death of his brother,
+the Elector Palatine, and hastened to Heidelberg with Dorothea to
+attend his funeral and take possession of the rich Rhineland, to which
+he now succeeded. Six weeks later he returned to do homage for the
+Palatinate, and assist at the wedding of his cousin Sabina with Lamoral
+d'Egmont, the hero of so many hard-fought fields. The Emperor gave a
+sumptuous banquet in honour of his gallant brother-at-arms, Dorothea
+led the bride to church, and Frederic, in a fit of generosity, settled
+14,000 florins on his young kinswoman.[350]
+
+In this same month Ambassadors arrived at Spires from Christian III.
+of Denmark, who had quarrelled with the French King and was anxious to
+make peace with the Emperor. In spite of a protest from the Palatine,
+a treaty was concluded on the 23rd of May, by which Charles recognized
+the reigning monarch's title to the crown. So the long war, which had
+lasted twenty-one years, was at length ended, and the Emperor finally
+abandoned the cause of Christian II. But a clause was added by which
+his daughters' rights were reserved, and a promise given that the
+severity of his captivity should be relaxed and that he should be
+allowed to hunt and fish in the park at Sonderburg. Christian III.
+gladly agreed to these more humane conditions, and even offered to give
+Dorothea and Christina a substantial dowry, but the Palatine refused to
+accept any terms, and persisted in asserting his wife's claims.[351]
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1544] CHARLES V. IN LORRAINE]
+
+Soon after her return from Spires, on the 20th of April, 1544,
+Christina gave birth, at Nancy, to a daughter, who was named Renée,
+after the late Duchess. But her happiness was clouded by the illness
+of her husband, whose health had become a cause of grave anxiety.
+Fighting was renewed with fresh vigour in the spring, and unexpected
+success attended the imperial arms. Luxembourg was recovered by
+Ferrante Gonzaga, and the French invaders were expelled from most
+of the strongholds which they held in this province. The war raged
+fiercely on the borders of Lorraine, and the annoyance to which his
+subjects were exposed, induced Duke Antoine to make another effort
+at mediation. Since the Emperor turned a deaf ear to all appeals, he
+decided to apply to King Francis in person, and on the 8th of May he
+set out in a litter for the French Court; but when he reached Bar he
+was too ill to go any farther, and took to his bed in this ancient
+castle of his ancestors. His sons hastened to join him, and Christina
+followed them as soon as she was able to travel, and arrived in time
+to be present at her father-in-law's death-bed. The fine old man made
+his will, appointed his brothers, the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal,
+to be his executors, and with his last breath begged his son to rule
+Lorraine wisely and raise as few extraordinary taxes as possible.
+Above all, he adjured him to preserve his people from the scourge of
+war, and use every endeavour to obtain the restoration of peace. With
+these words on his lips, he passed away on the 19th of June, 1544.[352]
+The new Duke was as anxious for peace as his father, but the moment
+was unpropitious for any efforts in this direction. King Henry had at
+length taken the field and invaded Picardy with a large army, and the
+Emperor was bent on carrying the war into the heart of France, and
+urged his ally to meet him under the walls of Paris. On the 17th of
+June Charles himself came to Metz with Maurice of Saxony and the young
+Marquis Albert of Brandenburg, the boldest warrior in Germany, and
+prepared plans for the extension of the campaign which Ferrante Gonzaga
+and the Prince of Orange were carrying on in Champagne. Here Francis
+of Lorraine joined him as soon as he was able to mount a horse, and,
+after spending some days at Metz, induced the Emperor to accompany him
+to Nassau-le-Grand, where Christina was awaiting him.[353] On his way
+Charles stopped at Pont-à-Mousson, and paid a visit to Queen Philippa,
+the sister of his old enemy Charles of Guelders, for whom he had always
+entertained a genuine regard, and who was proud to welcome the great
+Emperor under her convent roof. Since the death of the Empress, five
+years before, Charles had formed a fixed resolution to end his days in
+some cloistered retreat, and he looked with admiration, not unmixed
+with envy, on the aged Queen's peaceful home, and the garden where she
+hoed and raked the borders and planted flowers with her own hands. It
+was a memorable day in the convent annals, and one which left pleasant
+recollections in the Emperor's breast.[354]
+
+But although Charles was full of affection for Christina and her
+husband, he declined to receive the Cardinal of Lorraine, who begged
+for an interview, and during his brief visit not a word was spoken
+with regard to overtures of peace.[355] On the 12th of July he took
+leave of the Duke and Duchess, and joined the Prince of Orange's camp
+before St. Dizier. This town was strongly fortified, but René had taken
+up his position near a bridge across the Marne, and opened fire from
+a battery of guns placed in the dry bed of the castle moat. Charles
+himself visited the trenches on the day of his arrival, and early the
+next morning the Prince of Orange walked round to inspect the artillery
+with Ferrante Gonzaga. The Marquis of Marignano was sitting in a chair,
+which had been brought there for the Emperor's use the day before,
+and, seeing the Prince, sprang to his feet and offered him his seat.
+Compliments were exchanged on both sides, and the Prince finally sat
+down in the empty chair. He had hardly taken his seat before he was
+struck by a shell which, passing between the Viceroy and the Marquis,
+broke one of his ribs, and shattered his shoulder to pieces. They bore
+his unconscious form to the Emperor's tent, where he lay between life
+and death for the next forty-eight hours. The whole camp was filled
+with consternation.
+
+    "I doubt yet what will become of him," wrote Wotton, who had
+    followed Charles to the camp. "If he should die of it, it were
+    an inestimable loss to the Emperor, so toward a gentleman he
+    is, so well beloved, and of such authority among men of war."
+
+Before the writer had finished his letter, a servant came in to tell
+him that the Prince was gone.[356]
+
+[Sidenote: JULY, 1544] DEATH OF RENÉ]
+
+A Spanish officer on the spot wrote a touching account of the Prince's
+last moments. From the first the doctors gave little hope, and when
+the Emperor heard of René's critical state he hastened to the wounded
+hero's bedside, and knelt down, holding his hand in his own. The
+Prince knew him, and begged him as a last favour to confirm the will
+which he had made a month before, and take his young cousin and heir,
+William of Nassau, under his protection. Charles promised to do all in
+his power for the boy, and, with tears streaming down his face, kissed
+the Prince's cheek before he passed away.
+
+    "His Majesty the Emperor," continued the same writer, "saw him
+    die, and after that retired to his chamber, where he remained
+    some time alone without seeing anyone, and showed how much he
+    loved him. The grief of the whole army and of the Court are so
+    great that no words of mine can describe it."[357]
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1544] LA SQUELETTE DE BAR]
+
+From all sides the same bitter wail was heard. There was sorrow in the
+ancient home at Bar, where René's marriage had been celebrated with
+great rejoicing four years before. The Duke and Duchess wept for their
+gallant brother-in-law, and Christina thought, with tender regret, of
+the hero who in youthful days had seemed to her a very perfect knight.
+The sad news was sent to De Courrières at the English camp before
+Boulogne, by his Lieutenant of Archers, and the veteran shed tears
+over the gallant Prince whom he had often followed to victory. Great
+was the lamentation at Brussels when the truth became known. Nothing
+but weeping was heard in the streets, and Queen Mary retired to the
+Abbey of Groenendal to mourn for the loss which the Netherlands had
+sustained by René's untimely death.[358] In his own city of Breda the
+sorrow was deeper still. There his faithful wife, Anne of Lorraine, was
+waiting anxiously for news from the battle-field. Her father had died
+a few weeks before, and now her lord was torn from her in the flower
+of his age, and she was left a childless widow. Early in the year
+she had given birth to a daughter, who was christened on the 25th of
+February, and called Mary, after her godmother, the Queen of Hungary,
+but who died before she was a month old. Now report said that she was
+about to become a mother for the second time, but her hopes were once
+more doomed to disappointment. By René's last will, his titles and
+the greater part of his vast estates passed to his cousin William of
+Nassau, a boy of eleven, while a large jointure and the rich lands of
+Diest were left to Anne for her life.[359] The Prince's corpse, clad
+in the robes of a knight of the Golden Fleece, was borne to Breda,
+and buried with his forefathers; but his heart was enshrined in the
+Collegiate Church of Bar, among the tombs which held the ashes of his
+wife's ancestors. On his death-bed René had expressed a wish that a
+representation of his face and form, not as he was in life, but as
+they would appear two years after death, should be carved on his tomb.
+This strange wish was faithfully carried out by Anne of Lorraine, who
+employed Ligier-Richier, the gifted Lorraine sculptor, to carve a
+skeleton with upraised hand clasping the golden casket which contained
+the dead hero's heart. The figure, carved in fine stone of ivory
+whiteness, was, as it were, a literal rendering of the words, "Though
+after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh shall I see
+God." At the Revolution, the Collegiate Church of Bar, with the chapel
+of the Lorraine Princes, which Montaigne called the most sumptuous
+in France, was entirely destroyed; but René's monument was saved and
+placed in the Church of St. Étienne, where it is commonly known as "La
+Squelette de Bar."[360]
+
+The memory of this popular Prince lingered long in the land of his
+birth, and his fame lived in the songs of Flanders and Holland for many
+generations. One of the best known begins with the lines:
+
+    "C'est le Prince d'Orange,
+    Trop matin s'est levé,
+    Il appela son page,
+    Mon Maure, est-il bridé?
+    Que maudit soit la guerre--
+    Mon Maure, est-il bridé?"[361]
+
+And so the story goes on through many stanzas, which tell how, in spite
+of his wife's dark forebodings, the hero rode out to the wars to fight
+against the French, how he met with his fatal wound, and never came
+home again.
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1544] THE DUKE'S ILLNESS]
+
+The Prince's death threw a gloom over the imperial camp, but did not
+diminish the warlike ardour of his battalions, who swore with one
+voice that they would avenge their leader. On the 17th of August St.
+Dizier at length surrendered. "A right dear-bought town," wrote Wotton,
+"considering the number of men lost in the assault, and chiefly the
+inestimable loss of that noble Prince." Ferrante immediately sent a
+troop of light horse, with Francesco d'Este at their head, against
+Joinville, the splendid home of the Guises, although, as Wotton
+remarked, this was rather a house of pleasure than a stronghold. The
+castle was spared by order of the Emperor for the sake of his niece
+Christina, who begged him not to add to the Princess of Orange's
+grief by destroying her uncle's house; but the town and churches were
+sacked and set on fire, and the beautiful gardens, with their fine
+water-shows and temples, were destroyed.[362] The news was received
+with consternation in Paris, where Antoinette and her grandson had
+taken refuge, and the Duchess's brother, Cardinal Bourbon, wrote to the
+Scottish Queen telling her of the report that the enemy had burnt down
+Joinville, which had fortunately proved to be false. "The destruction
+of such a beautiful house," he adds, "would indeed have been sad."[363]
+This calamity had been averted by Christina, but, in their anger at
+the damage done by the imperial troops, the Guise Princes hardly
+remembered the debt that they owed her. The King was furious, and in
+the first burst of his indignation sent the Duke of Lorraine a message,
+threatening to destroy him and all his house. The Duke now determined
+to go to the French Court to defend himself from these charges and see
+if it were possible to make proposals of peace in this quarter. The
+Emperor's rapid advance had excited great alarm in Paris. Even the King
+awoke to a sense of danger, and said to Margaret of Navarre, the sister
+to whom he turned in all his worst troubles, "_Ma mignonne_, pray God
+to spare me the disgrace of seeing the Emperor encamped before my city
+of Paris." Queen Eleanor, in her distress, sent a Dominican friar in
+whom she had great confidence--Don Gabriel de Guzman--to implore
+her brother to hear her prayers. But Charles was still obdurate. He
+received Francis of Lorraine in the camp after the Prince of Orange's
+death, but when he heard that his nephew was going to the French Court,
+he sent Montbardon to beg the Duchess, "as she loved him," not to let
+her husband go to France so soon after he had seen him, lest people
+should think that he was sent by the Emperor to treat of peace.
+
+Christina replied in a letter written, as Wotton remarked, in her
+own hand, telling her uncle that she had sent a servant post-haste
+to overtake her husband, but that he was already at Châlons, and had
+gone too far to retrace his steps. In spite of this manful attempt,
+the Duke never reached Paris; he fell from his horse in a fainting fit
+at Épernay, and was brought back in a litter to Bar, where Christina
+nursed him for several weeks.[364] His efforts, however, proved
+more effectual than he had expected. The Emperor's precautions were
+necessary owing to the jealousy with which the English King regarded
+every proposal of peace on the part of his ally, but in reality Charles
+was almost as eager as Francis to put an end to the war. His resources
+were exhausted, the plague was raging in Luxembourg and Flanders, and
+he realized the danger of advancing into the enemy's country with the
+Dauphin's army in his rear, while his hopes of the English march on
+Paris had been disappointed by Henry's delays before Montreuil and
+Boulogne. Under these circumstances he felt that he could no longer
+refuse to treat with his foes. On the 29th of August, a week after the
+Duke had started on his unfortunate journey, Admiral l'Annebaut and
+the French Chancellor were admitted into the Emperor's presence, in
+the camp near Châlons, and conferences were opened between them and
+Granvelle, with the happy result that on the 19th of September peace
+was signed at Crépy-en-Laonnois.
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1544] DUKE ANTOINE'S FUNERAL]
+
+By this treaty the Duke of Orleans was to be given either the Emperor's
+daughter in marriage, with the reversion of the Netherlands as her
+dower, or else one of his Austrian nieces with the immediate possession
+of Milan. In return Francis was to renounce his claims on Naples and
+Artois, restore the Duke of Savoy's dominions, and endow his son with
+large estates and revenues. All the towns and fortresses which had been
+captured during the recent war were to be restored, including Stenay,
+which, as Charles pointed out, the King of France "had seized in the
+strangest manner, and held by force without paying homage, although
+it is notoriously a fief of the empire."[365] As soon as peace was
+signed, Granvelle's son, the young Bishop of Arras, was sent to ask the
+English King to become a party to the treaty; but Henry, who had just
+taken Boulogne after a long siege, quite refused, and professed great
+surprise to hear that the Emperor had agreed to terms which seemed to
+him more befitting the vanquished than the victor. On the other hand,
+a strong party at the French Court complained that the rights of the
+Crown were sacrificed to the personal aggrandisement of Orleans, and
+on the 12th of December the Dauphin signed a secret protest against
+the treaty, which was witnessed by Vendôme and Aumale.[366] But in
+the provinces where war had been waging, peace was welcomed with
+thankfulness, and the ruler and people of Lorraine could once more
+breathe freely.
+
+The Duke of Lorraine was now able to convey his father's body from the
+Castle of Bar, where he had died, to Nancy. On the 15th of September he
+and his brother set out at the head of the funeral procession, along
+roads lined with crowds of people weeping for the good Duke who had
+ruled the land so well. But since it was impossible for the Duke of
+Guise and his family to come to Nancy at present, the last rites were
+put off till the following year, and the old Duke's remains were left
+to repose for the time in the Church of St. Georges.[367] Little dreamt
+these loyal subjects that before the year was over the young Duke, on
+whom their hopes were fixed, would himself be numbered with the dead,
+and lie buried in his father's grave. But for the moment all was well.
+The return of peace was hailed with rejoicing, and the restitution
+of Stenay removed a blot from the scutcheon of Lorraine, while the
+independence of the duchy was confirmed by a decree of the Diet of
+Nuremberg, to which the Emperor gave his sanction.[368]
+
+The Duke and Duchess received a pressing invitation to join in the
+festivities that were held at Brussels to celebrate the peace. Charles
+and Mary arrived there on the 1st of October, and were shortly
+followed by Queen Eleanor, bringing in her train the Duke of Orleans
+and the Duchess of Étampes, who had used all her influence with the
+King to bring about peace, chiefly from jealousy of the Dauphin and
+his mistress, Diane de Poitiers. The burghers of Brussels gave the
+imperial family a magnificent entertainment at the hôtel-de-ville,
+and presented Eleanor with a golden fountain of exquisite shape and
+workmanship; while the Emperor lavished costly presents on his guests,
+and gave the Queen of Hungary the fine domains of Binche and Turnhout
+in gratitude for her services. Unfortunately, Christina was detained at
+Nancy by a return of her husband's illness, and did not reach Brussels
+till the 4th of November. By this time Eleanor had set out on her
+return, and Christina, eager to see her aunt, followed her to Mons,
+and spent two days in her company. On the 7th the Duchess came back to
+Brussels with her brother-in-law, Nicolas de Vaudemont, and remained
+with her uncle and aunt during a fortnight. It was her first visit
+to Brussels since her wedding, more than three years before, and old
+friends and faces welcomed her on all sides. But one familiar figure
+was missing, and she found a melancholy pleasure in the company of her
+sister-in-law, the widowed Princess of Orange, whom she saw for the
+first time since her gallant husband's death. Charles treated his niece
+with marked kindness, and gave her a superb necklace of pearls and
+diamonds as a parting present.[369]
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1545] PEACE AND PROSPERITY]
+
+The winter was spent happily at Nancy, where the new Duke and Duchess
+made themselves popular with all classes. Francis gave free rein to
+his love of art and letters, and encouraged scholars and artists
+by his enlightened patronage. He took passionate delight in music,
+and was never happier than when he could surround himself with the
+best singers and players on the lute and viol. Christina shared his
+artistic tastes, and was greatly interested in the improvements of the
+ducal palace. Together they made plans for the decoration of its halls
+and gardens, and for the construction of new buildings and churches
+in different parts of Lorraine, while the Court painters, Crock and
+Chappin, were sent to Italy to collect antiques and study the best
+examples of art and architecture.[370] At the same time Christina took
+deep interest in the condition of her humbler subjects, and tried to
+relieve distress by founding charitable institutions on the pattern of
+those in Flanders. A new period of peace and prosperity seemed to have
+dawned on Lorraine, and everything promised a long and happy reign.
+
+By the end of the year the Duke and Duchess of Guise returned to
+Joinville, and were actively engaged throughout the winter in
+rebuilding the ruined town and repairing the damage done by the
+imperial soldiery. Old quarrels between the two houses were forgotten,
+and friendly intercourse was renewed. In February the Duke and
+Duchess of Lorraine were present in the chapel of Joinville, at the
+consecration of Guise's son Charles, as Archbishop of Reims, and in
+March the Cardinal of Lorraine came to Nancy to discharge the duties
+of executor to the late Duke. Antoine had provided liberally for all
+his children. Nicolas de Vaudemont, his younger son, received a sum of
+15,000 crowns, and Christina gave her brother-in-law a handsome present
+of furniture, to help him in setting up house. Some lordships near
+Joinville were left to the Duke of Guise, and everything was amicably
+arranged.[371]
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1545] FRANCIS'S DEATH]
+
+Suddenly the Duke fell ill for the third time, and during several
+days his life was in danger. Wotton was convinced that he had been
+poisoned by his French enemies, and so alarming were the reports
+which reached Brussels, that the Emperor wrote privately to his new
+Ambassador in Paris, Granvelle's brother-in-law, St. Mauris, begging
+him to keep a watchful eye on the affairs of Lorraine, lest Guise and
+the Cardinal should take advantage of their nephew's condition to
+seize his domains. But this time Francis recovered once more, and was
+able to make his solemn entry into Nancy on the 16th of April. At the
+Porte St. Nicolas he was met by the three orders--the nobles, clergy,
+and people--and walked on foot, with Nicolas de Vaudemont at his side,
+followed by his Ministers, to the Church of St. Georges. Here, kneeling
+at the high-altar, he kissed the relic of the True Cross, and took a
+solemn oath to respect the privileges of the people of Lorraine and
+the liberties of the city of Nancy. After this a _Te Deum_ was chanted
+and a banquet held in the ducal palace.[372] The next week, by the
+advice of his doctors, Antoine Champier and Nicolas le Pois, he went
+to Blamont, in the hope that the invigorating air of the hills might
+complete his cure; but he grew weaker every day, and was subject to
+frequent fainting fits of an alarming nature. In her anxiety, Christina
+sent to Strasburg and Fribourg for well-known physicians, and Mary
+of Hungary despatched her own doctor to Nancy, and consulted eminent
+doctors in London and Paris on the patient's symptoms.[373] But all
+was of no avail, and as a last resource the Duke was carried in a
+litter to Remiremont, his favourite shooting-lodge in the heart of
+the Vosges. It was the end of May, and the beautiful woods along the
+mountain slopes were in the first glory of their spring foliage. For a
+moment it seemed as if his delight in the beauty of the place and the
+life-giving influence of sunshine and mountain air would restore him to
+health. But already the hand of Death was upon him. On the Fête-Dieu he
+became much worse, and his end was evidently near; but he was perfectly
+conscious, and, sending for a notary, he made his last will, appointing
+his wife Regent of the State and guardian of her little son and
+daughter, and commending her and his children to the Emperor's care.
+After this he received the last Sacraments, and passed quietly away on
+Friday, the 12th of June. He was not yet twenty-eight, and had reigned
+exactly one year.[374] Death had once more severed the marriage tie,
+and Christina, who but lately called herself the happiest woman in the
+world, was left stricken and desolate, a widow for the second time, at
+the age of twenty-three.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[317] Abbé Calmet, "Histoire Ecclésiastique et Civile de Lorraine," i.
+190.
+
+[318] Hugo, 196, 200.
+
+[319] Calmet, iii. 325; A. Hallays, "Nancy" ("Villes Célèbres"), 31.
+
+[320] Calmet, i. 176; Hugo, 244; "Inventaire de Joinville," i. 378.
+
+[321] H. Lepage, "Le Palais Ducal de Nancy," 10; C. Pfister, ii. 29;
+"La Ville de Nancy," 65.
+
+[322] Pfister, ii. 26; A. Hallays, "Nancy," 37-39.
+
+[323] Lepage, "Palais Ducal," 3; Pfister, ii. 188.
+
+[324] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 17.
+
+[325] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 84.
+
+[326] _Ibid._, ii. 20.
+
+[327] Kaulek, 54.
+
+[328] F. v. Bucholtz, "Geschichte d. Kaiser Ferdinand I.," ix. 141.
+
+[329] Granvelle, "Papiers d'État," ii. 618; Bucholtz, ix. 141.
+
+[330] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 639, 644, 655
+
+[331] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 436; Calendar of State
+Papers, xvi. 1, 690.
+
+[332] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 3, 6.
+
+[333] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 85.
+
+[334] Bucholtz, ix. 142.
+
+[335] H. Lepage, "Le Palais Ducal de Nancy," 9; Pfister, ii. 256.
+
+[336] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 636.
+
+[337] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 473; Calendar of State
+Papers, xvi. 2, 51.
+
+[338] The authenticity of this well-known saying has been often
+disputed, and was certainly never addressed by the Duchess to either
+of Henry VIII.'s Ambassadors. But Christina's words were recorded by
+Joachim Sandrart, who wrote in the seventeenth century, as having been
+spoken by a Princess of Lorraine, whom the English King had wooed in
+vain, and were afterwards quoted by Horace Walpole "as the witty answer
+of that Duchess of Milan whose portrait Holbein painted for Henry
+VIII." (see Wornum's "Life of Holbein," 311; J. Sandrart, "Deutsche
+Akademie"; and Walpole's "Anecdotes of Painting").
+
+[339] State Papers, Record Office, viii. 641; Calendar of State Papers,
+xvii. 711.
+
+[340] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 12.
+
+[341] Calendar of State Papers, xvii. 232.
+
+[342] Granvelle, "Papiers d'État," ii. 628; Calendar of State Papers,
+xvii. 273.
+
+[343] Lanz, ii. 364.
+
+[344] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 13.
+
+[345] Pimodan, 81; Bouillé, i. 142.
+
+[346] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 2, 262.
+
+[347] Calmet, i. 265; Pfister, ii. 200.
+
+[348] Calendar of State Papers, Record Office, ix. 522.
+
+[349] Calendar of State Papers, xviii. 2, 216; State Papers, Record
+Office, ix. 557; Bucholtz, ix. 263.
+
+[350] Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 476; Gachard, "Voyages de Charles
+V.," ii. 285.
+
+[351] Schäfer, iv. 462; Calendar of State Papers, xix. 1, 349.
+
+[352] Calmet, ii. 1196; Pfister, ii. 192.
+
+[353] Gachard, "Voyages," ii. 289; Calendar of State Papers, Record
+Office, ix. 724.
+
+[354] Calendar of State Papers, xix. 1, 564.
+
+[355] Calendar of State Papers, Record Office, x. 43.
+
+[356] State Papers, Record Office, ix. 733.
+
+[357] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vii. 267.
+
+[358] Calendar of State Papers, xix. 1, 608; Calendar of Spanish State
+Papers, vii. 280.
+
+[359] Calendar of State Papers, xix. 1, 71; Groen v. Prinsterer,
+"Archives de la Maison d'Orange," i. 1.
+
+[360] C. Cournault, "Ligier-Richier," 28.
+
+[361] R. Putnam, "William the Silent, Prince of Orange," ii. 435.
+
+[362] Bouillé, ii. 148; Pimodan, 183; Oudin, "Histoire des Guises,"
+Bib. Nat., f. 118; Calendar of State Papers, Record Office, x. 6, 43.
+
+[363] Calendar of State Papers, xix. 2, 63.
+
+[364] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vii. 296-298.
+
+[365] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vii. 305.
+
+[366] _Ibid._, vii. 1, 350, 355.
+
+[367] Calmet, ii. 1196; Pfister, ii. 192.
+
+[368] Calmet, ii. 1281; Ravold, 744; Pfister, ii. 188; Calendar of
+Spanish State Papers, vi. 2, 262.
+
+[369] Henne, viii. 212-215; T. Juste, "Marie de Hongrie," 120; Calendar
+of State Papers, xix. 2, 340.
+
+[370] Pfister, ii. 256; H. Lepage, "La Ville de Nancy," 65.
+
+[371] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, viii. 102; Bouillé, i. 244.
+
+[372] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, viii. 195; Pfister, ii. 192;
+Granvelle, "Papiers d'État," iii. 110.
+
+[373] Ravold, iii. 764; Calmet, ii. 1276.
+
+[374] Pfister, ii. 192.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IX
+
+CHRISTINA, REGENT OF LORRAINE
+
+1545-1552
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1545] VAUDEMONT'S CLAIMS]
+
+The premature death of her husband left Christina in a position of
+exceptional difficulty. Everything combined to add to her distress. She
+herself was in delicate health, expecting the birth of another child in
+a few weeks, her only son was an infant of two years and a half, and
+she had not a single near relative or tried Minister to give her the
+help of his counsel and experience. The Duke had appointed her Regent
+of Lorraine during his son's minority, but even before he breathed
+his last, her claims to this office were disputed. Although Christina
+herself was popular with all classes of her son's subjects, there was
+a strong party in Lorraine which dreaded the influence of her powerful
+uncle. At the head of this party was the Rhinegrave, Jean de Salm, an
+able nobleman who had always been French in his sympathies, and who
+now seized the opportunity of the Duke's last illness to advance the
+claims of Monsieur de Metz, seeing that this young Prince would be an
+easy tool in his hands. At ten o'clock on the Fête-Dieu, when the Duke
+had received the last Sacraments, the Count de Salm entered his room
+with Nicolas de Vaudemont, and thus addressed him: "Monseigneur, if it
+please God to call you to himself, do you wish that Monsieur de Metz,
+your brother, should have a share in the administration of your State
+and the care of your children, without prejudice to the arrangements
+which you have already made, by word and in writing, with your august
+wife the Duchess?" The dying Prince, who was hardly conscious, murmured
+a faint "Yes," upon which the Count summoned a notary to write down
+the Duke's last wishes, and proceeded to read the document to the
+Duchess in the presence of her servants.[375] Christina, in her bitter
+distress, paid little heed to this interruption, and was only anxious
+to return to her dying husband's bedside; but immediately after his
+death she found herself compelled to face the question. Owing to her
+delicate state of health, she decided to put off the Duke's funeral,
+as well as that of his father, until the following year. A week after
+his death she joined her young children at her dower-house of Denœuvre,
+and at the same time the Duke's body was removed by Count de Salm, as
+Marshal of Lorraine, to the collegiate church of this place, and buried
+in a temporary grave, after lying in state during three days.
+
+The Emperor was at Worms with the Elector Palatine and his wife
+when the news of the Duke of Lorraine's death reached him, and sent
+Montbardon at once to his niece with letters of condolence. Christina
+availed herself of this opportunity to ask her uncle's advice regarding
+the deed drawn up by Jean de Salm. Charles, realizing the critical
+nature of the situation, immediately sent one of his most trusted
+servants, François Bonvalot, Abbot of Luxeuil, to Nancy, with orders
+to assure the Duchess of his protection, and if possible secure her
+the Regency and sole charge of her children. Bonvalot was the brother
+of Granvelle's wife, the excellent Madame Nicole, and had only lately
+resigned the office of Ambassador at Paris, and retired to Besançon to
+administer the affairs of this diocese as coadjutor of the Bishop. No
+one was better fitted to help the widowed Duchess than this statesman,
+who was intimately acquainted with the intrigues of the Guise Princes
+and the French Court. He hastened to Denœuvre without delay, and,
+as soon as he had seen Christina, wrote the following letter to his
+brother-in-law, St. Mauris, giving a clear and graphic account of the
+situation:
+
+  "MY BROTHER,
+
+    [Sidenote: JUNE, 1545] CHRISTINA'S DIFFICULTIES]
+
+    "The Emperor, having been informed of Monsieur de Lorraine's
+    death, has sent me here to help his niece the Duchess, and to
+    secure her the administration of the State and the guardianship
+    of her children, which belongs to her by right and reason,
+    but which Monsieur de Metz is trying to claim, by virtue
+    of the custom of this country, as well as of certain acts
+    somewhat suspiciously passed by the Count de Salm and other
+    of the nobles when the late Lord Duke was _in extremis_....
+    His Majesty, being anxious to comfort the said lady in her
+    great affliction, and act the part not only of a good uncle,
+    but of a true father, has sent me here to give her advice and
+    help, and begs you to tell the Most Christian King the wrong
+    which has been done her in this strange fashion, and which
+    His Imperial Majesty will never allow, because of the close
+    relation in which this lady stands to him. He hopes that the
+    King will join with him in this, for the sake of the friendship
+    which he has ever borne to this house and to this widowed lady
+    and her orphan children, whose fathers and protectors their
+    two Majesties ought to be. His Imperial Majesty begs the King
+    most earnestly not to allow the said lady to be deprived of
+    this Regency to which Monsieur de Metz pretends, in spite
+    of common right and the ancient custom of Lorraine, as the
+    Count of Salm's deed abundantly shows, since this would have
+    been superfluous if the custom were such as he pretends it to
+    be. You will lay these same reasons before the Cardinal and
+    Monsieur de Guise. If you are told that Queen Yolande resigned
+    the government of Lorraine in favour of her son, you will
+    reply that this was done of her own free choice; and if any
+    person objects that the mother of the late Duke Antoine and the
+    Cardinal and Sieur de Guise did not retain the administration
+    after her husband's death, you will point out that the said
+    Duke was of full age, and that the said lady was content to lay
+    down the government on this account.... And, further, you will
+    inquire what the King intends to do in the matter, and if he
+    means to support Monsieur de Metz or take any steps prejudicial
+    to the said lady and the tranquillity of these lands, and will
+    inform His Imperial Majesty and myself of these things without
+    delay."[376]
+
+When Bonvalot wrote this letter from Denœuvre, on the 27th of June,
+the young Archbishop of Reims had already arrived there, with an
+agreement drawn up by his uncle the Cardinal, which he submitted to
+the Duchess for approval. He informed the Abbot that King Francis
+trusted the said lady would avoid all occasion of strife, which, as
+Bonvalot remarked, was exactly what the Emperor wished, and Monsieur
+de Metz, by his singular action, had done his best to prevent. In this
+difficult situation Christina showed remarkable good sense and tact.
+She told Bonvalot frankly that she would gladly avail herself of her
+brother-in-law's help in the administration of public affairs, and
+wished to treat him with perfect friendliness as long as she retained
+the sole charge of her children and the chief authority in the State.
+Accordingly, the agreement proposed by the Cardinal was adopted, with
+some modifications, and signed at Denœuvre, on the 6th of August, by
+Christina, Nicolas, the Count de Salm, and other chief officials of
+Lorraine. The Duchess and her brother-in-law were appointed joint
+Regents, and were to affix their seal to all public deeds. Vaudemont
+was given a key of the Treasury, and was allowed the patronage of one
+out of every three vacant offices; but the real authority, as well as
+the care of her children, was vested in the Duchess. Bonvalot told the
+Emperor that, under the circumstances, this was the best arrangement
+that could be made, and Charles of Lorraine and his family had nothing
+but praise for the Duchess's good-will and moderation.[377]
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1545] HER TACT AND WISDOM]
+
+A fortnight later, Christina gave birth to her second daughter, who
+was named Dorothea, after the Countess Palatine. But the severe mental
+strain which the mother had undergone affected the child, who was a
+cripple from her birth. On the 5th of November the Treaty of Denœuvre
+was ratified by the States assembled at Neufchâteau, not, however,
+without considerable discussion. Some of the nobles tried to limit
+the Regents' powers, and managed to insert a provision that none but
+Lorraine's should hold offices of State, a measure clearly aimed at
+the Flemings and Burgundians in the Duchess's service. Nicolas de
+Vaudemont, being young and inexperienced, agreed readily to these
+demands, which drew forth a strong protest from the Emperor and Mary
+of Hungary. To add to Bonvalot's dissatisfaction, Monsieur de Metz
+accompanied the Archbishop on his return to France, without even
+informing Christina of his intention. In spite of these provocations,
+she maintained the same conciliatory attitude, and her prudence and
+modesty excited the Abbot's sincere admiration. The Emperor addressed
+an affectionate letter to his niece, assuring her of his fatherly love
+and protection, and saying that he would never cease to regard her
+interests as his own. "And it will be a great pleasure to me," he adds,
+"if you will often write to me, and I on my part will let you hear from
+me in the same manner."[378]
+
+Christina now returned to spend Christmas at Nancy, and settled in
+the ducal palace with her children. Monsieur de Metz gave up his
+bishopric, and renouncing the ecclesiastical profession adopted the
+style of Count of Vaudemont. But he showed no further disposition
+to make himself disagreeable to his sister-in-law, and their mutual
+relations were rendered easier by the presence of the Princess of
+Orange, who spent most of the year at Nancy. The two widowed Princesses
+were drawn together by that tenderest of ties, the memory of those
+whom they had loved and lost. Henceforth they became the dearest and
+closest of friends. During all the troubles and sorrows of the next
+twenty years Anne's loyalty to her sister-in-law remained unshaken.
+Her strong common-sense and practical qualities, her coolness and
+courage in emergencies, were a great support to Christina, while the
+confidence that Mary of Hungary reposed in her proved no less valuable.
+The harmony of the family circle continued unbroken, and the internal
+administration of Lorraine was carried on as peaceably as before. The
+conduct of foreign affairs presented far greater difficulties, and all
+Christina's prudence was needed to steer the way safely through the
+rocks that lay in her course.
+
+In spite of his friendly professions, the French King, it soon became
+evident, was likely to prove a troublesome neighbour. As Wotton wrote
+when Francis of Lorraine died, "If the sweet, vain hope of the delivery
+of Milan did not let him, I think the Duke's death might easily
+provoke the French King to attempt somewhat on Bar and Lorraine."[379]
+Even before her husband's death, Christina had been involved in a
+long correspondence regarding Stenay, which the French refused to
+give up until Duke Antoine's letters surrendering the town could be
+produced. The missing papers were at length discovered in possession
+of the French Governor, De Longueval, who had maliciously concealed
+them, and the town was evacuated at the end of August, 1545. Ten days
+afterwards the Duke of Orleans died of the plague at Abbeville, in his
+twenty-fifth year. The loss of this favourite son was a heavy blow to
+Francis. "God grant," he wrote to the Emperor, in an outburst of deep
+emotion, "that you may never know what it is to lose a son!" The event,
+as it happened, proved most opportune for Charles, who was released
+from the unpleasant necessity of giving his daughter or niece to a
+worthless Prince, with Milan or the Netherlands as her dower. But it
+naturally provoked Francis to demand fresh concessions and revive his
+old claim to Milan.
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1546] THE CITADEL OF STENAY]
+
+The effect of this new quarrel was to increase Christina's
+difficulties. When the French at length abandoned Stenay, it was
+found that not only the recent fortifications had been destroyed,
+as agreed upon in the Treaty of Crépy, but that the old walls of the
+town had been pulled down. Mary of Hungary justly complained that the
+defenceless state of Stenay was a grave cause of danger to Luxembourg,
+and urged her brother to garrison the town, declaring, if war broke
+out, the Duchess would be unable to maintain the neutrality of
+Lorraine. Charles, who had already left the Netherlands to attend the
+Diet of Regensburg, now invited his niece to meet him at Waldrevange,
+on the frontiers of Luxembourg, and discuss the matter. Christina
+obeyed her uncle's summons gladly, and assured him that she was quite
+alive to the importance of Stenay, and had already asked her subjects'
+help in rebuilding the town walls. But since the presence of an
+imperial force might excite suspicion, she proposed to place a young
+Luxembourg Captain named Schauwenbourg in command of the garrison. The
+plan met with Charles's approval; but Mary was by no means satisfied,
+and begged the Emperor to insist on an oath of allegiance to himself
+being taken by the garrison and burghers. Charles replied that no doubt
+the best plan would be to keep Stenay altogether, but that this would
+be a direct violation of the Treaty of Crépy, as well as a wrong to the
+little Duke, and might stir up the French "to make a great broil."[380]
+
+The invaluable Bonvalot was now called in, and accepted Christina's
+invitation to attend the funeral of the two Dukes on the 14th of June.
+But when the Abbot reached Nancy, he found that only Duke Antoine's
+obsequies were about to be solemnized, and that the Duchess had
+deferred those of her husband in compliance with a request from the
+Guise Princes. On the day after the old Duke's funeral, Bonvalot had
+a long interview with Christina, who expressed her anxiety to meet
+her aunt's wishes, and explained that Vaudemont was only afraid of
+arousing the suspicions of the French. While she was speaking, Nicolas
+himself came in and told the Abbé how grateful he felt to the Emperor
+for the affection which he showed to his little nephew, and how fully
+he realized the importance of defending Stenay, but that he dared not
+risk exciting the displeasure of Francis, who was already advancing a
+thousand new claims on Bar. The members of the Ducal Council, to whom
+the matter was referred, expressed the same opinion, telling Bonvalot
+that they looked to the Emperor as their father and protector, and
+would guard Stenay as the apple of their eye. The Abbot was satisfied
+with these assurances, and advised the Emperor to leave the matter
+in his niece's hands. Charles had empowered him to offer Nicolas the
+restitution of the Abbey of Gorzes, which he had formerly held, and
+which the Imperialists had recovered from the French and rebuilt at
+considerable expense. But Christina would not hear of this, saying that
+her brother-in-law cared more for the good of the State than for his
+private advantage, and Nicolas himself told Bonvalot that he would not
+endanger his nephew's realm for ten wealthy abbeys.
+
+[Sidenote: JULY, 1546] THE GUISE FAMILY]
+
+    "As for madame your niece, Sire," wrote the Abbot, "I have
+    always found her most anxious to please Your Majesty, at
+    whatever cost. But as a mother she naturally fears to run any
+    risks which might injure her children, and would, if possible,
+    avoid these perils. She begged me, with tears in her eyes,
+    to make Your Majesty understand this, and have pity upon
+    her, trusting that you will be content with the promises of
+    the Council, or else find another and less dangerous way of
+    defending Stenay. Sire, I could not refuse to give you this
+    message, in obedience to Her Highness's express commands, and
+    beg you very humbly to take them in good part."[381]
+
+So the incident closed, and for the time being nothing more was heard
+of Stenay.
+
+
+II.
+
+The Duke of Guise and his family now stood higher than ever in the
+King's favour. His eldest son, Aumale, was dangerously wounded in the
+siege of Boulogne by an English spear, which penetrated so deeply into
+his forehead that the surgeon could only extract the steel by planting
+his foot on the patient's head. After this ordeal the Count lay between
+life and death for several weeks, and owed his recovery to the tender
+nursing of his mother, who preserved as a trophy at Joinville the
+English spearhead which so nearly ended her son's career.[382] As soon
+as he was able to move, the King sent for Antoinette, and insisted
+on taking her to hunt at St. Germain, and consulting her as to his
+latest improvements in this palace. Her grandson, the young Duke of
+Longueville, was also a great favourite at Court, and when peace was
+at length concluded, the King gave him a copy of the new treaty with
+England to send to the Queen of Scotland. The boy enclosed it in a
+merry letter, sending his love to the little Queen his sister, and
+telling his mother that if she would not come to France he meant to
+come and see her, and was old and strong enough to face the roughest
+sea-voyage.[383]
+
+The Cardinal now announced his intention of taking the whole family
+back to Joinville, to attend the ducal funeral; but once more the King
+interfered, and kept them at Court for the christening of the Dauphin's
+daughter, which was celebrated with great pomp at Fontainebleau. Henry
+VIII. stood godfather, and the little Princess was named Elizabeth,
+after the King's mother, "as good and virtuous a woman as ever lived,"
+said the English Ambassador, Sir Thomas Cheyney; while the Imperialists
+declared that the name was chosen because of its popularity in Spain
+and of the hopes of the French that the child might one day wed Don
+Carlos.[384]
+
+Meanwhile the arrival of the Guises was anxiously awaited at Nancy. On
+the 17th of July Christina wrote to inform Abbot Bonvalot that she had
+at length been able to fix the date of her husband's funeral:
+
+  "MONSIEUR DE LUXEUIL,
+
+    [Sidenote: AUG., 1546] FUNERAL OF DUKE FRANCIS]
+
+    "I must inform you that I have heard from the Cardinal and the
+    Duke of Guise, who hope to be here by the end of the month, so
+    the service will be held on the 6th of August, all being well.
+    I beg you will not fail to be present. As for my news, all I
+    have to tell you is that the King is giving me great trouble in
+    Bar, and is trying to raise a tax in the town, which has never
+    been done or thought of before. I fear that in the end I, too,
+    shall have to go to Court, but shall wait until I hear from the
+    Emperor. Can you give me any information as to his movements?
+    All I can hear is that His Majesty is collecting a large army
+    to make war on the Princes of the Empire, who have rebelled
+    against him. I pray God to help him, and send him success and
+    prosperity, and have good hope that my prayers will be heard,
+    as this will be for the good of Christendom. Here I will end,
+    Monsieur de Luxeuil, praying God to have you in His holy
+    keeping.
+
+                                               "La bien votre,
+                                                    "CHRESTIENNE."[385]
+
+The coming of the Guises, however, was again delayed, and the funeral
+did not take place until the 17th of August. On the previous day the
+Duke's corpse was brought from Denœuvre to Nancy by the great officers
+of State, and laid on a bier in the Church of St. George's, surrounded
+by lighted torches and a guard of armed men, who kept watch all night.
+The funerals of the Dukes of Lorraine had always been famous for their
+magnificence, and there was an old proverb which said: "Fortunate
+is the man who has seen the coronation of an Emperor, the sacring
+of a King of France, and the funeral of a Duke of Lorraine."[386]
+On this occasion nothing that could heighten the imposing nature of
+the ceremony was neglected. All the Princes of the blood, Nicolas of
+Vaudemont, the Duke of Guise with his five sons and grandson, rode
+out from the ducal palace to the Church of St. Georges, and took
+their places, as chief mourners, at the head of the long procession
+that wound through the streets to the Cordeliers' shrine. In their
+train came a multitude of clergy, nobles, and Ambassadors from all
+the crowned heads in Europe, followed by a motley crowd of burghers
+and humble folk, all in deep mourning, with torches in their hands.
+The chariot bearing the coffin was drawn by twelve horses, draped
+with black velvet adorned with the cross of Lorraine in white satin.
+The Duke's war-horse, in full armour, was led by two pages, while the
+servants of his household walked bareheaded on either side, with folded
+arms, in token that their master needed their services no more. On the
+hearse lay an image of the dead Prince, with the ducal baton in his
+hand, clad in crimson robes and a mantle of gold brocade fastened with
+a diamond clasp. This effigy was placed on a huge catafalque erected in
+the centre of the church, lighted with a hundred torches, and hung with
+banners emblazoned with the arms of Lorraine, Bar, Provence, Jerusalem,
+and the Sicilies.
+
+In the tribune above the choir knelt the Princess of Orange, the
+Duchess of Guise, and her newly-wedded daughter-in-law, Diane of
+Poitiers's daughter Louise, Marchioness of Mayenne, all clad in the
+same long black mantles lined with ermine. The Countess Palatine,
+Dorothea, had arrived at Nancy on the 17th of June, to attend her
+brother-in-law's funeral, but as the Guises failed to appear, she
+returned to Heidelberg at the end of a fortnight.
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1546] ANNE DE LORRAINE]
+
+Christina herself was unable to be present, "owing to her excessive
+sorrow," writes the chronicler, and remained on her knees in prayer,
+with the Princess of Macedonia and her young children, in her own room,
+hung with black, while the requiem was chanted and the last rites were
+performed.[387] When all was over, and the "two Princes of peace," as
+De Boullay called Francis and his father, were laid side by side in
+the vault of the Friars' Church, the vast assembly dispersed and the
+mourners went their ways. Only Anne of Lorraine remained at Nancy with
+her sister-in-law, who could not bear to part from her. A letter which
+this Princess wrote to her cousin, the Queen of Scotland, this summer
+is of interest for the glimpse which it gives of the widowed Duchess
+and the boy round whom all her hopes centred:
+
+    "Your Majesty's last letters reached me on the day when I
+    arrived here from home, and I regret extremely that I have been
+    unable to answer them before. I am very glad to hear you are
+    in good health and kind enough to remember me. On my part, I
+    can assure you that there is no one in your family who thinks
+    of you with greater affection or is more anxious to do you
+    service than myself. I did not fail to give your kind message,
+    to Madame de Lorraine, my sister, and Her Highness returns her
+    most humble thanks. You will be glad to hear that her son is
+    well and thriving. I pray God that he may live to fulfil the
+    promise of his early years. Everyone who sees him speaks well
+    of him, and his nature is so good that I hope he will grow up
+    to satisfy our highest expectations. May God grant you long
+    life!
+
+                                        "Your humble cousin,
+                                               "ANNE DE LORRAINE."[388]
+
+The Princess of Orange was still in Lorraine when King Francis came
+to visit the Duchess. This monarch was as active as ever, in spite of
+frequent attacks of illness, and spent the autumn in making a progress
+through Burgundy and Champagne, hunting and travelling seven or eight
+leagues a day in the most inclement weather.
+
+In October he came to Joinville, and Christina, glad to be relieved
+of the necessity of going to Court herself, invited him to pay her a
+visit at Bar. In this once stately Romanesque castle, of which little
+now remains, the Duchess and the Princess of Orange, "dowagers both,"
+as Wotton remarks, entertained Francis magnificently, and provided a
+series of hunting-parties and banquets for his amusement.
+
+The true object of the King's visit was to arrange a marriage between
+the Duchess and the Count of Aumale. The young soldier made no secret
+of his love for his cousin's beautiful widow, Antoinette was anxious to
+see her son settled, and both the King and the Guises were fully alive
+to the political advantages of the alliance. On the 26th of October
+Wotton wrote from Bar, "The fame continues of a marriage between the
+Dowager of Lorraine and the Count of Aumale," although, as he had
+already remarked in a previous letter, it was hard to believe the
+Duchess's uncles would consent to the union. Aumale's own hopes were
+high, and he sent a messenger to Scotland to tell his sister of the
+good cheer which they were enjoying in Madame de Lorraine's house at
+Bar.[389]
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1546] MARRIAGE PROPOSALS]
+
+But these hopes were doomed to disappointment. Christina was determined
+never to marry again. Like her aunt, Mary of Hungary, having once
+tasted perfect happiness, she was unwilling to repeat the experiment.
+Her beauty was in its prime, her charms attracted lovers of every
+age and rank. During the next ten or twelve years she was courted by
+several of the most illustrious personages and bravest captains of the
+age. She smiled on all her suitors in turn, and gave them freely of her
+friendship, but remained true to her resolve to live for her children
+alone, and took for her device a solitary tower with doves fluttering
+round its barred windows, and the motto _Accipio nullas sordida turris
+aves_ (A ruined tower, I give shelter to no birds), as a symbol of
+perpetual widowhood.[390]
+
+Aumale consoled himself by winning fresh laurels in the next war, and
+before long married another bride of high degree; but Brantôme, who
+was intimate with the Guises, tells us that he never forgave Madame de
+Lorraine for rejecting his suit, and remained her bitter enemy to the
+end of his life.[391] The King took Christina's refusal more lightly.
+He never treated women's fancies seriously, and when he found that
+Aumale's suit was not acceptable, he sought the Duchess's help in a
+scheme that lay nearer his heart. This was the marriage of his own
+daughter Margaret with Philip of Spain, whose young wife had died, in
+June, 1545, a few days after giving birth to the Infant Don Carlos. The
+old scheme of marrying this Princess to the Emperor's only son was now
+revived at the French Court, and Christina, who had always appreciated
+Madame Marguerite's excellent qualities, entered readily into the
+King's wishes. But, as she soon discovered, her aunt, Queen Eleanor,
+was greatly opposed to the idea, and still ardently wished to see
+Philip married to her own daughter, the Infanta Maria of Portugal.[392]
+
+From Bar Francis returned to spend All Hallows at Joinville, where he
+enjoyed fresh revels, and delighted the Duke of Longueville by telling
+him to make haste and grow tall, that he might enter his service.
+
+    "Now he goes," wrote the boy's tutor, Jean de la Brousse,
+    "to keep Christmas at Compiègne, and will spend the winter
+    in Paris, watching how matters go with the Emperor and the
+    Protestants, whose armies have been three months face to face,
+    and yet do not know how to kill each other."[393]
+
+In the same letter the writer describes how, on his journey to
+Plessis, to bring the Princess of Navarre to Court, he met the Queen
+of Scotland's sister, Madame Renée, with a number of old monks and
+nuns, on her way from Fontévrault to Joinville. On the 16th of December
+Madame Renée took possession of the Convent of St. Pierre at Reims, of
+which she was Abbess, and the Duchess of Lorraine and the Princess of
+Orange were among the guests present at this ceremony, at the entry of
+her brother the Archbishop into his episcopal city on the following day.
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1547] DEATH OF HENRY VIII.]
+
+Meanwhile the news of Christina's supposed marriage travelled far
+and wide. It reached Venice, where the fate of the Duchess who had
+once reigned over Milan always excited interest, and was reported to
+King Henry of England by one of his Italian agents. His curiosity
+was aroused, and when the French Ambassador, Odet de Selve, came to
+Windsor, he asked him if his master had concluded the marriage which
+he had in hand. "What marriage?" asked De Selve innocently. "That of
+Madame de Lorraine," replied Henry testily. "With whom?" asked the
+Ambassador. But Henry would say no more, and relapsed into sullen
+silence.[394] He had come back from Boulogne seriously ill, and grew
+heavier and more unwieldy every day. A week afterwards he had a severe
+attack of fever, and on his return to London sent Norfolk and Surrey to
+the Tower.
+
+Mary of Hungary was so much alarmed at this fresh outbreak of violence
+that she sent to Chapuys, who was living in retirement at Louvain, for
+advice. The veteran diplomatist, who for sixteen years had toiled to
+avoid a rupture between the two monarchs, wrote back, on the 29th of
+January, 1547, advising the Queen to take no action. "Physicians say,"
+he added, "that the best and quickest cure for certain maladies is to
+leave the evil untouched and avoid further irritation." When the old
+statesman wrote these words, the King, whose varying moods he knew so
+well, had already ceased from troubling. He died at Whitehall on the
+28th of January, 1547.
+
+The news of his royal brother's death moved the King of France deeply.
+"We were both of the same age," he said, "and now he is gone it is time
+for me to go hence, too."[395] In spite of the painful ailments from
+which he suffered, Francis still moved restlessly from place to place.
+Towards the end of Lent he left Loches to spend Easter at St. Germain,
+but fell ill on the way, and died at Rambouillet on the 31st of March.
+
+The death of these two monarchs, who filled so large a place in the
+history of the times, produced a profound sensation throughout Europe.
+No one felt the shock more than the Duchess, who had been courted by
+one Prince, and had lately received the other under her roof. But a
+third death this spring touched her still more closely. On the 28th
+of February the good old Queen Philippa passed away in her humble
+cell at Pont-à-Mousson. As she lay dying she asked what was the day
+of the week, and, being told it was Saturday, remarked: "All the best
+things of my life came to me on this day. I was born and married to my
+dear husband on a Saturday, I entered Nancy amid the rejoicings of my
+people, and I forsook the world to take the veil, on this day, and now
+on Saturday I am going to God." Her children and grandchildren knelt at
+the bedside, but Guise, her best-loved son, only arrived from Paris at
+the last moment. She opened her eyes at the sound of his voice. "Adieu,
+mon ami," she said, "and do not forget to keep God before your eyes."
+These were her last words, and as the pure spirit passed out of this
+life the sound of weeping was broken by the joyous songs of her pet
+lark.[396]
+
+She was buried, as she desired, in the convent cloister, and the
+people, who venerated her as a saint, flocked to the funeral. Christina
+employed Ligier-Richier, the sculptor of the Prince of Orange's
+monument, to carve a recumbent effigy of the dead Queen in coloured
+marbles on her tomb. The black cloak and grey habit were faithfully
+reproduced, the finely-modelled features were rendered in all their
+ivory whiteness, and a tiny figure of a kneeling nun was represented in
+the act of laying the crown at her feet. When the convent church was
+pillaged by rioters in 1793, this monument was buried by the nuns in
+the garden. Here it was discovered in 1822, and brought to Nancy, where
+it now stands in the Church of the Cordeliers, near the stately tomb
+which Philippa herself had reared to her husband, King René.[397]
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1546] THE LEAGUE OF SCHMALKALDE]
+
+
+III.
+
+Of the three great monarchs whose fame had filled the world during
+the last forty years, only one remained alive, and he was engaged in
+a desperate struggle. Throughout the autumn and winter of 1546-47,
+Charles V. carried on a vigorous campaign against the coalition of
+Princes known as the League of Schmalkalde. Christina watched the
+progress of the war with keen anxiety, and saw with distress that her
+brother-in-law, the Palatine, had joined the rebel ranks. Frederic had
+never forgiven the Emperor for sacrificing his wife's rights by the
+Treaty of Spires, and showed his displeasure by refusing to attend the
+Chapter of the Golden Fleece at Utrecht in January, 1546. He further
+annoyed Charles by introducing Lutheran rites at Heidelberg, and on
+Christmas Day he and Dorothea received Communion in both kinds at the
+hands of a Protestant pastor in the Church of the Holy Ghost. But he
+still hesitated to take up arms against the friend of his youth. At
+length, in August, he declared himself on the Protestant side, and for
+the first time the red flag of the Palatinate was seen in the camp of
+the Emperor's foes. Before long, however, his courage failed him, and
+when Charles recovered the imperial city of Halle, in Suabia, Frederic
+hastened thither to make his peace. Tears rose to the veteran's eyes
+when the Emperor said how much it had grieved him to see so old a
+friend in the ranks of his foes, but hastened to add that he forgave
+him freely and would only remember his past services. From this time
+the Palatine's loyalty never again wavered, but he was obliged to
+restore Catholic rites in Heidelberg and to give up his fortress of
+Hoh-Königsberg in Franconia to Albert of Brandenburg.[398]
+
+The Duke of Würtemberg and the cities of Ulm and Augsburg soon followed
+the Palatine's example, and Charles's triumph was complete by the
+decisive victory of Mühlberg. "God be thanked, who never forsakes
+his own," wrote Granvelle to Mary of Hungary from the battle-field,
+at midnight on the 24th of April.[399] The Elector John Frederick of
+Saxony and the Landgrave of Hesse were made prisoners, the League of
+Schmalkalde was dissolved, and Titian commemorated the Emperor's heroic
+deeds in a famous equestrian portrait.
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1547] THE DIET OF AUGSBURG]
+
+The peace of Lorraine was insured by the victory of Mühlberg, and
+Christina shared in the general sense of relief with which the close
+of the war was hailed. When, in the following autumn, the Regent
+and the Princess of Orange rode to meet the Emperor at the Diet of
+Augsburg, the Duchess joined them on the frontiers of Lorraine. These
+three august ladies reached Augsburg on the 21st of November, and were
+received by King Ferdinand, his son Archduke Maximilian, and the Prince
+of Piedmont, who met them outside the gates, and escorted them to the
+Emperor's lodgings in the fine house of the Fuggers. Here the Countess
+Palatine and Ferdinand's daughter, the Duchess of Bavaria, were
+awaiting them at the doors of the courtyard, and conducted them into
+Charles's presence. During the next three months Christina lived in the
+great banker's house, with the other members of the imperial family,
+as her uncle's guest. Augsburg itself was a noble city. The wealth of
+her merchants, the splendour of their houses and gardens, amazed every
+stranger who entered her gates. "The Fuggers' house," wrote Ascham,
+"would over-brag all Cheapside." The copper roofs glittered in the sun,
+the carved and painted decorations of the interior were of the most
+costly and elaborate description.[400] And this winter the streets of
+Augsburg were thronged with Princes and ladies. It was the gayest and
+most splendid Diet ever seen. Never before had so many Archduchesses
+and Duchesses been present, never was there so much dancing and
+jousting and feasting. On St. Andrew's Day the whole imperial family
+attended a solemn Mass in honour of the Knights of the Fleece, and
+were entertained by the Emperor at a banquet, after which the Queen
+of Hungary received the Companions of the Order in her apartments. On
+Christmas Day all the Princes and Princesses were present at High Mass
+in the Cathedral, and on the Feast of the Three Kings they attended
+service in the Court chapel, when Granvelle's son, the young Bishop of
+Arras, officiated, and the Palatine, the Marquis of Brandenburg, and
+the Archduke, presented the customary offerings of gold, frankincense,
+and myrrh, in the Emperor's name. Except on these state occasions,
+Charles dined alone and never spoke at meals, but generally sat by the
+window for an hour or two afterwards, talking to his brother and sister
+or nephews and nieces.
+
+King Ferdinand's rooms, on the contrary, were never empty. He had
+lost his faithful wife, Anna of Bohemia, in January, but his son and
+daughter were lavish in dispensing their father's hospitality. Like his
+sister Mary, Ferdinand was very fond of music, and enjoyed listening to
+his fine Kapelle, while one of his favourite jesters was always present
+to amuse the Electors and Princesses at his table.[401] His son, the
+Archduke Max, as Ascham calls him, was a gay and pleasant gentleman,
+"of goodly person and stature," speaking eight languages, and very
+popular with all classes, especially the Lutherans, whose opinions he
+was supposed to affect. Charles's other nephew, Emanuel Philibert, the
+Prince of Piedmont, was another gallant squire of dames, as ready to
+take part in masque and dance as he was foremost in active warfare.
+Every evening there was music and dancing in the King's rooms, and the
+old halls of the merchants rang to the sound of laughter and melody. In
+that joyous throng the Countess Palatine was the gayest of the gay, and
+Christina forgot her sorrows to become young once more.
+
+[Sidenote: 1548] THE MARQUIS ALBERT]
+
+There was one man among the Princes assembled at Augsburg who gazed
+with frank admiration at the handsome Duchess; this was the Marquis
+Albert of Brandenburg, Lord of Culmbach and Burgrave of Nuremberg.
+While still a boy he succeeded to his father's principality in
+Franconia, and was educated by his uncle, the Duke of Prussia and
+Grand-Master of the Teutonic Order. Although brought up a Lutheran,
+he entered the Emperor's service before he was twenty, and fought
+gallantly in the wars of Cleves and Champagne. A wild and reckless
+spirit, who rode hard, drank deep, and knew no fear, Albert was adored
+by his soldiers, whose toils and hardships he shared with cheerful
+courage, while his name was the terror of all peaceful citizens.
+"Thunder and lightning, devouring fire," wrote a contemporary, "are
+not more terrible than the Marquis Albert on the battle-field."[402]
+But there was a fascination about this ruthless dare-devil which no
+woman could resist. His sisters were passionately devoted to him, and
+Bona, the Queen of Poland, tried in vain to marry him to one of her
+daughters. Roger Ascham describes him as
+
+    "another Achilles, his face fair and beautiful, but stern and
+    manly, with flowing locks and great rolling eyes, yet with a
+    sad, restless look, as if he was ever seeking what he could not
+    find. A man of few words withal, but with a deep, strong voice,
+    ever more ready to hear than to speak."[403]
+
+There seemed no heights to which this soldier of fortune could not
+aspire. The Emperor treated him with fatherly affection, and the Queen
+and the Duchess of Lorraine honoured the sumptuous banquets, in which
+he displayed his usual prodigality, careless of the debts with which he
+was already loaded.
+
+Once more rumour was busy with Christina's name. The Marquis Albert
+proclaimed himself her devoted servant, and her marriage with the
+young King Sigismund of Poland was seriously discussed at Augsburg.
+This monarch's wife, the Archduchess Elizabeth, had died before his
+accession, and his sister, the Electress Hedwig of Brandenburg,
+was eager to bring about a union between him and the Duchess of
+Lorraine;[404] but, as usual, these rumours ended in smoke, and the
+only marriage announced at Augsburg was that of the Archduke Max and
+his cousin the Infanta Maria of Spain, an alliance which had long been
+privately arranged.
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1548] THE INTERIM]
+
+Early in the New Year another distinguished person arrived at Augsburg,
+in the person of the great Venetian master, Titian. He came in
+obedience to an urgent summons from the Emperor, and during the next
+few months painted a magnificent series of portraits, including those
+of Charles and Ferdinand, the captive Elector of Saxony, Chancellor
+Granvelle, his wife, and his son, the Bishop of Arras, who was a great
+admirer of Titian's art. Fourteen years before, this same master had
+taken Christina's portrait, when she came to Milan as the youthful
+bride of Francesco Sforza; now he saw her again in the flower of her
+womanhood, and, had opportunity offered, would doubtless have painted
+her again. But disquieting rumours of unrest on the frontiers of
+Lorraine reached Augsburg, and on the 16th of February the Duchess set
+out on her return to Nancy. The Emperor gave his niece a costly ring
+as a parting present, and Archduke Max, the Marquis Albert, the Prince
+of Piedmont, together with the Countess Palatine and the Princess of
+Orange, escorted her some leagues on her way. When, a month later, the
+Queen of Hungary left Augsburg, she paid Christina a visit at Nancy,
+bringing with her Anne of Lorraine and William, the young Prince of
+Orange, a promising boy of fifteen, who was being educated at Court,
+and met with a kindly welcome from the Duchess and her subjects for the
+sake of the lamented Prince whose name he bore.[405] By Mary's advice,
+the Regents took active measures for the defence of the frontier and
+the fortification of Nancy. An arsenal was founded, and two bastions,
+which became known as those of Denmark and Vaudemont, were built near
+the palace. Other improvements were carried out at the same time: the
+marshy ground under the walls was thoroughly drained, and converted
+into a spacious square called La Place de la Carrière; many of the
+streets were paved and widened; and the Count of Salm, Bassompierre,
+and several of the nobles, built fine new houses along the Grande Rue,
+opposite the Galerie des Cerfs.[406]
+
+[Illustration: _Photo Hanfstaengl_
+
+CHARLES V. (1548)
+
+By Titian (Munich)
+
+_To face p. 322_]
+
+The Emperor remained at Augsburg throughout the summer, endeavouring
+to effect a lasting settlement of the religious question. On the 30th
+of June the so-called "Interim" was proclaimed, a compromise which
+satisfied no one, and was described by Thomas Hoby, a young Englishman
+who came to Augsburg this summer on his way to Italy, as an attempt to
+set up the old Babylon again in Germany.[407] A fortnight later the
+Diet was prorogued, and Charles started for the Netherlands, where he
+arrived on the 8th of September, after more than two years' absence.
+
+A few weeks before his arrival a marriage had taken place, greatly to
+Mary's satisfaction, between the widowed Princess of Orange and the
+Duke of Aerschot.[408] This nobleman, the premier peer of the realm
+and doyen of the Golden Fleece, had lost his second wife in 1544, but
+was still in the prime of life, and, as his daughter-in-law, Louise
+de Guise, told her sister, was honoured and beloved throughout the
+Netherlands. Christina could not herself be present at the wedding,
+but her brother-in-law Nicolas went to Brussels to give his sister
+away. Here he fell in love with Count Egmont's sister Margaret, and
+asked her hand in marriage. This alliance met with the warm approval
+of the Emperor and the Regent, but caused Christina many searchings of
+heart. Already more than one attempt had been made by the Guises to
+marry Vaudemont to a French bride, and she feared that this union would
+excite great displeasure in some quarters. In her alarm she wrote to
+the Emperor, begging him to forbid the marriage as dangerous to the
+welfare of her State. Charles, however, declined to interfere, and sent
+Granvelle's brother, Chantonnay, to advise his niece politely to mind
+her own business.
+
+    "Since the Count of Vaudemont is bent on marrying," he wrote
+    to his Envoy, "it is far better that he should come here for a
+    wife than go to France; and the Duchess need not feel in any
+    way responsible for the alliance, which is entirely his own
+    doing.... And, indeed, I do not see how he could honourably
+    break his word, since we ourselves urged our cousins of
+    Egmont to agree to his proposals. But tell him to come here
+    as soon as he can, to prevent the French from making any more
+    mischief!"[409]
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1548] ADOLF OF HOLSTEIN]
+
+There was nothing more to be said, and the wedding was celebrated in
+the Court chapel at Brussels, after vespers, on the 23rd of January,
+1549. The bride, richly clad in cloth of gold and decked with priceless
+gems, was led to the altar by the Queen, while Charles brought in the
+bridegroom. A banquet and masque were afterwards held in the palace,
+at the close of which Mary once more took the bride by the hand and
+conducted her into the nuptial chamber, hung with crimson brocade and
+costly tapestries. The next morning the newly-wedded Countess appeared
+at Mass, in another costume of green velvet embroidered in silver, and
+jousts and dances succeeded each other during the following three days,
+ending with a magnificent banquet given by the Duchess of Aerschot.[410]
+
+Among the company present on this occasion was the Dowager Queen
+Eleanor, who came to Brussels on the 5th of December, to make her
+home with her beloved brother and sister. On his death-bed Francis
+I. was seized with remorse for the way in which he had neglected his
+wife, and begged his daughter Margaret to atone for his shortcomings.
+But although Margaret carried out her father's last instructions
+faithfully, and asked his widow to remain at Court, the new King showed
+his stepmother scanty kindness, and Eleanor left France with few
+regrets. Another guest at Margaret of Egmont's wedding was Christina's
+cousin, Duke Adolf of Holstein, the King of Denmark's youngest brother.
+Most of his life had been spent in Germany, and he had taken part in
+the campaign of Mühlberg with his friend Albert of Brandenburg. Now,
+following the wild Marquis's example, he came to Brussels in October,
+1548, and entered the Emperor's service. This new recruit was cordially
+welcomed, and gave a signal proof of his valour by carrying off the
+first prize in the tournament held at the palace.
+
+Christina herself maintained the prudent attitude which she had adopted
+with regard to Vaudemont's marriage, and refused to countenance by her
+presence a union which excited much unfriendly criticism in France. Two
+other weddings in which she was also keenly interested took place about
+the same time. On the 20th of October her old suitor, the brilliant
+and volatile Duke of Vendôme, was married at Moulins to Jeanne
+d'Albret, the heiress of Navarre. This strong-minded Princess, who
+refused to wed the Duke of Cleves, and took objection to Aumale because
+his brother was the husband of Diane de Poitiers's daughter, fell
+suddenly in love with Vendôme, and insisted on marrying him in spite of
+her mother's opposition. So radiant was Jeanne on her wedding-day that
+King Henry declared her to be the most joyous bride whom he had ever
+seen. Six weeks later Aumale himself was married at St. Germain to Anna
+d'Este, daughter of Duke Ercole II. of Ferrara and Renée of France.
+Ronsard sang the praises of this Italian Venus who had taken the Mars
+of France for her lord, and Vendôme, gay and inconsequent as ever,
+sent his old rival in war and love a merry letter, bidding him follow
+his good example, and stay at home to play the good husband.[411] This
+union with the King's first cousin satisfied the highest ambitions of
+the Guises, while Anna's charm and goodness were a source of lasting
+content to Duchess Antoinette. Christina was one of the first to greet
+the bride on her arrival at Joinville. At first the two Princesses,
+Brantôme tells us, looked at each other shyly, but with evident
+curiosity. The tale of Aumale's courtship was well known, and Christina
+naturally felt keen interest in the Este Princess who came from
+Beatrice's home and was the cousin of Francesco Sforza. "Anna," writes
+the chronicler, "was tall and beautiful, but very gentle and amiable.
+The two ladies met and conversed together, and were soon the best of
+friends."[412]
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1549] CHRISTINA AT BRUSSELS]
+
+
+IV.
+
+Christina's absence from her brother-in-law's wedding had been a great
+disappointment to her aunts, and she received a pressing invitation
+to come to Brussels for the fêtes in honour of the Prince of Spain,
+whose arrival was expected early in the spring of 1549. Accordingly,
+on the 28th of March the Duchess reached Brussels, attended by the
+Princess of Macedonia, and was received by the Grand-Écuyer Boussu and
+a brilliant escort of gentlemen. One of these was the Marquis Albert,
+whose name of late had been frequently coupled with her own, the
+other his friend Duke Adolf of Holstein. Christina naturally hailed
+this meeting with her cousin, especially now that his brother, King
+Christian, had alleviated the rigour of her father's captivity. Since
+the Palatine had abandoned all attempts to maintain his wife's claims,
+the reigning monarch had agreed to release his unfortunate kinsman
+from the dungeons of Sonderburg. On the 17th of February the two Kings
+met and dined together in a friendly manner, after which the deposed
+monarch was removed to Kallundborg, a pleasantly-situated castle on
+a promontory of Zeeland, where he spent the remaining ten years of
+his life in comparative freedom.[413] This, indeed, was all that the
+Emperor desired. In a secret paper of instructions which he drew up
+for Philip in case of his own death, he enjoined his son to cultivate
+peaceable relations with the King of Denmark, and do his utmost to keep
+the Princesses Dorothea and Christina in his good graces, and insure
+their father's good treatment, "without allowing him such a measure
+of liberty as might enable him to assert his old claims and injure our
+State of Flanders as he did before."[414]
+
+Unfortunately, the interest with which Christina regarded the Danish
+Prince proved fatal to Adolf's friendship with the Marquis. Before the
+outbreak of the Schmalkalde War, Adolf had become affianced to Albert's
+sister, Fräulein Kunigunde. The wedding-day was fixed, and the citizens
+of Nuremberg had prepared gold rings and jewels for the bride, but the
+disturbed state of Denmark compelled the Duke to postpone his marriage
+for a time. Then, as ill-luck would have it, he met the Duchess of
+Lorraine at the New Year festivities at Augsburg, and fell desperately
+in love with her. From this moment he forgot Fräulein Kunigunde, and
+took the first excuse he could find to break off his engagement. Albert
+never forgave the wrong, and, although the two Princes met at Brussels
+and walked side by side in the Court chapel on Candlemas Day, the old
+friendship between them was turned to bitter enmity.[415]
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1549] PHILIP OF SPAIN]
+
+But now private grievances had to be put aside, and friends and foes
+alike joined in the public rejoicings which welcomed the Prince of
+Spain's arrival. Charles was anxious to present his son to his future
+subjects in the most favourable light, and no pains were spared to
+produce a good impression both on Philip himself and on the loyal
+people of Brabant. On the 1st of April, Mary of Hungary, Christina, and
+Anne of Aerschot, accompanied by the whole Court, received the Prince
+at Ter Vueren, where they entertained him at dinner and witnessed
+a military parade and sham-fight on the plains outside the town.
+In the evening Philip made his state entry into Brussels, clad in
+crimson velvet and riding on a superb war-horse, attended by Albert of
+Brandenburg, Adolf of Holstein, the Princes of Piedmont, Orange, and
+Chimay, Alva, Egmont, Pescara, and many other illustrious personages.
+The chief burghers and city guilds met the Prince at Ter Vueren, and
+escorted him to the palace gates, where the two Queens and Christina
+conducted him into the Emperor's presence. Philip fell on his knees,
+and his father embraced him with tears in his eyes, and conversed with
+him for over an hour. At nightfall the whole city was illuminated,
+and bonfires blazed from all the neighbouring heights. The next day
+a tournament was held on the Grande Place, and a splendid gold cup
+was presented to the Prince by the city, while the States of Brabant
+voted him a gift of 100,000 florins and hailed him with acclamation
+as the Emperor's successor. But in the evening these rejoicings were
+interrupted by the news of the Duke of Aerschot's sudden death. He
+had gone to Spires to meet the Prince, but had over-exerted himself,
+and died very suddenly at his castle of Quievrain. It was a grievous
+blow to Anne of Lorraine, who was once more left a widow, before she
+had been married quite nine months. The deepest sympathy was felt for
+her at Court, and Mary lamented the loss of her wisest Councillor.
+All festivities were put off till Easter. Philip spent Holy Week in
+devotional exercises, and rode to S. Gudule on Palm Sunday, at the head
+of a solemn procession of knights bearing palms.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1549] HIS DEVOTION TO CHRISTINA]
+
+Charles took advantage of this quiet season to initiate his son into
+the administration of public affairs and make him acquainted with the
+leading nobles of the Netherlands. But the impression produced by
+Philip was far from being a favourable one. Short in stature and blond
+in complexion, with his father's wide forehead and projecting jaw, he
+was Flemish in appearance, but Spanish by nature. His taciturn air
+and haughty and reserved manners formed a striking contrast to the
+frank and genial ways which endeared Charles V. to all classes of his
+subjects. Thomas Hoby, who saw Philip at Mantua, noticed what "small
+countenance" he made to the crowd who greeted his entry, and heard that
+he had already "acquired a name for insolency." Wherever he went it
+was the same. "His severe and morose appearance," wrote the Venetian
+Suriano, "has made him disagreeable to the Italians, hated by the
+Flemings, and odious to the Germans." His marked preference for all
+that was Spanish gave deadly offence to the Emperor's old servants, and
+people in Brussels said openly that when Philip came to the throne no
+one but Spaniards would be employed at Court. In vain his father and
+aunt warned him that this exclusive temper was ill-suited to a Prince
+who was called to rule over subjects of many nations. He spoke little
+in public and rarely smiled. During the year which he spent at Brussels
+people said that he was never seen to laugh except on one occasion,
+when all the Court witnessed the famous national fête of the Ommegang
+from the hôtel-de-ville, on the Fête-Dieu. Among the varied groups in
+the procession was a bear playing on an organ, while children dressed
+up as monkeys danced to the music, and unhappy cats tied by the tail
+in cages filled the air with discordant cries. At the sight of these
+grotesque figures even Philip's gravity gave way, and he laughed till
+the tears ran down his cheeks.[416]
+
+This cold and haughty Prince, who took no pains to commend himself to
+his future subjects, showed a marked preference from the first for his
+cousin Christina. He sought her company on every possible occasion,
+gave her rich presents, and devoted himself to her service with an
+ardour which became a cause of serious annoyance to his aunts.
+
+    "Queen Eleanor," wrote the French Ambassador Marillac, "is
+    always trying to treat of her daughter's marriage with the
+    Prince, but with very little success, and the great attentions
+    which he pays the Duchess of Lorraine, the evident delight
+    which he takes in her society, and the gifts which he bestows
+    upon her, have excited great jealousy."[417]
+
+Before long Christina herself found Philip's attentions embarrassing,
+and felt that it would be the path of wisdom to leave Court. She was
+present, however, at a second tournament given on the Grande Place, on
+the 6th of May. That day Count d'Aremberg (the husband of Christina's
+intimate friend Margaret la Marck), Mansfeldt, Horn, and Floris de
+Montmorency, held the lists against all assailants, while Alva and
+Francesco d'Este were the judges. Philip, who inherited little of his
+father's taste for knightly exercises, but had been practising riding
+and jousting diligently during the last few weeks, entered the lists,
+and was awarded a fine ruby as a prize, Egmont and the Prince of
+Piedmont being the other victors. Albert of Brandenburg was present,
+but declined to take part in the tournament. He had seldom been seen
+at Court since Philip's arrival and spent most of his time in his own
+quarters, compiling an account of his grievances against the Emperor.
+One day Charles, fearing to lose his services, sent Granvelle to offer
+him an honourable and lucrative office in the Imperial Mint. Albert
+replied loftily that, since he was born a Brandenburg, no office which
+the Emperor had to bestow, could exalt his station, and that as he
+never managed to keep a sixpence in his own pocket, he would rather
+not attempt to meddle with other people's money. A few days after this
+he asked leave to retire to his own domains. The last time that he
+appeared in public was at the banquet which followed the tournament,
+in the hôtel-de-ville; here he sat at the Emperor's table, opposite
+the Duchess of Lorraine, who was placed between Philip and Emanuel
+Philibert of Piedmont, while Adolf of Holstein sat next to the Princess
+of Macedonia. All these illustrious guests joined in the ball which
+closed the day's festivities, and dancing was kept up with great spirit
+until after midnight.[418]
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1549] THE GUISE PRINCES]
+
+Early the next morning Christina left Brussels, accompanied by
+Vaudemont's wife, Margaret of Egmont, and escorted for several miles
+on her journey by the Prince of Spain. Three weeks later the Marquis
+Albert also left Court, without taking leave of the Emperor or the
+Queens. His abrupt departure excited general surprise, and no one
+knew whether it was due to his quarrel with the Duke of Holstein, or
+to some imaginary affront from the Prince or the Duchess of Lorraine;
+but when he was at some distance from the town he sent back a warrant
+for a pension of 4,000 crowns a year, which he had received from the
+Emperor, as a sign that he was no longer in his service.
+
+[Illustration: HÔTEL-DE-VILLE, BRUSSELS]
+
+[Illustration: S. GUDULE, BRUSSELS
+
+_To face p. 332_]
+
+During the course of the summer Philip made his "joyeuse entrée"
+into the different cities of the Low Countries, and a memorable
+series of fêtes was given in his honour by Mary of Hungary at her
+beautiful summer palace of Binche. At the end of August the Duchess
+of Aerschot gave birth to a posthumous son, who was christened by the
+Bishop of Arras in the Court chapel, and named Charles Philip, after
+his godfathers, the Emperor and the Prince. But while Anne's second
+marriage and her brother's union with Egmont's sister strengthened
+the ties between Lorraine and Flanders, the close connection of the
+younger branch of the ducal house with France increased daily. After
+the marriage of Guise's third son, Mayenne, with Diane de Poitiers's
+daughter, his brothers were loaded with favours of every description.
+Aumale was created a Duke and appointed Governor of Savoy, and Charles
+was made a Cardinal at the King's request, and loaded with rich
+benefices. Their mother stood sponsor to Henry II.'s daughter Claude,
+who was one day to be the wife of Christina's only son, and had the
+deputies of the thirteen Swiss cantons for her godfathers. A new link
+was forged by the coming of the little Queen of Scots to France in the
+autumn of 1548, as the future bride of the Dauphin. Antoinette met
+her granddaughter at Brest, and brought her to St. Germain, where the
+charms of the little Queen soon won all hearts. "I can assure you,"
+wrote the proud grandmother to her eldest son, "she is the best and
+prettiest child of her age that was ever seen!" And her uncle the
+Cardinal added: "She already governs both the King and Queen." At the
+Court ball in honour of Aumale's wedding, all the guests stood still to
+watch the lovely little Queen and the Dauphin dancing hand in hand, and
+the King smiled maliciously when the English Ambassador remarked that
+it was the most charming thing in the world to see the two children
+together.[419]
+
+When Christina returned to Lorraine in May, 1549, all the Guises were
+at Paris for the King and Queen's state entry, and the young Duke of
+Longueville led his grandmother's white horse in the procession. After
+this Antoinette brought her daughter-in-law to spend the autumn quietly
+at Joinville, and great was the rejoicing when, on the last day of the
+year, Anna gave birth to her first son, the Prince who was to become
+famous as "Henri le Balafré." Christina was careful to remain on good
+terms with the family at Joinville, and the presence of the Duchess
+of Aerschot, who spent the winter in Lorraine, increased the friendly
+intercourse between the two houses. Anne's letters to her aunt and
+cousins abound in playful allusions to early recollections, and she
+always addressed Aumale as "Monsieur mon serviteur" and signed herself
+"Votre bonne maîtresse." When, in January, 1550, the Duke of Guise fell
+ill, Christina sent her steward Grammont repeatedly to make inquiries
+at Joinville.
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1550] DEATH OF GUISE]
+
+    "We cannot rest satisfied," wrote the Duchess of Aerschot
+    from Nancy, "without hearing the latest accounts of my uncle,
+    and trust the bearer will bring us good news, please God! My
+    sister, Madame de Lorraine, is so anxious about him that she
+    feels she must send over again. I cannot tell you, my dear
+    aunt, how much she thinks of you, and how anxious she is to
+    do you any service in her power. As for myself, if there is
+    anything that I can do, you have only to speak, and you will be
+    obeyed."[420]
+
+After a long illness, Claude of Guise breathed his last on the 12th of
+April, and was followed to the grave within a month by his brother,
+Cardinal Jean, who died at Nogent-sur-Seine, on his return from Rome.
+The Duke's funeral was solemnized in the Church of St. Laurent at
+Joinville, with all the elaborate ceremonial common on these occasions.
+Antoinette made a great point of Christina's attendance, and Anne
+promised to do her best to gratify her aunt's wish in the matter.
+
+    "I shall be very glad," she wrote, "if it is possible for
+    Madame my sister to be present at the obsequies of my uncle--to
+    whom God grant peace!--and will do my utmost to effect this,
+    not only because of my own anxiety to see you and my cousins,
+    but because I would gladly give you pleasure."[421]
+
+Accordingly, the two Duchesses, accompanied by the Count and Countess
+of Vaudemont and several nobles, arrived at Joinville on Saturday, the
+29th of June, to condole with the widow and attend the funeral rites
+that were protracted during the next three days. Never was there a more
+attached family than this of the Guises.
+
+    "I cannot tell you the grief I feel," wrote the Queen of
+    Scotland to her bereaved mother. "You know as well as I do that
+    I have lost the best father that ever child had, and am left
+    both orphaned and widowed."
+
+An imposing monument, adorned with rich marbles and bas-reliefs of the
+dead Prince's battles, was raised by Antoinette to her husband's memory
+in the church at Joinville. In the centre the Duke and Duchess were
+both represented clad in robes of state, kneeling with hands clasped
+together, and a long Latin epitaph relating the hero's great deeds was
+inscribed below, ending with the words:
+
+    "Antoinette de Bourbon, his wife, and her six sons, have
+    erected this tomb, in token of undying sorrow and love for an
+    incomparable husband and the best of fathers."[422]
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1550] CHARLES THE BOLD'S REMAINS]
+
+Charles V. had long cherished a wish to remove the bones of his
+ancestor Charles the Bold from the church of St. Georges at Nancy,
+where they had been buried after his defeat, and bring them to rest in
+his daughter Mary's tomb at Bruges. At first Christina hesitated to
+give her consent, fearing to arouse the resentment of her subjects, who
+were proud of possessing this trophy of King René's victory, but the
+urgent entreaties of her aunts at length induced her to yield, and,
+after ascertaining that neither Vaudemont nor the States of Lorraine
+had any objection to offer, she consented to her uncle's request, on
+condition that the removal of the remains should be effected as quietly
+as possible. Late in the evening of the 22nd of September, 1550,
+three imperial deputies, the Bishop of Cambray, the Chief Justice of
+Luxembourg, and the herald Toison d'Or, met the Provost and Canons of
+St. Georges in the crypt of the collegiate church. A solemn requiem
+was chanted, after which the tomb was opened and the bones, wrapt in
+a white linen shroud, were reverently laid in a wooden casket and
+committed to the charge of two friars. A gift of 100 gold crowns was
+made to the church in the Emperor's name, and the precious casket was
+placed on a chariot drawn by four black horses, escorted by a troop of
+twenty men-at-arms. The little procession travelled the same night to
+Metz, and thence across the frontier to Luxembourg. Bells were tolled
+in all the towns and villages on their way, and the _De Profundis_ was
+chanted wherever a halt was made, until on the 24th the casket was
+safely deposited in the choir of the Cordeliers' church at Luxembourg.
+Here Charles of Burgundy's bones were placed in the grave of John of
+Luxembourg, the blind King of Bohemia, who fell at Crécy, until, nine
+years later, they were finally laid to rest by his daughter's side in
+the shrine of Our Lady at Bruges.[423]
+
+When this pious act was safely accomplished, Christina set out with
+Anne of Lorraine and the Count and Countess of Vaudemont to join the
+imperial party at Augsburg. Charles, Philip, and Ferdinand, had been
+attending the Diet in this city since July, and were joined there by
+Mary of Hungary, who, however, was obliged to return to the Netherlands
+on the 26th of September, owing to troubles on the French frontier.
+Christina's presence was the more welcome. On the 30th of the same
+month Philip and his uncle Ferdinand were riding in the fields near
+Augsburg, when they noticed a cloud of dust on the highroad, and,
+galloping off in this direction, met the Duchess of Lorraine and
+her companions, with a large train of followers. Philip gallantly
+escorted his cousin to the Emperor's lodgings, where she spent the next
+three weeks. Her coming was the signal for a round of festivities.
+While Charles and Ferdinand rode together in earnest converse, or
+sat with closed doors debating public matters, Philip and a few
+chosen friends--the Prince of Piedmont, Duke Adolf, Pescara, and Ruy
+Gomez--spent the days with the Duchess and her ladies. Sometimes they
+went hunting on the Bavarian plains, sometimes they danced or played
+cards, and every evening they met at supper in Christina's rooms.[424]
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1550] ROGER ASCHAM]
+
+On the 16th of October a joust was held in the court of the Fuggers'
+house, and the Emperor, with his niece and Duchess Anne, looked on from
+the windows. Egmont and Vaudemont were judges, and Count Lalaing and
+Floris de Montmorency won the prizes. The Cardinal of Trent entertained
+the company at supper, and left the next day for Genoa to receive
+Maximilian, the King of Bohemia, who had been sent for from Spain to
+take part in the family conference. Three days later Philip gave a
+tournament on a grander scale, in honour of the Duchess, and entered
+the lists clad in ruby velvet and white satin, as he figures in the
+portrait which Titian painted. This time Christina's presence seems to
+have inspired him with unwonted prowess. He broke many lances, and won
+a fine gold chain, which he presented to his cousin. She on her part
+entertained the King of the Romans and all the knights who rode in the
+jousts at a sumptuous banquet and ball, which ended in the Prince
+presenting rings to all the ladies and receiving a kiss from each in
+turn.
+
+This festive evening marked the close of Christina's visit to Augsburg.
+The next morning she set out for Nancy, "leaving the Court sad and
+widowed," writes an Italian chronicler, "bereft of her presence,
+and without a lady to amuse the Princes or entertain the Emperor's
+guests." Philip escorted her for some miles on her journey, and took an
+affectionate farewell of his favourite cousin, whom he never saw again
+until he was the husband of Mary Tudor.[425]
+
+Christina's route lay through the duchy of Würtemberg and along the
+valley of the Neckar. At Esslingen, the free imperial city on the banks
+of this river she met the new English Ambassador, Sir Richard Morosyne,
+on his way to Augsburg. In his train was a young secretary called Roger
+Ascham. He had been Lady Jane Grey's tutor, and had left his Greek
+studies and pleasant college life at Cambridge with some reluctance,
+but was keenly enjoying his first sight of foreign parts. The journey
+up the Rhine in a fair barge with goodly glass windows afforded him
+great pleasure. He gazed in admiration at the castles and abbeys
+perched on the crags, and the vines laden with purple grapes that
+grew in terraces along the banks, while the river at Spires--"broader
+a great deal than the Thames at Greenwich"--made him realize for the
+first time why the Greeks worshipped river-gods. In the Court chapel at
+Brussels he caught a glimpse of Queen Eleanor,
+
+    "looking as fair and white as a dove in her embroidered linen
+    robe, with her ladies clad in black velvet with gold chains,
+    and white plumes in their caps, like boys rather than maidens."
+
+Then, as he rode through Tongres, he met the Queen of Hungary posting
+back from Augsburg, with only thirty courtiers in her train, "having
+outridden and wearied all the rest, and taken thirteen days to do a
+journey that men can scarce do in seventeen!" "She is a virago," the
+young Englishman remarked, "never so well as when she is flinging on
+horseback or hunting all day."[426] Now, at Esslingen, Ascham fell in
+with another noble lady, "the Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, daughter
+to the King of Denmark." Unlike Mary of Hungary, who posted so fast
+that no ladies could keep pace with her, Christina was always attended
+with a large retinue. Brantôme tells us that at Court she assumed a
+state which rivalled that of the Queen of France herself. On this
+journey she rode a white palfrey, and was followed by sixteen maids
+of honour on horseback and four chariots filled with ladies, escorted
+by a troop of 300 horse. Thirty-six mules and a dozen waggons, laden
+with chamber-stuff, brought up the rear, and a great crowd of "rascals
+belonging to her kitchen and stables came drabbling in the dirt on
+foot." Roger looked with admiration at the fine horses with their rich
+trappings, and was profoundly impressed by the tall stature and stately
+bearing of the Duchess. "I have never seen a lady of her port in all my
+life!" he exclaimed. His interest was heightened when he heard "that
+she should once have married King Henry VIII., before my Lady Anne
+of Cleves," and was told that she had now been with the Emperor at
+Augsburg, "where she was thought by some to have been a-wooing to the
+Prince of Spain."[427]
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1550] DISCORD IN IMPERIAL FAMILY]
+
+From Esslingen, Christina had intended to go to Heidelberg, on a
+visit to her sister, but the unsettled state of affairs made her
+presence necessary at home, and she hurried on to Nancy. The French
+were once more busy with preparations for war, and grew every day more
+insolent in their language. Even the Emperor's old ally, the Constable
+Montmorency, who had been recalled to Court by Henry II., joined the
+war party, and seemed to be as violent as the Guises. At the same time
+fresh trouble was brewing in Germany. The Interim had proved very
+unpopular. Magdeburg refused to accept the new edict, and Maurice of
+Saxony, who was sent against the city, carried on the siege in so
+half-hearted a manner that doubts of his loyalty were felt, while the
+Marquis Albert kept away from Court and sulked, like Achilles of old,
+in his tent. But the worst of all the Emperor's troubles were those
+which had arisen in his own family.
+
+Granvelle confessed to Paget at Brussels that it had not been easy
+for Charles to obtain the recognition of his son as his successor in
+Flanders, and that he foresaw this would be a far harder matter in
+Germany. From the first, Philip's haughty manners and Spanish reserve
+were bitterly resented by the Princes of the Empire, and Charles
+realized with dismay how difficult it would be to obtain their consent
+to the adoption of his son as coadjutor of the King of the Romans,
+and his ultimate successor on the imperial throne. He had first of
+all to reckon with Ferdinand. This monarch had always been on the
+most affectionate terms with his brother, but was naturally indignant
+when rumours reached him, through the Marquis Albert's servants, that
+the Emperor intended to make Philip King of the Romans in his place.
+In vain his sister Mary assured him that this idea had never been
+entertained. His resentment was kindled, and he and King Maximilian
+were prepared to resist stoutly any infringement of their rights.[428]
+
+Everyone noticed how grave and pensive Charles appeared when he
+entered Augsburg, and, although the prolonged family conferences which
+took place were conducted in strict secrecy, rumour was busy with
+conjecture, and the latest gossip from Augsburg was greedily devoured
+at the French Court. At this critical moment Chancellor Granvelle,
+who for twenty-five years had been Charles's most trusted Councillor,
+died after a few days' illness at Augsburg. Friends and foes alike
+expressed their grief in the warmest terms. The Constable wrote letters
+of condolence to his widow, and Charles and Ferdinand came in person to
+visit Madame Nicole, but found this excellent woman too much overcome
+with grief to be able to speak. It was an irreparable loss to the
+Emperor, and no one was better aware of this than himself. "My son,"
+he wrote to Philip, "you and I have lost a good bed of down."[429]
+Granvelle's son, Antoine Perrenot, the Bishop of Arras, succeeded
+him as imperial Chancellor, but had neither his father's wisdom nor
+experience, and was little fitted to cope with the gravity of the
+situation.
+
+Charles now sent for the Queen of Hungary, who hastened to Augsburg in
+September; but even she could effect little.
+
+    "Queen Mary," wrote Stroppiana, the Duke of Savoy's Ambassador,
+    "is here to persuade the King of the Romans to accept the
+    Prince of Spain as coadjutor, but finds the ground very hard,
+    and by what I hear can obtain nothing."[430]
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1550] THE EMPEROR'S ANXIETY]
+
+After Mary's departure, Charles's difficulties increased every day, and
+Christina tried in vain to pour oil on the troubled waters. She amused
+Philip, and did her best to console the Emperor in his fits of profound
+dejection. When she was gone he turned once more to Mary, and begged
+her earnestly to come to his help.
+
+    "I had some hope," he wrote on the 6th of December, "that the
+    King our nephew might be persuaded to consent to the only
+    plan by which the greatness and stability of our house can
+    be maintained. But, as you will see by this letter, which my
+    brother gave me the day before yesterday, I begin to feel that
+    my hope was vain. And I think that in this he does me great
+    wrong, when I have done so much for him. My patience is almost
+    at an end, and I wish with all my heart that you were here, as
+    you can help me more than anyone else. So I beg you to hasten
+    your coming as soon as possible, and shall await your arrival
+    with the utmost anxiety."
+
+To this letter, which had been dictated to his secretary, Charles added
+the following postscript, written with his own gouty hand:
+
+    "I can assure you, my dear sister, that I can bear no more
+    unless I am to burst. Certainly I never felt all that the dead
+    King of France did against me, nor all that the present one is
+    trying to do, nor yet the affronts which the Constable puts
+    upon us now, half as keenly as I have felt and am feeling the
+    treatment which I have received from the King my brother. I
+    can only pray God to grant him good-will and understanding,
+    and give me strength and patience, in order that we may arrive
+    at some agreement, and that, if your coming does not serve to
+    convert him, it may at least give me some consolation.
+
+                                            "Your loving brother,
+                                                        "CHARLES."[431]
+
+On receiving this letter, Mary started for Augsburg without a moment's
+delay. Attended only by the Bishop of Cambray and three ladies, the
+brave Queen rode all the way from Binche to Augsburg in twelve days,
+and arrived at five o'clock on the evening of New Year's Day, 1551.
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1551] FAMILY CONFERENCES]
+
+All through November and December the Emperor hardly left his room.
+When he dined with the Knights of the Fleece on St. Andrew's Day, the
+hall was heated like a furnace, and Marillac, the French Ambassador,
+remarked that he looked so old and feeble he could not be long for this
+world.[432] But on the Feast of the Three Kings he dined in public,
+with his brother and sister, and his two nephews, Maximilian, who had
+arrived from Spain on the 10th of December, and the young Archduke
+Ferdinand. They were, to all appearances, a happy and united family,
+and Stroppiana noted an evident improvement in the Emperor's spirits.
+Roger Ascham watched these illustrious personages with keen interest.
+He describes how Charles and Ferdinand sat under the cloth of state and
+ate together very handsomely, "his Chapel singing wonderful cunningly
+all dinner-time." "The Emperor," he remarked, "hath a good face,
+constant air, and looked somewhat like the parson of Epurstone. He wore
+a black taffety gown, and furred nightcap on his head, and fed well
+of a capon--I have had a better from mine hostess Barnes many times."
+Ferdinand he describes as "a very homely man, gentle to be spoken to of
+any man," the Prince of Spain as "not in all so wise as his father."
+But King Max was Roger's favourite--"a Prince peerless" in his eyes.
+He is never tired of extolling this "worthy gentleman, learned, wise,
+liberal, gentle, loved and praised of all."[433]
+
+During the next few weeks prolonged conferences were held in the
+Emperor's rooms. King Max from the first flatly refused to consent to
+Philip's appointment as coadjutor with the King of the Romans, and
+the quarrel waxed hot between them. Night and day Arras went secretly
+to and fro with letters between Charles and Ferdinand. If the Queen
+of Hungary was seen leaving the King of the Romans with flushed face
+and flashing eyes, it was a sure sign that things were going badly
+for the Emperor. If Ferdinand and his sons wore a joyous air, and
+there were tokens of affection between them and Mary, Stroppiana and
+Marillac were satisfied that all was going well.[434] As for Philip
+and Max, it was easy to see that there was no love lost between them.
+They met occasionally at night in Charles's rooms and exchanged formal
+greetings, but never paid each other visits or attended Mass and took
+meals together. The rivalry between the two Princes became every day
+more marked.
+
+    "The King of Bohemia," writes Marillac, "is frank, gay, and
+    fearless, and is as much beloved by the Germans as Don Philip
+    is disliked. His Spanish education, haughty bearing, and
+    suspicious nature, all help to make him unpopular, although to
+    please his father he wears German clothes and tries to adopt
+    German customs, even with regard to drink, so that two or
+    three times he is said to have taken more than he could well
+    carry."[435]
+
+Nor was Philip more fortunate in his attempts to distinguish himself in
+the tilting. In the jousts held at Candlemas, Marillac reports that
+all jousted badly, but Philip worst of all, for he never broke a single
+lance; and Ascham remarks that the Prince of Spain "jousted genteelly,
+for he neither hurt himself, nor his horse and spear, nor him that he
+ran with." He redeemed his character to some extent, however, in a
+tournament given a week later in the Queen's honour, and succeeded in
+winning one prize; while the Prince of Orange and Archduke Ferdinand
+were the heroes of the day. "And as for noble Max, he ran not at
+all."[436]
+
+A few days afterwards the Diet was prorogued, and Stroppiana told
+Marillac that owing to Mary's influence a secret agreement had been
+framed, by which Philip was to have a share in the administration of
+imperial affairs, and that, when he succeeded his uncle as Emperor,
+Maximilian should become King of the Romans. On the 10th of March an
+agreement to this effect was drawn up by the Bishop of Arras, and
+signed by all four Princes. On the same day Mary gave a farewell
+banquet, after which Ferdinand took an affectionate farewell of his
+brother, and went to Vienna with his sons.
+
+    "Noble Max," wrote Ascham, "goes to meet the Turk. I pray God
+    he may give him an overthrow. He taketh with him the hearts,
+    good-will, and prayers, of rich and poor."[437]
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1551] THE EMPEROR DISAPPOINTED]
+
+On the 7th of April Mary left for Brussels, after giving an audience
+to Morosyne, who saw that "she was in the dumps," although she
+smiled two or three times and tried to hide her feelings.[438] By
+this time she had probably realized how fruitless all attempts to
+conciliate the German Princes would prove. The Electors unanimously
+declined to sanction the agreement which had been the cause of so many
+heart-burnings, and it remained a dead letter. The Archbishop of Treves
+declared that there could only be one Emperor in Germany and one sun in
+heaven. The Palatine, says Morosyne, like the wise old fox that he was,
+replied that so important a question needed time for consideration, and
+Joachim of Brandenburg vowed that he would never consent to a scheme
+which would be odious to all Germany.[439] Philip returned to Spain at
+the end of May, and the Emperor was reluctantly compelled to accept the
+inevitable, and surrender the long-cherished hope that his son would
+succeed to his vast empire.
+
+
+VI.
+
+While the eyes of all Europe were fixed on the imperial family at
+Augsburg, Christina waited anxiously for news in her palace at Nancy.
+She had sent two of her Italian secretaries, Innocenzo Gadio and
+Massimo del Pero, to wait on the Queen of Hungary, with strict orders
+to keep her informed of all that was happening. Gadio's cipher letters
+have unluckily disappeared, but some of those addressed to him by
+Niccolò Belloni have recently been discovered in a private library
+near Pavia.[440] Belloni belonged to a good Milanese family, and had,
+at his parents' entreaty, been retained by the Duchess in her service
+when she left Italy. He had succeeded Benedetto da Corte as master of
+her household, and followed Christina to Lorraine. Niccolò enjoyed his
+mistress's complete confidence, and his letters to Messer Innocenzo
+reveal all that was passing in her mind at this critical moment. On the
+2nd of January, 1551, he writes:
+
+  "HONOURED FRIEND,
+
+    "Madame's page arrived a few days ago with your letters,
+    which were most anxiously expected and gratefully read by Her
+    Excellency. The next morning she received those which came by
+    Heidelberg, and yesterday those which you sent by the Flemish
+    servant, which gave Her Excellency still greater pleasure. She
+    deciphered them herself, and read them over several times. You
+    will continue to write as before, and I will tell you all I
+    hear from other quarters. Do not fail to report every detail
+    of the difficulties which are delaying the negotiations, using
+    Madame's ordinary cipher for this purpose.... I send this
+    messenger by the post to seek for news, so do not keep him at
+    Augsburg more than a day, even if Monsignore d'Arras' letter
+    is not ready, as another courier will be sent in four or five
+    days. I have received Don Ferrante's letters, and should be
+    glad to know if my letters for Fanzoni and Trissino are gone
+    to Milan. Tell Signor Badoer [the Venetian Ambassador] that I
+    will not fail to satisfy his curiosity, but it will take some
+    time to obtain the desired information and will require great
+    caution.... Send me some fine writing-paper, please--very fine,
+    I repeat, because it is for Madame."
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1551] BELLONI'S LETTERS]
+
+Christina's Milanese servants evidently carried on a correspondence
+with their friends at home through the imperial messengers who were
+sent from Augsburg to the Viceroy, and the Princess of Macedonia
+constantly despatched packets to Milan and Mantua by the same channel,
+while the Duchess herself often wrote to Don Ferrante regarding the
+payment of her dowry and questions affecting the city of Tortona.
+A week later Christina sent a Lorraine gentleman, Monsieur de
+Saint-Hilaire, to convey her salutations to the King of Bohemia, on his
+arrival at Augsburg, and Belloni took this opportunity to beg Gadio to
+be diligent in reporting everything he heard, for Madame's benefit,
+assuring him that Her Excellency read his letters again and again,
+and believed implicitly in their contents. On the 12th of February he
+repeated the same orders:
+
+    "It would be well if you would write fuller particulars of the
+    great matter in hand, above all whatever you hear of the angry
+    disputes and quarrels which have arisen between the Prince and
+    the King of Bohemia, including all the bad language which they
+    use--in fact, everything that is said on the subject. It will
+    all be treated as strictly confidential, and I for my part know
+    that the King will not be governed by the Prince, and will use
+    rude and contemptuous words, as you may imagine! These are the
+    things that Her Highness wishes to learn from your letters....
+    I may possibly take a flight to the Court of France, so, if
+    you wish to write to me privately, address your letters to
+    the Princess of Macedonia, who will keep them safely for me,
+    especially if they come from Italy. Your letters of the 29th of
+    January and 3rd of this month have arrived, and are, as usual,
+    most welcome, and Her Excellency agrees with you that nothing
+    has really been arranged. Once the business for which you were
+    sent to Augsburg is settled, Her Excellency thinks you may as
+    well return, and be sure that you bring plenty of letters for
+    Her Excellency from all the world, and a whole waggon-load of
+    news! I am sorry to hear that your horse has hurt his foot and
+    you have had to sell him cheap. You must procure another, and
+    Madame will pay for it all. Only let us have the truth about
+    these negotiations!"
+
+But the Duchess changed her mind again, and Innocenzo was desired to
+stay at Augsburg as long as the Queen was there, even if the King and
+his sons had left, in order that she might hear all that her aunt had
+to tell of these important matters. Niccolò's last letter to Augsburg
+is dated the 13th of March, and contains a reminder to Gadio to bring
+the writing-paper for Madame, and to make inquiries about a new method
+of coining money at the Imperial Court, which had excited the Princess
+of Macedonia's curiosity.[441] The flight to the French Court which
+Niccolò meditated in March, 1551, was taken in the company of the Count
+of Vaudemont, who went to Blois to pay his respects to the King and
+Queen, and discover if there were any truth in the sinister report
+that Henry II. was planning the conquest of Lorraine. But he only met
+with civil speeches, and found the Court on the eve of a journey to
+Brittany, to meet the Dowager Queen of Scotland, who was coming over to
+see her child and visit her aged mother at Joinville. So the Count was
+able to allay his sister-in-law's alarms, and, instead of the dreaded
+threats of invasion, brought back a proposal from the King that her son
+should be affianced to one of his little daughters. The offer excited
+some surprise, considering the strained relations that existed between
+Henry II. and Charles V., but Christina returned a courteous reply,
+and promised to lay the matter before the States of Lorraine.[442] For
+the present she felt that she could breathe freely and give herself up
+unreservedly to the enjoyment of a visit which she was expecting from
+her sister Dorothea.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1551] THE PALATINE'S VISIT]
+
+Since the restoration of peace in Germany, the Elector Palatine had
+devoted his time and money to the improvement of his ancestral castle
+at Heidelberg. His natural love of building found expression in the
+noble Renaissance court, with the lovely oriel and grand Hall of
+Mirrors, where we may still read "Frau Dorothea's" name, and the arms
+of the Three Kingdoms by the side of the Palatine's lion and the badge
+of the Golden Fleece. But the passion for travel and adventure was
+still strong in the old Palsgrave's breast, and when the last stone
+had been placed on the lofty bell-tower he and his wife set out, with
+a great company of courtiers and ladies, for Lorraine. They sailed
+down the Rhine to Coblenz, and, taking horse, rode through Treves
+and Metz, where Christina met them, and the whole party proceeded to
+Pont-à-Mousson and the Count of Vaudemont's castle at Nomény. Here they
+attended the christening of the Countess's daughter, and Frederic stood
+sponsor, while his wife was proxy for the French Queen, after whom the
+child was named. After a week of festivities, the party went on to a
+hunt at Condé, the Duke's fair château in the forest on the banks of
+the Moselle, and killed five stags. Hubert, who accompanied his master
+and gives every detail of the journey, relates how the Palatine, tired
+with the day's sport, accepted a seat in the Duchess's chariot, and how
+his companion, Count Jacob von Busch, being a big man, weighed down the
+carriage on one side, much to the amusement of Dorothea, who laughed
+till the tears ran down her cheeks. But heavy rains had made the roads
+almost impassable, and presently the wheels caught in a rut and the
+chariot was upset. The ladies were covered with mud, and Dorothea's
+face was badly scratched; but she made light of the accident, and only
+laughed the more as, leaving the lumbering coach in the ditch, they
+mounted horses to ride to Nancy. At the gates of the city they were met
+by the young Duke Charles, a handsome boy of eight, who lifted his cap
+with charming grace, and, springing to the ground, embraced his uncle
+and aunt, and rode at their side, conversing in a way that amazed the
+Germans.
+
+    "We all wondered," writes Hubert, "at the beauty and wisdom of
+    the boy, who is indeed remarkably intelligent, and has been
+    trained by his lady mother in all knowledge and courtesy."[443]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1551] TOO LITTLE BEER]
+
+His sisters, Renée and Dorothea, received the guests at the palace
+gates, "both lovely little maidens," says Hubert, "only that the
+youngest is lame and cannot walk, for which cause her uncle and aunt
+embraced her the more tenderly." All the fatigues of the journey were
+forgotten in the delights of the week which the travellers spent at
+Nancy. The Duchess prepared a new pastime for each day, and masques,
+jousts, and dances, followed each other in gay succession. On the last
+day Christina took her guests to the beautiful grassy vale known as
+the Ochsenthal. It was a lovely May morning, and a banquet was served
+in a green bower on the banks of the stream. Suddenly a merry blast
+of bugles rang out, and, while huntsmen and dogs chased the deer,
+two parties of horse galloped up, and, charging each other, crossed
+swords and fired guns. "It might have been an invasion of the Moors!"
+exclaims Hubert, who enjoyed the surprise as much as anyone. At sunset
+the warriors returned to the palace, where the fairest maidens of the
+Duchess's Court crowned the victors with roses, and danced with them
+till morning. The next day Frederic and Dorothea made the Duchess and
+her children and servants handsome presents of gold chains and rings
+and brooches, and Christina, not to be outdone, gave Hubert a massive
+silver tankard, begging him to keep it in remembrance of her, and
+continue to serve the Palatine and her sister as well in the future as
+he had done in the past. After this we need not wonder at the glowing
+pages in which the honest secretary praises the delicacy of the viands,
+the choice flavour of the wines set before the guests, and the polished
+manners of the Court of Nancy.
+
+    "Indeed," he adds, "some of our Germans complained that
+    there was too little beer, because people here do not sit
+    up drinking all night, and go to bed like pigs, as we do at
+    Heidelberg."[444]
+
+The young Duke and his sisters accompanied the guests to Lunéville,
+where they spent Whitsuntide together and took their leave, the
+little ladies shedding many tears at parting from their aunt. Even
+then Christina could not tear herself from her sister, and the next
+day, as the Palatine and his wife were dining at one of the Duke's
+country-houses on their route, the Duchess suddenly appeared, riding up
+the hill. Hubert and his comrades ran out to welcome her, waving green
+boughs in their hands, and greeted her with ringing cheers, and they
+all sat down to a merry meal. Dorothea begged her sister to accompany
+her to Alsace; but the Duchess could not leave home, and the travellers
+pushed on that night to Strasburg, and on the 1st of June reached
+Heidelberg, where they were greeted by a gay peal of bells from the
+new-built tower. It was the last visit that either Frederic or his wife
+ever paid to Lorraine. When the sisters met again, Christina was an
+exile and a fugitive, and had lost son and home, together with all that
+she loved best on earth.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[375] Calmet, ii. 1276, iii. 47; Granvelle, "Papiers d'État," iii. 152.
+
+[376] Granvelle, iii. 159-163.
+
+[377] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, viii. 195; Granvelle, iii. 226.
+
+[378] Lanz, ii. 478-484.
+
+[379] State Papers, Record Office, Henry VIII., x. 490.
+
+[380] Granvelle, iii. 206-225.
+
+[381] Granvelle, iii. 235, 236.
+
+[382] Bouillé, i. 155; Pimodan, 88.
+
+[383] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 53, 60, iii. 102.
+
+[384] Calendar of State Papers, xxi. 592, 642; Calendar of Spanish
+State Papers, viii. 431.
+
+[385] Granvelle, iii. 237.
+
+[386] A. Hallays, 40.
+
+[387] Calmet, ii. 1276, 1281; Pfister, ii. 203.
+
+[388] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 156.
+
+[389] Calendar of State Papers, xxi. 2, 121; Balcarres Manuscripts, ii.
+87.
+
+[390] N. Ratti, "La Famiglia Sforza," ii. 86.
+
+[391] Brantôme, "Œuvres," xii. 114.
+
+[392] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, viii. 501.
+
+[393] Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 65; iii. 105, 114.
+
+[394] Calendar of State Papers, xxi. 2, 172, 187.
+
+[395] Brantôme, iii. 164.
+
+[396] Pimodan, 95; Bouillé, i. 160.
+
+[397] Hallays, "La Ville de Nancy," 22; C. Cournault, "Ligier-Richier,"
+34.
+
+[398] Gachard, ii. 338; L. Haüsser, i. 603; G. Voigt, "Albert von
+Brandenburg." i. 164.
+
+[399] Granvelle, iii. 265.
+
+[400] Gachard, "Voyages de Charles V.," ii. 350-355; R. Ascham,
+"Works," ii. 267; "Travail and Life of Sir T. Hoby," 7.
+
+[401] Bucholtz, vi. 298, 300.
+
+[402] Voigt, ii. 7.
+
+[403] Ascham, iii. 32; Voigt, i. 197.
+
+[404] Bulletins de la Commission d'Histoire, xii. 156; Calendar of
+State Papers, Edward VI., 17.
+
+[405] Gachard, ii. 357.
+
+[406] H. Lepage, "La Ville de Nancy," 44; Calendar of State Papers,
+Foreign, Edward VI., i. 16.
+
+[407] T. Hoby, "Memoirs," 6.
+
+[408] Calendar of State Papers, Edward VI., i. 25.
+
+[409] Granvelle, iii. 335.
+
+[410] Gachard, ii. 377.
+
+[411] A. de Ruble, "Le Mariage de Jeanne d'Albret," 243-246; Bouillé,
+204.
+
+[412] Brantôme, "Œuvres," xii. 115.
+
+[413] Schäfer, iv. 472; Bucholtz, vii. 572.
+
+[414] Granvelle, iii. 207.
+
+[415] Lodge, "Illustrations," i. 183; Calendar of the Manuscripts of
+the Marquis of Salisbury, i. 110; Voigt, i. 197.
+
+[416] Henne, viii. 373.
+
+[417] Gachard, "Retraite de Charles V.," i. 72; Manuscript 8,625, f.
+235, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
+
+[418] Gachard, ii. 389.
+
+[419] Maitland, "Miscellany," i. 219; A. de Ruble, "La Jeunesse de
+Marie Stuart," 104.
+
+[420] Pimodan, 367; Bouillé, 349; Bibliothèque Nationale, F.F. 20,467,
+f. 39; Gaignières Manuscripts, 349, f. 7.
+
+[421] Pimodan, 375; Bibliothèque Nationale, F.F. 20, 468, f. 9.
+
+[422] Bouillé, i. 227.
+
+[423] Calmet, ii. 1296, iii. 423; Granvelle, iii. 430.
+
+[424] Gachard, ii. 424; Bulletins de la Commission d'Histoire, série 2,
+xii. 189.
+
+[425] Guazzo, 730; Gachard, ii. 424.
+
+[426] Ascham, ii. 245-257.
+
+[427] _Ibid._, ii. 260.
+
+[428] Bucholtz, vi. 458.
+
+[429] Granvelle, i. 2-6, iii. 448, 451.
+
+[430] Bulletins, etc., série 2, xii. 188.
+
+[431] Lanz, iii. 11.
+
+[432] P. de Vaissière, "Vie de Charles de Marillac," 174, 178.
+
+[433] Ascham, ii. 268.
+
+[434] Bulletins, série 2, xii. 188.
+
+[435] Vaissière, 186-188.
+
+[436] Ascham, ii. 280; Gachard, ii. 853.
+
+[437] Ascham, ii. 278.
+
+[438] Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Edward VI., i. 85.
+
+[439] Bucholtz, vi. 467.
+
+[440] These extracts from manuscripts preserved in the Biblioteca of
+Zelada, near Pavia, are published by the kind permission of their
+owner, Count Antonio Cavagna-Sangiuliani.
+
+[441] Manuscript vii., Biblioteca di Zelada.
+
+[442] Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Edward VI., i. 79; Granvelle,
+iii. 522.
+
+[443] Hubertus Thomas, 464.
+
+[444] Hubertus Thomas, 467; L. Haüsser, i. 625.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK X
+
+THE FRENCH INVASION
+
+1551-1553
+
+
+I.
+
+Michaelmas Day, 1551, was memorable, both in France and Germany, for a
+snowstorm of extraordinary severity, followed by an alarming earthquake
+and violent tempest, omens, as it proved, of impending disasters.
+
+In this same month of September, Henry II. recalled his Ambassador from
+Augsburg. Ten days later he declared war. For some time past he had
+been supporting Ottavio Farnese, who was in open revolt against his
+father-in-law, and carrying on secret intrigues with Maurice of Saxony
+and the Protestant Electors. The Marquis Albert had never forgiven the
+Emperor for the affronts of which he imagined himself to be the victim,
+and, after vainly offering his sword to the English King and his hand
+to Princess Mary, he went to France as Maurice's emissary. Here he
+concluded a secret treaty, which was signed at Friedewald on the 5th
+of October by the German Princes, and ratified at Chambord by Henry
+II.[445]
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1551] INTRIGUES WITH FRANCE]
+
+Charles's affairs were in a critical state. The war of Parma was a
+heavy drain on his resources, and had swallowed up the gold of Mexico
+and the best Spanish soldiers, while Maurice's treachery had converted
+the strongest body of imperial _Landsknechten_ into foes.
+
+    "The Emperor doth little yet," wrote Roger Ascham from
+    Augsburg, "but the French be a great deal aforehand. He is wise
+    enough, but hath many irons in the fire, and everyone alone
+    to give him work enough, the Turk by land and sea, the French
+    sitting on his skirts, beside Magdeburg and the rest."[446]
+
+The discontent in Augsburg rose to the highest pitch when, one day
+in September, ten preachers were summarily banished. The imperial
+residence was besieged by crowds of furious women, clamouring to have
+their babes christened, and guards were doubled at every gate, while
+Charles sat within, enfeebled by gout and reluctant to face the coming
+peril.
+
+In vain Mary of Hungary warned him of Maurice and Albert's intrigues
+with France, and told him that his incredulity was like to cost him
+very dear, and that if he did not take care he would lose, not only
+Germany, but also the Netherlands, which were not the meanest feather
+in his cap. Both he and Arras refused to listen. Instead of following
+his sister's advice and remaining at Worms or Spires to control Germany
+and protect Lorraine, Charles lingered on at Augsburg after war was
+declared, and persisted in taking refuge at Innsbruck. After protracted
+delays, he at length left Augsburg on the 21st of October, dragging
+the reluctant Ambassadors in his train, and crossed "the cold Alps,
+already," sighed Ascham, "full of snow," to descend on Tyrol.[447]
+
+Meanwhile his niece was watching the course of events with increasing
+anxiety. All the French King's fine promises could not allay
+Christina's fears, as the autumn months went by, and the din of warlike
+preparations sounded louder in her ears. In her terror she clung to
+the Guises, hoping that their influence might save her son and his
+realm from ruin. On the 20th of July she went to Joinville to meet
+the Dowager Queen of Scotland and stand proxy for Queen Catherine
+at the christening of Francis of Guise's daughter, afterwards the
+notorious Duchess of Montpensier. When, in October, the young Duke
+of Longueville died suddenly, on the eve of his mother's departure,
+Christina once more went to condole with Antoinette on the loss of her
+"Benjamin."[448] Both she and Anne, who came to Nancy at her earnest
+request, were full of sympathy for the venerable Duchess in the trials
+that clouded her declining years. A fresh proof of Christina's anxiety
+to gratify her powerful relatives appears in a letter which she wrote
+to her uncle from Pont-à-Mousson on the 28th of October, begging him to
+grant a request of the Cardinal regarding the Abbey of Gorzes, which he
+had lately annexed to his vast possessions.
+
+    "I could not refuse this petition," she adds, "as my Lord
+    Cardinal is so near of kin to my children, and has always
+    treated me and my son with so much kindness and affection. And
+    I humbly beg Your Majesty to show him favour, in order that he
+    may see that I do all that is possible to please him and his
+    house."[449]
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1552] FRENCH INTRIGUES]
+
+As the year drew to its close, the insolence of the French increased,
+and their incursions and depredations were a perpetual source of
+annoyance to the people of Lorraine. At the same time their intrigues
+fomented discontent among the nobles, some of whom were annoyed at the
+appointment of Monsieur de Montbardon to be the young Duke's tutor.
+This French Baron had originally followed the Constable of Bourbon into
+exile, and, after being for many years in the Emperor's service, had by
+his wish accompanied Christina to Lorraine. And both the Regents had
+good reason to doubt the loyalty of one of the Lorraine magnates, Jean
+de Salm, a son of the late Marshal, commonly known as the Rhinegrave,
+who had lately received the Order of St. Michel from Henry II. All
+Christina could do in this critical state of affairs was to keep Mary
+of Hungary and the Emperor fully informed of current events.
+
+On the 7th of January the Sieur de Tassigny, an agent whom the Queen
+had sent to Nancy, received a command from a Court page to come to the
+Duchess's rooms that night, in order that she might tell him certain
+things which she dared not write. Tassigny obeyed the summons, and had
+a long talk with Christina in the privacy of her own chamber. She told
+him that the French were assembling in great force on the frontier,
+and that Lorraine would be the first country to be attacked. And she
+further informed him that certain great personages in Germany, the
+Marquis Albert, Duke Maurice, and others, were in secret communication
+with the King, and were about to take up arms against the Emperor,
+and join the French when they crossed the Rhine. The Rhinegrave had
+been often seen going to and fro in disguise between the King and
+Duke Maurice. Moreover, a German had lately told the Duchess that he
+had been at table with the Elector the day before, and had heard him
+vow that he would release his father-in-law, the captive Landgrave
+of Hesse, were he at the Emperor's own side! When another guest
+warned Duke Maurice to be more careful, lest his rash words should be
+repeated, he replied defiantly: "What I say here is meant for all the
+world to hear."
+
+This confidential conversation was faithfully reported to Mary of
+Hungary by Tassigny, who concluded his letter with the following words:
+
+    "_En somme_, Madame complains that she is in a terrible
+    position, seeing that Lorraine will be entirely at the mercy of
+    the French, and that there is not a single person in whom she
+    can trust and who is loyal to His Imperial Majesty, excepting
+    Monsieur de Bassompierre, her chief Councillor, and Monsieur
+    de Vaudemont, who is quite alienated from France, and entirely
+    devoted to the Emperor, saying that it is impossible to serve
+    two masters."[450]
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1552] LE VOYAGE D'AUSTRASIE]
+
+By Christina's wish, Tassigny went on to Nomény the next day, and had a
+long interview with Vaudemont, who assured him that every word spoken
+by Her Excellency was true, that at Candlemas there would be a great
+revolt in Germany, and that the French King meant to seize the three
+bishoprics--Toul, Verdun, and Metz. The only way to prevent this would
+be for the Emperor to place strong garrisons in these cities, and thus
+defeat his enemies' plans. The Count's information, as time showed, was
+perfectly accurate, and, in spite of all that has been alleged to the
+contrary, he was probably loyal to the Duchess, who never doubted his
+honesty, and to whom he seems to have been sincerely attached. But he
+was timid and vacillating, and lacked courage and firmness to face the
+crisis when it came.
+
+Mary, to whom Christina turned in this extremity, was powerless to
+help. Every available man was needed to defend the Low Countries, and
+she could only advise her niece to claim the protection of the Empire
+for her son's State, and, if Lorraine were actually invaded, retire
+with her children to the Palatinate. Even Charles began to wake up from
+his lethargy, and to realize too late that Mary had been right all the
+time. At Christmas Stroppiana wrote from Innsbruck:
+
+    "We begin to suspect the existence of a plot against the
+    Emperor, hidden under the cloak of a military revolt. Maurice
+    is not a stranger to this conspiracy, and Albert has let his
+    soldiers loose and is ravaging Germany."[451]
+
+A few weeks later Christina's secretary, who kept Arras informed of all
+that was happening in Lorraine, sent the Emperor a message to say that
+the King was collecting his forces at Châlons, and that Maurice was
+marching on Augsburg at the head of his _Landsknechten_, although no
+one knew whether he meant to fight for the King or the Emperor.[452]
+
+On the 5th of February Henry issued a manifesto, stamped with the cap
+of liberty, proclaiming himself the protector of the Germans and their
+deliverer from the Emperor's yoke, and, after solemnly invoking St.
+Denis's help, set out for Reims with the Queen and Dauphin. The gilded
+youth of France all flocked to the camp at Châlons, eager to start on
+the _voyage d'Austrasie_, as the expedition was termed by these gay
+spirits, and drive Charles of Austria out of Germany. The Constable was
+appointed to the chief command, Aumale was made Captain of the horse,
+and the Rhinegrave Colonel of the German infantry.
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1552] HENRY II. AT JOINVILLE]
+
+As soon as the news reached Nancy, the Duchess sent Bassompierre to
+Brussels, and told the Queen that terror reigned everywhere, although
+it was doubtful if Henry would march on Germany or turn aside to invade
+Lorraine. The alarm which filled the hearts of these two defenceless
+women is reflected in the letters which Anne and Christina wrote during
+these anxious days. The wildest rumours were abroad, and death and
+ruin seemed to be staring them in the face. Bassompierre soon returned
+with a letter from Mary, thanking Anne for her valuable information,
+and begging her not to desert the sorely-tried Duchess at this crisis.
+Since Madame was good enough to honour her with her commands, Anne
+asked nothing better than to obey. She wrote daily to Brussels,
+giving minute details of the King's advance. On the 15th of March
+he left Reims, and reached Joinville on the 22nd. From here he sent
+Commissioners to Nancy to inform the Duchess that her towns would not
+be attacked, and that there was no need to fortify them. The Regents
+only raised a sufficient body of men under the Governor of Nancy, Baron
+d'Haussonville, to protect the Duke's person. Following her aunt's
+advice, Christina sent one of her secretaries to Innsbruck to ask the
+Emperor for assistance; but Charles could only lament his inability to
+come to her help, and advise her to ask the French King to respect the
+neutrality of Lorraine. This was her only hope, and, encouraged by the
+Cardinal of Guise, she and Anne went to Joinville on the 1st of April,
+and sought an audience from the King.[453]
+
+Here they were received in the kindest manner by the old Duchess, and
+conducted into Henry's presence by the Constable. The King received
+them courteously, and conversed some time with them in a friendly
+manner. Christina begged him to take her son under his protection, and
+reminded him that his grandmother, Renée de Bourbon, was a Princess
+of the blood royal; then, gathering courage, she told him that she
+had been accused of designs against him by slanderous tongues, and
+asked nothing better than to show that she was absolutely innocent of
+these charges. "So great a lady," remarked the Sieur de Rabutin, who
+witnessed the interview, "must have been very reluctant to plead so
+humbly, and I doubt if she would ever have taken a step so contrary
+to her natural inclination if her uncle had been able to give her
+help."[454] The King listened civilly, and replied that he bore her
+no ill-will whatsoever, but was obliged to secure the frontier and
+protect himself from danger on the side of Lorraine. As for her son,
+he cherished the most friendly feelings for him, and was anxious to
+see him affianced to his own daughter, if the Duchess were agreeable.
+This kind language and the affection shown her by the Cardinal and his
+mother relieved Christina's worst fears. She begged the King to do her
+the honour of staying under her roof if he came in that direction, and
+returned to Nancy with the Constable, who escorted the two Duchesses
+home, in the most amiable fashion, and then went on to take possession
+of Toul.
+
+On her return, Christina wrote the following letter to the Emperor:
+
+  "MONSEIGNEUR,
+
+    "I have been to Joinville in accordance with Your Majesty's
+    advice, and have sent full particulars of my interview with the
+    King to Monsieur d'Arras. I beg you, Monseigneur, to give me
+    your commands as to my future conduct, as my only wish is to
+    obey Your Majesty to the end of my life.
+
+  "Your very humble and very obedient niece,
+                                                   "CHRESTIENNE.
+  "From Nancy. April 5, 1552."[455]
+
+A few days of anxious suspense followed. The French Queen fell ill of
+quinsy, and was in danger of her life. Solemn prayers and litanies were
+chanted for her recovery in all the churches, and Diane of Poitiers
+hastened to Joinville, where she found the King "playing the good
+husband at his wife's bedside."[456] But by Palm Sunday Catherine
+recovered sufficiently for Henry to leave her in the charge of Duchess
+Antoinette and continue his march. On Monday, the 11th of April, he
+joined the Constable before Toul, which opened its gates the next day.
+On the 13th the King left the bulk of the army to go on to Metz with
+the Constable, and, taking the household cavalry and a few companies of
+men-at-arms under the Duke of Guise, turned his steps towards Nancy.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1552] THE FRENCH AT NANCY]
+
+Eastertide, 1552, was a sad and memorable epoch in the annals of
+Lorraine. At two o'clock on Maundy Thursday, Henry II. entered Nancy
+at the head of his troops, with trumpets blowing and banners flying.
+For the first time in the last hundred years, foreign soldiers were
+seen within the walls of Nancy. The Cardinal and the Duke of Guise
+rode on before, to inform the Duchess of the King's coming and see
+that due arrangements were made for his reception. Christina nerved
+herself for a final effort, and with splendid courage prepared to
+welcome the enemy of her race within her palace gates. Salutes were
+fired from the bastions as the King entered the town, and the young
+Duke rode out to meet him at the head of the nobles and magistrates,
+and escorted him to the church of St. Georges. Here Henry alighted, and
+the citizens held a canopy of state over him as he entered the ancient
+shrine of the Lorraine Princes, and, after kissing the relics of the
+saints on the altar steps, prayed by the tomb of King René. Then the
+young Duke led him through the stately portal, under his grandfather's
+equestrian statue, to the hall where his mother was waiting to receive
+her royal guest, with the Duchess of Aerschot and the young Princesses.
+Henry, the Duke of Guise, the Cardinal, the Marshal St. André, and
+200 gentlemen of the royal household, were sumptuously lodged in the
+ducal palace, while the troops were quartered in the town, and French
+guards were stationed at the gates, not without a protest from Baron
+d'Haussonville.[457]
+
+That evening the Duchess entertained her guests at a magnificent
+banquet in the Galerie des Cerfs, and the brilliantly-lighted hall,
+with its vaulted fretwork of blue and gold, frescoed walls, and rich
+tapestries, excited the admiration of all the French.
+
+François de Rabutin, the young Captain in Monsieur de Nevers's corps
+of archers, walked through the streets of the "fine, strong little
+town," lost in wonder at the splendour of the palace, the prosperity
+of the citizens, and their affection for the ducal family. More than
+all he was struck by the young Duke himself, who appeared to him "the
+handsomest and cleverest boy in the world," and who evidently made the
+same impression on the King. Henry paid the Duchess many compliments on
+her son's good looks and intelligence, and expressed so much pleasure
+at his reception that her worst alarms were allayed. Late in the
+same evening she wrote a letter to her aunt, telling her of the kind
+expressions used by His Majesty, and of her hopes that all might yet be
+well. But a rude awakening was in store for her. Early on Good Friday
+morning Vaudemont appeared at the door of her room with consternation
+written on his face. The King had sent him to inform the Duchess that
+her son was to leave Nancy the next day for Bar, in charge of one
+of the King's captains, while she was deprived of all share in the
+government, which was henceforth to be administered by Vaudemont as
+sole Regent. On receiving this unexpected message, Christina hastily
+summoned as many members of the Council as could be brought together,
+and with their help and her brother-in-law's support, drew up a protest
+couched in respectful and dignified language, reminding the King of the
+terms of the late Duke's will, and of her own rights both as mother and
+Regent. Henry's only reply to this appeal was to send the Duchess a
+copy of the agreement to which she was expected to conform. It was as
+follows:
+
+[Illustration: PALAIS DUCAL, NANCY (1627)
+
+_To face p. 364_]
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1552] CHRISTINA'S DISTRESS]
+
+    "The Duke is to start to-morrow for Bar before the King leaves
+    Nancy. His mother may accompany him, or go elsewhere, if
+    she prefers. She may retain the administration of her son's
+    property, but will no longer have any authority over the
+    fortresses in Lorraine. All subjects of the Emperor who hold
+    any office in the government or in the Duke's household are
+    commanded to leave Lorraine without delay. A French garrison
+    of 600 men will be left in Nancy under Monsieur de Thou, but
+    Monsieur de Vaudemont will remain Governor of the city, and
+    take an oath to observe the conditions laid down by the King. A
+    French garrison of 300 men will also be placed in Stenay under
+    the Sieur de Parroy."[458]
+
+These hard conditions filled Christina with dismay. She begged the
+Cardinal to defend her rights, but he could only advise her to submit
+to the inevitable. Both he and Francis of Guise have often been blamed
+for not opposing Henry II.'s arbitrary proceedings, but there seems
+little doubt that the King originally intended to reduce Lorraine from
+the rank of an independent State to that of a fief of the Crown, and
+that it was only the opposition of the Guises which saved the duchy
+from this fate. In her despair Christina made a last attempt to soften
+the King's heart. Clad in her black robes and flowing white veil, she
+entered the Galerie des Cerfs, where Henry and his courtiers were
+assembled, and, throwing herself on her knees at the King's feet,
+implored him, for the love of Christ who died on the cross that day, to
+have pity upon an unhappy mother. The sight of her distress, and the
+touching words in which she begged the King to take everything else,
+but allow her to keep her son, moved all hearts, and there was not a
+dry eye in the whole assembly. Even Henry was filled with compassion,
+and, raising the Duchess from her knees, he assured her that he only
+wished to confirm the friendship between the two houses. Far from
+intending any harm to the young Duke, he proposed to bring him up with
+his children, and to treat him as if he were his own son, but Lorraine
+was too near the frontiers of Germany, and too much exposed to attacks
+from his enemies, for him to be able to leave the boy there. With these
+consoling words, he took the weeping Duchess by the hand and led her
+to the doors of the gallery, but, as Anne afterwards told the Queen of
+Hungary, the King vouchsafed no reply to her sister's entreaty that
+she might not be deprived of her boy, and Christina's prayer remained
+unanswered.[459]
+
+Early the next morning Vaudemont and the Councillors renewed their
+oaths of allegiance to Duke Charles III., after which the young Prince
+left Nancy in charge of the French captain Bourdillon and an escort
+of fifty men-at-arms. The parting between the Duchess and her son was
+heartrending. The poor mother gave way to passionate tears, in which
+she was joined not only by Vaudemont and Anne, but by all the nobles
+and people who had assembled at the palace gates to see the last of
+their beloved Duke. Nothing but the sound of weeping and lamentation
+was to be heard, and Rabutin, with all his hatred of the House of
+Austria, was filled with compassion at the sight of the Duchess's grief.
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1552] CAPTURE OF THE YOUNG DUKE]
+
+On Easter Day Christina wrote the following letter to her aunt,
+enclosing a copy of the articles drawn up by the French King:
+
+  "MADAME,
+
+    "The extreme grief and distress which the King's violence has
+    caused me prevents me from writing to you as fully as the
+    occasion requires; but I must tell you what has happened since
+    my last letter, in which I told you of the King's arrival.
+    Now, in reward for the good cheer which I made him, he has
+    carried off my son by force, with a violence which could not
+    have been greater if I had been a slave. Not content with
+    this, he has deprived me of the chief part of my authority,
+    so that I can hardly remain here with honour and reputation,
+    and, what is worse, I shall no longer have the power of doing
+    Your Majesty service, which is one of my greatest regrets.
+    Have pity, Madame, on a poor mother, whose son has been torn
+    from her arms, as you will see more fully by this copy of the
+    King's final resolutions, which he has sent me in writing.
+    These have been carried out in every particular. Before he
+    left, my brother, Monsieur de Vaudemont, and all the members of
+    the Council, except myself, were made to take an oath, pledging
+    themselves to defend the strong places in this land against
+    all his enemies, and to open their gates to him whenever
+    required. The same oath was taken by the garrison who are to
+    guard this town, and I was asked to give up the keys of the
+    postern gate. So that I, who was first here, and could once
+    serve Your Majesty, am now deprived of all power, and am little
+    better than a slave. I foresee that I shall soon be stripped of
+    everything, in spite of the treaties and agreements formerly
+    made between Your Majesties and this State. This ill-treatment
+    and the evident wish shown by the French that I should leave
+    this house have made me decide to retire to Blamont, where I
+    will await Your Majesty's advice as to my future action.... I
+    must warn Your Majesty, with regard to Stenay, that the new
+    Captain, Sieur du Parroy, although of Lorraine birth, belongs
+    to the King's household, and is devoted to French interests, as
+    is also the second in command. Madame, I have written all this
+    to the Emperor, but he is so far away and in so remote a place
+    that I felt I must also tell Your Majesty what had happened
+    here, begging her humbly to let me know her good pleasure.
+
+  "Your humble and obedient niece,
+                         "CHRESTIENNE.
+
+    "Nancy, April 17, 1552."[460]
+
+The letter which Anne addressed to the Queen the next day is still more
+graphic in the details it supplies:
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1552] THE DUKE AT JOINVILLE]
+
+    "I cannot help writing to inform you, Madame, of the utter
+    desolation and misery to which my poor sister is reduced owing
+    to the great rudeness and cruelty with which she was treated
+    by the King of France on Good Friday. He came here under
+    pretence of good faith and true friendship, as he had lately
+    given us to understand. On his arrival he was received with all
+    possible honour and entertained in the most hospitable manner.
+    On Good Friday he told Madame that, in order to satisfy the
+    conditions of his league with the Germans, he must secure all
+    the fortified posts in Lorraine, as well as the Duke's person,
+    and with this end must take him to Bar. In order to prevent
+    this, Madame, Monsieur de Vaudemont and I, with all the members
+    of the Council, drew up a remonstrance couched in the most
+    humble terms, to which he only replied by sending us a written
+    copy of his resolutions. Upon this my sister went to find him
+    in the Grande Galerie, and begged him humbly, even going as far
+    as to fall on her knees to implore him, for the love of God,
+    not to take her son away from her. He made no reply, and, to
+    make an end of the story, Madame, on Easter Eve they took the
+    boy, escorted by a band of armed men, in charge of the Sieur de
+    Bourdillon and the Maréchal de St. André, who did not leave his
+    side until he had seen him well out of the town. It was indeed
+    a piteous thing to see his poor mother, Monsieur de Vaudemont,
+    and all the nobles and this poor people, in tears and
+    lamentation at his departure. Madame, Your Majesty can imagine
+    the terrible grief of my poor sister at this outrage, and will
+    understand that her sorrow at losing her son is still so great
+    that I have been obliged to abandon my intention of returning
+    home, and feel that I cannot leave her. The King allows her
+    to keep the charge of her daughters and the administration of
+    her children's estates, excepting in the case of the fortified
+    towns, which remain in the hands of Monsieur de Vaudemont....
+    And since, Madame, I am still as ever very anxious to do Your
+    Majesty service, I beg you to lay your commands upon me, and
+    they will be obeyed by one who is the most affectionate servant
+    that Your Majesty will ever have.
+
+                                              "ANNE DE LORRAINE.
+
+  "From Nancy, the day after Easter,
+            April 18."[461]
+
+
+In a postscript Anne further informed Mary that her sister had just
+received a letter from the King, telling her that, hearing an attempt
+would be made to carry off the young Duke, he had ordered Bourdillon
+to take him to join the Queen at Joinville. Henry's letter was written
+from Pont-à-Mousson, where he spent Easter Day, after sleeping at the
+Duke's country-house at Condé on Saturday:
+
+  "MY SISTER,
+
+    "After leaving you I received warnings from several quarters
+    that the Burgundians were going to make an attempt to surprise
+    Bar and carry off my cousin, the Duke of Lorraine; and as I am
+    anxious to prevent this, I ordered Monsieur de Bourdillon to
+    take him straight to Joinville, which is sufficiently remote to
+    escape this danger, and where both you and he would be quite at
+    home in his own family. And you will find good company there
+    and be given the best of cheer, just as if I were there myself.
+    I hope, my sister, that this may be agreeable to you, and that
+    you will believe that my anxiety for his person is the reason
+    why I wish to avoid any risk of injury, which would be a cause
+    of grave displeasure to those who love him, as you and I do.
+    Farewell, my sister, and may God have you in His holy keeping.
+
+                                            "Your good brother,
+                                                         "HENRY.
+
+  "Written at Pont-à-Mousson,
+        April 17, 1552."[462]
+
+
+The tone of the letter was kind. Henry had evidently been touched by
+Christina's distress, and tried to soften the blow. Fortunately, the
+little Duke himself was too young to realize the meaning of these
+startling events. The ride to Joinville and the welcome which he
+received from the kind old Duchess amused him, but at bedtime he missed
+the familiar faces, and asked for his mother and tutor, Monsieur de
+Montbardon. When he was told that they had stayed at Nancy, the poor
+child burst into incontrollable sobs, and refused to be comforted.[463]
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1552] CHRISTINA AT DENŒUVRE]
+
+The invasion of Lorraine and the harsh treatment which the Duchess
+suffered at the French King's hands were keenly resented by her
+imperial relatives. Mary wrote indignantly to Charles at Innsbruck,
+complaining justly of Henry's violation of the neutrality of Lorraine
+and of the young Duke's[464] capture. To Christina herself she
+expressed her anger at the King's wicked act, at the same time advising
+her to bow to the storm and retire to Blamont for the present. This
+the Duchess did three days after her son's departure, taking the two
+Princesses as well as her faithful sister-in-law. Anne's pen was never
+idle, and on the following Sunday--that of _Pâques-fleuries_--she sent
+the Queen a list of all the Princes who were members of the League. But
+they had not been many days at Blamont, when their peace was disturbed
+by the arrival of the French King and the Constable, who, after
+taking possession of Metz, marched through the Vosges on their way to
+Strasburg, and took up their quarters in the castle. The Duchesses
+left hurriedly to avoid another meeting with the King, and moved to
+Denœuvre, where they remained during the next three months. But the
+strain of recent events had been too much for Christina's strength; she
+became seriously ill, and her condition was a grave cause of anxiety to
+Anne and her ladies.
+
+Count Stroppiana, who heard the details of the French invasion from
+Belloni's own lips at Innsbruck, wrote the following account of the
+Duchess's wrongs to his master, the Duke of Savoy:
+
+    "The King of France, we hear, has occupied Lorraine, and sent
+    the young Duke to Châlons, guarded by 100 men-at-arms, contrary
+    to the promises which he made to the Duchess his mother. She
+    threw herself at his feet, imploring him not to rob her of her
+    son, her only joy and consolation, without whom she could not
+    bear to live, with many other words which would have moved the
+    hardest heart to pity. The King would not listen, and repulsed
+    her with many rough words, forbidding any of the Emperor's
+    subjects to remain in her service on pain of death. He has
+    deprived her of the Regency, and relegated her to a remote
+    country place, where she does nothing but weep and lament,
+    and will certainly die before long, if her great sorrow is
+    not comforted, as she has been ill for some time past. The
+    poor little Duke is said to be ill, too. When he reached the
+    first stage of his journey, he asked for his mother and tutor,
+    and, when he did not see them, wept so bitterly that it was
+    impossible to comfort him."[465]
+
+The boy's tears were soon dried, and he recovered his spirits in the
+charge of the Duke of Longueville's old tutor, Jean de la Brousse,
+and the companionship of the royal children. His mother remained long
+inconsolable for his loss, but the affection of her son's subjects
+was her best solace. So earnest were their entreaties that she should
+remain among them that she declined her aunt's urgent invitation to
+take refuge in Flanders, and decided to stay at Denœuvre. On the 31st
+of May she wrote as follows to inform the Emperor of her intention:
+
+  "MONSEIGNEUR,
+
+    "At the prayer of my brother Monsieur de Vaudemont, and my
+    sister the Duchess of Aerschot, and the earnest desire of my
+    good people, I have been bold enough to remain here, although
+    Your Majesty had sent me orders to join the Queens. I trust you
+    will not take this in bad part, but will understand that I have
+    only done this at the urgent prayer of my brother and sister,
+    and not out of disrespect to your command, since my sole desire
+    is to obey you all my life, and I beg you to believe this and
+    remember my son and his poor country.
+
+                              "Your humble niece and servant,
+                                                   "CHRESTIENNE.
+
+  "From Denœuvre, May 31, 1552."[466]
+
+[Sidenote: JULY, 1552] CHRISTINA BANISHED]
+
+This letter found the Emperor at the lowest depth of his fortunes. On
+the 19th of May he was carried in his litter by torchlight over the
+Brenner in torrents of driving rain, and hardly paused till he arrived
+at Villach in Carinthia. A few hours after he left Innsbruck, Maurice
+and his troopers entered the town, plundered the Emperor's quarters,
+and robbed the baggage which had been forgotten in his hasty departure.
+The victor might easily have captured the fugitive Emperor, but, as
+Maurice said himself, he had no cage for so fine a bird.
+
+The tide, however, was already turning. Strasburg closed her gates
+against the French invaders, and early in May an Imperial army attacked
+Champagne and sent Queen Catherine flying in terror from Reims. Alarmed
+by these reports, Henry beat a hasty retreat, and contented himself
+with the empty boast that he had watered his horses in the Rhine. The
+seat of the war was now transferred to Luxembourg, and Lorraine was
+once more harassed by the outposts of the two contending armies. From
+their safe retreat at Denœuvre, Christina and Anne watched the course
+of the campaign anxiously, and kept up a constant correspondence with
+Mary of Hungary. The bold measure of placing an Imperialist garrison
+in Nancy was now proposed by the Duchess, and gladly accepted by her
+uncle, who realized the advantages of the scheme, and wrote that
+Lorraine might well be occupied, on the ground of the Duke's detention,
+and would be restored to him as soon as he was released.[467] Early in
+July, Christina's trusted servant, Bassompierre, the Bailiff of the
+Vosges, arrived at Denœuvre with a message from Vaudemont, promising to
+admit the Imperialist force within the gates of Nancy on condition that
+the occupation was only temporary. The Duchess promptly sent a lackey
+to Flanders with a cipher letter to inform the Queen of his consent.
+But, as ill-luck would have it, the servant fell into the hands of
+the French, who were besieging Luxembourg, and he was brought before
+the King and forced to confess the object of his errand. Henry was
+furious at discovering the plot, and sent a gentleman of his household,
+Monsieur de Rostain, to Denœuvre, with a letter to the Duchess,
+saying that he feared her attachment to the Emperor was greater than
+her maternal love, and desired her to leave Lorraine without delay.
+Christina sent one of her gentlemen, Monsieur de Doulans, back with
+Rostain to protest against this order, saying that, after robbing her
+of her son and depriving her of the Regency, the King would surely not
+be so cruel as to drive her out of her own dower-house, especially as
+Denœuvre was a fief of the Empire. But these passionate appeals availed
+her little. A week later Henry sent another gentleman, Monsieur de
+Fontaine, to order the Duchess to leave Denœuvre immediately, if she
+did not wish to feel the full weight of his displeasure. This time
+the messenger had orders not to return to the King's presence until
+he had seen the Duchess across the frontier. So with a heavy heart
+the two Princesses left the land of Lorraine, where they were both so
+fondly beloved, and took refuge in Alsace. Belloni, who sent the Queen
+an account of his mistress's latest troubles in his clear Italian
+handwriting, was desired to tell her aunt that the Duchess had many
+more things of importance to say, but must wait for a more convenient
+season. Only one thing she must add, and this was that through all
+Monsieur de Vaudemont had remained perfectly true and loyal to her,
+although he was compelled by his office to conform outwardly to the
+French King's tyranny.[468]
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1552] BELLONI'S END]
+
+On receiving this bad news, Mary sent to beg her niece to come to
+Flanders without delay, promising the Duchess a home for herself and
+her little daughters. Unfortunately, as Christina found, this was no
+easy task. Not only was the whole countryside in peril of daily attacks
+from the French, but the Marquis Albert had descended like a whirlwind
+from the Suabian hills, and was spreading terror and destruction along
+the banks of the Rhine. The next letter which she addressed to her aunt
+from the imperial city of Schlettstadt, where she had sought refuge,
+gives vent to these alarms:
+
+  "MADAME,
+
+    "I received the kind and loving letter which Your Majesty was
+    so good as to send me on the 6th of August. It came at the
+    right moment, for I can assure you that I was sorely troubled,
+    but Your Majesty's kindness in saying that I shall be welcome
+    has done me so much good that I feel I do not know how to
+    thank you enough, and am only sorry I cannot set out at once.
+    For the roads are very dangerous, above all for children....
+    Your Majesty will understand how distressed I shall be until
+    I can find some way of coming to you, and certainly one year
+    will seem to me a hundred, until I am with Your Majesty once
+    more."[469]
+
+This grateful letter was written from Schlettstadt on the 22nd of
+August, and sent to Brussels by Niccolò Belloni, the only messenger
+whom Christina felt that she could trust. But fresh trouble awaited
+her in this direction. Belloni reached Flanders safely, and came back
+to Lorraine with letters to the Count and Countess of Vaudemont, but
+disappeared in some mysterious manner two days after he reached
+Nancy. It seems doubtful whether he died of the plague, as Massimo
+del Pero wrote to his friend Innocenzo Gadio, or whether he fell into
+some ambush and was slain by the enemy's hand. The loss was a great
+one to the Duchess, whom he had served so faithfully and well for the
+past sixteen years, and the honest Milanese was lamented by all his
+colleagues. Innocenzo Gadio, sent the sad news to the Princess of
+Macedonia's daughter, Dejanira, the wife of Count Gaspare Trivulzio,
+who had formerly received Christina in his castle at Codogno. The
+Countess expressed her sympathy with her dearest Messer Innocenzo in
+the warmest terms.
+
+    "I am sure," she wrote, "that the death of so beloved a friend
+    will cause my mother the greatest sorrow. When you return to
+    Lorraine," she adds, "please kiss Her Excellency's hands for
+    me, and tell her that the sufferings which she has undergone
+    in those parts grieve me to the bottom of my soul; and tell
+    her too that we, her servants in this country, shall always be
+    ready to risk our lives and all that we have in her service."
+
+                                  "DEJANIRA, CONTESSA TRIVULZIO.
+
+  "From Codogno, September 29, 1552."[470]
+
+
+There were still faithful hearts in this far-off land who never forgot
+the Duchess whom they had known in early youth, and who followed her
+fortunes with tender sympathy and affection.
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1552] AT HOH-KÖNIGSBERG]
+
+But now help came to the sorely-tried Princess from an unexpected
+quarter. The Marquis Albert had haughtily declined to take any part in
+the conference that was being held at Passau between King Ferdinand
+and Maurice of Saxony, or to be included in the treaty which was
+signed between the Emperor and the Elector on the 15th of August.
+Instead of laying down his arms, he chose to continue his reckless
+course, and marched through the Rhineland plundering towns and burning
+villages, "making war," wrote an eyewitness, "as if he were the devil
+himself."[471] But when he reached Treves he heard of the Duchess's
+expulsion from Lorraine and her distressed condition, and, with a touch
+of the old chivalry that made him dear to women, he promptly sent to
+offer her shelter in his castle of Hoh-Königsberg, the strongest and
+finest citadel in the Vosges. Christina accepted the offer gratefully,
+and during the next few weeks the red sandstone fortress which still
+crowns the heights above Schlettstadt became her abode. She was there
+still when the Emperor made his way from Augsburg to the banks of the
+Rhine, at the head of a formidable army.
+
+On the 7th of September he entered Strasburg; on the 15th he crossed
+the river and encamped at Landau. A week before he sent one of his
+bravest Burgundian captains, Ferry de Carondelet, to visit her at
+Hoh-Königsberg and invite her to visit him in the camp.[472] Christina
+obeyed the summons joyfully, and a few days after the Emperor reached
+Landau she and Anne of Aerschot made their way by the Rhine to the
+imperial camp. The Prince of Piedmont rode out to meet them, and
+Anne's kinsfolk, Egmont and d'Aremberg joined with Emanuel Philibert
+and Ferrante Gonzaga in welcoming the distressed ladies and condoling
+with them on the terrors and hardships which they had undergone. Only
+one thing grieved Christina. The Emperor firmly refused to admit her
+trusted Councillor, Bassompierre, into his presence, being convinced
+that he had betrayed his mistress and played into the French King's
+hands. Nothing that she could say altered his opinion in this respect,
+and she thought it wiser to send the Bailiff to Nancy, where he was
+able to watch over her interests and send reports to the Queen of
+Hungary.[473]
+
+Charles was suffering from gout and fever, and Christina was shocked
+to see his altered appearance. The fatigues and anxieties of the last
+few months had left their mark upon him. His face was pale and worn,
+his hands thin and bloodless, and he spoke with difficulty owing to
+the soreness of his mouth and the leaf which he kept between his lips
+to relieve their dryness. Only his eyes kept the old fire, and no one
+could divine the thoughts which lay hidden under the mask-like face.
+As Morosyne wrote after an interview which he had with the Emperor
+about this time: "He maketh me think of Solomon's saying: 'Heaven is
+high, the earth is deep, and a king's heart is unsearchable.'"[474]
+But he was full of kindness for Christina, telling her that she and
+her children would always find a home at Brussels. Since, however, her
+cousin of Guise had entrenched himself in Metz and the country round
+was swarming with soldiery, he advised her to remain at Heidelberg for
+the present.
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1552] CHARLES. V. AND ALBERT]
+
+The Duchess obeyed this advice and retired to her brother-in-law's
+Court. The Palatine was growing old, his beard had turned white and
+his strength began to fail, but his influence was as great as ever in
+Germany. Morosyne, who met him at Spires, pronounced him to be the
+wisest and best of all the Electors, and was touched by the affection
+with which he spoke of the late King Henry VIII., declaring that his
+shirt never lay so near his skin as King Edward's noble father lay near
+his heart. The Ambassador's secretary, Roger Ascham, made friends with
+Hubert, who sent him long dissertations on the pronunciation of Greek,
+and invited him to Heidelberg. Now Frederic and his wife welcomed the
+Duchess and her children with their wonted hospitality, and insisted on
+keeping them until the end of the year; but Christina's heart was with
+her poor subjects, who suffered severely from the ravages of the war.
+From Nancy, Bassompierre sent word that the Marquis Albert had suddenly
+deserted his French allies, and had captured Aumale and carried him in
+triumph to the imperial camp before Metz.[475]
+
+Here, on the 20th of November, Charles came face to face with the man
+who had wronged him so deeply. "God knows what I feel," he wrote to
+Mary, "at having to make friends with the Marquis Albert, but necessity
+knows no law."[476] At least, he accepted the situation with a good
+grace. Morosyne was present when the Emperor came riding into the camp
+on a great white horse of Naples breed, and, seeing Albert, took his
+hand with a gracious smile, and shook it warmly twice or thrice.
+
+    "The Marquis fixed his eyes fast on the Emperor's countenance,
+    as one that meant to see what thoughts his looks betrayed. When
+    he saw that all was well, or at least could not see but all
+    seemed well, he spake a few words, which His Majesty seemed to
+    take in very good part."
+
+Calling a page to his side, he took a red scarf, the Imperialist
+badge, from his hands, and gave it to the Marquis. Albert received it
+with deep reverence, saying that he had not fared badly when he wore
+these colours before, and trusted the Emperor's gift would bring him
+the same good fortune as of old.[477]
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1553] THE EMPEROR TO RETURN]
+
+The return of the wanderer saved Charles from utter ruin. His affairs
+were still going badly. Vieilleville, the French Governor of Verdun,
+seized the boats laden with provisions for the imperial camp, which
+Christina had sent down the Rhine, and laid violent hands on six
+waggons of choice fruits, wines, and cakes, which were despatched from
+Nancy for her uncle's table. Worse than this, he contrived to enter
+Pont-à-Mousson, which Fabrizio Colonna held, disguised as a messenger
+from the Duchess, and obtained possession of this important place by
+stratagem.[478] The valour of Guise and the strong fortifications of
+Metz were proof against the reckless courage of Albert and the might
+of the imperial army. The heavy rains and biting cold of an early
+winter increased the sufferings of the troops, and, after losing half
+his army by famine and dysentery, Charles was compelled to raise the
+siege at the New Year. "Fortune is a woman," he remarked to one of
+his captains; "she abandons the old, and keeps her smiles for young
+men."[479] In this forced retreat the Marquis performed prodigies of
+valour, and succeeded in bringing his guns safely over roads rendered
+impassable by a sudden thaw. The bulk of the army was dismissed, only
+the veteran Spanish and German forces being quartered in Artois and
+Luxembourg, and Charles himself set out for Brussels. His failing
+strength compelled him to halt on the way, and Morosyne gave it as
+his opinion that the Emperor would never reach the end of his journey
+alive. But his spirit was indomitable as ever, and on Sunday, the 6th
+of February, he entered Brussels in an open litter, amid scenes of the
+wildest enthusiasm.
+
+    "To-day," wrote the Ambassador of Savoy, "I have witnessed the
+    safe arrival of the Emperor. He was received with the greatest
+    transports of joy and delight by the whole people, who feared
+    that he was dead and that they would never see him again."
+
+And Charles himself wrote to Ferdinand that, now he was once more in
+his native land and in the company of his beloved sisters, he would
+soon recover his health.[480]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[445] Granvelle, iii. 630; Henne, ix. 162; T. Juste, 185.
+
+[446] Ascham, ii. 313; Papiers d'État, viii., Archives du Royaume,
+Bruxelles.
+
+[447] Lanz, iii. 75; Granvelle, iii. 527.
+
+[448] Pimodan, 375, 381.
+
+[449] Lettres des Seigneurs, iii. 104, Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.
+
+[450] Lettres des Seigneurs, iii. 90.
+
+[451] Bulletins, etc., série 2, xii. 189.
+
+[452] Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 108; Granvelle, iii. 613.
+
+[453] Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 42, 108.
+
+[454] Calmet, ii. 1290; F. de Rabutin, "Collection de Mémoires,"
+xxxvii. 185.
+
+[455] Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 19.
+
+[456] A. de Ruble, "La Jeunesse de Marie Stuart," 73.
+
+[457] Calmet, ii. 1199.
+
+[458] Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 101, f. 320.
+
+[459] Calmet, ii. 1300; Pfister, ii. 188; Brantôme, xii. 110; Lettres
+des Seigneurs, iv. 101; Ravold, iii. 780.
+
+[460] Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 101, f. 320.
+
+[461] Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 101, f. 330 (see Appendix).
+
+[462] Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 101, f. 319.
+
+[463] Bulletins de la Commission d'Histoire, série 2, xii. 213.
+
+[464] Bucholtz, ix. 539.
+
+[465] Bulletins, etc., série 2, xii. 213.
+
+[466] Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 102, f. 127 (see Appendix); Lanz, iii.
+208.
+
+[467] Bucholtz, ix. 543; Bulletins, 2, xii. 191.
+
+[468] Lettres des Seigneurs, vii. 603.
+
+[469] Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 103, f. 348.
+
+[470] Manuscript 18, Biblioteca Cavagna Sangiuliani, Zelada (see
+Appendix).
+
+[471] Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 518 (see Appendix).
+
+[472] _Ibid._, iv. 103.
+
+[473] Bulletins de la Commission d'Histoire, série 2, xii. 232; Lettres
+des Seigneurs, iv. 518.
+
+[474] "Hardwicke Papers," i. 55.
+
+[475] Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Edward VI., 230.
+
+[476] Lanz, iii. 513.
+
+[477] Voigt, ii. 9, 10; P. F. Tytler, "England under Edward VI.," 144.
+
+[478] Vieilleville, 161, 176.
+
+[479] Calmet, ii. 338.
+
+[480] Bulletins, etc., série 2, xii. 238; State Papers, Edward VI.,
+Foreign, 236, 243; Lanz, iii. 542.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK XI
+
+CHRISTINA AT BRUSSELS
+
+1553-1559
+
+
+I.
+
+Christina was at Brussels on the memorable day when the Emperor set
+foot once more on his native soil. She heard the shouts of joy which
+rent the air, and joined with the Queens in the welcome which greeted
+him on the threshold of his palace. Early in January she had left
+Heidelberg and travelled safely down the Rhine and through the friendly
+states of her Cleves cousins to Brussels. Here she occupied the suite
+of rooms where she had lived before her second marriage, and to a large
+extent resumed her former habits. She spent much of her time with her
+aunts and the Duchess of Aerschot, and renewed her old friendship with
+Countess d'Aremberg and other ladies of the Court. The deepest sympathy
+was felt for her by all classes, and when Charles addressed the
+States-General on the 13th of February, and alluded to the treachery of
+the French in carrying off the young Duke of Lorraine and driving his
+mother out of the realm, his words provoked an outburst of tumultuous
+indignation.[481]
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1553] CHRISTINA'S SUITORS]
+
+Through her brother-in-law Vaudemont she still maintained close
+relations with Lorraine, while the Cardinal kept her informed of all
+that concerned her son, and the boy's own letters satisfied her that
+he was well and happy at the French Court. But although Charles shared
+all the advantages enjoyed by the King's children, and soon became a
+general favourite in the royal family, it was bitter for the Duchess
+to feel that her only son was growing up, in a foreign land, among the
+hereditary foes of her race. The restoration of peace between Charles
+and Henry was the only means by which she could hope to recover her
+lost child, and this became the goal of all her efforts during the six
+years that she spent in exile.
+
+The Widow of Milan had been courted by Kings and Princes, and hardly
+was Christina settled at Brussels before she was assailed by fresh
+offers of marriage. Henry, King of Navarre, whose accomplished wife
+had died soon after her daughter's marriage, asked the Emperor for
+his niece's hand, but his proposals met with small favour. Far more
+serious was the courtship of Albert of Brandenburg, who felt this to
+be a favourable moment for renewing his old suit. "No one," as Thomas
+Hoby wrote, "had done the Emperor worthier or more faithful service"
+in the siege of Metz, and was better entitled to reward. His claims
+were strongly supported by the Palatine, who invited the Marquis to
+Heidelberg to confer with the other German Princes on the best means
+of recovering Metz. Albert himself not only aspired to the Duchess's
+hand, but to the Duke of Alva's post of Commander-in-Chief, and boasted
+that once Christina was his bride he would easily recover her father's
+kingdoms.
+
+    "It is supposed," wrote Morosyne from Brussels on the 20th of
+    February, "that the Marquis will marry the Duchess of Lorraine
+    and have Alva's place. The Palsgrave would fain it were so,
+    in order that, if the Marquis married his wife's sister, he
+    might help him to recover Denmark; for besides that a slender
+    title is apt to set such a one to work, he should, by being
+    married to the Emperor's niece, and afterwards coming, when his
+    uncle died, to the duchy of Prussia, be able easily to trouble
+    Denmark. The Marquis doth much desire it, for that the Duke of
+    Holstein has been and is a great suitor to the Duchess, who
+    was once so nigh marrying the Marquis Albert's sister that the
+    contracts were drawn up and put into writing, but broke it off
+    upon sight of the Duchess of Lorraine. The Palsgrave would
+    rather any did marry with her than the Duke of Holstein, for
+    that his brother, King Christian, keeps his wife's father in
+    prison. And the Emperor, it is held certain, will help it, in
+    order that he may by this means trouble Denmark, which he has
+    never had leisure to trouble himself."[482]
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1553] PHILIP HOBY'S AUDIENCE]
+
+Whatever her relatives may have thought of the Marquis's suit,
+Christina herself never considered it seriously, and told the
+Palatine plainly that such a marriage was out of the question. The
+Marquis vented his anger on the Emperor, and left Heidelberg in high
+displeasure, without taking leave of the Palatine or anyone else. Hot
+words passed between him and Maurice, and these two Princes, who had
+once been the closest friends, were henceforth bitter enemies. Albert
+returned to his life of raids and plunder, and when, soon afterwards,
+he was placed under the ban of the Empire, Maurice led an army against
+him. A fiercely-contested battle was fought on the 9th of July at
+Sievershausen, in which Albert was completely routed and Maurice
+lost his life. The Marquis was deprived of fortune and patrimony,
+his ancestral home of Plassenburg was burnt to the ground, and after
+leading a roving life for some years, and wandering from one Court to
+another, he died in the house of his brother-in-law, the Margrave of
+Baden, on the 8th of January, 1557. So in exile and poverty this brave
+and brilliant adventurer ended his career, before he had completed his
+thirty-fifth year.[483]
+
+While the Palatine was holding vain conferences at Heidelberg, and the
+Marquis and Duke Adolf were still quarrelling for the Duchess's hand,
+she herself was endeavouring to open negotiations with the French King
+through Bassompierre and Vaudemont. But nothing would induce Henry
+to give up Metz, and in April war was renewed with fresh vigour. The
+young Prince of Piedmont, who succeeded the unpopular Alva in command
+of the imperial army, won a series of victories, and razed the forts
+of Thérouenne and Hesdin to the ground. But the Emperor was too ill
+to take part in the campaign or even to give audiences. Sir Philip
+Hoby, who now succeeded Morosyne, actually believed him to be dead,
+until De Courrières came to dine with his English friends, and assured
+them, on his honour as a gentleman, that he had seen the Emperor
+alive that morning.[484] Upon this Sir Philip's brother Thomas, who
+had just arrived from Paris, where he had been spending the winter
+in translating Castiglione's "Cortegiano," was sent to see his old
+Augsburg friend, the Bishop of Arras, and beg for an audience. At
+length, on the 8th of June, the Englishmen were admitted into the privy
+chamber, and found the Emperor sitting up, with his feet on a stool,
+"very pale, weak, and lean, but nothing so ill as they had believed."
+His eye was lively, his speech sensible, and his manner very friendly
+and agreeable. But, although he expressed an earnest wish for peace, he
+declared that the French demands made this quite impossible.[485]
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1553] ACCESSION OF MARY]
+
+A month later an unexpected event produced a change in the Emperor's
+fortunes. King Edward VI. died, and, after a vain attempt on
+Northumberland's part to set Lady Jane Grey on the throne, Catherine of
+Aragon's daughter Mary succeeded peaceably to the throne. Her accession
+was hailed with joy at the Imperial Court, and on the Feast of St.
+Bartholomew the Regent celebrated the event by giving a banquet, to
+which the English Ambassadors were invited. "It was such a dinner,"
+writes Hoby, "as we had seldom seen in all our lives, and greater good
+cheer or entertainment than Her Grace gave us could not be devised."
+Mary was in high spirits that evening. She toasted the Ambassadors,
+conversed with them after dinner for more than an hour, and told
+Morosyne laughingly that his French could not be worse than her
+Italian. Sir Philip sat next to the Duchess of Lorraine, and reminded
+her of the memorable morning, fifteen years before, when he brought
+the German Court painter to take her portrait.[486] Since then much
+had happened. King Henry himself, the great painter Holbein, René of
+Orange, and Francis of Lorraine, were all gone, and she had lost home
+and state and had seen her only son snatched from her arms. Yet she was
+still beautiful and fascinating, and counted almost as many suitors as
+of old. Adolf of Holstein wooed her with a constancy which no coldness
+could repel, and if the wild Marquis had been forced to renounce all
+hope of winning her hand, another hero, the young Prince of Piedmont,
+was ready to lay his laurels at her feet. But Christina remained the
+same, calm and unmoved, and was an interested and amused spectator of
+the matrimonial plans which now formed the all-absorbing topic in the
+family conclave.
+
+Charles quickly realized the importance of securing the new Queen's
+hand for his son. As soon as he heard of Edward's death, he sent orders
+to his Ambassador at Lisbon to delay drawing up the marriage contract
+which had been agreed upon between Philip and Eleanor's daughter,
+Maria of Portugal, and wrote to his son, setting forth the superior
+advantages of the English alliance. Philip replied dutifully that, as
+his cousin the Queen was twelve years older than himself, his father
+would be a more suitable husband, but added that he was ready to obey
+the Emperor's will in all respects.[487]
+
+On the 20th of September Charles wrote from Valenciennes, where he was
+directing military operations from his litter, to the English Queen.
+After explaining that he was too old and infirm to think of marriage,
+and had solemnly vowed after the Empress's death never to take a second
+wife, he offered her the dearest thing he had in life--his own son. He
+then proceeded to point out the great advantages of the proposed union,
+while at the same time he advised Mary to observe the utmost caution,
+being "well aware of the hatred with which the English, more than any
+other nation, regard foreigners." Mary's own mind was soon made up. In
+spite of protests from her subjects and remonstrances from the French
+King, she was determined to marry her cousin. On the 30th of October
+she sent for the Imperial Envoy, Renard, and, kneeling down before the
+Blessed Sacrament in her chapel, she said the _Veni Creator_, and took
+a solemn vow to wed the Prince of Spain.[488]
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1554] CARDINAL POLE AT BRUSSELS]
+
+The most friendly letters were now exchanged between the two Courts.
+The holy chrism for Mary's coronation was sent from Brussels, with
+venison and wild-boar for her table. Charles gave his future daughter
+magnificent tapestries and jewels, and Mary of Hungary sent the Queen
+a yet more precious gift, Titian's portrait of Philip, telling her
+that, if she stands at some distance from the canvas, it will give
+her a good idea of the Prince, only that he is older and more bearded
+than he was when the artist painted it three years ago. The Regent
+took care to add that she could only lend the Queen the picture on
+condition that it should be returned "when the living man joined her."
+In reply, Mary begged her good aunt to pay her a visit; but the Regent
+excused herself, owing to the Emperor's ill-health, and promised to
+come and see her later on, it might be in the Prince's company. The
+same cordial invitation was extended to the Duchess of Lorraine, who
+sent her new _maître d'hôtel_, Baron De Silliers, to London in April,
+1554, to congratulate the Queen on her marriage. Mary made Christina
+a present of a fine diamond, which De Courrières was desired to give
+her, and when, on the 20th of July, Philip landed at Southampton, and
+the wedding was celebrated in Winchester Cathedral, the happy spouse
+sent costly jewels to the Emperor and the two Queens, and a beautiful
+emerald to her dear cousin the Duchess.
+
+In January Cardinal Pole, the Papal Legate, came to the monastery of
+Diligam, near Brussels, with proposals of peace from the Pope, on his
+way to congratulate Queen Mary on her accession, and help to restore
+Catholic rites in the kingdom. Pole was known to be averse to the
+Spanish marriage, and Charles had put every obstacle in the way of his
+journey to England. On his arrival he gave him a very cold reception,
+and the Cardinal complained to the Pope that the Emperor and Arras
+could not have used greater violence, unless they had taken a stick to
+drive him back.[489] The Regent and the Duchess of Lorraine, however,
+were much more friendly when he dined with them the next day, after
+attending Mass in the royal chapel. Mary told him that no one wished
+for peace more earnestly than herself, seeing how terribly her poor
+people of the Netherlands had suffered from the war, and Christina
+spoke to him of her son with tears in her eyes. When the Cardinal went
+on to Fontainebleau, he saw the young Duke, and was able to give him
+his mother's messages. But he found Henry II. still less amenable than
+Charles, and returned to Brussels convinced that his mission was a
+failure as far as the hope of peace was concerned.
+
+Before the end of April the French King invaded Hainault, at the head
+of a large army, and took the strong citadel of Marienburg. Namur was
+only saved by the promptitude of Charles, who once more took the field,
+although he could no longer mount a horse, and showed all his old
+courage in this his last campaign.
+
+After an indecisive battle at Renty, the French retired with heavy
+loss, spreading famine and desolation in their track. One act of
+vandalism for which Henry was condemned, even by his own captains, was
+the destruction of Mary of Hungary's beautiful palace of Binche, with
+its famous gardens and treasures of art. The Queen received the news
+with equanimity, saying that she was proud of being the object of the
+French King's vindictiveness, and glad the world should know that she
+was the Emperor's devoted servant.
+
+    "As for the damage which has been done," she wrote to Arras, "I
+    do not care a straw. I am not the woman to grieve over the loss
+    of things transitory, which we are meant to enjoy as long as
+    we have them, and do without when they are gone. That, upon my
+    word, is all the regret I feel."[490]
+
+In the autumn Christina made another fruitless attempt to open
+negotiations through Vaudemont, who after the death of his first
+wife, Margaret of Egmont, was induced by the Cardinal of Lorraine to
+marry the Duke of Nemours's daughter. This Prince came to Brussels
+in November to inform the Emperor and the Duchess of his marriage,
+and, as might be expected, met with a very cold reception at Court.
+But, in spite of his French alliance, he remained scrupulously loyal
+to Christina and her son, and complained to his sister Anne that at
+Brussels he was reproached for his French sympathies, while in Paris he
+was looked on with suspicion as an Imperialist. So hard was it to be an
+honest man in those troublous times.[491]
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1554] A GAY COURT]
+
+
+II.
+
+While the war dragged on its weary course, and Mary and Christina
+vainly tried to bring it to an end, on the other side of the Channel
+the new King of England and his spouse were holding high festival.
+They came to London in September, and remained there through the
+winter, trying to win the love of their subjects by a series of
+popular displays and festivities. Tournaments were held at Whitehall,
+hunting-parties were given at Windsor and Hampton Court, and a
+succession of distinguished guests travelled from Flanders to pay
+homage to the royal pair. Philip's favourite, Ruy Gomez, and the Duke
+and Duchess of Alva, arrived from Spain, Ferrante Gonzaga, the Prince
+of Orange, and the Grand Equerry Boussu, came over from Antwerp during
+the autumn.[492] On the 20th of November Cardinal Pole at length
+crossed the Channel; four days later he was received at Whitehall by
+the King and Queen in person, and crossed the river in the royal barge,
+to take possession of his own house at Lambeth. He was soon followed
+by Emanuel Philibert, who had lately succeeded to the barren title of
+Duke of Savoy on his father's death, and had been made a Knight of the
+Garter. Earlier in the summer he had paid a brief visit to London,
+where his white, red, and green banners of Savoy made a fine show in
+the Abbey on St. Peter's Day; but as his military duties rendered his
+presence in Flanders imperative, his Ambassador, Stroppiana, came to
+Windsor in October, to be invested with the Garter[493] as proxy for
+his master.
+
+It was not till Christmas Eve that the Duke himself landed at Dover,
+after a very rough passage, and made his way to Whitehall, where
+Philip and Mary received him with great honour, and showed him all the
+sights of London. On the 7th of January the Lord High Admiral took him
+by water to see the great guns at the Tower, and on St. Paul's Day
+he accompanied the King and the Cardinal in state to the Cathedral
+for the patronal feast. A procession of 160 priests bearing crosses,
+walked round the churchyard, with the children of Paul's School and
+the Greyfriars, singing "Salve, Festa Dies!" and passed in through
+the great west doors. After Mass a state banquet was held, with great
+ringing of bells, and bonfires blazed in all the streets of London
+throughout the night.[494]
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1555] A ROYAL GODMOTHER]
+
+Emanuel Philibert's visit revived the rumour of a marriage between him
+and the Princess Elizabeth, which the Emperor had suggested some months
+before. Whether from policy or genuine regard, Philip had espoused his
+sister-in-law's cause and refused to allow Mary to send her abroad
+or keep her away from Court. The Duke of Savoy was a pleasant and
+good-looking Prince, whose martial appearance and genial manners made
+him very popular in England. But Elizabeth herself quite declined to
+listen to this proposal, saying that she would never marry a foreigner,
+and, since there now seemed good hope of the birth of an heir to the
+crown, the question of the succession was no longer of the first
+importance. Something, however, must be done to pacify the Duke, who
+complained bitterly of the Emperor's neglect, and, seeing little chance
+of recovering Savoy, asked the King for the viceroyalty of Milan, which
+Ferrante Gonzaga, on his part, refused to surrender. Philip could think
+of no better plan to gratify his cousin and retain his services than to
+give him the hand of the Duchess of Lorraine, a Princess whom he was
+known to regard with great affection.[495]
+
+Accordingly the King and Queen sent pressing invitations to Christina,
+begging her to come to England as soon as possible. Before she could
+comply with their request, she had to keep an old engagement to be
+present at the christening of Count Egmont's infant daughter, which
+took place on the evening of the 19th of January. The Queen of England
+had graciously consented to be one of the godmothers, while the Duchess
+of Lorraine was the other, and the Palatine Frederic stood godfather to
+his kinswoman's little daughter. Mary wrote to the Duchess of Aerschot,
+begging Anne to represent her on this occasion, and sent a costly gold
+cup containing forty angels to her godchild by the new Ambassador, Sir
+John Masone. The Palsgrave, not to be outdone, sent the child a diamond
+cross, and another one, set with rubies, diamonds, and emeralds, to the
+mother. Anne and Christina were both present at the christening, which
+was attended by all the Court, "everything," wrote Masone, "being very
+richly ordered, the supper and banquet right stately, and Her Majesty's
+cup so walked up and down, from man to woman, and woman to man, as I
+dare answer few were there that did not go full freighted to bed."
+
+Sir John further told the Countess in what good part her request
+to make her daughter a Christian woman had been taken by his royal
+mistress, who would willingly have done the same in person, had the
+distance not been so great, and Sabina sent her most humble thanks to
+the Queen, saying that, as she already had one daughter called Mary,
+she had decided to name the infant Mary Christina, after her two
+godmothers.[496]
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1555] CHRISTINA'S GOOD WISHES]
+
+When this function was over, Christina began to prepare for her journey
+to England, but the weather was so tempestuous that she did not cross
+the Channel until the first days of March. She rode from Dover, by way
+of Canterbury, to London, where the King and Queen received her in
+the most cordial manner, Philip made no secret of his affection for
+his cousin, the only woman in his family with whom he had ever been
+intimate, and Mary, in the first flush of her wedded happiness and
+in the proud expectation of soon being a mother, welcomed Christina
+warmly. Unluckily, we have no particulars of the Duchess's visit to
+this country, over which she might have reigned herself as Queen. We
+know that she was present with the rest of the Court at the great joust
+held on Lady Day in the tilting-yard at Whitehall, when Philip and a
+band of knights, armed with falchions and targets, and clad in blue
+and yellow, rode out against two other troops in red and green, and
+some 200 lances were broken.[497] But the only record that we have of
+this her first visit to England is a letter which she wrote to Mary on
+returning to Flanders. She thanked the Queen for the great honour and
+kindness which she had shown her, and commended the captain of the ship
+in which she sailed, who, as Her Majesty would doubtless learn, had
+rendered her notable service on this troublesome passage:
+
+    "I will say no more," she adds, "except to regret that I am
+    no longer in Your Majesty's presence to be able to render you
+    some small service in return for all the goodness which I have
+    received at your hands. I beg God, Madame, to send you good
+    health and long life, and give you a fine boy, such as you
+    desire.
+
+                    "Your very humble and obedient cousin
+                              and servant,
+                                    "CHRESTIENNE.
+
+  "A la Royne."[498]
+
+
+This letter bears no date, but the Duchess certainly left London before
+the King and Queen went to Hampton Court on the 4th of April, to spend
+Easter and prepare for the happy event which all England was anxiously
+expecting. She was at Antwerp with her aunt a month later, when, on
+the 3rd of May, "great news came over the seas." A messenger from the
+English ships in the port brought the Regent word that the Queen of
+England had been "brought to bed of a young Prince," upon which all
+the guns in the harbour were fired, and Mary ordered the big bells in
+the Tower to be rung, and sent the English sailors a hundred crowns to
+drink the royal infant's health. "I trust in God," wrote Sir Thomas
+Gresham, "that the news is true." The Emperor was more incredulous,
+and summoned Masone to his bedside at 5 a.m. the next morning, to know
+what he thought of the matter, but soon satisfied himself that the
+news was false.[499]
+
+The Savoy marriage, which Philip was so anxious to bring about, also
+ended in smoke. During Christina's visit, the matter was brought
+forward and eagerly urged both by the King and Queen. Charles was no
+less anxious for the marriage, and Mary of Hungary proposed to appoint
+the Duke, Governor of the Low Countries when she resigned the office.
+The plan would have been very popular in Flanders, where the Duchess
+was beloved by all classes, and was warmly supported by Egmont and
+Orange. On the 1st of May, Badoer, the Venetian Ambassador at Brussels,
+announced that the marriage contract had already been drawn up by De
+Praet, and that the Duke had started for Italy, disguised as a German,
+and only attended by one servant, to arrange his affairs in Piedmont
+before the wedding.[500]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1555] DUKE OF SAVOY'S MARRIAGE]
+
+The Venetian's news was apparently premature, but a fortnight later a
+Piedmontese noble, Count Avignano, came to London to consult Philip as
+to the marriage and arrange further details on his master's behalf.
+He talked freely at table to the French and Venetian Ambassadors,
+Noailles and Michieli, saying that the Emperor had offered his master
+the government of the Netherlands with the hand of Madame de Lorraine,
+an arrangement which he for his part regretted, thinking that the Duke
+would be more likely to recover his dominions if he married in France.
+But, since the friendship between his lord and the Duchess was so
+great, he saw no hope of any other alliance, and the marriage was, in
+fact, considered by the Emperor and all his family to be practically
+settled.[501]
+
+Emanuel Philibert, like many others, evidently felt the power of
+Christina's fascination, and enjoyed a large share of her intimacy. But
+he does not seem to have shown any great eagerness for the marriage,
+whether it was that, as Avignano said, it would be a bar to the
+recovery of his States, or whether he recognized the Duchess's own
+insuperable objection to matrimony.
+
+When, towards the end of May, a party of English Commissioners met
+the French and Imperial deputies at Marck, a village near Calais, to
+treat of peace, an offer was made by the French to give Henry II.'s
+sister Margaret to the Duke of Savoy. The Imperial deputies expressed
+a doubt if this were possible, as the Duke's word was already pledged;
+but Cardinal Pole replied that the Prince was quite free, and ready
+to agree to any proposal by which he could recover his realm. These
+negotiations, however, were soon broken off, and on Philip's return
+to Brussels in September the old scheme of the Lorraine marriage was
+revived with fresh ardour. When the Duke of Savoy returned from Italy
+in August, the Regent made him attend the meetings of the Council, and
+treated him in all ways as her future successor, hoping by this means
+to obtain his consent to her wishes. But both Emanuel Philibert and
+Christina remained of the same mind, and neither Philip's entreaties
+nor Mary of Hungary's angry reproaches could alter their resolution.
+The Duke pleaded poverty as an excuse, lamenting his inability to
+offer his wife a home and station worthy of her rank, and was evidently
+determined to sacrifice his affections to political expediency,
+although, as the French Ambassador reported, "he still made love
+through the window to Madame de Lorraine."[502]
+
+
+III.
+
+Charles V.'s intention to abdicate his throne had long been declared.
+For many years he had looked forward to the time when he should lay
+down the burden of public affairs and retire from the world, to end his
+days in some peaceful cloister. The increasing infirmities under which
+he groaned, his inability to attend either camp or council, and finally
+the death of his mother, Queen Joanna, in April, 1555, all helped to
+hasten the execution of his resolve. Only the continuation of the war
+and the absence of his son still made him hesitate.
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1555] PHILIP LEAVES ENGLAND]
+
+The same indecisive warfare as before was carried on through the
+year. The Prince of Orange, who now held the chief command, succeeded
+in keeping the foe at bay, and built the citadels of Charlemont and
+Philippeville for the defence of the frontier. But everyone was
+heartily tired of the campaign, and both parties gladly availed
+themselves of the opportunity afforded by an exchange of prisoners, to
+renew negotiations in the autumn. Christina once more exerted herself
+in this direction, and Vaudemont, who came to Brussels in October to
+take leave of the Emperor, was employed to make fresh overtures to
+the French King. But many months passed before any conclusion was
+reached.[503]
+
+Charles had always hoped that his sister would remain at her post when
+he left the Netherlands, feeling how invaluable her help would prove to
+Philip. But Mary was inflexible on this point. In a noble letter which
+she wrote at the end of August, she reminded him that fifteen years
+before she had begged to be released from her arduous post in order to
+devote herself to the care of her unhappy mother, and that, now this
+privilege could no longer be hers, she wished to spend the rest of her
+life in Spain with her sister, Queen Eleanor.
+
+    "And however great," she adds significantly, "my affection for
+    the King my nephew may be," in Badoer's graphic phrase, "he
+    hates and is hated by her"--"Your Majesty will understand that
+    at my age it would be very hard to begin learning my ABC over
+    again. A woman of fifty, who has held office twenty-four years,
+    ought, it seems to me, to be content to serve one God and one
+    Master for the rest of her life."[504]
+
+There was nothing more to be said, and Charles agreed to Philip's
+wish that for the present the Duke of Savoy should be appointed
+Lieutenant-Governor of the Low Countries. At length Philip succeeded
+in tearing himself from the arms of his sorrowful Queen, promising
+to be back in a fortnight or three weeks. From her palace windows at
+Greenwich, Mary waved her last farewells to the King, as he sailed
+down the Thames. He for his part was nothing loth to leave his fretful
+and melancholy wife, and was satisfied that she would never bear him a
+child.
+
+On the 8th of September he reached Brussels, and went straight to see
+his father in the Casino, near the Louvain gate of the park, where
+he was spending the hot weather. Charles embraced his son tenderly,
+and after an hour's conversation Philip went on to sup with Queen
+Mary and Christina on their return from hunting. On the 17th and 18th
+he attended the Requiem Masses held in S. Gudule for the late Queen
+Joanna, and afterwards joined in a grand hunting-party given by the
+Regent in his honour.
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1555] THE EMPEROR'S ABDICATION]
+
+The nobles now flocked to Brussels to be present at the Emperor's
+abdication. The Prince of Orange arrived from the camp near Liége,
+and his young wife, Anne of Egmont, was hospitably entertained by the
+Duchess of Aerschot. Friday, the 25th of October, was the day fixed for
+the great ceremony. On this afternoon, at three o'clock, the Emperor
+left the Casino with Philip and the Duke of Savoy, and rode to the
+palace on his mule. An hour later he entered the great hall, hung with
+the tapestries of Gideon's Fleece, wearing his mourning robes and the
+collar of the Order, and leaning on the Prince of Orange's arm. He was
+followed by Mary of Hungary, Philip, and the Duke of Savoy, who took
+their places on the daïs at the Emperor's side, while the Knights of
+the Fleece, the great nobles and Ambassadors, occupied seats below. The
+deputies, over a thousand in number, who thronged the hall, rose to
+their feet to receive the Emperor, and then sat down to hear the chief
+Councillor, Philibert of Brussels, deliver a speech, explaining the
+reasons for His Majesty's abdication. Then Charles himself addressed
+the vast assembly. In moving words he recalled the day, forty years
+before, when, a boy of fifteen, he had been declared of age by his
+grandfather, the Emperor Maximilian, and glanced briefly at the long
+record of wars and journeys, and the other chief events of his reign.
+Finally he commended his successor to them, asking them to serve his
+son as well as they had served him, and begging his loyal subjects to
+pardon him for any injustice which he might unwittingly have done them.
+Tears rolled down the great Emperor's cheeks as he spoke these last
+words, and Sir Thomas Gresham, who was present, says that there was not
+a dry eye in the whole assembly.
+
+Christina was present on this memorable occasion. In contemporary
+prints she is represented standing by the side of the Regent's chair,
+listening with breathless attention to every word that fell from her
+uncle's lips. She saw the pathetic scene between the father and son,
+when Charles, raising Philip from his knees and clasping him in his
+arms, gave him the investiture of the Provinces, and, turning to the
+deputies, in a broken voice asked them to excuse his tears, which
+flowed for love of them. And she listened with still greater emotion to
+the touching words in which Mary begged the Emperor and the States to
+forgive whatever mistakes she had made out of ignorance or incapacity,
+and thanked them from the depth of her heart for their unfailing love
+and loyalty. Her speech produced a fresh burst of tears, after which
+Charles thanked his sister for her long and faithful services, and
+Maes, the Pensionary of Antwerp, bore eloquent testimony to the undying
+love and gratitude which the States felt for the Queen who had governed
+them so well.
+
+There were still many formalities to be gone through, many farewells
+to be said, before Charles could lay down the sovereign power. On
+the day after his abdication, the Archduke Ferdinand, his favourite
+nephew, arrived with affectionate messages from his father, who found
+it impossible to leave Vienna as long as the war with the Turks lasted.
+The next day he went hunting with the King, Mary, and Christina, and
+dined with them and Eleanor. On the 3rd of November he left Brussels
+again after all too short a visit, as Charles wrote to his brother.
+
+Another guest who took leave of the Emperor in the same week was Edward
+Courtenay, Lord Devonshire. This young nobleman of the blood royal had
+been exiled from England lest he should marry Elizabeth, and had been
+so often seen in the palace during the last few months that rumour
+said he was going to wed Madame of Lorraine. Now he came to thank her
+for the "gentle entertainment" which she had shown him, and bid her a
+reluctant farewell before he left for Italy. In the following spring
+another old friend, Adolf of Holstein, came to Brussels and took leave
+of the Emperor. The Danish Prince, hearing that all idea of the Savoy
+marriage was abandoned, took this opportunity to make a last attempt to
+win Christina's hand. But not even the Duke's constancy could induce
+her to change her mind, and he went away disconsolate.[505]
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1556] DEATH OF THE PALATINE]
+
+A fresh sorrow awaited her in the death of her brother-in-law, the
+Elector Palatine, who breathed his last at Alzei, in the Lower
+Palatinate, on the 26th of February, 1556. The fine old man was in
+his seventy-third year, and had been tenderly nursed all through a
+long illness by his wife. Three weeks before his death Dorothea sent
+for his nephew and successor, Otto Heinrich, who remained with him
+to the end, and brought his body to Heidelberg. Here he lay in state
+for three days in the Court chapel, after which his remains were borne
+down the castle slopes by eight noblemen, and laid with his forefathers
+in the church of the Holy Ghost. By order of the new Elector, he was
+buried with Lutheran rites. Dorothea and Countess Helene followed
+on foot with a long train of nobles and students of the University,
+bearing lighted tapers, and German hymns were sung by the Canons and
+school-children.[506]
+
+Christina's first impulse was to hasten to her widowed sister, but
+neither the Emperor nor his sisters would allow her to leave the
+Netherlands before their departure, saying that she was as dear and
+indispensable to them as a daughter.[507] She was present at the Casino
+in the park on the 16th of January, when Charles resigned the kingdoms
+of Spain and Sicily and his dominions in the New World to Philip, and
+she accompanied Mary to Antwerp when Philip held his first Chapter of
+the Fleece. Among the new Knights elected at this meeting were William
+of Orange, Philip, Duke of Aerschot, and Christina's old friend Jean De
+Montmorency, Sieur de Courrières, whose whole life had been spent in
+the Emperor's service, and who had deserved well of Philip by helping
+to arrange his marriage with Mary Tudor.[508]
+
+On the 5th of February, 1556, the long-protracted peace negotiations
+were brought to a happy conclusion, and a five years' truce was signed
+at the Abbey of Vaucelles, near Cambray, by Lalaing on Philip's part
+and by Coligny on that of Henry. Both parties were to retain their
+conquests, and the chief prisoners on both sides were to be released.
+On Lady Day the French Admiral brought the treaty to be confirmed by
+the King at Brussels, and was received by Philip in the palace. By an
+unlucky chance, the great hall in which the reception took place was
+hung with tapestries representing the defeat of Pavia and surrender of
+Francis I. This wounded the vanity of the French lords, and the King's
+jester, Brusquet, who had accompanied Coligny, determined to have his
+revenge on the haughty Spanish Prince. So the next morning at Mass
+in the Court church, when Philip was in the act of taking his oath
+on the Gospels to keep the truce, Brusquet suddenly raised a cry of
+"Largesse!" and, taking a handful of French crowns from a sack which
+his valet carried, flung them to the crowds who had collected in the
+great hall adjoining the chapel. The King looked round in surprise at
+Coligny, who stood dumbfounded, while men, women, and children, rushed
+to pick up the coins on the floor, and had to be warned off by the
+archers' pikes. The King was about to ask angrily by what right the
+French did largesse in his palace, when both Queen Mary and Madame de
+Lorraine burst into uncontrollable fits of laughter, in which Philip
+joined so heartily that he had to cling to the altar to save himself
+from falling.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1556] LAST FESTIVITIES]
+
+This absurd incident was related to Charles when, on the following
+Sunday of _Pâques-fleuries_, Coligny went to visit him in the Casino.
+"Well, Brusquet," he said to the jester, "how are you? I hear you
+have been doing me fine largesse with your crowns." "Sire," replied
+Brusquet, dropping on one knee, "you take the words out of my mouth in
+condescending to notice a worm like myself." And the poor fool went
+home to boast of his interview with the great Emperor to the end of his
+life.[509]
+
+A grand tournament was held in the park at Brussels to celebrate the
+conclusion of the truce, and Egmont distinguished himself above all
+competitors by his prowess. But a quarrel arose between Philip and his
+aunt, Mary of Hungary, who complained of the disrespect with which her
+nephew and his Spanish courtiers treated her, saying that, although she
+had laid down the Regency, she expected to be treated with the honour
+due to a Queen. She retired to her own domain at Turnhout, but had her
+revenge a few weeks later, for the States proved so unwilling to grant
+the aids demanded by the King that Philip was forced to send Arras to
+beg for his aunt's help. Mary consented to return as soon as she had
+despatched her most urgent private affairs, and so invaluable was her
+influence with the Council, that Philip joined his father in entreating
+her to remain at Brussels during his absence in England. This, however,
+Mary quite refused to do, saying that the Duke of Savoy would no doubt
+prove an excellent substitute.[510]
+
+The King and Queen of Bohemia, whom Charles was very anxious to see
+before his departure, and whose journey had been repeatedly delayed,
+at length reached Brussels on the 18th of July. Their presence was
+the signal for a last series of festivities. There were jousts on
+the Grande Place, banquets in the hôtel-de-ville, hunting-parties at
+Groenendal in the forest of Soignies, and suppers at the Villa Laura,
+where Mary entertained her nephews and nieces at an open-air concert.
+King Max was in high spirits. He made great friends with the Venetian
+Badoer, and frankly avowed his dislike of the Spaniards, saying, with a
+ringing laugh, that he was glad to hear the English had taught them a
+lesson or two. The visit was not without its political intention, and
+Maximilian succeeded in persuading his uncle to consent to Ferdinand's
+entreaty, and retain the imperial title for the present, in order to
+avoid any dispute on the question of the succession.[511]
+
+When his daughter and her husband left Brussels, on the 8th of August,
+Charles felt himself a free man. At half-past four in the afternoon he
+set out for Ghent, after receiving the farewells of the chief nobles
+and Bishops. Many were in tears, but the Emperor remained calm and
+serene until he rode out of the gates, escorted for the last time by
+his faithful archers. Then, turning round, he took a last long look
+at the city towers and wept bitterly. "Everyone about him was in
+tears," says Badoer, "and many wept when he was gone."[512] Christina
+accompanied her aunts to Ghent a few days later, and went on at the
+end of the month with the Queens and Emperor to Zeeland, to wait for
+a fair wind. On the 15th of October Charles embarked at Flushing, and
+his sisters followed on another ship. Two days later an easterly breeze
+sprang up and the fleet set sail. Christina stood on the shore till
+the ship which bore the great Emperor from his native land dropped
+below the horizon. Then she retraced her steps sorrowfully to join her
+children at Ghent.
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1556] FRUSTRATED WISHES]
+
+
+IV.
+
+When her uncle and aunts were gone, Christina felt that there was
+nothing more to keep her at Brussels. She had already thought of
+retiring to her dower city of Tortona, but the castle was occupied by a
+Spanish garrison, and while the war lasted the Lombard city was hardly
+a safe place. This being the case, she asked Philip's leave to take up
+her residence at Vigevano, the summer palace of the Sforzas, which the
+Duke had bequeathed to her, but was told that this house was required
+for the Viceroy's use. After the Palatine's death she was seized with
+a longing to join Dorothea, and proposed to go to Heidelberg, and then
+on to Lorraine, in the hope that, now peace was signed, the French
+King would allow her son to enjoy his own again. But there were more
+difficulties in the way than she had anticipated.[513]
+
+Simon Renard and the other delegates to the conference at Vaucelles
+were especially charged to include the Duke of Lorraine's restoration
+among their demands; but the French, while professing the utmost
+friendship for both the Duchess and her son, pointed out that her
+guardianship would expire in another year, and that the Regent
+Vaudemont and the Guises, who were the Duke's nearest kinsmen, agreed
+to his residence at the French Court. In vain Renard and Lalaing
+protested at the strange kindness shown to the Duchess in detaining her
+son. This only led to a long wrangle, which almost caused the rupture
+of peace negotiations, and eventually no mention was made of Lorraine
+in the articles of the truce.
+
+In May Christina's alarm was aroused by an intimation from the French
+Court that the King was going to Nancy to celebrate his daughter
+Claude's wedding with the Duke, and occupy the capital of Lorraine.
+Fortunately, Vaudemont opposed this measure, saying that as Regent he
+had sworn never to give up his post until his nephew was of age, and
+begged the King to allow Charles to return to Nancy and take possession
+of his State before his marriage.[514] This unexpected firmness on
+Vaudemont's part produced the desired effect. Henry's journey to
+Lorraine was put off for a year, and at the Duchess's urgent request
+the Cardinal of Lorraine obtained the King's leave to bring the boy
+to meet her at the Castle of Coucy, near his own house at Péronne.
+But when Philip was asked to give the Duchess permission to cross the
+frontier, he made so many irksome conditions, that Henry withdrew his
+promise, and the long-desired meeting was again deferred. Christina
+was cruelly disappointed, and could only take comfort from Vaudemont's
+assurances that before long her son would be free from control and able
+to decide for himself.[515]
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1556] MARY'S JEALOUSY]
+
+Philip on his part was extremely anxious to keep the Duchess at
+Brussels. As Brantôme tells us, the King not only cherished great
+affection for his cousin, but relied implicitly on her tact and wisdom,
+and, in compliance with his entreaties, she consented to remain at the
+palace and do the honours of his Court.[516] Her popularity with the
+nobles made her presence the more desirable, while the King himself
+found her company far more to his taste than that of the faded and
+fretful wife who awaited him in England. Every post brought bitter
+reproaches and passionate prayers from the unhappy Queen, whose hopes
+of her lord's return were doomed to perpetual disappointment. Already
+more than a year had passed since he had left England, and there still
+seemed no prospect of his return. First the peace conferences, then
+the King of Bohemia's visit and the Emperor's departure, were pleaded
+as excuses for these prolonged delays. When the fleet that bore the
+Emperor to Spain was seen off Dover, the Admiral who visited His
+Majesty on board, brought back messages to say that the King would
+shortly cross the Channel. On hearing this, Mary's spirits rose, and it
+was only by Philip's express desire that she refrained from going to
+meet him at Dover. In October the royal stables and equerries arrived,
+but Philip himself wrote that the war which had broken out in Italy
+between Alva, the Viceroy of Naples, and Pope Paul IV., compelled him
+to return to Brussels. Then Mary broke into a passion of rage mingled
+with sobs and tears, and shut herself up in her room, refusing to see
+any visitors. The dulness of the Court had become intolerable; there
+were no fêtes and few audiences, and the Ambassadors with one accord
+begged to be recalled. The Queen's ill-temper vented itself on all who
+approached her presence, and even in public she occasionally gave way
+to paroxysms of fury.[517] Suspicions of her husband's fidelity to
+his marriage vows now came to increase her misery. When she heard of
+Philip going on long hunting-parties with the Duchess of Lorraine, and
+dancing with her at masques, she was seized with transports of rage,
+and, rushing at the portrait of her husband which hung over her bed,
+was with difficulty restrained from cutting it to pieces.[518]
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1556] THE DUCHESS OF PARMA]
+
+Meanwhile a rival to Christina appeared at Court in the person of
+the King's half-sister Margaret, Duchess of Parma. This Princess,
+the illegitimate daughter of Charles V. and Margaret Van Gheynst,
+a beautiful maiden in the Countess Lalaing's service, was born at
+Oudenarde in 1522, and brought up under the eye of the Archduchess
+Margaret. At thirteen she was married to Alessandro de' Medici, Duke
+of Florence, with whom she led a miserable life until this worthless
+Prince was murdered by his cousin in 1537. Her second union, with
+Ottavio Farnese, Pope Paul III.'s grandson, proved little happier.
+Ottavio was an intractable boy of thirteen when he married her in
+November, 1538, and the quarrels of the young couple fill pages of the
+Emperor's correspondence in the archives of Simancas. After the Duke's
+return from the expedition to Algiers, a reconciliation was effected,
+and Margaret bore a son, who became the famous captain Alexander of
+Parma. But the Farnese were always a thorn in the Emperor's side, and,
+by joining with his foes at a critical moment, involved him in the
+gravest disaster of his life. Now harmony was restored in the family
+circle, and when the war with Paul IV. broke out, Philip secured
+Ottavio's alliance by giving him the citadel of Piacenza. Margaret and
+her young son came to the Netherlands to pay their respects to the King
+and thank him for this mark of his favour. They arrived at Christmas,
+in the depths of the severest winter that had been known for many
+years. The Scheldt was frozen over at Antwerp, and the Court was busy
+with winter sports, in which Philip and Christina took an active part,
+playing games and sleighing in the park, and attending a masked ball
+given by Count Lalaing on the ice.[519]
+
+The Duchess of Parma was received with due honour at Court, and was
+cordially welcomed by Christina, who had known her as a child. A
+handsome woman of thirty-five, she resembled her Flemish mother more
+than her imperial father, and bore few traces of her Habsburg origin.
+She had none of Christina's distinction and refinement, while her
+manners were too haughty to please the Flemish nobles. But she had a
+keen eye to her own interests, and the atmosphere of deception and
+intrigue in which her married life had been spent had taught her to
+adapt herself to circumstances. She contrived to make herself agreeable
+both to Philip and Christina, with whom most of her time was spent. The
+new Venetian Ambassador, Soranzo, paid his respects to the two ladies
+on his arrival, and found both of them very friendly and pleasant. The
+Duchess of Lorraine, as Badoer had frequently remarked, was always
+particularly cordial to the Venetian Signory, to whom her first
+husband, the Duke of Milan, owed so much. At the same time the Queen
+of England, anxious to show civility to her husband's family, sent Sir
+Richard Shelley to give the Duchess of Parma a sisterly welcome, and
+invite her to come to London.[520]
+
+In the midst of the Christmas festivities, news reached Brussels
+of a treacherous attempt of the French, under Coligny, to surprise
+Douay. Fortunately the plot was discovered in time; but the truce was
+broken, and every day fresh incursions were made by the French, which
+naturally produced reprisals. The rupture was complete, and, in his
+anxiety to secure the help of England in the coming struggle, the King
+at length crossed the Channel, and joined Mary at Greenwich on the 21st
+of January, 1557. Political exigencies had done more to hasten his
+return than all his wife's prayers and tears, but in her joy she recked
+little of this, and guns were fired and _Te Deums_ chanted throughout
+the realm. Before leaving Brussels, Philip had made arrangements for
+the two Duchesses to follow him in a few days. Their society, he felt,
+would help to dispel the gloom of Mary's Court, and Margaret's coming
+would allay any jealousy which Christina's visit might excite. Another
+and more important motive for his cousin's presence in England at
+this moment was his anxiety to revive the old scheme of a marriage
+between the Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Savoy. Mary's state of
+health made her sister's marriage a matter of the highest importance,
+and the new quarrel with France had put an end to the Duke's hopes in
+that quarter. As both the French and Venetian Ambassadors constantly
+affirmed, Emanuel Philibert was the only foreign Prince whom the
+English would tolerate, and Christina herself told Vaudemont that
+she was going to England, by the King's wish, to bring back Madame
+Elizabeth as the Duke of Savoy's bride.[521]
+
+[Illustration: PHILIP II. (1554)
+
+By Jacopo da Trezzo (British Museum)]
+
+[Illustration: MARY, QUEEN OF ENGLAND (1554)
+
+By Jacopo da Trezzo (British Museum)]
+
+[Illustration: MARGARET OF AUSTRIA
+
+DUCHESS OF PARMA
+
+By Pastorino]
+
+[Illustration: ANTOINE PERRENOT
+
+CARDINAL GRANVELLE
+
+By Leone Leoni
+
+_To face p. 412_]
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1557] CHRISTINA AT WHITEHALL]
+
+The King had a calm passage to Dover, but the ladies were less
+fortunate, for an equinoctial gale sprang up when they were halfway
+across the Channel.
+
+    "The Duchesses," wrote Philip's secretary, Jean de Courteville,
+    "had to dance without music between Dover and Calais, and the
+    results were such as are commonly the case with travellers
+    unaccustomed to the sea. The great festivities we are having
+    here this Lent will grieve them the less."[522]
+
+But if the passage was disagreeable, nothing was lacking in the
+kindness of their reception. The Queen sent her litter to meet them
+at Dover, with chariot and hackney horses for their suite, and at
+Gravesend, Lady Lennox and Lady Kildare were waiting to conduct them
+in the royal barge to Whitehall. Here Philip received them at the
+water-gate, and led them up the steps into the great hall, where Mary
+welcomed her guests. The King and Queen who had only arrived from
+Greenwich the day before rode in state through the city, with the Lord
+Mayor carrying the sceptre at the head of the guilds and crafts of
+London, while a salute was fired from the Tower and bells rang from all
+the churches.
+
+Both the Duchesses were lodged in the Palace of Westminster, Christina
+in rooms on the ground-floor, looking on the gardens, and Margaret in
+an apartment on the upper floor, commanding a view of the Thames.[523]
+Soon after their arrival another visitor was brought by the Bishop
+of London to see Their Majesties--an Envoy from the Czar of Muscovy,
+who was lodged in Fenchurch Street, as the guest of the Company
+of Muscovite Merchants. Englishmen and Spaniards, Lorrainers and
+Italians, alike looked with curious eyes at this stranger from the
+shores of the Polar Sea, who was clad in robes of Oriental splendour,
+and whose turban glittered with gems. He brought the Queen a present
+of magnificent sables from the Czar, and saluted her by bowing his
+whole body down and touching the ground with his hand. In spite of his
+strange clothes and barbarous language, he was a cultivated person, as
+keen to see the sights of London as Christina herself. One day he dined
+with the Lord Mayor in gorgeous attire, another he attended Mass at
+Westminster and saw St. Edward's shrine, with the relics which had been
+fortunately preserved when the Abbey was plundered.[524]
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1557] ST. GEORGE'S FEAST]
+
+After spending a fortnight at Whitehall, Philip and Mary took their
+guests to spend Easter at Greenwich. On Maundy Thursday the King and
+Queen washed the feet of a number of poor beggars, and blessed the
+cramp rings, which were as much prized in Spain and Flanders as in
+England. Easter Day witnessed fresh balls and banquets, dog and bear
+fights, bull-baiting and horse-races, after which a large hunting-party
+was given in the park for the Duchess of Lorraine's amusement. On
+the 22nd of April the royal party returned to Whitehall for St.
+George's Feast. High Mass was celebrated in the Abbey by the Bishop
+of Winchester, and all the Knights of the Garter, in their mantles of
+royal blue, walked in procession round the inner court of the palace,
+while the Queen and her guests looked on from a window on the garden
+side. The King and Queen and all the Knights of the Order attended
+vespers in the Abbey, after which the Muscovite Envoy came to take
+leave of Their Majesties, and delivered a long farewell speech, which
+was translated by an interpreter into English and Spanish, expressing
+his hope that these mighty Sovereigns might live to see their
+children's children. Six English ships were in readiness to escort the
+stranger across the Northern seas, and prevent him falling into the
+hands of the Norsemen, who were jealous of English interference with
+the trade of Muscovy.
+
+On Sunday the Queen gave a grand banquet, and appeared resplendent in
+cloth of gold and jewels. Christina sat on her right, and Margaret,
+with her little son, on the King's left hand. The next morning the
+Duchess of Parma left for Italy, but Christina, at Philip's entreaty,
+remained in London another ten days. She was already very popular with
+the English, and made friends with Lord Arundel, Lord Pembroke, and
+several other nobles and ladies at Court, while her splendid robes and
+jewels, her numerous suite and fine horses, excited general admiration.
+In the midst of the Court fêtes, she found time to visit several
+shrines and places of interest, and, while the King was holding the
+Chapter of the Garter on St. George's Day, went by water to the Tower,
+and was shown its treasures and antiquities. But in one respect her
+visit proved a failure. Mary refused to entertain any idea of the Savoy
+marriage, and would not even allow Christina a glimpse of Princess
+Elizabeth, who was kept at Hatfield in strict seclusion during her
+visit. What was worse, the Duchess's presence revived all the Queen's
+jealousy, and, in spite of the King's protests, Christina found it
+prudent to hasten her departure. All manner of stories about Mary's
+dislike of the Duchess found their way to the French Court, and King
+Henry had many jokes with Soranzo on the subject, and told him he heard
+that the Queen flew into a frantic passion when the King led out his
+cousin to dance at Greenwich.[525]
+
+Philip did his best to atone for his wife's ill-humour, and, when
+Christina expressed a wish to visit Ghent on her return, wrote to ask
+the Duke of Savoy to see that she and her daughters were well lodged
+and entertained in the old Prinzenhof. On the 11th of May the Duchess
+wrote a formal letter of thanks to the Queen from Dover, acknowledging
+the attentions which she had received from Her Majesty and all her
+subjects, and on the 8th of June she sent her a second letter from
+Ghent, on behalf of the widow and daughter of Sir Jacques de Granado,
+a Brabant gentleman who had been Equerry to Henry VIII. and Edward
+VI., and had met his death by accident during the Duchess's visit.
+As he rode into the privy garden at Whitehall before the Queen's
+chariot, his bridle broke, the horse shied violently, and dashed his
+rider's head against the wall. Sir Jacques was killed on the spot, and
+buried at St. Dunstan's in the East two days afterwards with a great
+display of torches and escutcheons. On Christina's recommendation, the
+Queen granted a pension of £50 to the widow, and saw that she and her
+children were amply provided for.[526]
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1557] THE VICTORY OF ST. QUENTIN]
+
+From Ghent the Duchess went to meet her sister Dorothea at Jülich, the
+Court of the Duke of Cleves and the Archduchess Maria. The reformed
+faith was now firmly established in the Palatinate, and Dorothea's
+well-known Lutheran leanings were a great source of annoyance to her
+own family. "The Electress Dorothea," wrote Badoer from Brussels in
+1557, "is known to be a Lutheran and against the Emperor, and is as
+much hated here as her sister Christina is beloved." From his retreat
+at St. Yuste, Charles begged Philip to invite Dorothea to settle at
+Brussels, "lest one of our own blood should openly forsake the faith."
+When the Princess declined this proposal, Philip and Arras desired
+Christina to use her influence to bring her sister to a better mind.
+But Dorothea resisted all these attempts obstinately, and went back to
+Neuburg to live among her husband's kindred and worship God in her own
+way.[527]
+
+On the 1st of June England declared war against France, and Philip
+returned to Brussels, having accomplished the object of his journey.
+Here he was joined by the Duchess of Lorraine and the Count of
+Vaudemont, who came to Flanders to try and reopen peace negotiations.
+But the moment, as Arras told him, was singularly inopportune, since
+Philip was armed to the teeth and had England at his back. On the 11th
+of August the King left Brussels for the camp before St. Quentin,
+where he arrived just too late to claim a share in the brilliant
+victory gained by the Duke of Savoy and Egmont over the French on St.
+Lawrence's Day. The Constable Montmorency, the Marshal St. André,
+Admiral Coligny, and the Rhinegrave, were among the prisoners made on
+this memorable day, together with all the guns and fifty-six colours.
+The news of this decisive victory was celebrated with great joy both
+in Brussels and across the Channel. _Te Deum_ was sung in St. Paul's,
+and the loyal citizens of London lighted bonfires and sat up drinking
+through the livelong night; while in Paris the King and Queen went to
+Notre Dame in sackcloth, and Henry II. carried the Crown of Thorns
+in procession from the Sainte Chapelle. In the lonely monastery far
+away on the heights of Estremadura, the news sent a thrill to the
+great Emperor's heart, and he asked eagerly in what route his son
+was marching on Paris. Had Philip followed this course, had he, in
+Suriano's words, "taken Fortune at the flood," he might have brought
+the campaign to a triumphant close. But, with characteristic timidity,
+he confined himself to capturing St. Quentin, and then returned to
+Brussels, throwing away such an opportunity as comes but once a
+lifetime.[528]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[481] Henne, x. 13.
+
+[482] Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury, i. 110;
+Lodge, "Illustrations," i. 183.
+
+[483] Voigt, ii. 207.
+
+[484] Calendar of State Papers, Edward VI., Foreign, 282.
+
+[485] "Travail and Life of Sir T. Hoby," 85; Calendar of State Papers,
+Edward VI., Foreign, 288.
+
+[486] Calendar of State Papers, Mary, Foreign, 8; T. Hoby, 102.
+
+[487] Granvelle, iv. 113, 119.
+
+[488] Mignet, "Retraite de Charles V.," 69, 70.
+
+[489] M. Haile, "Life of Reginald Pole," 432.
+
+[490] Henne, x. 132; F. Juste, "Marie de Hongrie," 204.
+
+[491] Granvelle, iv. 307; Venetian Transcript, Record Office, 99.
+
+[492] Gachard, iv. 19.
+
+[493] Ashmole, "The Order of the Garter," 383.
+
+[494] Machyn, "Diary," 66, 79, 81.
+
+[495] Granvelle, iv. 341; F. de Noailles, "Ambassades," v. 42.
+
+[496] Calendar of State Papers, Mary, Foreign, 150.
+
+[497] Machyn, 82, 84.
+
+[498] Record Office Manuscripts; State Papers, Foreign, vi. 351 (see
+Appendix).
+
+[499] Venetian Calendar, vi. 1, 69; Calendar of State Papers, Mary,
+Foreign 165; J. W. Burgon, "Life of Sir Thomas Gresham," i. 168.
+
+[500] Record Office Manuscripts, Venetian Transcripts, 1555, No. 99.
+
+[501] Noailles, v. 74, 80.; Venetian Calendar, vi. 1, 151.
+
+[502] Noailles, v. 191; Venetian Calendar, vi. 1, 211; P. Friedmann,
+"Les Dépêches de Michieli," 42.
+
+[503] Calendar of State Papers, Mary, Foreign, 189.
+
+[504] Granvelle, iv. 469.
+
+[505] Venetian Calendar, vi. 603.
+
+[506] L. Haüsser, i. 630.
+
+[507] Venetian Calendar, vi. 197.
+
+[508] De Reiffenberg, "Histoire de la Toison d'Or," 451.
+
+[509] G. Ribier, "Lettres et Mémoires d'État," ii. 634; T. Juste, 94;
+Venetian Calendar, vi. 369.
+
+[510] Venetian Calendar, vi. 421, 443, 457; T. Juste, 101; Gachard,
+"Retraite," etc., i. 41.
+
+[511] Lanz, iii. 709; Venetian Calendar, vi. 537.
+
+[512] Venetian Despatches, 90 (Record Office).
+
+[513] Venetian Calendar, vi. 197, 362.
+
+[514] Granvelle, iv. 574, 577.
+
+[515] _Ibid._, iv. 701.
+
+[516] Brantôme, xii. 114.
+
+[517] P. Friedmann, 254-267; Noailles, v. 355, 362.
+
+[518] Friedmann, 56; Noailles, "Affaires Étrangères: Angleterre," xix.
+(Bibliothèque Nationale).
+
+[519] Venetian Calendar, vi. 863.
+
+[520] _Ibid._, vi. 914, 932.
+
+[521] Venetian Calendar, vi. 1015, 1080.
+
+[522] Kervyn de Lettenhove, "Relations des Pays-Bas avec l'Angleterre,"
+i. 67.
+
+[523] Gachard, iv. 25.
+
+[524] Machyn, 130-134.
+
+[525] Venetian Calendar, vi. 1154; Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 68.
+
+[526] Machyn, 135, 136; Calendar of State Papers, Mary, Foreign, 305,
+314.
+
+[527] Granvelle, v. 86-113.
+
+[528] Venetian Calendar, vi. 1287; Machyn, 147; Gachard, "Retraite,"
+etc., 176.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK XII
+
+THE PEACE OF CÂTEAU-CAMBRÉSIS
+
+1557-1559
+
+
+I.
+
+The lull that followed the decisive battle of St. Quentin afforded the
+Duchess of Lorraine a favourable opportunity for resuming her efforts
+to open negotiations between the contending monarchs. The Constable,
+after fighting like a lion and receiving a severe wound, had been made
+prisoner, and was taken to the Castle of Ghent, where Christina and her
+daughters were staying. The Duchess paid him daily visits, and brought
+him letters of condolence from her aunt Eleanor, who wrote that she
+wished she were still in Flanders to nurse her old friend. More than
+this: Christina obtained leave for his wife to visit him, and even
+proposed that the prisoner should be allowed to go to France on parole.
+These good offices gratified the French King, who was very anxious for
+his favourite's release, and whose behaviour towards the Duchess now
+underwent a marked change.[529]
+
+The young Duke Charles was almost fifteen, and his marriage to
+the Princess Claude was fixed for the following spring. With the
+King's leave, he sent his steward to Ghent to invite his mother to
+the wedding, and at the same time make proposals of peace through
+Montmorency. These letters were laid before Philip by Christina, and a
+brisk correspondence was carried on between her and the Constable. In
+December Vaudemont came to Brussels, bringing portraits of Charles and
+his bride as a gift from Henry II. to the Duchess, and negotiations
+were actively pursued.[530] But just when the wished-for goal at
+length seemed to be in sight, and Christina was rejoicing to think of
+once more seeing her son, all her hopes were shattered by the Duke
+of Guise's capture of Calais. The surprise had been cleverly planned
+and brilliantly executed. The new fortifications of the town were
+unfinished, and after a gallant resistance the little garrison was
+overpowered and forced to capitulate, on the 8th of January, 1558. This
+unexpected success revived the courage of the French, and strengthened
+the Guise brothers in the determined opposition which they offered to
+peace. The star of their house was at its zenith, and on the 24th of
+April the marriage of their niece, the young Queen of Scots, to the
+Dauphin, was celebrated with great splendour at Paris. In deference
+to his mother's wishes, the Duke of Lorraine's wedding was put off
+till the following year, when he should have attained his majority;
+but he figured conspicuously in the day's pageant, and led his lovely
+cousin in her lily-white robes and jewelled crown up the nave of Notre
+Dame.[531]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1558] CHRISTINA MEETS HER SON]
+
+The French King now gave his consent to Vaudemont's request, that
+a meeting should be arranged between the Duke and his mother in
+the neighbourhood of Péronne. Philip, after his wont, raised many
+difficulties, and insisted that the Bishop of Arras must be present at
+the interview.[532] At length all preliminaries were arranged, and on
+the 1st of May Charles left Paris with his uncle Vaudemont and Guise's
+eldest son, Henri, Prince of Joinville, attended by an escort of 200
+horse. The Duchess had already arrived at Cambray with her daughters
+and Anne of Aerschot, accompanied by Egmont, Arras, and a great train
+of courtiers, and had prepared a splendid reception for her son. But at
+the last moment fresh difficulties arose. The Cardinal of Lorraine sent
+Robertet, the King's secretary, to tell the Duchess that, although her
+son was most anxious to see her, it would be derogatory to his master's
+dignity for him to enter King Philip's territories as a suppliant for
+peace. Would Her Highness therefore consent to come as far as his
+castle at Péronne? This Philip quite refused to allow, and eventually
+the village of Marcoing, halfway between Cambray and Péronne, was fixed
+upon as the meeting-place. An old manor-house which had been partly
+destroyed in the late military operations was hastily repaired for the
+occasion, and here, on the 15th of May, the much-desired meeting at
+length took place.[533] The Frenchmen, who came in riding-clothes, were
+amazed to find the splendid company awaiting them. The Duchess with
+the young Princesses, Anne of Aerschot, and the Princess of Macedonia,
+stood under a bower of leafy boughs, and Egmont and the other courtiers
+were all richly clad and mounted on fine horses. The coming of the
+guests was greeted by a gay fanfare of trumpets and roll of drums,
+together with salutes of artillery. Then the young Duke, springing from
+his horse, rushed into his mother's arms. At the sight of her boy,
+Christina burst into tears and almost fainted away. For some minutes
+she remained unable to speak, and the spectators were deeply moved by
+her emotion. After repeatedly embracing his mother, Charles kissed
+his sisters and aunt, and proceeded to salute Egmont and the rest of
+the company with charming grace; while the happy mother followed his
+movements with delight, and could not take her eyes off the tall and
+handsome youth whom she had last seen as a child, and who had grown up
+the image of his father.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1558] DUKE CHARLES OF LORRAINE]
+
+During the conversation which followed, Charles spoke to his mother
+with great good sense and wisdom, telling her how kindly he was treated
+at the French Court, and how it would be hard for him to feel at home
+anywhere else. But directly after his marriage he and his wife intended
+to return to Nancy, where he hoped that his mother would join them
+and live among their own people. The Duchess and her children now sat
+down to an exquisite _déjeuner_ with the Duchess of Aerschot and the
+Cardinal, while Egmont and Arras entertained Vaudemont and the Prince
+of Joinville, and the other French gentlemen dined with the members of
+Christina's suite. After dinner three Spanish jennets which King Philip
+had sent the young Duke were led out, and Charles mounted a spirited
+charger given him by the French monarch, and performed a variety
+of feats of horsemanship before the company, to his mother's great
+delight. Then the Duchess and her sister and children retired to enjoy
+each other's company in private, leaving the Cardinal to confer with
+Arras and Egmont.
+
+The Cardinal produced the royal mandate, and Robertet read out Henry's
+proposals, offering to restore Savoy to the Duke, but only on condition
+of receiving Milan in exchange. All Arras would say in reply to these
+demands was that they must be referred to his master, upon which the
+Cardinal exclaimed with some heat that these were the only terms
+which the King of France would accept. "Thus," remarks the Venetian
+Ambassador, "this meeting, which began with such a beautiful outburst
+of motherly love and tenderness, ended in mutual recrimination."[534]
+The Cardinal then took leave of the company, after presenting the
+young Princesses and their mother with gifts of gold bracelets,
+rings, and brooches, and receiving a box of choice gloves, perfumed,
+and embroidered in Italian fashion from the Duchess. As he rode back
+to Péronne, he saw the flames of a burning village which had been
+destroyed by the Imperialists, and, in spite of his safe-conduct, was
+seized with so great a panic that he hurried back to Paris, fearing his
+château might be surprised by the foes. The young Duke and Vaudemont
+spent another day with the Duchess, and only returned to Compiègne on
+the 18th of May. Here Charles received the warmest of welcomes from the
+royal family, who had feared that he might be induced to remain with
+his mother. The King threw his arms round the boy's neck, the Queen and
+Dauphin, the Princesses Elizabeth and Claude and the young Queen of
+Scots, all embraced him affectionately, telling him how much they had
+missed him. In fact, as Soranzo remarks, this short absence served to
+show how much beloved the young Prince was by the whole Court.[535]
+
+Meanwhile Arras and Egmont returned to Brussels, satisfied that the
+French had no real wish for peace, and Philip declared his conviction
+that they had made a plot to capture the Duchess, which had only
+been defeated by the strong escort with which she was attended.
+But Christina herself was radiant with happiness, and received
+congratulations from all her friends. The French had done her many
+cruel wrongs, but they had not been able to rob her of her son's heart,
+and the future still held the promise of some golden hours.
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1558] THE PRINCE OF ORANGE]
+
+For a while the war still raged fiercely. The capture of Thionville
+by Guise in June was followed a month later by Egmont's fresh victory
+at Gravelines, when the Governor of Calais, De Thermes, and his whole
+force, were cut to pieces. The Count had always been a splendid and
+popular figure; now he was the idol of the whole nation. His brilliant
+feat of arms had saved Flanders from utter ruin, and made peace once
+more possible. Both sides were thoroughly weary of the long struggle,
+the resources of both countries were exhausted, and the unhappy
+inhabitants of Picardy and Artois were crying out for a respite from
+their sufferings. Christina made use of the opportunity to renew her
+correspondence with the Constable and the Marshal St. André, his
+companion in captivity.[536] A new recruit now came to her help in
+the person of William of Orange. This young Prince had enjoyed the
+favour of Charles V. and his sister Mary from his boyhood, and had
+been treated with especial kindness by the Duchess of Aerschot and
+her sister-in-law. The death of his young wife, Anna, Countess Büren,
+in the spring of 1558, had thrown him much into the company of these
+ladies, and it was already whispered at Court that he would certainly
+marry Madame de Lorraine's elder daughter, Renée, who was growing up
+a tall and attractive maiden. The Prince himself was a handsome youth
+with fine brown eyes and curly auburn locks, and a charm of manner
+which few could resist. If the cares and anxieties of his later life
+made him taciturn, in youth he was the most genial and pleasant of
+companions, and Arras, who never loved him, said that he "made a friend
+every time that he lifted his hat." His attire was always as faultless
+as it was splendid, he was renowned for his skill as a rider and
+jouster, and had greatly distinguished himself in the recent campaigns.
+Both in his home at Breda and in the stately Nassau house at Brussels
+the Prince kept open house, and the worst faults of which his enemies
+could accuse him were his reckless hospitality and extravagant tastes.
+
+Christina had always taken especial interest in William of Orange,
+for the sake of the kinsman whose name and wealth he inherited, and
+he on his part became deeply attached to her. So intimate was their
+friendship, that the Duchess one day told Count Feria's English wife,
+Jane Dormer, in speaking of the Prince's intended marriage with her
+daughter, that she would gladly have married him herself.[537]
+
+The Prince now joined his personal exertions to those of the Duchess,
+and was the frequent bearer of letters between Brussels and the camp
+near Amiens, where the two Kings and their rival armies were drawn up
+face to face. At length, on the 9th of September, a ten days' armistice
+was proclaimed, and a few days later the Prince of Orange, Ruy Gomez,
+and Arras, met the Constable and St. André at Lille, to discuss
+preliminaries of peace.[538] The two French prisoners were eager for
+peace, and had the secret support of Henry II. and Diane de Poitiers;
+but the Guises, who had everything to lose and nothing to gain by the
+cessation of war, were still strongly opposed to a truce, and Renard
+told Philip that the only way of gaining their good-will would be to
+give Mademoiselle de Lorraine's hand to the Prince of Joinville. In
+the end, however, their opposition was overruled, and on the 30th of
+September William of Orange was able to bring the Duchess news that
+a Conference had been arranged, and would take place at the Abbey of
+Cercamp, near Cambray, in October. He found Christina at Douai, where
+she and her daughters were attending a marriage in the d'Aremberg
+family. She had just heard of her son's return to Nancy, where he had
+been received with acclamation by his subjects, and where her own
+presence was eagerly expected. But at Philip's earnest entreaty she
+consented to remain in Flanders for the present, and preside at the
+coming Conference. This proposal was strongly supported by the Cardinal
+of Lorraine, who hastened to send the Duchess a safe-conduct, saying
+that her presence would do more than anything to bring the desired
+peace to perfection.[539]
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1558] THE CONFERENCE OF CERCAMP]
+
+Christina herself was very reluctant to accept the post, as we learn
+from the following letter which she wrote to Philip from Douai on the
+12th of October. Her delicate child, Dorothea, was ailing, and her
+faithful companion, the aged Princess of Macedonia, was hardly fit to
+be left alone.
+
+    "I have received the letter which Your Majesty has been
+    pleased to send me, and thank you humbly for your affectionate
+    expressions. As to the inconvenience of the place selected for
+    this Conference, I should never allow my comfort or pleasure
+    to interfere with your commands, and will accordingly go to
+    Arras to-morrow and await your further orders. I have been
+    very unwell lately, and must beg Your Majesty to provide for
+    my safety, not only because I am a woman, but because, as you
+    know, I am not in the good graces of the French. My daughters
+    must remain here a few days longer, as Dorothea is indisposed,
+    and the Princess of Macedonia is in a very feeble state. I will
+    follow Your Majesty's advice as to Bassompierre's mission and
+    my son's affairs, and cannot thank you enough for your kind
+    thought of me and my children. I kiss Your Majesty's hands.
+
+                            "Your very humble and obedient cousin,
+                                                     "CHRÉTIENNE."[540]
+
+Some further difficulties--chiefly the work of Silliers, poor Belloni's
+hated rival and successor--delayed the Duchess's journey for another
+week. On the 16th Arras wrote to tell her that the Commissioners had
+already arrived at Cercamp, and beg her to come as soon as possible.
+The Cardinal was very anxious to see her, and hoped that she would not
+fail to bring his young cousins, "Mesdames your daughters," with her.
+Christina could delay no longer, and hastened to Cercamp the following
+day.
+
+
+II.
+
+On the 17th of October, 1558, a fortnight's truce was proclaimed.
+Both armies remained encamped on their own territories, while the two
+Kings withdrew respectively to Arras and Beauvais. The next day the
+Commissioners met at one o'clock in the Duchess's lodgings. The Prince
+of Orange, Alva, Ruy Gomez, Arras, and Viglius, the President of the
+Council, represented Philip; while the Constable, the Cardinal of
+Lorraine, St. André, the Bishop of Orleans, and Secretary l'Aubespine,
+were the five French deputies. Stroppiana represented the Duke of
+Savoy, and the English deputies, Lord Arundel, Dr. Wotton, and Thirlby,
+Bishop of Ely, arrived a few days later. The Duchess welcomed the
+Commissioners in a brief speech, explaining that, as for several years
+past she had endeavoured to make peace between these two illustrious
+monarchs, it was their pleasure that she should continue her good
+offices, adding that she would count herself too happy if her services
+could help to attain this blessed end, and relieve the people of both
+countries from the awful miseries of war.[541]
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1558] PEACE NEGOTIATIONS]
+
+During the next fortnight conferences were held daily in the presence
+of Christina, who herself read aloud each different proposal that was
+made, and showed infinite tact in smoothing over difficulties and
+suggesting points of agreement. Each morning the deputies met at Mass
+in the parish church, and often discussed separate questions after
+service. In the evenings, private interviews took place in Christina's
+rooms, and the Prince of Orange held long conversations with
+Montmorency and the Cardinal, which contributed not a little to their
+mutual understanding. "Loving entertainments," in Suriano's phrase,
+"were exchanged," and one night the Duchess gave a banquet in honour of
+the Constable's wife and daughter, who paid a visit to Cercamp. As the
+Cardinal complained jestingly, Montmorency was too good a Christian and
+all too ready to make peace with his country's enemies. But King Henry
+supported him secretly, and sent private notes and messages, telling
+him to take no notice of the Guises, and do all he could to make
+peace.[542]
+
+The great difficulty which had hitherto stood in the way of all
+attempts at negotiation was the restitution of Savoy. The Constable
+now proposed that the Duke should marry the King's sister, Madame
+Marguerite, with a dower of 300,000 crowns, and be placed in possession
+of the chief portion of his dominions. At first the Duke demurred
+to this offer, and begged that the King's daughter Claude should
+be substituted for her aunt, who was five years his senior. But
+the Cardinal replied that this Princess was already pledged to his
+nephew, Charles of Lorraine, and laid stress on Margaret's charms and
+learning. The Duke yielded, and a long wrangle ensued as to the towns
+and citadels to be retained by the French. But there was a still more
+thorny question to be decided. This was the restoration of Calais,
+which the English demanded with the utmost pertinacity, while the
+French were no less determined to keep their conquest. The English
+pleaded that they had held the town during two centuries; the French
+replied that it had been unjustly snatched from them in the first
+place. Old treaties, going back to the days of the Black Prince, were
+produced, and Arras and his colleagues supported the English claim
+loyally, knowing that, if Philip consented to abandon Calais, he would
+lose all hold on his wife's subjects. In vain Christina proposed that,
+as the marriage of the French King's elder daughter with the Infant Don
+Carlos had been agreed upon, Calais should form part of Elizabeth's
+dower. The Cardinal told the Duchess that the possession of the town,
+which his brother had conquered, touched his honour too closely for
+him to agree to the surrender, and King Henry sent word that he would
+rather lose his crown than give up Calais. So stern and intractable
+were the French that the only thing to be done was to adjourn the
+Conference and refer the matter to the two monarchs.[543]
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1558] DEATH OF MARY OF HUNGARY]
+
+The Constable was allowed to go to Beauvais with the Cardinal to
+consult King Henry, Alva and Orange went to Brussels to see Philip,
+and Christina took three days' holiday with her children at Douai.
+Before she went to Cercamp, a report of Charles V.'s death had reached
+Brussels. Now this was confirmed by letters from St. Yuste, announcing
+that the great Emperor had passed away on the 21st of September.
+The sudden death of his sister Eleanor, seven months before, had
+been a great shock to him, and when the Queen of Hungary entered
+his room without the accustomed figure at her side he burst into
+tears. The recent events of the war, and Philip's difficulties in the
+administration of the provinces, troubled him sorely, and he was very
+anxious for Mary to resume the office of Regent. When, in August, the
+Archbishop of Toledo brought a letter from the King, imploring the
+Queen to come to his help, Charles used all his influence to induce
+her to consent. In vain Mary pleaded her advancing years and failing
+health; the Emperor replied that her refusal would bring ruin and
+disgrace on their house, and adjured her by the love of God and her
+sisterly affection to do him this last service. This appeal decided the
+noble woman. On the 9th of September she wrote to tell Philip that, in
+obedience to his father's orders, she would start for the Netherlands
+as soon as possible. The knowledge of the Queen's decision was a great
+consolation to Charles in his last moments, and as soon as she had
+recovered from the first shock of his death she prepared to obey his
+last wish. But before she embarked at Laredo, a fresh attack of the
+heart trouble from which she suffered ended her life, and on St. Luke's
+Day she passed to her well-earned rest.[544]
+
+Her death was deeply lamented throughout the Low Countries, where her
+return had been daily looked for, and no one mourned her loss more
+truly than the niece to whom she had been the best of mothers. It was
+with a sad heart that Christina came back to Cercamp to preside at the
+second session of the Conference, which opened on the 7th of November.
+Alarming accounts of their mistress's health now reached the English
+Commissioners, and Count Feria, whom Philip sent to London, wrote that
+the Queen's life was despaired of, and that Parliament was in great
+alarm lest, if she died, the King would cease to care for the recovery
+of Calais. But, although Arras and Alva still declared that they would
+never consent to any treaty which did not satisfy the English, the
+French remained obdurate, and the Commissioners were at their wits'
+end. The Bishop of Ely was in tears, and on the 18th of November Lord
+Arundel wrote home that
+
+    "it seemed very hard that all others should have restitution of
+    their owne, and poore England, that began not the fray, should
+    bear the burthen and loss for the rest, and specially of such a
+    jewel as Calais."[545]
+
+The next day came the news of the Queen's death. The French, who,
+Wotton remarked, "have ears as long as those of Midas," were the first
+to inform Her Majesty's Envoys that their mistress had breathed her
+last, on the morning of the 17th of November, after sending a message
+to Elizabeth, recognizing this Princess as her successor, and begging
+her to maintain the Catholic religion. The new Queen at once sent Lord
+Cobham to announce her accession to Philip, and assure him of her
+resolve to hold fast the ancient friendship between England and the
+House of Burgundy.
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1558] THE EMPEROR'S FUNERAL]
+
+The news of Mary's death decided the Commissioners to adjourn the
+Conference. The truce was prolonged for two months, and on the 2nd
+of December they all left Cercamp. Arundel had already started for
+England, and Wotton was longing to get away, saying "that he was never
+wearier of any place than he was of Cercamp, saving only of Rome after
+the sack." The Constable was set at liberty, and received a promise
+that his 200,000 crowns ransom should be reduced by half, if peace
+were finally made. Arras, Alva, and Orange, went to the Abbey of
+Groenendal to see Philip, who had retired to pray for his father's
+soul, and there received the tidings of his wife's death. Christina
+returned to Brussels to assist at a succession of funerals. On the
+22nd of December a requeim for the Queen of England was chanted in
+S. Gudule, the Duke of Savoy acting as chief mourner in the King's
+absence, and on the following day solemn funeral rites for the late
+Queen of Hungary were performed in the Court chapel, which she and the
+Emperor had built and adorned. The Duchess of Lorraine was present at
+this service, together with the Duke of Savoy, the Prince of Orange,
+and all the chief nobles and Crown officials, while the palace gates
+were thronged with a crowd of sorrowing people.[546] But the grandest
+funeral ceremonies ever known in Brussels were those that were
+celebrated on the 29th of December, in memory of the late Emperor.
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1559] CHARLES'S WEDDING]
+
+Great preparations had been made for this solemnity during the last
+few weeks. A _chapelle ardente_ was erected in S. Gudule, rising in
+tiers to the lofty roof, adorned with golden diadems and shields
+emblazoned with the dead monarch's arms and titles, and lighted with
+3,000 candles. Here, on a couch draped with cloth of gold, an effigy
+of the Emperor was laid, clad in robes of state and wearing the collar
+of the Order. On the morning of the 29th a long procession wound its
+way through the narrow streets leading from the palace on the heights
+of the Caudenberg to the cathedral church, and a stately pageant
+unfolded the glorious story of Charles of Austria's deeds. A richly
+carved and gilded ship, drawn by marine monsters, bore the names of his
+journeys and battles and armorial bearings of the kingdoms over which
+he reigned, while banners of the Turks and of the other foes whom he
+had vanquished were plunged in the waves below, and white-robed maidens
+sat in the stern, bearing the cross and chalice, the symbols of the
+faith by which he had conquered the world. This imposing group was
+followed by a representation of the Pillars of Hercules with Charles's
+motto, _Plus oultre_, and twenty-four horses decked in coloured
+plumes and trappings to match the banners of his different States.
+Each of these pennons was borne by a noble youth, while four Princes
+supported the great standard of the Empire. Then came the officers of
+the imperial household, leading Charles's war-horse, and bearing his
+armour and insignia; the Prince of Orange with his master's sword, Alva
+with the orb of the world, and the Grand Commander of Castille with
+the imperial crown. Last of all King Philip himself appeared on foot,
+clad in a mourning mantle five yards long, and followed by the Duke of
+Savoy and a long train of Knights of the Golden Fleece, Councillors
+and Ministers, with the Archers of the Guard bringing up the rear. The
+procession left the palace at nine, and the funeral service, which
+included a lengthy oration by the Bishop of Arras's coadjutor, Abbé
+Richardot, was not over till five o'clock. The next day Philip and all
+his nobles attended High Mass, and at the end of the celebration the
+Prince of Orange, standing before the funeral pile, smote his breast
+three times, repeating the words: "He is dead, and will remain dead;
+and there is another risen up in his place, greater than ever he has
+been." So the solemn function ended.
+
+"It was a sight worth going 100 miles to see," wrote Richard Clough,
+an English apprentice who had been sent by Sir Thomas Gresham from
+Antwerp, and counted himself fortunate to witness this imposing
+ceremony. "The like of it, I think, hath never been seen. The Lord give
+his soul rest!"[547]
+
+The Duchess of Lorraine had been anxious that her son should attend
+his great-uncle's funeral, but the tardy invitation which Philip
+sent to Nancy arrived too late, and the young Duke could not reach
+Brussels in time to take part in the ceremony. To console herself for
+this disappointment, Christina went to meet Charles at Treves on the
+6th of January, and spent two days in his company, before he returned
+to France for the wedding. His loyal subjects presented him with a
+marriage gift of 200,000 crowns, double the amount which any Duke of
+Lorraine had received before. Charles who inherited his mother's lavish
+generosity, spent most of the money in costly jewels for his bride, and
+presented the King and Dauphin, Vaudemont and the Guises, with superb
+robes embroidered with the arms of Lorraine and lined with lynx fur.
+The wedding was solemnized at Notre Dame on the 22nd of January, with
+as much splendour as that of the Dauphin in the previous spring. The
+Guises held open house for ten days in their palatial abode, the "Hôtel
+de Lorraine et de Sicile," near the royal palace of Les Tournelles, and
+gave a grand tournament in which the young Duke appeared at the head
+of a troop splendidly arrayed in corslets of gold and silver, with
+the _alérions_, or eagles, of Lorraine on the crest of their helmets.
+Ronsard celebrated the union of the eagles of Lorraine and the golden
+lilies of France, and sang the praises of the "Fair Maid of Valois and
+her bridegroom, the beautiful Shepherd who feeds his flock in the green
+pastures along the banks of Meuse and Moselle."[548]
+
+The French King and Queen had invited the Duchess in courteous and
+affectionate terms to be present at the wedding, but she declined on
+the plea of her deep mourning, as well as of the promise which she had
+made to preside at the Peace Conference, which was shortly to meet
+again.[549]
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1559] AT CÂTEAU-CAMBRÉSIS]
+
+The Commissioners who had attended the Conferences at Cercamp were
+unanimous in refusing to return to this unhealthy and inconvenient
+spot, and at the Duchess of Lorraine's suggestion the small town of
+Câteau-Cambrésis, belonging to the Bishop of Cambray, was chosen for
+their next meeting-place. The Bishop's manor-house at Mon Soulas, which
+had been damaged in the war, was hastily repaired by the Duchess's
+_fourriers_, the rooms were furnished anew, and paper windows were
+inserted in place of the broken glass. The Bishop of Arras, who arrived
+with the Prince of Orange's servants, secured a decent lodging and
+good cook for himself and his colleagues in the neighbouring villas
+of Beau Regard and Mon Plaisir, while Wotton and the Bishop of Ely
+found very indifferent quarters in a ruinous house belonging to the
+Bishop of Cambray. The French complained that the accommodation was no
+better than at Cercamp, if the air was healthier, and, after a good
+deal of grumbling, fixed on two houses, known as Mon Secours and Belle
+Image, outside the gates.[550] The dilapidated country-house, with its
+patched-up walls and paper windows, could hardly have been a pleasant
+residence in the cold days of February, but Christina made light of
+these discomforts, and threw herself heart and soul into the difficult
+task before her. The Commissioners all recognized the tact and patience
+which she showed in conducting the negotiations, and the courtesy which
+the Ambassadors of other nationalities received at her hands, during
+the next two months.
+
+The French delegates were delayed by the fêtes for the Duke of
+Lorraine's wedding, and did not reach Câteau-Cambrésis until late on
+the evening of the 5th of February. On the following afternoon they
+held their first meeting with the King of Spain's Commissioners in the
+Duchess's rooms at Mon Soulas. They seemed very cheerful, and, the
+next day being Shrove Tuesday, were all entertained at dinner by the
+Constable. On Ash Wednesday, Mass of the Holy Ghost was sung in church,
+after which business began in earnest, and various points regarding the
+Duke of Savoy's marriage were decided. The next evening Lord William
+Howard, who had been made Lord Chamberlain by the new Queen, and
+advanced to the peerage with the title of Lord Howard of Effingham,
+arrived from England. He was received with great civility by Alva and
+his colleagues, and conducted by the Prince of Orange to salute the
+Duchess. Christina welcomed him graciously, asked after Queen Elizabeth
+with great interest, and kept him talking of England "for a pretty
+while" in the most friendly manner.
+
+    "This assembly," wrote Howard to his mistress, "hath been
+    entirely procured by the Duchess's labour and travail; and she
+    being a Princess not subject to the King of Spain or France,
+    the Commissioners are content to use her as one that is
+    indifferent betwixt all parties, and she is continually present
+    at all meetings and communications."[551]
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1559] ANGRY DISCUSSIONS]
+
+But the Frenchmen, Lord Howard complained, behaved in a very strange
+fashion, and quite refused to meet him and his colleagues if they
+persisted in their demand for Calais, pretending that this question had
+been finally settled at Cercamp. At Christina's entreaty, however, the
+Cardinal consented to an interview, and at one o'clock on Saturday,
+the 11th of February, the whole body of Commissioners met at Mon
+Soulas. The Duchess sat at the head of the table, the English on her
+right, the French deputies opposite, and Alva and his companions at
+the other end. A long wrangle followed; all the old arguments were
+revived, and the Cardinal, as Howard noticed, did his best to stir up a
+quarrel between the English and the King of Spain's servants. After the
+meeting broke up, the members stood about in little knots, conversing
+amicably with each other and the Duchess. On Sunday the Constable had
+a long private interview with Howard, and, as the latter afterwards
+discovered, caught Alva and Stroppiana as they left church, and tried
+to induce them to abandon the English. But Philip's servants stood
+loyally by their allies, and the Prince of Orange and Alva discussed
+the matter with Howard until a late hour. During the next two days the
+debate was continued with ever-increasing acrimony, until on Tuesday
+afternoon Howard broke into so violent a passion that the Cardinal
+and his friends rose and walked out of the house, saying that it was
+impossible to argue with such people. As Arras remarked shrewdly: "The
+French are better advocates of a bad cause than the English are of a
+good one."[552]
+
+Presently a page brought the Duchess word that the French Commissioners
+had ordered their horses, and were preparing to pack up and leave.
+Upon this Christina followed them into the garden, and by dint of much
+persuasion prevailed upon the Cardinal to listen to her suggestion
+that Calais should remain for eight years in the hands of the French,
+and that a yearly sum should be paid to Queen Elizabeth as a security
+for its ultimate surrender. Meanwhile the outer world was becoming
+very impatient. Philip wrote to the Prince of Orange, saying that he
+could get no more supplies from Spain, and that the greatest service
+he could do him would be to obtain peace at any cost; and Henry sent
+an autograph letter to the Constable, complaining of the Guises'
+opposition, ending with the words: "Never mind what these men say;
+let them talk as they please, but make peace if possible!" It was
+accordingly decided to refer the Duchess's proposal to Queen Elizabeth
+and her Council, while the Constable went to consult the French King at
+Villers-Cotterets.[553]
+
+Late this same evening the Duke of Lorraine arrived from Court, with
+two of the Guise Princes, the Grand Prior of Malta, and the Marquis of
+Elbœuf, and was met by the Prince of Orange, and taken to Mon Soulas.
+The Duchess was overjoyed to see her son, and the next three days were
+devoted to hunting-parties. Howard was invited to join in one of these,
+and he and the Prince of Orange accompanied Christina and Margaret of
+Aremberg out hunting. As they rode home together, the ladies began to
+talk of Queen Elizabeth, and Christina expressed her wish that she
+would marry the King of Spain.
+
+    "Why?" returned Howard. "What should my mistress doe with a
+    husband that should be ever from her and never with her? Is
+    that the way to get what we desire most--that is, children? I
+    think not."
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1559] ROYAL INTERVIEWS]
+
+At this both the Duchess and Madame d'Aremberg laughed, and Christina,
+remembering her unlucky experiences at the English Court, observed
+that the late Queen was too old to bear children, and had not the
+art of winning her husband's affections. Howard was entirely of the
+same opinion, but assured her that whoever the present Queen chose to
+marry, "would be honoured and served to the death by every one of her
+subjects, and all the more so if he make much of his wife."[554] This
+conversation was duly reported to Elizabeth by Howard, who begged his
+royal mistress to forgive his boldness, and not impute it to him as
+folly. All the world knew that Philip was paying assiduous court to his
+sister-in-law, and Christina's remarks were no doubt prompted by the
+wish to do him a good turn. But three weeks after this conversation
+the Queen told Count Feria that she was determined to restore the
+Church of the land to what it was in her father's time, and that, being
+a heretic, she could not become his master's wife.[555]
+
+Christina had long sought an opportunity of presenting her son to the
+King, and at her request Philip agreed to come to Binche for hunting,
+and meet the Duke at Mons. On the 22nd of February, the Duchess and her
+son, accompanied by Madame d'Aremberg, the Prince of Orange, and the
+Guise Princes, rode to Mons, where they were hospitably entertained by
+the Duke of Aerschot, and received a visit from the King, who came over
+on St. Matthias's Feast from Binche to spend the day with his cousins.
+He showed himself unusually amiable to the young Duke, and delighted
+the boy with the gift of a richly carved and jewelled sword, in memory
+of the great Emperor, whose birthday fell on this day. On the 25th,
+Marguerite d'Aremberg wrote to inform Arras that the Duchess hoped to
+be back in a few days, and thanked
+
+    "him for having her hall put in order, promising the Bishop
+    that, if he were seized with a wish to dance when the ladies
+    from the French Court arrived, he should have the best
+    place."[556]
+
+Three days afterwards Christina returned to Mon Soulas, bringing
+both her daughters to meet their brother's wife, who was expected in
+a few days. The conferences were resumed on the 2nd of March, but
+there seemed little prospect of a settlement. The Cardinal made more
+difficulties than ever, and even ventured to question Queen Elizabeth's
+right to the crown, saying that she was a bastard, and Mary, Queen
+of Scots was the true Queen of England. Here Christina intervened
+once more, and succeeded in soothing down her irascible kinsman. But
+the leading part taken by the Duchess in these debates annoyed Arras
+seriously. He blamed her for playing into the hands of the French,
+and complained to the Duke of Savoy that there were too many ladies
+at Mon Soulas, and that their absence would be of more advantage than
+their presence. This last remark was aimed at the young Duchess of
+Lorraine, who, on the 5th of March arrived from Court with the Duchess
+of Guise, Anna d' Este, and a numerous suite of ladies. An innocent,
+simple girl, devoted to her young husband, Claude responded warmly to
+the affectionate welcome which she received from her mother-in-law
+and sisters; and Christina thus surrounded by her children, declared
+herself to be the happiest of mothers. Everyone, as Arras complained,
+was given up to amusement. Lord Howard went out hunting with his old
+friend the Constable, and the Prince of Orange and the Cardinal spent
+their evenings with the Duchess and her joyous family circle.[557]
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1559] THE CALAIS QUESTION]
+
+On Saturday, the 12th of March, there was another stormy meeting in
+the Duchess's rooms. This time the French and Spanish Commissioners
+quarrelled violently, and Alva and Arras left the room in anger,
+declaring they had been fooled, and retired to their own lodgings. In a
+private letter to the Duke of Savoy, the Bishop complained bitterly of
+the Frenchmen's insolence, saying that nothing could be "done with such
+people by fair means, and the only way was to show your teeth."[558]
+The next afternoon, however, at the Duchess's earnest entreaty, he
+and Alva returned to the Conference. This time the Cardinal was in
+a more amiable mood, and the terms originally proposed by Christina
+were accepted by all parties. Calais was to remain in the hands of
+France for eight years, and hostages were to be given for the payment
+of a yearly ransom of 500,000 crowns. There was great rejoicing at
+this agreement, and the young Duchess and her ladies returned to
+Court on the 19th of March, full of the goodness and generosity of
+the Duke's mother, who loaded them with costly presents, and gave her
+daughter-in-law the magnificent jewelled necklace which had been the
+Emperor's wedding gift on her marriage to the Duke of Milan. Christina
+herself was now so convinced of the certainty of peace that she begged
+her son to delay his departure a few more days, in order that he
+might take the good news to the Most Christian King. The end of the
+Conference seemed really in sight, and Lord Howard wrote to inform
+Queen Elizabeth of the treaty regarding Calais, only to receive a sound
+rating from his mistress for having dared to allow the French and
+Spaniards to call her title in question.[559]
+
+
+IV.
+
+The question of Calais having been settled, the French and Spanish
+Commissioners met again on the 13th of March, and conferred for six
+hours on their own affairs. The Duke of Savoy's marriage treaty was
+the chief point under discussion. Madame Marguerite's own eagerness
+for the union was well known. She had repeatedly asked her friend the
+Constable to press the matter, and on the 25th of March she sent her
+_maître d'hôtel_, Monsieur de l'Hôpital, to Câteau-Cambrésis to sign
+the contract on her behalf. The Duke's original reluctance had been
+overcome, and he sent Margaret word through a friend that she must
+not think him ill-disposed towards her, but that, on the contrary, he
+counted himself fortunate to win so noble and accomplished a bride,
+adding, with a touch of irony:
+
+    "I believe that the fate with which you have often threatened
+    me is really in store for me, and that I shall submit to be
+    governed by a woman whom I shall try to please."[560]
+
+But there still remained some troublesome details to arrange. All
+through Holy Week, Christina stayed at her post, while the French and
+Spanish delegates wrangled over the citadels to be given up by Henry
+and Philip respectively. On Maundy Thursday a sharp contest arose
+between Ruy Gomez and the Cardinal on this point. Both parties left the
+room angrily, and a complete rupture seemed imminent.
+
+    "They fell suddenly to such a disagreement," wrote Howard,
+    "that they all rose up, determined to break off and depart home
+    the next morning, being Good Friday."[561]
+
+The Cardinal ordered his rooms to be dismantled and his beds and
+hangings packed, and on Good Friday morning he and his colleagues had
+already put on their riding-boots, when Christina appeared at the door
+and made a last appeal.
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1559] CHRISTINA'S EFFORTS]
+
+    "The Duchess," wrote the Venetian Tiepolo, "regardless of
+    personal fatigue, went to and fro between the Commissioners,
+    with the greatest zeal, ardour, and charity, imploring them to
+    come together again."[562]
+
+Seven years before, on another Good Friday, in her own palace,
+Christina had knelt in an agony of grief at the King of France's feet,
+asking to be allowed to keep her only son. To-day she pleaded with
+tears and prayers, in the name of the same Christ who died on the
+cross, for the suffering thousands who were sighing for peace. This
+time her prayer was heard. The Cardinal was induced to meet the Spanish
+delegates once more, and, after a conference which lasted over seven
+hours, it was decided that King Philip should keep Asti and Vercelli,
+and surrender all the other citadels which he held in Savoy. Ruy Gomez
+hastened to the Abbey of Groenendal to obtain his master's consent
+to this plan, and, to the amazement of the whole Court, the Cardinal
+appeared suddenly at La Ferté Milon, at dinner-time on Easter Day.
+Happily, there was little difficulty in arranging matters. Madame
+Marguerite told her brother plainly that he ought not to let her marry
+the Duke, if he treated him with suspicion, and Henry bade her be of
+good cheer, for all would be well.[563]
+
+On Easter Tuesday the Commissioners held another meeting at Mon Soulas,
+and by the following evening the terms of the treaty were finally
+arranged. The Cardinal embraced the young Princesses of Lorraine,
+and the Duke bade his mother farewell, and rode off as fast as his
+horse could take him to bear the good news to the French King. All
+the Commissioners attended a solemn _Te Deum_ in the church, and
+bonfires were lighted in the town. "Thanks be to God!" wrote the
+Constable to his nephew, Coligny: "Peace is made, and Madame Marguerite
+is married."[564] One point still awaited settlement. The Princess
+Elizabeth's hand had been originally offered to Don Carlos, but the
+Constable brought back word that Henry would greatly prefer his
+daughter to wed King Philip himself. The plan had already been mooted
+at an earlier stage of the Conference, but it was not until Philip
+saw that there was no hope of marrying the Queen of England that he
+consented to wed the French Princess. On the 2nd of April, when the
+articles of the treaty were being drafted, the Constable made a formal
+proposal from his master to the Duchess, who, after a few words with
+Arras and Ruy Gomez, graciously informed him that King Philip was
+pleased to accept his royal brother's offer.[565]
+
+    "It seems a bold step," wrote Tiepolo, "for the Catholic King
+    to take to wife the daughter of the Most Christian King, who
+    had been already promised to his son, especially as marriage
+    negotiations with the Queen of England are still pending. But,
+    seeing how this Queen has already alienated herself from the
+    Church, he has easily allowed himself to be brought over to
+    this plan, which will establish peace more effectually, and
+    will no doubt please the French, who are above all anxious to
+    keep him from marrying the Queen of England."[566]
+
+[Sidenote: APRIL, 1559] CONCLUSION OF PEACE]
+
+On the next morning the Commissioners met for the last time, and signed
+the treaty, after which they heard Mass and all dined with the Duchess,
+who received the thanks and congratulations of the whole body. Then
+they went their several ways, rejoicing, in Arras's words, "to escape
+from purgatory." Howard and his colleagues hastened home to make their
+peace with the offended Queen. In spite of her affected indifference,
+Elizabeth was by no means gratified to hear of Philip's marriage. "So
+your master is going to be married," she said with a smile to Count
+Feria. "What a fortunate man he is!" Presently she heaved a little
+sigh, and said: "But he could hardly have been as much in love with me
+as you supposed, since he could not await my answer a few months."[567]
+
+Before leaving Câteau-Cambrésis, Christina sent letters of
+congratulation to the French King and Queen and to Madame Marguerite,
+expressing her joy at the conclusion of the treaty, and the pleasure
+which she had received from her son's presence. To Henry II. she wrote:
+
+    "It has pleased God to set the seal on all the joy and content
+    which I have experienced here--chiefly owing to Your Majesty's
+    kindness in allowing me to see my son, and, after that, Madame
+    your daughter and her company--by bringing those long-drawn
+    negotiations to a good end, and concluding, not only a lasting
+    peace, but also the marriage of the Catholic King with Madame
+    Elizabeth. For all of which I thank God, and assure Your
+    Majesty that I feel the utmost satisfaction in having been
+    able to bring about so excellent an arrangement, and one which
+    cannot fail to prove a great boon to Christendom."
+
+In her letter to Catherine, Christina dwells chiefly on her gratitude
+to the Queen and her daughter for allowing her to keep her son so long.
+
+
+    "I thank you, Madame," she writes, "very humbly for your kind
+    interest in our son, who is very well, thank God, and I hope
+    that the pleasure of seeing you will prevent him from feeling
+    the fatigues of the journey. And I am greatly obliged to Your
+    Majesty and our daughter for having lent him to me so long. I
+    praise God that our negotiations have ended so happily, and
+    that these two great monarchs will henceforth not only be
+    friends, but closely allied by the marriage of the Catholic
+    King and Madame Elizabeth, which, as you will hear, was frankly
+    and joyfully arranged after all the other articles of the
+    treaty had been drawn up. I rejoice personally to think that
+    by this happy arrangement I shall often have the pleasure of
+    seeing your Majesties, our daughter, and my son, and take this
+    opportunity of wishing you joy on this auspicious event, hoping
+    that in future you will not fail to make use of me as of one
+    who is ever ready to do you service."[568]
+
+The Duchess now returned to Brussels with her daughters and the Prince
+of Orange. All the towns and villages through which she passed were
+hung with flags and garlands of flowers, and her coming was hailed
+with shouts of joy. The prison doors were thrown open, and the poor
+French soldiers, who had languished in captivity for years, called down
+blessings on her head.[569] When she reached Brussels, the King himself
+rode out to meet her, at the head of his nobles, while courtiers and
+ladies flocked from all parts to welcome her return and offer their
+congratulations on the triumphant success of her labours. For Christina
+it was a great and memorable day. The bitterness of past memories was
+blotted out, and peace and good-will seemed to have come back to earth.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1559] REJOICINGS AT BRUSSELS]
+
+At Whitsuntide the Treaty was ratified. The Duke of Lorraine came to
+Brussels with the Cardinals of Lorraine and Guise and the Constable,
+and spent a fortnight with his mother. They were present in the Court
+chapel, with Cardinals and Princes, when the King, laying his hand on
+a relic of the True Cross, took a solemn oath to keep the articles of
+the Treaty. And Christina occupied the place of honour at Philip's
+right hand at the state banquet in the great hall, while her son and
+daughters and the Duchess of Aerschot were all at table.[570] The King
+gave the Cardinal of Lorraine a service of gold plate and a wonderful
+ship of rock-crystal studded with gems, and bestowed similar presents
+on the Constable; while the Marshal St. André, being a poor man was
+excused his ransom. They all left Flanders on the following Sunday,
+except the Duke of Lorraine, who remained another week with his mother.
+Before he left Brussels, letters from Denmark were received, confirming
+a report which had already reached the Court of his grandfather
+King Christian II.'s death. The old King had died in the Castle of
+Kallundborg, after forty-five years of captivity, on the 25th of
+January, 1559, at the ripe age of seventy-seven. He was buried with his
+parents in the Franciscan church at Odensee, and Duke Adolf of Holstein
+followed his kinsman's remains to their last resting-place. When her
+son left Brussels, Christina put her household into mourning, and
+retired to the Convent of La Cambre to spend a month in retreat. After
+the strain and stress of the last six months, she felt the need of rest
+sorely, and the shelter of convent walls was grateful to her tired
+soul.[571]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[529] F. Decrue, "Montmorency à la Cour de Henri II.," 207.
+
+[530] Venetian Calendar, vi. 1346, 1363.
+
+[531] Ruble, "La Jeunesse de Marie Stuart," 153; Bouillé, i. 455;
+Pimodan, 173-180.
+
+[532] Venetian Calendar, vi. 1471, 1488.
+
+[533] Granvelle, v. 168.
+
+[534] Venetian Calendar, vi. 1496-1498.
+
+[535] Venetian Calendar, vi. 1500.
+
+[536] _Ibid._, vi. 1528.
+
+[537] Groen van Prinsterer, "Archives de la Maison d'Orange et de
+Nassau," i. 1; Kervyn de Lettenhove, ii. 257.
+
+[538] Granvelle, v. 171.
+
+[539] _Ibid._, v. 227.
+
+[540] Granvelle, v. 231.
+
+[541] Granvelle, v. 266.
+
+[542] Venetian Calendar, vi. 1537; Ruble, "Traité de Câteau-Cambrésis,"
+12.
+
+[543] Calendar of State Papers, Mary, Foreign, 402-404.
+
+[544] Gachard, "Retraite," etc., i. 44-48; Venetian Calendar, vi. 1544.
+
+[545] Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 257.
+
+[546] Venetian Calendar, vi. 1568.
+
+[547] Kervyn e Lettenhove, i. 384; Gachard, "Voyages," iv. 35-62.
+
+[548] Calmet, ii. 1, 351; Pfister, ii. 244; Venetian Calendar, vii. 19,
+20.
+
+[549] Venetian Calendar, vii. 8, 10.
+
+[550] Granvelle, v. 420-426; Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 420.
+
+[551] Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 422, 444.
+
+[552] Granvelle, v. 454.
+
+[553] Ruble, "Traité de Câteau-Cambrésis," 23; Venetian Calendar, vii.
+39; Granvelle, v. 495.
+
+[554] Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 457.
+
+[555] Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 475.
+
+[556] Granvelle, v. 487, 495, 502.
+
+[557] Venetian Calendar, vii. 54; Granvelle, v. 520, 525.
+
+[558] Granvelle, v. 529.
+
+[559] Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 460.
+
+[560] V. de St. Génis, "Histoire de Savoie," iii. 181.
+
+[561] Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 485.
+
+[562] Venetian Calendar, vii. 56; J. F. Le Petit, "Grande Chronique de
+Hollande," ii. 20.
+
+[563] Venetian Calendar, vii. 57.
+
+[564] Ruble, 26; Venetian Calendar, vii. 67, 77.
+
+[565] Granvelle, v. 577.
+
+[566] Venetian Calendar, vii. 62.
+
+[567] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, i. 49, Archives of Simancas;
+Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 494.
+
+[568] Granvelle, v. 582, 583.
+
+[569] Venetian Calendar, vii. 64.
+
+[570] Gachard, iv. 67; Venetian Calendar, vii. 87-90.
+
+[571] Schäfer, iv. 445.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK XIII
+
+THE RETURN TO LORRAINE
+
+1559-1578
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1559] THE NETHERLANDS REGENCY]
+
+During the last year the Duke of Savoy had repeatedly begged to be
+relieved of his post as the King's Lieutenant in the Low Countries.
+By the Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis he recovered his dominions, and set
+out on the 15th of June for Paris with a great train of gentlemen and
+servants, to celebrate his marriage with King Henry's sister. At the
+same time, the death of the Emperor made Philip's return to Spain
+necessary. The appointment of a new Regent of the Netherlands became
+imperative, and everyone expected the Duchess of Lorraine would be
+chosen to fill the vacant office. A Habsburg by birth, she inherited
+the capacity for governing which distinguished the women of her house,
+and had proved her fitness for the post by the wisdom with which she
+administered her son's State during seven years. Her popularity with
+all classes of people in the Netherlands was an additional advantage,
+and when, in the summer of 1558, it had been doubtful if Mary of
+Hungary would consent to return, the Duchess was the first person
+whose name was suggested. The Venetian Suriano remarked that the only
+doubt as to her fitness for the office was that she hardly possessed
+her aunt's extraordinary vigour and energy.[572] But these doubts had
+been dispelled by the admirable manner in which she had conducted the
+negotiations at the recent Conference and the immense credit which she
+had acquired on all sides. Unfortunately, she had made an enemy of the
+Bishop of Arras, and excited his jealousy by her private consultations
+with the Cardinal and Constable, and still more by her friendship
+with the Prince of Orange. Both Orange and Egmont disliked the Bishop
+almost as much as they hated the King's Spanish favourites, and lost
+no opportunity of showing their contempt for the "meddling priest,"
+as they called Philip's confidential counsellor. And both of these
+proud nobles, seeing no hope of themselves obtaining the Regency,
+supported the Duchess's claims strongly.[573] But the very popularity
+which Christina enjoyed, the acclamations which greeted her return
+from Câteau-Cambrésis, had the effect of arousing Philip's jealousy.
+He lent a willing ear to Arras and Alva when they spoke scornfully of
+the Duchess's French connection and of the influence which the Prince
+of Orange would gain by his marriage with her daughter. Then, in an
+evil hour both for himself and the Netherlands, the Bishop suggested
+the name of the Duchess of Parma. Margaret was closely related to the
+King, and would be far more pliable and ready to follow his counsels
+than Christina. Philip liked his sister, and shared the Spaniards'
+jealousy of the great Flemish nobles, more especially of the Prince
+of Orange, whose intimacy with Christina he regarded with growing
+suspicion. His mind was soon made up, and when the French Commissioners
+came to Brussels in May, the appointment of the Duchess of Parma to be
+Governess of the Low Countries was publicly proclaimed.[574]
+
+The announcement was the signal for an outburst of popular discontent.
+Orange and Egmont protested loudly at this affront to the Duchess
+of Lorraine, and complained of the indignity offered to the nation
+by giving them a ruler of illegitimate birth, whose interests and
+connections were all foreign, and whose husband had actually borne arms
+against the late Emperor.
+
+    "There is great discontent here," wrote Tiepolo, "at the
+    Duchess of Parma's appointment. The common folk use very
+    insolent language, and say that if a woman is to reign over
+    them they would far rather have the Duchess of Lorraine, whom
+    they know and love and hold to be one of themselves. Every
+    one, indeed, would have greatly preferred this Princess, who
+    is of royal lineage on both sides, and has long dwelt in these
+    provinces, besides being far more gracious and affable to the
+    nobles."[575]
+
+To Christina herself the blow was heavy. She had suffered many trials
+and disappointments at her enemies' hands, but had never expected to be
+treated with such ingratitude by the King, who had always professed so
+much affection for his cousin, and was so deeply indebted to her.
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1559] CHRISTINA'S DISAPPOINTMENT]
+
+    "The Duchess of Lorraine," wrote Tiepolo, "feels the injustice
+    of the King's decision more deeply than any of her past
+    adversities, and naturally thinks that, after her long and
+    indefatigable exertions in negotiating this peace, taking part
+    in every Conference and adjusting every dispute, she deserved
+    to be treated with greater regard. Everyone here admits that
+    peace was concluded chiefly owing to her wisdom and efforts,
+    and this is all the reward which she has received."[576]
+
+It is scarcely to be wondered at if Christina never wholly forgave
+Philip for the cruel wrong which he had done her, and if in all her
+future correspondence with him we trace a strain of reproachful
+bitterness. Her resolve to leave the Netherlands was now fixed. She
+could not bear to see another Regent at Brussels, and was not even sure
+if she cared to live as a subject at her son's Court. Her thoughts
+turned once more to Italy, and, since the Castles of Tortona and
+Vigevano were not available, she addressed a petition to Philip through
+her Italian secretary, asking him to give her the duchy of Bari in
+Calabria. This principality, once the property of Lodovico Sforza, had
+been lately bequeathed to Philip by the late Queen Bona of Poland, on
+condition that he would discharge a considerable debt owing to her son,
+King Sigismund. The beauty and salubrity of the spot, as well as its
+association with the Sforzas, probably prompted Christina's request,
+which ran as follows:
+
+    "The Duchess of Lorraine in all humility begs Your Majesty,
+    in consideration of her close relationship and of the great
+    affection which she bore the late Emperor, and of the services
+    which she has rendered both to His Majesty of blessed memory
+    and to yourself, to do her the favour of granting her and
+    her children the duchy of Bari, with the same revenues and
+    independent liberties as were enjoyed by the Queen of Poland.
+    She will undertake to pay the King of Poland the sum of 100,000
+    crowns due to him, and humbly begs Your Majesty to grant her
+    half of this amount in ready money, the other half in bills
+    on merchants' houses, in order that she may be able to pay the
+    creditors who annoy her daily. Her revenues for the next year
+    are already mortgaged, owing to the necessity laid upon her
+    of supporting her daughters, during the last seven years, and
+    the repeated journeys which she has undertaken to England, and
+    across the French frontier to treat of peace, all of which have
+    involved her in great and heavy expenses...."
+
+Here the petition breaks off abruptly, the rest of the page being torn
+off; but we see by Philip's reply that it contained a bitter complaint
+of the injustice which he had done Christina by refusing to make her
+Regent. He wrote to Arras, desiring him to see that the Duchess ceased
+to repeat these perpetual recriminations on the subject of the Regency,
+which were as derogatory to her dignity as they were injurious to his
+interests. He regretted that his own pressing needs made it impossible
+for him to do as much as he should wish to help her. At the same time
+he said that, besides the revenue of 4,000 crowns which he had already
+offered her, and which she had neither refused nor accepted, he was
+ready to give her another yearly allowance of 10,000 crowns, to be
+charged on Naples and Milan, pointing out that she could raise money on
+this income to satisfy her creditors.
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1559] WILLIAM OF ORANGE]
+
+    "The sincere affection which the King has always felt for the
+    Duchess, and the closeness of their relationship," added the
+    writer, "impels him to advise her to retire to her dower lands
+    of Lorraine and live near her son, in order that she may foster
+    the loyalty and devotion which this young Prince owes her, and
+    give him advice and help that may conduce to his welfare and
+    that of the House of Lorraine. Any other action on her part,
+    the King is convinced, will only excite public suspicion and
+    slander. If, however, the Duchess prefers to live in the
+    kingdom of Naples, the King is ready to offer her the town of
+    Lecce, the most important next to the capital, where she can
+    enjoy all the comforts and amenities of Italian life, together
+    with the respect due to her exalted birth and rank."[577]
+
+This offer, however, did not commend itself to Christina. In spite
+of its ancient castle and beautiful situation, Lecce was not an
+independent principality, and had no connection with her family. She
+replied curtly that she would follow His Majesty's advice and return
+to Lorraine, as soon as her creditors were satisfied and her affairs
+sufficiently arranged for her to leave the Netherlands with honour.
+Upon this, Philip sent the Duchess a sum of 21,000 crowns to defray
+the expenses of her journeys, and a further substantial advance on the
+additional revenues which he had assigned her.[578]
+
+But while he was outwardly endeavouring to atone for one act of
+injustice, he was secretly doing the Duchess another and a more
+serious injury. The marriage of the Prince of Orange with her daughter
+Renée had been practically arranged at Câteau-Cambrésis, but some
+difficulties had arisen regarding the settlements already made by the
+Prince on his two children by his first marriage, and the heavy debts
+which he had incurred by his extravagance, amounting, it was said,
+to 900,000 crowns. Up to this time Philip had openly encouraged the
+Prince's suit, but both he and Arras looked with alarm on a marriage
+that would make Orange more powerful and more dangerous than he was
+already, and were secretly plotting against its conclusion. One day,
+when Philip was walking in the park at Brussels with the Prince, he
+told him how much he regretted to find that Madame de Lorraine was
+strongly opposed to his marriage with her daughter, and had begged him
+to inform the Prince that she must decline to proceed further with
+the matter. The King added, in a friendly way, that he had told him
+this in order that he might look about for another wife while he was
+still young. The Prince was naturally much annoyed at this unexpected
+communication, and replied proudly that, if this were the case, he
+would promptly seek another alliance in Germany, where he had already
+received several offers of marriage. He was deeply wounded, not without
+reason, and went off to Paris a few days later, with Egmont and Alva,
+to remain there as hostages until the conditions of the treaty had been
+fulfilled. It was not until many months afterwards that he discovered
+how he had been duped. Christina meanwhile remained in her convent
+retreat, unconscious of what was happening in her absence, and heard
+with some surprise that the Prince of Orange had left Court without
+informing her of his departure.
+
+[Sidenote: JULY, 1559] MARGARET OF PARMA REGENT]
+
+All eyes were now turned to the Palais des Tournelles in Paris,
+where the Catholic King's marriage to Elizabeth of France, and that
+of the Duke of Savoy to Margaret, were about to be celebrated. Alva
+represented his master at the wedding, which was solemnized at Notre
+Dame on the 22nd of June, and his old enemy Guise proclaimed the new
+Queen's titles at the church doors, and flung handfuls of gold to the
+applauding crowds. But their joy was soon changed into mourning. King
+Henry was mortally wounded by a splintered lance in the tournament that
+followed, and, after lingering for ten days, breathed his last on the
+10th of July, two days after the marriage of his sister and the Duke
+of Savoy had been quietly solemnized in the neighbouring church of St.
+Paul.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM, PRINCE OF ORANGE, ÆTAT 26
+
+By Adriaan Key (Darmstadt)
+
+_To face p. 456_.]
+
+The news of his father-in-law's death reached Philip at Ghent, where
+he was preparing for his departure. Here Christina joined him on the
+19th, and was greeted with the liveliest demonstrations of affection
+from both Court and people. Before leaving Brussels, she saw an English
+gentleman, who was on his way to Italy, and brought her a pressing
+invitation from Queen Elizabeth to pay a visit to England.[579]
+Elizabeth had evidently not forgotten the Duchess's friendly intentions
+on her behalf when she came to London in Mary's reign, nor her more
+recent conversation with Lord Howard. After her arrival at Ghent, she
+received frequent visits from Chaloner, the newly appointed Ambassador,
+and from the French Envoy, Sébastien de l'Aubespine, who had been one
+of the delegates to the Conference, and could not speak too highly
+of Madame de Lorraine's goodness and ability. Through him she sent
+affectionate messages to the young King Francis II. and his Scottish
+wife, thanking them in the warmest terms for their kindness to her
+son. Nor was Philip lacking in his attentions. He met the Duchess on
+her arrival, paid her daily visits, and seemed to fall once more under
+the old spell. On the 24th he and Christina were both present at a
+Requiem for the King of France, and dined together afterwards. The same
+afternoon Philip rode out to receive the Duchess of Parma.[580] The
+next day the Duke of Savoy returned from Paris, bringing with him the
+Prince of Orange and Egmont, who were released on parole, and attended
+the Chapter of the Fleece held by the King in the Church of St. John.
+On the 7th of August the States met, and the new Regent was formally
+presented to them. But many voices were raised to protest against the
+powers conferred upon her, and the States refused to grant the aids
+demanded unless the Spanish troops were withdrawn. This act of audacity
+roused Philip's anger, and in his farewell interview with William of
+Orange he accused him of being the instigator of the measure.
+
+Before leaving Ghent, the King arranged a meeting between the two
+Duchesses in the garden of the Prinzenhof, and afterwards invited
+Christina to visit him at Flushing, where he spent some days before he
+embarked. They dined together for the last time on the 12th of August,
+and seem to have parted friends.[581] Then Christina returned to
+Brussels to prepare for her own departure, and Chaloner wrote home:
+
+    "I heare say the Duchess of Lorraine repaireth shortly hence
+    into Lorraine, smally satisfied with the preferment of the
+    other, for old emulations' sake."[582]
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1559] RIVALRY OF THE DUCHESSES]
+
+During the next two months Christina had much to endure. She found a
+marked change in the Prince of Orange. He treated her with profound
+respect and courtesy in public, but kept aloof from her in private,
+and appeared to have transferred his attentions to Margaret of Parma.
+All idea of his marriage with Renée--"the Duchess of Lorraine's
+soundlimbed daughter," as she was called by Chaloner--seemed to be
+abandoned, and in September he left Court to attend the French King's
+coronation at Reims. There was a general feeling of discontent abroad.
+
+    "The new Regent is greatly disliked," wrote John Leigh, an
+    English merchant of Antwerp, "by all estates, who wished to
+    have the Duchess of Lorraine for their ruler, and some of her
+    own ladies have told her that she is a bastard, and not meet
+    for the place."
+
+The States refused to grant the subsidies asked for, and the people
+clamoured for the removal of the Spaniards. The nobles showed their
+displeasure by retiring to their country-houses, and the ladies
+absented themselves from Margaret's receptions to meet in the Duchess
+of Lorraine's rooms.[583] This naturally provoked quarrels and
+jealousies, which, as Arras remarked in his letters to Philip, might
+easily prove serious.
+
+    "Then there is rivalry between the Duchess of Lorraine and her
+    of Parma," wrote the Bishop on the 4th of October, at the end
+    of a long tale of troubles. "The best way would be to keep them
+    apart, for all these comings and goings can produce no good
+    result. Fortunately, the former is about to go to Lorraine. We
+    shall see if she leaves her daughters here, or takes them with
+    her. What is certain is that, wherever she and her daughters
+    may be, it will be better for Your Majesty's service they
+    should be anywhere but here, as long as Madame de Parma remains
+    in these parts, and discord prevails between her and the
+    Duchess."[584]
+
+When Arras wrote these words, Christina was already on her way to
+Lorraine. Philip received a letter from her at Toledo, informing him
+of her final departure, and wrote to tell Arras that all strife
+between the Duchesses was now at an end.[585] In the same month a
+marriage was arranged between William of Orange and Anna of Saxony, the
+Elector Maurice's daughter. Arras was greatly alarmed when he heard of
+this alliance with a Protestant Princess, and used all his powers of
+persuasion to induce the Prince to return to his old suit and marry
+Mademoiselle de Lorraine. But it was too late. The Prince knew that
+the Duchess would never forgive the studied neglect with which he had
+treated her, and, as he told the Bishop, his word was already pledged.
+A year later he married the Saxon Princess, but lived to repent of this
+ill-assorted union, and to realize that he had been the dupe of Philip
+and his astute Minister.[586]
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1559] MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS]
+
+Christina's return to Lorraine took place at an eventful moment. The
+death of Henry II. and the accession of Francis II. placed the supreme
+power in the hands of the Guise brothers. As the saying ran, "So many
+Guise Princes, so many Kings of France." The elder branch of the House
+of Lorraine shared in the triumphs of the younger. The reigning Duke,
+Charles, had grown up with the young King and Queen, and was tenderly
+beloved by them. Francis could not bear his brother-in-law to be absent
+from his side, and after his coronation at Reims, on the 18th of
+September, he and Mary accompanied the Duke and Duchess on a progress
+through Lorraine. The festival of the Order of St. Michel was held
+at Bar, where Charles kept open house for a week, and his aunt, Anne
+of Aerschot, came to join the family party and meet the daughter of
+her old companion, Mary of Guise. The charms of the young Queen won
+all hearts in her mother's native Lorraine, and Francis indulged his
+passion for sport in the forests of Nomény and Esclaron.[587]
+
+Here, at this favourite hunting-lodge of the Guises, the royal party
+were joined by the Duke's mother. Christina reached Esclaron on the
+11th of October, and was received with every mark of respect and
+affection. At first, if Brantôme is to be believed, the Duchess-mother
+was inclined to stand on her dignity, and refused to yield precedence
+to the youthful Queen; but Mary's grace and sweetness soon dispelled
+all rivalry, and Christina became the best of friends with both the
+King and Queen. General regret was expressed at the absence of the
+young Princesses, whom their mother had left at Brussels; but Christina
+was aware of the Cardinal's anxiety to arrange a marriage between Renée
+and the Prince of Joinville, and had no intention of consenting to this
+arrangement.
+
+    "She left her daughters behind her," wrote Throckmorton, the
+    English Ambassador, "because she is unwilling to satisfy the
+    hopes of the House of Guise, and makes not so great an account
+    of their advances as to leave the old friendship of King Philip
+    and his countries. The French, in fact," he adds, "are doing
+    all they can to make the Duchess Dowager a good Frenchwoman,
+    but they will not find it as easy as they think."[588]
+
+At the end of the week Christina went on to Nancy with her son and
+daughter-in-law, leaving the King and Queen to proceed to Joinville,
+where Mary was anxious to see her beloved grandmother. She had
+already appointed Antoinette and her three daughters-in-law to be her
+ladies-in-waiting, and, as a further proof of affection, had given her
+grandmother the present which she received from the city of Paris on
+her state entry. From Blois, where the royal pair spent the autumn and
+winter, Francis II. sent his brother-in-law the following letter, which
+throws a pleasant light on the happy relations existing between the two
+families:
+
+  "MY DEAR BROTHER,
+
+    "I am longing for news of you and my sister, and have not heard
+    from either of you since you reached Nancy. Next week I take
+    my sister, the Catholic Queen, to Châtelhérault on her way to
+    Spain, after which I shall return to Blois, and not move again
+    before Easter. As you may imagine, I cannot be in this house
+    without missing you very much. I shall await your return with
+    the utmost impatience, and wish you were here to enjoy the fine
+    rides which I have made in my forest. I must thank you for the
+    good cheer that you are giving my sister, which is the best
+    proof of your perfect love for me. And I am quite sure that in
+    this you are helped by my aunt your mother, Madame de Lorraine,
+    for whom I feel the deepest gratitude, and whom I should like
+    to assure of my readiness and anxiety to do her every possible
+    service. And I pray God, my dearest brother, to have you in His
+    holy keeping."[589]
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1559] CHRISTINA RETURNS TO NANCY]
+
+The young Duke and Duchess were both of them longing to accept this
+pressing invitation and return to the gay French Court. Charles as
+yet took little interest in public affairs which required serious
+attention. Confusion reigned in every department. In many instances
+the ducal lands had been seized and their revenues appropriated to
+other uses, while the whole country had suffered from the frequent
+incursions of foreign troops, and famine and distress prevailed in many
+districts. Under these circumstances the help of the Duchess-mother was
+sorely needed. Vaudemont, having neither health nor capacity to cope
+with these difficulties, had retired into private life, and by degrees
+Christina resumed most of her old functions. She applied herself to
+reforming abuses and restoring order in the finances, and at the same
+time helped her son and daughter-in-law in entertaining the nobles who
+flocked to Nancy to pay them homage. Her daughters came to join her at
+Christmas, and she settled once more in her old quarters in the ducal
+palace. In March the Duke returned to the French Court, and his mother
+was left to act as Regent during his absence.[590]
+
+After visiting Remiremont and Bar, Charles and his wife went on to
+spend the summer with the King and Queen at Amboise, where they
+gave themselves up to hunting and dancing, and enjoyed suppers at
+Chenonceaux and water-parties on the Loire. But this joyous life was
+rudely disturbed by the discovery of a Huguenot conspiracy, which
+was put down with ruthless severity, and was followed by continual
+alarms. The King and Duke had to be escorted by 500 men-at-arms on
+their hunting-parties, and the Cardinal of Lorraine never left his room
+without a guard of ten men bearing loaded pistols. On the 10th of June
+Mary of Guise died in Edinburgh Castle, and her remains were brought
+back to her native land and buried in her sister's convent church, St.
+Pierre of Reims. The whole Court went into mourning, and Throckmorton
+was so moved by the young Queen's tears that he declared "there never
+was a daughter who loved her mother better."[591] Meanwhile the
+aspect of affairs grew daily more threatening. There were riots in
+the provinces, and rumours of plots at Court. The Duke of Lorraine
+was present at the Council held at St. Germain for the defence of the
+realm, but left for Nancy when the Court moved to Orleans in October.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1561] LA REINE BLANCHE]
+
+Two months later the young King died there very suddenly. He fainted
+at vespers one evening, and passed away at midnight on the 5th of
+December, 1560. His brother Charles, a boy of ten, was proclaimed
+King in his stead, and his mother, Catherine de' Medici, assumed
+the Regency. Three days afterwards Throckmorton wrote that the late
+King was already forgotten by everyone but his widow, who, "being as
+noble-minded as she is beautiful, weeps passionately for the husband
+who loved her so dearly, and with whom she has lost everything." The
+young Queen behaved with admirable discretion. On the day after the
+King's death she sent the Crown jewels to her mother-in-law, and, as
+soon as the funeral had been solemnized, begged leave to go and visit
+her mother's grave at Reims. After spending three weeks with her aunt,
+Abbess Renée, Mary went to stay with her grandmother at Joinville,
+where she was joined by Anne of Aerschot, the one of all her mother's
+family to whom she clung the most closely, calling her "ma tante," and
+consulting her in all her difficulties.[592]
+
+Christina herself was full of sympathy for this young Queen, whose
+early widowhood recalled her own fate, and she joined cordially in
+the invitation which the Duke sent Mary to pay a visit to Nancy. "The
+Queen of Scotland," wrote Throckmorton to Elizabeth on the 1st of May,
+1561, "is at Nancy with the Dowager, whom here they call Son Altesse."
+Christina rode out with her son to meet their guest on the frontiers of
+Lorraine, and her uncles, the two Cardinals, Aumale, Vaudemont, and the
+Duchess of Aerschot, all accompanied her to Nancy.
+
+The touching beauty of the young widow created a profound sensation at
+the Court of Lorraine. Brantôme describes her as "a celestial vision";
+Ronsard sang of the charms which transfigured _son grand deuil et
+tristesse_, and made her more dangerous in this simple white veil that
+rivalled the exquisite delicacy of her complexion than in the most
+sumptuous robes and dazzling jewels; and Clouet drew his immortal
+portrait.[593] The Duke arranged a series of fêtes to distract the
+young Queen's mind and help to dry her tears. There were masques and
+dances at Nancy, hunting-parties and banquets at Nomény, where Mary
+stood godmother to the Count Vaudemont's youngest child; and the Court
+was gayer than it had been for many years. But intrigue was once more
+rife at the French Court, and all manner of proposals were made for the
+young widow's hand. The King of Denmark, Frederic III., the Prince of
+Orange, the Archduke Charles, the Dukes of Bavaria and Ferrara, were
+all suggested as possible husbands. The fascination which Mary had for
+the boy-King Charles IX. was well known, and Catherine de' Medici, who
+had never forgiven Mary for calling her a shopkeeper's daughter, was
+secretly plotting to keep her away from the Court, and yet prevent her
+marriage to Don Carlos, whom she wished to secure for her youngest
+daughter, Margot. The Cardinal of Lorraine was known to be eager for
+the Spanish marriage, and both Christina and Anne did their best to
+forward his scheme, which was the subject of many letters that passed
+between Granvelle, the Duchess of Aerschot, and Mary herself. But
+Philip, without actually declining the offer, always returned evasive
+answers, whether he shrank from placing his sickly and wayward son in
+an independent position, or whether he feared the power of the Guise
+faction.[594]
+
+[Illustration: _Mary Stuart as Queen of France_
+
+_in widow's dress_
+
+_From the drawing in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris._]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1561] CORONATION OF CHARLES IX.]
+
+In the midst of the festivities at Nancy, Mary fell ill of fever, and
+as soon as she was fit to travel returned to Joinville, to be nursed by
+her grandmother; while Christina accompanied her son and his wife to
+Reims for the new King's sacring on the 15th of May. The magnificence
+of the Duchess-mother's appearance on this occasion excited general
+admiration. Grief and anxiety had left their traces on her face, but,
+in spite of advancing years and sorrow, Christina was still a very
+handsome woman. Among all the royal ladies who met in the ancient
+city, none was more stately and distinguished-looking than Madame de
+Lorraine. As her chariot, draped with black velvet fringed with gold,
+and drawn by four superb white horses of Arab breed, drew up in front
+of the Cardinal's palace, a murmur of admiration ran through the crowd.
+The Duchess sat at one window, clad in a long black velvet robe, and
+wearing a jewelled diadem on her head, with a flowing white veil
+and cap of the shape that became known at the French Court as _à la
+Lorraine_, and was adopted by Mary, Queen of Scots, for her habitual
+use. At the other sat her lovely young daughter Renée, the coveted
+bride of many of the Princes who were present that day, while on the
+opposite seat was the Princess of Macedonia, an august white-haired
+lady, with the chiselled features of the proud Greek race to which she
+belonged. The Queen-mother, Catherine de' Medici, stood at a window of
+the Archbishop's palace to watch the entry of the Lorraine Princes, and
+as she saw the Duchess alight, she exclaimed: "That is the finest woman
+I know!" Then, descending the grand staircase, she advanced to meet
+Christina with a stately courtesy, and thanked her for the honour she
+was doing her son.
+
+    "Herself a very proud woman," writes Brantôme, "she knew that
+    she had her match in the Duchess, and always treated her with
+    the highest honour and distinction, without ever yielding one
+    jot of her own claims."[595]
+
+The Duke of Lorraine bore the sword of state at the great ceremony on
+the morrow, while Francis of Guise held the crown on the boy-King's
+head, and his brother, the Cardinal, anointed his brow with the holy
+chrism. "Everything," as Charles IX. wrote to the Bishop of Limoges,
+"passed off to the great satisfaction of everyone present;"[596] and
+when all was over, Madame de Lorraine and her children accompanied
+the King and his mother to a country-house belonging to the Cardinal
+in the neighbourhood, and enjoyed a week's repose in delicious spring
+weather. Then the Court went on to St. Germain, where the Queen of
+Scots came to take leave of her husband's family, and with many tears
+bade farewell to the pleasant land of France, which she had loved all
+too well for her own happiness.
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1561] DEATH OF DOROTHEA]
+
+On the death of Christian II. of Denmark, his elder daughter, Dorothea,
+the widowed Electress Palatine, assumed the royal style and title. But
+as she was childless herself, and lived in retirement at Neuburg, in
+the Upper Palatinate, the faithful subjects who still clung to their
+rightful monarch's cause turned to Christina, the Duchess-Dowager of
+Lorraine, and begged her to assert her son's claims to the throne,
+saying that they regarded him as their future King. Chief among these
+was Peder Oxe, an able public servant who had been exiled by Christian
+III., and came to visit the Duchess in the convent of La Cambre at
+Brussels in 1559, soon after the captive monarch's death. Peder tried
+to enlist her sympathies on behalf of her father's old subjects, and
+assured her that the recovery of Denmark would be an easy matter,
+owing to the unpopularity of the new King, Frederic III. At first
+Christina lent a willing ear to these proposals, but her friend Count
+d'Aremberg succeeded in convincing her of the futility of such an
+enterprise, while both Philip and Granvelle firmly refused to support
+the scheme.[597] Peder Oxe, however, followed Christina to Nancy, where
+he became a member of the Ducal Council, and did good service in
+restoring order in the finances.
+
+Other Danish exiles sought refuge at the Court of Lorraine, where
+their presence naturally revived Christina's dreams of recovering her
+father's throne. All manner of rumours were abroad. In March, 1561,
+Chaloner heard that the French King and the Duke of Lorraine were about
+to invade Denmark. Three months later Mary, Queen of Scots' faithful
+servant, Melville, wrote from Heidelberg that the Duchess-Dowager
+of Lorraine had come there to persuade her sister, the old Countess
+Palatine, to surrender her rights on Denmark to her nephew, the Duke of
+Lorraine. Christina spent some time with her sister, and was joined in
+September by the Duke, who came to escort her home.[598] The Palatine
+Frederic's successor, Otto Heinrich, had died in 1559, and his cousin,
+the reigning Elector, Frederic of Zimmern, the brother of the Countess
+Egmont and her sister Helene, was deeply attached to Dorothea, and,
+like his predecessor, professed the Lutheran faith. A year after
+Christina's visit Dorothea died suddenly at Neuburg, and was buried
+by her husband's side in the Church of the Holy Ghost at Heidelberg.
+The Palatine Frederic erected a fine monument over her grave, with the
+following inscription:
+
+    "To the most noble Lady, Dorothea, Countess Palatine, and Queen
+    of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, the beloved consort of the
+    Elector Frederic II., this tomb was raised by Frederic III.,
+    by the grace of God Elector Palatine, in the year 1562, as a
+    token of love and gratitude to this his most dear and excellent
+    kinswoman."
+
+Dorothea's tomb was destroyed with that of her husband and many others
+when Louis XIV.'s armies sacked and burnt Heidelberg in 1693, but an
+English traveller who visited the castle and Church of the Holy Ghost
+thirty years before, preserved this inscription in his diary.[599]
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1563] DUKE OF GUISE'S MURDER]
+
+Christina came to Heidelberg with her son and both her daughters in the
+autumn of the year 1562, and was present at Frankfurt on the 24th of
+November, when her cousin Maximilian was crowned King of the Romans. On
+this occasion the Emperor Ferdinand collected as many of the imperial
+family as possible around him. The Dukes and Duchesses of Bavaria and
+Cleves were present, as well as most of the Electors and Princes of
+the Empire; while Ibrahim Bey, the Sultan's Ambassador, brought camels
+and rugs and Persian jars as gifts from his master. Among the old
+friends whom the Duchess met at Frankfurt were the Prince of Orange,
+Counts Egmont and Jacques d'Aremberg. They greeted her with renewed
+friendliness, and from their lips she heard how badly things were going
+in the Low Countries, and how unpopular the Regent and her Minister,
+the newly-created Cardinal de Granvelle, had become with all classes
+of people.[600] The Emperor and all his family returned to Heidelberg
+after the coronation, and were splendidly entertained by the Palatine,
+who was anxious to arrange a marriage between one of his sons and
+Mademoiselle de Lorraine. But Frederic's strong Lutheran tenets were a
+serious obstacle to this plan. At the recent coronation he had refused
+to attend Mass, and had remained in the vestry of the cathedral until
+the service was over.
+
+Meanwhile religious strife was raging in France, and Christina returned
+to Nancy to find that civil war had broken out. Earlier in the year
+the massacre of a peaceable congregation at Wassy, near Joinville,
+had excited the fury of the Huguenots, and a fierce struggle was
+being waged on the frontiers of Lorraine. The Duke's own kindred were
+divided. Condé was the leader of the revolted party, while his brother
+Antoine, King of Navarre--l'Échangeur, as he was called, because he
+was said to change his religion as often as he did his coat--was
+mortally wounded, fighting on the King's side, in the siege of Rouen.
+A month later the Constable de Montmorency was made prisoner in the
+Battle of Dreux, by his own nephew Coligny. On the 21st of February,
+1563, Christina and her son were attending the baptism of the Duke
+of Aumale's son Claude, when a messenger arrived with the news that
+the Duke of Guise had been stabbed by a Huguenot fanatic in the camp
+before Orleans. After a public funeral in Notre Dame, the remains of
+Antoinette's most illustrious son were buried at Joinville, amid the
+lamentations of the whole nation.[601]
+
+Fortunately, the duchy of Lorraine escaped the horrors of civil
+war. On the 18th of May, 1562, Charles made his long-deferred state
+entry into Nancy, and took a solemn vow to observe the rights of his
+subjects before he received the ducal crown. But he still consulted
+his mother in all important matters, and treated her with the utmost
+respect and affection.[602] His own time and thoughts were chiefly
+occupied in enlarging and beautifying the ducal palace. He extended the
+Galerie des Cerfs, and built a fine hall, adorned with frescoes of the
+Metamorphoses of Ovid, a translation of which had been dedicated to his
+grandfather, Duke Antoine, by the poet Clement Marot. At the same time
+he rebuilt the old Salle du Jeu de Paume on the model of one at the
+Louvre, and made a picture-gallery above this new hall, which he hung
+with portraits of the ducal family.[603]
+
+Christina also devoted much attention to the improvement of her
+estates. She rebuilt the salt-works at Les Rosières, which had been
+abandoned in the last century, and placed an inscription on the gates,
+recording that in February, 1563, these salt-works were erected by
+
+    "Christina, by the grace of God Queen of Denmark, Sweden,
+    and Norway, Sovereign of the Goths, Vandals, and Slavonians,
+    Duchess of Schleswig, Dittmarsch, Lorraine, Bar, and Milan,
+    Countess of Oldenburg and Blamont, and Lady of Tortona."[604]
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1563] BIRTH OF A GRANDSON]
+
+Several indications of the active part that she took in affairs
+of State appear in contemporary records. In 1564, with the Pope's
+sanction, she concluded an agreement with the Bishop of Toul, by which
+he made over his temporalities to the Duke of Lorraine. Christina, as
+she explained to Granvelle, had taken this step to avoid the see from
+becoming the property of France; but her action roused the indignation
+of her uncle, the Emperor Ferdinand, who rebuked his good niece sharply
+for venturing to meddle with the affairs of the Imperial Chamber.[605]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    _Grand Duc le Prince Aisné, des Princes de ta Race,
+    Le Lorrein étonné de tés exploits guerriers,
+    Ne peut assez trouuer en son cloz de Lauriers,
+    Pour ombrager ton front, tes Temples, et ta face._
+
+_Thomas de leu Fe: et excud_:
+
+CHARLES III., DUKE OF LORRAINE
+
+_To face p. 472_]
+
+On the 8th of November, 1563, the Duchess Claude gave birth to her
+first child, a boy which was named Henry, after her father, the late
+King of France. Both Charles IX. and Philip II. consented to stand
+godfathers, and the French King announced his intention of attending
+the child's christening in person. His visit, however, was put off, as
+the young Duchess fell seriously ill of smallpox, and was eventually
+fixed to take place at Bar after Easter. There was even a rumour that
+King Philip, whose presence in the Low Countries was earnestly desired,
+would visit Lorraine on his journey, and meet the French monarch on
+the 1st of May. The prospect of seeing Catherine and her son with an
+armed force in Lorraine filled Christina with alarm. The Queen-mother,
+as she knew, was very jealous of the Duchess-Dowager's influence with
+her son, and neglected no means of placing French subjects in positions
+of authority at the Ducal Court;[606] while her recent intrigues with
+the Huguenot leaders might lead to the introduction of Protestant rites
+at the ceremony. Before the date fixed for the christening, however,
+Christina received an unexpected visitor in the person of Cardinal
+Granvelle, who had been compelled to bow to the storm and leave the
+Netherlands. In a private note which he sent to Granvelle on the 1st of
+March, 1564, Philip had desired the Cardinal to retire to Besançon on
+plea of paying a visit to his mother, whom he had not seen for nineteen
+years. The desired permission was readily granted by the Regent, and,
+to the great satisfaction of the nobles, the hated Minister left
+Brussels on the 13th of March. "Our man is really going," wrote William
+of Orange to his brother Louis. "God grant he may go so far that he can
+never return!"[607]
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1564] GRANVELLE AT NANCY]
+
+The Cardinal had by this time recognized his fatal mistake in
+persuading the King to appoint the Duchess of Parma Regent instead
+of Madame de Lorraine, "by which action," as he himself wrote, "I
+made the Prince of Orange my enemy."[608] He was the more anxious
+to recover Christina's good graces, while she on her part does not
+appear to have borne him any grudge for his share in the transaction.
+His way led him through Lorraine, and when he reached Pont-à-Mousson
+he found a messenger from the Duchess begging him to come and see
+her at Nancy. On his arrival he was received by the Duke's _maître
+d'hôtel_, and conducted to lodgings in the palace. This "very fine
+house," and the hospitality with which he and his companions were
+entertained, gratified the Cardinal, and after supper he was received
+by the Duchess-Dowager, with whom he had a long interview in the Grande
+Galerie.[609] They conversed freely of the troubles in the Netherlands.
+Christina was anxious to justify herself from the charge of fomenting
+these dissensions, and declared that she had nothing to say against
+the Duchess of Parma, and only complained of her refusal to allow a
+Mass for her father, King Christian II., to be said in the Court chapel
+on the anniversary of his death. But she had many complaints to make
+of the King, who had only written to her five times in the last five
+years, and who insisted on keeping her Castle of Tortona in his own
+hands, and employed the revenues of the town to pay the garrison,
+without giving her any compensation. Granvelle could only allege the
+unsettled state of Lombardy and the disorder of Milanese finances as
+excuses for Philip's behaviour. The Duchess further confided to him
+her fears regarding the French King's visit, and the intrigues of
+Catherine, who was always endeavouring to destroy the harmony that
+prevailed between herself and her daughter-in-law. Granvelle did his
+best to allay these alarms, and assured her that the rumours as to the
+large force that was to accompany him to Lorraine were absolutely false.
+
+Another subject on which Christina consulted the Cardinal was her
+designs against Denmark. The young King Frederic III. at first
+professed great friendship for her, and opened negotiations for his
+marriage with her daughter Renée--a proposal which she was reluctant to
+accept.[610] This idea, however, was soon abandoned, and the outbreak
+of war between Denmark and Sweden seemed to afford an opportunity
+for advancing her own claims. Peder Oxe and his companion in exile,
+Willem von Grümbach, urged her to raise an army and invade Jutland,
+assuring her that the discontented Danish nobles were only longing for
+an excuse to rise in a body and dethrone the usurper. But Christina
+realized that it would be useless to make any attempt without Philip's
+support, which she begged Granvelle to obtain. The Cardinal, however,
+quite declined to approach the King on the subject, and told the
+Duchess that a rupture with Denmark would make him more unpopular
+in Flanders than he was already, saying that he had no wish to be
+stoned by the Dutch. Before leaving Nancy he discussed the situation
+at length with the Duchess's latest friend, Baron de Polweiler, the
+Bailiff of Hagenau, a brave and loyal servant of Charles V., who had
+warmly espoused Christina's cause and was in correspondence with the
+Danish malcontents. The Baron was a wise and practical man, and agreed
+with Granvelle that the best course of action would be to keep up the
+agitation in Denmark, without taking further measures until the coming
+of King Philip, which was now confidently expected.[611]
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1564] ILLNESS OF CHRISTINA]
+
+After the Cardinal's departure, Christina fell ill at Denœuvre, and
+was unable to accompany the Duke, who came to fetch her, and insisted
+on putting off the child's christening until his mother was fit to
+travel. At length, on the 2nd of May, the Duchess and her daughters
+started for Bar, where the christening was celebrated on the following
+day, and Christina held her grandson at the font. There was no display
+of armed force, nor was any attempt made to introduce Lutheran rites.
+On the contrary, the Queen-mother and all her suite were most amiable,
+the greatest good-will prevailed on all sides, and the whole party
+spent the next week in feasting, jousting, and dancing, while Ronsard
+composed songs in honour of the occasion. On the 9th of May the young
+King resumed his progress to Lyons, and the aged Duchess Antoinette,
+who had come to Bar at the Cardinal of Lorraine's prayer, returned to
+Joinville with her son. Christina's worst alarms had been dispelled,
+but her suspicions were to some extent justified by the revival of
+the French King's old claims to Bar, and the advance of certain new
+pretensions, which were eventually referred to a court of justice in
+Paris. What annoyed her scarcely less was the inferior quality of the
+ring sent by the King of Spain to Duchess Claude, which excited more
+than one unpleasant comment, although Count Mansfeldt, who stood proxy
+for Philip, informed her privately that Margaret of Parma had spent
+double the sum named by His Majesty on his christening present.[612]
+
+
+IV.
+
+In July, 1564, Christina fell dangerously ill, and Silliers told
+Polweiler that his mistress was suffering from a grave internal
+malady. In November she had a severe relapse, and her death was hourly
+expected. Her children and servants nursed her with untiring devotion,
+and her friends at Brussels were deeply concerned. Anne d'Aerschot,
+Margaret d'Aremberg, Egmont, and the Prince of Orange, made frequent
+inquiries; and even Queen Mary wrote from Scotland to ask after the
+Duchess's health. Philip alone took no notice of her illness, and his
+indifference was keenly resented by Christina and her whole family.
+"For the love of God," wrote Silliers to Polweiler, "do your best to
+see that Madame is consoled, or she will certainly die of grief and
+despair." And he poured out a passionate complaint, setting forth his
+mistress's wrongs, and saying how, after cheating her out of Vigevano,
+the King kept both the castle and revenues of her dower city in his
+hands, and allowed her subjects to be exposed to the depredations
+of the Spanish garrison. "To my mind," he adds, "this is a strange
+proof of the singular affection which he professes to have for my
+Lady!"[613] Granvelle himself was much concerned, and, when Polweiler
+wrote to report an improvement in the Duchess's condition, expressed
+his thankfulness, saying that the loss of such a Princess would be a
+heavy blow to the cause of religion, as well as the greatest calamity
+that could befall Lorraine. He owned that Madame had been harshly
+treated, and could only counsel patience and assure her of Philip's
+good-will; but he confessed that the task was a disagreeable one.
+When Philip wrote at last, it was merely to exhort the Duchess to be
+patient, as the whole world was in travail, and to promise that her
+claims should be settled by the Cardinal.[614] Meanwhile fresh appeals
+reached Christina every day from her Danish partisans, while King Eric
+of Sweden, who had declared war on Denmark, opened negotiations with
+her through his French Minister, Charles de Mornay. A marriage between
+this young King and Renée was proposed, and Eric offered to support
+the Duchess's rights to Denmark if she could obtain the help of the
+Emperor and of the Netherlands. Ferdinand, however, quite declined to
+countenance any attack on his ally, and begged his dear niece not to
+stir up strife in Germany, although he assured her of his paternal love
+and readiness to help her in the recovery of her rights by peaceable
+methods. A few weeks after writing this letter the good Emperor died,
+and, as Christina knew, she could expect little from his successor
+Maximilian, who had never forgiven her friendship with Philip in bygone
+days, and did not even send her the customary announcement of his
+father's death.
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1565] DUKE ADOLF'S MARRIAGE]
+
+Another ally whose help the Duchess tried to enlist was the old
+Landgrave, Philip of Hesse, whose daughter Christina, after being wooed
+for some years by the King of Sweden, was finally married to Duke
+Adolf of Holstein on the 20th of January, 1565. As Granvelle remarks,
+it was a strange ending to this Prince's long courtship of Madame de
+Lorraine, but he probably still hoped to support her cause in Denmark.
+And as the Prince of Orange was asked to represent King Philip at the
+marriage, Christina would have an opportunity of consulting him about
+her Danish expedition.[615] But the Prince refused to leave Flanders,
+and a serious relapse prevented the Duchess from attending the wedding.
+As soon as she had recovered sufficiently, Christina dictated a letter
+to her beloved sister Anne, who was still her most faithful friend:
+
+    "Your letter was most welcome, as I had not heard from you
+    lately, and I thank you warmly for all that you say. I am
+    getting better, but am not very strong yet. As to the Swedish
+    business, I am anxious to know the name of the person whom you
+    mention as having the greatest affection for me and mine, and
+    who might help me with the King. And as I know that you only
+    desire my good, I beg you to keep your eyes open, and tell me
+    who are my best friends at Court. I quite agree with you that
+    it is useless to fish in troubled waters. Monsieur d'Egmont's
+    journey to Spain is a surprising event! The cause is unknown
+    to me, but it must be some matter of importance. Thank you
+    again with all my heart for the love that is expressed in your
+    letters."[616]
+
+The friends to whose influence at Court Anne had referred were the
+Count and Countess of Aremberg, who stood high in favour with the King
+and the Regent, and were in constant correspondence with Christina.
+
+    "Would to God," wrote Margaret of Aremberg, "that Madame de
+    Lorraine could obtain the King's favour! She would then be
+    easily able to regain her own, as the Danes hate their King,
+    and he has no power over them. But I confess I have lost all
+    hopes of this ever coming to pass."[617]
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1565] JOURNEY TO BRUSSELS]
+
+By the advice of these friends, the Duchess now decided to send Baron
+de Polweiler to Spain to beg the King for the 300,000 crowns due to
+her, in order that she might avail herself of the opportunity presented
+by the war between Sweden and Denmark, and open the campaign in the
+summer. Upon this Granvelle felt it his duty to inform his master of
+the Duchess's plans, which might, he thought, be successful if the
+King could help her with subsidies, since she had several allies in
+Germany.[618] Duke Eric of Brunswick offered to raise an army and take
+the command of the expedition, and the Landgrave of Hesse promised
+to help on condition that she gave her daughter Renée in marriage
+to one of his sons; while, by way of removing Philip's objections,
+the Cardinal dwelt on the advantages of restoring the true faith in
+these Northern kingdoms. But this plan was frustrated by the Archduke
+Ferdinand's refusal to give Polweiler leave of absence, and as
+Silliers, who offered to go in his stead, would only have made matters
+worse, Christina resolved to ask Count Egmont to plead her cause at
+Madrid. Even Granvelle, who had no love for the Count, approved of this
+plan. Egmont was known to be devoted to the Duchess, and his great
+popularity in the Low Countries would go far to remove the objections
+to a breach with Denmark in those provinces. Unfortunately, in spite
+of his good-will, Egmont effected no more for Christina than he did
+for the liberties of the Netherlands. He was royally entertained by
+Philip and his courtiers, and loaded with presents and flatteries, but,
+when he came to business, received nothing but vague words and empty
+promises.
+
+On his return to Flanders in April, his house was crowded with
+visitors, and the Duchess, finding that she could obtain no answer to
+her letters, determined to go to Brussels herself. In June she set out
+on her journey, saying that she was going to kiss the Holy Coat at
+Treves and pay her devotions to the Blessed Sacrament of the Miracle at
+Brussels, in fulfilment of a vow made when she had been at the point of
+death.[619] Her pilgrimage excited great curiosity, and even Polweiler
+was in the dark as to its object, but felt convinced that she meant to
+see Egmont and Eric of Brunswick, and that they would soon hear of a
+sudden call to arms.
+
+    "I hear from a trustworthy source," wrote the Landgrave to
+    Louis of Nassau, "that the old Duchess of Lorraine is going to
+    Brussels with both her daughters. She has raised 400,000 crowns
+    at Antwerp to make war on Denmark, and is to be helped by the
+    Netherlands with ships, money, and men. Her daughter Renée is
+    to marry King Eric, and a close alliance against the Danish
+    King is to be formed between Sweden, Lorraine, the States,
+    and the Holy Empire. Although I do not hold popular rumours
+    to be as infallible as Holy Gospel, I count them more worthy
+    of belief than Æsop's fables or the tales of Amadis de Gaul.
+    Of one thing I am quite sure: The Duchess does not travel to
+    Flanders or send an Ambassador to Sweden to roast pears or
+    dance a galliard. The latest report is that the Duchess is
+    going to sell her claims on Denmark to the King of Spain, but
+    I can hardly think His Majesty will be anxious to buy these
+    barren rights which bring a war in their train. Do not take
+    my gossip unkindly, but let me know what you hear of this
+    business."[620]
+
+A cloud of mystery surrounds this visit which Christina paid to
+Brussels in the summer of 1565. She declined the Regent's invitation
+to occupy her old quarters in the palace, but stayed in the religious
+house known as the Cloister of Jericho, and afterwards with the Duchess
+of Aerschot at Diest. She received visits from Duke Eric, who professed
+himself ready to raise troops to serve her at the shortest notice, and
+also from Count Egmont. But all that she could learn from this noble
+was that, when he urged her claims on the King, and begged him to see
+that the arrears due to her were paid, Philip replied that Her Highness
+was the wisest and most virtuous of women, and would always take the
+best course possible.[621] By August Christina was back in Lorraine,
+and attended the christening of Nicholas de Vaudemont's new-born
+daughter, who received the name of Christina.[622]
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1566] INTRIGUES WITH SWEDEN]
+
+Whatever others may have felt about the Duchess's designs on Denmark,
+the King of Sweden was evidently in earnest. Four Ambassadors arrived
+at Nancy on All Saints' Day, 1565, and went on to Denœuvre. They
+brought offers from Eric to conquer Norway and Denmark in the Duchess's
+name and leave her in possession of the latter kingdom, and asked for
+Madame Renée's hand, in order to confirm the alliance between Lorraine
+and Sweden. During a whole year the Swedish Envoys remained at Nancy,
+and prolonged conferences were held between them and the Duke and his
+mother. A new ally also came to her help in the person of the Czar
+of Muscovy, who was profuse in his offers of assistance. Christina's
+hopes rose high, and a medal was struck in 1566, bearing her effigy as
+Queen of Denmark, with the motto: _Me sine cuncta ruunt_ (Without me
+all things perish).[623] But one ally after the other failed her. Both
+the Emperor Maximilian and the Elector of Saxony, who had married a
+Princess of Denmark, were strongly opposed to her schemes; while the
+ancient feud between the Danes and Swedes, who, in Silliers's words,
+"hated each other as much as cats and dogs or English and French,"
+helped to complicate matters.[624] At the same time, she felt reluctant
+to give her daughter to a man of Eric's unstable character, who had
+been courting Queen Elizabeth and Christina of Hesse at the same time,
+and was known to have a low-born mistress. She had good reason to be
+afraid that the story of King Christian and Dyveke might be repeated,
+and her fears were justified when, a year later, the King of Sweden
+raised this favourite to the throne, and was soon afterwards deposed by
+his subjects. The defection of Peder Oxe, who made his peace with the
+King of Denmark and returned to Copenhagen at the close of 1566, was
+another blow, and the ultimate defeat of the Swedes in the following
+year extinguished her last hopes.[625] Cardinal Granvelle, who had been
+sent to Italy by Philip to keep him away from the Netherlands, wrote
+that the Viceroy, with the best will in the world, found it impossible
+to pay the arrears due to the Duchess, and could not withdraw the
+garrison at Tortona without the King's leave. As for the Danish
+expedition, Granvelle told Polweiler that it was more hopeless than
+ever, and he could only advise Her Highness to abandon the idea.[626]
+
+    "Madame de Lorraine," replied the Baron, "is in great
+    perplexity, abandoned by all her relatives, and, like Tantalus,
+    is left to die of thirst, looking down on a clear and beautiful
+    stream."
+
+[Sidenote: MARCH, 1567] LES GUEUX]
+
+But a few faithful friends were still left. In May, 1566, the Duchess
+of Aerschot came to Lorraine with her young son, and spent the summer
+in her old home. The troubles in the Netherlands filled her with the
+utmost anxiety, and her family, like many others, was divided. All her
+own sympathies were with William of Orange and Egmont in the struggle
+for freedom, but her stepson, Philip of Aerschot, and her cousin, Count
+d'Aremberg, were among the few nobles who refused to join the League,
+and stood fast by the Regent. Margaret of Parma looked coldly on her,
+owing to Anne's connection with Christina and the Prince of Orange, and
+did not even send her an invitation to her son Alexander's wedding.
+With her wonted good sense, Anne refused to notice this affront, and
+told her friends that she was too unwell to attend the festivities,
+which excited much discontent by their profuse extravagance.[627] But
+the situation was painful, and she was glad to retire to Lorraine
+and enjoy the company of Christina and her venerable aunt, Duchess
+Antoinette. Together they read the affectionate letters which Mary
+Stuart wrote from her Northern home, and sighed over the perils
+surrounding the young Queen. In spite of her relatives' advice, she had
+married Darnley, the handsome Scottish boy whom her uncle the Cardinal
+of Lorraine termed "that great nincompoop of a girl," and was already
+learning to her cost the mistake that she had made.
+
+Terrible news now came from Flanders. Riots broke out in Antwerp and
+Ghent, and spread rapidly through the provinces. The great church
+of St. John was plundered, Hubert van Eyck's famous Adoration was
+only saved by the presence of mind of the Canons, and the tomb of
+Christina's mother, Queen Isabella, was hacked to pieces.[628] In
+Brussels S. Gudule was stripped of its pictures and statues, and the
+cry of "Vivent les Gueux!" rang through the courts of Charles V.'s
+palace. The Regent tried in vain to escape, and was forced to turn for
+help to the Prince of Orange and her most bitter enemies. Anne returned
+home to find public affairs in dire confusion, and retired to her
+dower-house at Diest. After her departure Christina became seriously
+ill, and in the spring of 1567 her daughters entreated the Countess
+of Aremberg to come to Lorraine, saying that her presence would be
+the best medicine for their mother. Margaret obeyed the summons and
+spent three months at Nancy and Denœuvre.[629] On her return she told
+Granvelle's friend, Provost Morillon, that the King made a great
+mistake in being so unfriendly to the House of Lorraine, and that if
+Madame died the Duke would become altogether French, and his duchy
+might at any moment fall into the hands of France. Charles was Catholic
+to his finger-tips, and entirely devoted to his mother, but after her
+death no one could tell what might happen.[630] These representations
+were not without effect. Philip wrote in a more kindly strain to the
+Duchess, and sent one of his Chamberlains--Don Luis de Mendoza--to wait
+upon her at Nancy, and remain in Lorraine until the arrival of the Duke
+of Alva, who was now despatched from Spain to replace Margaret of Parma
+as Captain-General of the Netherlands. In July he crossed the Mont
+Cenis, and marched through Lorraine at the head of a force of picked
+Spanish and Italian soldiers. Brantôme rushed to Nancy to see this
+"gentle and gallant army," with their fine new muskets and pikes, but
+the sight filled many of the spectators with profound misgivings.[631]
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1568] DEATH OF EGMONT]
+
+The Prince of Orange had already resigned all his offices and retired
+to Germany, but Egmont and his friend Count Horn were caught in the
+fatal snare, and were both arrested at a banquet in Alva's house on
+the evening of the 9th of September. The news filled Europe with
+consternation. In her distress Christina wrote several letters to the
+King of Spain, pleading passionately for the Count's release, and
+recalling his great deeds and the devotion which he had always shown
+to the King's service.[632] Her appeals were seconded by the Duke and
+his wife, by Vaudemont,--Egmont's own brother-in-law--by the Duke and
+Duchess of Bavaria, the Elector Palatine, and all the Princes of the
+Empire. Maximilian himself addressed two autograph letters to Philip,
+praying for the Count's release, and the Knights of the Golden Fleece
+protested against this violation of the rules of their Order. But
+all was in vain. Philip vouchsafed no answer to any of these appeals,
+saying he would not change his mind if the sky were to fall on his
+head,[633] and on the 6th of June, 1568, the Grande Place witnessed
+the execution of the hero of Gravelines. A fortnight before this
+shocking event, Anne, Duchess of Aerschot, breathed her last at Diest,
+thankful to escape from a world so full of misery, and only grieving
+to think that her vast dower and fine estates would not pass to their
+rightful owner, William of Orange.[634] In the same month of May the
+first battle was fought between the revolted nobles and the Spanish
+forces, and Margaret of Aremberg's husband fell fighting valiantly
+in the mêlée. Meanwhile civil war had broken out again in France,
+and in November, 1567, the Constable Montmorency, the old Nestor of
+France, was killed in a battle at St. Denis, fighting against the
+Huguenots, with Condé and his own nephew Coligny at their head. Old
+friends were falling on every side, and before Christina's tears for
+her sister-in-law were dried, she and the aged Duchess of Guise were
+mourning the sad fate of Antoinette's luckless granddaughter, the Queen
+of Scots, who had been compelled to abdicate her throne, and was now a
+captive in the hands of her rival, Queen Elizabeth.
+
+
+V.
+
+While civil war was raging all round, and Christina's best friends
+were dying on the scaffold or the battle-field, the marriage of her
+daughter Renée brought a ray of light into her life. The tale of
+Renée's courtships almost rivals that of her mother's. The Kings of
+Sweden and Denmark, William of Orange and Henri de Joinville, were only
+a few among the candidates who sought her hand. Granvelle once proposed
+the Duke of Urbino as a suitable match, and Philip was anxious to marry
+her to his handsome and popular half-brother, Don John of Austria. But
+the Duchess declined this offer repeatedly, saying that no child of
+hers should ever wed a bastard. When in the summer of 1567, Don Luis
+de Mendoza again urged this suit on the King's behalf, the Duchess
+informed him that her daughter's hand was already promised to Duke
+William of Bavaria, the eldest son of the reigning Duke Albert and his
+wife, the Archduchess Anna. The contract was signed in September, and
+the marriage took place early in the following year,[635] and turned
+out very happily. Throughout his life the Bavarian Duke maintained
+worthily the strong Catholic traditions of his house, and proved a
+dutiful and affectionate son-in-law. Christina spent the following
+winter at the Castle of Friedberg in Bavaria, where she was once more
+dangerously ill, and Silliers as usual complained bitterly of Philip's
+neglect and unkindness in never making inquiries after her health.
+But, in spite of all rebuffs, neither the Baron nor his mistress had
+abandoned their dreams of conquering Denmark, and in April, 1569,
+Cardinal Granvelle wrote to the King from Rome:
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1572] DEATH OF SILLIERS]
+
+    "Madame de Lorraine is still trying to recover her father's
+    kingdom, and both she and her Councillor, Silliers, are
+    continually begging me for help in this matter. In vain I have
+    replied for the hundredth time that I am too far from Madrid
+    and the Low Countries to know if the affair is practicable,
+    and have pointed out that, in the first place, the Dutch will
+    never break with Denmark; secondly, that the Emperor would
+    object to any attempt of this kind; and, thirdly, that Your
+    Majesty's hands are full. In fact, I have told her that I
+    cannot see any solid foundations for her hopes. But she returns
+    to the charge again and again."[636]
+
+It was the last flicker of an expiring flame. After this, even
+Christina seems to have recognized the futility of her schemes, and the
+death of Silliers finally decided her to abandon them altogether. This
+"vain, insupportable, and foolish man," as the Cardinal called him,
+and whom her son, the Duke, also detested cordially, lost his life in
+Bavaria, in September, 1572, being killed by a shot from a crossbow,
+which was said to be accidental, but which Granvelle and his other
+enemies ascribed to a paid assassin.[637] During the last twenty years,
+it must be owned, Silliers had been the Duchess's evil genius; but, in
+spite of all his faults, he was sincerely attached to his mistress, and
+his devotion to her interests cannot be questioned.
+
+Christina spent the next six years chiefly at Nancy or Denœuvre, in the
+company of her children and grandchildren. The Duke had a large family
+of three sons and six daughters, the eldest of whom, Christina, bore
+a strong likeness to her grandmother both in face and character. This
+Princess and her cousin Louise de Vaudemont, the daughter of Nicholas
+by his first wife, Margaret of Egmont, were great favourites with the
+Duchess-mother, and spent much time in her society. Louise was a fair
+and gentle maiden, whose charms captivated Henry, Duke of Anjou, when
+he came to Lorraine in 1573, on his way to take possession of the
+throne of Poland. He was accompanied by his mother, Queen Catherine,
+who spent a week at Nancy, and after her son's departure remained some
+days at Blamont with Christina. When, two years later, Henry succeeded
+his brother, Charles IX., the new King's first thought was to make
+the Princess of Lorraine his wife. Christina was too ill to leave her
+bed, but Duchess Antoinette, still young in spite of her eighty years,
+brought the bride to Reims, where the wedding was celebrated two days
+after Henry III.'s coronation. The Duke and his sister Dorothea were
+present at the ceremony, as well as all the Guise Princes.[638] Five
+days afterwards, on the 20th of February, 1575, the Duchess Claude,
+whose health had long been failing, and who had lately given birth to
+twin daughters, died in the ducal palace, at the age of twenty-eight,
+leaving the Duke an inconsolable widower. He was only thirty-two,
+and although he lived till 1608, never married again. Soon after
+Claude's death, her eldest daughter, Christina, went to live with her
+grandmother, Catherine de' Medici, at the French Court. This masterful
+lady, who quarrelled with her own daughter Margaret, was very fond of
+Christina, and kept this young Princess constantly at her side during
+the next fourteen years.
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1575] MARRIAGE OF DOROTHEA]
+
+In the following December, Elizabeth of Austria, the widow of Charles
+IX., and daughter of the Emperor Maximilian II., visited Nancy on
+her way back to Vienna, and was escorted on her journey by Renée and
+her husband, the Duke of Bavaria. They were all three present at the
+wedding of the Princess Dorothea, who was married in the Church of
+St. Georges, on the 26th of December, to Duke Eric of Brunswick.[639]
+This wild and restless Prince had always been on friendly terms with
+Christina and her family, and was one of King Philip's favourite
+captains and a Knight of the Golden Fleece. He had lately lost
+his first wife, and succeeded his father in the principalities of
+Göttingen and Calenberg, although his roving tastes made him prefer
+foreign service to residence on his own estates. Now, at the age of
+forty-seven, he became the husband of Christina's younger daughter.
+In spite of her lameness, this Princess inherited much of her aunt
+Dorothea's charm and gaiety, and was fondly beloved by her brother
+and all his children. She took especial interest in the improvements
+which the Duke was never tired of making at Nancy, and helped him in
+laying out the beautiful terraced gardens, adorned with fountains and
+orangeries, in the precincts of the ducal palace. And the bell in the
+new clock-tower, which the Duke built in 1577, was named Dorothea,
+after the Duchess of Brunswick.[640] Charles himself, like his father,
+was a Prince of cultured tastes, who studied the Latin and Italian
+poets and took delight in Ronsard's verses. The foundation of the
+University at Pont-à-Mousson bore witness to his love of learning,
+while he employed scholars to collect precious books and manuscripts,
+and sent his gardeners to inspect the royal palaces at Fontainebleau
+and St. Germain, and to bring back rare plants and exotics.[641]
+
+In these last years of Christina's life at Nancy, new hopes and
+interests were suddenly brought into her life by Don John of Austria's
+arrival in the Low Countries. When terrorism and massacre had failed
+to crush the revolted provinces, the hero of Lepanto was appointed
+Governor, in the hope that he might succeed in restoring order, by
+appealing to his illustrious father's memory and ruling the Netherlands
+according to his example. In October, 1576, Don John travelled through
+France in the disguise of a Moorish servant, and, after spending one
+night in Paris, came to Joinville to consult the Duke of Guise on a
+romantic scheme which he had formed to release and marry the captive
+Queen of Scots. Then he hurried on to Luxembourg and proclaimed his
+intention of withdrawing the Spanish troops and granting a general
+amnesty. The coming of this chivalrous Prince, with his message of
+peace, filled the people of the Netherlands with new hope. Don John was
+received with open arms by the Duke of Aerschot and his half-brother,
+Anne of Lorraine's son, Charles de Croy, Marquis of Havré. His first
+act was to restore the lands and fortune of the late Count Egmont to
+his widow, the Countess Palatine Sabina, and her innocent children.
+This rejoiced the heart of Madame d'Aremberg, who had been spending the
+winter at Nancy with the Duchess, and Christina's nephew, Charles de
+Croy, told Don John frankly that the Low Countries would gladly have
+him, not only for their Governor, but for their King. Christina herself
+was deeply stirred, and sent a member of her household to Luxembourg
+with a letter welcoming the Prince in the warmest terms, and thanking
+him for the cheering news which he had sent her.
+
+[Sidenote: NOV., 1576] DON JOHN OF AUSTRIA]
+
+    "I can only praise God," she wrote, "for your appointment to
+    the government of the Low Countries, and trust that the same
+    success that, thanks to your great valour and prudence, has
+    everywhere attended you will continue to crown your efforts.
+
+                                    "Your very loving and more than
+                                      very affectionate cousin,
+                                                    "CHRÉTIENNE.
+
+  "Blamont, November 12, 1576."[642]
+
+
+In her anxiety to see Don John, the Duchess set out for Pont-à-Mousson;
+but when she reached Nancy, on the 12th of December, she heard that the
+Prince had already left Luxembourg for the Netherlands, and sent him
+the following letter by a confidential servant, who was to tell him
+many things which she could not commit to paper:
+
+  "MY COUSIN,
+
+    "The singular wish that I have to see Your Highness, and confer
+    with you on many points of the highest importance, induced
+    me to leave Blamont and come to Pont-à-Mousson, in order to
+    be near you and to have an opportunity of seeing you and
+    conversing together, as you will learn more fully from this
+    gentleman whom I am sending to wish you all prosperity and
+    success in your noble designs and enterprises, as well as to
+    tell you many things which I beg you to hear and believe."[643]
+
+Don John replied in the same friendly spirit, telling her his plans and
+thanking her most warmly for her advice.
+
+    "As for me," he wrote, "I am exceedingly obliged to Your
+    Highness for your offers, and shall always be most grateful for
+    your advice and help, knowing, Madame, your great experience
+    and wisdom in affairs. God knows how anxious I was to come and
+    see Your Highness on my journey here, and kiss your hands, but
+    it was impossible owing to the urgency of affairs requiring my
+    presence here. I am very glad indeed," he adds in a postscript,
+    "to hear that you are in good health."[644]
+
+The Prince was evidently impressed by the soundness of the Duchess's
+judgment and by her great popularity in the Netherlands, for when, a
+few weeks later, he began to realize the hopeless nature of his task,
+and begged for his recall, he repeatedly told Philip that, in his
+opinion, the Duchess of Lorraine would be the best person to take his
+place.
+
+    "The Duchess of Lorraine," he wrote on February 16, 1577,
+    "has all the qualities necessary for the government of these
+    provinces, which she would administer far better than I can,
+    because they are beginning to hate me, and I know that I hate
+    them."
+
+Again, a little later:
+
+    "I find in Madame de Lorraine a real desire to serve Your
+    Majesty. She has come to Pont-à-Mousson to see if she can be of
+    help to me, and I am sure would gladly execute any orders that
+    she may receive."
+
+[Sidenote: OCT., 1578] DEATH OF DON JOHN]
+
+Christina heard with delight of Don John's joyous entry into Brussels
+on May Day, and received with deep thankfulness his letter informing
+her of the departure of the hated Spanish troops. But these high hopes
+were doomed to disappointment. The war soon broke out again, and after
+Don John's victory of Gembloux in January, 1578, Madame de Lorraine was
+one of the first persons to whom he announced the news by letter.[645]
+Both of the Duchess's sons-in-law joined in supporting Don John, and in
+May, 1578, the Duke of Brunswick brought a force of 3,000 Germans to
+join him at Namur. Dorothea accompanied her husband, and was about to
+pay the Prince a visit, when she received a message from her brother
+Charles, informing her of their mother's serious illness, and left
+hastily for Nancy.[646]
+
+Five months afterwards a premature death closed the brilliant
+adventurer's career, and Christina was left to grieve over the tragic
+end of this Prince, of whom so much had been expected.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[572] Venetian Calendar, vi. 1533.
+
+[573] T. Juste, "Philippe II.," 209; Gachard, "Correspondance de
+Guillaume d'Orange," i. 431; Granvelle, v. 628.
+
+[574] T. Juste, 206; Venetian Calendar, vii. 83.
+
+[575] Venetian Calendar, vii. 83.
+
+[576] Venetian Calendar, vii. 83.
+
+[577] Granvelle, v. 625-627.
+
+[578] Venetian Calendar, vii. 112.
+
+[579] Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, i. 82.
+
+[580] Sébastien de l'Aubespine, "Négociations au Règne de François
+II.," 43, 66.
+
+[581] Venetian Calendar, vii. 119, 121; Gachard, iv. 72.
+
+[582] Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 583.
+
+[583] Groen, i. 49; Kervyn de Lettenhove, ii. 8; Venetian Calendar,
+vii. 112.
+
+[584] Groen, i. 35; Granvelle, v. 652.
+
+[585] Granvelle, v. 672, vi. 29.
+
+[586] Groen, i. 49, 52; "Correspondence de Granvelle," iii. 529.
+
+[587] Calmet, ii. 1552; Pfister, ii. 246; Calendar of State Papers,
+Elizabeth, i. 562.
+
+[588] Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, ii. 55.
+
+[589] A. de Ruble, 308; Bibliothèque Nationale, 123, 4, f. 40.
+
+[590] Calmet, ii. 1353; Pfister, ii. 246.
+
+[591] Venetian Calendar, vii. 163; Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth,
+Foreign, iii. 224.
+
+[592] Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, iv. 91; Venetian
+Calendar, vii. 290.
+
+[593] A. de Ruble, 210; Brantôme, xii. 116; Aubespine, 752.
+
+[594] Aubespine, 80-84; Bouillé, ii. 74; Venetian Calendar, vii. 290.
+
+[595] Brantôme, xii. 117.
+
+[596] Aubespine, 867.
+
+[597] Schlegel, 253; Granvelle, vi. 1.
+
+[598] Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, ii. 458, iii. 328.
+
+[599] A. Churchill, "Collection of Voyages and Travels," vi. 458.
+
+[600] Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, v. 554; Granvelle,
+vi. 683.
+
+[601] Pimodan, 215.
+
+[602] Granvelle, vii. 488.
+
+[603] Pfister, ii. 184; H. Lepage, "Le Palais Ducal de Nancy," 3.
+
+[604] Calmet, iii. 30.
+
+[605] Granvelle, vii. 344; Calmet, iii. 434, 438.
+
+[606] Granvelle, vii. 488.
+
+[607] Gachard, "Correspondance de Guillaume, Prince d'Orange," ii. 67;
+Groen, i. 214.
+
+[608] "Mémoires de Granvelle," xxxv. 19.
+
+[609] Granvelle, vii. 437-440.
+
+[610] Schäfer, v. 111, 112.
+
+[611] Granvelle, vii. 533, 671, viii. 522.
+
+[612] Calmet, iii. 1359; Granvelle, viii. 46.
+
+[613] Granvelle, viii. 345.
+
+[614] _Ibid_., viii. 472.
+
+[615] Granvelle, viii. 609.
+
+[616] _Ibid._, viii. 637.
+
+[617] Granvelle, viii. 637.
+
+[618] Granvelle, ix. 22, 28; Schäfer, v. 114.
+
+[619] Granvelle, ix. 373.
+
+[620] Groen, i. 408.
+
+[621] Granvelle, ix. 498.
+
+[622] _Ibid_., ix. 496.
+
+[623] Schäfer, v. 116-118; Calmet, ii. 26.
+
+[624] Granvelle, ix. 661-664; Groen, i. 303.
+
+[625] Schäfer, v. 167.
+
+[626] Granvelle, "Correspondance," i. 126, 178.
+
+[627] _Ibid._, i. 43, 524.
+
+[628] Granvelle, "Correspondance," i. 444.
+
+[629] _Ibid._, i. 494.
+
+[630] Granvelle, "Correspondance," ii. 494.
+
+[631] Brantôme, i. 104.
+
+[632] Gachard, "Correspondance de Philippe II.," i. 18.
+
+[633] Gachard, "Correspondance de Philippe II.," i. 588, 738, 762.
+
+[634] Granvelle, "Correspondance," iii. 235.
+
+[635] Calmet, i. 265.
+
+[636] Granvelle, "Correspondance," iii. 463.
+
+[637] _Ibid._, v. 418.
+
+[638] Pimodan, 254.
+
+[639] Calmet, i. 265; Pfister, ii. 256.
+
+[640] Pfister, ii. 246; H. Lepage, "La Ville de Nancy," 63, "Palais
+Ducal," 3.
+
+[641] Pfister, ii. 496.
+
+[642] Gachard, "Correspondance de Philippe II.," v. 29.
+
+[643] _Ibid._, v. 92.
+
+[644] Granvelle, "Correspondance," vi. 521.
+
+[645] _Ibid._, vii. 572.
+
+[646] Granvelle, vii. 638.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK XIV
+
+THE LADY OF TORTONA
+
+1578-1590
+
+
+I.
+
+The marriage of her last remaining daughter, and the removal of her
+granddaughter to the French Court, loosened the ties that bound the
+Duchess-mother to Lorraine. The failure of the high hopes which Don
+John's coming had aroused were a grievous disappointment, and, after
+her dangerous attack of illness in the spring of 1578, Christina
+decided to follow her doctor's advice and seek a warmer climate.
+Her thoughts naturally turned to her dower city of Tortona, whose
+inhabitants still paid her allegiance, in spite of Philip's invasion
+of her privileges. Since the Spanish garrison still occupied the
+castle, the magistrates begged her to inhabit the Communal palace,
+and Christina, touched by their expressions of loyalty and affection,
+resolved to accept the offer.
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1578] CHRISTINA RETURNS TO ITALY]
+
+Before settling at Tortona, however, she decided to make a pilgrimage
+to Loreto, the shrine for which the Lorraine Princes had always
+cherished especial veneration. Early in August, 1578, she left Nancy
+and travelled across the Alps, and through Savoy, by the route which
+she had taken as a bride, nearly half a century before. Her old friend,
+the Duchess Margaret, whose marriage had been one of the happiest
+results of the Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis, had already been dead four
+years, and her lord of the Iron-head was a confirmed invalid; but he
+sent his son, Charles Emanuel, to meet the Duchess and escort her to
+the citadel of Turin.
+
+From Savoy, Christina proceeded to Milan, where she arrived on the
+20th of August, and was hospitably entertained in the Castello by the
+Spanish Viceroy, the Marquis d'Ayamonte.[647] Once more she drove in
+her chariot through the streets where her coming had been hailed by
+rejoicing multitudes, once more she prayed by her husband's tomb in the
+Duomo and saw Leonardo's Cenacolo in Le Grazie. Her old friends, Count
+Massimiliano, the Trivulzi, and Dejanira, were dead and gone, and at
+every step the ghosts of bygone days rose up to haunt her memory. Then
+she travelled on by slow stages to Loreto, on the Adriatic shore, where
+she paid her vows at Our Lady's shrine, and offered a massive gold
+heart set with pearls and precious gems, to the admiration of future
+pilgrims.[648] But the long journey had overtaxed her strength, and
+when, on her return to Lombardy, she reached Ripalta, she was too ill
+to go any farther. Here she remained throughout the winter to recover
+from her fatigues and give the citizens of Tortona time to prepare for
+her reception.
+
+At length, on the 17th of June, 1579, the Duchess made her state entry
+into the city. The magistrates met her at the gates with a stately
+baldacchino fringed with gold and silver, and escorted their Sovereign
+Lady to the house of Bartolommeo Busseto, where she alighted to partake
+of the banquet which had been prepared. Afterwards the loyal citizens
+accompanied her to the Palazzo Pubblico, halfway up the hill above
+the town, which had been splendidly fitted up for her occupation. The
+beauty of the view delighted the Duchess as much as the enthusiastic
+warmth of her reception, and the health-giving breezes of the Lombard
+city proved even more beneficial than her physicians had expected. "She
+came to our city of Tortona a dying woman, and lived there in health
+and comfort for more than ten years."[649] So wrote Niccolò Montemerlo,
+the historian whose chronicles of Tortona were published in 1618,
+when Christina had not yet been dead thirty years. His contemporaries
+joined with him in praising the Duchess's wise and beneficial rule,
+the strictness with which she administered justice, her liberality and
+benevolence.
+
+    "The Duchess Christina of Milan," wrote Campo of Cremona in
+    1585, "celebrated for her beauty and gracious manners, for
+    her affability and generosity, has lately come to spend her
+    widowhood in the city of Tortona, and lives there in great
+    splendour, beloved by all."[650]
+
+[Sidenote: JUNE, 1579] THE LADY OF TORTONA]
+
+Christina's administrative powers found ample scope in the government
+of the city, and under her rule Tortona enjoyed a brief spell of
+peace and prosperity. She reformed abuses, obtained the restitution
+of lost privileges, and healed a long-standing feud with the city of
+Ravenna. At her prayer, Pope Gregory XIII. repealed a decree exacting
+a heavy fine from every citizen of Tortona who entered Ravennese
+territory, and friendly communications were restored between the two
+cities. Before her coming, the Spanish Viceroy had incurred great
+unpopularity by building a new citadel on the heights occupied by
+the ancient Duomo and episcopal palace, and converting these into
+barracks and powder-magazines. In 1560 the foundations of a new
+Cathedral were laid by Philip's orders in the lower city, but this
+could not atone in the eyes of the citizens for the desecration of the
+venerated shrine founded by St. Innocent in the fourth century, and
+adorned with priceless mosaics and marbles. When, in 1609, the lofty
+campanile was struck by lightning, and 400 barrels of gunpowder stored
+in the nave exploded with terrific force, the accident was regarded
+as a Divine judgment, and the panic-stricken Spaniards joined in the
+solemn procession that bore the relics of the martyrs from their old
+resting-place to the new sanctuary.[651]
+
+But if Christina could not atone for this indignity, or deliver
+Tortona from the presence of the hated Spaniards, she protected her
+subjects from their outrages, and rigidly enforced the observance of
+the law. Many were the petitions and remonstrances on behalf of her
+own rights and those of the citizens which she addressed to her dear
+and illustrious cousin, Don Carlos of Aragon, Duke of Terranuova, who
+reigned over the Milanese as Viceroy from 1583 to 1592. The Duchess was
+in frequent correspondence with her children beyond the Alps, and many
+requests for passes for horses which she is sending to Lorraine and
+Bavaria, as well as for privileges for her Equerries, Signor Alfonso
+and Gaspare Visconti, are to be found in the archives of Milan.[652]
+
+[Sidenote: JAN., 1585] THE LAST PHASE]
+
+Many were the illustrious guests, remarks Montemerlo, who came to visit
+the Duchess at Tortona. In October, 1581, the Empress-Dowager Maria,
+widow of Maximilian II., passed through Lombardy on her return to
+Spain, and was received at Alessandria by Madame de Lorraine. Together
+they drove through streets hung with tapestries and adorned with
+triumphal arches, until, after three days' festivities, they went on to
+Tortona, and thence to Genoa. The families of the old Milanese nobles
+who had remained loyal to the House of Sforza welcomed Christina's
+return to Lombardy with joy. The nephew and heir of Count Massimiliano
+Stampa placed his superb pleasure-house at Montecastello, in the fief
+of Soncino, at her disposal, and named his eldest son Christian in her
+honour. The Guaschi of Alessandria, the Counts of Oria, the Trivulzi,
+the Somaglia and Visconti, vied with each other in entertaining her
+sumptuously.[653] The saintly Archbishop of Milan, Carlo Borromeo,
+visited her more than once, and the excellent Bishop of Tortona, Cesare
+Gambara, sought her help and advice in all that concerned the welfare
+of his people. From the day when, hardly more than a child herself,
+she begged Cardinal Caracciolo's protection for the destitute ladies
+at Pavia, Christina always cared for the poor and needy, and in her
+old age she was busy with active works of mercy. One of her last good
+actions was to send to Paris for Madame Castellani, a daughter of
+her old friend the Princess of Macedonia, who was living in reduced
+circumstances at the French Court, and bring her to Tortona to spend
+the rest of her life in peace and comfort. So she earned the love and
+gratitude of all around her, and thousands blessed the good Duchess's
+name long after she was dead.
+
+
+II.
+
+This last phase of Christina's life was on the whole peaceful and
+happy. Brantôme pitied this great lady, a daughter of Kings and niece
+of Emperors, and the rightful Queen of three kingdoms, who, after
+reigning over Milan and Lorraine, was reduced to hold her Court in an
+insignificant Lombard town, and was known in her last years as "Madame
+de Tortone."[654] But after her troubled life Christina was grateful
+for the peace and repose which she found at Tortona, and would have
+been perfectly content if it had not been for the continual annoyances
+to which she was exposed by Philip and his Ministers. From the moment
+that she settled in her dower city, the King began to dispute her
+right to its sovereignty, and insisted that, since Tortona had been
+settled upon her as an equivalent for the dower given her "out of
+pure liberality" by the late Emperor, she was bound to surrender
+her claims on payment of the sum in full. Christina, on her part,
+maintained with good reason that her claim to the city had never before
+been questioned, and that it was settled on her at her marriage, and
+belonged to her and her heirs of the House of Lorraine in perpetuity.
+The assertion of this claim roused Cardinal Granvelle to the highest
+indignation. "So dangerous a thing," he wrote to Philip, "cannot
+possibly be allowed." But, as he confessed, what made the situation
+awkward was that Madame de Lorraine's claims were strongly supported,
+not only by her son, Duke Charles, but by the Emperor Rudolf, the Duke
+of Bavaria, the Archdukes Ferdinand and Charles, and all the Princes of
+the Empire.[655] A long wrangle ensued, which ended in a declaration
+on the King's part that he would consent to Tortona being retained by
+the Duchess for her life, and afterwards held by her son-in-law and
+daughter, the Duke and Duchess of Brunswick.
+
+[Sidenote: DEC., 1584] DUKE ERIC'S DEATH]
+
+Dorothea and her husband were, in fact, the only members of Christina's
+family for whom Philip showed any regard. In 1578 Duke Eric was
+summoned to Spain to join in the contemplated invasion of Portugal,
+and served in the campaign led by Alva two years later. Dorothea
+accompanied her husband, and spent most of her time at Court. The
+King evidently liked her, and when, after the successful termination
+of the war, the Duke and Duchess came to take leave of him at Madrid,
+Granvelle was desired to draw up a secret convention by which Tortona
+and the revenues were assigned to Eric in lieu of the yearly pension
+allowed him. But Dorothea was not to be outwitted by the Cardinal. She
+insisted, on the arrears due to her husband being paid in full, and
+Philip himself told Granvelle to see that two or three thousand crowns
+of the Duke's salary were given to the Duchess, since she was short of
+money, and this seemed to him only reasonable. He also gave Dorothea
+two fine horses, which she wished to send to her brother-in-law,
+the Duke of Bavaria, and granted her a patent for working certain
+gold-mines, which the Cardinal promised to forward either to her
+mother at Tortona, or else to the care of the Prince of Orange in
+Germany.[656] This last direction sounds strange, considering that the
+famous ban against the Prince, setting a price of 30,000 crowns on his
+head, had already been issued at Granvelle's suggestion.[657]
+
+The Duke and Duchess now returned to Göttingen, after visiting
+Christina at Tortona, and remained in their own dominions for the
+next few years, among their long-neglected subjects. But Eric soon
+became restless, and in April, 1582, Dorothea wrote to beg Granvelle's
+help in obtaining the Viceroyalty of Milan or Naples for her husband.
+The Cardinal promised to do his best, and two years later actually
+recommended the Duke for the Viceroyalty of Sicily. But a few weeks
+afterwards, on the 15th of December, 1584, Eric of Brunswick died at
+Pavia, and was buried in the crypt of Bramante's church of S. Maria
+Canepanova, where his tomb is still to be seen.[658] The Duke's death
+released Philip from his promise regarding the succession of Tortona.
+But he had already taken the law into his own hands.
+
+In June, 1584, when Christina and her ladies were enjoying the delights
+of the Marchese Stampa's beautiful villa at Montecastello, the Viceroy
+suddenly appeared on the scene, and presented her with two letters
+from His Catholic Majesty. These were to inform her that, after long
+and mature deliberation, the King and his Council had come to the
+conclusion that her rights to the sovereignty of Tortona were extinct,
+and reverted to him as Duke of Milan. But since Madame de Lorraine was
+closely bound to him by ties of blood, and still more by the singular
+affection which he had always borne her, His Majesty was pleased to
+allow her to retain the enjoyment of Tortona and its revenues for the
+remainder of her life, which he hoped would be long and prosperous. In
+vain Christina protested that her dowry had never been paid, and that
+this city was granted to her in its stead by the terms of her marriage
+contract. The Viceroy replied in the most courteous language that
+Madame was no doubt right, but that this was not his affair, and he
+could only recommend that on this point her claims should be referred
+to the Treasury.[659] He then proceeded to take possession of Tortona
+in the King's name, and hoisted the Spanish standard on the citadel
+and the Duchess's palace. Christina could only bow to superior force,
+but she forwarded a protest to the Catholic King and his Council, both
+of whom refused to receive it, on the flimsy pretext that the writer
+assumed the title of Queen of Denmark, which they could not recognize.
+Certainly, as Brantôme remarked, and as Polweiler and Silliers often
+complained, Philip showed his great affection for his cousin in a
+strange manner.[660]
+
+[Sidenote: SEPT., 1586] DEATH OF GRANVELLE]
+
+Before the Duchess left Montecastello, she received the news of the
+Prince of Orange's assassination at Delft on the 10th of July, 1584.
+The hero and patriot had fallen a victim to the plots of Philip and
+Granvelle, and had paid the price with his life. Three years afterwards
+Christina shared in the thrill of horror that ran through Europe when
+Mary, Queen of Scots, died on the scaffold. In that hour she could
+only be thankful that the good old Duchess Antoinette was spared this
+terrible blow, and had died four years before, at the advanced age of
+eighty-nine. To the last Antoinette kept up friendly relations with her
+niece, and in a letter written with her own hand in November, 1575, the
+venerable lady expressed her sincere regret that owing to her great age
+she was unable to welcome Christina in person on her return to Nancy,
+but that in the spring she quite hoped to come and see her once more
+before she died.[661]
+
+In 1586 Christina's old rival, Margaret of Parma, and this Princess's
+stanch supporter, Cardinal Granvelle, both died. Friends and foes
+were falling all around, and young and old alike were passing out of
+sight. But the Duchess still enjoyed fair health and was so happy
+at Tortona that she often said she never wished to leave home. As a
+rule, however, she spent the summer months at the Rocca di Sparaviera,
+in the mountains of Monferrato, "more," writes the chronicler, "to
+please others than herself."[662] Each year she obtained permission
+from the Viceroy to send 250 sacks of wheat, free of duty, for the use
+of her household to the Rocca, and her _maggiordomo_ went beforehand
+to prepare the rooms for her arrival.[663] The presence of the
+Duchess Dorothea, who joined her mother at Tortona after the Duke of
+Brunswick's death, was a great solace in these last years, and consoled
+Christina for many losses and sorrows.
+
+Meanwhile the war of the League had broken out in France, and the
+three Henries were contending for the mastery. Since Henry III. was
+childless, Catherine now tried to put forward the claims of a fourth
+Henry, the eldest son of her daughter Claude and the Duke of Lorraine,
+and a party in France maintained his claims to be at least as valid
+as those which Philip II. advanced in virtue of his wife Elizabeth.
+Christina's heart was moved at the thought of her grandson succeeding
+to the throne of France, and in 1587 she sent a Lorraine gentleman, De
+Villers, to Rome to beg the Pope for his support in this holy cause.
+The Pope, however, merely replied that he advised the Duke to live
+at peace with his neighbours. The Duchess, nothing daunted, sent De
+Villers to Nancy with letters bidding her son be of good cheer and
+persevere in his great enterprise. Unfortunately, the messenger fell
+into the hands of Huguenot soldiers, who took him into the King of
+Navarre's camp. All that could be found on him was an almost illegible
+letter from Her Highness the Duke's mother, containing these words:
+
+    "I am very glad to hear of the present state of your affairs,
+    and hope that you will go on and prosper, for never was there
+    so fine a chance of placing the crown upon your head and the
+    sceptre in your hand."[664]
+
+The Béarnais smiled as he read this characteristic effusion, and bade
+his soldiers let the man go free. Charles, on his part, expressed
+considerable annoyance at his mother's intervention, which only
+aroused the suspicions of King Henry III., and made him look coldly
+on his brother-in-law. The Duchess's last illusion, however, was soon
+dispelled, and after the murder of the Guise brothers at Blois, and the
+assassination of the last Valois, Henry of Navarre was recognized as
+King by the greater part of France.
+
+[Sidenote: FEB., 1589] AN INTERESTING MARRIAGE]
+
+Christina did not live to see the end of the civil war, and the union
+of Henri Quatre's sister with her own grandson. But the last year of
+her life was cheered by the marriage of her granddaughter Christina
+with the Grand-Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany. Several alliances had been
+proposed for this Princess since she had gone to live at the French
+Court with her grandmother. Catherine was very anxious to marry her to
+Charles Emanuel, who in 1580 succeeded his father as Duke of Savoy;
+but Spanish influences prevailed, and the young Prince took the
+Infanta Catherine for his wife.[665] In 1583 the Queen-mother planned
+another marriage for her granddaughter, with her youngest son, the
+Duke of Alençon, who had left the Netherlands and lost all hope of
+winning Queen Elizabeth's hand; but, fortunately for Christina, the
+death of this worthless Prince in the following June put an end to the
+scheme.[666] When, in October, 1586, the King of Navarre divorced his
+wife Margot, Catherine proposed that her son-in-law should marry her
+granddaughter; but this plan fell through, as Henry refused to abjure
+the Huguenot religion. On the death of the Grand-Duke Francis in 1587,
+his brother Ferdinand exchanged a Cardinal's hat for the ducal crown,
+and made proposals of marriage to the Princess of Lorraine. Catherine
+was overjoyed at the thought of her beloved Christina reigning in
+Florence, the home of her ancestors, and promised her granddaughter
+a dowry of 600,000 crowns, with all her rights on the Medici estates
+in Florence, including the palace of the Via Larga. Orazio Rucellai
+was sent to France to draw up the contract, which Bassompierre signed
+on the Duke of Lorraine's part, on the 20th of October, 1588.[667]
+But the state of the country was so unsettled that the Queen would
+not allow her granddaughter to travel, and the fleet which sailed to
+fetch the bride was detained for months in the port of Marseilles. The
+murder of the Duke of Guise at Blois in December threw the whole Court
+into confusion, and a fortnight later Catherine herself died, on the
+5th of January, 1589. It was not till the 25th of February that the
+marriage was finally celebrated at Blois. In March the bride set out on
+her journey, attended by a brilliant company of French and Florentine
+courtiers. Dorothea of Brunswick came to meet her niece at Lyons, and
+accompanied her to Marseilles, where Don Pietro de' Medici awaited her
+with his Tuscan galleys, and on the 23rd of April Christina at length
+landed at Leghorn. Ferdinand met his bride at the villa of Poggio
+a Caiano, and conducted her in triumph to Florence.[668] When the
+prolonged festivities were over, Monsieur de Lenoncourt, whom Charles
+of Lorraine had sent to escort his daughter to Florence, went on, by
+his master's orders, to Tortona, "to kiss the hands of the Duke's
+mother, the Queen of Denmark, and receive her commands."[669]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHRISTINA OF DENMARK  CLAUDE OF FRANCE     CHRISTINE OF LORRAINE
+  DUCHESS OF LORRAINE   DUCHESS OF LORRAINE  GRAND DUCHESS OF TUSCANY
+
+(Madrid)
+
+To face p. 508]
+
+[Sidenote: AUG., 1590] DEATH OF CHRISTINA]
+
+Unlike her mother and grandmother, the Grand-Duchess Christina enjoyed
+a long and prosperous married life, and after her husband's death was
+Regent during the minority of both her son and grandson. There is an
+interesting triptych in the Prado at Madrid, with portraits of the
+bride, her mother and grandmother, painted by some Burgundian artist
+at the time of the wedding. The young Grand-Duchess, a tall, handsome
+girl of four-and-twenty, wears a high lace ruff, with ropes of pearls
+round her neck and a jewelled girdle at her waist. She carries a fan in
+her hand, and the Medici _palle_ are emblazoned on her shield with the
+lilies of France and the eagles of Lorraine. Her mother, the shortlived
+Duchess Claude, bears a marked resemblance to Catherine de' Medici,
+but is smaller and slighter in build, and altogether of a gentler and
+feebler type. She too holds a fan, and wears a gown of rich brocade
+with bodice and sleeves thickly sown with pearls. Christina, on the
+contrary, is clad in mourning robes, and her white frilled cap and
+veil and plain cambric ruff are without a single jewel. But the fine
+features and noble presence reveal her high lineage. Instead of a fan,
+she holds a parchment deed in her hand, and on her shield the arms of
+Austria and Denmark are quartered with those of Milan and Lorraine,
+while above we read the proud list of her titles--Queen of Denmark,
+Sweden, and Norway, Duchess of Milan, Lorraine, Bar, and Calabria, and
+Lady of Tortona.
+
+This was the last portrait of Christina that was ever painted. In the
+following summer she went as usual to the Rocca of Sparaviera with
+her daughter Dorothea, to spend the hot days of August in the hills.
+But she had not been there long before she fell dangerously ill. In
+her anxiety to return home, she took boat and travelled by water as
+far as Alessandria. There she became too ill to go any farther, and
+died on the 10th of August, 1590, in the house of her friend Maddalena
+Guasco.[670]
+
+The Duchess's corpse was borne by night to Tortona, where a funeral
+service was held in the new Duomo, after which the body was embalmed
+and taken by her daughter Dorothea to Nancy. The news was sent to King
+Philip in Spain, and he and his greedy Ministers lost no time in laying
+hands on her city and revenues. "We are informed," wrote the Viceroy to
+the President of the Senate, two days after Christina's death, "that
+Her Most Serene Highness Madame de Lorraine has passed to a better
+life, and accordingly we claim the pension of 4,000 crowns assigned
+to Her late Highness, on the quarter of the Castello, and enclose a
+list of the revenues of Tortona, which now revert to the Duchy of
+Milan."[671]
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: MAY, 1608] DEATH OF CHARLES III.]
+
+The good citizens of Tortona were sorely distressed when they learnt
+that the remains of their beloved liege Lady were not to rest among
+them. But Christina's heart was in Lorraine, and her children laid
+her body in the crypt of the Cordeliers' church, in the grave of the
+husband whom she had loved so faithfully and so long. Twenty-one
+years later her ashes were removed with those of Duke Francis and
+his parents, Antoine and Renée, to the sumptuous chapel begun by her
+son Charles in 1607, and completed by his successors. The Rotonde,
+as it was called in Lorraine, was built on the model of the Cappella
+dei Principi, which the Duke's son-in-law, Ferdinand de' Medici, had
+lately reared in Florence, and was dedicated to Our Lady of Loreto. It
+was the work of a Tuscan architect, Gianbattista Stabili, and of Jean
+Ligier Richier, the son of the famous Lorraine sculptor, and was lined
+throughout with rich marbles and adorned with a mass of carving.[672]
+The cupola was added in 1632 by Simon Drouin, and the internal
+decorations were only completed in 1743, by order of the husband of
+Maria Theresa, afterwards the Emperor Francis I. By this Prince's pious
+care Latin inscriptions were placed over each sarcophagus, and the
+following words were carved on the tomb of Christina and her husband:
+
+    Francisco I. Lotharingiæ. Duci. Bari. Calabriæ. virtuti
+    bellicæ. natus. quas. ei. mors. immatura. præripuit. laurus
+    reddidit. nativa. benignitas. senilis. prudentia. semper. sibi
+    similis. sapientia. mortuus. anno. MDXLV.
+
+    Christianæ. a. Dania. Ducis. memorati. thoro. sociatæ pupilli.
+    Caroli. Ducis. rebus. regendis. strenua. existimatione supra.
+    famam. maxima. fata. subiit. anno. MDXC.[673]
+
+Christina's son, Charles III., died, after a long and prosperous reign,
+on the 14th of May, 1608, and was tenderly nursed during his last
+illness by his youngest daughter, Catherine, and his sister Dorothea.
+After her mother's death, the Duchess of Brunswick never left Lorraine
+again, and became the wife of a Burgundian noble, Marc de Rye, Marquis
+of Varembon.[674] She only survived her brother four years, and was
+buried in the Jesuit church of St. Stanilas at Nancy. Her remains
+and the heart of Duke Charles, which had been interred in the same
+chapel, were removed to the ducal mausoleum in 1772, when some fresh
+improvements were made in the Rotonde, by order of Marie Antoinette,
+the daughter of the last Duke of Lorraine and of the Empress Maria
+Theresa.[675] At the Revolution, in 1793, these tombs were destroyed
+and their contents rifled by the mob, and the ashes of the dead
+Princes were flung into a common grave. In 1818 they were replaced
+in their original tombs, the sarcophagi were restored, and the old
+inscriptions once more carved in the marble.
+
+Charles III.'s second daughter, Elizabeth, married her first cousin,
+Maximilian, who succeeded his father in 1598, as Duke of Bavaria, and
+played a memorable part in the Thirty Years' War. Her next sister,
+Antoinette, became Duchess of Cleves, while Catherine, the youngest and
+most interesting of the whole family, took the veil after her father's
+death. This beautiful and accomplished Princess refused all the suitors
+who sought her hand, among them the scholar-Emperor, Rudolf II., who
+found in her a kindred spirit. A mystic by nature, Catherine assumed
+the grey Capucin habit while she lived at her father's Court, and,
+after he died, founded a Capucin convent in Nancy. The Pope appointed
+her Abbess of Remiremont, a Benedictine community of high-born ladies,
+which she endeavoured to reform. She was much attached to her aunt
+Dorothea, and after her death spent most of her time at the Court of
+France with her niece Margaret, the wife of Gaston, Duke of Orleans.
+Catherine took an active part in French politics in the stormy days of
+Louis XIII., and died in Paris in 1648, at the age of seventy-five.[676]
+
+[Sidenote: 1736] THE LAST DUKE OF LORRAINE]
+
+The seventeenth century witnessed the gradual dismemberment of the
+duchy of Lorraine, and in Richelieu's days Nancy was again occupied
+by French invaders. At length, in 1736, the last Duke, Francis III.,
+was compelled to surrender Lorraine in exchange for the grand-duchy
+of Tuscany, on his marriage with Maria Theresa, the only child of the
+Emperor Charles VI. From that time Lorraine ceased to exist as an
+independent State, and became a province of France, while the ex-King
+Stanislas of Poland fixed his residence at Nancy and transformed the
+ancient capital into a modern city. By this marriage the House of
+Lorraine became merged in the imperial line of Habsburg, and the blood
+of King René still flows in the veins of the Austrian Emperor and of
+the royal families of Savoy and Spain.
+
+Christina would have rejoiced to know that this union--a love-match
+like her own--was followed shortly by the elevation of Maria Theresa's
+husband to the imperial throne, and that by this means the House of
+Habsburg was raised to a height of power and splendour which it had
+never attained since the days of Charles V. For although she married
+twice into princely houses, and was much attached both to Milan and
+Lorraine, Christina was before all else a Habsburg, and the glory and
+welfare of the imperial race remained throughout her life the first
+object of her thoughts. Like Mary of Hungary and Eleanor of France,
+she grew up in absolute obedience to the Emperor's will, and wherever
+she went in after-years his word was still her law. In the darkest
+hours of her life, when she lost son and State at one blow, it was her
+greatest sorrow to feel that she could no longer be of service to the
+Emperor and his house. After the abdication of Charles V., this love
+and loyalty were transferred to Philip II., and her one fear was lest
+her son should be drawn into the opposite camp, and become French in
+his sympathies. And to the end she was always quick to obey the call of
+blood and respond to any appeal from a member of the House of Austria.
+
+This strong family affection gave an added bitterness to the neglect
+and injustice which she suffered at Philip's hands during the last
+thirty years of her existence. One reason for his persistently harsh
+usage was, there can be no doubt, that Christina represented the
+national feeling and aspirations after freedom, which Philip and his
+ministers, Alva and Granvelle, did all in their power to crush. Both
+in the Netherlands, where the popularity of the great Emperor's niece
+made her dangerous in their eyes, and in Lombardy, where she filled an
+important position as Lady of Tortona, she came into collision with
+the same all-reaching arm. To the last she strove valiantly to resist
+the tyranny of Spanish officials and to protect her subjects from
+the rapacity of foreign soldiers, and a century after her death the
+citizens of Tortona still cherished the memory of the noble lady who,
+as long as she lived, had preserved them from the yoke of Spain.
+
+Christina's lot was cast in troubled times, when crime and bloodshed
+were rife, and religious convictions only served to heighten the
+violence of men's passions; but her name shines pure and unsullied on
+these dark pages of history. She was naturally hasty and impulsive,
+she made some mistakes and met with many failures, but she was always
+generous and high-minded, faithful and affectionate to her friends, and
+full of ardent charity for the poor and downtrodden. Above all, her
+unceasing labours in the cause of peace justly earned the gratitude of
+her contemporaries, and deserve to be remembered by posterity.
+
+[Sidenote: 1590] CHRISTINA'S RARE CHARM]
+
+At the close of this long and eventful life we turn back once more to
+Holbein's portrait of the youthful Duchess. As we look at the grave
+eyes and innocent face, we ask ourselves what was the secret of this
+woman's power, of the strange fascination which she possessed for
+men and leaders of men. What made heroes like René of Orange, and
+daredevils like Albert of Brandenburg, count the world well lost for
+love of her? Why were brave captains and brilliant courtiers--Stampa,
+Vendôme, De Courrières, Polweiler, Adolf of Holstein--all of them her
+willing slaves from the moment that they saw her face and heard the
+sound of her voice? What drew thoughtful men like William of Orange and
+Emanuel Philibert into the circle of her intimate friends, and brought
+even the cold-hearted Philip under her spell? It was hardly her beauty,
+for she had many rivals, or her superior intellect and exalted birth.
+Rather was it the rare and indefinable quality that we call charm, the
+sweet womanliness of nature, the gentle sympathy and quick response of
+heart and eye, ready at any moment to listen and to help, to comfort
+and to cheer. This, if we mistake not, was the secret of Christina's
+wonderful influence, of the attraction which she possessed for men and
+women alike, an attraction which outlived the days of youth and endured
+to the last hour of her life. Ever loving, she was therefore ever
+beloved.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[647] Granvelle, "Correspondance," vii. 149.
+
+[648] A. Villamont, "Voyages," 70 (1589).
+
+[649] Niccolò Montemerlo, "Nuove Historie di Tortona" (1618), 247-253.
+
+[650] A. Campo, "Storia di Cremona," 107; C. Ghilino, "Annali di
+Alessandria," 166; Hilarion de Coste, "Les Éloges," etc., i. 406.
+
+[651] Montemerlo, 260; N. Viola, "Il Santuario di Tortona," 5.
+
+[652] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.
+
+[653] Autografi di Principi: Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano; G.
+Porta, "Alessandria Descritta," 161; Merli e Belgrano, "Pal. d'Oria,"
+55.
+
+[654] Brantôme, xii. 120.
+
+[655] Granvelle, "Correspondance," x. 65.
+
+[656] Granvelle, vii. 225, xii. 581.
+
+[657] Groen, vii. 165.
+
+[658] Granvelle, ix. 141, xi. 338.
+
+[659] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.
+
+[660] Granvelle, x. 551; Brantôme, xii. 114.
+
+[661] Pimodan, 322.
+
+[662] Montemerlo, 250.
+
+[663] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.
+
+[664] S. Goulart, "Mémoires de la Ligue," ii. 213
+
+[665] Ed. Armstrong, "Cambridge Modern History," iii. 413.
+
+[666] Granvelle, "Correspondance," x. 411.
+
+[667] A. J. Butler, "Cambridge Modern History," iii. 42.
+
+[668] A. v. Reumont, "Geschichte Toscana's," i. 327-329.
+
+[669] H. Lepage, "Lettres de Charles III.," 93.
+
+[670] Montemerlo, 250.
+
+[671] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.
+
+[672] Calmet, iii. 153.
+
+[673] Pfister, i. 640-647; Calmet, ii. 87.
+
+[674] Granvelle, "Papiers d'État," vii. 619.
+
+[675] Pfister, i. 652.
+
+[676] Calmet, ii. 153; Pfister, ii. 734.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+A SELECTION OF UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
+
+
+I.
+
+_Christina, Duchess of Milan, to Francesco II., Duke of Milan._
+
+    Monsignore mio cordialissimo marito: Ho bene veduto voluntieri,
+    come sempre sono accostumata, le sue care littere del 20, ma di
+    molto megliora voglia haveria voluto veder la presentia sua,
+    come speranza mi fu data di breve esser, et per dire la vera
+    verita ormai quelli Signori com̄inciano haver puì che torto.
+    Pur mi voglio contentar di quello che la ragione consiglia che
+    si faci, et quella dimora che V. S. judicara esser bene per
+    tutti, lo havero anche io per accepto, ringratiandola de le
+    sue cortese excusationi per la tardezza del ritorno, ma non
+    savendogli gratia di quello che la mi scrive, ch'io nō prende
+    pena di scriverli di mia mano, perchè questo e solo ben speso
+    tempo, et a me agredable quanto cū V. S. parla, almeno per
+    scriptura di propria mano, non potendo la per hora partialmente
+    goder. In bona gratia sua senza fine riccoman^{mi} cum ricordo
+    del presto e sano ritorno, cosi N. S. Dio degni di conservarlo
+    longamente. Mlo. li 7. Zugno. 1535.
+
+                                Vostra très humble consorte,
+                                                     CRISTIERNA.
+
+  A Monsignore cordiall^{mo} mio consorte
+    le Duca de Millano.
+
+    [Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]
+
+
+II.
+
+_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Milan, to Cardinal Caracciolo, Governor
+of Milan._
+
+Quello affettione chio conosco V. R^{ma} S^{ria} portarmi, et il buon
+conto che la tene di me fa ch'io non possi cessar de desiderar' ogn'
+hora la salute et comodo lei: Ver ho la prego esser contento darmi
+nova come la si è p̄ortata in questa sua andata et di prēste si trova.
+Che di resto maggior consolatione no' potreî havere che saper di sua
+bona valetudine. Appresso: benchè sappia non essere bisogno, nondimeno
+no' cessero di' ricordar à V. R^{ma} Sig^{ria} el caso mio. Per il
+quale pregola a far presso la Cæs^{rea} M^{tà} mio supremo S^{ro}
+quello che de la singulari bontà sua sum̄amento mi prometto; Et perchè
+tra tutte l'altre cose molto desidero il ben et honor della S^{ra}
+Dorothea. Perho la sara contenta per il particolar sua operar con Sia
+M^{tà} tanto efficamente quanto glie sia poss^{le}, acciò che col bon
+meggio lei me venghi essere esauditi; assicurando V. R^{ma} S^{ra} chio
+stimavo il comodo dessa S^{ra} Dorothea mio proprio. Parmi anchora non
+solamente ragionevole ma ex debito, che essendo compito il corso del
+integro anno che'l Ill^{mo} et Ex^{mo} di felicissima memoria, S^{re}
+Duca, già mio Consorte passeva di questa vita, si ne debbi anch'io
+tener memoria et fargli far il debito anniversario. Perho prego V.
+R^{ma} Sig^{ra} esser contenta supplicar Sua M^{tà} in mio nome, che
+commetti et ordino acciò che detto anniversario sia fatto nel modo che
+debitamente si conviene e son certiss^{na} che Sua M^{tà} nomo negar
+di fare cosi exequire. Non me occorrendo per hora altro, a V. R^{ma}
+S^{ra} molte me ricom^{o} et offero. Pregando N. S. Dio che gli doni
+presto et bon ritorno. Di Mlo. el xiiii. de' Ottobre, MDXXXVI.
+
+                                        Vostra buona figliola,
+                                                    CHRESTIENNE.
+
+  Al R^{mo} et Ill^{m} S^{ro} Car^{le} Caracciolo,
+    Locoten^{te} generale di Sua M^{tà} nel
+    Stato de Mlo. come Patre osser^{sso}.
+    In Corte di Sua M^{ta} a Genoa.
+
+      [Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]
+
+
+III.
+
+_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Milan, to Cardinal Caracciolo, Governor
+of Milan._
+
+R^{mo} et mio quanto Patre honorando: Ho presentito per certo che in
+la hosteria de la Fontana se gli ritrova una bellissima chinea learda,
+manco bona che di apparenza bella, et perchè me ritrova haverne bisogno
+de una per la Persona mia, ho voluto cū ogni confidenza indrizzar'
+questa et el presente mio lachayo a V. S. R^{ma} pregandola che se
+consensi di contentarme che l' habia; et cometti el pagamento fuori
+di la spesa ordinario del rollo stabilito, perchè se potea mettere nel
+numero de li debiti ch' andarano pagati per altro conto, et questo
+recevero per singular piacer da V. S. R^{ma}, in bona gratia de la
+quelli me reco^{do}. Dal Castello de Pavia, al 3^{o} di Genaro, nel
+1537. De V. S. R{ma} comme bonne fille,
+
+                                                     CRESTIENNE.
+
+  Al R^{mo} Car^{le} Caracciolo, Governator
+    de Mlo. quanto p^{re} honor^{do}. _Cito,
+    cito_.
+
+      [Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]
+
+
+IV.
+
+_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._
+
+. . .La santé de votre petit fils est aussi bonne que lui fut onques.
+Il mange fort bien, et l'on le mène souvent a les ébats que me semble
+lui fait grant bien. Il me semble vous trouverez cru et devenu gras.
+Quant au reste de n're ménage, v're sœur est toujours malade de sa
+fièvre et a été cette semaine passée bien mal d'un flux de ventre qui
+l'a fort affoiblie. Il y a bien huit jours qu'elle ne bouge point du
+lit. Depuis hier le flux com̄àse a passer, de la fièvre je ne vois pas
+grant amendement. . . . V^{re} frère Claude a été aussy malade jusqu'à
+la mort. . . . V^{re} sœur Anthoinette est aussy malade d'une fièvre et
+d'un rhume. . . . Je vous avise quo Madame v^{re} tante est mandée pour
+aller à la cour à la venue de la Reyne de Hongrie, qui doit bientost
+estre à Compiègne, ou le Roy et toute la Court doit estre en peu de
+jours. Je m'en suis excusée pour l'amour de mes malades. Il n'y a que
+deux jours que le gentilhomme du Roy d'Angleterre qui fût au Havre et
+le paintre, a été ici. Le gentilhomme vint vers moi, faisant semblant
+venir de trouver l'Empereur, et que ayant su Louise malade, il n'avait
+voullu passer sans la voir, afin d'en savoir dire de nouvelles au Roy
+son maistre, me priant qu'il la peut voir, ce qu'il fit, et c'estait
+le jour de sa fièvre. Il lui tint pareil propos qu'a moi, puis me dit
+qu'estant si près de Lorrayne, il avait envye d'aller jusques à Nancy,
+voir le pays. Je ne me donte incontyment il y allait voir la demoyselle
+peur la tirer comme les aultres et pour cela j'ai envoyé à leur logis,
+voir qui y était, et j'ai trouvé le dit paintre y était, et de la ils
+ont esté à Nancy et y ont resté un jour, et ont été fort festés, et le
+Maistre d'hôtel venait à tous les repas manger avec eux, avec force
+présents, et ils etaient très bien traités. Voilà ce que j'ay entendu,
+donc au pis aller, si vous n'avez pour voisine v^{re} sœur, ce pourrait
+estre v^{re} cousine. Il se tient quelque propos que l'Empereur offre
+récompense pour le duché de Gueldres, et que ce faisant, se pourrait
+faire quelque mariage de la fille de Hongrie et de Mons^{r} le Marquys.
+Mons^{r} v^{re} père entend bien, ce faisant, avoir sa part en la dite
+récompense. Je voudrais qu'il en fust bien récompensé. Voilà tout ce
+que j'ay de nouveau . . . je me doute que vous ne ferez de si bonne
+diligence que moi, car je sais bien que vous tenez de Mons^{r} v'tre
+père, et qu'estes paresseuse à ecrire, si l'air d'Ecosse ne vous a
+changé. Je n'ai encore eu que vos premyères. Il me tarde bien savoir
+comme depuis vous vous serez porté, cela me sera grant joye quand je
+pourrait ouir de vos nouvelles. Ce sera toujours quant N^{tre} Seigneur
+le veuille, et je prie, Madame, qu'il vous donne longue et bonne vie.
+Ce premier de Septembre, de v'tre humble et bonne mère,
+
+                                         ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.
+
+  À la Reyne d'Écosse.
+
+        [Balcarres MSS., ii. 20. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]
+
+
+V.
+
+_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._
+
+Madame: J'ay tardé plus longuement que je ne pensais à vous escrire,
+mais les noces de Mademoiselle de Lorraine nous ont tant ameusées
+que jusque à cette heure on a peut avoir le loisir. Nous departismes
+hier de la compaignye qui a esté bien grosse. Les noces furent Mardy
+passé. Mons^{r} le Prince y est venu bien accompaigné et je vous assure
+c'est un bien honeste Prince et de bonne grâce. Il se contente fort
+de sa mye, et aussi elle de lui. Ils s'entendent aller chez eux dans
+xv. jours. La feste a esté à Bar, il n'y a eu guères d'estrangers,
+fors la Marquise de Baulde et Madame de Baçin, et des Comtesses et
+dames voisines. Vous en saurez quelque jour plus au long. Nous sommes
+en chemin pour aller à Guise, pensant en estre de retour pour la
+Toussaint. Nous laissons n'tre petit fils à Roche. Il court tant de
+maladie que nous n'avons osé le mettre en chemin, mais je vous assure
+il se porte bien. . . . Je vous avais escrit par Saint-Genould, du
+mariage de v're frère, mais j'entens qu'il ne part pas si tost comme il
+m'avait dit, pourquoi je veulx vous dire ce qui en est et co^{me} le
+Roy veult faire le mariage de luy et de la nyèce du Pape, fille du Duc
+de ---- je ne puis retrouver son nom, mais elle est belle et honeste
+et a bonne grâce, et est d'ancienne maison, de l'age de xv. ans. L'on
+luy donne trois cent mille francs en mariage, elle n'a que ung frère,
+s'il meurt elle serait heritière de quarante mille livres et d'un Duché
+et aultre terres. Je pense entre ceci et la Toussaint il en sera fait
+ou failli. Je prends grand plaisir entendre par vos lettres le bon
+portement du Roy, de vous et du petit prince. . . . Nous sommes prêts à
+monter à cheval, pourquoi ferais fin. . . . Ce penultième d'Aoust.
+
+                                  V^{re} humble et bo^{ne} mère,
+                                          ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.
+
+  À la Reyne d'Écosse.
+
+        [Balcarres MSS., ii. 15. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]
+
+
+VI.
+
+_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._
+
+Madame: L'on m'a tant assuré qu'on envoye les lettres sûrement par le
+moyen des Marchands d'Anvers, que je les ai mis à l'entrée pour en
+apprendre le chemin. Vostre sœur en doit estre la messagère. Je vous ai
+escrit la conclusion de son mariage et envoyé les articles et depuis
+ses noces par vostre brodeur. Je viens de la mener en ménage, en une
+belle et honneste maison et aultant bien meublée qu'il est possible,
+nommé Beaumoult. Son beau-père la receuillit tant honorablement et
+avec tant de gens de bien et grosse compaignye que l'on ne sait plus
+souhaiter; la Reyne de Hongrerie entre les aultres s'y trouvait et la
+Duchesse de Myllan, aussi Mons^{r} et Madame la Princesse d'Orange, qui
+l'on tient grosse, toute fois la chose n'est pas fort sure, et pour
+ma part j'en doute. Il me semble v're dite sœur est bien logée. L'on
+luy a fait de beau présens, et elle a de belles basques. Son Mary est
+jeune, mais il a bon vouloir d'estre du nombre des gens de bien. Il ne
+paraissait point qu'il fût Caresme, car les armes et les tambours ne
+cessaient point; il s'y est fait de beaux joustes là bas. A la fin il
+a fallu departir, qui n'a pas esté sans larmes. Je regagne ce lieu de
+Guyse, où je ne reste qu'une nuit, et demain à la Fère, où Mons^{r} le
+Cardinal mon frère et mon père et ma sœur de S^{t} Pol seront mercredy,
+et vendredy recommencerai me mettre en chemin pour gagner Joinvylle
+le plus tost que je pourrais. Je pense trouver encore Mons^{r} v^{re}
+père, et nos enfans, savoir les petits et les prètres. . . . Ce xiiii
+Mars, à Guise. . . .
+
+                                         ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.
+
+  À la Reyne d'Écosse,
+
+        [Balcarres MSS., ii. 5. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]
+
+
+VII.
+
+_Louise de Lorraine, Princesse de Chimay, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._
+
+Madame: Depuys que Dieu a tant faict pour moi que de me donner un bon
+Mary, je n'ai point eu loisir de vous en faire la part. Vous pouvez
+estre assurée que je me tiens en ce monde heureuse d'estre en la
+maison ou je suis, car avec la grandeur qu'il y a en tout, j'ai un
+seigneur et beau-père que je vous puis nommer bon, car il me faict un
+bien bon traitement, accompagné de tant de beaux présents, qu'il me
+faudroy employer trois feuilles de papier avant que je vous pourrais
+en rendre bon conte et qui sera, s'il vous plait, occasion de prendre
+contentement du bien de votre sœur, qui a commandement de vous offrir
+les très humble services des maistres et seigneurs de cette maison,
+vous suppliant a tout endroit les employer. Nous avons une très sage et
+vertueuse Reyne, et je ne puis vous dire l'honneur qu'elle me faict,
+car estant venue exprés à cette maison--la sienne et nôtre--elle m'a
+voulu prendre pour sa très humble fille et servante, et veulst que pour
+l'avenyr je dois estre toujours en sa compagnye, où pour le peu que
+j'y ai este m'a fayct fort grant chĕre. Madame la Duchesse de Mylan
+m'a dit le semblable, qui est la meilleure, et nous ésperons bientôt
+la voir en Lorayne, car le maryage de Mons^{r} le Marquys et d'elle,
+est en très bon train. Depuis que Madame ma mère est retournèe, elle
+m'a envoyée une lettre pour essayer si le chemin de ça luy sera plus
+aise que l'autre, et si'il vous plait de m'apprendre de vos nouvelles,
+je serai merveilleusement aise. Mais il faudra, Madame que a la lettre
+que vous m'enverrez, vous mettiez sur le paquet, "_Au Duc d'Aerschot_,"
+et par les marchands qui viennent d'Ecosse, il vous sera aisé, car
+en les laissant à Anvers ou à Bruges, ou autre endroit du Pays, ne
+failleront point, en s'adressant a Mons^{r} mon beau-père, de tomber
+entre mes mains, car il est grandement craint et aimé par deça, qui
+sera l'endroit où je supplye Dieu qu'il vous donne très bonne vie et
+longue. De Beaumont, ce xxv. jour de Mars.
+
+  V're très humble et très obeissante sœur,
+                           LOUISE DE LORRAYNE.
+
+       [Balcarres MSS., ii. 153. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]
+
+
+VIII.
+
+_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._
+
+Madame: Je suis très aise que ce porteur soit venu par ici, pour
+s'en retourner vers vous, car je vous voullais escrire et envoyer un
+paquet. . . . Je desire bien fort savoir comme vous vous serez porté
+en v're couche et aussi comme le Roy et v're petit prince se portent.
+Je prie a N. S. à tous donner bonne santé et longue vie. Quant à
+notre costé, tout se porte bien, Dieu mercy! Mon^{r} v're père est
+revenu depuis huit jours pour quelques bastyments et fortifications
+que le Roy lui a ordonné faire en cette frontière. J'ay esté très
+aise il ait cette charge, afin de l'avoir plus tost de retour. Quant
+à v're petit fils, il se porte bien et devient grand; il commence
+très bien apprendre, et sait quasi son Pater noster, il est joli et
+bon enfant. J'ai esté cause qu'il n'est venu en ce lien, dans la pour
+des Rougeolles, qui régnent si fort, et je crains il les prends par
+les champs, ou il ne peut estre si bien traisté qu'à Joinvylle, et
+aussi que ne devons demeurer dans ce lieu que huit jours. . . . Nous
+attendons M. le Cardinal de Lorraine le iii. d'Août. Il vient pour nous
+tous ensemble trouver au Pont-à-Mousson le huitième du dit mois, on se
+doit faire le premyer recueil de n'tre nouvelle Dame, pour la mener
+à Nancy. V're frère aussi vient avec M. le Cardinal, l'on doit faire
+grande chere a cette bien venue, et force tournois. Les noces furent il
+y a Dimanche huit jours. S'il s'y fait rien digne de vous faire part
+vous en serez avertie. J'ai bonne envye de voir si Mons^{r} le Marquis
+sera bon Mary! L'on se jouit fort au pays recevoir une si honneste
+Princesse . . . ce xx. Juillet de . . . ec.
+
+                                         ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.
+
+  À la Reyne d'Écosse.
+
+        [Balcarres MSS., ii. 4. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]
+
+
+IX.
+
+_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to Mary, Queen of Hungary._
+
+                                                         18 Avril, 1552.
+
+Madame: J'ay escrit une letter à votre Majesté pour avoir moyen
+d'avertir celle-ci et la Reine vostre sœur de la méchancetè que le Roy
+de France m'a faict, que sur ombre de bonne foy me emmène mon filz
+avecque grande rudesse, comme Vostre Majesté entendra par ce présent
+porteur plus au long. Suppliant Vostre Majesté ne prendra de mauvaise
+part sy je ne faict ceste lettre plus longue, car la grande fâcherie
+que j'ay, m'en garde. Sy esté, Madame, que je supplie à Vostre Majesté
+avoir pitié de moy, et m'assister de quelque conseil, et je n'oublyerai
+à jamais luy faire très humble service et vous obèir toute ma vie,
+comme celle quy desire demeurer à jamais,
+
+  Vostre très humble et très obeissante
+    nièce et servante,
+                          CHRESTIENNE.
+
+ [Lettres des Seigneurs, 101, f. 332. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]
+
+
+X.
+
+_Anne, Duchess-Dowager of Aerschot, to Mary, Queen of Hungary._
+
+                                                         18 Avril, 1552.
+
+Madame: Je ne saurais vous escrire la grande désolation en laquelle
+est presentément Madame ma sœur, constitué par la grande rudesse et
+cruauté que le jour du grand Vendredy luy a esté faicte par le Roy de
+France, qui est qu'il esté venu icy sous ombre de bonne foy et vrai
+amitié, comme dernièrement il nous avoit fait entendre. À son arrivée,
+il a esté reçu avecque tous les honneurs possible, et le meilleur
+traistement, et le dit jour du grand Vendredy il fit entendre à Madame
+comme pour satisfaire au capitulations de la Ligue, il falloit qu'il
+s'assurait de Monseigneur le duc de Lorraine, et de ses places, et
+que pour ce faire il falloit qu'il fust transporté à Bar, pour à
+quoy obvier, Ma dicte dame, Monseigneur de Vaudemont et moy, et tous
+ceux de son conseil, luy fust faicte une rémonstrance la plus humble
+qu'il estoit possible. A quoy il e répondit aultre chose sinon qu'il
+hâteroit sa resolution par escrit, ce qu'il a faict, comme votre
+Majesté pourra voire par les articles que je vous envoye. Ce voyant,
+elle et moy l'allâmes trouver en la Grande Galerie où ma dite dame
+parla encore a luy, jusqu'à se mettre à genoux, luy requérant pour
+l'amour de Dieu ne transporter son filz, et ne le luy ôter. A quoi ne
+fit response, et pour conclusion, Madame, le lendemain Samedy, veille
+de Pâques, il l'ont emmené, accompagné de force gens de guerre, sous
+la charge du S^{r} de Bourdillon, mais le Maréchal de Saint André n'a
+bougé qu'il ne l'ait mis hors de la ville, et c'étoit pitié voire
+Madame sa mère, Monseigneur de Vaudement et toute la noblesse et le
+pauvre peuple faire leur lamentation. Et voyant Madame ma sœur en
+telle pitié, etant en telle douleur, Madame, que votre Majesté peult
+estimer pour ly avoir faict une telle outrage que de luy oter son filz,
+et la voyant porter tel desplaisir, moy que m'estait deliberé m'en
+partir, ne la puis delaisser. Le Roy luy laisse Mesdames ses filles et
+l'administration des biens, comme elle avait auparavant, reservé les
+places fortes, qui demeurent à la charge de Monseigneur de Vaudemont,
+à condition que Votre Majesté pourra voire, toutefois n'y demeurra que
+Lorrains. Et par ce que Madame j'ai toujours envie de faire service
+à Votre Majesté tel que j'ai toute ma vie desiré, il luy plaira me
+commander ce que je fasse, et vous serez obéy comme la plus affectionée
+servante que Votre Majesté aura jamais. Suppliant Notre Seigneur
+donner à celle très bonne et longue vie, me recommandant toujours très
+humblement, en sa bonne grâce. De Nancy, ce lendemain de Pâques.
+
+                                              ANNE DE LORRAINE.
+
+Madame: Depuis avoir escrit à Votre Majesté, le Roy de France a
+escrit une lettre à Madame ma sœur comme il a eu avertissement que
+les Bourgnignons faisaient une entreprise pour aller à Bar, afin d'y
+surprendre Monsieur de Lorraine, et que pour obvier à cela, il a
+ordonné au S^{r} de Bourdillon le mener à Joinville, où la Royne de
+France est encor là.
+
+ [Lettres des Seigneurs, 101, f. 330. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]
+
+
+XI.
+
+_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to the Emperor Charles V._
+
+_A l'Empereur._ Monseigneur: A la prière de Monseigneur de Vaudemont
+mon frère et de la Duchesse d'Aerschot ma sœur, j'ay pris la hardiesse
+de demeurer, encore que Vostre Majesté m'avait escript et commandé que
+je me retirasse vers les Roynes, ce que j'éspère que Vostre Majesté
+n'aures pas pris de mauvaise part. Car la grande instance et prière
+que mon dit frère et sœur m'ont faict, ont esté la cause, non pas pour
+aller contre son commandement, le voulant obéir toute ma vie, et je
+vous supplie, de toujours le croire, et avoir mon filz et son païs pour
+recommandé, et je supplieray le Créateur, Monseigneur, de donner à
+Vostre Majesté bonne santé et très longue vie. De Denœuvre, ce 26^{e}
+May, 1552.
+
+  Vostre très humble et très obéissante
+    nièce et servante,
+                        CHRESTIENNE.
+
+ [Lettres des Seigneurs, 102, f. 127. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]
+
+
+XII.
+
+_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to the Emperor Charles V._
+
+_A l'Empereur._ Monseigneur: J'ay reçu la lettre qu'il a plu à Vostre
+Majesté m'èscrire par le Seigneur de Carondelet, et par luy ay entendu
+la bonne souvenance qu'il a plu à Vostre Majesté avoir de moy et mes
+filles, de la bonne visitation, dont très humblement la remercie, et
+aussi de la charge que Vostre Majesté luy a donné pour me dire ce qu'il
+me faudra ensuivre. Votre Majesté m'oblige tant de l'honneur qu'elle me
+faict, que toute ma vie je seray preste à obéir à ses commandements,
+comme celle entendra s'il luy plait plus au long par le dit Seigneur de
+Carondelet, et aussi d'autres choses que luy ay donné charge de dire à
+Vostre Majesté, pour ne pas la fâcher de longue lettre. Et toute ma vie
+je suppliray le Créateur de donner à Vostre Majesté très bonne santé,
+et longue vie et de demeurer toujours à la bonne grâce d'icelle. De
+Hoh-Königsberg, ce 4^{e} Septembre, 1552.
+
+  Vostre très humble nièce et servante,
+                                CHRESTIENNE.
+
+ [Lettres des Seigneurs, 103, f. 518. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]
+
+
+XIII.
+
+_Dejanira Commena Contessa Trivulzio to Messer Innocenzio Gadio._
+
+Magnifico Signore, Innocenzio: Ho ricevuto un altra vostra, inteso
+la morte del Magnifico Signor Belloni, che certo mi ha dato molto
+fastidio. Io sono certa che la Signora mia madre me haverà havuto
+grandissimo dispiacere, come risentirà la morte e privatione di tale
+amico. Però non si può resistere al Divino volere. Mi maraviglia molto
+non habbiati avuto la littera mia qual mandai alli di passati, in mane
+di Barile, però di novo vi dico che ho ricevuto la corona ed altre cose
+per Andronica, et le littere della Signore Madre, et così vi rimandò la
+risposta. Sareti contenti basare le mane in mio nome a Sua Excellentia,
+dicendoli che mi duole fino all' anima, dalle travaglie che patisse
+Sua Excellentia in quelle bande, et che siamo sempre apparentiati come
+servitori che li giurano esponere la vita et quanto tenemo in suo
+serviggio. Non mi occorrente altro a Vostra Signoria mi raccomando.
+De Codogno all. 29. Sett, 1552. Di Vostra Sig. Dejanira, Contessa
+Trivultia.
+
+  A Messer Inn. Gadio, amico carissimo.
+
+               [MS. No. 18, Biblioteca di Zelada, Pavia.]
+
+
+XIV.
+
+_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to Mary, Queen of England._
+
+                                                            April, 1555.
+
+Madame: Je supplie V^{tre} Maj^{tè} me pardonner si je prends tant
+d'audace que d'escrire à icelle, mais tant d'honneur et de faveur que
+je recois de V^{tre} Maj^{tè} en est cause. Car je ne puis laisser
+d'avertir que le Capitaine de mon vaisseau qui me mène a si bien
+faict son devoyr, sans nul hasart, comme V^{tre} Maj^{tè} lui a faict
+commande, que je ne puis laisser d'en avertir V^{tre} Maj^{tè} et la
+supplier de l'avoyr en souvenance. Et puis j'assure V^{tre} Maj^{tè},
+que je n'en ai reçu que d'entier bon service, et connaissant cela,
+n'ay su laisser de le recommander à V^{tre} Maj^{tè} et pensant que le
+Capitaine Bont vous fera entendre ce qui s'est passé à mon passage, je
+n'en ferai plus propos, si non de vous assurer combien je regrette de
+ne plus estre dans la prèsence de V^{re} Maj^{tè} et que je ne puis
+estre auprès d'icelle, pour luy pouvoir faire quelque service, pour
+la satisfaction que je me ferais a tant de mercis que j'ay reçu, dont
+je demeure sans espoir d'y satisfaire. Et cependant je supplie très
+humblement à V^{re} Maj^{tè} me tenir en sa bonne grâce, a la quelle
+humblement me recommande, et baisant ses mains, priant Dieu, Madame,
+vous donner bonne santé, très longue vie et un beau filz, comme le
+désire.
+
+                              V^{re} très humble et très obeissante
+                                  cousine et servante,
+                                                    CHRESTIENNE.
+
+  À la Reyne.
+
+[MS. State Papers, Foreign, Mary, vol. vi., 351. Public Record Office.]
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+MANUSCRIPT SOURCES
+
+    ARCHIVIO DI STATO, MILANO: Autografi di Principi; Carteggio
+        Diplomatico, 1533-1535; Carteggio con Montmorency, Conte di
+        Corea, 1537-1538; Feudi Camerali, Tortona; Potenze Sovrane,
+        1533-1534.
+
+    BIBLIOTECA AMBROSIANA: Continuazione della Storia di Corio, O.
+        240.
+
+    MUSEO CIVICO DI STORIA PATRIA, PAVIA: No. 426, Lettere dell'
+        Oratore, 1535; No. 546, di B. d. Corte, 1536.
+
+    BIBLIOTECA DEL CONTE ANTONIO CAVAGNA SANGIULIANI A ZELADA,
+        PRESSO PAVIA: Archivio Sezione Storico, Diplomatico. Mazzo
+        n. 127, Tortona; Lettere di Niccolò Belloni, etc., i.-xviii.
+
+    ARCHIVES DU ROYAUME, BRUXELLES: Lettres des Seigneurs,
+        iii.-vii.; Papiers d'État de l'Audience, No. 82;
+        Correspondance de Charles V. avec Jean de Montmorency,
+        Seigneur de Courrières, 1537; No. 8, 26, 1178, etc.,
+        Lettres de Marie de Hongrie, Charles Quint, etc.; Régistre
+        des Revenus et Dépenses de Charles V.; Régistre de
+        Marguerite d'Autriche, 1799, 1800, 1803.
+
+    BIBLIOTHÈQUE NATIONALE, PARIS: Affaires d'Angleterre, xix.;
+        F.F. 123, 20,467, 20,468; Oudin, Histoire des Guises; MS.
+        Gaignières 349; Marillac MS. 8,625; Coll. de Lorraine,
+        27-33, etc.
+
+    ADVOCATES' LIBRARY, EDINBURGH: The Balcarres Manuscripts, ii.,
+        iii.; Correspondance de Madame de Guise, etc., avec la
+        Reine d'Écosse.
+
+    BRITISH MUSEUM: Additional Manuscripts, 5,498; Harleian
+        Manuscripts, 3,310, 3,311; F. Roddi, Annali di Ferrara.
+
+    PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE: State Papers, Foreign, Mary, vi. 351;
+        Venetian Despatches, 1553-1558; Brussels Transcripts,
+        1553-1558.
+
+
+PRINTED SOURCES
+
+    ALBERI, E.: Le Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti nel Secolo
+        XVI. Serie 2. 5 vols. Florence, 1839-1863.
+
+    ALTMEYER, J.: Isabelle d'Autriche. Brussels, 1842.
+
+    ALTMEYER, J.: Relations Commerciales des Pays-Bas. 1840.
+
+    ARCHÆOLOGIA, vols. xxxix., xl. (Society of Antiquaries).
+        Brussels 1865.
+
+    ARCHÆOLOGIA CAMBRENSIS, xxiii. 1877.
+
+    ARETINO, P.: Lettere. 6 vols. Paris, 1609.
+
+    ARMSTRONG, E.: The Emperor Charles V. 2 vols. 1902.
+
+    ASCHAM, R.: Works, ed. Giles. 1864.
+
+    ASHMOLE, E.: The Order of the Garter. 1672.
+
+    AVENATI, P.: Entrata Solemne di Cristina di Spagna, 1534.
+        Milan, 1903.
+
+
+    BARACK, K.: Zimmerische Chronik. 4 vols. Freiburg, 1881.
+
+    BAUMGARTEN, H.: Geschichte Karl V. 3 vols. Stuttgart, 1885-1892.
+
+    BELTRAMI, L.: Il Castello di Milano, 1450-1535. Milan, 1894.
+
+    BERGH, L. v. d.: Correspondance de Marguerite d'Autriche,
+        Gouvernante des Pays-Bas, 1506-1528. Leyden, 1845.
+
+    BOUILLÉ, R. DE: Histoire des Ducs de Guise. 4 vols. Paris, 1849.
+
+    BRADFORD, W.: Correspondence of Charles V. and his Ambassadors,
+        with Itinerary, 1519-1551. 1850.
+
+    BRANTÔME, P. DE: Œuvres Complètes, ed. Mérimée et Lacour. 13
+        vols. Paris, 1895.
+
+    BUCHOLTZ, F. V.: Geschichte der Regierung Ferdinand I. 9 vols.
+        Vienna, 1831-1838.
+
+    BULLETINS de la Commission d'Histoire, Series ii., v., vii.,
+        xi., xii. Brussels, 1852.
+
+    BURGON, J. W.: Life and Times of Sir T. Gresham. 2 vols. 1839.
+
+    BURIGOZZO, G.: Cronaca Milanese, 1500-1544. Arch. Stor.
+        Italiano, vol. iii. Florence, 1842.
+
+
+    CALENDAR of Letters and State Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of
+        the Reign of Henry VIII., 1509-1547. 21 vols. 1862-1912.
+
+    CALENDAR of State Papers during the Reign of Henry VIII. Record
+        Office Commission. 11 vols. 1831-1852.
+
+    CALENDAR of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of
+        Edward VI., 1547-1553. 1861.
+
+    CALENDAR of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Mary,
+        1553-1558. 1861.
+
+    CALENDAR of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of
+        Elizabeth, 1558-1577. 11 vols. 1863-1901.
+
+    CALENDAR of State Papers in the Archives of Simancas, Series 1.
+        1485-1544. 7 vols. 1862-1899.
+
+    CALENDAR of State Papers in the Archives of Simancas, Series 2,
+        1558-1580. 3 vols. 1892-1899.
+
+    CALENDAR of State Papers in the Archives of Venice, 1202-1607.
+        10 vols. 1864-1900.
+
+    CALENDAR of Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury, vol. i.
+        Historical Manuscripts Commission. 1883-1899.
+
+    CALMET, A.: Histoire Ecclésiastique et Civile de Lorraine. 3
+        vols. Nancy, 1728.
+
+    CAMBRIDGE Modern History, The, Vol. II.: The Reformation; Vol.
+        III.: The Wars of Religion. 1903-1904.
+
+    CAMPO, A.: Storia di Cremona. Cremona, 1585.
+
+    CHURCHILL, A.: Collection of Voyages and Travels. 6 vols.
+        1744-1746.
+
+    CIMBER, L., ET DANJOU, F.: Archives Curieuses de l'Histoire de
+        France. III. Histoire Particulière de la Cour du Roi Henri
+        II. Paris, 1835.
+
+    CONWAY, SIR MARTIN: The Literary Remains of A. Dürer. 1889.
+
+    CORTILE, L.: Ragionamenti. Venice, 1552.
+
+    CORYAT, T.: Crudities. 3 vols. 1611.
+
+    COURNAULT, C.: Ligier-Richier. Paris, 1887.
+
+    CROWE, J. A., AND CAVALCASELLE, G. B.: Titian--his Life and
+        Times. 2 vols. 1877.
+
+    CUST, L.: Burlington Magazine, xix. August, 1911.
+
+    CUST, MRS. HENRY: Gentlemen Errant. 1909.
+
+
+    DAHLMANN, F.: Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten: Dänemark. 3
+        vols. Hamburg, 1840-1843.
+
+    DECRUE, F.: Anne de Montmorency à la Cour de François I.
+
+    DECRUE, F.: Anne de Montmorency à la Cour de Henri II.,
+        François II., et Charles IX. 2 vols. Paris, 1885-1889.
+
+    DU BELLAY, M. ET G.: Mémoires (Petitot Coll., Série i.,
+        17-19). Paris, 1819.
+
+
+    FÖRSTEMAN, C.: Neues Urkundenbuch z. Gesch. d. Reformation.
+        Hamburg, 1842.
+
+    FRIEDMANN, P.: Les Depêches de G. Michieli, 1554-1557. Venice,
+        1869.
+
+    FRIZZI, A.: Mémorie per la Storia di Ferrara, iv. Ferrara, 1791.
+
+
+    GACHARD, L.: Analecta Belgica. Brussels, 1855.
+
+    GACHARD, L.: Collection des Documents Inédits conc. l'Histoire
+        de la Belgique. 3 vols. Brussels, 1853.
+
+    GACHARD, L.: Collection des Voyages des Souverains des
+        Pays-Bas. 4 vols. 1876-1882.
+
+    GACHARD, L.: Relations des Ambassadeurs Vénitiens sur Charles
+        V. et Philippe II. 1855.
+
+    GACHARD, L.: Relation des Troubles de Gand sous Charles V. 1846.
+
+    GACHARD, L.: Retraite et Mort de Charles V. 2 vols. 1855.
+
+    GARDNER, E.: The King of Court Poets. 1906.
+
+    GAYE, G.: Carteggio Inedito di Artisti dei Secoli XV., XVI., e
+        XVII. 3 vols. Florence, 1840.
+
+    GHILINO, C.: Annali di Alessandria. Milan, 1666.
+
+    GOULART, S.: Mémoires de la Ligue. 6 vols. Amsterdam, 1758.
+
+    GRANVELLE, CARDINAL DE: Correspondance, 1565-1586, publié par
+        E. Poullet et C. Piot. 12 vols. Brussels, 1896.
+
+    GRANVELLE, CARDINAL DE Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire du Par
+        P. Levesque. Brussels, 1753.
+
+    GRANVELLE, CARDINAL DE: Mémoires du. L. d'Esnans, Brussels,
+        1761.
+
+    GRANVELLE, CARDINAL DE: Papiers d'État, publié par C. Weiss. 9
+        vols. 1852.
+
+    GROEN VAN PRINSTERER, G.: Archives de la Maison
+        d'Orange-Nassau. Série i. 8 vols. Leyden, 1847.
+
+    GUAZZO, M.: Historie, 1524-1552. Milan, 1552.
+
+    GUICCIARDINI, L.: Descrittione di Tutti i Paesi-Bassi. Antwerp,
+        1588.
+
+
+    HAILE, M.: Life of Reginald Pole. 1910.
+
+    HARDWICKE PAPERS, The, 1501-1726. 2 vols. 1778.
+
+    HAÜSSER, L.: Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz. 2 vols.
+        Heidelberg, 1856.
+
+    HENNE, A.: Histoire du Règne de Charles V. en Belgique. 10
+        vols. Brussels, 1860.
+
+    HOBY, T.: The Travail and Life of, 1547-1564. Camden
+        Miscellany, x. 1902.
+
+    HUGO, L.: Traité de l'Origine de la Maison de Lorraine. Berlin,
+        1711.
+
+
+    JUSTE, T.: Les Pays-Bas sous Charles V. Brussels, 1861.
+
+    JUSTE, T.: Les Pays-Bas sous Philippe II. Brussels, 1884.
+
+    JUSTE, T.: Marie de Hongrie. 1867.
+
+
+    KAULEK, J.: Correspondance Politique de Castillon et de
+        Marillac. Paris, 1885.
+
+    KERVYN DE LETTENHOVE, J. DE: Relations Politiques des Pays-Bas
+        et de l'Angleterre sous le Règne de Philippe II. 10 vols.
+        Brussels, 1892.
+
+    KÖSTLIN, J.: Leben Luthers. Tübingen, 1882.
+
+
+    LANZ, K.: Correspondenz des Kaisers Karl aus d. K. Archiv. 3
+        vols. Leipzig, 1844.
+
+    L'AUBESPINE, S. DE: Négociations au Règne de François II.
+        Paris, 1841.
+
+    LAVISSE, E.: Histoire de France, vol. v. Paris, 1903.
+
+    LE GLAY, E.: Correspondance de Maximilien I. et de Marguerite
+        d'Autriche. 2 vols. Brussels, 1839.
+
+    LEPAGE, H.: Les Archives de Nancy, Le Palais Ducal, La Galerie
+        des Cerfs, La Ville de Nancy; Lettres de Charles III., Duc
+        de Lorraine. Nancy, 1844-1865.
+
+    LE PETIT, J.: La Grande Chronique de Hollande, etc., jusqu'à
+        1600. Dordrecht, 1601.
+
+    LEVA, G. DE: Storia Documentata di Karl V. in Italia. 5 vols.
+        Venice, 1863.
+
+    LITTA, P.: Famiglie Celebri, vol. ii. Milan, 1839.
+
+    LODGE, E.: Illustrations of British History, Henry VIII. to
+        James I., in Papers of the Families of Howard, Talbot, and
+        Cecil. 3 vols. 1830.
+
+
+    MACHYN, H.: Diary of a Citizen of London, 1550-1563, ed. J. S.
+        Nicholls. Camden Society, No. 42. 1848.
+
+    MAGENTA, C.: I Visconti e gli Sforza nel Castello di Pavia. 2
+        vols. Milan, 1883.
+
+    MAITLAND MISCELLANY, i: Maitland Club. Edinburgh, 1834.
+
+    MERRIMAN, R. B.: Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell. 2 vols.
+        1902.
+
+    MIGNET, F.: Charles Quint--son Abdication et Séjour à Yuste.
+        Paris, 1857.
+
+    MIGNET, F.: Rivalité de François I. et de Charles V. Paris,
+        1875.
+
+    MOELLER, C.: Eléonore d'Autriche, Reine de France. Paris, 1893.
+
+    MONTEMERLO, N.: Nuove Historie di Antica Città. Tortona, 1618.
+
+
+    NOTT, G.: The Works of Surrey and Sir T. Wyatt. 2 vols. 1815.
+
+    NUBILONIA: Cronaca di Vigevano.
+
+
+    PIMODAN, G. DE: La Mère des Guises. Paris, 1889.
+
+    PORTA, G.: Alessandria Descritta, Illustrata, Celebrata. Milan,
+        1670.
+
+    PUTMAN, R.: William the Silent, Prince of Orange. 2 vols. New
+        York, 1895.
+
+
+    RABUTIN, F. DE: Commentaires des Dernières Guerres. Petitot
+        Coll., No. 37. Paris, 1819-1829.
+
+    RATTI, N.: Delia Famiglia Sforza. 2 vols. Rome, 1794.
+
+    RAVOLD, J. B.: Histoire Démocratique de Lorraine. 4 vols.
+        Paris, 1890.
+
+    REIFFENBERG, F. DE: Histoire de la Toison d'Or. 2 vols.
+        Brussels, 1835.
+
+    REUMONT, A. V.: Geschichte Toscanas. 2 vols. Gotha, 1876.
+
+    RIBIER, G.: Lettres et Mémoires d'État. Paris, 1666.
+
+    RUBLE, A. DE: Antoine de Bourbon et Jeanne d'Albret. 4 vols.
+        Paris, 1881.
+
+    RUBLE, A. DE: La Jeunesse de Marie Stuart; 1891. Le Traité de
+        Câteau-Cambrésis; 1887.
+
+
+    SAINT-GÉNIS, V. DE: Histoire de Savoie. 3 vols. Chambéry, 1869.
+
+    SANUTO, M.: Diarii, 1496-1533, vols. liii., liv., lv., lvi.,
+        lvii. Venice, 1879-1902.
+
+    SCHÄFER, D.: Geschichte v. Dänemark. 4 vols. Gotha, 1893.
+
+    SCHLEGEL, J. H.: Geschichte d. Könige v. Dänemark aus d.
+        Oldenburg Stamme. 2 vols., folio. Kopenhagen, 1769-1777.
+
+
+    THOMAS, H.: Annalium de Vita et Rebus Gestis Illustrissimi
+        Principis Frederici II., Elect. Pal. Frankfort, 1624.
+
+    THOMAS, H.: Spiegel d. Humors Grosser Potentaten. Leipzig, 1629.
+
+    TYTLER, P. F.: England under Edward VI. and Mary. 2 vols. 1839.
+
+
+    ULMANN, H.: Kaiser Maximilian I. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1884-1891.
+
+
+    VAISSIÈRE, P. DE: Charles de Marillac, 1510-1560. Paris, 1896.
+
+    VERRI, P.: Storia di Milano. 2 vols. Florence, 1851.
+
+    VERTOT, R. DE: Ambassades de MM. de Noailles en Angleterre. 5
+        vols. Paris, 1762.
+
+    VIEILLEVILLE, F. DE SCÉPEAUX, MARÉCHAL DE: Mémoires. Coll.
+        Petitot, Série i., 26-28. Paris, 1819-1829.
+
+    VILLAMONT, A.: Voyages. Urbino, 1589.
+
+    VIOLA, N.: Il Santuario di Tortona. Tortona, 1675.
+
+    VOIGT, J.: Albert-Alcibiades, Markgraf von Brandenburg. 2 vols.
+        Berlin, 1852.
+
+
+    WALPOLE, H.: Anecdotes of Painting, vol. i. 1826-1828.
+
+    WORNUM, R.: Life and Works of Holbein. 1867.
+
+
+    YOUNG, COLONEL G.: The Medici. 2 vols. 1909.
+
+
+
+
+GENEALOGICAL TABLES
+
+
+    I.  HABSBURG.
+
+   II.  DENMARK.
+
+  III.  SFORZA.
+
+   IV.  LORRAINE.
+
+    V.  GUISE.
+
+
+I. HABSBURG.
+
+ Maximilian I, d. 1519.
+  =(1)Mary of Burgundy.
+  =(2)Bianca Sforza.
+  +-- Philip, d. 1506.
+  |   =Juana of Spain, d. 1555.
+  |   +-- Eleanor, d. 1558.
+  |   |   =(1)Emanuel of Portugal.
+  |   |   =(2)Francis I. of France.
+  |   +-- Charles V, 1500-1558.
+  |   |   =Isabella of Portugal, d. 1539.
+  |   |   +-- Margaret, d. 1586.
+  |   |   |   =(1)Alessandro de' Medici.
+  |   |   |   =(2)Ottavio Farnese.
+  |   |   |   +-- Alessandro, Duke of Parma, d. 1592
+  |   |   |       =Mary of Portugal.
+  |   |   +-- Don John, d. 1578.
+  |   |   +-- Philip II. of Spain, 1527-1598.
+  |   |   |   =(1)Mary of Portugal, d. 1539.
+  |   |   |   =(2)Mary of England.
+  |   |   |   =(3)Elizabeth of France.
+  |   |   |   =(4)Anne of Austria.
+  |   |   |   +-- Don Carlos, d. 1568.
+  |   |   |   +-- Philip III, d. 1621.
+  |   |   |   |   =Margaret of Austria.
+  |   |   |   +-- Katherine.
+  |   |   |   |   =Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy.
+  |   |   |   +-- Isabella, d. 1633.
+  |   |   |       =Albert of Austria, d. 1621.
+  |   |   +-- Juana of Spain.
+  |   |   |   =John of Portugal, d. 1554.
+  |   |   |   +-- Sebastian of Portugal, d. 1578.
+  |   |   +-- Mary. (_a_)
+  |   |       =Maximilian II, d. 1576. (_a_)
+  |   |       +-- Rudolf II, d. 1612.
+  |   |       +-- Anne of Austria.
+  |   |       |   =Philip II. of Spain, 1527-1598.
+  |   |       +-- Albert of Austria, d. 1621. (_b_)
+  |   |       |   =Isabella, d. 1633.
+  |   |       +-- Elizabeth.
+  |   |       |   =Charles IX., King of France.
+  |   |       +-- Matthias, d. 1619.
+  |   |           =Anne.
+  |   +-- Isabella of Austria, 1501-1526. (See II)
+  |   |   =Christian II. of Denmark, dep. 1523, 1481-1559.
+  |   +-- Mary, d. 1558.
+  |   |   =Louis of Hungary, d. 1526.
+  |   +-- Ferdinand I, d. 1564.
+  |   |   =Anne of Bohemia, d. 1547.
+  |   |   +-- Maximilian II, d. 1576. (_a_)
+  |   |   |   =Mary. (_a_)
+  |   |   |   +-- Rudolf II. (see above)
+  |   |   |   +-- Anne of Austria. (see above)
+  |   |   |   +-- Albert of Austria. (see above) (_b_)
+  |   |   |   +-- Elizabeth. (see above)
+  |   |   |   +-- Matthias. (see above)
+  |   |   +-- Mary.
+  |   |   |   =William of Cleves.
+  |   |   +-- Ferdinand, d. 1595.
+  |   |   |   =Philippina Welser.
+  |   |   |   +-- Anne.
+  |   |   |       =Matthias, d. 1619.
+  |   |   +-- Charles.
+  |   |       =Anne.
+  |   |       +-- Ferdinand II, d. 1637.
+  |   |           =Maria Anna.
+  |   |           +-- Ferdinand III, d. 1657.
+  |   |               =Mary of Spain.
+  |   |               +-- Philip IV. of Spain.
+  |   |               |   =Mary.
+  |   |               +-- Leopold I, d. 1705.
+  |   |               |   =(1)Margaret of Spain.
+  |   |               |   =(2)Claude of Tyrol.
+  |   |               |   =(3)Eleanor, d. of Elector Palatine.
+  |   |               |   +-- Joseph I, d. 1711.
+  |   |               |   |   =Wilhelmina of Hanover.
+  |   |               |   +-- Charles VI, d. 1740.
+  |   |               |       =Eliz. Christina of Brunswick.
+  |   |               |       +-- Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of
+  |   |               |               Hungary, and daughter of the
+  |   |               |               Emperor Charles VI, d. 1780.
+  |   |               |           =Francis III., Duke of Lorraine;
+  |   |               |               exchanged Lorraine for Tuscany;
+  |   |               |               el. Emperor 1745, m. 1736, d. 1765.
+  |   |               +-- Eleanor.
+  |   |                   =Charles Leopold of Lorraine.
+  |   +-- Katherine.
+  |       =John III. of Portugal, d. 1557.
+  |       +-- John of Portugal, d. 1554.
+  |       |   =Juana of Spain.
+  |       |   +-- Sebastian of Portugal. (see above)
+  |       +-- Mary of Portugal, d. 1539.
+  |           =Philip II. of Spain, 1527-1598.
+  +-- Margaret, d. 1530.
+      =(1)John, son of Ferdinand and Isabella.
+      =(2)Philibert II. of Savoy.
+
+
+II. DENMARK, 1481-1588.
+
+ Christian I., King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, d. 1481.
+ =Dorothea of Brandenburg, widow of Christopher, King of Denmark, d. 1448.
+ +-- John, d. 1513.
+ |   =Christina of Saxony.
+ |   +-- Christian II. of Denmark, dep. 1523, 1481-1559.
+ |   |   =Isabella of Austria, 1501-1526.
+ |   |   +-- John, 1516-1531.
+ |   |   +-- Dorothea, 1520-1562.
+ |   |   |   =Frederic II., Elector Palatine, 1483-1556.
+ |   |   +-- Christina of Denmark, 1522-1590.
+ |   |       =(1)Francesco II., last Duke of Milan, 1495-1535.
+ |   |       =(2)Francis I., Duke of Lorraine, 1517-1545.
+ |   +-- Elizabeth.
+ |       =Joachim of Brandenburg, d. 1535.
+ +-- Margaret.
+ |   =James III. of Scotland, d. 1488.
+ +-- Frederick I.
+     =(1)Anne of Brandenburg.
+     =(2)Sophia of Pomerania.
+     +-- Dorothea.
+     |   =Albert, Duke of Prussia, d. 1568.
+     +-- Christian III, d. 1558.
+     |   +-- Frederic II, d. 1588.
+     |   +-- Anna.
+     |   |   =Augustus, Elector of Saxony.
+     |   +-- John, (branch of Glücksburg Augustenburg).
+     +-- Adolf, Duke of Holstein.
+         =Christina of Hesse.
+         +-- John Adolf, (branch of Holstein-Gottorp).
+         |   =Amelia of Denmark.
+         +-- Christina.
+             =Charles IX. of Sweden.
+             +-- Gustavus Adolphus, d. 1632.
+                 +-- Christina, d. 1689.
+
+
+III. SFORZA.
+
+ Francesco, Duke of Milan, 1450, 1401-1466.
+ =Bianca Maria Visconti, d. 1468.
+ +-- Galeazzo Maria, 1444-1476.
+ |   =Bona of Savoy.
+ |   +-- Gian Galeazzo, 1469-1494.
+ |   |   =Isabella of Aragon, d. 1524.
+ |   |   +-- Francesco, Abbot of Noirmoutiers, 1490-1512.
+ |   |   +-- Ippolita, d. 1501.
+ |   |   +-- Bona, d. 1557.
+ |   |       =Sigismund I., King of Poland, d. 1548.
+ |   +-- Ermes, 1470-1504.
+ |   +-- Caterina, d. 1509.
+ |   |   =(1)Girolamo Riario.
+ |   |   =(2)Giacomo Feo.
+ |   |   =(3)Giovanni de' Medici.
+ |   +-- Ottaviano, Bishop of Lodi.
+ |   +-- Carlo.
+ |   |   =Bianca Simonetta.
+ |   |   +-- Ippolita.
+ |   |       =Alessandro Bentivoglio.
+ |   +-- Anna, 1473-1497.
+ |       =Alfonso d'Este.
+ +-- Ippolita, 1446-1484.
+ |   =Alfonso of Calabria, afterwards King of Naples.
+ +-- Filippo, 1448-1492.
+ |   =Costanza Sforza.
+ +-- Sforza, Duke of Bari, 1449-1479.
+ +-- Lodovico Maria, 1451-1480.
+ |   =Beatrice d'Este, 1475-1497.
+ |   +-- Massimiliano abd. 1515, 1493-1530.
+ |   +-- Francesco II., last Duke of Milan, 1495-1535.
+ |   |   =Christina of Denmark, 1522-1590.
+ |   +-- Cesare.
+ |   +-- Leone, Protonotary.
+ |   +-- Bianca, d. 1497.
+ |   |   =Galeazzo di Sanseverino, d. 1525.
+ |   +-- Gian Paolo, 1497-1535.
+ |       +-- Line of Caravaggio extinct 1697.
+ +-- Ascanio, Cardinal, 1455-1505.
+ +-- Tristano, d. 1477.
+     =Beatrice d'Este da Correggio.
+
+
+IV. LORRAINE, 1300-1736.
+
+ Frederic IV, d. 1328.
+ =Elizabeth, daughter of the Emperor Albert I.
+ +-- Raoul, killed at Crécy, d. 1346.
+     +-- John, d. 1391.
+         +-- Charles II, d. 1431.
+         |   =Margaret, daughter of the Emperor Rupert III.
+         |   +-- Isabella, d. 1453.
+         |       =René I. of Anjou, d. 1480.
+         |       +-- John, d. 1470.
+         |       +-- Margaret.
+         |       |   =Henry, VI. of England.
+         |       +-- Yolande, 1428-1483.
+         |           =Frederic, Count of Vaudemont, d. 1472.
+         |           +-- René II., Duke of Lorraine and Bar, King of
+         |                   Sicily, etc, d. 1508.
+         |               =Philippa of Guelders, d. 1547.
+         |               +-- Anthony, 1489-1544.
+         |               |   =René de Bourbon, d. 1539.
+         |               |   +-- Francis I., Duke of Lorraine, 1517-1545.
+         |               |   |   =Christina of Denmark, 1522-1590.
+         |               |   |   +-- Charles III, 1543-1608.
+         |               |   |       =Claude, de France, 1548-1575.
+         |               |   |       +-- Henry, 1563-1624.
+         |               |   |       |   =(1)Catherine, de Bourbon, d. 1604.
+         |               |   |       |   =(2)Margaret Gonzaga.
+         |               |   |       |   +-- Claude of Lorraine, d. 1648.
+         |               |   |       |   |   =Nicolas-Francis, Duke of
+         |               |   |       |   |   |   Lorraine, d. 1670.
+         |               |   |       |   |   +-- Charles-Leopold, 1643-1690.
+         |               |   |       |   |       =Eleanor of Austria.
+         |               |   |       |   |       +-- Leopold-Joseph, 1679-1729.
+         |               |   |       |   |           =Charlotte-Elizabeth
+         |               |   |       |   |           |   of Orleans.
+         |               |   |       |   |           +-- Francis III., Duke of
+         |               |   |       |   |                 Lorraine; exchanged
+         |               |   |       |   |                 Lorraine for
+         |               |   |       |   |                 Tuscany; el. Emperor
+         |               |   |       |   |                 1745, d. 1765.
+         |               |   |       |   |               =Maria Theresa of
+         |               |   |       |   |                 Austria, Queen of
+         |               |   |       |   |                 Hungary, and
+         |               |   |       |   |                 daughter of the
+         |               |   |       |   |                 Emperor Charles VI.,
+         |               |   |       |   |                 m. 1736, d. 1780.
+         |               |   |       |   +-- Nicole, d. 1657.
+         |               |   |       |       =Charles IV., abd. 1634, d. 1675.
+         |               |   |       +-- Francis II, 1571-1632.
+         |               |   |       |   =Christina of Salm.
+         |               |   |       |   +-- Nicolas-Francis, Duke of Lorraine,
+         |               |   |       |   |       d. 1670.
+         |               |   |       |   |   =Claude of Lorraine, d. 1648.
+         |               |   |       |   |   +-- Charles-Leopold. (see above)
+         |               |   |       |   +-- Henrietta, 1606-1660.
+         |               |   |       |   |   =(1)Count of Phalsburg.
+         |               |   |       |   |   =(2)Count Carlo Guasco.
+         |               |   |       |   +-- Margaret.
+         |               |   |       |       =Gaston, Duke of Orleans.
+         |               |   |       +-- Christina, 1565-1636.
+         |               |   |       |   =Ferdinand, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
+         |               |   |       +-- Antoinette, 1568-1610.
+         |               |   |       |   =William, Duke of Cleves.
+         |               |   |       +-- Elizabeth, 1573-1633.
+         |               |   |       |   =Maximilian II., Duke of Bavaria.
+         |               |   |       +-- Catherine, Abbess of
+         |               |   |               Remiremont, 1570-1648.
+         |               |   +-- Anne, 1522-1568.
+         |               |   |   =(1)René Prince of Orange.
+         |               |   |   =(2)Philip, Duke of Aerschot.
+         |               |   |   +-- Charles, de Croy, Marquis of
+         |               |   |           Havre, b. 1549.
+         |               |   +-- Nicolas, Count of Vaudemont, 1524-1577.
+         |               |       =(1)Margaret of Egmont.
+         |               |       =(2)Joanna of Savoy.
+         |               |       =(3)Catherine of Aumale, m. 1569.
+         |               |       +-- Louise.
+         |               |       |   +Henri III. of France.
+         |               |       +-- Philip, d. 1612.
+         |               |       +-- Charles, Cardinal, d. 1587.
+         |               +-- Claude, Duke of Guise. (See Table V.)
+         |               +-- John, Cardinal, 1498-1550.
+         |               +-- Francis, Count of Lambesque, 1503-1525.
+         |               +-- Louis, Count of Vaudemon, 1506-1527.
+         +-- Frederic, killed at Agincourt, d. 1415.
+             =Margaret, heiress of Joinville and Vaudemont.
+             +-- Anthony.
+                 =heiress of Aumale and Mayenne.
+                 +-- Frederic, Count of Vaudemont, d. 1472.
+                     =Yolande, 1428-1483.
+                     +-- René II., Duke of Lorraine, etc. (see above)
+
+
+V. GUISE, 1500-1600.
+
+ René II., Duke of Lorraine and Bar, King of Sicily, etc, d. 1508.
+ =Philippa of Guelders, d. 1547.
+ +-- Claude, Duke of Guise, 1496-1550.
+     =Antoinette of Bourbon, 1494-1583.
+     +-- Mary, 1515-1560.
+     |   =(1)Louis, Duke of Longueville, d. 1537.
+     |   =(2)James, V., King of Scotland, d. 1542.
+     |   +-- Louis, Duke of Longueville, 1536-1551.
+     |   +-- Mary, Queen of Scots, 1542-1587.
+     |       =(1)Francis II., King of France, d. 1560.
+     |       =(2)Henry, Lord Darnley, d. 1567.
+     |       +-- James, VI. of Scotland and I. of England (1603),
+     |               1567-1623.
+     |           =Anne of Denmark, d. 1619.
+     +-- Francis, Duke of Guise, 1520-1563.
+     |   =Anna d'Este, 1531-1607.
+     |   +-- Henri le Balafré Prince of Joinville, etc., Duke of Guise,
+     |           1549-1588.
+     |       =Catherine of Cleves.
+     |       +-- Charles, Duke of Guise, 1571-1640.
+     |       |   =Henriette de Joyeuse, Duchess of Montpensier, d. 1656.
+     |       +-- Louis, Cardinal and Archbishop of Reims, b. 1575.
+     |       +-- Claude, Duke of Chevreuse, b. 1578.
+     |       |   =Marie de Rohan.
+     |       +-- Louise.
+     |           =Francis, Prince of Conti, m. July 24, 1605.
+     +-- Louise, 1521-1542.
+     |   =Charles, Prince of Chimay.
+     +-- René Abbess of S. Pierre, Reims, 1522-1586.
+     +-- Charles, Cardinal, 1523-1574.
+     +-- Claude, Duke of Aumale, 1526-1573.
+     |   =Louise, de Bréze, m. 1545.
+     |   +-- Catherine of Aumale.
+     |   |   =Nicolas, Count of Vaudemont, b. 1524, m. 1569, d. 1577.
+     |   +-- Charles, Duke of Aumale, b. 1556.
+     |   |   =Marie d'Elbœuf m. 1576.
+     |   +-- Claude, Abbot of Bec, b. 1563.
+     |   +-- Diana, m. 1576.
+     |       =Francis, Duke of Piney.
+     +-- Louis, Cardinal, 1527-1578.
+     +-- Antoinette, Abbess of Farmoustiers, 1531-1561.
+     +-- Francis, Prior of Malta, 1534-1563.
+     +-- René Marquis of Elbœuf, 1535-1576.
+         =Louise, de Rieux.
+         +-- Charles, Marquis of Elbœuf; created Duke 1581.
+         +-- Marie d'Elbœuf, m. 1576.
+             =Charles, Duke of Aumale, b. 1556.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Adige, the, 132
+
+  Aerschot, Anne, Duchess of, death of her husband, 329;
+    birth of a son, 333;
+    her letters to Mary, Queen of Hungary, 368, 523;
+    at Joinville, 464;
+    at Lorraine, 484;
+    retires to Diest, 485;
+    her death, 487
+
+  Aerschot, Duke of, 79, 142;
+    receives the Ambassadors, 184;
+    his defeat at Sittard, 280;
+    third marriage, 323;
+    death, 329
+
+  Aerschot, Philip of, 484
+
+  Agincourt, Battle of, 257
+
+  Agrippa, Cornelius, 50, 58
+
+  Aigues-Mortes, 172
+
+  Aix-la-Chapelle, 27, 43, 135
+
+  Aix, siege of, 118
+
+  Alberi, E., "Le Relazioni degli Ambasciatori," 528
+
+  Albret, Jeanne d', 235.
+    See Navarre, Princess of
+
+  Alençon, Duke of, 507
+
+  Alençon, Margaret, Duchess of, Queen of Navarre, 10
+
+  Alessandria, 509
+
+  Algiers, expedition to, 267
+
+  Alsace, 353, 374
+
+  Alsace, Gerard d', 256
+
+  Alsener Sound, 65
+
+  Altmeyer, J., "Isabelle d'Autriche," 13 _note_, 15 _note_, 33 _note_,
+        40 _note_, 43 _note_, _et seq._, 528;
+    "Relations Commerciales du Danemark et les Pays-Bas," 34 _note_, 37
+        _note_, 38 _note_, _et seq._, 528
+
+  Alva, Duchess of, in London, 391
+
+  Alva, Duke of, Commander-in-Chief, 383;
+    in London, 391;
+    war with Pope Paul IV., 409;
+    appointed Captain-General of the Netherlands, 486
+
+  Alzei, 402
+
+  Amager, island of, 19
+
+  Amboise, 463
+
+  Amigone, Mario, 96
+
+  André, St., Marshal, taken prisoner at St. Quentin, 417;
+    at the Conference of Cercamp, 428
+
+  Angoulême, Duke of, 114
+
+  Anjou, Henry, Duke of, 489;
+    succeeds to the throne, 490
+
+  Anjou, Margaret of, 257
+
+  Annebaut, Admiral l', 291
+
+  Anne of Cleves, her appearance, 225;
+    her marriage pronounced null and void, 236
+
+  Annonville, 268
+
+  Antwerp, 27, 39, 201;
+    riots at, 485
+
+  Apennines, the, 116
+
+  Aragon, Don Carlos of, Duke of Terranuova, Viceroy of Milan, 499
+
+  Aragon, Ferdinand of, 10
+
+  Aremberg, Count d', 331, 479;
+    killed in battle, 487
+
+  Aremberg, Jacques d', at Frankfurt, 470
+
+  Aremberg, Margaret, Countess of, 382, 479, 480;
+    at Nancy, 485
+
+  Arena, 117
+
+  Aretino, Pietro, 96;
+    his portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Milan, 96;
+    his tribute to the Duke, 110;
+    "Lettere," 529
+
+  Armstrong, Ed., "Cambridge Modern History," 507 _note_, 529
+
+  Arras, Antoine Perrenot, Bishop of, at Augsburg, 319;
+    his portrait, 322;
+    Imperial Chancellor, 342;
+    at the Conference of Cercamp, 428;
+    of Câteau-Cambrésis, 436;
+    on the rivalry between Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, and the
+        Duchess of Parma, 459
+
+  Arras, Bishop of, proclaims Charles V. Archduke of Austria and Prince
+        of Castille, 3
+
+  Arundel, Fitzalan, Earl of, 158 _note_
+
+  Arundel, Thomas Howard, Earl of, 158 _note_
+
+  Arundel, Lord, 415;
+    at the Conference of Cercamp, 428, 432
+
+  Ascham, Roger, 321;
+    "Works," 319 _note_, 529;
+    his journey up the Rhine, 339;
+    description of royal personages, 344, 346
+
+  Ashmole, E., "The Order of the Garter," 392 _note_, 529
+
+  Asti, 116
+
+  Aubespine, Sebastien de l', at the Conference of Cercamp, 428;
+    at Ghent, 457;
+    "Négociations au Règne de François II.," 457 _note_, 531
+
+  Audley, Chancellor, 162
+
+  Augsburg, 60;
+    Diet of, 318, 337;
+    prorogued, 323, 346;
+    festivities at, 338
+
+  Aumale, Count, 253;
+    at Joinville, 270;
+    failure of his negotiations of marriage, 270;
+    wounded, 307;
+    his wish to marry Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 312;
+    marriage with Anna d'Este, 326;
+    created a Duke Governor of Savoy, 333;
+    his capture, 379
+
+  Austria, Don John of, 488;
+    appointed Governor of the Netherlands, 492;
+    at Luxembourg, 492;
+    his letter to Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 493;
+    victory of Gembloux, 494;
+    death, 495
+
+  Austria, Elizabeth of, at Nancy, 490
+
+  Austria, Philip, Archduke of, his death, 1;
+    funeral, 2
+
+  Avenati, P., "Entrata Solemne di Cristina di Spagna," 92 _note_, 529
+
+  Avignano, Count, 396
+
+  Avignon, 118
+
+  Axe, Torben, 24
+
+  Ayamonte, Marquis of, 497
+
+
+  Badoer, Venetian Ambassador, 396, 406
+
+  Bar, 239, 284, 476
+
+  Bar, Duke and Duchess of, 252.
+    See Lorraine
+
+  Barack, K., "Zimmerische Chronik," 529
+
+  Barbarossa, his flight, 106
+
+  Barcelona, contract signed at, 74, 104
+
+  Bari, duchy of, 453
+
+  Barlow, John, Dean of Westbury, 205
+
+  Barres, Guillaume des, 48
+
+  Bassompierre, 360, 377;
+    at Denœuvre, 373
+
+  Baumgarten, H., "Geschichte Karl V.," 23 _note_, 529
+
+  Bavaria, Maximilian, Duke of, his marriage, 512
+
+  Bavaria, William, Duke of, his marriage with Renée of Lorraine, 488
+
+  Bavon's Abbey, St., demolition of, 230
+
+  Bayonne, 220
+
+  Beard, Mr., 205
+
+  Beaumont, Castle of, 242, 246
+
+  Beaumont, Dame Anne de, 6
+
+  Bellay, M. du, "Mémoires," 250 _note_, 530
+
+  Belloni, Niccolò, 129, 141, 347;
+    his letters to Gadio, 348-350;
+    sent to Brussels, 375;
+    his disappearance, 375
+
+  Beltrami, L., "Il Castello di Milano," 529
+
+  Bergh, L. van, "Correspondance de M. d'Autriche," 21 _note_, 529
+
+  Berghen, Madame de, 142, 154, 198
+
+  Berghen, Marquis of, 185, 252
+
+  Berlin, 39, 40
+
+  Bianca, Empress, 7, 72
+
+  Binche, destruction of the Palace of, 390
+
+  Bisignano, Prince of, 66
+
+  Blamont, 370
+
+  Blois, 462
+
+  Bohemia, Anna of, her death, 320
+
+  Bohemia, King and Queen of, at Brussels, 405
+
+  Bois-le-Duc, 212
+
+  Boleyn, Anne, 144, 150
+
+  Bologna, 73, 74
+
+  Bonner, Bishop, 182, 213
+
+  Bonvalot, François, Abbot of Luxeuil, 299;
+    his letter on the Regency of Lorraine, 300;
+    present at the funeral of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, 305
+
+  Bomy, truce at, 137
+
+  Borromeo, Carlo, Archbishop of Milan, 500
+
+  Bottigella, Councillor Pier Francesco, 78;
+    his instructions on the reception of Christina, Duchess of Milan, 84
+
+  Bouillé, R. de, "Histoire des Ducs de Guise," 222 _note_, 529
+
+  Bouillon, Godfrey of, 256
+
+  Boullay, Édmond du, 253
+
+  Boulogne, siege of, 292
+
+  Bourbon, Antoinette de, 147, 258.
+    See Guise
+
+  Bourbon, Renée de, her marriage, 11, 258
+
+  Boussu, Grand Equerry, in London, 391
+
+  Bradford, W., "Itinerary of Charles V.," 244 _note_, 529
+
+  Bragadin, Lorenzo, Venetian Envoy, 113
+
+  Brandenburg, Albert, Marquis of, 285, 318;
+    his career, 320;
+    appearance, 321;
+    admiration for Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 321;
+    declines to take part in the tournament at Brussels, 332;
+    his departure, 332;
+    secret intrigues with France, 354, 357;
+    his plundering, 377;
+    offers a refuge to Christina, 377;
+    captures Aumale, 379;
+    meeting with Charles V., 379;
+    his courtship of Christina, 383;
+    routed at the Battle of Sievershausen, 384;
+    death, 385
+
+  Brandenburg, Elizabeth of, embraces the Lutheran faith, 41;
+    her flight with her brother, 56
+
+  Brandenburg, Joachim, Marquis of, 39, 41;
+    at the marriage of King Christian II., 13
+
+  Brantôme, P. de, his sketch of Christina of Denmark, vii;
+    "Œuvres Complètes," 529
+
+  Breda, Castle of, 174
+
+  Brederode, Count, 183, 252
+
+  Brégilles, M. de, 55
+
+  Brenner Pass, 133, 372
+
+  Brian, Ambassador, 281
+
+  Brittany, Anne of, 3; her death, 11
+
+  Brousse, Jean de la, 314, 372
+
+  Browne, Sir Anthony, 182
+
+  Bruges, 30, 236
+
+  Brunswick, Dorothea, Duchess of, at the Court of Spain, 502;
+    return to Göttingen, 503;
+    death of her husband, 503;
+    joins her mother at Tortona, 505;
+    her second marriage, 511;
+    death, 511
+
+  Brunswick, Eric, Duke of, 480;
+    his marriage with Dorothea of Lorraine, 490;
+    summoned to Spain, 502;
+    return to Göttingen, 503;
+    his death, 503
+
+  Brunswick, Henry, Duke of, 39, 40
+
+  Brusquet, the jester, 404
+
+  Brussels, 8, 104, 135, 141, 183, 381, 400;
+    festivities at, 293, 329, 405;
+    tournament at, 405
+
+  Bucholtz, F. von, "Geschichte d. Kaiser Ferdinand I.," 264 _note_, 529
+
+  "Bulletins de la Commission Royale d'Histoire," 2 _note_
+
+  Büren, Anna, Countess, her death, 425
+
+  Büren, Count, 142, 252;
+    entertained by Wriothesley, 198
+
+  Burgon, J. W., "Life of Sir Thomas Gresham," 396 _note_, 529
+
+  Burgos, 1, 220
+
+  Burgundy, Adolf of, Admiral of the Dutch fleet, 36
+
+  Burgundy, Mary of, 9
+
+  Burigozzo, G. M., "Cronaca Milanese," 82 _note_, 529
+
+  Busch, Count Jacob von, 351
+
+  Busseto, Bartolommeo, 498
+
+  Butler, A. J., "Cambridge Modern History," 508 _note_
+
+
+  Calabria, 112
+
+  Calais, 37, 204, 214;
+    capture of, by the French, 420;
+    question of the restoration to England, 429, 432, 438, 443
+
+  Calmet, A., "Histoire de Lorraine," 246 _note_, 256 _note_, 529
+
+  Cambray, 177, 224;
+    Peace of, 56, 403
+
+  Cambray, Archbishop of, performs the nuptial rites of King Christian
+        II., 13
+
+  Cambre, La, Convent of, 449, 468
+
+  Campeggio, Cardinal, 57
+
+  Campo, A., "Storia di Cremona," 75 _note_, 96, 529
+
+  Caracciolo, Cardinal, Papal Nuncio, 31;
+    appointed Viceroy of Milan, 118;
+    letters from Christina, Duchess of Milan, 516, 517
+
+  Cardon, M. Leon, vii
+
+  Carvajal, Cardinal, at Malines, 6
+
+  Carne, Dr. Edward, 182, 199
+
+  Carondelet, Archbishop, 230
+
+  Carondelet, Ferry de, 377
+
+  Cartagena, 267
+
+  Castellani, Madame, 500
+
+  Castillon, Ambassador, 147, 160, 164;
+    recalled to France, 198
+
+  Câteau-Cambrésis, Conference for peace at, 436-447;
+    Commissioners, 436;
+    treaty ratified, vi, 448
+
+  Catherine, Queen of France, her state entry into Paris, 334;
+    illness, 362;
+    flight from Reims, 373
+
+  Cenis, Mont, ascent of, 86
+
+  Cercamp, Conference for peace at, 426-430;
+    Commissioners, 428;
+    second session, 431;
+    adjourned, 432
+
+  Chaloner, Ambassador, 457, 458
+
+  Châlons, 291;
+    camp at, 359
+
+  Châlons, Philibert of, 142
+
+  Chamberlain, A. B., 168 _note_
+
+  Chambéry, 84, 85
+
+  Champagne, attack on, 373
+
+  Champier, Antoine, 296
+
+  Chantilly, 181
+
+  Chapuys, Ambassador, 151, 152, 159;
+    entertained by Thomas Cromwell, 173;
+    on Henry VIII.'s negotiations of marriage, 196;
+    at Calais, 204;
+    on the illness of Henry VIII., 315
+
+  Charlemont, citadel of, 398
+
+  Charles V., Emperor, vi;
+    proclaimed Archduke of Austria and Prince of Castille, 3;
+    at Malines, 4;
+    attack of smallpox, 5;
+    his education, 6;
+    confirmation, 6;
+    taste for sport, 8;
+    at the wedding of his sister Isabella, 13;
+    attack of fever, 14;
+    festivities on his coming of age, 14;
+    assumes the title of King of Spain, 20;
+    his first Chapter of the Golden Fleece, 20;
+    elected King of the Romans, 25;
+    coronation, 27;
+    meeting with King Christian II. of Denmark, 28, 57;
+    his marriage, 48;
+    death of his sister Isabella, 48;
+    receives the imperial crown, 57;
+    death of his aunt, 58;
+    meeting with Prince John, 59;
+    appoints his sister Mary Regent of the Netherlands, 61;
+    his progress to Brussels, 66;
+    festivities, 67;
+    at Regensburg, 67, 245;
+    his illness, 68, 385;
+    letter on the death of his nephew, 69;
+    at Milan, 74;
+    arranges the marriage of his niece Christina, 74-78;
+    sails for Africa, 104;
+    his victory at Tunis, 106;
+    march to Asti, 116, 118;
+    meeting with Christina, 117, 377;
+    invasion of Provence, 118;
+    siege of Aix, 118;
+    signs a truce, 118;
+    places a Spanish garrison to defend Milan, 120;
+    his reconciliation with the King of France, 172;
+    treaty with him, 195;
+    views on Henry VIII.'s proposed marriage, 197;
+    Crusade against the Turks, 209;
+    death of his wife, 210;
+    reception in France, 221-223;
+    meeting with King Francis, 221;
+    at Paris, 222;
+    return to Valenciennes, 224;
+    paper of instructions, 226;
+    enters Ghent, 228;
+    his sentence of condemnation, 229;
+    on the death of Cromwell, 237;
+    arranges the second marriage of Christina, 245;
+    his expedition to Algiers, 267;
+    campaign against King Francis, 277;
+    secret treaty with King Henry VIII., 280;
+    success at Düren, 280;
+    lays siege to Landrécy, 280;
+    declines proposals of peace, 281, 282, 285;
+    his treaty with Christian III., 283;
+    visit to the convent, 285;
+    at St. Dizier, 286;
+    his wish for peace, 291;
+    signs a treaty, 292;
+    at Brussels, 293, 324, 381;
+    campaign against the League of Schmalkalde, 317;
+    victory of Mühlberg, 318;
+    his portrait, 322;
+    at Augsburg, 337;
+    difficulties in obtaining the recognition of his son Philip as his
+        successor, 341-347;
+    appearance, 344, 378;
+    intrigues against, 354, 357;
+    takes refuge at Innsbruck, 355;
+    at Villach, 372;
+    enters Strasburg, 377;
+    meeting with Albert, Marquis of Brandenburg, 379;
+    raises the siege of Metz, 380;
+    on the union of Queen Mary with his son, 387;
+    his intention to abdicate, 398;
+    abdication, 400-402;
+    resigns the kingdoms of Spain and Sicily, 403;
+    departure for Ghent, 406;
+    embarks at Flushing, 406;
+    his retreat at St. Yuste, 417;
+    death, 430;
+    funeral, 433-435;
+    letters from Christina, 525
+
+  Charles VI., Emperor, 513
+
+  Charles VIII. of France, 3
+
+  Charles IX. of France, proclaimed King, 464;
+    his coronation, 467
+
+  Charles the Bold of Burgundy, 9;
+    defeated at Nancy, 257;
+    removal of his bones to Bruges, 336
+
+  Châtelhérault, 250
+
+  Cheyney, Sir Thomas, Ambassador, 308
+
+  Chimay, Charles, Prince of, 242;
+    his affection for Louise de Guise, 242;
+    marriage, 244
+
+  Chimay, Louise, Princess of, her letter on her happy marriage, 247;
+    death, 278
+
+  Christian II., King of Denmark, his proposals of marriage, 12;
+    coronation, 12;
+    marriage by proxy, 13;
+    reception of Queen Isabella, 15;
+    wedding, 15;
+    characteristics, 17, 18;
+    appearance, 18, 29;
+    relations with Dyveke, 18;
+    treatment of his wife, 19, 20, 24, 39;
+    misconduct, 20;
+    elected Knight of the Golden Fleece, 25;
+    crowned in the Cathedral of Upsala, 25;
+    sympathy with the Lutheran faith, 26, 40, 45;
+    his title of Nero of the North, 26;
+    reforms, 26;
+    journey through Germany, 27;
+    portraits, 28, 29, 41;
+    meeting with Charles V., 28;
+    at Ghent, 29;
+    interview with Cardinal Wolsey, 30;
+    appeals for help, 33, 45;
+    deposed, vi, 33, 39;
+    his flight, 34;
+    at Malines, 36;
+    arrival in England, 37;
+    meeting with Henry VIII., 37;
+    infatuation for Sigebritt, 38, 39;
+    raises a force in Germany, 39;
+    intimacy with Luther, 41;
+    at Lierre, 44;
+    extravagance, 44;
+    death of his wife, 46;
+    intention to invade Denmark, 49;
+    plunderings and ravages, 49, 56;
+    picture of his children, 53;
+    his public recantation, 57;
+    return to Malines, 57;
+    invasion of Holland, 62;
+    sails to Norway, 63;
+    his reception, 64;
+    disbands his forces, 64;
+    imprisonment, 65;
+    removed to Kallundborg Castle, 327;
+    his death, 449
+
+  Christian III., King of Denmark, his succession disputed, 103;
+    secret treaty with France, 275;
+    his treaty with Charles V., 283
+
+  Christina of Denmark, her birth, 32;
+    life at Malines, 50-53;
+    portraits, v, 54, 96, 155, 157, 158 _note_, 509, 514;
+    present at the festivities at Brussels, 66;
+    proposal of marriage from the Duke of Milan, 74;
+    love of riding, 75, 141;
+    character, vi, 75, 97;
+    appearance, v, 80, 86, 98, 149, 466;
+    wedding, 81, 94;
+    letters to her husband, 83, 100, 516;
+    dowry, 83;
+    her journey to Milan, 83-90;
+    at Cussago, 88;
+    first sight of her husband, 89;
+    state entry into Milan, 90-93;
+    popularity, 98, 141, 264, 408, 415, 450;
+    lessons in Italian, 99;
+    death of her husband, 101, 107;
+    offers of marriage, 113-115, 207, 383;
+    meeting with her uncle Charles V., 117, 377;
+    petitions to Cardinal Caracciolo, 119, 120;
+    reception at Pavia, 122;
+    attack of fever, 127, 210;
+    departure from Pavia, 129;
+    journey to Brussels, 129-135;
+    meeting with her sister Dorothea, 134;
+    at Heidelberg, 134, 378;
+    her life at Brussels, 141, 294, 327, 382;
+    at the Castle of Breda, 174;
+    return to Brussels, 183, 448;
+    her interview with Wriothesley, 191-194;
+    negotiations of marriage with Henry VIII. broken off, 204;
+    her suitors, 207, 312, 321, 383, 387;
+    reception of her sister Dorothea, 212;
+    affection for Prince René of Orange, 218, 232, 238;
+    at Valenciennes, 224;
+    her betrothal to Francis, Duke of Lorraine, 244;
+    marriage, 245, 251;
+    journey to Pont-à-Mousson, 253;
+    reception at Nancy, 254;
+    on the love of her husband, 264;
+    at Fontainebleau, 265;
+    her letters to Granvelle on the cession of Stenay, 266, 271;
+    reception at Joinville, 268;
+    her reason for rejecting Henry VIII., 274;
+    at Esclaron, 276, 461;
+    birth of a son, 279;
+    at Spires, 282;
+    her efforts for peace, 282;
+    birth of a daughter, 283;
+    return to Nancy, 294, 322, 482;
+    death of her husband, 297;
+    appointed Regent of Lorraine, 298, 302;
+    birth of a second daughter, 302;
+    her friendship with the Princess of Orange, 303;
+    letter to Abbot Bonvalot, 308;
+    reception of Francis I., 312;
+    refusal to marry, 312;
+    at Augsburg, 318, 337-339;
+    measures for the defence of Nancy, 323;
+    departure from Brussels, 332;
+    at the funeral of the Duke of Guise, 335;
+    her retinue, 340;
+    entertainment of Frederic and Dorothea, 352;
+    fear of the invasion of Lorraine by the French, 356, 359;
+    at Joinville, 356;
+    her interview with Henry II., 361;
+    reception of him at Nancy, 363;
+    deprived of the Regency, 364;
+    appeal to Henry II., 365, 371;
+    distress at parting with her son, 366, 370;
+    appeal to Queen Mary, 367;
+    retires to Blamont, 370;
+    her illness, 371, 476, 477, 485, 488, 497, 509;
+    at Denœuvre, 372;
+    ordered to leave, 374;
+    takes refuge in Alsace, 374;
+    at Hoh-Königsberg, 377;
+    visits to England, 394, 413-416;
+    present at the abdication of Charles V., 401;
+    at Ghent, 406, 416, 457;
+    meeting with her son, 421-423, 435, 440;
+    affection for William, Prince of Orange, 425;
+    presides at the Conference of Cercamp, 426-432;
+    refusal to attend the wedding of her son, 436;
+    presides at the Conference of Câteau-Cambrésis, 437-447;
+    death of her father, 449;
+    her sorrow at not being appointed Regent of the Netherlands, 452;
+    request for the duchy of Bari, 453;
+    refuses the Castle of Lecce, 455;
+    relations with the Duchess of Parma, 459;
+    return to Lorraine, 460;
+    meeting with King Francis II. and Queen Mary of Scots, 461;
+    acts as Regent of Lorraine, 463;
+    reception of Mary, Queen of Scots, 465;
+    at Reims, 466;
+    at Frankfurt, 470;
+    agreement with the Bishop of Toul, 472;
+    rebuilds the salt-works of Les Rosières, 472;
+    birth of a grandson, 473;
+    interview with Cardinal Granvelle, 474;
+    her wish to recover Denmark, 469, 475, 488;
+    at the christening of her grandson, 476;
+    pilgrimage to Brussels, 481;
+    her medal and motto, 483;
+    marriage of her daughter, Renée, 488;
+    her grandchildren, 489;
+    marriage of her daughter Dorothea, 490;
+    letter of welcome to Don John of Austria, 492;
+    pilgrimage to Loreto, 497;
+    state entry into Tortona, 497;
+    character of her rule, 498;
+    her illustrious guests, 500;
+    works of mercy, 500;
+    quarrels with Philip of Spain, 501, 503, 514;
+    joined by her daughter Dorothea, 505;
+    death, 509;
+    funeral at Nancy, 510;
+    inscription on her tomb, 511;
+    character, 514;
+    charm, 515;
+    letters to Cardinal Caracciolo, 516, 517;
+    to Mary, Queen of Hungary, 523;
+    to Charles V., 525;
+    to Mary, Queen of England, 526
+
+  Churchill, A., "Travels," 47 _note_, 470 _note_
+
+  Claude, Princess, of France, her christening, 333;
+    proposed marriage with Charles, Duke of Lorraine, 419;
+    wedding, 435.
+    See Lorraine
+
+  Clement VII., Pope, 42, 57, 73, 106
+
+  Clès, Cardinal-Bishop Bernhard von, at Verona, 132
+
+  Cleves, State of, 135
+
+  Cleves, Anne of, her appearance, 209;
+    marriage with Henry VIII., 217
+
+  Cleves, William, Duke of, 136;
+    chosen to succeed to the dukedom of Guelders, 138;
+    his courtship of the Duchess of Milan, 207, 232;
+    takes possession of Guelders, 207;
+    at Ghent, 231, 233;
+    his claim on the succession of Guelders, 231, 233;
+    return, 234;
+    his treaty with France, 244;
+    his marriage with Princess Jeanne of Navarre, 249-251;
+    surrender to Charles V., 280;
+    his marriage annulled, 280
+
+  Clouet, his portrait of Mary, Queen of Scots, 465
+
+  Clough, Richard, present at the funeral of Charles V., 435
+
+  Coblenz, 351
+
+  Codogno, 130
+
+  Cognac, 279
+
+  Coligny, Admiral, at Brussels, 404;
+    taken prisoner at St. Quentin, 417
+
+  Cologne, 135
+
+  Colonna, Fabrizio, 380
+
+  Compiègne, 177
+
+  Condé, leader of the Huguenots, 471
+
+  Constantyne, George, 205;
+    imprisonment, 206
+
+  Contarini, Francesco, Venetian Ambassador, 233
+
+  Contarini, Gaspare, his impressions of King Christian II., 29
+
+  Conway, Sir Martin, "Literary Remains of Albert Dürer," 27 _note_, 530
+
+  Copenhagen, 15, 483;
+    siege of, 38;
+    capitulation, 39, 105
+
+  Corbetta, Gualtiero di, his oration at the funeral of the Duke of
+        Milan, 109
+
+  Corte, Benedetto da, 99, 117, 122, 141;
+    his account of the journey to Mantua, 131;
+    his views on the proposed marriage of Henry VIII. with Christina,
+        Duchess of Milan, 170
+
+  Cortile, L., "Ragionamenti," 530
+
+  Coryat, T., "Crudities," 86 _note_, 530
+
+  Coste, Hilarion de, "Les Éloges," 498 _note_
+
+  Cournault, C., "Ligier-Richier," 289 _note_, 316 _note_, 530
+
+  Courrières, Jean de Montmorency, Sieur de, 78, 184;
+    in charge of Christina, Duchess of Milan, 121;
+    his career, 124;
+    letter on the proposed Cleves marriage, 139;
+    appointed Bailiff of Alost, 140, 219;
+    his letters to Charles V., 126-128
+
+  Courteville, Jean de, 413
+
+  Cranach, Lucas, his portrait of King Christian II. of Denmark, 41
+
+  Cranmer, Archbishop, 162
+
+  Cremona, 130
+
+  Crépy-en-Laonnois, peace signed at, 292
+
+  Cromwell, Thomas, 115;
+    his portrait, 155;
+    entertains Gian Battista Ferrari, 170;
+    entertains the Ambassadors, 173;
+    on Henry VIII.'s negotiations of marriage, 196;
+    entertains Frederic, Count Palatine, 214;
+    arrested and sent to the Tower, 236;
+    beheaded, 237
+
+  Croy, Anne de, 142
+
+  Croy, Charles de, Marquis of Havré, 492
+
+  Cussago, villa of, 88
+
+  Cust, L., 159 _note_, 530
+
+
+  Dahlmann, F., "Geschichte von Dänemark," 27 _note_, 530
+
+  Dalecarlia, 27
+
+  Darnley, Henry, Lord, his marriage with Mary, Queen of Scots, 485
+
+  Decrue, F., "Anne de Montmorency," 181 _note_, 245 _note_, 250
+        _note_, 419 _note_, 530
+
+  Denis, St., Battle of, 487
+
+  Denmark, outbreak of war with Sweden, 475
+
+  Denmark, Queen Christina of, v. See Christina
+
+  Denœuvre, 299, 372; Treaty of, 302
+
+  Devonshire, Edward Courtenay, Lord, 402
+
+  Diego, Don, his return to Flanders, 174
+
+  Diest, 482, 485, 487
+
+  Dizier, St., camp at, 286;
+    surrender of, 289
+
+  Dodgson, Campbell, viii
+
+  Dordrecht, 212
+
+  Dormer, Jane, 425
+
+  Dorothea, Princess, of Denmark, 27, 35;
+    her portrait, 54;
+    offers of marriage, 71, 101, 102;
+    her appearance, 101;
+    character, 101, 105;
+    marriage with Frederic, Count Palatine, 105;
+    her love of adventure, 106;
+    meeting with her sister Christina at Heidelberg, 134;
+    at Toledo, 211;
+    visit to her aunt Eleanor, 211;
+    at the Hague, 212;
+    her appeal on behalf of her father, 231;
+    at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, 310;
+    her visit to Nancy, 351-353;
+    death of her husband, 402;
+    at Jülich, 416;
+    Neuburg, 417, 468;
+    death, 469;
+    inscription on her monument, 469
+
+  Doulans, M. de, 374
+
+  Dover, 413
+
+  Dreux, Battle of, 471
+
+  Drondtheim, Archbishop of, 14, 19, 64
+
+  Drouin, Simon, 511
+
+  Düren, surrender of, 280
+
+  Dürer, Albert, extract from his Journal, 27;
+    his portraits of King Christian II. of Denmark, 28, 29
+
+
+  Edward VI., King, his birth, 145;
+    his death, 386
+
+  Effingham, Lord Howard of, at the Conference of Câteau-Cambrésis, 437;
+    on the marriage of Queen Elizabeth, 440
+
+  Egmont, Anne of, 400
+
+  Egmont, Count Lamoral d', his wedding, 283;
+    christening of his daughter, 393;
+    his victory at Gravelines, 424;
+    at Frankfurt, 470;
+    result of his mission to Philip of Spain, 481;
+    arrested, 486;
+    execution, 487
+
+  Egmont, Floris d', at Brussels, 201
+
+  Egmont, Margaret of, her marriage, 324;
+    death, 390.
+    See Vaudemont
+
+  Egmont, Mary Christina, her christening, 393
+
+  Egmont, Philippa of, 257
+
+  Elbe, the, 39
+
+  Elbœuf, Marquis of, at Mon Soulas, 440
+
+  Eleanor, Archduchess, of Austria, 4;
+    attack of smallpox, 5;
+    education, 6;
+    offers of marriage, 12;
+    her affection for Frederic, Count Palatine, 21;
+    Queen of Portugal, 24;
+    of France, 137;
+    at Compiègne, 177;
+    meeting with her sister Mary, 178;
+    her appearance, 178, 339;
+    reception of her brother Charles V., 221;
+    at Brussels, 293, 325;
+    her death, 430
+
+  Elizabeth, Princess, of France, her christening, 308;
+    proposals of marriage, 392, 412, 446;
+    marriage with Philip of Spain, 456
+
+  Elizabeth, Queen of England, her accession, 432;
+    invitation to Christina, 457
+
+  Ely, Bishop of, at the Conference of Cercamp, 428, 432;
+    of Câteau-Cambrésis, 436
+
+  Emanuel, King of Portugal, 9;
+    death of his second wife, 22;
+    third marriage, 24;
+    death, 102
+
+  England, war declared with France, 417
+
+  Épernay, 291
+
+  Erasmus of Rotterdam, 28
+
+  Eric, King of Sweden, his negotiations with Christina, Duchess of
+        Lorraine, 478;
+    proposal of marriage with Renée of Lorraine, 482;
+    his unstable character, 483;
+    deposed, 483
+
+  Esclaron, 275, 476
+
+  Esslingen, 339
+
+  Este, Anna d', her marriage with Count Aumale, 326;
+    appearance, 326
+
+  Este, Duchess Beatrice d', 7;
+    her death, 72;
+    country-house of Cussago, 89
+
+  Este, Francesco d', 289
+
+  Étampes, Madame d', 179, 245, 293
+
+  Exeter, Lord, imprisoned in the Tower, 136;
+    his execution, 186
+
+
+  Farnese, Cardinal, 225, 228, 235
+
+  Farnese, Cecilia, 115
+
+  Farnese, Ottavio, 354, 410
+
+  Farnese, Vittoria, 225;
+    her marriage, 270
+
+  Faye, Hugues de la, his decoration of the Palace of Nancy, 272
+
+  Ferdinand, King, his marriage, 11;
+    at Nuremberg, 40;
+    his treatment of his sister Isabella, 40;
+    King of the Romans, at Ghent, 230;
+    departure from, 235;
+    at Augsburg, 318, 337;
+    death of his wife, 319;
+    love of music, 320;
+    his portrait, 322;
+    refusal to accept Philip of Spain as coadjutor, 341-345;
+    his character, 344;
+    death, 478
+
+  Fère, La, 183
+
+  Feria, Count, 425, 431
+
+  Ferrara, Alfonso d' Este, Duke of, 95;
+    at the wedding of the Duke of Milan, 95;
+    his death, 95;
+    will, 95
+
+  Ferrari, Gian Battista, 153;
+    his impressions of England, 170;
+    of Henry VIII., 171
+
+  Fiennes, Madame de, 79
+
+  Florence, 508
+
+  Florence, Alexander, Duke of, 115
+
+  Flushing, 406
+
+  Foix, Germaine de, 28
+
+  Fontaine, M. de, 374
+
+  Fontainebleau, 221, 265, 279
+
+  Förstemann, C., "Neues Urkundenbuch," 41 _note_, 530
+
+  France, war declared with England, 417;
+    outbreak of civil war, 471, 487
+
+  Francis I., King of France, on Henry VIII.'s proposed marriage, 147;
+   his reconciliation with Charles V., 172;
+   meeting with Queen Mary of Hungary, 177;
+   treaty with Charles V., 195;
+   reception of Frederic, Count Palatine, and Dorothea, 211;
+    reception of Charles V., 221-223;
+    on the death of Cromwell, 237;
+    treatment of the Duke of Lorraine, 265;
+    demands the cession of Stenay, 266;
+    his secret treaty with Christian III., 275;
+    at Esclaron, 275;
+    campaign against Charles V., 277;
+    disbands his forces, 277;
+    terms of peace, 292;
+    death of his son, 304;
+    at Joinville, 311, 313;
+    at Bar, 311;
+    his death, 315
+
+  Francis II., King of France, his protest against the treaty, 292;
+    marriage with Mary, Queen of Scots, 420;
+    accession, 457;
+    coronation, 460;
+    at Lorraine, 461;
+    at Blois, 462;
+    death, 464
+
+  Frankfurt, 470
+
+  Frederic II., Elector Palatine, his affection for Eleanor of Austria,
+        21;
+    banished from Court, 23;
+    his negotiations of marriage, 102-104;
+    marriage, 105;
+    at Toledo, 211;
+    his visit to the King of France, 211;
+    illness, 211;
+    at the Hague, 212;
+    visit to England, 213-217;
+    reception at Windsor, 215;
+    return to Brussels, 217;
+    his designs against Denmark, 230;
+    efforts to raise a loan, 241;
+    his claim to Denmark, 274;
+    succeeds to the Palatinate, 282;
+    joins the League of Schmalkalde, 317;
+    his loyalty to Charles V., 317;
+    love of travel, 351;
+    journey to Nancy, 351-353;
+    his influence in Germany, 378;
+    welcome to Christina, 379;
+    his death, 402;
+    burial, 403
+
+  Frederic, King of Denmark, recognition of his title, 42;
+    death, 72
+
+  Frederic III., King of Denmark, his unpopularity, 468;
+    negotiations of marriage with Renée of Lorraine, 475
+
+  Frederic of Zimmern, Elector Palatine, 469
+
+  French, the, threaten to invade Milan, 116
+
+  Friedberg, Castle of, 488
+
+  Friedewald, treaty at, 354
+
+  Friedmann, P., "Les Dépêches de Michieli," 398 _note_, 530
+
+  Frizzi, A., "Mémorie per la Storia di Ferrara," 530
+
+
+  Gachard, L., "Relation des Troubles de Gand," 220 _note_, 228 _note_,
+        530;
+    "Retraite et Mort de Charles V.," 62 _note_, 331 _note_, 530;
+    "Voyages de Charles V.," 283 _note_, 319 _note_, 530;
+    "Voyages des Souverains des Pays-Bas," 1, 117 _note_, 246 _note_,
+        530
+
+  Gadio, Innocenzo, 347;
+    letter from Contessa Trivulzio, 526
+
+  Gaillard, M., Director of the Brussels Archives, vii
+
+  Gallerati, Count Tommaso, 75
+
+  Gambara, Cesare, Bishop of Tortona, 500
+
+  Gardner, E., "A King of Court Poets," 95 _note_, 530
+
+  Garonne, the, 250
+
+  Gaye, G., "Carteggio Inedito di Artisti dei Secoli XV.," 530
+
+  Gemappes, Castle of, 43
+
+  Gembloux, victory of, 494
+
+  Genoa, 119
+
+  Ghent, 29, 78, 406, 416, 457;
+    revolt at, 219;
+    royal procession into, 228;
+    sentence of condemnation, 229;
+    riots at, 485
+
+  Gheynst, Margaret van, 410
+
+  Ghilino, Camillo, Ambassador to Milan, 74, 85, 106;
+    "Annali di Alessandria," 107 _note_, 498 _note_, 530;
+    his illness and death, 107
+
+  Giœ, Court-Marshal Magnus, Danish Ambassador, 12;
+    representative of King Christian II. at his marriage, 13
+
+  Giussani, Signor Achille, vii
+
+  Glay, E. Le, "Correspondance l'Empereur Maximilian I. et de
+        Marguerite d'Autriche," 5 _note_, 531
+
+  Gomez, Ruy, 338;
+    in London, 391;
+    at the Conference of Cercamp, 428
+
+  Gonzaga, Chiara, 258
+
+  Gonzaga, Cardinal Ercole, 91
+
+  Gonzaga, Ferrante, 66;
+    recovers Luxembourg, 284;
+    at St. Dizier, 286;
+    in London, 391
+
+  Gorzes, Abbey of, 356
+
+  Göttingen, 503
+
+  Goulart. S., "Mémoires de la Ligue," 506 _note_, 530
+
+  Granado, Sir Jacques de, 416
+
+  Granvelle, Imperial Chancellor, 114;
+    letters from Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, on the cession of
+        Stenay, 266, 271;
+    his portrait, 322;
+    death, 342
+
+  Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot,
+    created Cardinal, 470;
+    compelled to retire, 473;
+    his reception at Nancy, 474;
+    on the efforts of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, to recover
+        Denmark, 488;
+    his death, 505;
+    "Papiers d'État," 114 _note_, 128 _note_, 220 _note_, 277 _note_,
+        530
+
+  Gravelines, victory at, 424
+
+  Gravelines, Captain of, 198
+
+  Gravesend, 413
+
+  _Great Mary_, 35
+
+  Greenwich, 37, 412
+
+  Gregory XIII., Pope, 499
+
+  Gresham, Sir Thomas, 395;
+    present at the abdication of Charles V., 401
+
+  Grey, Lady Katherine, 158 _note_
+
+  Groenendal, Abbey of, 287
+
+  Grümbach, Willem von, 475
+
+  Guasco, Maddalena, 509
+
+  Guazzo, Giorgio, 75;
+    "Historie d'Italia," 92 _note_, 530
+
+  Guelders, Charles of Egmont, Duke of;
+    his proposal of marriage, 10;
+    conflict with the Regent of the Netherlands, 36;
+    his illness, 138;
+    choice of a successor, 138
+
+  Guelders, Philippa of. See Philippa, Duchess of Lorraine
+
+  Guicciardini, L., "Paesi-Bassi," 141 _note_, 530
+
+  Guise, Anna d' Este, Duchess of, birth of a son, 334
+
+  Guise, Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchess of, 147, 258;
+    her letters to her daughter, 167, 168 _note_, 518, 519, 520, 522;
+    on the marriage of the Prince of Orange, 240;
+    her daughter Louise's marriage, 243;
+    account of the festivities at Guise, 240;
+    at Pont-à-Mousson, 253;
+    her sons and daughters, 259;
+    reception of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 268;
+    return to Joinville, 295;
+    death of her husband, 335;
+    of her grandson, 356;
+    at the wedding of Henry III. of France, 490;
+    her death, 505
+
+  Guise, Antoinette de, goes to the convent at Reims, 270
+
+  Guise, Claude, Duke of, 146, 179, 258;
+    at Pont-à-Mousson, 253;
+    return to Joinville, 295;
+    at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, 309;
+    his illness, 334;
+    death, 335;
+    funeral, 335;
+    monument, 336
+
+  Guise, Francis, Duke of,
+    christening of his daughter, 356;
+    his capture of Calais, 420;
+    at the coronation of Charles IX., 467;
+    murdered, 471, 508
+
+  Guise, Louise de,
+    her appearance, 164;
+    portrait, 165;
+    attack of fever, 167;
+    proposal of marriage, 242;
+    wedding, 244.
+    See Chimay
+
+  Guise, Mary, Queen of Scotland. See Mary
+
+  Guise, Renée de, her appearance, 165;
+    at the Convent of Reims, 167;
+    Abbess of the Convent of St. Pierre, 314
+
+  Guzman, Don Gabriel de, 291
+
+  Gyldenstern, Knut, 64
+
+
+  Hackett, John, Ambassador at Brussels, 85
+
+  Hagberg-Wright, Dr., viii
+
+  Haile, M., "Life of Reginald Pole," 389 _note_, 530
+
+  Hainault, invasion of the French, 389
+
+  Hall, Hubert, vii
+
+  Hallays, A., "Nancy," 258 _note_, 260 _note_, 316 _note_
+
+  Halle, 317
+
+  Hamburg, Congress at, 42
+
+  Hampton Court, 159, 216, 391
+
+  Hannart, his opinion of the King and Queen of Denmark, 40
+
+  Hans, King of Denmark, 18
+
+  Haüsser, L., "Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz," 531
+
+  Haussonville, Baron d', Governor of Nancy, 360, 363
+
+  Hawkins, on the marriage of the Duke of Milan, 75
+
+  Heidelberg, 105, 134, 378;
+    castle at, 351, 353
+
+  Heinrich, Otto, Elector Palatine, 403;
+    his death, 469
+
+  Held, Dr. Matthias, 133
+
+  Helsingfors, 15
+
+  Henne, A., "Histoire du Règne de Charles V.," 11 _note_, 531
+
+  Henri le Balafré, his birth, 334
+
+  Henry II., King of France, 178, 333, 490;
+    his state entry into Paris, 334;
+    declares war, 354;
+    his advance on Reims, 359;
+    at Joinville, 360;
+    reception of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 361;
+    enters Nancy, 362;
+    arbitrary conditions, 364;
+    deprives Christina of her son, 364-370;
+    at Strasburg, 371;
+    retreat, 373;
+    orders Christina to leave Lorraine, 374;
+    invasion of Hainault, 389;
+    destruction of the Palace of Binche, 390;
+    his threat to occupy Nancy, 408;
+    wish for peace, 426, 429;
+    wounded, 456;
+    death, 457
+
+  Henry III., King of France, his marriage with Louise of Vaudemont, 490
+
+  Henry VII., King of England, 4
+
+  Henry VIII., King of England, his reception of King Christian II. of
+        Denmark, 37;
+    his wives, 144, 206;
+    proposals of marriage, 146;
+    negotiations of marriage with Christina, Duchess of Milan, 150-164,
+        168, 173;
+    portrait, 155;
+    illness, 164, 315;
+    wish to see the French Princesses, 165;
+    excommunicated by Pope Paul III., 195;
+    negotiations of marriage broken off, v, 204;
+    his reception of Frederic, Count Palatine, 215;
+    marriage with Anne of Cleves, 217;
+    his opinion of her, 236;
+    annuls his marriage, 236;
+    vexation at the marriage of Christina, 251;
+    trial and execution of his fifth wife, 273;
+    his secret treaty with Charles V., 280;
+    invasion of Picardy, 284;
+    takes possession of Boulogne, 292;
+    attack of fever, 315;
+    death, 315
+
+  Herbesteiner, Sigismund, 20
+
+  Hesdin, fort of, razed, 385
+
+  Hesse, Christina of, her marriage, 479
+
+  Hesse, Landgrave Philip of, 479;
+    taken prisoner, 318;
+    on the journey of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, to Brussels, 481
+
+  Heverlé, 252
+
+  Hill, G. F., viii
+
+  Hoby, Sir Philip, 155, 156;
+    his interview with Christina, Duchess of Milan, 157, 168 _note_;
+    his mission to Joinville, 166, 168 _note_;
+    Ambassador, 385
+
+  Hoby, Thomas, at Augsburg, 323;
+    "Memoirs," 323 _note_, 531;
+    his translation of "Cortegiano," 385
+
+  Hoh-Königsberg, fortress of, 318, 377
+
+  Holbein, Hans, his portrait of Christina, Duchess of Milan, v, 157,
+        158 _note_, 514;
+    other portraits, 155
+
+  Holland, invasion of, 62
+
+  Holstein, Adolf, Duke of, at Brussels, 325, 327;
+    breaks off his engagement with Fräulein Kunigunde, 328;
+    courtship of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 328, 387, 402;
+    takes leave of Charles V., 402;
+    his marriage with Christina of Hesse, 479
+
+  Holstein, Frederic, Duke of, his hostile attitude to King Christian
+        II. of Denmark, 33;
+    elected King of Denmark, 33, 39
+
+  Hoogstraaten, Commissioner, 184
+
+  Horn, Count, arrested, 486
+
+  Howard, Lord William, 146, 255;
+    recalled and sent to the Tower, 273;
+    created a peer, 437.
+    See Effingham
+
+  Howard, Queen Catherine, her trial and execution, 273
+
+  Hubert, his Chronicle of Charles V., 103
+
+  Hugo, L., "Traité sur l'Origine de la Maison de Lorraine," 238
+        _note_, 531
+
+  Huguenot conspiracy, discovery of a, 463
+
+  Hungary, Ladislaus, King of, 11
+
+  Hungary, Mary, Queen of, 11.
+    See Mary
+
+  Hutton, John, Ambassador, 137;
+    his opinion of Christina, Duchess of Milan, 149, 153, 161;
+    his method of ingratiating himself with Mary, Queen of Hungary, 161;
+    illness and death, 171
+
+  Hvidore, 15
+
+
+  Innsbruck, 7, 57, 60, 134, 355
+
+  Isabella, Empress, birth of a son, 210;
+    death, 210
+
+  Isabella of Aragon, 94
+
+  Isabella of Austria, 4;
+    her birth, 4;
+    attack of smallpox, 5;
+    education, 6;
+    offers of marriage, 10;
+    dowry, 12;
+    marriage ceremony, 13;
+    journey to Copenhagen, 15;
+    letter to her aunt, 15;
+    state entry, 15;
+    her wedding with King Christian II. of Denmark, 15;
+    coronation, 16;
+    illness, 16, 45;
+    her miserable life, 22;
+    birth of a son, 24;
+    birth and death of twin sons, 25;
+    birth of her daughters, 27, 32;
+    flight from Denmark, 35;
+    return to Malines, 36, 39;
+    arrival in England, 37;
+    noble qualities, 38;
+    loyalty to her husband, 40;
+    embraces the Lutheran faith, 40;
+    at Lierre, 44;
+    her straits for money, 44;
+    death, vi, 46;
+    burial, 47;
+    monument, 47;
+    destruction of her tomb, 485
+
+  Isabella of Portugal, her marriage, 48
+
+  Isère, gorge of the, 86
+
+
+  James V., King of Scotland, 30, 59;
+    his fickle character, 71, 101;
+    marriages, 147, 148, 165;
+    death, 278
+
+  Jean de Maurienne, S., 86
+
+  John, Prince, of Denmark, 24, 35;
+    under the care of the Regent, 50;
+    his education, 50;
+    life at Malines, 50-53;
+    portrait, 54;
+    character, 54;
+    meeting with his uncle, 59;
+    journey to Brussels, 66;
+    at Regensburg, 67;
+    illness and death, 68
+
+  Joinville, 166, 244, 268, 311, 360;
+    destruction of, averted, 290
+
+  Joinville, Henri, Prince of, 421
+
+  Juana, Queen, 61;
+    death of her husband, 2;
+    her children, 4;
+    death, 398
+
+  Jülich, 416
+
+  Julius II., Pope, 7
+
+  Juste, T., "Les Pays-Bas sous Charles V.," 62 _note_, 66 _note_, 531;
+    "Marie de Hongrie," 294 _note_, 390 _note_, 531
+
+  Jutland, 15;
+    rising in, 31;
+    invasion of, 103
+
+
+  Kallundborg Castle, 327, 449
+
+  Katherine, Queen of England, 37;
+    her death, 145
+
+  Katherine, Queen of Portugal, birth of a son, 66
+
+  Kaulek. J., "Correspondance Politique de M. de Castillon," 147
+        _note_, 531
+
+  Kildare, Lady, 413
+
+  Köstlin, J., "Leben Luthers," 41 _note_, 531
+
+  Kunigunde, von Brandenburg, Fräulein, 328
+
+
+  Ladislaus, King of Hungary, 11
+
+  Lalaing, Count, 184, 241, 411;
+    at Augsburg, 338
+
+  Landau, 377
+
+  Landrécy, siege of, 280
+
+  Lanz, K., "Correspondenz Karls V.," 42 _note_, 531
+
+  Lavisse, E., "Histoire de France," 531
+
+  Laxou, 254
+
+  Lecce, Castle of, 455
+
+  Leghorn, 508
+
+  Leigh, John, 459
+
+  Lennox, Lady, 413
+
+  Lenoncourt, M. de, 508
+
+  Leo X., Pope, 72
+
+  Leonardo, his picture the "Cenacolo," 272
+
+  Lepage, H., "Le Palais Ducal de Nancy," 260 _note_, 261 _note_, 273
+        _note_, 295 _note_, 323 _note_, 472 _note_, 491 _note_, 531;
+    "Lettres de Charles III.," 508 _note_, 531
+
+  Leva, G. de, "Storia Documentata di Carlo V.," 113 _note_, 531
+
+  Leyden, Lucas van, 28
+
+  Leyva, Antonio de, 89, 90, 94, 109;
+    appointed Governor-General of Milan, 112;
+    his death, 118
+
+  Liége, Bishop of, 154
+
+  Lierre, 44
+
+  Ligier-Richier, fils, Jean, 510
+
+  Ligier-Richier, Jean, his effigy of René, Prince of Orange, 288;
+    of Queen Philippa, 316
+
+  Ligny, 277
+
+  Lille, 79; military operations at, 137
+
+  Linz, 12
+
+  Lisle, Lady, 214, 217
+
+  Lisle, Lord, Deputy Governor of Calais, 204, 214
+
+  Litta, P., "Famiglie Celebri," 531
+
+  Llan Hawaden, 205, 206
+
+  Loches, 221
+
+  Lodge, E., "Illustrations," 328 _note_, 384 _note_, 531
+
+  Lomboni, Don Antonio, 96
+
+  Longueval, De, 304
+
+  Longueville, Duke of, 253, 268, 307;
+    at Esclaron, 275;
+    his death, 356
+
+  Longueville, Mary, Duchess of, 146;
+    offers of marriage, 147;
+    marriage with James V., King of Scotland, 148, 165
+
+  Longwy, Castle of, 279
+
+  Loreto, pilgrimage to the shrine of, 497
+
+  Lorraine, surrender of, 512;
+    a province of France, 513
+
+  Lorraine, Anne de, her appearance, 167;
+    marriage with Prince René of Orange, 239.
+    See Orange and Aerschot
+
+  Lorraine, Antoine, Duke of, 179;
+    his marriage, 11, 258;
+    character of his administration, 261;
+    death of his wife, 262;
+    at Fontainebleau, 265;
+    yields the fortress of Stenay, 266;
+    his mediation for peace between Charles V. and King Francis, 281,
+        284;
+    illness and death, 284;
+    funeral, 305
+
+  Lorraine, Antoinette de, Duchess of Cleves, 512
+
+  Lorraine, Cardinal of, 239, 423;
+    at the Conference for peace at Cercamp, 426
+
+  Lorraine, Catherine of, takes the veil, 512;
+    founds a Capucin convent, 512;
+    appointed Abbess of Remiremont, 512
+
+  Lorraine, Charles III., Duke of, his birth, 279;
+    appearance, 352, 364;
+    reception of Henry II., 363;
+    parting with his mother, 366, 370;
+    at Joinville, 370;
+    his proposed marriage with Princess Claude, 410;
+    portrait, 420;
+    meeting with his mother, 421-423, 435, 440;
+    his feats of horsemanship, 422;
+    return to Compiègne, 423;
+    lavish generosity, 435;
+    his wedding, 435;
+    meeting with Philip of Spain, 441;
+    at Brussels, 449;
+    at Amboise, 463;
+    at the coronation of Charles IX., 467;
+    state entry into Nancy, 471;
+    enlarges the ducal palace, 472;
+    his sons and daughters, 489;
+    death of his wife, 490;
+    love of learning, 491;
+    marriage of his daughter Christina, 508;
+    death, 511
+
+  Lorraine, Christina, Duchess of. See Christina
+
+  Lorraine, Christine de, 489;
+    at the French Court, 490, 507;
+    her marriage with the Grand-Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany, 507, 508;
+    festivities at Florence, 508;
+    her portrait, 509
+
+  Lorraine, Claude, Duchess of, at Mon Soulas, 442;
+    birth of a son, 473;
+    attack of smallpox, 473;
+    her sons and daughters, 489;
+    death, 490;
+    portrait, 509
+
+  Lorraine, Dorothea of, her birth, 302;
+    appearance, 352;
+    marriage with Duke Eric of Brunswick, 490;
+    death of her husband, 503;
+    her second marriage, 511;
+    death, 511.
+    See Brunswick
+
+  Lorraine, Elizabeth of, her marriage, 512
+
+  Lorraine, Francis I., Duke of, vi, 179;
+    his betrothal to Christina, Duchess of Milan, 244;
+    marriage, 245, 251;
+    assumes the title of Duke of Bar, 249;
+    receives the Order of St. Michel, 265, 271;
+    his grief at the cession of Stenay, 266, 271;
+    illness, 284, 291, 294, 296;
+    succeeds to the dukedom, 284;
+    his efforts for peace, 291;
+    love of music, 294;
+    his entry into Nancy, 296;
+    death, 297;
+    funeral, 309
+
+  Lorraine, Francis III., Duke of, his marriage with Maria Theresa, 512;
+    surrenders Lorraine, 512
+
+  Lorraine, Henry, Duke of, his birth, 473;
+    christening, 476
+
+  Lorraine, John of, 257
+
+  Lorraine, Louise de, Princesse de Chimay, her letter to Mary,
+        Queen of Scots, 521.
+    See Chimay
+
+  Lorraine, Philippa, Duchess of, 254, 257, 259;
+    her sons, 258
+
+  Lorraine, Raoul of, 256
+
+  Lorraine, René II., Duke of, 257;
+    his sons, 258
+
+  Lorraine, Renée de Bourbon, Duchess of, 179;
+    her character, 259;
+    influence on art, 260;
+    death, 262;
+    her children, 263
+
+  Lorraine, Renée de, her birth, 283;
+    appearance, 352;
+    offer of marriage from Eric, King of Sweden, 482;
+    her suitors, 487;
+    marriage with Duke William of Bavaria, 488
+
+  Lorraine, Yolande, Duchess of, 257
+
+  Louis, King of Hungary, his death at the Battle of Mohacz, 59
+
+  Louis XII. of France, 4;
+    his marriage, 11
+
+  Louis XIII. of France, 512
+
+  Louvain, 61, 78, 135
+
+  Luna, Captain Alvarez de, 122
+
+  Lunden, Archbishop of, 103
+
+  Lunéville, 353
+
+  Luther, Martin, his friendship with King Christian II. of Denmark, 41;
+    tribute to the memory of Queen Isabella, 47;
+    his appeal to King Frederic of Denmark, 70
+
+  Luxembourg, 245, 252, 284, 337;
+    siege of, 374
+
+
+  Mabuse, Jehan, designs the monument of Queen Isabella of Denmark, 47;
+    his picture of the King of Denmark's children, 53
+
+  Macedonia, Constantine Comnenus, Prince of, 99
+
+  Macedonia, Francesca Paleologa, Princess of, 279;
+    her attachment to the Duchess of Milan, 99;
+    at Codogno, 130;
+    at Reims, 467
+
+  Machyn, H., "Diary of a Citizen of London," 531
+
+  Mackenzie, Sir Kenneth, viii
+
+  Maestricht, 135;
+    rising at, 220
+
+  Magdeburg, siege of, 341
+
+  Magenta, C., "I Visconti e gli Sforza nel Castello di Pavia," 93
+        _note_, 531
+
+  Maiocchi, Monsignor Rodolfo, Rector of the Borromeo College at Pavia,
+        vii
+
+  Maire, Jehan Le, "Les Funéraux de Feu Don Philippe," 2 _note_;
+    his elegy of "L'Amant Vert," 52
+
+  Malines, 2, 4, 36, 39, 57, 61
+
+  Mansfeldt, Count, 477
+
+  Mantua, 131
+
+  Mantua, Federico, Duke of, 74
+
+  Marck, 397
+
+  Marck, Margaret la, 331
+
+  Marcoing, 421
+
+  Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands, 2, 4;
+    death of her two husbands, 3;
+    undertakes the care of her nephew and nieces, 4;
+    meeting with King Christian II. of Denmark, 28;
+    reception of the King and Queen of Denmark, 36;
+    conflict with Charles of Guelders, 36;
+    concludes a treaty with King Frederic of Denmark, 42;
+    obtains possession of Isabella's children, 49;
+    her tapestries and family portraits, 51;
+    pets, 52;
+    amusements, 53;
+    illness, 57;
+    letter to her nephew, 58;
+    death, 58
+
+  Margaret, Princess, of France, her appearance, 178;
+    negotiations for her marriage, 313;
+    proposed union with the Duke of Savoy, 429, 443;
+    marriage, 456
+
+  Maria, Empress-Dowager, her visit to Tortona, 500
+
+  Maria, Infanta, of Portugal, 151
+
+  Maria Theresa, Empress, 511
+
+  Marienburg, 389
+
+  Marignano, Battle of, 258
+
+  Marignano, Marquis of, at St. Dizier, 286
+
+  Marillac, French Ambassador, 213, 346
+
+  Marne River, 259, 268, 286
+
+  Marnol, Nicholas de, 104; at Milan, 104
+
+  Mary, Archduchess of Austria, her birth, 4;
+    attack of smallpox, 5;
+    Queen of Hungary, 9, 11;
+    death of her husband, 59;
+    offers of marriage, 59;
+    her fondness for riding, 60;
+    her powers of mind, 60;
+    sympathy with the reformers, 60;
+    accepts the Regency of the Low Countries, 61;
+    enters Louvain, 61;
+    at Malines, 61;
+    her reforms, 62;
+    care of her nieces, 70;
+    protest against the proposed marriage of her niece Christina, 76;
+    efforts to delay the marriage, 79;
+    her welcome to her niece Christina, 135;
+    superintends the military operations at Lille, 137;
+    anxiety for peace, 137;
+    her opinion of Henry VIII., 144;
+    at the Castle of Breda, 174;
+    her meeting with King Francis at Compiègne, 177;
+    with her sister Eleanor, 178;
+    return to Brussels, 183, 346;
+    difficulties of her position with the English Ambassadors, 186-191;
+    interviews with Wriothesley, 189, 190;
+    entertained by him, 199;
+    her measures to suppress the insurrection, 219;
+    reception of Charles V., 224;
+    protest against the cession of Stenay, 267;
+    grief at the death of the Prince of Orange, 287;
+    at Augsburg, 318, 340, 342, 344;
+    protest against Henry II.'s treatment of Christina, 370;
+    her banquet on the accession of Queen Mary, 386;
+    on the destruction of her palace of Binche, 390;
+    resigns the Regency, 399, 401;
+    present at the abdication of Charles V., 400;
+    retires to Turnhout, 405;
+    her death, 431;
+    funeral, 433;
+    letter from Christina, 523;
+    from Anne, Duchess of Aerschot, 523
+
+  Mary of Castille, Queen of Portugal, her death, 22
+
+  Mary, Princess, of England, 6;
+    her marriage, 11
+
+  Mary, Queen of England, her proposed marriage with the Infant Don
+        Louis of Portugal, 162;
+    her accession, 386;
+    proposed union with Philip of Spain, 387;
+    her wedding, 388;
+    supposed birth of a son, 395;
+    ill-temper at the absence of her husband, 409;
+    illness, 431;
+    death, 432;
+    letter from Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 526
+
+  Mary, Dowager-Queen of Scotland, letters from her mother, 167, 168
+        _note_, 518, 519, 520, 522;
+    death of her children, 269;
+    birth of a daughter, 278;
+    death of her husband, 278;
+    of her father, 335;
+    of her son, 356;
+    letter from the Princess de Chimay, 521
+
+  Mary, Queen of Scots, her arrival in France, 333;
+    marriage with Francis II. of France, 420;
+    at Lorraine, 461;
+    at Blois, 462;
+    death of her husband, 464;
+    at Joinville, 464;
+    at Nancy, 465;
+    her appearance, 465;
+    portrait, 465;
+    offers of marriage, 465;
+    attack of fever, 466;
+    her marriage with Darnley, 485;
+    compelled to abdicate, 487;
+    death on the scaffold, 504
+
+  Masone, Sir John, Ambassador, 393
+
+  Mauris, St., Ambassador, 296, 300
+
+  Maximilian I., Emperor, 3;
+    his grandchildren, 5;
+    at Brussels, 8;
+    war against Venice, 9;
+    his letter on the misconduct of King Christian II., 20;
+    his death, 24
+
+  Maximilian, King of Bohemia, at Augsburg, 318, 320, 338;
+    his character, 344;
+    rivalry with Philip of Spain, 345;
+    at Brussels, 405;
+    crowned King of the Romans, 470
+
+  Mayenne, Louise, Marchioness of, 310
+
+  Mazzenta, Guido, 97
+
+  Medemblik, 63
+
+  Medici, Alessandro de', Duke of Florence, murdered, 410
+
+  Medici, Catherine de', 74, 178, 464;
+    her reception of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 467;
+    jealousy of her influence, 473;
+    death, 508
+
+  Medici, Don Pietro de', 508
+
+  Melanchthon, 152
+
+  Mendoza, Don Diego, 159
+
+  Mendoza, Don Luis de, 486, 488
+
+  Merriman, R. B., "Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell," 531
+
+  Messina, 112
+
+  Metz, 252, 285, 371;
+    siege of, 380
+
+  Metz, Anton de, 25, 27, 33
+
+  Metz, M. de, 298.
+    See Vaudemont
+
+  Mewtas, Sir Peter, 147
+
+  Michieli, Ambassador, 396
+
+  Middelburg, 23
+
+  Mignet, L., "Retraite de Charles V.," 388 _note_, 531;
+    "Rivalité de Francis I. et Charles V.," 23 _note_, 531
+
+  Mikkelsen, Hans, Burgomaster of Malmoë, 41, 46
+
+  Milan, 497;
+    taken by the French, 72;
+    threatened French invasion, 116;
+    defence of, by a Spanish garrison, 120
+
+  Milan, Christina, Duchess of. See Christina
+
+  Milan, Francesco Sforza, Duke of, his career, 72;
+    deprived of his State, 72;
+    return, 73;
+    sufferings caused by a wound, 73;
+    proposal of marriage with Christina of Denmark, 74;
+    wedding by proxy, 81;
+    surprise visit to his bride, 89;
+    reception of her, 93;
+    marriage, 94;
+    portraits, 96;
+    treatment of his wife, 97;
+    illness, 100, 107;
+    death, vi, 101, 107;
+    funeral rites, 108-110;
+    will, 111;
+    inscription on his tomb, 511;
+    letter from his wife, 516
+
+  Milan, Lodovico Sforza, Duke of, 7;
+    his character, 17;
+    imprisonment, 72
+
+  Milan, Maximilian Sforza, Duke of, at Malines, 7, 72;
+    enters Milan, 9
+
+  Missaglia, Alessandro, 90
+
+  Moeller, E., "Eléonore d'Autriche," 22 _note_, 531
+
+  Mohacz, Battle of, 59
+
+  Molembais, M. de, 78
+
+  Mon Soulas, 440
+
+  Monboë, Hans, 45
+
+  Mons, 176, 294, 441
+
+  Mont, Christopher, Envoy to Frankfort, 209
+
+  Montague, Lord, imprisoned in the Tower, 186;
+    his execution, 186
+
+  Montbardon, M. de, 357, 370
+
+  Montecastello, villa at, 503
+
+  Montemerlo, Niccolò, 498;
+    "Nuove Historie di Tortona," 498 _note_, 531
+
+  Montmélian, fortress of, 86, 115
+
+  Montmorency, Anne de, Constable of France, 180;
+    his home at Chantilly, 181;
+    taken prisoner at St. Quentin, 417, 419;
+    at the Conference of Cercamp, 428;
+    taken prisoner at the Battle of Dreux, 471;
+    killed at the Battle of St. Denis, 487
+
+  Montmorency, Floris de, 331;
+    at Augsburg, 338
+
+  Montmorency, Jean de. See Courrières
+
+  Montpensier, Duchess of, her christening, 356
+
+  Montpensier, Gilbert de, 179, 258
+
+  Montreuil, Madame de, 174
+
+  Monzone, Imperial Council at, 126
+
+  Morillon, Provost, 485
+
+  Mornay, Charles de, 478
+
+  Morosyne, Sir Richard, Ambassador, 339, 346;
+    on Charles V.'s reserve, 378;
+    on the Marquis of Brandenburg's courtship of Christina, Duchess of
+        Lorraine, 384
+
+  Moselle, the, 351
+
+  Mühlberg, victory of, 318
+
+  Muscovy, Czar of, Envoy from, in England, 413-415
+
+
+  Namur, 245, 252
+
+  Nancy, 254, 294, 296;
+    Battle of, 257;
+    measures for the defence of, 323;
+    entered by the French, 362, 512;
+    festivities at, 465
+
+  Nassau, Henry, Count of, 66, 142;
+    his third wife, 174;
+    sudden death, 175
+
+  Nassau, René of, Prince of Orange, 67
+
+  Nassau, William of, 287
+
+  Nassau-Dillenburg, William of, 238
+
+  Nassau-le-Grand, 285
+
+  Navarre, Antoine, King of, mortally wounded, 471
+
+  Navarre, Henri d'Albret of, 10;
+    his marriage, 10
+
+  Navarre, Henry, King of, his proposal of marriage with Christina,
+        Duchess of Lorraine, 383
+
+  Navarre, Isabel of, 102
+
+  Navarre, Jeanne d'Albret, Princess of, proposal of marriage with the
+        Duke of Cleves, 235, 244;
+    her resistance to the marriage, 249;
+    wedding, 250;
+    annulment of her marriage, 280;
+    marriage with the Duke of Vendôme, 326
+
+  Navarre, Margaret, Queen of, 10
+
+  Neckar, the, 339
+
+  Negriolo, Girolamo, 90
+
+  Netherlands, choice of a Regent, 451;
+    discontent of the people at the appointment of the Duchess of
+        Parma, 458, 459
+
+  Netherlands, Margaret, Regent of 4.
+    See Margaret
+
+  Neuburg, 417, 468
+
+  Neumarkt, 103, 105
+
+  Nevill, Sir Edward, his execution, 186
+
+  Nice, 119
+
+  Nicole, Madame, 300, 342
+
+  Nimeguen, 138
+
+  Noailles, Ambassador, 396
+
+  Nomény, 358; castle at, 351
+
+  Norfolk, Duchess of, 273
+
+  Norfolk, Henry Howard, sixth Duke of, 158 _note_
+
+  Norway, reception of King Christian II. in, 64
+
+  Nott, G., "Life of Wyatt," 169 _note_, 204 _note_, 531
+
+  Novara, 83, 87
+
+  Nubilonio, "Cronaca di Vigevano," 93 _note_, 531
+
+  Nuremberg, 40
+
+  Ochsenthal, vale of the, 352
+
+  Odensee, Palace of, 32
+
+  Oglio, 130
+
+  Oise, the, 178, 183
+
+  Oldenburg, Christopher of, his invasion of Jutland, 103
+
+  Olisleger, Chancellor, 249
+
+  Oppenheimer, Henry, viii
+
+  Orange, Anne, Princess of, 263;
+    death of her husband, 287;
+    at Nancy, 303;
+    her friendship with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 303;
+    her character, 303;
+    at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, 310;
+    her letter to the Queen of Scotland, 311;
+    marriage with the Duke of Aerschot, 323.
+    See Aerschot
+
+  Orange, René, Prince of, at Brussels, 142, 201;
+    at the Castle of Breda, 174;
+    his affection for Christina, Duchess of Milan, 218, 232, 238;
+    popularity, 238;
+    marriage with Anne of Lorraine, 239;
+    at St. Dizier, 286;
+    his death, 286;
+    will, 288;
+    tomb, 288;
+    lines on, 289
+
+  Orange, William, Prince of, 322;
+    in London, 391;
+    present at the abdication of Charles V., 400;
+    death of his wife, 425;
+    his appearance, 425;
+    affection for Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 425;
+    at the Conference of Cercamp, 428;
+    at the funeral of Charles V., 434;
+    at the Conference of Câteau-Cambrésis, 437;
+    his proposed marriage with Renée of Lorraine, 455;
+    debts, 455;
+    his treatment of Christina, 458;
+    marriage with Anna of Saxony, 460;
+    at Frankfurt, 470;
+    retires to Germany, 486;
+    ban against, 503;
+    assassination, 504
+
+  Orleans, Charles, Duke of, his character, 178;
+    at Brussels, 293;
+    death, 304
+
+  Orleans, Gaston, Duke of, 512
+
+  Orleans, Henry, Duke of, 74, 113
+
+  Orleans, Margaret of, 512
+
+  Orley, Bernhard van, his portrait of Christina, Duchess of
+        Milan, 155, 158 _note_
+
+  Osiander, the Lutheran doctor, 41
+
+  Oslo, 64
+
+  Oxe, Peder, exiled from Denmark, 457, 468;
+    his return to Copenhagen, 483
+
+
+  Paget, Ambassador, at Fontainebleau, 267
+
+  Paleologa, Francisca, Princess of Macedonia, her attachment to the
+        Duchess of Milan, 99.
+    See Macedonia
+
+  Paleologa, Margherita, 73;
+    Duchess of Mantua, 74
+
+  Palermo, 107
+
+  Panigarola, Gabriele, appointed Governor of Tortona, 129
+
+  Panizone, Guglielmo, 170
+
+  Paris, 222
+
+  Parma, War of, 355
+
+  Parma, Alexander of, 410
+
+  Parma, Margaret, Duchess of, her marriages, 410;
+    son, 410;
+    at Brussels, 411;
+    her character, 411;
+    visit to England, 413-415;
+    appointed Regent of the Netherlands, 452, 458;
+    her relations with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 459;
+    unpopularity, 470;
+    her treatment of Anne, Duchess of Aerschot, 484;
+    her death, 505
+
+  Parroy, Sieur de, in charge of Stenay, 365, 367
+
+  Passau, Conference at, 376
+
+  Pastor, L., "Geschichte d. Papste," 132 _note_;
+    "Reise des Kardinal Luigi d'Aragona," 141 _note_
+
+  Pate, Archdeacon Richard, Ambassador, 237, 241
+
+  Paul III., Pope, 106, 114;
+    his excommunication of Henry VIII., 195
+
+  Paul IV., Pope, his war with Alva, Viceroy of Naples, 409
+
+  Pavia, 122;
+    Castello of, 117
+
+  Pellizone, Lodovico, 123
+
+  Pembroke, Lord, 415
+
+  Pero, Massimo del, 347
+
+  Péronne, 423
+
+  Petit, J. F. Le, "Grande Chronique de Hollande," 445 _note_, 531
+
+  Petre, Dr., 206
+
+  Petri, Nicolas, Canon of Lunden, 43, 45
+
+  Pfister, C., "Histoire de Nancy," 253 _note_, 260 _note_
+
+  Philip I., King of Castille and Archduke of Austria, his death, 1;
+    funeral, 2;
+    children, 4
+
+  Philip II. of Spain, invested with the Duchy of Milan, 244;
+    his marriage settled with the Infanta of Portugal, 280;
+    death of his wife, 313;
+    state entry into Brussels, 329;
+    appearance, 330;
+    character, 330, 341, 345;
+    attentions to Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 331;
+    fêtes in his honour, 333;
+    at Augsburg, 337;
+    his tournament, 338;
+    rivalry with Maximilian, King of Bohemia, 345;
+    return to Spain, 347;
+    proposed union with Mary, Queen of England, 387;
+    portrait, 388;
+    wedding, 388;
+    leaves London, 399;
+    at Brussels, 400, 417;
+    present at the abdication of Charles V., 400;
+    investiture, 401;
+    his first Chapter of the Fleece, 403;
+    signs the treaty of peace, 404;
+    his affection for Christina, 408;
+    delay in returning to England, 409;
+    at Greenwich, 412;
+    capture of St. Quentin, 417;
+    death of his wife, 433;
+    at the funeral of Charles V., 434;
+    his meeting with Charles, Duke of Lorraine, 441;
+    proposal of marriage with Princess Elizabeth of France, 446;
+    appoints his sister Margaret Regent of the Netherlands, 452;
+    his marriage, 456;
+    at Ghent, 457;
+    his indifference to the illness of Christina, 477;
+    his treatment of her, vi, 501, 503, 514
+
+  Philippa, Queen, her home in the convent, 254, 259, 285;
+    death, 315;
+    funeral, 316;
+    monument, 316.
+    See Lorraine
+
+  Philippeville, citadel of, 398
+
+  Piacenza, citadel of, 410
+
+  Picardy, invasion of, 284
+
+  Piedmont, Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, 113;
+    at Milan, 116;
+    at Augsburg, 320;
+    in command of the Imperial Army, 385;
+    his courtship of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 387;
+    succeeds to the title of Duke of Savoy, 391;
+    at Whitehall, 392
+
+  Piedmont, Prince Louis of, his death, 113
+
+  Pimodan, G., "La Mère des Guises," 147 _note_, 531
+
+  Po, the, 116, 117, 130
+
+  Pois, Nicolas le, 296
+
+  Poitiers, Diane de, 179
+
+  Pol, S., capture of, 126
+
+  Poland, Bona Sforza, Queen of, her letter to the Duke of Milan on his
+        marriage, 95
+
+  Poland, Sigismund, King of, 95
+
+  Pole, Cardinal, 195;
+    at Toledo, 203;
+    his aversion to Queen Mary's marriage with Philip of Spain, 389;
+    received at Whitehall, 391
+
+  Polweiler, Baron de, Bailiff of Hagenau, 476, 480
+
+  Pont-à-Mousson, 253, 285, 351, 380, 474;
+    University at, 491
+
+  Pont-à-Mousson, Francis, Marquis of, his courtship of the Duchess of
+        Milan, 207;
+    marriage, 245;
+    receives the title of Duke of Bar, 246, 249;
+    his birth, 263;
+    studious tastes, 263;
+    proposed marriages, 263;
+    his choice of Christina, 264.
+    See Lorraine
+
+  Poor Clares, Order of the, 254, 259
+
+  Porta, G., "Alessandria Descritta," 500 _note_, 531
+
+  Portugal, Eleanor, Queen of. See Eleanor
+
+  Portugal, Emanuel, King of. See Emanuel
+
+  Portugal, Infant Don Louis of, his proposed union with Princess Mary
+        of England, 162
+
+  Portugal, Infanta of, her marriage with Philip of Spain, 280
+
+  Portugal, invasion of, 502
+
+  Poynings, Sir Edward, Ambassador at Brussels, 8
+
+  Praet, Louis de, Imperial Ambassador, 37;
+    his admiration for Isabella, Queen of Denmark, 38;
+    at Ghent, 79;
+    his oration at the marriage of the Duke and Duchess of Milan, 94
+
+  Prinsterer, Groen van, "Archives de la Maison d'Orange et de Nassau,"
+        425 _note_, 530
+
+  Putnam, R., "William the Silent, Prince of Orange," 289 _note_, 532
+
+  Pyl, Lieven, chief magistrate at Ghent, 219
+
+
+  Quentin, St., victory of, 417
+
+  Quievrain, Castle of, 329
+
+
+  Rabutin, François de, 361;
+    at Nancy, 364;
+    "Collections de Mémoires," 361 _note_, 532
+
+  Rambouillet, 315
+
+  Ratti, N., "La Famiglia Sforza," 313 _note_, 532
+
+  Ravold, J. B., "Histoire de Lorraine," 253 _note_, 532
+
+  Regensburg, 65, 67, 245;
+    Diet of, 305
+
+  Reiffenberg, F. de, "Histoire de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or," 20
+        _note_, 403, 532
+
+  Reims, 360, 460, 466
+
+  Reims, Charles, Archbishop of, 247 _note_, 253;
+    his consecration, 295
+
+  Remiremont, 297
+
+  Renard, Simon, 407
+
+  Renty, Battle of, 390
+
+  Reumont, A. von, "Geschichte Toscana," 508 _note_, 532
+
+  Rhine, the, 351
+
+  Ribier, G., "Lettres et Mémoires d'État," 405 _note_, 532
+
+  Richardot, Abbé, his oration at the funeral of Charles V., 434
+
+  Richmond, 159
+
+  Richmond, Duke of, 71
+
+  Ripalta, 497
+
+  Rivoli, 87
+
+  Rocca di Sparaviera, 505, 509
+
+  Roddi, F., "Annali di Ferrara," 95 _note_
+
+  Rombaut, S., Church of, 1, 2
+
+  Rosières, Les, salt-works at, 472
+
+  Roskild, Dean of, 34
+
+  Rossem, Martin van, 277
+
+  Rostain, M. de, 374
+
+  Rotterdam, 212
+
+  Rouen, Siege of, 471
+
+  Ruble, A. de, "Le Mariage de Jeanne d'Albret," 222 _note_, 249
+        _note_, 326 _note_, 334 _note_, 362 _note_, 420 _note_, 532;
+    "Traité de Câteau-Cambrésis," 429 _note_, 439 _note_
+
+  Rucellai, Orazio, 507
+
+  Rudolf II., Emperor, 512
+
+
+  Saint-Hilaire, M. de, 349
+
+  Salis, Friar Jehan de, 50
+
+  Salm, Count Jean de, 298, 357
+
+  Sandrart, J., "Deutsche Akademie," 274 _note_
+
+  Sangiuliani, Count Antonio Cavagna, vii, 347 _note_
+
+  Sanuto, Marino, 73;
+    "Diarii," 63 _note_, 67 _note_, 532
+
+  Saragossa, 104
+
+  Savorgnano, Mario, 63, 66
+
+  Savoy, Beatrix of Portugal, Duchess of, 87;
+    takes refuge at Vercelli, 116;
+    flight to Milan, 116;
+    meeting with Charles V., 117;
+    at Nice, 119;
+    death, 119
+
+  Savoy, Charles III., Duke of, 85;
+    forced to evacuate Turin, 116
+
+  Savoy, Charles Emanuel, Duke of, 507
+
+  Savoy, Emanuel Philibert, Duke of, 391;
+    at Whitehall, 392;
+    his negotiations of marriage with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine,
+        396-398;
+    appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Low Countries, 399;
+    present at the abdication of Charles V., 400;
+    negotiations of marriage with Princess Elizabeth, 412;
+    his victory of St. Quentin, 417;
+    proposed marriage with Marguerite of France, 429, 443;
+    marriage, 456
+
+  Savoy, Margaret, Duchess of, 3
+
+  Savoy, Duke Philibert of, his marriage and death, 3
+
+  Saxe-Lauenburg, Duke of, at the marriage ceremony of King Christian
+        II., 13
+
+  Saxony, 40
+
+  Saxony, Anna of, her marriage with William, Prince of Orange, 460
+
+  Saxony, Elector John Frederick of, taken prisoner, 318;
+    his portrait, 322
+
+  Saxony, Elector Maurice of, 285;
+    his siege of Magdeburg, 341;
+    secret intrigues with France, 354, 357;
+    killed at the battle of Sievershausen, 384
+
+  Scepperus, Cornelius, 42;
+    Private Secretary to the King of Denmark, 19;
+    his inscription on the tomb of Queen Isabella of Denmark, 47
+
+  Schäfer, D., "Geschichte von Dänemark," 38 _note_, 532
+
+  Scharf, Sir George, 54 note, 158 _note_
+
+  Schauwenbourg, Captain, 305
+
+  Scheldt, River, 230; frozen over, 411
+
+  Schlegel, J. H., "Geschichte der Könige v. Dänemark," 45 _note_, 532
+
+  Schleswig, Bishop of, Danish Ambassador, 12
+
+  Schlettstadt, 375
+
+  Schmalkalde, League of, campaign against, 317;
+    dissolved, 318
+
+  Schoren, Dr., Chancellor of Brabant, 184
+
+  Scotland, Mary, Queen of. See Mary
+
+  Selve, Odet de, Ambassador, 314
+
+  Serclaes, Mademoiselle Rolande de, 50
+
+  Seymour, Jane, Queen of England, 144, 151;
+    her portrait, 155
+
+  Sfondrati, Count Francesco, 78
+
+  Sforza, Count Bosio, 115
+
+  Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan, at Innsbruck, 7.
+    See Milan
+
+  Sforza, Giovanni Paolo, 90, 109;
+    his illness and death, 113
+
+  Sforza, Lodovico, Duke of Milan. See Milan
+
+  Sforza, Maximilian, Duke of Milan, at Malines, 7, 72.
+    See Milan
+
+  Shelley, Sir Richard, 411
+
+  Sievershausen, Battle of, 384
+
+  Sigismund, King of Poland, 321
+
+  Silliers, Baron de, 388;
+    on the illness of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 477;
+    his death, 489
+
+  Simonet, 125
+
+  Sittard, defeat at, 280
+
+  Skelton, Mary, 149
+
+  Skippon, Philip, 47
+
+  Slagbök, Archbishop of Lunden, 26;
+    put to death, 32
+
+  Soignies, Forest of, 141, 169, 252
+
+  Sonderburg, island fortress of, 65
+
+  Soranzo, Ambassador, 411
+
+  Southampton, Lord High Admiral, 162, 215
+
+  Souvastre, Madame de, 85, 91
+
+  Souvastre, M. de, 44, 46
+
+  Spain, Charles V. of. See Charles V.
+
+  Spain, Infant Don Carlos of, his birth, 313
+
+  Spain, Philip II. of. See Philip
+
+  Spinelli, 8, 23
+
+  Spires, 78, 282
+
+  Stabili, Gianbattista, 510
+
+  Stampa, Count Massimiliano, 75;
+    at Ghent, 78;
+    at Lille, 79;
+    received by Queen Mary of Hungary, 79;
+    representative of the Duke of Milan at his marriage, 81;
+    his house at Cussago, 88;
+    entertains the Duchess of Milan, 88;
+    at the funeral of the Duke of Milan, 109;
+    retains his post of Castellan of Milan, 112;
+    his gifts from Charles V., 120;
+    gives up the keys, 122
+
+  Stanislas, ex-King of Poland, at Nancy, 513
+
+  Stenay, fortress of, ceded to the French, 266;
+    restitution, 293;
+    evacuated by the French, 304
+
+  Stockholm, siege of, 31;
+    surrender of, 33
+
+  Strasburg, 371, 373, 377
+
+  Stroppiana, Count, Ambassador, 342, 344, 359;
+    on Henry II.'s treatment of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 371;
+    at Windsor, 391;
+    at the Conference of Cercamp, 428
+
+  Suffolk, Mary, Duchess of, 37
+
+  Suffolk, Duke of, 162, 215
+
+  Surrey, Lord, 280, 281
+
+  Susa, towers of, 87
+
+  Sweden, outbreak of war with Denmark, 475, 478
+
+  Sweden, Eric, King of. See Eric
+
+  Swynaerde, 45
+
+
+  Tarbes, Bishop of, 168
+
+  Tassigny, Sieur de, 357
+
+  Taverna, Count, 74, 109
+
+  Tencajoli, Signor O. F., vii
+
+  Thérouenne, 137; fort of, razed, 385
+
+  Thionville, 252;
+    capture of, 424
+
+  Thomas, H. L., "Spiegel des Humors grosser Potentaten," 22 _note_, 532
+
+  Throckmorton, Ambassador, 461
+
+  Tiepolo, the Venetian, 445;
+    on the marriage of Philip of Spain with Princess Elizabeth, 446;
+    on the appointment of the Duchess of Parma to the Regency of the
+        Netherlands, 452
+
+  Tiloye, La, 136
+
+  Titian, his portraits, 96, 322;
+    at Augsburg, 322
+
+  Toledo, treaty at, 195
+
+  Tongres, 340
+
+  Tortona, 111, 128, 497
+
+  Toul, 362
+
+  Toul, Bishop of, his agreement with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine,
+        472
+
+  Tournay, Bishop of, 81
+
+  Trent, 72, 78, 133
+
+  Treves, 435
+
+  Triboulet the jester, 223
+
+  Trivulzio, Contessa Dejanira, 99, 130;
+    on the loss of Belloni, 376;
+    her letter to Messer Innocenzio Gadio, 526
+
+  Trivulzio, Count Gaspare, 99;
+    his reception of Christina, Duchess of Milan, 130
+
+  Troyes, Louis, Bishop of, 247 _note_, 253
+
+  Tuke, Sir Brian, 168 _note_
+
+  Tunis, capture of, 106
+
+  Turin, evacuation of, 116
+
+  Tuscany, Grand-Duke Ferdinand of, his marriage with Christina of
+        Lorraine, 507, 508
+
+  Tytler, P. F., "England under Edward VI.," 380 _note_, 532
+
+
+  Ulmann, H., "Kaiser Maximilian," 11 _note_, 532
+
+  Upsala, Cathedral of, 25
+
+  Urbino, Duke of, 270
+
+
+  Vaissière, P. de, "Vie de Charles de Marillac," 344 _note_, 532
+
+  Valenciennes, 176, 224
+
+  Valladolid, 125
+
+  Valois, Madeleine de, her proposed marriage with James V. of
+        Scotland, 115;
+    her marriage, 147;
+    death, 147
+
+  Varembon, Marc de Rye, Marquis of, his marriage with the Duchess of
+        Brunswick, 511
+
+  Vaucelles, Abbey of, truce signed at, 403
+
+  Vaudemont, Louise, Countess of, 489;
+    christening of her daughter, 351
+
+  Vaudemont, Nicholas, Count de, Bishop of Metz, 253, 294, 295;
+    his birth, 263;
+    appointed joint Regent of Lorraine, 302;
+    at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, 309;
+    his marriage, 324;
+    at Blois, 350;
+    loyalty to Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 358, 374, 390;
+    appointed sole Regent, 364;
+    his second marriage, 390;
+    retires from public life, 463;
+    christening of his daughter, 482
+
+  Vaudemont and Joinville, Ferry, Count of, 257
+
+  Vaughan, Stephen, Ambassador, 175;
+    his interview with Queen Mary of Hungary, 176;
+    at Antwerp, 201
+
+  Veeren, 14, 36
+
+  Vély, M. de, 199, 233
+
+  Vendôme, Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of, 179;
+    his courtship of the Duchess of Milan, 207;
+    marriage with Jeanne d'Albret, 326
+
+  Vendôme, Mademoiselle de, 179
+
+  Vercelli, 116
+
+  Vercelli, Bishop of, 87
+
+  Verona, 132
+
+  Verri, P., "Storia di Milano," 532
+
+  Vertot, R. de, "Ambassades de MM. de Noailles en Angleterre," 532
+
+  Viborg, 33
+
+  Vieilleville, Governor of Verdun, 380;
+    Mémoires, 532
+
+  Vigevano, 83, 87, 407, 477
+
+  Villach, 372
+
+  Villamont, A., "Voyages," 497 _note_, 532
+
+  Viola, N., "Il Santuario di Tortona," 499 _note_, 532
+
+  Vives, Louis, 6
+
+  Voigt, G., "Albert von Brandenburg," 318 _note_, 532
+
+  Vueren, Castle of, 8
+
+
+  Waldrevange, 305
+
+  Wallop, Sir John, 280
+
+  Walpole, Horace, "Anecdotes of Painting," 274 _note_, 532
+
+  Wasa, Gustavus, 276;
+    his revolt at Dalecarlia, 27;
+    lays siege to Stockholm, 31, 33
+
+  Wassy, massacre at, 471
+
+  Willems, Dyveke, her relations with King Christian II. of Denmark, 18;
+    her sudden death, 24
+
+  Willems, Hermann, 25
+
+  Willems, Sigebritt, 18;
+    appointed mistress of the Queen of Denmark's household, 19;
+    her influence over King Christian II., 24;
+    arrested and burnt, 38
+
+  Windsor, 215, 391
+
+  Wingfield, Sir Robert, Ambassador at Ghent, 30;
+    on the conduct of King Christian II., 33, 34
+
+  Wolsey, Cardinal, at Bruges, 30;
+    his retinue, 30;
+    interview with King Christian II., 30
+
+  Wornum, R., "Life of Holbein," 159 _note_, 274 _note_, 532
+
+  Wotton, Nicholas, 205;
+    on the surrender of St. Dizier, 289;
+    at the Conference of Cercamp, 428;
+    of Câteau Cambrésis, 436
+
+  Wriothesley, Thomas, 149, 176;
+    at Cambray, 177;
+    on the terms of Henry VIII.'s negotiation of marriage, 184;
+    his interviews with Queen Mary of Hungary, 189, 190;
+    with Christina, Duchess of Milan, 191-194;
+    his entertainments at Brussels, 198-201;
+    detained at Brussels, 202;
+    treatment, 203;
+    return to England, 204
+
+  Würtemberg, Duchy of, 339
+
+  Wyatt, Sir Thomas, Ambassador, 145;
+    his interviews with Charles V., 227;
+    his efforts to prevent an alliance between Christina, Duchess of
+        Milan, and the Duke of Cleves, 232
+
+
+  Young, Colonel G., "The Medici," 532
+
+
+  Zeeland, 14, 43, 327, 406
+
+  Zeneta, Marchioness of, 174
+
+              BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD
+
+
+
+
+
+    Transcriber's Notes:
+
+
+    Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were
+    silently corrected.
+
+    Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.
+
+    Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.
+
+    Superscripts are enclosed in ^{curly brackets with a leading
+    circumflex accent}.
+
+    P. 530 changed two instances of "GRANVELLE, Cardinal de," to
+    "GRANVELLE, CARDINAL DE:" to be consistent with other entries
+    in this section.
+
+    P. 532 changed "REIFFENBERG, F. DE: Histoire de la Toison d'Or.
+    2 vols. Brussels, 183 ." to "REIFFENBERG, F. DE: Histoire de
+    la Toison d'Or. 2 vols. Brussels, 1835." Complete date is from
+    Wikipedia.
+
+    P. 533 changed layout of GENEALOGICAL TABLES from horizontal to
+    vertical due to column width considerations.
+
+    P. 538 added connector in family tree diagram between "René
+    II., d. 1508 = Philippa of Guelders," and their children.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan
+and Lorraine, 1522-1590, by Julia Cartwright
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTINA OF DENMARK ***
+
+***** This file should be named 48191-0.txt or 48191-0.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/8/1/9/48191/
+
+Produced by Richard Tonsing, Charlene Taylor and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
+be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
+law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
+so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
+States without permission and without paying copyright
+royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
+of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
+and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
+specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
+eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
+for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
+performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
+away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
+not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
+trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
+
+START: FULL LICENSE
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
+Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+
+1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
+destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
+possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
+Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
+by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
+person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
+1.E.8.
+
+1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
+paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
+agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
+Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
+of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
+works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
+States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
+United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
+claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
+displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
+all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
+that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
+free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
+works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
+Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
+comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
+same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
+you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
+in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
+check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
+agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
+distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
+other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
+representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
+country outside the United States.
+
+1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
+immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
+prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
+on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
+performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
+
+  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
+  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
+  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
+  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
+  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
+  are located before using this ebook.
+
+1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
+derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
+contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
+copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
+the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
+redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
+either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
+obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
+trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
+additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
+will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
+posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
+beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
+any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
+to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
+other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
+version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
+(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
+to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
+of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
+Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
+full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+provided that
+
+* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
+  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
+  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
+  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
+  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
+  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
+  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
+  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
+  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
+  Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
+  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
+  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
+  works.
+
+* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
+  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
+  receipt of the work.
+
+* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
+are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
+from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
+Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
+Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
+contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
+or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
+other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
+cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
+with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
+with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
+lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
+or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
+opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
+the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
+without further opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
+OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
+damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
+violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
+agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
+limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
+unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
+remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
+accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
+production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
+including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
+the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
+or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
+additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
+Defect you cause.
+
+Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
+computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
+exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
+from people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
+generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
+Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
+www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
+U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
+mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
+volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
+locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
+Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
+date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
+official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+
+    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+    Chief Executive and Director
+    gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
+DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
+state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
+donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
+freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
+distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
+volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
+the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
+necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
+edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
+facility: www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/old/48191-0.zip b/old/48191-0.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2da7960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-0.zip
diff --git a/old/48191-h.zip b/old/48191-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..566adea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h.zip
diff --git a/old/48191-h/48191-h.htm b/old/48191-h/48191-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdfb7c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/48191-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,27516 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=us-ascii" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Christina of Denmark, by Julia Cartwright.
+    </title>
+    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+body {
+    margin-left: 10%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+}
+
+    h1,h2,h3 {
+    text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+p {
+    margin-top: .51em;
+    text-align: justify;
+    margin-bottom: .49em;
+}
+
+hr {
+    width: 33%;
+    margin-top: 2em;
+    margin-bottom: 2em;
+    margin-left: 33.5%;
+    margin-right: 33.5%;
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;}
+hr.tb   {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;}
+
+ul.index { list-style-type: none; }
+
+li {text-align: left;}
+
+table {
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+    text-align: justify;
+}
+
+    .tdr      {text-align: right;}
+    .tdc      {text-align: center;}
+    .tdp4     {padding-left: 4em;}
+
+th {text-align: center;}
+
+.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+    visibility: hidden;
+    position: absolute;
+    left: 92%;
+    font-size: smaller;
+    text-align: right;
+} /* page numbers */
+
+.blockquot {
+    margin-left: 5%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+}
+
+.hangindent  {
+    margin-left: 5%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+    text-indent: -2em;
+}
+
+.sidenote {
+    width: 20%;
+    padding-bottom: .5em;
+    padding-top: .5em;
+    padding-left: .5em;
+    padding-right: .5em;
+    margin-left: 1em;
+    float: right;
+    clear: right;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    font-size: smaller;
+    color: black;
+    background: #eeeeee;
+    border: dashed 1px;
+}
+
+.center   {text-align: center;}
+
+.right   {text-align: right;}
+
+.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+.ligature
+{
+    letter-spacing: -0.35em;
+    margin-right: 0.35em;
+}
+
+pre      {
+    margin: 2em 2em 2em 2em;
+}
+
+
+/* Images */
+.caption, .caption > p {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.figcenter   {
+    margin: auto;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.figleft {
+    float: left;
+    clear: left;
+    margin-left: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 1em;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-right: 1em;
+    padding: 0;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.figright {
+    float: right;
+    clear: right;
+    margin-left: 1em;
+    margin-bottom: 1em;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-right: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+/* Footnotes */
+.footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
+
+.footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+
+.footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+
+.fnanchor {
+    vertical-align: super;
+    font-size: .8em;
+    text-decoration:
+    none;
+}
+
+/* Poetry */
+.poem {
+    margin-left:10%;
+    margin-right:10%;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.poem br {display: none;}
+
+.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+
+/* Transcriber's notes */
+.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA;
+    color: black;
+     font-size:smaller;
+     padding:0.5em;
+     margin-bottom:5em;
+     font-family: "Georgia", "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif;}
+
+/* Easy Epub/Headings */
+.ph1, .ph2 { text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; }
+.ph1 { font-size: xx-large; margin: .67em auto; }
+.ph2 { font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; }
+
+.large   {font-size: large;}
+.xlarge  {font-size: x-large;}
+
+div.titlepage {
+  text-align: center;
+  page-break-before: always;
+  page-break-after: always;
+}
+div.titlepage p {
+  text-align: center;
+  text-indent: 0em;
+  font-weight: bold;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  margin-top: 3em;
+}
+
+div.chapter {page-break-before: always;}
+
+/* Easy Epub/Cover */
+
+.covercaption {font-weight: bold; font-size: small;}
+@media handheld {
+  .covercaption { display: none; }
+}
+
+div.tnotes {background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em;}
+.covernote {visibility: hidden; display: none;}
+@media handheld {
+  .covernote {visibility: visible; display: block;}
+}
+
+    .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i22     {display: block; margin-left: 11em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and
+Lorraine, 1522-1590, by Julia Cartwright
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, 1522-1590
+
+Author: Julia Cartwright
+
+Release Date: February 7, 2015 [EBook #48191]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTINA OF DENMARK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Richard Tonsing, Charlene Taylor and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="tnotes covernote">
+  <p>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="ph1">CHRISTINA OF DENMARK</p>
+
+<p class="ph1">DUCHESS OF MILAN AND LORRAINE</p>
+
+<p class="ph2">1522-1590
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a><br /><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;">
+<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="276" height="574" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p><i>Christina, Duchess of Milan</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h1>CHRISTINA OF DENMARK<br />
+DUCHESS OF MILAN AND
+LORRAINE<br />
+
+<span class="xlarge">1522-1590</span></h1>
+
+
+<p class="xlarge">BY JULIA CARTWRIGHT
+(MRS. ADY)</p>
+
+<p class="large">AUTHOR OF "ISABELLA D'ESTE," "BALDASSARRE CASTIGLIONE,"
+"THE PAINTERS OF FLORENCE," ETC.
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"Dieu, qu'il la fait bon regarder,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">La gracieuse, bonne et belle!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pour les grans biens qui sont en elle,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Chacun est prest de la louer.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Qui se pourrait d'elle lasser?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Toujours sa beaut&eacute; renouvelle.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dieu, qu'il la fait bon regarder,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">La gracieuse, bonne et belle!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Par de&ccedil;a, ne del&agrave; la mer,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ne s&ccedil;ay Dame ne Damoiselle<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Qui soit en tous biens parfais telle;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">C'est un songe que d'y penser,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dieu, qu'il la fait bon regarder!"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22"><span class="smcap">Charles d'Orl&eacute;ans</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="xlarge">NEW YORK<br />
+E. P. DUTTON AND COMPANY<br />
+1913</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a><br /><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Christina of Denmark is known to the world by
+Holbein's famous portrait in the National Gallery.
+The great Court painter, who was sent to Brussels
+by Henry VIII. to take the likeness of the Emperor's
+niece, did his work well. With unerring skill he has
+rendered the "singular good countenance," the clear
+brown eyes with their frank, honest gaze, the smile
+hovering about "the faire red lips," the slender
+fingers of the nervously clasped hands, which Brant&ocirc;me
+and his royal mistress, Catherine de' Medici,
+thought "the most beautiful hands in the world."
+And in a wonderful way he has caught the subtle
+charm of the young Duchess's personality, and made
+it live on his canvas. What wonder that Henry fell
+in love with the picture, and vowed that he would have
+the Duchess, if she came to him without a farthing!
+But for all these brave words the masterful King's
+wooing failed. The ghost of his wronged wife,
+Katherine of Aragon, the smoke of plundered abbeys,
+and the blood of martyred friars, came between him
+and his destined bride, and Christina was never
+numbered in the roll of Henry VIII.'s wives. This
+splendid, if perilous, adventure was denied her. But
+many strange experiences marked the course of her
+chequered life, and neither beauty nor virtue could
+save her from the shafts of envious Fortune. Her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>
+troubles began from the cradle. When she was little
+more than a year old, her father, King Christian II.,
+was deposed by his subjects, and her mother, the
+gentle Isabella of Austria, died in exile of a broken
+heart. She lost her first husband, Francesco Sforza,
+at the end of eighteen months. Her second husband,
+Francis Duke of Lorraine, died in 1545, leaving her once
+more a widow at the age of twenty-three. Her only son
+was torn from her arms while still a boy by a foreign
+invader, Henry II., and she herself was driven into
+exile. Seven years later she was deprived of the
+regency of the Netherlands, just when the coveted
+prize seemed within her grasp, and the last days of
+her existence were embittered by the greed and
+injustice of her cousin, Philip II.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, in spite of hard blows and cruel losses, Christina's
+life was not all unhappy. The blue bird&mdash;the symbol
+of perpetual happiness in the faery lore of her own
+Lorraine&mdash;may have eluded her grasp, but she filled
+a great position nobly, and tasted some of the deepest
+and truest of human joys. Men and women of all
+descriptions adored her, and she had a genius for
+friendship which survived the charms of youth and
+endured to her dying day. A woman of strong
+affections and resolute will, she inherited a considerable
+share of the aptitude for government that distinguished
+the women of the Habsburg race. Her
+relationship with Charles V. and residence at the
+Court of Brussels brought her into close connection
+with political events during the long struggle with
+France, and it was in a great measure due to her
+exertions that the peace which ended this Sixty Years'
+War was finally concluded at C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis in
+1559.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Holbein's Duchess, it is evident, was a striking
+figure, and her life deserves more attention than it
+has hitherto received. Brant&ocirc;me honoured her with
+a place in his gallery of fair ladies, and the sketch
+which he has drawn, although inaccurate in many
+details, remains true in its main outlines. But with
+this exception Christina's history has never yet been
+written. The chief sources from which her biography
+is drawn are the State Archives of Milan and Brussels,
+supplemented by documents in the Record Office,
+the Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale, the Biblioteca Zelada
+near Pavia, and the extremely interesting collection
+of Guise letters in the Balcarres Manuscripts, which has
+been preserved in the Advocates' Library at Edinburgh.
+A considerable amount of information, as
+will be seen from the Bibliography at the end of this
+volume, has been collected from contemporary
+memoirs, from the histories of Bucholtz and Henne,
+and the voluminous correspondence of Cardinal
+Granvelle and Philip II., as well as from Tudor,
+Spanish, and Venetian State Papers.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, I have to acknowledge the kind
+help which I have received in my researches from
+Monsignor Rodolfo Maiocchi, Rector of the Borromeo
+College at Pavia, from Signor O. F. Tencajoli, and
+from the keepers of English and foreign archives,
+among whom I must especially name Signor Achille
+Giussani, of the Archivio di Stato at Milan, Monsieur
+Gaillard, Director of the Brussels Archives, and Mr.
+Hubert Hall. My sincere thanks are due to Count
+Antonio Cavagna Sangiuliani for giving me permission
+to make use of manuscripts in his library at Zelada;
+to Monsieur Leon Cardon for leave to reproduce four
+of the Habsburg portraits in his fine collection at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>
+Brussels; and to Mr. Henry Oppenheimer for allowing
+me to publish his beautiful and unique medal of
+the Duchess of Milan. I must also thank Sir Kenneth
+Mackenzie and the Trustees of the Advocates' Library
+for permission to print a selection from the Balcarres
+Manuscripts, and Mr. Campbell Dodgson and Mr. G. F.
+Hill for the kindness with which they have placed
+the treasures of the British Museum at my disposal.
+Lastly, a debt of gratitude, which I can never sufficiently
+express, is due to Dr. Hagberg-Wright and the
+staff of the London Library for the invaluable help
+which they have given me in this, as in all my other
+works.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 27em;">JULIA CARTWRIGHT.</span></p>
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Ockham</span>,</span><br />
+<i>Midsummer Day, 1913</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS">
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK I </th>
+    <th>PAGE</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark, the Mother of Christina</span>: 1507-1514</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK II</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Christian II., King of Denmark, the Father of Christina</span>: 1513-1523</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK III</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Kings in Exile</span>: 1523-1531</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK IV</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Christina, Duchess of Milan</span>: 1533-1535</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK V</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Widow of Milan</span>: 1535-1538</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK VI</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Courtship of Henry VIII.</span>: 1537-1539</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK VII</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Cleves, Orange, and Lorraine</span>: 1539-1541</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK VIII</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Christina, Duchess of Lorraine</span>: 1541-1545<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK IX</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Christina, Regent of Lorraine</span>: 1545-1552</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK X</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The French Invasion</span>: 1551-1553</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_354">354</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK XI</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Christina at Brussels</span>: 1553-1559</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_382">382</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK XII</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Peace of C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis</span>: 1557-1559</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_419">419</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK XIII</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Return to Lorraine</span>: 1559-1578</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_450">450</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>BOOK XIV</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Lady of Tortona</span>: 1578-1590</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_496">496</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Appendix: A Selection of Unpublished Documents</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_516">516</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Bibliography</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_528">528</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Genealogical Tables</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_533">533</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_541">541</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS">
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <th>TO FACE PAGE</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_i"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">Holbein</span> (National Gallery).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Charles V.</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">B. van Orley</span> (Cardon Collection, Brussels).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Eleanor of Austria</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">B. van Orley</span> (Cardon Collection, Brussels).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">B. van Orley</span>.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Christian II., King of Denmark</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">London Library.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Children of Christian II., King of Denmark</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">Jean Mabuse</span> (Hampton Court Palace).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">British Museum.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Christina, Duchess of Milan</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">Oppenheimer Collection, London.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Frederic, Count Palatine</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">Ascribed to <span class="smcap">A. D&uuml;rer</span> (Darmstadt).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Mary, Queen of Hungary</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">B. van Orley</span> (Cardon Collection, Brussels).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Grande Porterie, Palais Ducal, Nancy</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Charles V.</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_322">322</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">Titian</span> (Munich).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">H&ocirc;tel-de-Ville, Brussels</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_332">332</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">S. Gudule, Brussels</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_332">332</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Palais Ducal, Nancy</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_364">364</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Philip II. and Mary</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_412">412</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">Jacopo da Trezzo</span> (British Museum).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Antoine Perrenot, Cardinal Granvelle</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_412">412</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">Leone Leoni</span> (British Museum).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Margaret, Duchess of Parma</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_412">412</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">Pastorino</span> (British Museum).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">William, Prince of Orange</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_456">456</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">Adriaan Key</span> (Darmstadt).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Mary, Queen of Scots</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_466">466</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">By <span class="smcap">Fran&ccedil;ois Clouet</span> (Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale, Paris).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Charles III., Duke of Lorraine</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_472">472</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">British Museum.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Three Duchesses</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_508">508</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdp4">Prado, Madrid.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></div>
+
+<p class="ph1">CHRISTINA OF DENMARK
+</p>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK I<br />
+
+ISABELLA OF AUSTRIA, QUEEN OF DENMARK,
+THE MOTHER OF CHRISTINA<br />
+
+1507-1514</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>The 19th of July, 1507, was a memorable day in the
+history of Malines. A solemn requiem Mass was sung
+that morning in the ancient church of S. Rombaut
+for the soul of Philip, King of Castille and Archduke
+of Austria, and, by right of his mother, Duke of
+Burgundy and Count of Flanders and Brabant.
+The news of this young monarch's sudden death at
+Burgos had spread consternation throughout the
+Netherlands, where the handsome, free-handed Prince
+was very popular with the subjects who enjoyed peace
+and prosperity under his rule. "Never," wrote a
+contemporary chronicler, "was there such lamentation
+made for any King, Duke, or Count, as for our
+good King Philip. There was no church or monastery
+in the whole land where solemn Masses were not said
+for the repose of his soul, and the mourning was
+greatest in the city of Antwerp, where all the people
+assembled for the yearly Fair wept over this noble
+young Prince who had died at the age of twenty-eight."<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+The King's corpse was laid in the dark
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>vaults of Miraflores, where his widow, the unhappy
+Queen Juana, kept watch by her husband's grave
+night and day; while, in obedience to his last wishes,
+his heart was brought to the Netherlands and buried
+in his mother's tomb at Bruges. Now the States-General
+and nobles were summoned by Margaret of
+Austria, the newly-proclaimed Governess of the
+Netherlands, to attend her brother's funeral at
+Malines.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">July, 1507</span>] MARGARET OF AUSTRIA</div>
+
+<p>From the gates of the Keyserhof, through the
+narrow streets of the old Flemish city, the long procession
+wound its way: Knights of the Golden Fleece,
+nobles, deputies, Bishops and clergy, merchants,
+artisans, and beggars, all clad in deep mourning.
+Twelve heralds, followed by a crowd of gentlemen
+with lighted torches, bore the armour and banners of
+the dead King to the portals of S. Rombaut. There
+an immense catafalque, draped with cloth of gold
+and blazing with wax lights, had been erected in the
+centre of the nave. Three golden crowns, symbols of
+the three realms over which Philip held sway, hung
+from the vault, and the glittering array of gold and
+silver images on the high-altar stood out against the
+sable draperies on the walls. A funeral oration was
+pronounced by the late King's confessor, the Bishop
+of Arras chanted the requiem Mass, and when the
+last blessing had been given, Golden Fleece threw his
+staff on the floor, crying: "The King is dead!"<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> At
+the sound of these thrice-repeated words the heralds
+lowered their banners to the ground, and there was a
+moment of profound silence, only broken by the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>sound of weeping. Then Golden Fleece cried in a
+ringing voice: "Charles, Archduke of Austria!" and
+all eyes were turned to the fair, slender boy, who,
+robed in a long black mantle, knelt alone before the
+altar. "My lord lives! long may he live!" cried
+the King-at-Arms; and a great shout went up on
+all sides: "Long live Charles, Archduke of Austria
+and Prince of Castille!" A sword blessed by the
+Bishop of Arras was placed in the boy's hands,
+and the heralds of Burgundy, Flanders, Holland, and
+Friesland, raising their fallen pennons, each in turn
+proclaimed the titles of the youthful Prince, who was
+to be known to the world as Charles V.</p>
+
+<p>No one wept more bitterly for King Philip than his
+only sister, Margaret, the widowed Duchess of Savoy,
+as she knelt in her oratory close to the great church.
+Although only twenty-seven, she had known many
+sorrows. After being wedded to the Dauphin at two
+years old, and educated at the French Court till she
+reached the age of thirteen, she was rejected by
+Charles VIII. in favour of Anne of Brittany, and sent
+back to her father, the Emperor Maximilian. Three
+years afterwards she went to Spain as the bride of
+Don Juan, the heir to the crowns of Castille and
+Aragon, only to lose her husband and infant son
+within a few months of each other. In 1501 she
+became the wife of Duke Philibert of Savoy, with
+whom she spent the three happiest years of her life.
+But in September, 1504, the young Duke died of
+pleurisy, the result of a chill which he caught out
+hunting, and his heart-broken widow returned once
+more to her father's Court.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1509</span>] MAXIMILIAN'S GRANDCHILDREN</div>
+
+<p>On the death of Philip in the following year,
+Maximilian prevailed upon his daughter to undertake<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+the government of the Netherlands, and in April,
+1507, Margaret was proclaimed Regent, and took up
+her abode at Malines. She was a singularly able and
+gifted woman, and her personal charms and rich
+dowry soon attracted new suitors. Before she became
+Regent she had received proposals of marriage from
+Henry VII. of England, which Maximilian urged her
+to accept, saying that she might divide the year
+between England and the Netherlands. Louis XII.,
+who in his boyhood had played with the Archduchess
+at Amboise, would also gladly have made her his
+second wife, but, as he remarked: "Madame Marguerite's
+father has arranged marriages for her three
+times over, and each time she has fared badly."
+Margaret herself was quite decided on the subject, and
+declared that she would never marry again. Henceforth
+she devoted herself exclusively to the administration
+of the Netherlands and the guardianship of
+her brother's young family. Of the six children
+which Juana of Castille had borne him, two remained
+in Spain, the younger boy Ferdinand and the infant
+Katherine, who did not see the light until months
+after her father's death. But the elder boy, Charles,
+and his three sisters, grew up under their aunt's eye
+in the picturesque old palace at Malines, which is
+still known as the Keyserhof, or Cour de l'Empereur.
+The eldest girl, Eleanor, afterwards Queen of Portugal
+and France, was two years older than her brother;
+the second, Isabella, the future Queen of Denmark,
+born on the 15th of August, 1501, was nearly six; and
+Mary, the Queen of Hungary, who was to play so
+great a part in the history of the Netherlands, had
+only just completed her first year. Margaret, whose
+own child hardly survived its birth, lavished all a
+mother's affection on her youthful nephew and
+nieces. If the boy was naturally the chief object of
+her care, the little girls held a place very near to her
+heart. This was especially the case with "Madame
+Isabeau," her godchild, who was born when Margaret
+was living at Malines before her second marriage. A
+gentle and charming child, Isabella won the hearts
+of all, and became fondly attached to the brother
+who was so nearly her own age.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 433px;">
+<img src="images/facing004.jpg" width="433" height="566" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>CHARLES V. (1515)</p>
+
+<p>By Bernard van Orley (Cardon Collection)</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p. <a href="#Page_4">4</a></i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Margaret's letters to the Emperor abound in allusions
+to these children, whose welfare was a matter of deep
+interest to their grandfather. In the midst of the
+most anxious affairs of State, when he was presiding
+over turbulent Diets or warring beyond the Alps,
+Maximilian was always eager for news of "our very
+dear and well-beloved children." The arrangements
+of their household, the choice of their tutors and
+companions, their childish maladies and amusements,
+were all fully reported to him. One unlucky day,
+when the royal children had just recovered from
+measles, Madame Isabeau caught the smallpox, and
+gave it to Madame Marie. Then Madame Leonore
+complained of her head, and since Margaret had been
+told that the malady was very contagious, and especially
+dangerous in winter, she felt it advisable to keep
+her nephew at Brussels out of reach of infection. But
+this precaution proved fruitless, for presently the boy
+sickened and became dangerously ill. Great was the
+alarm which his condition excited, and it was only
+at the end of three weeks that Margaret was able to
+inform the Emperor, who was in Italy fighting against
+the Venetians, that his grandson was out of danger.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1509</span>] A SFORZA DUKE</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The education of Charles and his sisters was the
+subject of their guardian's most anxious consideration.
+A lady of Navarre, Dame Anne de Beaumont, took
+charge of the little girls from their infancy, and
+watched over them with a tenderness which earned
+their lifelong gratitude. The old King of Aragon
+rewarded this lady with the Order of S. Iago, while
+Margaret begged that she might be allowed to spend
+her old age in one of the Archduke's houses at Ghent,
+seeing that she had served "Mesdames mes ni&egrave;ces" so
+long and so well, and had been but poorly paid for
+her trouble. Among their teachers was Louis Vives,
+the learned friend of Erasmus, who afterwards became
+tutor to their cousin, the Princess Mary of
+England, and took Sir Thomas More's daughters as
+his models. Vives taught his pupils Greek and Latin,
+and made them study the Gospels, and St. Paul's
+Epistles, as well as some parts of the Old Testament.
+French romances, then so much in vogue, were banished
+from their schoolroom, and the only tales
+which they were allowed to read were those of Joseph
+and his brethren, of the Roman matron Lucretia,
+and the well-known story of Griselda. Madame
+Leonore was fond of reading at a very early age,
+but Madame Isabeau was more occupied with her
+dolls, and is represented holding one in her arms
+in the triptych of Charles and his sisters at Vienna.
+All the children were very fond of music, in which
+they were daily instructed by the Archduchess's
+organist, and there is a charming portrait of Eleanor
+playing on the clavichord in Monsieur Cardon's collection
+at Brussels. When, in 1508, the Spanish Legate,
+Cardinal Carvajal, visited Malines, Charles and his
+sisters were confirmed by him in the palace chapel,
+and the Archduke addressed a letter of thanks to
+Pope Julius II. in his childish round hand.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 457px;">
+<img src="images/facing006.jpg" width="457" height="546" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>ELEANOR OF AUSTRIA, QUEEN OF PORTUGAL AND FRANCE</p>
+
+<p>By Bernard van Orley (Cardon Collection)</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p. <a href="#Page_6">6</a></i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Margaret was careful to provide her young charges
+with suitable companions. A niece of Madame de
+Beaumont and a Spanish girl of noble birth were
+brought up with the Archduchesses, while the sons
+of the Marquis of Brandenburg and Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
+were among Charles's playmates. Another
+youth whom the Emperor sent to be educated at
+Malines in 1509 was his godson, Maximilian Sforza,
+the eldest son of the unfortunate Duke Lodovico and
+Beatrice d'Este. While his younger brother, Francesco,
+afterwards the husband of Christina of Denmark,
+remained at Innsbruck with his cousin, the
+Empress Bianca, Maximilian grew up with Charles,
+and throughout his life never ceased to regard
+Margaret as a second mother. The young Duke of
+Milan's name often figures in the Archduchess's correspondence
+with her father. One day Maximilian
+tells her to borrow 3,000 livres from the Fuggers, and
+give them to the Duke, who has not enough to buy
+his own clothes, let alone those of his servants.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+At another time we find Margaret appealing to her
+father to settle the disputes of precedence which
+have arisen between the Dukes of Milan and Saxe-Lauenburg,
+upon which Maximilian replied that they
+were too young to think of such matters, and that
+for the present they had better take the place of
+honour on alternate days.</p>
+
+<p>It was a free and joyous life which these young
+Princes and Princesses led at the Court of Malines.
+If they were kept strictly to their lessons, they also
+had plenty of amusements. They played games,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+shot with bows and arrows, and looked on at stag-hunts
+from the balcony of the Swan, an old hostelry
+in the market-place. Charles had a little chariot,
+drawn by two ponies, in which he often drove his
+sisters through the town and out into the open
+country. Above all they enjoyed the visits which
+they paid to the Castle of Vueren, near Brussels,
+where Charles often went by his grandfather's orders
+to enjoy fresh air and take hunting expeditions.
+The old Emperor was delighted to hear of his
+grandson's taste for sport, and wrote from Augsburg
+that, if the Archduke had not been fond of
+hunting, people would have suspected him of being
+a bastard.<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1512</span>] "FELIX AUSTRIA NUBE"</div>
+
+<p>When, in 1512, Maximilian came to Brussels, and
+Charles was sent to meet him, he begged Margaret to
+bring the three Princesses, without delay, to "amuse
+themselves in the park at Vueren," and sent the
+haunch of a stag which he had killed that day as a
+present to his "dear little daughters." At the
+children's urgent entreaty, the Emperor himself rode
+out to join them at supper, and invited them to a
+banquet in the palace at Brussels on Midsummer
+Day. When the English Ambassador, Sir Edward
+Poynings, came to pay the Emperor his respects, he
+found His Majesty in riding-boots, standing at the
+palace gates, with the Lady Regent, the Lord Prince
+and his sisters, looking on at a great bonfire in the
+square. The Ambassador and his colleague, Spinelli,
+were both invited to return to the palace for supper,
+and had a long conversation with the Lady Margaret,
+in whom they found the same perfect friend as ever,
+"while the Prince and his sisters danced gaily with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>the other young folk till between nine and ten
+o'clock."<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>But this merry party was soon to break up. Before
+the end of the year Maximilian Sforza crossed the
+Brenner, and entered Milan amidst the acclamations
+of his father's old subjects, and eighteen months later
+two of the young Archduchesses were wedded to
+foreign Kings.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1514</span>] MARRIAGE-MAKING</div>
+
+<p>While her nieces were still children Margaret was
+busy with plans for their marriage. Her views for
+them were ambitious and frankly expressed. "All
+your granddaughters," she wrote to her father,
+"should marry Kings." The old Emperor himself
+was an inveterate matchmaker, and the House of
+Austria had been proverbially fortunate in its alliances.
+<i>Tu felix Austria nube</i> had passed into a
+common saying. By his marriage with Mary of Burgundy,
+Maximilian entered on the vast inheritance of
+Charles the Bold, and his grandson was heir to the
+throne of Spain by right of his mother Juana. In
+1509 proposals for two of the Archduchesses came
+from Portugal, and Margaret urged her father to
+accept these offers, remarking shrewdly that King
+Emanuel was a wealthy monarch, and that there
+were few marriageable Princes in Europe. If both
+Madame Leonore and Madame Marie were betrothed
+to the two Portuguese Princes, there would still
+be two of her nieces to contract other alliances.
+But Maximilian's thoughts were too much occupied
+with his war against Venice to consider these proposals
+seriously, and the matter was allowed to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>drop.<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Meanwhile Madame Isabeau's hand was in great
+request. In March, 1510, Maximilian received offers
+of marriage for his second granddaughter from the
+King of Navarre's son, Henri d'Albret, but this
+project was nipped in the bud by the jealousy of
+Isabella's other grandfather, Ferdinand of Aragon,
+and Francis I.'s sister, Margaret, Duchess of Alen&ccedil;on,
+became Queen of Navarre in her stead. A new and
+strange husband for the nine-year-old Princess was
+now proposed by the Regent herself. This was none
+other than Charles of Egmont, Duke of Guelders, the
+turbulent neighbour who had been a thorn in Margaret's
+side ever since she became Governess of the
+Netherlands. It is difficult to believe that Margaret
+ever really intended to give her beloved niece to the
+man whom she openly denounced as "a brigand and
+a felon," but it was necessary to cajole Guelders for
+the moment, and conferences were held in which
+every detail of the marriage treaty was discussed,
+and the dowry and fortune of the bride and the
+portions of her sons and daughters were all minutely
+arranged. But when the deputies of Guelders asked
+that Madame Isabeau should be given up to the Duke
+at once to be educated at his Court, the Regent met
+their demands with a flat refusal. The negotiations
+were broken off, and war began again.<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> Another
+matrimonial project, which had been discussed ever
+since King Philip's lifetime, was the union of the
+Archduchess Eleanor with the young Duke Antoine
+of Lorraine. Maximilian seems to have been really
+eager for this marriage, which he regarded as a means
+of detaching a neighbouring Prince from the French
+alliance, but was so dilatory in the matter that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>Margaret wrote him a sharp letter, asking him if he
+ever meant to marry his granddaughters. Upon this
+the affronted Emperor rebuked her for these undutiful
+remarks, and asked peevishly "if she held him for
+a Frenchman who changed his mind every day."<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+But in spite of these protestations he took no further
+steps in the matter, and in 1515 Duke Antoine
+married Ren&eacute;e de Bourbon, a Princess of the blood
+royal of France.</p>
+
+<p>The marriage of Louis XII. to Henry VIII.'s handsome
+sister Mary was a more serious blow. Six years
+before the English Princess had been wedded by proxy
+to the Archduke Charles, and Margaret, whose heart
+was set on this alliance, vainly pressed her father to
+conclude the treaty. Meanwhile, in January, 1514,
+Anne of Brittany died, and the widowed King sent
+offers of marriage, first to Margaret herself, and then
+to her niece Eleanor.<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> A few months later news
+reached Brussels that Louis had made a treaty with
+Henry, and was about to wed the Princess Mary.
+So the Archduke lost his promised bride, and his
+sister was once more cheated of a husband. The
+Lady Regent was deeply hurt, but found some consolation
+for her wounded feelings in the double
+marriage that was arranged in the course of the same
+year between the Archduke Ferdinand and Anna,
+daughter of Ladislaus, King of Hungary, and between
+this monarch's son Louis and the Archduchess Mary.
+In May, 1514, the little Princess was sent to be
+educated with her future sister-in-law at Vienna,
+where the wedding was celebrated a year afterwards.<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At the same time marriage proposals for another of
+his granddaughters reached Maximilian from a new
+and unexpected quarter. The young King of Denmark,
+Christian II., on succeeding to the throne,
+declined the French marriage which had been arranged
+for him by his father, and conceived the ambitious
+design of allying himself with the Imperial Family.
+In March, 1514, two Danish Ambassadors, the Bishop
+of Schleswig and the Court-Marshal Magnus Gi&#339;,
+were introduced into Maximilian's presence by
+Christian's uncle, the Elector of Saxony, and asked
+for the Archduchess Eleanor's hand on behalf of their
+royal master. The prospect of an alliance with
+Denmark met with the Emperor's approval, and
+could not fail to be popular in the Low Countries as
+a means of opening the Baltic to the merchants of
+Bruges and Amsterdam. Accordingly the envoys
+met with a friendly reception, and were told that,
+although the elder Archduchess was already promised
+to the Duke of Lorraine, the Emperor would gladly
+give King Christian the hand of her sister Isabella.
+The contract was signed at Linz on the 29th of April,
+1514, and the dowry of the Princess was fixed at
+250,000 florins, an enormous sum for those times.
+Only three-fifths of his sister's fortune, however, was
+to be paid by Charles, and the remainder by her
+grandfather, the King of Aragon.<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 468px;">
+<img src="images/facing012.jpg" width="468" height="572" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>ISABELLA OF AUSTRIA, QUEEN OF DENMARK</p>
+
+<p>By Bernard van Orley (Cardon Collection)</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p. <a href="#Page_12">12</a></i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1514</span>] A ROYAL WEDDING</div>
+
+<p>From Linz the Ambassadors travelled by slow
+stages to Brussels, where they were received with
+great honour. But Margaret was scarcely prepared
+for the proposal which they made, that the wedding
+might take place on the following day, when King
+Christian was to be crowned at Copenhagen. It was,
+however, impossible to refuse such a request, and on
+Trinity Sunday, the 11th of June, the marriage was
+solemnized with due splendour. At ten o'clock a
+brilliant assembly met in the great hall of the palace,
+which had been hung for the occasion with the famous
+tapestries of the Golden Fleece, and Magnus Gi&#339;,
+who represented the King, appeared, supported by
+the Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg and the Marquis of
+Brandenburg. Presently a flourish of trumpets announced
+the bride's coming, and Charles led in his
+sister, a tall, slender maiden of thirteen, robed in
+white, with a crown of pearls and rubies on her fair
+locks. "Madame Isabeau," as Margaret wrote with
+motherly pride to her father, "was certainly good to
+see."<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> They took their places under a baldacchino
+near the altar, followed by the Regent, who led her
+niece Eleanor by the hand. The Archbishop of
+Cambray, clad in rich vestments of purple and gold,
+performed the nuptial rites, and the Danish Ambassador
+placed a costly ring, bearing three gold crowns
+set round with large sapphires and the motto <i>Ave
+Maria gratia plena</i>, on the finger of the bride, who
+plighted her faith in the following words:</p>
+
+<p>"Je, Isabelle d'Autriche et de Bourgogne, donne
+ma foi &agrave; tr&egrave;s hautt et tr&egrave;s puissant Prince et Seigneur,
+Christierne roy de Danemarck, et &agrave; toy Magnus Gi&#339;,
+son vrai et l&eacute;al procureur, et je le prens par toy en
+&eacute;poux et mari l&eacute;gitime."<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>Then the Mass of the Holy Ghost was chanted, the
+Spanish Ambassador being seated at the Archduke's
+side, and the others according to their rank, all but
+the English Envoy, who refused to be present owing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>to a dispute as to precedence. Afterwards the guests
+were entertained by the Regent at a banquet, followed
+by a tournament and a state ball, which was kept up
+far into the night. Finally all the chief personages
+present escorted the bride with lighted torches to her
+chamber, and Magnus Gi&#339;, in full armour, lay down
+on the nuptial bed at her side in the presence of this
+august company. Then, rising to his feet, he made
+a deep obeisance to the young Queen and retired.
+During the next three days a succession of jousts and
+banquets took place, and on the Feast of Corpus
+Christi a public reception was held in the palace, at
+which the bride appeared wearing the ring of the
+three kingdoms and a jewelled necklace sent her by
+King Christian. Unfortunately, the Archduke danced
+so vigorously on the night of the wedding that this
+unwonted exertion brought on a sharp attack of
+fever.</p>
+
+<p>"Monseigneur," wrote his aunt to the Emperor,
+"fulfilled all his duties to perfection, and showed
+himself so good a brother that he overtaxed his
+strength, and fell ill the day after the wedding.
+Not," she hastened to add, "that his sickness is in any
+way serious, but that the slightest ailment in a
+Prince of his condition is apt to make one anxious."<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1515</span>] EVIL OMENS</div>
+
+<p>On the 4th of July the Danish Ambassadors took
+their leave, but Isabella remained in her home for
+another year. She and Eleanor shared in the f&ecirc;tes
+which celebrated the Archduke's coming of age, and
+were present at his <i>Joyeuse Entr&ecirc;e</i> into Brussels.
+But in the midst of these festivities the Danish fleet,
+with the Archbishop of Drondtheim on board, arrived
+at Veeren in Zeeland, and on the 16th of July, 1515,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>the poor young Queen took leave of her family with
+bitter tears, and sailed for Copenhagen. On the day
+of Isabella's christening, fourteen years before, the
+ceremony had been marred by a terrific thunderstorm,
+and now the same ill-luck attended her wedding
+journey. A violent tempest scattered the Danish
+fleet off the shores of Jutland, and the vessel which
+bore the Queen narrowly escaped shipwreck. When
+at length she had landed safely at Helsingfors, she
+wrote a touching little letter to the Regent:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Madame, my Aunt and good Mother</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"I must tell you that we landed here last
+Saturday, after having been in great peril and distress
+at sea for the last ten days. But God kept me from
+harm, for which I am very thankful. Next Thursday
+we start for Copenhagen, which is a day's journey
+from here. I have been rather ill, and feel weak still,
+but hope soon to be well. Madame, if I could choose
+for myself I should be with you now; for to be parted
+from you is the most grievous thing in the world to
+me, and the more so as I do not know when there is
+any hope of seeing you again. So I can only beg you,
+my dearest aunt and mother, to keep me in your
+heart, and tell me if there is anything that you wish
+me to do, and you shall always be obeyed, God helping
+me. That He may give you a long and happy life is
+the prayer of your humble and dutiful niece</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Isabeau</span>.<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a><br />
+"August 7, 1515."<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two days later Isabella continued her journey to
+Hvidore, the royal country-house near Copenhagen.
+There she was received by King Christian, who rode
+at her side, a splendid figure in gold brocade and
+shining armour, when on the following day she made
+her state entry into the capital in torrents of rain.
+On the 12th of August the wedding was celebrated
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>in the great hall of the ancient castle, which had been
+rebuilt by King Christian's father, and was followed
+by the coronation of the young Queen. But Isabella
+was so much exhausted by the fatigue which she had
+undergone, that before the conclusion of the ceremony
+she fell fainting into the arms of her ladies. Her
+illness threw a gloom over the wedding festivities,
+and seemed a forecast of the misfortunes that were
+to darken the course of her married life and turn her
+story into a grim tragedy.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> L. Gachard, "Voyages des Souverains des Pays-Bas." i. 455.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "Bulletins de la Commission Royale d'Histoire," 2<sup>i&egrave;me</sup> s&eacute;rie,
+v. 113-119. Jehan Le Maire, "Les Fun&eacute;raux de Feu Don
+Philippe."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> E. Le Glay, "Correspondance de l'Empereur Maximilien I.
+et de Marguerite d'Autriche," i. 203.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Le Glay, i. 393.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Le Glay, i. 241.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., i. 369.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Le Glay, i. 165.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Le Glay, i. 281, 399-441.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Le Glay, ii. 205.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> H. Ulmann, "Kaiser Maximilian," ii. 484, 498.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Le Glay, ii. 252; A. Henne, "Histoire du R&egrave;gne de Charles V.,"
+i. 96.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Le Glay, ii. 383.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Le Glay, ii. 256.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> J. Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 53.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Le Glay, ii. 257.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 43.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK II<br />
+
+CHRISTIAN II., KING OF DENMARK, THE
+FATHER OF CHRISTINA<br />
+
+1513-1523</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>Christian II., King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway,
+as the proud title ran, was in many respects a
+remarkable man. His life and character have been
+the subject of much controversy. Some historians
+have held him up to admiration as a patriot and
+martyr who suffered for his love of freedom and
+justice. Others have condemned him as a cruel and
+vindictive tyrant, whose crimes deserved the hard
+fate which befell him. Both verdicts are justified
+in the main. On the one hand, he was an able and
+enlightened ruler, who protected the liberties of his
+poorer subjects, encouraged trade and learning, and
+introduced many salutary reforms. On the other,
+he was a man of violent passions, crafty and unscrupulous
+in his dealings, cruel and bloodthirsty in
+avenging wrongs. His career naturally invites comparison
+with that of Lodovico Sforza, whose son
+became the husband of his daughter Christina. Both
+Princes were men of great ability and splendid
+dreams. In their zeal for the promotion of commerce
+and agriculture, in their love of art and letters, both
+were in advance of the age in which they lived.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+Again, their vices and crimes, the cunning ways and
+unscrupulous measures by which they sought to
+attain their ends, were curiously the same. No
+doubt Christian II., born and bred as he was among
+the rude Norsemen, belonged to a coarser strain than
+the cultured Duke of Milan, and is hardly to be judged
+by the same standard. But the two Princes resembled
+each other closely, and the fate which eventually
+overtook them was practically the same. Both of
+these able and distinguished men lost their States in
+the prime of life, and were doomed to end their days
+in captivity. This cruel doom has atoned in a great
+measure for their guilt in the eyes of posterity, and
+even in their lifetime their hard fate aroused general
+compassion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1516</span>] THE KING'S DOVE</div>
+
+<p>Certainly no one could have foreseen the dismal
+fate which lay in store for Christian II. when he
+ascended the throne. Seldom has a new reign opened
+with fairer promise. His father, good King Hans,
+died in 1513, lamented by all his subjects, and leaving
+his successor a prosperous and united kingdom.
+Christian was thirty-two, and had already shown his
+courage and ability in quelling a revolt in Norway.
+A man of noble and commanding presence, with blue
+eyes and long fair hair, he seemed a born leader of
+men, while his keen intelligence, genial manners, and
+human interest in those about him, early won the affection
+of his subjects. Unfortunately his own passions
+proved his worst enemies. In Norway he had fallen
+in love with a beautiful girl named Dyveke&mdash;the Dove&mdash;whose
+mother, a designing Dutchwoman named
+Sigebritt Willems, kept a tavern at Bergen. On his
+accession he brought Dyveke and her mother to
+Hvidore, and gave them a house in the neighbour<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>hood.
+This illicit connection excited great scandal
+at Court, and the Chancellor, Archbishop Walkendorf
+of Drondtheim, exhorted the King earnestly to put
+away his mistress on his marriage. Even before
+Isabella left Brussels, the Archbishop wrote glowing
+accounts of her beauty and goodness to his master,
+and told the King of the romantic attachment which
+she cherished for her unknown lord. After her arrival
+at Copenhagen he did his utmost to insure her comfort,
+and see that she was treated with proper respect.</p>
+
+<p>For a time Christian seems to have been genuinely
+in love with his young wife, whose innocent charm
+won all hearts in her new home. In his anxiety to
+please her, he furnished his ancestral castle anew,
+and sent to Germany for musicians, fearing that the
+rude voices of Danish singers might sound harsh in
+her ears. A young Fleming, Cornelius Scepperus,
+was appointed to be his private secretary, and the
+Fuggers of Antwerp were invited to found a bank at
+Copenhagen. At the same time twenty-four Dutch
+families, from Waterland in Holland, were brought
+over in Danish ships, and induced to settle on the
+island of Amager, opposite the capital, in order that
+the royal table might be supplied with butter and
+cheese made in the Dutch fashion. This colony,
+imported by Christian II., grew and flourished, and
+to this day their descendants occupy Amager, where
+peasant women clad in the national costume of
+short woollen skirts, blue caps, and red ribbons, are
+still to be seen. Unfortunately, the influence which
+Sigebritt and her daughter had acquired over the King
+was too strong to be resisted. Before long they returned
+to Court, and, to the indignation of Isabella's
+servants, Sigebritt was appointed Mistress of her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+household. Rumours of the slights to which the
+young Queen was exposed soon reached the Netherlands,
+and when Maximilian informed Margaret that
+he intended to marry her niece Eleanor to the King
+of Poland, she replied with some asperity that she
+could only hope the marriage would turn out better
+than that of her unhappy sister. The Emperor
+expressed much surprise at these words, saying that
+he considered his granddaughter to be very well
+married, since the King of Denmark was a monarch
+of the proudest lineage, and endowed with noble
+manners and rare gifts, if his people were still somewhat
+rude and barbarous.<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> But, in spite of Maximilian's
+protests, the reports of King Christian's misconduct
+soon became too persistent to be ignored.
+When, in October, 1516, Charles, who had assumed
+the title of King of Spain on his grandfather Ferdinand's
+death, held his first Chapter of the Golden
+Fleece, the Knights with one accord refused to admit
+the King of Denmark to their Order, because he was
+accused of adultery and ill-treated his wife.<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> At
+length Maximilian was moved to take action, and
+wrote to his grandson Charles in sufficiently plain
+language, saying:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1513-23] ELEANOR'S ROMANCE</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The shameful life which our brother and son-in-law,
+the King of Denmark, is leading with a concubine,
+to the great sorrow and vexation of his wife, our
+daughter and your sister, is condemned by all his
+relatives; and in order to constrain him to abandon
+this disorderly way of living, and be a better husband
+to our said daughter, we are sending Messire Sigismund
+Herbesteiner to remonstrate with him, and have
+begged Duke Frederic of Saxony, his uncle, who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>arranged the marriage, to send one of his servants on
+the same errand. And we desire you to send one of
+your chief councillors to help carry out our orders,
+and induce the King to put away his concubine and
+behave in a more reasonable and honourable
+manner."<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But none of these remonstrances produced any
+effect on the misguided King. When Herbesteiner
+reproached him with sacrificing the laws of God and
+honour and the Emperor's friendship to a low-born
+woman, he shook his fist in the imperial Envoy's face,
+and bade him begone from his presence.<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> At the
+same time he showed his resentment in a more
+dangerous way by making a treaty with France and
+closing the Sound to Dutch ships. He even seized
+several trading vessels on pretence that the Queen's
+dowry had not been paid, and when Archbishop
+Walkendorf ventured to expostulate with him on
+his misconduct, banished the prelate from Court.<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Isabella herself bore neglect and insults
+with the same uncomplaining sweetness. But we see
+how much she suffered from a private letter which
+she wrote to her sister Eleanor about this time.
+This attractive Princess, who at the age of eighteen
+still remained unmarried, had fallen in love with her
+brother's brilliant friend, Frederic, Count Palatine,
+the most accomplished knight at Court, and the idol
+of all the ladies. The mutual attachment between
+the Palatine and the Archduchess was the talk of the
+whole Court, and met with Margaret's private approval,
+although it was kept a secret from Charles and
+his Ministers. Eleanor confided this romantic story
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>to her absent sister, and expressed a secret hope
+that the popular Count Palatine might succeed her
+aunt as Regent when the young King left Brussels
+for Spain. In reply Isabella sent Eleanor the
+warmest congratulations on her intended marriage,
+rejoicing that her sister at least would not be forced
+to leave home, and would be united to a husband
+whom she really loved. The poor young Queen proceeded
+to lament her own sad fate in the following
+strain:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"It is hard enough to marry a man whose face you
+have never seen, whom you do not know or love, and
+worse still to be required to leave home and kindred,
+and follow a stranger to the ends of the earth, without
+even being able to speak his language."<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1513-23] A LOVE-LETTER</div>
+
+<p>She goes on to describe the misery of her life, even
+though she bears the title of Queen. What is she, in
+fact, but a prisoner in a foreign land? She is never
+allowed to go out or appear in public, while her lord
+the King spends his time in royal progresses and
+hunting-parties, and amuses himself after his fashion,
+apart from her. Far better would it be for Eleanor
+to follow her own inclination, and choose a husband
+who belongs to her own country and speaks her
+language, even if he were not of kingly rank. Unfortunately,
+the pretty romance which excited Isabella's
+sympathy was doomed to an untimely end.
+The death of Mary of Castille, Queen of Portugal, in
+May, 1517, left King Emanuel a widower for the
+second time. He had married two of Charles's aunts
+in turn, and was now over fifty, and a hunchback
+into the bargain. None the less, the plan of a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>marriage between him and his niece Eleanor was now
+revived, and in August these proposals reached the
+young King at the seaport of Middelburg, where he
+and his sister were awaiting a favourable wind to set
+sail for Spain. Filled with alarm, Frederic implored
+Eleanor to take a bold step, confess her love to Charles,
+and seek his consent to her marriage with his old
+friend. In a letter signed with his name, and still
+preserved in the Archives of Simancas, the Palatine
+begged his love to lose no time if she would escape
+from the snare laid for them both by "the Uncle of
+Portugal."</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Ma mignonne," he wrote, "si vous voulez, vous
+pouvez &ecirc;tre la cause de mon bien ou de mon mal.
+C'est pourquoi je vous supplie d'avoir bon courage
+pour vous et pour moi. Cela peut se faire si vous
+voulez. Car je suis pr&ecirc;t, et ne demande autre chose,
+sinon que je sois &agrave; vous, et vous &agrave; moi."<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Accordingly, on the Feast of the Assumption
+Eleanor approached her brother after hearing Mass in
+the abbey chapel. But while she was gathering all
+her courage to speak, Charles caught sight of the
+Palatine's letter in her bosom, and, snatching it from
+his sister's hands, broke into furious reproaches,
+swearing that he would avenge this insult with the
+traitor's blood. As Spinelli, the English Envoy,
+remarked, "The letter was but honest, concerning
+matters of love and marriage,"<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> but the young King
+would listen to no excuses, and, in spite of the Regent's
+intervention, Frederic was banished from Court in
+disgrace. A fortnight later Charles and his sister
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>sailed for Castille, and in the following summer
+Madame Leonore became the bride of "l'Oncle de
+Portugal," King Emanuel.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>The death of Christian II.'s mistress, Dyveke, in
+the summer of 1517 produced a change in the situation
+at Copenhagen. This unfortunate girl, a victim of
+her ambitious mother's designs, died very suddenly
+one afternoon after eating cherries in the royal
+gardens. The King's suspicions fell on his steward,
+Torben Axe, who was brutally put to death in spite
+of his protestations of innocence. But the Queen's
+position was distinctly improved. Christian now
+treated his wife with marked kindness, and appointed
+her Regent when, early in the following year, he went
+to Sweden to put down a rising of the nobles.
+Sigebritt Willems's influence, however, still remained
+paramount, and, in a letter to the Queen from Sweden,
+Christian begged her to consult the Dutchwoman in
+any difficulty, and ended by wishing her and "Mother
+Sigebritt" a thousand good-nights. Stranger still to
+relate, when, on the 21st of February, Isabella gave
+birth to a son, the infant Prince was entrusted to
+Sigebritt's care.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1513-23] BIRTH OF PRINCES</div>
+
+<p>This happy event, combined with Isabella's unfailing
+affection for her wayward lord, led to improved
+relations between Christian and his wife's family.
+After the death of Maximilian, Charles became anxious
+to secure his brother-in-law's support in the imperial
+election, and in February, 1519, a treaty was concluded
+between the two monarchs at Brussels.<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>The Danish Envoys, Anton de Metz and Hermann
+Willems, Sigebritt's brother, received rich presents
+from Margaret, who was once more acting as Regent
+of the Netherlands, and she even sent a silver-gilt
+cup to the hated Dutchwoman herself.<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> A month
+later the King of Denmark was elected Knight of the
+Golden Fleece at a Chapter of the Order held at
+Barcelona, and in a letter which Charles addressed to
+him he expressed his pleasure at hearing good accounts
+of his sister and little nephew, and promised to pay
+the arrears of Isabella's dowry as soon as possible.<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 28th of June, 1519, Charles was elected King
+of the Romans, and the formal announcement of his
+election was brought to Barcelona by Eleanor's
+rejected suitor, the Palatine Frederic, whom he received
+with open arms. A few days after this
+auspicious event the Queen of Denmark, on the 4th of
+July, 1519, gave birth to twin sons, who received the
+names of Philip and Maximilian. Both, however,
+died within a week of their baptism, upon which
+Sigebritt is said to have remarked that this was a
+good thing, since Denmark was too small a realm to
+support so many Princes.</p>
+
+<p>With the help of Dutch ships and gold, Christian
+succeeded in subduing the Swedish rebels, and was
+crowned with great solemnity in the Cathedral of
+Upsala on the 4th of November, 1520. But the
+rejoicings on this occasion were marred by the execution
+of ninety Swedish nobles and two Bishops, who
+were treacherously put to death by the King's orders.
+This act, which earned for Christian the title of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>Nero of the North, is said to have been instigated by
+Sigebritt and her nephew Slagb&ouml;k, a Westphalian
+barber, who had been raised from this low estate to
+be Archbishop of Lunden. The insolent conduct of
+these evil counsellors naturally increased the King's
+unpopularity in all parts of the kingdom. Yet at
+the same time Christian II. showed himself to be an
+excellent and enlightened ruler. He administered
+justice strictly, and introduced many salutary reforms.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1513-23] BIRTH OF DOROTHEA</div>
+
+<p>The common practice of buying and selling serfs was
+prohibited, Burgomasters and Town Councils were
+appointed to carry out the laws, and a system of
+tolls and customs was established. Schools and hospitals
+were founded, inns were opened in every town
+and village for the convenience of travellers, piracy
+and brigandage were sternly repressed. An Act was
+passed ordering that all cargoes recovered from
+wrecks were to be placed in the nearest church, and,
+if not claimed by the end of the year, divided between
+the Crown and the Church. When the Bishops
+complained of the loss thus inflicted on them, the
+King told them to go home and learn the Eighth
+Commandment. Still greater was the opposition
+aroused when he attempted to reform clerical abuses.
+Early in life Christian showed strong leanings towards
+the doctrines of Luther, and on his return from
+Sweden he asked his uncle, the Elector of Saxony,
+to send him a Lutheran preacher from Wittenberg.
+Although these efforts at proselytizing met with little
+success, the King openly professed his sympathy with
+the new Gospel. He had the Bible translated into
+Danish, bade the Bishops dismiss their vast households,
+issued edicts allowing priests to marry, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+ordered the begging friars to stay at home and earn
+their bread by honest labour.<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>All these reforms could not be effected without
+vigorous opposition, and the discontent among the
+nobles and clergy became every day more active. In
+the spring of 1521 a young Swedish noble, Gustavus
+Wasa, raised the standard of revolt in Dalecarlia, and
+led his peasant bands against Stockholm. Upon this
+Christian decided to pay a visit to the Low Countries
+to meet the new Emperor, who was coming to be
+crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, and seek his help against
+the citizens of L&uuml;beck and the Swedish rebels. The
+government was once more placed in the hands of
+Isabella. A few months before this, on the 10th of
+November, 1520, while Christian was absent in
+Sweden, the Queen had given birth to a daughter,
+named Dorothea after the King's grandmother, the
+able and ambitious Princess of Brandenburg, who
+married two Kings of Denmark in succession. Now
+she followed her husband with wistful thoughts as he
+started on his journey, attended only by his Chamberlain,
+Anton de Metz, and three servants, and rode all
+the way to her old home in the Netherlands.</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of June nine Danish ships sailed into the
+port of Antwerp, and a few days afterwards Christian II.
+rode into the town. His fine presence and the courage
+which he had shown in riding through Germany with
+this small escort excited general admiration.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I noted," wrote Albert D&uuml;rer in his Journal,
+"how much the people of Antwerp marvelled at the
+sight of this manly and handsome Prince, who had
+come hither through his enemies' country, with these
+few attendants."<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1513-23] KING CHRISTIAN AT BRUSSELS</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Nuremberg master had been spending the
+winter in the Low Countries, paying his respects to
+the Regent at Malines, and conversing with Erasmus
+of Rotterdam and Lucas van Leyden. He was
+starting on his journey home, when, on the Feast
+of the Visitation, he was sent for by the King of
+Denmark, who received him very graciously, and
+asked him to dine at his table and to take his portrait.
+So great was the interest which Christian showed in
+the painter's work, that D&uuml;rer gave him a fine set
+of his prints, which are still preserved in the museum
+at Copenhagen, and accepted an invitation to accompany
+him to Brussels the next day. Thus Albert
+D&uuml;rer was a witness of the meeting between Christian
+and his brother-in-law Charles V., who had just arrived
+from his coronation at Aix-la-Chapelle, and had been
+received with great rejoicing by his subjects. At
+five that summer evening Charles rode out from
+Brussels at the head of a brilliant cavalcade, and
+met his royal brother-in-law in a meadow, where
+they embraced each other and conversed with the
+help of an interpreter, Christian speaking in German,
+and Charles in French. They entered Brussels after
+sunset, and found the streets hung with tapestries
+and lighted with innumerable torches and bonfires.
+The Emperor escorted Christian to the Count of
+Nassau's palace on the top of the hill, which D&uuml;rer
+describes as the finest house that he had ever seen.
+The next morning Charles brought his guest to the
+palace gates, where the Regent and Germaine de
+Foix, King Ferdinand's widow, were awaiting them,
+and for the first time Margaret came face to face
+with her niece's husband. Christian kissed the two
+ladies in French fashion, and after dinner the two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+Princes spent the evening dancing with the Court
+ladies.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Now," wrote the Venetian Ambassador, Gaspare
+Contarini, "at two hours after dark, they are still
+dancing, for young monarchs such as these are not
+easily tired."<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The impression which the Danish King made on the
+learned Italian was very favourable. He describes
+him as a fine-looking Prince, with an earnest, animated
+expression, long locks, and a beard curled after
+the Italian fashion. In his black satin doublet,
+Spanish cloak, and jewelled cap, he looked every
+inch a King. On the Sunday after his arrival
+Christian entertained the Emperor, the Lady Margaret,
+and the Queen-Dowager of Spain, at dinner.
+Albert D&uuml;rer was present on this occasion, and was
+afterwards employed to paint a portrait of the King
+in oils, for which Christian gave him thirty florins,
+an act of liberality which contrasted favourably with
+Margaret's parsimony. "The Lady Margaret in particular,"
+remarks the painter in his Journal, "gave
+me nothing for what I made and presented to her."
+Another personage in whose society the King took
+pleasure was Erasmus, who discussed the reform of
+the Church with him, and was much struck by the
+monarch's enlightened opinions. On the 12th of July
+Christian accompanied his brother-in-law to Antwerp,
+to lay the foundations of the new choir of Our Lady's
+Church, and went on to Ghent, where he paid formal
+homage for the duchy of Holstein, and was confirmed
+in his rights over the Hanse towns, but could not
+persuade Charles to join him in making war on the
+friendly citizens of L&uuml;beck. At Ghent the King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+sent for the English Ambassador, Sir Robert Wingfield,
+with whom he had a long and friendly conversation,
+expressing great anxiety to meet King Henry VIII.
+In reply, Wingfield told him that he would soon have
+the opportunity of seeing the English monarch's
+powerful Minister, Cardinal Wolsey, to whom he
+could speak as frankly as to the King himself.<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>
+Accordingly, on the 5th of August Christian accompanied
+Charles and Margaret to the Prinzenhof at
+Bruges, where Wolsey joined them a week later.
+The regal state of the English Cardinal formed a
+striking contrast to the King's simplicity. He arrived
+with a train of over a thousand followers, clad in
+red satin, and twenty English nobles, wearing gold
+chains, walked at his horse's side. On Sunday he
+rode to Mass with the Emperor, and dined with Charles
+and Margaret, "praising the delicate and sumptuous
+manner" in which he was entertained. When the
+King of Denmark sent to ask him to come to his
+lodgings, the Cardinal demurred, saying that, as he
+represented His Majesty of England, the King must
+be the first to visit him, but that if Christian preferred
+he would meet him in the palace garden. Christian,
+however, waived ceremony, and called on Wolsey the
+next morning. The interview was a very friendly
+one. Christian expressed his anxiety to enter into a
+close alliance with England, and begged King Henry
+to be a good uncle to his young kinsman, James V. of
+Scotland. Wolsey on his part was much impressed
+by the King's good sense and peaceable intentions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1513-23] REVOLT IN DENMARK</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Surely, Sir," he wrote to his royal master, "the
+King of Denmark, though in appearance he should
+be judged to be a rash man, yet he is right wise, sober,
+and discreet, minding the establishing of good peace
+betwixt Christian Princes, wherein he right substantially
+declared his mind to me at good length."<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/facing030.jpg" width="400" height="572" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>CHRISTIAN II., KING OF DENMARK</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p. <a href="#Page_30">30</a></i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But the next day the King sent the Cardinal word
+that he had received such bad news from his own
+country that he must return without delay. He
+actually left Bruges that day, and was escorted to the
+city gates by the Papal Nuncio Caracciolo and Contarini,
+who took leave of the King, and returned to
+dine with Erasmus and his English friend, <i>Messer
+Toma Moro</i>.<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> Unfortunately, Christian's visit to
+the Low Countries produced no good result, and there
+was some justification for the Imperial Chancellor's
+cynical remark: "It would have been better to keep
+the King here, where he can do no harm, than to let
+him go home to make fresh mischief."<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> He left
+Bruges dissatisfied with the Emperor, and on reaching
+Copenhagen his first act was to dismiss the Queen's
+confessor, Mansueri. When the Emperor begged
+him to leave his sister free in matters of conscience,
+he broke into a passionate fit of rage, tore the Golden
+Fleece from his neck, and trampled it underfoot,
+cursing his meddlesome brother-in-law. What was
+worse, he seized several Dutch ships in the Sound,
+and drew upon himself the serious displeasure of the
+Regent and her Council.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Gustavus Wasa had laid siege to Stockholm,
+and there was a rising in Jutland. A Papal
+Legate arrived at Copenhagen to inquire into the
+judicial murder of the Swedish Bishops and demand
+the punishment of Slagb&ouml;k. The unfortunate Arch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>bishop
+was made a scapegoat, and put to death in
+January, 1522. Stones were thrown at Sigebritt
+when she drove out in the royal carriage, and one day
+she was thrown into a pond by some peasants, and
+only rescued with difficulty. Even Christian began
+to realize the danger of the situation, and wrote to
+Isabella from Jutland, begging her to "bid Mother
+Sigebritt hold her tongue, and not set foot outside
+the castle, if she wished him to return home alive."
+In another letter, written on the 4th of February,
+1522, from the Convent of Dalin, the King congratulates
+his wife on her safe deliverance, and the birth
+of "a marvellously handsome child."<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> This is the
+only intimation we have of the birth of Isabella's
+second daughter, Christina. The exact date is not
+to be found in the Danish archives, and has hitherto
+eluded all research. The child who saw the light in
+these troubled times received the name of Christina
+from her grandmother, the Queen-Dowager of Denmark,
+a Princess of Saxon birth, who still resided at
+King Hans's favourite palace of Odensee. All we know
+of Queen Christina is that, on the 2nd of April, 1515,
+two years after her husband's death, she addressed
+an urgent prayer to King Henry VIII., begging him
+to send her a relic of St. Thomas of Canterbury.<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>
+We are not told if a phial containing a drop of the
+saint's blood was sent to Denmark in response to
+this entreaty, but the request is of interest as a proof
+of the English martyr's widespread renown.</p>
+
+<p>A few weeks after the birth of her little daughter
+Isabella wrote a touching appeal to her aunt, imploring
+the Regent's help against the Danish rebels:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1513-23] CHRISTIAN II. DEPOSED</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"We have sad news from my lord in Jutland.
+The nobles there have rebelled against him, and seek
+to deprive him and our children of their crown and
+their lives. So we entreat you to come to our help,
+that we may chastise these rebels."<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Anton de Metz was sent to Brussels on the same
+errand, but could obtain small hopes of assistance.
+The Regent's Council complained that King Christian
+had damaged the trade of the Low Countries and ill-treated
+their sailors, and the temper of the Court was
+reflected in Sir Robert Wingfield's despatches to
+England.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Easterlings," remarked the Ambassador,
+"handle the King of Denmark roughly, and his own
+people are said to have killed the Woman of Holland,
+who was mother to his Dove, as the King's mistress
+was called, whereby it appeareth that ill life and like
+governance often cometh to a bad end."<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>King Christian's affairs, as Wingfield truly said,
+were in an evil plight. In June Stockholm surrendered
+to Gustavus Wasa, and the citizens of L&uuml;beck
+sent a fleet to burn Helsingfors and threaten Copenhagen.
+To add to the unfortunate King's difficulties,
+his uncle Frederic, Duke of Holstein, who had always
+nursed a grievance against his elder brother, the late
+King Hans, now took up a hostile attitude, and
+made common cause with the rebels. On the 20th of
+January, 1523, the nobles of Jutland met at Viborg,
+deposed Christian II. formally, and elected his uncle
+Frederic to be King in his stead. In vain Christian
+endeavoured to raise fresh forces, and sent desperate
+appeals to his kinsfolk in the Low Countries and
+Germany, and to his allies in England and Scotland.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Margaret replied curtly that the Emperor himself
+needed all the men and ammunition that could be
+obtained in those parts. The young King of Scotland's
+Chancellor, the Archbishop of Glasgow, sent
+a sympathetic message, regretting that the enmity of
+England prevented him from helping King Christian
+against his rebel subjects. When the Dean of
+Roskild appeared in London with a letter from the
+Danish monarch, begging King Henry to induce
+Margaret to help him against the Easterlings, Wolsey
+sent a splendid barge to conduct the Ambassador to
+Greenwich, but gave him little encouragement beyond
+fair words. "So I hope," wrote Sir Robert Wingfield,
+who, in spite of Christian's civilities at Ghent, had little
+pity for him, "that this wicked King will fail."<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1513-23] FLIGHT OF THE ROYAL FAMILY</div>
+
+<p>The unhappy monarch was at his wits' end. Yet
+many of his subjects were still loyal. The bulk of the
+middle and lower classes, the burghers, artisans, and
+country-folk, looked on him as their best friend; and
+when he appeared at the fair of Ringsted, a thousand
+strong arms were raised, and a thousand lusty voices
+swore fealty to Christian, the peasants' King. Copenhagen
+was strongly fortified, and as long as he stayed
+there he was safe from his foes. But an unaccountable
+panic seized him. Whether, as in the case of
+Lodovico Sforza, whom he resembled in so many
+ways, remorse for past crimes enfeebled his will, or
+whether his nerves gave way, he could not summon
+up courage to meet his foes, and decided to fly. A
+fleet of twenty ships was equipped, fully supplied
+with arms and ammunition, and laden with the crown
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>jewels, archives, and treasures. The Queen and her
+young children&mdash;the five-year-old Prince John, the
+two little Princesses, Dorothea and Christina (a babe
+of fifteen months)&mdash;went on board the finest vessel of
+the fleet, the <i>Great Mary</i>, and Mother Sigebritt was
+hidden in a chest to save her from the fury of the
+people, who regarded her as the chief cause of the
+King's unpopularity. But the greatest compassion
+was felt for Isabella and her innocent babes; and
+even the usurper Frederic wrote to beg the Queen
+to remain in Denmark, assuring her that she and her
+children would be perfectly safe. On the 14th of
+April the fleet set sail. An immense crowd assembled
+on the ramparts to see the last of the royal
+family. The King made a farewell speech, exhorting
+the garrison to remain loyal to his cause, and promising
+to return in three months with reinforcements.
+Then the ships weighed anchor, and neither Isabella
+nor her children ever saw the shores of Denmark
+again.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Le Glay, ii. 336.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> De Reiffenberg, "Histoire de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or," 307.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Le Glay, ii. 337.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> L. Van Bergh, "Correspondance de M. d'Autriche," ii. 135.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Ulmann, ii. 510.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Hubertus Leodius Thomas, "Spiegel des Humors grosser
+Potentaten," 79. E. Moeller, "&Eacute;l&eacute;onore d'Autriche," 307.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Moeller, 327. L. Mignet, "Rivalit&eacute; de Francis I. et
+Charles V.," i. 140.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., ii. 2, 1151. H. Baumgarten,
+"Geschichte Karl V.," i. 58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Henne. ii. 249.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Archives du Royaume: Bruxelles R&eacute;gistre des Revenus et
+D&eacute;penses de Charles V., ii. 72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> J. Altmeyer, 46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> F. Dahlmann, "Geschichte von D&auml;nemark," iii. 359.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> M. Conway, "Literary Remains of Albert D&uuml;rer," 124.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Venetian State Papers, iii. 139.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., iii. 2, 555, 561, 582.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., iii. 2, 614.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Venetian State Papers, iii. 162.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., iii. 2, 576.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Altmeyer, 23. Reedtz Manuscripts, xiii. 28.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., ii. 191.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., iii. 2, 1086.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., iii. 2, 1189. Altmeyer,
+"Relations Commerciales du Danemark et des Paysbas,"
+105.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK III<br />
+
+KINGS IN EXILE<br />
+
+1523-1531</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] VISIT TO LONDON</div>
+
+<p>The troubles of the Danish royal family were not
+over when they left Copenhagen. A violent storm
+scattered the fleet in the North Sea, and drove several
+of the ships on the Norwegian coast, where many of
+them were lost with all their cargo. The remaining
+eleven or twelve ships entered the harbour of Veeren,
+in Walcheren, on the 1st of May. Here the King and
+Queen were kindly received by Adolf of Burgundy,
+the Admiral of the Dutch fleet, who kept them for a
+week in his own house, and then escorted them to the
+Regent's Court at Malines. Margaret welcomed her
+niece with all her old affection, and took her and the
+royal children into her own house. But she met the
+King's prayer for help coldly, saying that it was
+beyond her power to give him either men or money.
+The moment, it is true, was singularly unpropitious.
+Not only were all the Emperor's resources needed to
+carry on his deadly struggle with France, but nearer
+home the Regent was engaged in a fierce conflict
+with her old enemy, Charles of Guelders, for the
+possession of Friesland. As Adolf of Burgundy wrote
+to Wolsey: "We need help so much ourselves that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+we are hardly in condition to help others."<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> Christian
+soon realized this, and determined to apply to
+Henry VIII., relying on his former assurances of
+brotherly affection, and feeling confident of Wolsey's
+support. The scheme met with Margaret's approval,
+and, since Isabella had only brought one Dutch maid
+and the children's nurses from Copenhagen, the
+Regent lent her several ladies, in order that she
+might appear in due state at the English Court.<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 5th of June the King and Queen left Malines
+with a suite of eighty persons and fifty horses, and,
+after waiting some time at Calais to hear the latest
+news from Denmark, crossed the Channel, and reached
+Greenwich on the 19th. Wolsey had already told
+the Imperial Ambassador, De Praet, that the King
+of Denmark would receive little encouragement from
+his master, and had expressed a hope that he would
+not give them the trouble of coming to England.
+He met the royal travellers, however, at the riverside,
+and conducted them to the palace, where they dined
+in the great hall with the King on the following day,
+Henry leading Christian by the hand, and Queen
+Katherine following with Isabella and her sister-in-law,
+Mary, Duchess of Suffolk, the widow of
+Louis XII., who was still known as <i>la Reine blanche</i>.
+From Greenwich the King and Queen of Denmark
+moved to Bath Place, where they were lodged at
+Henry's expense. Katherine welcomed her great-niece
+with motherly affection, but both Henry and Wolsey
+told Christian plainly that he had made a fatal mistake
+in deserting his loyal subjects, and advised him to
+return at once and encourage them by his presence.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>All the English monarch would do was to send Envoys
+to Denmark to urge the usurper Frederic and his
+supporters to return to their allegiance.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"For," as Henry himself wrote to the Emperor,
+"this perfidy of the King's subjects is a most fatal
+example, if for the most trifling cause a Prince is to
+be called in question, and expelled and put from his
+crown."<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The futility of these measures was evident to
+De Praet, who wrote to Charles at Toledo, saying
+that unless he took up the exiled monarch's cause for
+his sister's sake he would never recover his kingdom.
+Copenhagen was now besieged by land and sea, and
+if the garrison were not relieved by Michaelmas they
+would be forced to surrender, and Christian's last
+hope would be gone. The King himself, De Praet
+owned, seemed little changed, and he advised the
+Emperor to insist on Sigebritt's removal before giving
+him any help.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Your Majesty," wrote the Ambassador, "ought
+first of all to have the Woman of Holland sought out
+and punished, an act which in my small opinion would
+acquire great merit in the eyes of both God and man."<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>At Isabella's request, both Margaret and King Henry
+had spoken strongly to Christian on this subject, but
+he still persisted in his infatuation, and it was not
+till after he had left the Netherlands, and his wife and
+aunt were dead, that this miserable woman was
+arrested in Ghent and burnt as a witch.<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] A NOBLE WIFE</div>
+
+<p>As for the Queen, no words could express De Praet's
+admiration for her angelic goodness. "It is indeed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>grievous," he wrote, "to see this poor lady in so
+melancholy a plight, and I cannot marvel too much
+at her virtues and heroic patience." Henry was
+equally moved, and wrote to Charles in the warmest
+terms of his sister's noble qualities, but did not
+disguise his contempt for her husband.<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<p>There was, clearly, nothing more to be gained by
+remaining in England, and on the 5th of July the King
+and Queen returned to the Low Countries. Isabella
+joined her children at Malines, and Christian went to
+Antwerp to equip ships for the relief of Copenhagen.
+But he soon quarrelled with Margaret, and left suddenly
+for Germany. In September he appeared at
+Berlin, having ridden from Brussels attended by only
+two servants, and succeeded in raising a force of
+25,000 men, with the help of his brother-in-law, the
+Marquis of Brandenburg, and Duke Henry of Brunswick.
+But when the troops assembled on the banks
+of the Elbe, King Christian was unable to fulfil his
+promises or provide the money demanded by the
+leaders, and he was glad to escape with his life from
+the angry hordes of soldiers clamouring for pay.
+By the end of the year Copenhagen capitulated, and
+in the following August the usurper Frederic was
+elected King by the General Assembly, and solemnly
+crowned in the Frauenkirche.<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> The crimes of the unhappy
+Christian recoiled on his own head, and in the
+Act of Deprivation by which he was formally deposed,
+it was expressly stated that his neglect of his noble
+and virtuous wife, and infatuation for the adventuress
+Sigebritt and her daughter, had estranged the hearts
+of his people. But through all these troubles Isabella
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>clung to him with unchanging faithfulness. She
+followed him first to Berlin, then to Saxony, where
+he sought his uncle's help. In March she went to
+Nuremberg on a visit to her brother, King Ferdinand,
+and pleaded her husband and children's cause before
+the Diet in so eloquent a manner that the assembled
+Princes were moved to tears.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Everyone here," wrote Hannart, the minister
+whom Charles V. had sent to his sister's help, "is
+full of compassion for the Queen, but no one places
+the least trust in the King. If it were not for her
+sake, not a single man would saddle a horse on his
+behalf."</p></div>
+
+<p>Hannart, in fact, confessed that he had done his
+utmost to keep Christian away from Nuremberg,
+feeling sure that his presence would do more harm
+than good. Even Isabella's entreaties were of no
+avail. She begged her brother in vain for the loan of
+20,000 florins to satisfy the Duke of Brunswick, whose
+angry threats filled her with alarm.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I am always afraid some harm may happen to
+you when I am away," she wrote to her husband.
+"I long to join you, and would rather suffer at your
+side than live in comfort away from you."<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But Christian, as Hannart remarked in a letter to
+the Regent Margaret, had few friends. Even his
+servants did not attempt to deny the charges that
+were brought against him, and the Queen alone, like
+the loyal wife that she was, sought to explain and
+excuse his conduct.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] MARTIN LUTHER</div>
+
+<p>To add to Isabella's troubles, her brother Ferdinand
+was seriously annoyed at the leanings to the Lutheran
+faith which she now displayed. Christian's Protestant
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>tendencies had been greatly strengthened by his residence
+in Saxony during the winter of 1523. He
+heard Luther preach at Wittenberg, and spent much
+time in his company, dining frequently with him and
+Spalatin, the Court chaplain, and making friends with
+the painter Lucas Cranach. The fine portrait of King
+Christian by this artist forms the frontispiece of a
+Danish version of the New Testament published by
+Hans Mikkelsen, the Burgomaster of Malmo&euml;, who
+shared his royal master's exile. When the Marquis
+Joachim of Brandenburg remonstrated with his
+brother-in-law for his intimacy with the heretic Luther,
+Christian replied that he would rather lose all three of
+his kingdoms than forsake this truly Apostolic man.<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>
+Isabella's naturally religious nature was deeply impressed
+by these new influences, and both she and
+her sister-in-law, Elizabeth of Brandenburg, secretly
+embraced the reformed doctrine. At Nuremberg
+she attended the sermons of the Lutheran doctor
+Osiander, and received Communion in both kinds
+from his hands on Maundy Thursday, to the great
+indignation of King Ferdinand, who told her he could
+not own a heretic as his sister. Isabella replied gently
+that if he cast her off God would take care of her.
+Luther on his part was moved by the apparent
+sincerity of his royal convert.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Strange indeed are the ways of God!" he wrote
+to Spalatin. "His grace penetrates into the most
+unlikely places, and may even bring this rare wild
+game, a King and Queen, safely into the heavenly
+net."<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>While Luther addressed a strong remonstrance to
+the newly-elected King of Denmark and the citizens
+of L&uuml;beck, Christian's Chancellor, Cornelius Scepperus,
+drew up an eloquent memorial to Pope Clement VII.
+on the exiled King's behalf, and travelled to Spain to
+seek the Emperor's help. By Hannart's exertions a
+Congress was held at Hamburg in April, which was
+attended by representatives of the Emperor, the
+Regent of the Netherlands, the Imperial Electors and
+Princes, as well as by deputies from Denmark,
+England, Poland, and L&uuml;beck. Isabella accompanied
+her husband on this occasion, at Hannart's request.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I hear on all sides," he wrote to Charles, "that
+the people of Denmark would gladly welcome the
+return of the Queen and her children if the King
+would not meddle with public affairs, and a good
+Governor appointed by Your Majesty should act as
+Regent until the young Prince is of age."<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But when, by way of compromise, some members
+of the Congress proposed that Frederic should retain
+the throne, and recognize Prince John as his successor,
+Christian rejected this offer angrily, and negotiations
+were soon broken off. Both Charles and Margaret
+now gave up all hope of effecting Christian's restoration,
+and concluded a treaty in the following August
+with King Frederic, by which his title was recognized,
+and the Baltic was once more opened to the merchants
+of the Low Countries.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] THE CHILDREN OF DENMARK</div>
+
+<p>The exiled monarch, now compelled to realize
+the hopelessness of his cause, returned sorrowfully
+with his wife to the Low Countries, and Isabella had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>at least the joy of embracing her children once more.
+During this long absence the faithful servants who had
+followed their King and Queen into exile had kept
+her well supplied with news of their health and
+progress.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Prince John," wrote Nicolas Petri, Canon of
+Lunden, "learns quickly, and begins to speak French.
+He is already a great favourite with the Lady Margaret.
+His sisters, the Princesses, are very well, and
+are both very pretty children. The youngest, Madame
+Christine, has just been weaned. Madame Marguerite
+says that she will soon be receiving proposals of
+marriage for the elder one. These are good omens,
+for which God be praised. It is a real pleasure to be
+with these children, they are so good and charming.
+If only Your Grace could see them, you would soon
+forget all your troubles."<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But not all Margaret's affection for Isabella and
+her children could reconcile her to the King's presence.
+Christian was, it must be confessed, a troublesome
+guest. His restless brain was always busy with new
+plots and intrigues. At first he announced his intention
+of taking Isabella to visit the Emperor in Spain,
+but, after spending some weeks in Zeeland fitting out
+ships, he suddenly changed his mind, and took Isabella,
+whose health had suffered from all the hardships and
+anxiety that she had undergone, to drink the waters
+at Aix-la-Chapelle. On his return he wished to settle
+at Ghent, but the Regent and her Council, fearing
+that his presence would excite sedition in this city,
+suggested that the Castle of Gemappes should be
+offered him instead. Charles replied that if the King
+lived at Gemappes he would certainly spoil his
+hunting, and thought that Lille or Bruges would be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+a better place. In the end Lierre, a pleasant city
+halfway between Malines and Antwerp, was chosen
+for the exiled Princes' home. Towards the end of
+1524 Christian and his family took up their abode in
+the old castle which still goes by the name of <i>Het Hof
+van Denemarken</i>, or <i>Cour de Danemarck</i>. A guard of
+fifty halberdiers and a considerable household was
+assigned to them by the Emperor's order. A monthly
+allowance of 500 crowns was granted to the King,
+while the Queen received a yearly sum of 2,000 crowns
+<i>pour employer en ses menus plaisirs</i>. But Christian's
+reckless and disorderly conduct soon landed him in
+fresh difficulties. Isabella cut up her husband's old
+robes to make clothes for her little girls, and was
+reduced to such penury that she was compelled to
+pledge, not only her jewels, but the children's toys.
+Meanwhile Margaret's letters to her imperial nephew
+were filled with complaints of the Danish King's
+extravagance. She declared that he was spending
+800 crowns a month, and perpetually asking for more.
+When she sent her <i>ma&icirc;tre d'h&ocirc;tel</i>, Monsieur de
+Souvastre, to set his affairs in order, he was confronted
+with a long list of unpaid bills from doctors,
+apothecaries, saddlers, masons, carpenters, tailors,
+and poulterers. But accounts of the straits to which
+the Queen and her children were reduced had evidently
+reached Spain, and Charles felt it necessary to
+remind his aunt gently that, after all, Isabella was
+his own sister, and that many pensioners whom he
+had never seen received many thousands of crowns a
+year from his purse.<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] A ZEALOUS LUTHERAN</div>
+
+<p>Another cause of perpetual irritation was the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>favour shown by the King to the Lutherans, whom the
+Regent was trying to drive out of Flanders. The
+Court of Lierre became the refuge of all who professed
+the new doctrine. Margaret insisted on the
+banishment of several of the King's servants, including
+the chaplain, Hans Monbo&euml;, and Prince John's tutor,
+Nicolas Petri, and sent others to prison. But these
+high-handed acts only strengthened Christian's zeal
+in the cause of reform. "The word of God," he wrote
+to his friend Spalatin, "waxes powerful in the Netherlands,
+and thrives on the blood of the martyrs."<a name="FNanchor_53" id="FNanchor_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>
+The letters which he addressed to his old subjects
+were couched in the same strain. He confessed his
+past sins, and prayed that he might be restored to
+his kingdom, like David of old, declaring that his
+sole wish was to live for Christ and do good to his
+enemies. At the same time he hired freebooters to
+ravage the coast of Denmark, and provoked King
+Frederic to close the Sound, an act which aroused
+widespread discontent in the Low Countries. In
+August, 1525, he sent a herald to England, begging
+King Henry and his good friend the Cardinal to
+intercede with the Regent, and induce her to lend
+him men and money for a fresh expedition. But
+Margaret turned a deaf ear to all entreaties, and
+when Isabella's physician recommended her to try
+the waters of Aix-la-Chapelle again, she declined to
+sanction this journey on the score of expense. She
+sent her own doctor, however, to Lierre, and at his
+suggestion the invalid was moved for change of air
+to Swynaerde, the Abbot of St. Peter's country-house
+near Ghent. But Isabella's ills were beyond the
+reach of human skill, and she soon became too weak
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>to leave her room. On the 12th of December
+Christian sent for his old chaplain from Wittenberg,
+begging him to return without delay.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Dear Brother in Christ</span>," he wrote,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"Here we forget Christ, and have no one to
+preach the word of God. I implore you to come and
+give us the comfort of the Gospel. Greet our brothers
+and sisters."</p></div>
+
+<p>Upon receiving this summons, Monbo&euml; and Hans
+Mikkelsen hastened to Ghent, at the peril of their
+lives, and administered spiritual consolation to the
+dying Queen. On the 19th of January she received
+the last Sacraments from the priest of Swynaerde, and
+saw Monsieur de Souvastre, by whom she sent her
+aunt affectionate messages, commending her poor
+children to Margaret's care. A few hours afterwards
+she passed quietly away. Both Catholics and Lutherans
+bore witness to her angelic patience, and a letter
+which Christian addressed to Luther, ten days later,
+gives a touching account of his wife's last moments:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] DEATH OF ISABELLA</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"As her weakness increased, Frau Margaret sent
+her servant, Philippe de Souvastre, and other excellent
+persons, to admonish her after the fashion of the
+Popish Anti-Christ's faith and the religion of his sect.
+But Almighty God in His mercy deprived my wife
+of her powers of speech, so that she made no reply,
+and they gave up speaking, and only anointed her
+with oil. But before this she had received the Blessed
+Sacrament in the most devout manner, with ardent
+longing, firm faith, and stedfast courage; and when
+one of our preachers exhorted her, in the words of
+the Gospel, to stand fast in the faith, she confessed
+her firm trust in God, and paid no heed to the superstitious
+mutterings of the others. After this she
+became speechless, but gave many signs of true faith
+to the end, and took her last farewell of this world
+on the 19th of January. May God Almighty be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>gracious to her soul, and grant her eternal rest! We
+are strong in the sure and certain hope that she has
+entered into eternal bliss, unto which God bring us
+all!"<a name="FNanchor_54" id="FNanchor_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>On the 4th of February the dead Queen, who had
+not yet completed her twenty-fifth year, was buried
+with great pomp in the cloisters of the Abbey of
+St. Peter at Ghent, where a stately marble tomb was
+raised over her ashes. The painter Mabuse was employed
+to design the monument, as we learn from a
+letter which the King addressed to the Abbot of
+St. Peter's in 1528, complaining of his delay in completing
+the work. A Latin inscription by Cornelius
+Scepperus, giving Isabella's titles in full, and recording
+her virtues and the sufferings which she had endured
+during her short life, was placed on the monument,
+which is described by an English traveller of the
+sixteenth century, Philip Skippon.<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> Unfortunately,
+the tomb was rifled by the mob at the time of
+the French Revolution, but the ashes of the Queen
+were carefully preserved by a pious Cur&eacute;, and afterwards
+restored to their former resting-place.</p>
+
+<p>Isabella's early death was deeply lamented, not
+only in the Low Countries, where she was so beloved,
+but in her husband's kingdoms. Funeral services were
+held throughout the land, and all men wept for the
+good Princess "who had been the mother of her
+people." On all sides testimonies to her worth were
+paid. Henry of England wrote to King Christian
+that the late Queen had been as dear to him as a
+sister, and Luther paid an eloquent tribute to her
+memory in his treatise on Holy Women:</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Of such Kings' daughters there was indeed one,
+of the noblest birth, Isabella, Queen of Denmark, a
+Princess of the royal house of Spain. She embraced
+the Gospel with great ardour, and confessed the faith
+openly. And because of this she died in want and
+misery. For had she consented to renounce her faith,
+she would have received far more help and much
+greater kindness in this life."<a name="FNanchor_56" id="FNanchor_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<p>The news of the Queen of Denmark's death reached
+her brother, the Emperor, on the eve of his marriage
+to Isabella of Portugal. Guillaume des Barres, the
+bearer of Margaret's letters, found him at a village
+in Andalusia, on his way to Seville, where the wedding
+was to take place on the following day, and had a long
+interview with his imperial master before he left his
+bed on the 9th of March. Charles spoke with deep feeling
+of his sister, and inquired anxiously if the Regent
+had been able to obtain possession of her children&mdash;"a
+thing," wrote Des Barres, "which His Majesty
+desires greatly, because of the King's heretical leanings."<a name="FNanchor_57" id="FNanchor_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] MARGARET INTERVENES</div>
+
+<p>Margaret had certainly not been remiss in this
+matter. But Christian was more intractable than
+ever. He took his children to Ghent immediately
+after their mother's death, and refused to give them
+up until the Regent had paid all his debts, including
+7,000 florins for the funeral expenses, and 2,000 more
+which he owed to the landlord of the Falcon at Lierre
+for Rhine-wine and fodder. His language became
+every day more violent. He threatened to cut off
+the Governor of Antwerp's head, and appealed to his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>comrades of the Golden Fleece for the redress of his
+supposed grievances. At length Margaret, seeing that
+none of her Court officials and Councillors could bring
+him to reason, rode to Lierre herself on the 2nd of
+March, and made a last attempt to obtain possession
+of the children <i>par voye aimable</i>. The King, she
+found, had already packed up his furniture and plate,
+even the chalice which was used in the royal chapel,
+and was about to start for Germany.</p>
+
+<p>After prolonged discussion, the Regent succeeded
+in persuading Christian to leave his children with her,
+on condition that she paid his debts in Lierre, and
+provided for the late Queen's funeral expenses&mdash;"a
+thing which must be done," she wrote to Charles,
+"out of sheer decency." But she quite refused the
+King's demand for an increased allowance, saying
+that he could not require more money than he had
+received in his wife's lifetime. Christian then left the
+Netherlands for Saxony, saying that he intended to
+raise a fresh army and invade Denmark. "He is
+confident of recovering his kingdoms," wrote Margaret
+to the Emperor, "but my own impression is that his
+exploits will be confined to plundering and injuring
+your subjects." This prophecy was literally fulfilled,
+and during the next four years the peaceful folk in
+Friesland were harassed by turbulent freebooters in
+the King of Denmark's pay, while pirates ravaged
+the coasts of the North Sea, and led the Hanse cities
+to make severe reprisals on the Dutch ships.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] THE PALACE OF MALINES</div>
+
+<p>Margaret's chief object, however, was attained.
+On the 5th of March she returned to Malines with
+the Prince of Denmark and his little sisters. "Henceforth,
+Monseigneur," she wrote to Charles, "you will
+have to be both father and mother to these poor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+children, and must treat them as your own."<a name="FNanchor_58" id="FNanchor_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> The
+Regent herself nobly fulfilled the sacred trust committed
+to her by the dying Queen. From this time
+until her own death, four and a half years later,
+Isabella's children were the objects of her unceasing
+care, and lacked nothing that money could provide
+or love suggest. They lived under her own roof in
+the Palace of Malines, that city of wide streets and
+canals, with the fine market-place and imposing
+cathedral, which many called the finest town in
+Flanders. Margaret's first care was to arrange the
+royal children's household. Prince John was placed
+in the charge of a governess, Mademoiselle Rolande
+de Serclaes, who superintended his meals and taught
+him "Christian religion and good manners," while
+he had for his tutor Cornelius Agrippa, the distinguished
+scholar and defender of women's rights,
+who dedicated his book, "On the Pre-excellence of
+Women," to the Regent. In Lent the Prince and his
+sisters received regular instruction in the palace
+chapel, and one year Friar Jehan de Salis received
+thirty-six livres for preaching a course of Lent sermons
+before the Prince and Princesses of Denmark. Margaret
+herself kept a watchful eye on the children. A
+hundred entries in her household accounts show how
+carefully she chose their nurses and companions, their
+clothes and playthings. One of her first gifts to the
+Prince was a handsome pony, richly harnessed with
+black and gold trappings. Another was a dwarf
+page, who became his constant playfellow, and in
+his turn received good Ypres cloth and damask for
+his own wear. Italian merchants from Antwerp
+often came to lay their wares before the Regent.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>We find her choosing black velvet and white satin
+for Prince John's doublet, and pearl buttons and gold
+fringe to trim his sleeves, and ordering the goldsmith,
+Master Leonard of Augsburg, to supply an antique
+silver dagger and an image of Hercules for the Prince's
+cap. Or else a merchant is desired to send her two
+pairs of cuffs of exquisitely fine "toile de Cambray,"
+embroidered with gold thread, for the young Princesses'
+wear,<a name="FNanchor_59" id="FNanchor_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> and twenty gold balls for the fringe of
+their bed. Amid all the anxious cares of State which
+filled her time, this great lady seldom allowed a day
+to pass without seeing her nephew and nieces. Their
+innocent prattle and merry laughter cheered her
+lonely hours, while the Prince and his sisters found
+plenty to amuse them in their great-aunt's rooms.
+The halls were hung with costly Arras tapestries of
+David killing Goliath, stories of Alexander and
+Esther, hunting scenes and Greek fables, or adorned
+with paintings by the best masters. Van Eyck's
+"Merchant of Lucca, Arnolfini with his Wife," and
+"Virgin of the Fountain," Rogier Van der Weyden's
+and Memling's Madonnas, Jerome Bosch's "St.
+Anthony," Jacopo de' Barbari's "Crucifixion," were
+all here, as well as Michel van Coxien's little Virgin
+with the sleeping Child in her arms, which Margaret
+called her <i>mignonne</i>.<a name="FNanchor_60" id="FNanchor_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> The library contained a complete
+collection of family portraits, chiefly the work
+of the Court painter, Bernard van Orley or Jehan
+Mabuse.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] MABUSE'S PICTURE</div>
+
+<p>Among these were pictures of Margaret's parents,
+Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy; of her second
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>husband, Monsieur de Savoie, a brilliant cavalier
+clad in a crimson mantle sown with daisies in allusion
+to his wife's name; and of her brother, King
+Philip, with his children, the young Archduke Charles
+and the future Queens of France and Denmark.
+Prince John and his sisters would recognize the portraits
+of their own father and mother, King Christian
+and his gentle wife, which hung over the mantelpiece,
+together with those of their great-grandparents,
+Ferdinand and Isabella, the Kings of France and
+England, and the Grand Turk. But better in the
+children's eyes than all the pictures and bronzes, the
+marble busts and ivories, the silver mirrors and
+chandeliers, better even than the Chinese dragons
+and stuffed birds-of-Paradise from the New World,
+were the live pets with which their aunt loved to be
+surrounded. The famous green parrot which once
+belonged to Mary of Burgundy had lately died, to
+her great sorrow. Margaret herself had written its
+epitaph, and the Court poet, Jehan Le Maire, had
+sung the bird's descent into the Elysian fields, and its
+converse with Charon and Mercury, in his elegy of
+"L'Amant Vert." But in its stead she had cages
+full of parakeets and singing birds, which were carefully
+tended by her ladies, and fed with white loaves
+newly baked every morning. There was an Italian
+greyhound in a white fur tippet, and a number of
+toy-dogs in baskets lined with swansdown, and a
+marmoset that she had bought from a French pedlar,
+which afforded the Court ladies as much amusement
+as the royal children. Nor were other diversions
+wanting. Margaret was very fond of music, and not
+only kept a troop of viol and tambourine players, but
+often sent for the town band of Ghent and Brussels,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+or the Prince of Orange's fife and organ players, to
+beguile her evenings. Sometimes the children of
+S. Rombaut and the choir-boys of Notre Dame du
+Sablon in Brussels would sing chorales during dinner,
+or strolling players and German marionettes, Italian
+jugglers, or Poles and Hungarians with tame bears,
+would be allowed to perform in her presence. On one
+occasion a famous lute-player from the Court of
+Whitehall was sent over by King Henry, and received
+seven gold crowns for his pains. Another time three
+Savoyards were rewarded with a handful of gold
+pieces for the tricks with which they had amused the
+Court after supper. And every May Day the archers
+of the guard marched in procession to plant hawthorn-bushes
+covered with blossom under the palace
+windows.<a name="FNanchor_61" id="FNanchor_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+<p>In these pleasant surroundings the children of Denmark
+grew up under the same roof as their mother
+and aunts before them, leading the same joyous and
+natural life. No wonder that through all her troubled
+life Christina looked back fondly to these early times,
+and never forgot the happy days which she had spent
+at Malines. There is a charming picture, now at
+Hampton Court, of the three children, painted by
+Mabuse soon after their mother's death, and sent
+to King Henry VIII., whose favour Christian II. was
+once more trying to obtain.<a name="FNanchor_62" id="FNanchor_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The three children are standing at a table covered
+with a green cloth, on which apples and cherries are
+laid. Prince John, a manly boy with a thoughtful,
+attractive face, wearing a black velvet suit and cap
+and a gold chain round his neck, is in the centre
+between his sisters. On his right, Dorothea, a pretty
+child with brown eyes and golden curls frizzled all
+over her head, reaches out her hand towards the
+fruit, while on his left the little Christina grasps an
+apple firmly in one hand, and lays the other confidingly
+on her brother's arm. Both little girls are
+dressed in black velvet with white ermine sleeves,
+probably made out of their father's old robes. But
+while Dorothea's curly head is uncovered, Christina
+wears a tight-fitting hood edged with pearls, drawn
+closely over her baby face. Her tiny features are
+full of character, and the large brown eyes, with their
+earnest gaze, and small fingers clasping the apple,
+already reveal the courage and resolution for which
+she was to be distinguished in days to come.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] A PROMISING PRINCE</div>
+
+<p>At this early period of their lives it was, naturally
+enough, Prince John who chiefly occupied his guardian's
+thoughts. A boy of rare promise, studious,
+intelligent, and affectionate, he had inherited much
+of his mother's charm, and soon became a great
+favourite at Court. Margaret was never tired of
+describing his talents and progress to the Emperor,
+who took keen interest in his young nephew, and
+was particularly glad to hear how fond he was of
+riding.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 593px;">
+<img src="images/facing054.jpg" width="593" height="432" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p><i>Copyright, H. M. the King</i></p>
+
+<p>THE CHILDREN OF CHRISTIAN II., KING OF DENMARK</p>
+
+<p>By Jean Mabuse (Hampton Court Palace)</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p. <a href="#Page_54">54</a></i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Madame my good Aunt</span>," he wrote,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"I hear with great pleasure of the kindness
+shown by M. de Br&eacute;gilles, the Master of your Household,
+to my nephew, the Prince of Denmark, and
+am very grateful to him for teaching the boy to ride
+and mounting him so well. And you will please tell
+Br&eacute;gilles that I beg him to go on from good to better,
+and train the boy in all honest and manly exercises,
+as well as in noble and virtuous conduct, for you
+know that he is likely to follow whatever example is
+set before him in his youth. And I have no doubt
+that, not only in this case, but in all others, you will
+not cease to watch over him.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 18.5em;">"Your good nephew,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 24.5em;">"<span class="smcap">Charles</span>."<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>When in July, 1528, Margaret's servant Montfort
+was sent on an important mission to Spain, the
+Emperor's first anxiety was to hear full accounts of
+Prince John and his sisters from the Envoy's lips.
+He expressed great satisfaction with all Montfort told
+him, saying that he entertained the highest hopes of
+his nephew, and would far rather support his claim
+to Denmark than help his father to recover the throne&mdash;"the
+more so," he added, "since we hear that King
+Christian, to our sorrow, still adheres to the false
+doctrine of Luther."</p>
+
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<p>King Christian, as the Emperor hinted, was still a
+thorn in the Regent's side. Although, since his wife's
+death, most of his time had been spent in Germany,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+he remained a perpetual source of annoyance. In
+July, 1528, he induced his sister Elizabeth to leave
+her husband, Joachim of Brandenburg, and escape
+with him to Saxony. All Germany rang with this
+new scandal, and while the Marquis appealed to
+Margaret, begging her to stop Christian's allowance
+as the only means of bringing him to his senses,
+Elizabeth, who had secretly embraced the reformed
+faith, implored the Emperor's protection against her
+husband, and refused to return to Berlin. At the
+same time the King did his utmost to stir up discontent
+round Lierre, and raised bands of freebooters
+in Holland, whose lawless depredations were a constant
+source of vexation to Charles's loyal subjects.
+When the Regent protested, he replied that he had
+nothing to do with these levies, and that his intentions
+were absolutely innocent, assurances which, Margaret
+remarked, would not deceive a child. Under these
+circumstances, relations between the two became
+daily more strained. "Margaret loves me not, and
+has never loved me," wrote Christian to his Lutheran
+friends, while the Regent turned to Charles in her
+despair, saying: "Monseigneur, if the King of Denmark
+comes here, I simply do not know what I am
+to do with him!"<a name="FNanchor_64" id="FNanchor_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] DEATH OF MARGARET</div>
+
+<p>Suddenly a new turn in the tide altered the whole
+aspect of affairs. On the 3rd of August, 1529, the
+Peace of Cambray was finally concluded. The long
+war, which had drained the Emperor's resources,
+was at an end, and his hands were once more free.
+Christian lost no time in taking advantage of this
+opportunity to secure his powerful kinsman's help.
+He addressed urgent petitions to the Emperor and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>King Ferdinand, and sent an Envoy to plead his
+cause at Bologna, where on the 24th of February,
+1530, Charles V. received the imperial crown from
+the hands of Pope Clement VII. But the only condition
+on which the exiled monarch could be admitted
+into the new confederation was his return to the
+Catholic Church. For this, too, Christian seems to have
+been prepared. On the 2nd of February he signed
+an agreement at Lierre, in which he promised to obey
+the Emperor's wishes, and to hold fast the Catholic
+faith, if he should be restored to the throne of Denmark.
+When Charles crossed the Brenner, Christian
+hastened to meet him at Innsbruck, and, throwing
+himself at the foot of Cardinal Campeggio, craved the
+Holy Father's pardon for his past errors, and received
+absolution. But, in spite of this public recantation,
+the King still secretly preferred the reformed faith,
+and continued to correspond with his Lutheran friends.
+On the 25th of June he arrived at Malines with letters
+of credit for 24,000 florins, which he had received
+from the Emperor as the price of his submission.
+But the Council refused to give him a farthing without
+the Regent's consent, and Margaret declined to see
+him, pleading illness as her excuse. Although only
+fifty years of age, she had long been in failing health,
+and only awaited the Emperor's coming to lay down her
+arduous office and retire to a convent at Bruges. An
+unforeseen accident hastened her end. She hurt her
+foot by treading on the broken pieces of a crystal
+goblet, blood-poisoning came on, and she died in her
+sleep on the 30th of November, without ever seeing
+her nephew again. The touching letter in which she
+bade him farewell was written a few hours before her
+death:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Monseigneur</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"The hour has come when I can no longer
+write with my own hand, for I am so dangerously ill
+that I fear my remaining hours will be few. But my
+conscience is tranquil, and I am ready to accept God's
+will, and have no regrets saving that I am deprived
+of your presence, and am unable to see you and speak
+with you before I die.... I leave you your provinces,
+greatly increased in extent since your departure, and
+resign the government, which I trust I have discharged
+in such a way as to merit a Divine reward,
+and earn the good-will of your subjects as well as
+your approval. And above all, Monseigneur, I recommend
+you to live at peace, more especially with
+the Kings of France and England. Finally I beg
+of you, by the love which you have been pleased to
+bear me, remember the salvation of my soul and my
+recommendations on behalf of my poor servants.
+And so I bid you once more farewell, praying, Monseigneur,
+that you may enjoy a long life and great
+prosperity.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"Your very humble aunt,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Margaret</span>."<a name="FNanchor_65" id="FNanchor_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
+<p>
+"From Malines the last day of November, 1530."<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This letter reached the Emperor at Cologne together
+with the news of Margaret's death, and a solemn
+requiem was chanted for her soul in the cathedral.
+Charles and his subjects fully realized the great loss
+which his <i>pays de par-de&ccedil;a</i> had suffered by his aunt's
+death.</p>
+
+<p>"All the provinces," said Cornelius Agrippa, in the
+funeral oration which he pronounced in S. Rombaut
+of Malines, "all the cities, and all the villages,
+are plunged in tears and sorrow. For no greater
+loss could have befallen us and our country."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] MARY OF HUNGARY</div>
+
+<p>The young Prince of Denmark, whom Margaret
+had loved so well, was chief mourner on this occasion,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>and rode at the head of the procession which bore
+her remains to Bruges. Here they were laid in the
+Convent of the Annunciation until the magnificent
+shrine that she had begun at Brou in Savoy was ready
+to receive her ashes and those of her husband. When,
+in the following March, the Emperor came to Malines,
+Prince John welcomed him in a Latin speech, in which
+he made a pathetic allusion to the loss which he and
+his sisters had sustained in the death of one who
+had been to them the wisest and tenderest of mothers.
+Then, turning to his uncle with charming grace, he
+begged the Emperor to have compassion upon him
+and his orphaned sisters, and allow them to remain at
+his Court until their father should be restored to his
+rightful throne. The young Prince's simple eloquence
+produced a deep impression. The Emperor with
+tears in his eyes embraced him, and the magistrates
+of Malines presented him with a barrel of Rhenish
+wine in token of their regard.<a name="FNanchor_66" id="FNanchor_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p>
+
+<p>Fortunately for the children of Denmark, as well
+as for the provinces which Margaret had ruled so well,
+another Habsburg Princess was found to take her
+place. This was the Emperor's sister Mary, whose
+gallant husband, King Louis of Hungary, had fallen
+on the field of Mohacz four years before, fighting
+against the Turks. The widowed Queen, although
+only twenty-one, had shown admirable presence of
+mind, and it was largely due to her tact and popularity
+that her brother Ferdinand and his wife Anna,
+the dead King's sister, were recognized as joint Sovereigns
+of Bohemia and Hungary. Her own hand was
+sought in marriage by many Princes, including the
+young King James V. of Scotland and her sister<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+Eleanor's old lover, the Palatine Frederic, whose
+romantic imagination was deeply impressed by the
+young Queen's heroic bearing. But Mary positively
+refused to take another husband, saying that, having
+found perfect happiness in her first marriage, she had
+no wish to try a second. To the end of her life she
+remained true to her dead lord, and never put off
+her widow's weeds. But her courage and spirit were
+as high as ever. She was passionately fond of hunting,
+and amazed the hardest riders by being all day
+in the saddle without showing any trace of fatigue.
+Her powers of mind were no less remarkable. She
+was the ablest of the whole family, and the wisdom
+of her judgments was equalled by the frankness with
+which she expressed them. Like all the Habsburg
+ladies, she was highly educated, and spoke Latin as
+well as any doctor in Louvain, according to Erasmus,
+who inscribed her name on the first page of his
+"Veuve Chr&eacute;tienne." Mary shared her sister Isabella's
+sympathy with the reformers, and accepted the
+dedication of Luther's "Commentary on the Four
+Psalms of Consolation." When this excited her
+brother Ferdinand's displeasure, she told him that
+authors must do as they please in these matters,
+and that he might trust her not to tarnish the fair
+name of their house. "God," she added, "would
+doubtless give her grace to die a good Christian."<a name="FNanchor_67" id="FNanchor_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] THE NEW REGENT</div>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1530 Mary met Charles at Innsbruck,
+and accompanied him to Augsburg. When,
+a few months later, the news of Margaret's death
+reached him at Cologne, the Emperor begged her to
+become Regent of the Low Countries and share the
+burden of government with him. But Mary had no
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>wish to enter public life, and asked her brother's leave
+to retire to Spain and devote herself to the care of
+their unhappy mother, Queen Juana. For some
+time she resisted the entreaties of both her brothers,
+and it was only a strong sense of duty which finally
+overcame her reluctance to assume so arduous and
+ungrateful a task. When at length she consented,
+she made it a condition that she should not be troubled
+with offers of marriage, and pointed out that her
+Lutheran sympathies might well arouse suspicion in
+the Netherlands. But Charles brushed these objections
+lightly aside, saying that no one should disturb her
+peace, and that he should never have trusted her with
+so important a post if he had regarded her Lutheran
+tendencies seriously. All he asked was that the
+Queen should not bring her German servants to the
+Low Countries, lest they should arouse the jealousy
+of his Flemish courtiers.</p>
+
+<p>Mary scrupulously fulfilled these conditions, and on
+the 23rd of January, 1531, the new Regent entered
+Louvain in state, and was presented to the Council
+by the Emperor, as Governess of the Netherlands.
+Two months later she accompanied Charles to Malines,
+where for the first time she embraced her little
+nieces. For the present, however, Dorothea and
+Christina, who were only nine and ten years old,
+remained at Malines, while Prince John accompanied
+his uncle and aunt on a progress through the
+provinces.</p>
+
+<p>Mary soon realized all the difficulties of the task
+that she had undertaken with so much reluctance.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Emperor," she wrote to Ferdinand from
+Brussels, "has fastened the rope round my neck, but
+I find public affairs in a great tangle, and if His<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+Majesty does not reduce them to some degree of
+order before his departure, I shall find myself in a very
+tight place."<a name="FNanchor_68" id="FNanchor_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Treasury was exhausted, the people groaned
+under the load of taxation, and the prodigal generosity
+of the late Regent had not succeeded in suppressing
+strife and jealousy among the nobles. As Mary
+wrote many years afterwards to her nephew, Philip II.:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"No doubt our aunt, Madame Marguerite, ruled the
+Netherlands long and well; but when she grew old and
+ailing she was obliged to leave the task to others,
+and when the Emperor returned there after her death,
+he found the nobles at variance, justice little respected,
+and all classes disaffected to the imperial service."<a name="FNanchor_69" id="FNanchor_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] A FORLORN HOPE</div>
+
+<p>But the young Regent brought all her spirit and
+energy to the task, and with her brother's help succeeded
+in reforming the gravest abuses and restoring
+some order into the finances. The gravest difficulty
+with which she had to contend was the presence of
+the King of Denmark. Since Margaret's death this
+monarch had grown bolder and more insolent in his
+demands. With the help of his old ally, Duke Henry
+of Brunswick, he collected 6,000 men-at-arms and
+invaded Holland, spreading fire and sword wherever
+he went. In vain Charles remonstrated with him
+on the suffering which he inflicted on peaceable citizens.
+Christian only replied with an insolent letter,
+which convinced the Emperor more than ever of "the
+man's little sense and honesty." He now feared that
+the King would seize one of the forts in Holland and
+remain there all the winter, feeding his soldiers at the
+expense of the unfortunate peasantry, and infecting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>them with Lutheran heresy. Under these circumstances
+Charles felt that it was impossible to desert his
+sister, and decided to put off his departure for Germany
+until he had got rid of this troublesome guest.</p>
+
+<p>At length, on the 26th of October, Christian sailed
+from Medemblik, in North Holland, with twenty-five
+ships and 7,000 men.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"He has done infinite damage to my provinces of
+Holland and Utrecht," wrote Charles to Ferdinand,
+"treating them as if they were enemies, and forcing
+them to provide him with boats and provisions,
+besides seizing the supplies which I had collected for
+my own journey."<a name="FNanchor_70" id="FNanchor_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>So great were the straits to which Charles found
+himself reduced that he was compelled to raise a fresh
+loan in order to defray the expenses of his journey
+to Spires. But at least the hated adventurer was
+gone, and as a fair wind sprang up, and the sails of
+King Christian's fleet dropped below the horizon, the
+Emperor and his subjects felt that they could breathe
+freely.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The King of Dacia," wrote the Italian traveller
+Mario Savorgnano, from Brussels, on the 6th of
+November, "has sailed with twenty big ships, thus
+relieving this land from a heavy burden. He goes
+to recover his kingdom of Denmark, a land lying
+north of the Cymbric Chersonesus.... But I am
+sure that when the people come face to face with
+these mercenaries, especially those who have been
+in Italy and have there learnt to rob, sack, burn, and
+leave no cruelty undone, in their greed for gold, they
+will rise and drive out the invaders."<a name="FNanchor_71" id="FNanchor_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>This time Christian determined not to attempt a
+landing in Denmark, but to sail straight to Norway,
+where he had always been more popular than in any
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>other part of his dominions, and still numbered many
+partisans. His expectations were not disappointed.
+When he landed, on the 5th of November, the
+peasantry and burghers flocked to his standard.
+The Archbishop of Drondtheim and the clergy declared
+in his favour, and the States-General, which met in
+January, 1532, at Oslo, the old capital, renewed their
+oaths of allegiance to him as their rightful King.
+But the strong forts of Bergen and Aggershus, at the
+gates of the town, closed their gates against him, and
+his army soon began to dwindle away for want of
+supplies. Early in the spring a strong fleet, fitted
+out by King Frederic, with the help of the citizens
+of L&uuml;beck, appeared before Oslo, and set fire to Christian's
+ships in the harbour, while a Danish army, under
+Knut Gyldenstern, advanced from the south. Once
+more the King's nerve failed him. He met the
+Danish captain in a meadow outside Oslo, and, after
+prolonged negotiations, agreed to lay down his arms
+and go to Copenhagen, to confer with his uncle.
+The next day he disbanded his forces and took leave
+of his loyal supporters. Thus, without striking a
+blow, he delivered Norway into the usurper's hands,
+and surrendered his last claim to the three kingdoms.<a name="FNanchor_72" id="FNanchor_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] CHRISTIAN II.'S FALL</div>
+
+<p>In return for his submission, Gyldenstern had
+promised the King honourable entertainment and
+given him a written safe-conduct. Trusting in these
+assurances, Christian went on board a Danish ship,
+and on the 24th of July arrived before Copenhagen.
+As the ship sailed up the Sound in the early summer
+morning, people flocked from all parts to see their
+old King, and many of the women and children wept
+aloud. His fate, they realized, was already sealed.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>Before the arrival of the fleet, a conference had been
+held between Frederic and the Swedish and Hanse
+deputies, who agreed that so dangerous a foe must
+not be allowed to remain at liberty, and condemned
+the unfortunate monarch to perpetual imprisonment
+in the island fortress of Sonderburg. In vain Christian
+demanded to be set on shore and conducted into
+his uncle's presence. He was told that the King
+would meet him in the Castle of Flensburg in Schleswig.
+But when, instead of sailing in this direction, the ship
+which bore him entered the narrow Alsener Sound,
+and the walls of Sonderburg came in sight, the unhappy
+King saw the trap into which he had fallen,
+and broke into transports of rage. But it was too
+late, and he was powerless in the hands of his enemies.
+No indignity was spared him by his captors. As he
+entered the lonely cell in the highest turret of the
+castle, Knut Gyldenstern, who is said to have been
+one of his mistress Dyveke's lovers, plucked the
+fallen monarch by the beard, and tore the jewel of
+the Golden Fleece from his neck. None of the old
+servants who had clung to their exiled Prince so
+faithfully were allowed to share his prison, and
+for many years a pet dwarf was his sole companion.<a name="FNanchor_73" id="FNanchor_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>In this foul and treacherous manner King Christian
+II. was betrayed into the hands of his foes and
+doomed to lifelong captivity. And, by a strange fate,
+in these early days of August, at the very moment
+when the iron gates of Sonderburg closed behind him,
+his only son, the rightful heir to the three kingdoms,
+died far away in Southern Germany, within the walls
+of the imperial city of Regensburg.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+<p>Meanwhile the news of Christian's unexpected
+success in Norway had reached Brussels and excited
+great surprise.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The King of Denmark," wrote Mary of Hungary
+to her brother Ferdinand, "has done so well
+by his rashness that he has actually recovered possession
+of one of his kingdoms, and his friends hope
+that he may be able to stay there."<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1523-31] COURT F&Ecirc;TES</div>
+
+<p>This was towards the end of December, when the
+imperial family had assembled in the palace to keep
+Christmas. Prince John had won golden opinions
+on the progress which he had made with his uncle
+and aunt, and was as much beloved by the Emperor,
+wrote Mario Savorgnano, as if he were his own son.
+Now his little sisters were brought to Brussels by
+their uncle's command to share in the festivities.
+Early in January, 1532, Charles heard that his sister,
+Queen Katherine of Portugal, had given birth to a
+son, and the happy event was celebrated by a grand
+tournament on the square in front of the Portuguese
+Ambassador's house. The Emperor, accompanied by
+the Queen of Hungary and the Prince and Princesses
+of Denmark, looked on at the jousts and sword and
+torch dances from a balcony draped with white and
+green velvet, and at nine o'clock sat down to a
+sumptuous banquet. The Queen was seated at the
+head of the table, opposite the fireplace, with the
+Emperor on her right and Princess Dorothea at his
+side. Prince John was on his aunt's left, and the
+youthful Christina, who made her first appearance in
+public on this occasion, sat between her brother and
+the Portuguese Ambassador. Henry of Nassau, the
+Prince of Bisignano, and Ferrante Gonzaga, were at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>the same board, while Nassau's son, the young Prince
+Ren&eacute;, who had lately inherited the principality of
+Orange from his maternal uncle, sat with the Queen's
+ladies at another table. Charles was in high spirits.
+He talked and laughed with all the lords and ladies
+who were present during the interminable number of
+courses of meat, fish, game, wines, cakes, and fruits,
+that were served in succession, with brief interludes
+of music. When, at eleven, the Emperor rose from
+table, an Italian comedy was acted, in which Ferrante
+Gonzaga and several Italian and Spanish noblemen
+took part. Then King Cupid appeared, riding in a
+triumphal car, and a troop of Loves danced hand in
+hand, until, at a sign from Charles, the actors removed
+their masks. A collation of confetti and Madeira and
+Valencia wines was then served at a buffet laden with
+costly gold and silver cups and precious bowls of
+Oriental porcelain. When all the guests had ate and
+drunk their fill, the finest crystal vases and bottles
+of perfume were presented to the Queen and Princesses,
+and the other ladies received gifts from the
+Ambassador. The royal guests joined with great spirit
+in the dancing which followed, and did not retire
+till two o'clock.<a name="FNanchor_75" id="FNanchor_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> Concerts and suppers, jousts and
+dances, succeeded each other throughout the week,
+and the Emperor gave splendid presents to the
+Ambassador of Portugal, and sent cordial congratulations
+to his royal brother-in-law on the birth of his
+son and heir.</p>
+
+<p>A fortnight later Charles left Brussels, taking
+Prince John with him, and travelled by slow stages
+to Regensburg, where the Imperial Diet was opened
+in May. Here the Court remained during the next<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+three months, and the young Prince was sent to
+receive the Count Palatine, the Archbishop of Mainz,
+and other Princes of the Empire, who arrived in turn
+to take part in the assembly. Unluckily the weather
+proved very disagreeable. "Never," exclaimed the
+Venetian Ambassador, "was there such a detestable
+climate!" A long continuance of heavy rains and
+unusual heat was followed by some bitterly cold
+days, which produced serious illness. Princes and
+nobles, Ambassadors and servants, all succumbed in
+turn to the same epidemic. The Venetian took to
+his bed, and four of his servants became seriously ill.
+The Emperor himself was invalided, and left the
+town to take waters and change of air in a neighbouring
+village. "There is hardly a house in the Court,"
+wrote the Mantuan Envoy, "where some person is not
+ill. Most people recover, but a good many die,
+especially those who are young." Among the victims
+was Prince John of Denmark. Charles returned to
+find his nephew in high fever and delirium. He was
+deeply distressed, and when the poor boy became
+unconscious, and the doctors gave no hope, he left
+the town again, saying that he could not bear to see
+the child die. The Prince never recovered consciousness,
+and passed away at two o'clock on the morning
+of the 12th of August.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The poor little Prince of Denmark died last
+night," wrote the Mantuan Ambassador, "to the
+infinite distress of the whole Court, and above all of
+C&aelig;sar, who bore him singular affection, not only on
+account of the close ties of blood between them, but
+because of the young Prince's charming nature and
+winning manners, which made him beloved by everyone
+and gave rise to the highest hopes."<a name="FNanchor_76" id="FNanchor_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1523-31] THE EMPEROR'S GRIEF</div>
+
+<p>By the Emperor's orders an imposing funeral
+service was held at Regensburg, after which the
+Prince's body was taken to Ghent and buried in his
+mother's grave. Charles himself wrote to break the
+sad news to Mary of Hungary and her poor little nieces:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Madame my good Sister</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"This is only to inform you of the loss we
+have suffered in the death of our little nephew of
+Denmark, whom it pleased God to take to Himself
+on Sunday morning, the day before yesterday, after
+he had been ill of internal catarrh for a whole week.
+This has caused me the greatest grief that I have
+ever known. For he was the dearest little fellow, of
+his age, that it was possible to see, and I have felt
+this loss more than I did that of my son, for he was
+older, and I knew him better and loved him as if he
+had been my own child. But we must bow to the
+Divine will. Although I know that God might have
+allowed this to happen anywhere, I cannot help feeling
+that if I had left the boy at home with you he might
+not have died. At least his father will be sure to
+say so. I expect you know where he is said to be.
+Without offence to God, I could wish he were in his
+son's place, and his son well received in his own
+kingdom. All the same, without pretending to be
+the judge, perhaps the King has not deserved to be
+there, and the little rogue is better off where he is
+than where I should have liked to see him, and smiles
+at my wish for him, for he was certainly not guilty of
+any great sins. He died in so Christian a manner
+that, if he had committed as many as I have, there
+would have been good hope of his soul's weal, and
+with his last breath he called on Jesus. I am writing
+to my little nieces, as you see, to comfort them. I
+am sure that you will try and do the same. The
+best remedy will be to find them two husbands."<a name="FNanchor_77" id="FNanchor_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>When Charles wrote these touching words, he had
+not yet heard of the disastrous end to King Christian's
+campaign, and believed the Prince's father to be in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+possession of the Norwegian capital. But he added
+a postscript to his letter, telling the Queen of a report
+which had just arrived, that the King had been taken
+prisoner by his foes. Four days later this report
+was confirmed by letters from L&uuml;beck merchants,
+and no further doubt could be entertained of the
+doom which had overtaken the unhappy monarch.
+His melancholy fate excited little compassion, either
+in Germany or in the Netherlands. Luther, to his
+credit, addressed an earnest appeal to King Frederic
+congratulating him on his victory, and begging him
+to take example by Christ, who died for His murderers,
+and have pity on the unfortunate captive. But in
+reply Frederic issued an apology, in which he brought
+the gravest charges against the deposed King, and
+accused him of having preferred a low woman of
+worthless character to the noblest and most virtuous
+of Queens. Before long the old commercial treaties
+between Denmark and the Low Countries were
+renewed, and the Baltic trade was resumed on the
+understanding that no attempt was made to revive
+King Christian's claims.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoner of Sonderburg was forgotten by the
+world, and the one being who loved him best on earth,
+his sister Elizabeth of Brandenburg, could only commend
+his little daughters sadly to the Regent, and
+beg her to have compassion on these desolate children.
+Mary replied in a letter full of feeling, assuring
+Elizabeth that she need have no fear on this score,
+and that her little nieces should be treated as if they
+were her own daughters. She kept her word nobly.<a name="FNanchor_78" id="FNanchor_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, iii. 2, 1270.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Relations Commerciales," 108.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, vi. 139, 155-158. Calendar of
+State Papers, iii. 2, 1293, 1329.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> J. Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 108.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> D. Sch&auml;fer, "Geschichte von D&auml;nemark," iv. 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 141, 156.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 112; Sch&auml;fer, iv. 44, 48.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 30.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> "Relations," etc., 126; C. F&ouml;rstemann, "Neues Urkundenbuch
+z. Geschichte d. Reformation," i. 269.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> J. K&ouml;stlin, "Leben Luthers," i. 66; C. F&ouml;rstemann, i.
+169.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> K. Lanz, "Correspondenz Karls V.," i. 108.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Lanz, i. 145, 150, 195; Archives du Royaume: Revenus et
+D&eacute;penses de Charles V., 1520-1530, R&eacute;g. 1709; Sch&auml;fer, iv. 89.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> J. H. Schlegel, "Geschichte der K&ouml;nige v. D&auml;nemark," 123.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Schlegel, 124-126.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> 2 Churchill, "Travels," vi. 348.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Isabelle," 35; "Relations," 160.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 166.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Lanz, i. 195.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles. R&eacute;gistre des D&eacute;penses, etc.,
+Nos. 1799, 1800, 1803.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> L. de Laborde, "Inventaire"; Henne, iv. 387-390.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_61" id="Footnote_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Henne, iv. 387-391.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> This painting is mentioned in one of Henry VIII.'s catalogues
+as "A table with the pictures of the three children of the King of
+Denmark, with a curtain of white and yellow sarcenet." In
+Charles I.'s inventory it is described as "A Whitehall piece,
+curiously painted by Mabusius, wherein two men children and
+one woman child are playing with some oranges in their hands
+by a green table, little half-figures upon a board in a wooden
+frame." At the sale of the King's effects it was called a Mabuse,
+and valued at &pound;10. In 1743 the same picture hung in Queen
+Caroline's closet at Kensington Palace, and was described by
+Vertue as "Prince Arthur and his sisters, children of Henry VII."
+Five years later it was removed to Windsor and engraved under
+this name. Sir George Scharf was the first to correct this obvious
+error and restore the original title (see "Arch&aelig;ologia," xxxix. 245).
+Old copies of the picture, mostly dating from the seventeenth
+century, are to be seen at Wilton, Longford, Corsham, and other
+places.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_63" id="Footnote_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Isabelle d'Autriche," 52.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_64" id="Footnote_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Lanz, i. 283; Henne. iv. 337.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Lanz, i. 408; Gachard, "Analecta Belgica," i. 378.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Schlegel, 126; Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 186.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Relations," 190.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> T. Juste, "Les Pays-Bas sous Charles V.," 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> L. Gachard, "Retraite et Mort de Charles V.," i. 348.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Lanz, i. 572.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> M. Sanuto, "Diarii," lv. 174.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Sch&auml;fer, iv. 178-194.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Schlegel, 127-219.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> T. Juste. "Les Pays-Bas sous Charles V.," 49.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> M. Sanuto, lv. 417-419.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> M. Sanuto, lvi. 813-823.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 206.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK IV<br />
+
+CHRISTINA, DUCHESS OF MILAN<br />
+
+1533-1535</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>In the letter which the Emperor wrote to Mary of
+Hungary on his nephew's death, he remarked that
+the best way of consoling his little nieces for their
+brother's loss would be to find them husbands. The
+marriages of these youthful Princesses had already
+engaged his attention for some time past. While
+Christina was still a babe in her nurse's arms, the
+Regent Margaret had been planning marriages for
+her great-nieces. In 1527 Wolsey proposed King
+Henry's illegitimate son, the Duke of Richmond, as
+an eligible suitor for one of them, but the idea of
+such a union was scouted by the imperial family.<a name="FNanchor_79" id="FNanchor_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>
+A marriage between Dorothea and her second cousin,
+King James V. of Scotland, was discussed during many
+years, and only abandoned eventually owing to the
+fickle character of the young monarch. After Prince
+John's death, this Princess inherited her brother's
+claims to the Danish throne, and King Frederic went
+so far as to propose that she should wed his younger
+son John, offering to recognize him as heir to Denmark,
+and leave the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein to his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>elder son Christian. But the Emperor and Mary of
+Hungary were both reluctant to treat with the
+usurper who had deposed their brother-in-law, and
+the death of Frederic in April, 1533, put an end to
+the scheme.<a name="FNanchor_80" id="FNanchor_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1533-35] FRANCESCO SFORZA</div>
+
+<p>Another suitor now came forward in the person of
+Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan. This Prince was
+the younger brother of Massimiliano Sforza, who as
+a boy had spent several years at the Court of Malines,
+and had been deposed by Francis I. after a brief reign
+of three years. Born at Milan on the 4th of February,
+1495, when his father, Lodovico, was at the height of
+his glory, and named after his grandfather, the great
+Condottiere, Francesco II. had been the sport of
+Fortune from his childhood. Before he was two
+years old, his mother, the brilliant Duchess Beatrice,
+died, and when he was five his father lost both
+throne and freedom. While the unfortunate Moro
+ended his days in the dungeons of Loches, his young
+children were brought up in Germany by their cousin
+Bianca, the second wife of the Emperor Maximilian.
+Francesco spent most of his time at Innsbruck, and,
+after the brief interlude of his brother's reign at
+Milan, retired once more to Trent. His opportunity
+came in 1521, when Leo X., in his dread of France,
+joined with Charles V. to place the younger Sforza
+on his father's throne. A gallant soldier and cultivated
+man, Francesco II. won the hearts of all his
+subjects, who rejoiced to see a Sforza Duke again
+among them. But misfortune dogged his footsteps.
+In 1523 Milan was once more taken by the French,
+and after their defeat at Pavia the Duke incurred
+the Emperor's displeasure, and was deprived of his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>State, chiefly owing to the intrigues of his Chancellor,
+Morone, with Pope Clement VII. It was only in
+December, 1529, when Charles came to Bologna for
+his coronation, that, at the intercession of the Pope
+and the Venetians, he consented to pardon Francesco,
+and give him the investiture of Milan for the enormous
+sum of 900,000 ducats. But it was a barren realm
+to which the Duke returned. His subjects were
+ruined by years of warfare, his own health had
+suffered severely from the hardships which he had
+undergone, and he had been dangerously wounded by
+the poisoned dagger of an assassin. At thirty-eight
+he was a broken man, prematurely old and grey.
+The Venetian chronicler Marino Sanuto, who saw the
+Duke at Venice in October, 1530, describes him as
+looking very melancholy, and being only able to walk
+and move his hands with difficulty.<a name="FNanchor_81" id="FNanchor_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> He applied himself,
+however, manfully to the almost hopeless task of
+relieving the distress of his subjects and restoring
+order and prosperity. With great difficulty he
+succeeded in raising 400,000 ducats, the first installment
+of the payment for the investiture of Milan,
+upon which the Castello was restored to him. His
+loyalty and modesty had gone far to recover the
+Emperor's confidence, and Charles treated him with
+marked favour and kindness.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1533-35] THE DUKE'S COURTSHIP</div>
+
+<p>This encouraged Francesco to aspire to the hand
+of a Princess of the imperial house. His subjects
+were exceedingly anxious to see their Duke married,
+and already more than one suitable bride had been
+proposed. But Margherita Paleologa, the heiress of
+Montferrat, whom her mother would gladly have
+given Francesco in marriage, was wedded to his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>cousin Federico, Duke of Mantua, in October, 1531,
+and the Pope's niece, the Duchessina Caterina de'
+Medici, another prize who had been dangled before
+the Duke of Milan's eyes, was betrothed to the Duke
+of Orleans in the following year. Before this event
+was announced, in January, 1532, the Milanese
+Ambassador, Camillo Ghilino, who had accompanied
+Charles to Brussels, ventured to ask the Emperor,
+on his master's behalf, for the hand of one of his
+nieces. Charles was evidently not averse to the
+proposal. It was part of his policy to consolidate
+the different Italian dynasties, and he was alive to
+the advantage of drawing the Duke of Milan into
+his family circle. But he returned an evasive answer,
+saying that Princess Dorothea was already destined
+for the King of Scotland, while her sister Christina
+was too young, and that he could arrange nothing
+without the consent of her father, the King of Denmark,
+who had gone to Norway to try and recover
+his kingdom.<a name="FNanchor_82" id="FNanchor_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> When Francesco met Charles at
+Bologna in the following December, and was admitted
+to the newly-formed League of Italian States, he renewed
+his suit, and once more asked for Christina's
+hand. On the 10th of March Charles came to Milan,
+and spent four days in the Castello, after which he
+accompanied the Duke on a hunting-party at Vigevano,
+and enjoyed excellent sport, killing two wild-boars
+and three stags with his own hand.<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> During this
+visit the marriage was arranged, and on the 10th of
+June, 1533, the contract was signed at Barcelona
+by the Emperor on the one hand, and the Chancellor
+of Milan, Count Taverna, and the ducal Chamberlain,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>Count Tommaso Gallerati, on the other. Christina
+was to receive 100,000 ducats out of the sum due to
+the Emperor, as her dowry, and in the event of
+Dorothea succeeding to the throne of Denmark
+another 100,000 was to be settled on her. Hawkins,
+the English Ambassador, who wrote home from
+Barcelona to announce the conclusion of the marriage,
+remarked that the Milanese had left well pleased,
+but that the Duke was somewhat to be pitied, since
+he was only to have the younger sister, and no fortune
+with her. "Dower getteth he none."<a name="FNanchor_84" id="FNanchor_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p>
+
+<p>In spite of this drawback, the Milanese received
+the news with great rejoicing, and any regret which
+they might have felt at the substitution of the younger
+for the elder sister was dispelled by the Spaniards
+in the Emperor's suite, who informed the Duke's
+Ambassadors that Christina was taller and far more
+beautiful than Dorothea. Francesco himself wrote
+to an old friend in Cremona, Giorgio Guazzo, saying
+that he would lose no time in telling him of his great
+good fortune in winning so high-born and attractive
+a young lady for his bride.<a name="FNanchor_85" id="FNanchor_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> At the same time he
+agreed with the Emperor to send Count Massimiliano
+Stampa, his intimate friend, to the Netherlands, to
+wed the Princess in his name, and bring her to Milan
+that autumn. Meanwhile the news of the marriage
+was received with much less satisfaction in the Low
+Countries. Mary had taken the motherless children
+to her heart, and was especially attached to Christina,
+who resembled her in character and tastes. She inherited
+the family passion for riding and hunting, and
+combined her aunt's intelligence and ability with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>her mother's sweetness of disposition. The idea of
+marrying this charming child of eleven to a half-paralyzed
+invalid old enough to be her father was
+repulsive, and Mary did not hesitate to protest against
+the Emperor's decision with characteristic frankness.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1533-35] MARY'S PROTEST</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Monseigneur</span>," she wrote to Charles on the 25th of
+August, "I have received Your Majesty's letters with
+the copy of the treaty which you have been pleased
+to make between our niece, Madame Chr&eacute;tienne, and
+the Duke of Milan, on which point I must once for all
+relieve my conscience. I will at least show you the
+difficulties which to my mind lie in the way, so that
+Your Majesty may consider if any remedy can be
+devised before the matter is finally arranged. As for
+our said niece, I have no doubt that she will agree
+to whatever you please to wish, since she regards you
+as her lord and father, in whom she places absolute
+trust, and is ready to obey you as your very humble
+daughter and slave. The child is so good and willing
+there will be no need for any persuasion on my part,
+either as regards the Count's coming or anything else
+that you may please to command; but on the other
+hand, Monseigneur, since the words of the treaty
+clearly show that the marriage is to be consummated
+immediately, and she will have to take her departure
+without delay, I must point out that she is not yet
+old enough for this, being only eleven years and a
+half, and I hold that it would be contrary to the
+laws of God and reason to marry her at so tender an
+age. She is still quite a child, and, whatever may
+be the custom in yonder country, you are exposing
+her to the risk of bearing a child at this tender age,
+and of losing both her own life and that of her issue.
+Monseigneur, I am saying more than I ought to say,
+and speaking with a freedom which I can only beg
+you to forgive, because both my conscience and the
+love which I bear the child constrain me to write
+thus. On the other hand, seeing that this treaty
+requires the two sisters to make certain promises,
+I do not think that she is old enough to enter into
+these engagements, while her sister, although turned
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>twelve, is very young of her age, and should hardly
+make these promises without the consent of her
+father, who is still living. I know that I am meddling
+with other people's business by writing to you of
+those matters which are not, strictly speaking, my
+affair. But I feel that I must send you these warnings,
+not from any wish to prevent the marriage, if Your
+Majesty thinks it well, but in order to give you a
+reason for breaking it off, if any difficulties should
+arise. For it seems to me, that as people often try
+to discover the fifth wheel in the coach, where there
+is no reason to make any difficulty, it would be easy
+to find some excuse for embroiling matters, when so
+good a cause exists. I quite understand that it may
+not be easy to alter the treaty at this hour, but, since
+I had not the opportunity of speaking to you on
+the subject before, I feel it to be my duty to warn
+you of these things, and to remind you of the child's
+tender age, of which Your Majesty may not have
+been aware. However this may be, Monseigneur, I
+have written this to fulfil my duty to God, as well as
+to Your Majesty, my niece, and the whole world,
+and can only beg you not to take what I have said
+in bad part, or to believe that any other cause could
+have led me to speak so plainly; and I take my Creator
+to witness that this is true, begging Him to give you
+health and long life, and grant your good and virtuous
+desires:</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"Your very humble and obedient sister,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Marie</span>.</p>
+<p>
+"From Ghent, August 25, 1533."<a name="FNanchor_86" id="FNanchor_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Charles answered the Queen's protest in the following
+brief letter, which showed that his mind was
+made up, and that he would allow no change in his
+plans:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Madame my good Sister</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"I have received your letter, and will only
+reply briefly, as I am writing to you at length on other
+matters by my secretary, and also because my niece's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>affair is rather a matter for priests and lawyers
+than for me, and I have desired Granvelle to satisfy
+your objections. So I will only tell you that, as
+the children's father is more dead to them than if
+he had ceased to live, I signed the marriage treaty
+before I left Barcelona. As for the question of issue,
+I fear that the Duke's advanced years will prove a
+greater barrier than my niece's tender youth. I
+am sure that you will act in accordance with my
+wishes, and I beg you to do this once more.</p>
+
+<p>"From Monzone, September 11, 1533."<a name="FNanchor_87" id="FNanchor_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>There was clearly nothing more to be said; but
+Mary had secretly determined, whatever happened,
+not to allow the actual marriage to take place until
+the following year, and in the end she had her way.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1533-35] STAMPA'S MISSION</div>
+
+<p>When the Emperor wrote this letter to his sister,
+Count Massimiliano had already started on his journey.
+He left Milan on the eve of St. Bartholomew,
+taking Count Francesco Sfondrati of Cremona and
+Pier Francesco Bottigella of Pavia with him, and
+travelled by Trent and Spires to Louvain, where he
+arrived on the 12th of September. The next day
+he was conducted to Ghent by Monsieur de Courri&egrave;res,
+the Captain of the Archers' Guard, and met at the
+palace gates by Monsieur de Molembais, the Queen's
+Grand Falconer, who informed him that Her Majesty
+was laid up, owing to a slight accident out hunting,
+and could not receive him at present. After many
+delays, Stampa at length succeeded in obtaining an
+audience, and begged the Queen earnestly to satisfy
+his master's impatience, and allow the marriage to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>be concluded without delay. Mary replied very civilly
+that, since this was C&aelig;sar's will, she would certainly
+put no obstacle in the way, but explained that affairs
+of State compelled her to visit certain frontier towns,
+and begged the Count to await her return to Brussels.
+She then sent for the Princesses, and Stampa was
+presented and allowed to kiss their hands. But, as he
+only saw them for five minutes, all he could tell his
+master was that Christina seemed very bright and
+lively, and was much better-looking than her sister.<a name="FNanchor_88" id="FNanchor_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p>
+
+<p>In spite of the courtesy with which he was entertained
+by De Courri&egrave;res and the Duke of Aerschot,
+Stampa clearly saw that it was Mary's intention to
+delay the marriage as long as possible, and began to
+despair of ever attaining his object. Fortunately,
+by the end of the week the Emperor's confidential
+Chamberlain, Louis de Praet, arrived at Ghent.
+De Praet had been Ambassador in England and
+France, and was now sent from Spain to represent
+His Majesty at the wedding and escort the bride to
+Milan. When he had seen Stampa's copy of the
+Treaty of Barcelona, he advised him to join the Queen
+at Lille and deliver his credentials. Here the Count
+accordingly presented himself on the 18th of September,
+and was graciously received by Mary, who
+assured him that the affair which lay so near his
+heart would shortly be arranged. He was conducted
+into a room where he found the Princesses
+and their governess, Madame de Fiennes, and conversed
+with them for half an hour. When the Queen
+rose to attend vespers, she touched the Count's sleeve
+and made him walk at her side as far as the chapel,
+and thanked him for the fine horse which the Duke<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+had sent her, telling him how fond she was of hunting.
+The next day Stampa was invited to supper, and
+afterwards ventured to ask if he might see the
+Princesses dance. To this request the Queen gave
+her consent. The flutes and tambourines struck up
+a merry tune, and the Princesses danced first a <i>ballo
+al francese</i>, then a <i>branle</i>, and a variety of French
+and German dances, in which the gentlemen and
+ladies-in-waiting took part. The Count was about
+to take his leave, since the hour was already late,
+when De Praet told him he must first see the Princesses
+dance a <i>ballo all'italiano</i>, upon which the two sisters
+rose and, joining hands, danced an Italian ballet
+with charming grace. The Ambassador was delighted,
+and wrote to tell his master what a favourable impression
+Christina had made upon him and his
+companions:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"She is hardly shorter than her sister, and much
+handsomer and more graceful, and is indeed as well
+built and attractive a maiden as you could wish to
+see. God grant this may lead to a happy marriage!"<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The next morning business began in good earnest.
+Prolonged negotiations were held between Stampa
+and the Queen's Councillors&mdash;Aerschot, De Praet,
+and other nobles&mdash;and the rights of the Princess
+Dorothea and the condition of Denmark were fully
+discussed. While the Count was at dinner, De Praet
+came in, and, to his surprise, informed him that Her
+Majesty wished the wedding to be celebrated on the
+following Sunday, the 28th of September. The Count
+asked nothing better, and hastened to send the good
+news to Milan.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1533-35] CHRISTINA'S WEDDING</div>
+
+<p>On Saturday evening Christina signed the marriage
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>contract before an illustrious assembly in a hall of
+the palace at Lille, which was hung with black and
+gold damask for the occasion, and between four and
+five on Sunday afternoon the wedding was solemnized
+by the Bishop of Tournay in the chapel. Count
+Massimiliano, gallantly arrayed in cloth of gold, was
+conducted to the altar by De Praet and the great
+officers of State; the violins and drums sounded, and
+the bridal procession entered, the Queen leading her
+niece by the hand. "As the Bishop placed the
+nuptial ring on the bride's finger," wrote Stampa to
+his lord, "she received it with evident pleasure, and
+all the Court displayed great satisfaction."</p>
+
+<p>When the ceremony was over, the bride retired, and
+Stampa spent some time in conversation with the
+Queen, vainly endeavouring to persuade her to fix
+a date for the Duchess's journey. But on this point
+Mary was inflexible. De Praet, who visited him the
+next day, explained that the Queen could not allow
+this youthful lady to be exposed to the perils and
+fatigue of so long a journey in winter, and that her
+departure must therefore be put off till the following
+spring. This was a grievous disappointment to the
+Count, who knew how anxious the Duke was to see
+his wife. But he had to accept the situation, and
+could only try and console his master by repeating
+the Queen's assurances of good-will and affection.</p>
+
+<p>She even begged the Count to join her in a hunting
+expedition at Brussels in the following week. But
+this Stampa firmly declined, saying that he must
+return to Milan without delay. On the same evening
+he had the honour of a parting interview with the
+Duchess, and presented her with a fine diamond
+and ruby ring and a length of costly brocade in her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+lord's name. Christina's eyes sparkled with delight
+at the sight of these gifts, and she thanked Count
+Massimiliano with a warmth which captivated him.
+Then he took leave of the Queen, who started at
+break of day in torrents of rain, to hunt on her way
+to Brussels, leaving the Princesses to return by
+Tournay. The Count himself went to Antwerp to
+raise money for his journey, and despatched a
+messenger to Milan with full accounts of the wedding.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"All this Court and the Queen herself," he wrote,
+"are delighted with this happy event. And Your
+Excellency may rejoice with good reason, and may
+rest assured that you have the fairest, most charming
+and gallant bride that any man could desire."<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>These despatches reached Milan on the 13th of
+October, and were received with acclamation. Guns
+were fired from the Castello, the bells of all the churches
+were rung, and the Senate went in solemn procession
+to give thanks to God in the Duomo. "It was
+indeed good tidings of great joy," wrote the chronicler
+Burigozzo, "and such rejoicing had not been known
+in Milan for many years."<a name="FNanchor_91" id="FNanchor_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> Francesco's own satisfaction
+was considerably diminished by hearing that
+his bride was not to set out on her journey until the
+following February. But he took the Queen's decision
+in good part, and wrote to express his eternal gratitude
+to her and C&aelig;sar for giving him their niece.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"However anxious I naturally am to have my
+wife with me," he added, "I recognize the gravity
+of the reasons which have made you put off her
+journey to a more convenient season, and think, as
+you say, this should take place next February."<a name="FNanchor_92" id="FNanchor_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">1533-35] THE DUKE'S APPEAL</div>
+
+<p>The Duke sent this letter by a special messenger,
+and received in reply the following brief note in
+Italian from Christina:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Most illustrious Consort</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"It gave me great pleasure to hear of Your
+Excellency's good health from Messer Sasso, and I
+can assure you that my wish to join you is no less
+ardent than your own. But it is only reasonable that
+we should bow to the decision of the Most Serene
+Queen, who orders everything wisely and well. I
+will only add how sincerely I hope that you will keep
+well, and love me as much as I love you.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"Your Excellency's most loving consort,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Christierna, Duchess of Milan</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"From Brussels, November 4, 1533."<a name="FNanchor_93" id="FNanchor_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>On the last day of January, 1534, the Duke held
+a Council of State to consider the best means of
+raising the &pound;100,000 due to C&aelig;sar, which was
+assigned to his niece for dower, and the citizens
+agreed cheerfully to new taxes on grain and wine
+in order to provide the necessary amount. But it
+was not until the 31st of March that Francesco was
+able to issue a proclamation informing the Milanese
+that his wife had started on her journey. The
+Duchess, he told them, would be among them by the
+end of April, and he could count on his loyal subjects
+to receive her with due honour; but, knowing as he
+did their poverty, he begged that the customary
+wedding gift should be omitted. The Milanese responded
+with enthusiasm to their Duke's appeal, and
+prepared to give his bride a worthy reception. Their
+example was followed by the citizens of Novara,
+Vigevano, and the other towns along the route between
+Savoy and Milan. The roads, which were said to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+the worst in the duchy, were mended, triumphal
+arches were erected, and lodgings were prepared for
+her reception. The following quaintly-worded memorandum
+was drawn up by Councillor Pier Francesco
+Bottigella, to whom these arrangements were entrusted:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"(1) Mend the roads and clean the streets through
+which the Lady Duchess will pass, and hang the
+walls with tapestries and carpets, the largest and
+widest that you can find. (2) Paint her arms on all
+the gates through which she passes. (3) Provide a
+baldacchino to be carried over her head. (4) See
+that lodgings are prepared for her at Novara, either
+in the Bishop's palace or in the ducal hunting-lodge,
+and let these be cleansed and decorated. (5) Prepare
+rooms in the town for the Duchess's household.
+(6) Let this also be done in the Castello Vecchio at
+Vigevano. (7) Desire that no gifts of any kind
+should be made to the Duchess at Novara, Vigevano,
+or any other place."<a name="FNanchor_94" id="FNanchor_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>When these instructions had been duly carried out,
+Bottigella, who had accompanied Stampa on his
+mission to the Low Countries, and was already
+acquainted with the chief members of the Duchess's
+suite, set out for Chamb&eacute;ry by the Duke's orders, to
+meet the bride on the frontiers of Savoy and escort
+her across the Alps.</p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1534</span>] A WEDDING JOURNEY</div>
+
+<p>Christina had now completed her twelfth year,
+and Mary of Hungary could no longer invent any
+excuse to delay her journey to Milan. The bridal
+party finally set out on the 11th of March, conducted
+by Monseigneur de Praet, the Emperor's representative,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>and Camillo Ghilino, the Duke's Ambassador,
+with an escort of 130 horse. Madame de Souvastre,
+one of Maximilian's illegitimate daughters, whose
+husband had been one of the late Regent's confidential
+servants, was appointed mistress of the
+Duchess's household, which consisted of six maids
+of honour, six waiting-women, four pages, and ten
+gentlemen. Christina herself rode in a black velvet
+litter, drawn by four horses and attended by six
+footmen, and her ladies travelled in similar fashion,
+followed by twenty mules and three waggons with
+the baggage. Mary had taken care that the bride's
+trousseau was worthy of a daughter of the imperial
+house, and the chests were filled with sumptuous
+robes of cloth of gold and silver, of silk, satin, and
+velvet, costly furs, jewels and pearls, together with
+furniture and plate for her table and chapel, and
+liveries and trappings for her servants and horses.
+The Duchess's own lackeys and all the gentlemen in
+attendance wore coats and doublets of black velvet,
+and the other servants, we learn from John Hackett,
+the English Ambassador at Brussels, were clad in
+suits of "medley grey," trimmed with velvet, all
+"very well accounted."<a name="FNanchor_95" id="FNanchor_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> The imposing cort&egrave;ge
+travelled by slow stages through the friendly duchy
+of Lorraine and across the plains of the imperial
+county of Burgundy, taking journeys of twelve or
+fifteen miles a day, until, on the 12th of April, it
+halted at Chamb&eacute;ry, the frontier town of Savoy.
+The reigning Duke, Charles III., was the Emperor's
+brother-in-law and stanch ally, and the travellers
+were hospitably entertained in his ancestral castle on
+the heights. Here Bottigella was introduced into
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>Christina's presence by his old friend Camillo Ghilino,
+and found her on the way to attend Mass in the
+castle chapel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Duchess," wrote the Councillor to his lord,
+"received me in the most friendly manner, and asked
+eagerly after you, and was especially anxious to
+know where you were now. I told her that you were
+at Vigevano, but would shortly return to Milan, to
+prepare for her arrival. Mass was just beginning, so
+I had to take my leave, but hope for another opportunity
+of conversing with her before long, and can
+see how eager she is to ask a hundred questions. She
+is very well and lively, and does not seem any the
+worse for the long journey. She has grown a great
+deal since I saw her last September, and is as beautiful
+as the sun. M. de Praet hopes to reach Turin in
+seven days, and will start again to-morrow."<a name="FNanchor_96" id="FNanchor_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1534</span>] BEATRIX OF SAVOY</div>
+
+<p>The most arduous part of the journey now lay
+before the travellers. Leaving Chamb&eacute;ry, they penetrated
+into the heart of the Alps, through the narrow
+gorge of the Is&egrave;re, between precipitous ravines with
+castles crowning the rocks on either side, until they
+reached the impregnable fortress of Montm&eacute;lian, the
+ancient bulwark of Savoy, which had resisted all the
+assaults of the French. After spending the night
+here, they rode up the green pastures and pine-clad
+slopes of S. Jean de Maurienne, and began the ascent
+of the Mont Cenis, over "those troublesome and
+horrid ways" of which English travellers complained
+so bitterly, where loose stones and tumbled rocks
+made riding almost impossible. "These ways, indeed,"
+wrote Coryat, "are the worst I ever travelled
+in my life, so much so that the roads of Savoy may
+be proverbially spoken of as the owls of Athens, the
+pears of Calabria, or the quails of Delos."<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> On the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>summit of the pass De Praet and his companions
+saw with interest the Chapel of Our Lady of the
+Snows, where a few years before the famous Constable
+of Bourbon had offered up his sword on the altar of
+the Virgin, as he led the imperial armies across the
+Alps. Then they came down into a smiling green
+valley, with walnut woods and rushing streams, and
+saw the medieval towers of Susa at their feet. Here
+they were met by the Emperor's Ambassador at the
+Court of Savoy, who came to pay his respects to the
+Duchess, bringing with him two elegant litters of
+crimson brocade, sent by Charles's sister-in-law,
+Beatrix of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy, for Christina's
+use. At Rivoli, two stages farther on, fifty Councillors
+from Turin, with the Bishop of Vercelli at their
+head, appeared on horseback to escort the Duchess
+to the city gates. Here Christina mounted her horse
+and rode up the steep ascent to the citadel, with
+De Praet walking at her side. The beautiful Duchess
+Beatrix herself awaited her guest at the castle gates,
+and, embracing Christina affectionately, led her by
+the hand up the grand staircase into the best suite
+of rooms in the palace. The travellers spent two
+days in these comfortable quarters, and enjoyed the
+brief interval of rest, although the Duchess, as Bottigella
+was careful to tell the Duke, seemed the least
+tired of the whole party, and was in blooming health
+and high spirits.</p>
+
+<p>On the following Sunday Christina rode into
+Novara, on a brilliant spring morning, and was
+lodged in the Bishop's palace, and received with the
+greatest enthusiasm by her lord's subjects. At
+Vigevano, the birthplace and favourite home of
+Lodovico Sforza, the nobles, with Massimiliano Stampa<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+at their head, rode out to welcome the Duke's bride,
+and carried a rich baldacchino over her head. Nevertheless,
+halfway between Novara and Vigevano, De
+Praet complained to the Count that neither the reception
+of the Duchess nor the rooms prepared for
+her were sufficiently honourable&mdash;"in fact, he found
+fault with everything." The Count expressed some
+surprise, since both the Emperor Maximilian and
+Charles V. himself had stayed at Vigevano, and the
+latter had greatly admired the buildings and gardens
+laid out by Bramante and Leonardo. But, to pacify
+the exacting priest, Stampa proposed that the Duchess
+should only take her <i>d&eacute;jeuner</i> in the castle, and push
+on to his own villa of Cussago, where she was to
+spend some days before entering Milan. But De
+Praet replied that the Duchess, not being yet accustomed
+to this climate, felt the heat of the sun, and
+must on no account ride any farther till evening.
+So all the Count could do was to send Bottigella on
+to see that the Castello was adorned with wreaths
+of flowers and verdure, and that a good bed was
+prepared for the Duchess.<a name="FNanchor_98" id="FNanchor_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1534</span>] CHRISTINA'S HUSBAND</div>
+
+<p>At least, De Praet could find nothing to grumble
+at in Stampa's country-house at Cussago, the ducal
+palace and hunting-grounds which had been given
+him by Francesco II. in reward for his unwavering
+loyalty. The beauty of the spot, the delicious
+gardens with their sunny lawns and sparkling fountains,
+their rose and myrtle bowers, their bosquets
+and running streams, enchanted the travellers from
+the north. The villa had been adorned with frescoes
+and marble doorways by the best Lombard masters
+of the Moro's Court, and was once the favourite
+country-house of Beatrice d'Este, the present Duke's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>mother, who often rode out from Milan to hunt in
+the forests of the Brianza or play at ball on the
+terraces. Now her son's child-bride saw these green
+lawns in all the loveliness of early summer, and the
+frescoed halls rang once more to the sound of mirth
+and laughter. Music and dancing enlivened the days,
+and a drama&mdash;<i>La Sposa Sagace</i>&mdash;was acted one evening
+to amuse Christina. At nightfall the guns of the
+Castello, firing salutes in her honour, were heard in the
+distance, and the bonfires on the towers of Milan lit up
+the evening sky with crimson glow. Count Massimiliano
+took care that nothing should be lacking to
+the enjoyment of the Duchess, and begged De Praet
+to attend to her comfort in every particular, but, as
+he told the Duke, it was not always easy to satisfy
+these gentlemen.</p>
+
+<p>One day Christina and her ladies received a visit
+from the great Captain Antonio de Leyva, the Duke's
+old enemy, who now came, cap in hand, to pay
+homage to the Emperor's niece. Another day there
+was a still greater stir at the villa, for the Duke
+himself appeared unexpectedly, having ridden out
+almost alone, to pay a surprise visit to his bride.
+The first sight of her future lord must have given
+Christina a shock, and her ladies whispered to each
+other that this wan, grey-haired man, who could not
+walk without the help of a stick, was hardly a fit
+match for their fair young Princess. But Francesco's
+chivalrous courtesy and gentleness went far to atone
+for his physical defects, and nothing could exceed the
+kindness which he showed his youthful bride. After
+all, she was but a child, and the sight of this new
+world that was laid at her feet with all its beauties
+and treasures was enough to dazzle her eyes and
+please her innocent fancy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On Sunday, the 3rd of May, the Duchess made her
+state entry into Milan. Early in the afternoon she
+rode in her litter to S. Eustorgio, the Dominican
+convent outside the Ticino gate, where she was
+received by the Duke's half-brother, Giovanni Paolo
+Sforza, mounted on a superb charger, and attended
+by all his kinsmen, clad in white and gold. After
+paying her devotions at the marble shrine of S. Pietro
+Martive, the Prior and friars conducted her to partake
+of refreshments in the guests' hall, and receive the
+homage of the Bishop and clergy, of the magistrates
+and senators. At six o'clock, after vespers, the
+procession started from the Porta Ticinese. First
+came the armourers and their apprentices, in companies
+of 200, with coloured flags in their hands
+and plumes to match in their caps. One troop
+was in blue, the other in green. At the head of the
+first rode Alessandro Missaglia, a splendid figure,
+wearing a silver helmet and shining armour over his
+turquoise velvet vest, and mounted on a horse with
+richly damascened harness. The green troop was
+led by Girolamo Negriolo, the other famous Milanese
+armourer. Then came 300 archers in pale blue silk,
+and six bands of trumpeters and drummers, followed by
+a great company of the noblest gentlemen of Milan, all
+clad in white, with flowing plumes in their hats and
+lances in their hands, riding horses draped with silver
+brocade. Visconti, Trivulzio, Borromeo, Somaglia&mdash;all
+the proudest names of Milan were there, and in the
+rear rode the veteran Antonio de Leyva, with the
+Emperor's representative, De Praet, at his side.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1534</span>] THE BRIDE'S ENTRY</div>
+
+<p>Immediately behind them, under a white and gold
+velvet baldacchino, borne by the doctors of the
+University, rode the bride, mounted on a white horse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+with glittering trappings, and wearing a rich white
+brocade robe and a long veil over her flowing hair&mdash;"a
+vision more divine than human," exclaims the
+chronicler who witnessed the sight; "only," he adds
+in an undertone, "she is still very young." At
+the sight of the lovely child the multitude broke into
+shouts of joy, and the clashing of bells, the blare of
+trumpets, and sound of guns, welcomed the coming
+of the Duchess. Close behind her rode Cardinal
+Ercole Gonzaga, the Duke's cousin, and on either
+side a guard of twelve noble youths, with white
+ostrich feathers in their caps, so that Her Excellency
+"appeared to be surrounded with a forest of waving
+plumes." In the rear came Madame de Souvastre
+and her ladies in litters, followed by a crowd of
+senators, bishops, and magistrates.</p>
+
+<p>Six triumphal arches, adorned with statues and
+paintings, lined the route. Peace with her olive-branch,
+Plenty with the cornucopia, Prosperity
+bearing a caduceus, Joy crowned with flowers, welcomed
+the bride in turn. Everywhere the imperial
+eagles were seen together with the Sforza arms,
+and countless mottoes with courtly allusions to the
+golden age that had at length dawned for distracted
+Milan. "Thy coming, O Christina, confirms the
+peace of Italy!" On the piazza of the Duomo, a
+pageant of the Seasons greeted her&mdash;Spring with
+arms full of roses, Summer laden with ripe ears of
+corn, Autumn bearing purple grapes, and Winter
+wrapt in snowy fur; while Minerva was seen closing
+the doors of the Temple of Janus, and Juno and
+Hymen, with outstretched arms, hailed Francesco,
+the son of the great Lodovico, and Christina, the
+daughter of Dacia and Austria. At the steps of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+the Duomo the long procession halted. Cardinal
+Gonzaga helped the Duchess to alight, and led her to
+the altar, where she knelt in silent prayer, kissed the
+<i>pax</i> held up to her by the Archbishop, and received
+his benediction. The walls of the long nave were
+hung with tapestries, and the choir draped with cloth
+of gold and adorned with statues of the patron saints
+of Milan. "When you entered the doors," wrote
+the chronicler, "you seemed to be in Paradise."</p>
+
+<p>Then the Duchess mounted her horse again, and
+the procession passed up the Goldsmiths' Street to
+the Castello. Here the decorations were still more
+sumptuous. One imposing arch was adorned with
+a painting of St. John leaning on the bosom of Christ,
+copied from Leonardo's "Cenacolo" in the refectory of
+S. Maria delle Grazie. Another bore a figure of Christ
+with the orb and sceptre, and the words "Mercy and
+Truth have kissed each other." On the piazza in
+front of the Castello, a colossal fountain was
+erected, and winged children spouted wine and
+perfumed water. The Castello itself had been elaborately
+adorned. The arms of Denmark and Milan were
+carved in fine marble over the portals, the walls were
+hung with blue draperies studded with golden stars
+and wreathed with garlands of myrtle and ivy, and on
+either side of the central doorway two giant warriors
+leaning on clubs supported a tablet crowned with the
+imperial eagles, and inscribed with the words: "The
+wisest of Princes to-day weds the fairest of Virgins,
+and brings us the promise of perpetual peace."<a name="FNanchor_99" id="FNanchor_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 233px;">
+<img src="images/facing092a.jpg" width="233" height="233" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>CHRISTINA, DUCHESS OF MILAN (1534)</p>
+
+<p>(Oppenheimer Collection)</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 230px;">
+<img src="images/facing092b.jpg" width="230" height="230" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>FRANCESCO SFORZA, DUKE OF MILAN (1534)</p>
+
+<p>(British Museum)</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p. <a href="#Page_92">92</a></i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1534</span>] IN THE CASTELLO</div>
+
+<p>As the procession reached the gates of the Castello,
+a triumphant burst of martial music was sounded
+by the trumpeters on the topmost tower, and Count
+Massimiliano, the Castellan, presented the golden
+keys of the gates to the Duchess, on bended knee.
+Christina received them with a gracious smile, and,
+accepting his hand, alighted from her horse, amid
+the cheers of the populace, who, rushing in on all
+sides, seized the baldacchino, tore the costly brocade
+into ribbons, and divided the spoil. Meanwhile the
+Duke, leaning on a stick, received his wife with a
+deep reverence, and led her by the hand into the
+beautiful suite of rooms, hung with mulberry-coloured
+velvet and cloth of gold, which had been prepared for
+her use.<a name="FNanchor_100" id="FNanchor_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> Cardinal Gonzaga and De Praet supped
+with the bride and bridegroom that evening, to the
+sweet melodies of the Duke's flutes and viols. The
+gates of the Castello were closed, enormous bonfires
+blazed on the walls, and rockets went up to heaven
+from the top of the great tower. Thousands of
+torches illumined the darkness, and the streets were
+thronged with gay crowds, who gladly took advantage
+of the Duke's permission and gave themselves up to
+mirth and revelry all night long. Long was that
+day remembered in Milan. Old men who could
+recall the reign of Lodovico, and had witnessed
+the coming of Beatrice and the marriage of Bianca,
+wept, and thanked God that they had lived to see this
+day. But their joy was destined to be of short
+duration.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<p>At six o'clock on the evening of the 4th of May
+the marriage of the Duke was finally celebrated in
+the hall of the Rocchetta, which was hung with cloth
+of gold beautifully decorated with garlands of
+flowers. Among the illustrious guests present were
+the Cardinal of Mantua, the Legate Caracciolo, Antonio
+de Leyva, and the chief nobles and senators. The
+Bishops of Modena and Vigevano chanted the nuptial
+Mass, and Monseigneur de Praet delivered a lengthy
+oration, which sorely tried the patience of his hearers.
+No sooner had he uttered the last words than the Duke
+took the bride's hand, and brought the ceremony to
+an abrupt conclusion by leading her into the banquet-hall.
+There a supper of delicate viands, fruit, and
+wines, was prepared, and the guests were entertained
+with music and songs during the evening.<a name="FNanchor_101" id="FNanchor_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1534</span>] ALFONSO D'ESTE</div>
+
+<p>Letters of congratulation now poured in from all
+the Courts of Europe. Christina's own relatives&mdash;Ferdinand
+and Anna, the King and Queen of Hungary
+and Bohemia, the King and Queen of Portugal, the
+Elector of Saxony and the Marquis of Brandenburg&mdash;all
+congratulated the Duchess on her safe arrival and
+happy marriage; while the Pope, the Doge of Venice,
+and other Italian Princes, sent the Duke cordial
+messages. One of the most interesting letters which
+the bridegroom received was an autograph epistle
+from his cousin, Bona Sforza, Queen of Poland, who
+would probably herself have been Duchess of Milan
+if Massimiliano Sforza had reigned longer. It had
+been the earnest wish of her widowed mother,
+Isabella of Aragon, to effect this union, and it was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>only after the French conquest of Milan in 1515 that
+her daughter became the wife of King Sigismund.
+From her distant home Bona kept up an active
+correspondence with her Italian relatives, and now
+sent Francesco the following friendly letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Dearest and most illustrious Cousin</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"I rejoice sincerely to hear that your most
+illustrious wife has reached Milan safely. I feel
+the greatest joy at your happy marriage, and trust
+that Heaven will send you a fine son. My husband
+and children join with me in wishing you every possible
+happiness.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">"Bona, Queen.</span><br />
+"From Cracow, July 15, 1534."<a name="FNanchor_102" id="FNanchor_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another of Francesco's illustrious kinsfolk, Alfonso
+d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, came to Milan in person to
+offer his congratulations to his nephew, although
+he preferred to remain incognito, and his name does
+not figure among the guests who were present at
+the wedding festivities. But Ferrarese chroniclers
+record that the Duke went to Milan on the 30th of
+April, to attend the wedding of Duke Francesco
+Sforza, who took for wife Madame Christierna,
+daughter of the King of Dacia, and returned home on
+the 6th of May.<a name="FNanchor_103" id="FNanchor_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> Forty-four years before, Alfonso, then
+a boy of fourteen, had accompanied his sister Beatrice
+to Milan for her marriage, and escorted his own bride,
+Anna Sforza, back to Ferrara. Now his long and
+troubled life was drawing to a close, and he died a few
+months after this last journey to Milan, on the 31st
+of October, 1534. By his last will he left two of his
+best horses and a pair of falcons to his beloved
+nephew, the Duke of Milan.<a name="FNanchor_104" id="FNanchor_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> Some writers have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>conjectured that Alfonso brought his favourite
+painter, Titian, to Milan, and that the Venetian
+master painted portraits of the Duke and Duchess
+on this occasion.<a name="FNanchor_105" id="FNanchor_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> No record of Titian's visit, however,
+has been discovered, and he probably painted
+the portraits of Francesco and Christina from drawings
+sent to him at Venice.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1534</span>] TITIAN'S PORTRAIT</div>
+
+<p>Titian's friend, Pietro Aretino, was in constant
+correspondence with Count Massimiliano Stampa,
+who rewarded his literary efforts with gifts of gold
+chains, velvet caps, and embroidered doublets. "I
+shall be clad in your presents all through the summer
+months," he wrote in a letter, signing himself, "Your
+younger brother and devoted servant." Aretino
+was not only profuse in thanks to this noble patron,
+but sent him choice works of art, mirrors of Oriental
+crystal, medals engraved by Anichino, and, best of
+all, a little painting of the youthful Baptist clasping
+a lamb, "so life-like that a sheep would bleat at the
+sight of it."<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> The wily Venetian was exceedingly
+anxious to ingratiate himself with the Duke of Milan,
+and not only dedicated a "Paraphase" to him on
+his marriage, but, according to Vasari, painted
+portraits of both the Duke and Duchess. These
+pictures were reproduced by Campo in the "History
+of Cremona," which he published in 1585, while
+Christina was still living. The portrait of Francesco
+was at that time the property of the Milanese noble
+Mario Amigone, while that of Christina hung in the
+house of Don Antonio Lomboni, President of the
+Magistrates.<a name="FNanchor_107" id="FNanchor_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> This last portrait was afterwards sent
+to Florence by order of the Grand-Duke Ferdinand,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>who married the Duchess's granddaughter, Christine
+of Lorraine.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I send Your Highness," wrote Guido Mazzenta in
+January, 1604, "the portrait of the Most Serene
+Lady, Christina, Queen of Denmark, and grandmother
+of the Most Serene Grand-Duchess, painted
+by Titian, by order of Duke Francesco Sforza, when
+he brought her to Milan as his bride."<a name="FNanchor_108" id="FNanchor_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, this precious portrait was afterwards
+sent to Madrid, where it is said to have perished in
+a fire. In Campo's engraving the youthful Duchess
+wears a jewelled cap and pearl necklace, with an ermine
+cape on her shoulders. Her serene air and thoughtful
+expression recall Holbein's famous picture, and give
+an impression of quiet happiness and content which
+agrees with all that we know of her short married life.</p>
+
+<p>The change was great from Malines and Brussels,
+and Christina often missed her old playmates.
+But her simple, docile nature became easily accustomed
+to these new surroundings, and the affectionate
+little letters which she sent to her aunt and sister all
+breathe the same strain. "We are as happy and
+contented as possible," she writes to Dorothea; and
+when Camillo Ghilino was starting for Germany, she
+sends a few words, at her lord's suggestion, to be
+forwarded to Flanders, just to tell her aunt how much
+she loves and thinks of her.<a name="FNanchor_109" id="FNanchor_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></p>
+
+<p>Certainly, when we compare her lot with that of
+her mother, and remember the hardships and sorrows
+which the young Queen had to endure, Christina
+may well have counted herself fortunate. Her
+husband treated his child-wife with the greatest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>kindness. Her smallest wish was gratified, her tastes
+were consulted in every particular. The rooms
+which she occupied in the Rocchetta, where his mother,
+Duchess Beatrice, had lived, were hung with rich
+crimson velvet; the walls of her bedroom were draped
+with pale blue silk; a new loggia was built, looking
+out on the gardens and moat waters. The breaches
+which French and Spanish guns had made in the
+walls were repaired, and the Castello resumed its old
+aspect. Three state carriages, lined with costly
+brocades and drawn by four horses draped with cloth
+of gold, were prepared by the Duke for his wife, and
+were first used by the Duchess on Ascension Day,
+when, ten days after her wedding, she made her first
+appearance in public. As she drove to the Duomo,
+followed by the Legate and Ambassadors, and escorted
+by a brilliant cavalcade of nobles, the streets were
+thronged with eager crowds, who greeted her with
+acclamation, and waited for hours to catch a sight
+of her face. On Corpus Christi, again, a few weeks
+later, the Duke and Duchess both came to see the
+long procession of Bishops and priests pass through
+the streets, bearing the host under a stately canopy
+from the Duomo to the ancient shrine of S. Ambrogio.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1534</span>] FRANCESCA PALEOLOGA</div>
+
+<p>The popularity of the young Duchess soon became
+unbounded. Her tall figure, dark eyes, and fair
+hair, excited the admiration of all her subjects, while
+her frank and kindly manners won every heart.
+Although prices went up in Milan that year, and the
+tolls on corn and wine were doubled, the people paid
+these dues cheerfully, and, when they sat down to a
+scanty meal, remarked that they must pay for Her
+Excellency's dinner.<a name="FNanchor_110" id="FNanchor_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> Fortunately, by the end of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>year there was a considerable fall in prices, and a
+general sense of relief and security prevailed.</p>
+
+<p>To the Duke himself, as well as to his people, the
+coming of the Duchess brought new life. For a time
+his failing health revived in the sunshine of her
+presence. He threw himself with energy into the
+task of beautifying Milan and completing the fa&ccedil;ade
+of the Duomo. At the same time he employed
+painters to decorate the Castello and Duomo of
+Vigevano, and an illuminated book of the Gospels,
+adorned with exquisite miniatures and bearing his arms
+and those of the Duchess, may still be seen in the Brera.</p>
+
+<p>Hunting-parties were held for Christina's amusement
+both at Vigevano and in Count Massimiliano's
+woods at Cussago. Madame de Souvastre and most
+of the Duchess's Flemish attendants had returned to
+the Netherlands with De Praet, and Francesco took
+great pains to provide his wife with a congenial
+lady-in-waiting. His choice fell on Francesca Paleologa,
+a lady of the noble house of Montferrat, and
+cousin of the newly-married Duchess of Mantua.
+Her husband, Constantine Comnenus, titular Prince
+of Macedonia, had served under the Pope and
+Emperor; and her daughter, Deianira, had lately
+married Count Gaspare Trivulzio, a former partisan
+of the French, who was now a loyal subject of the
+Duke. From this time the Princess of Macedonia
+became Christina's inseparable companion, and remained
+devotedly attached to the Duchess throughout
+her long life. At the same time Francesco appointed
+one of his secretaries, Benedetto da Corte of Pavia,
+to be master of the Duchess's household, and to teach
+her Italian, which she was soon able to speak and
+write fluently.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Milanese archives contain several charming
+little notes written in Christina's large, round hand
+to the Duke during a brief visit which he paid to
+Vigevano, for change of air, in the summer of 1535:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">My Lord and dearest Husband</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"I have received your dear letters, and rejoice
+to hear of your welfare. This has been a great
+comfort to me, but it will be a far greater pleasure to
+see you again. I look forward to your return with
+such impatience that a single hour seems as long
+as a whole year. May God keep you safe and bring
+you home again very soon, for I can enjoy nothing
+without Your Excellency. I am very well, thank
+God, and commend myself humbly to your good
+graces. Signora Francesca is also well, and commends
+herself to Your Highness.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"Your very humble wife,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Christierna</span>.<br />
+"Milan, June 7, 1535.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"The bearer of this letter has been very good to
+me."</p></div>
+
+<p>Francesco's health had lately given fresh cause for
+anxiety. He suffered from catarrh and fever, and
+was frequently confined to his bed. A Pavian Envoy
+who had been promised an audience had to leave
+the Castello without seeing His Excellency, and a
+visit which he and the Duchess had intended to pay
+to Pavia in the spring was put off, to the great disappointment
+of the loyal citizens. Now his absence
+was prolonged owing to a fresh attack of illness, and
+the young wife wrote again at the end of the month,
+lamenting the delay and expressing the same impatience
+for his return:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">My dearest Husband</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1535</span>] DOROTHEA OF DENMARK</div>
+
+<p>"I was delighted, as I always am, with your
+dear letter of the 20th instant, but should have been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>much better pleased to see you and enjoy the pleasure
+of your presence, as I hoped to do by this time,
+especially as these Signors assured me that your
+absence would be short. But they were, it is plain,
+quite wrong. However, I must be reasonable, and
+if your prolonged absence is necessary I will not
+complain. I thank you for your kind excuses and
+explanations, but I will not thank you for saying that
+I need not trouble to write to you with my own
+hand, because this at least is labour well spent, and
+I am only happy when I can talk with Your Excellency
+or write to you, now that I cannot enjoy your
+company. I commend myself infinitely to your remembrance,
+and trust God may long preserve you,
+and grant you a safe and speedy return.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"Your very humble wife,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Christierna</span>.<br />
+"From Milan, June. 1535."<a name="FNanchor_111" id="FNanchor_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the warm-hearted young wife's wish remained
+unfulfilled, and four months after these lines were
+written Christina was a widow.</p>
+
+
+<h3>V.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1535</span>] THE PALATINE</div>
+
+<p>The chief event of Christina's brief married life
+was the marriage of her elder sister, the Princess of
+Denmark. Dorothea was by this time an attractive
+girl of fourteen, shorter and slighter than her sister,
+and inferior to her in force of character, but full of
+brightness and gaiety. She was very popular in her
+old home at Malines, and often shot with a crossbow
+at the meetings of the Guild of Archers. Several
+marriages had been proposed for her, and King
+James of Scotland had repeatedly asked for her
+hand; but the Emperor hesitated to accept his
+advances, from fear of offending King Francis,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>whose daughter Magdalen had long been pledged to
+this fickle monarch, while the difficulty of providing
+a dower and outfit for another portionless niece, made
+Mary reluctant to conclude a second marriage. But,
+a few months after Christina's marriage, a new suitor
+for Dorothea's hand came forward in the person of
+the Count Palatine, who had vainly aspired to wed
+both Eleanor of Austria and Mary of Hungary.
+Frederic's loyal support of Charles's claims to the
+imperial crown, and his gallant defence of Vienna
+against the Turks, had been scurvily rewarded, and
+hitherto all his attempts to find another bride had
+been foiled. When, in 1526, after the King of
+Portugal's death, he approached his old love, the
+widowed Queen Eleanor, his advances were coldly
+repelled; and when he asked King Ferdinand for one
+of his daughters, he was told that she was too young
+for him. After Mary of Hungary's refusal, he left
+the Imperial Court in anger, and told Charles V. that
+he would take a French wife;<a name="FNanchor_112" id="FNanchor_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> but Isabel of Navarre,
+Margaret of Montferrat, and the King of Poland's
+daughter, all eluded his efforts, and when he asked
+for Mary Tudor's hand, King Henry told him that
+he could not insult his good friend and cousin by
+offering him a bride born out of wedlock.<a name="FNanchor_113" id="FNanchor_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> Now Ferdinand,
+unwilling to lose so valuable an ally, suddenly
+proposed that the Palatine should marry his niece
+Dorothea, saying that both he and Charles would
+rejoice to see him reigning over the three northern
+kingdoms. At first Frederic hesitated, saying that
+he was a grey-headed man of fifty, little fitted to be
+the husband of so young a lady, and had no wish
+to reign over the turbulent Norsemen. Mary, how<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>ever,
+welcomed her brother's proposal, regarding it
+as a means of strengthening the Emperor's cause in
+Northern Europe. In Denmark the succession of
+Frederic's son Christian III. was disputed, and a
+Hanseatic fleet had seized Copenhagen, while Christopher
+of Oldenburg, a cousin of the captive King,
+had invaded Jutland. With the help of these allies
+it might be possible for the Palatine to recover his
+wife's inheritance. But the execution of this plan
+was full of difficulties, as Prince John's old tutor,
+the wise Archbishop of Lunden, told Charles V. in a
+letter which he addressed to him in the autumn of
+1534:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Most sacred C&aelig;sar</span>,&mdash;I know Denmark well, and
+am convinced that the Danes will never recognize
+Christian II. as their King. Count Christopher's
+expedition will prove a mere flash in the pan, and
+when he can no longer pay his men, the peasants,
+who flocked to his banner at the sound of their old
+King's name, will return to their hearths. Then the
+nobles will have their revenge, and the proud L&uuml;beck
+citizens will seize Denmark and establish the Lutheran
+religion in the name of Christopher or King Henry of
+England, or any other Prince, as long as he is not
+Your Majesty; and if they succeed, the trade of the
+Low Countries will be ruined."<a name="FNanchor_114" id="FNanchor_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The bait held out to the Palatine, however, proved
+too alluring, and he easily fell a victim to the snare.
+The Emperor sent him flattering messages by Hubert,
+the faithful servant who has left us so delightful a
+chronicle of his master's doings, and promised his
+niece a dowry of 50,000 crowns. It was late on
+New Year's Eve when Hubert reached his master's
+house at Neumarkt, on his return from Spain, and
+Frederic was already in bed; but he sent for him, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+bade him tell his news in three words. The messenger
+exclaimed joyfully: "I bring my lord a royal bride,
+a most gracious Kaiser, and a sufficient dowry."
+Upon which the Palatine thanked God, and bade
+Hubert go to the cellar and help himself to food
+and drink.<a name="FNanchor_115" id="FNanchor_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></p>
+
+<p>One of Charles's most trusted Flemish servants,
+Nicholas de Marnol, was now sent to Milan, to obtain
+the consent of the Duke and Duchess to Dorothea's
+marriage. After a perilous journey over the Alps in
+snow and floods, Marnol reached Milan on the 10th
+of January, 1535, and received a cordial welcome.
+Francesco approved warmly of a union which would
+insure the Princess's happiness and serve to confirm
+the peace of Germany, but quite declined to accept
+the Emperor's suggestion that he should help to
+provide a pension for Christina's brother-in-law,
+saying that this was impossible, and that His Majesty
+would be the first to recognize the futility of making
+promises which cannot be kept.</p>
+
+<p>After a short stay at Milan, Marnol went on to
+Vienna, and advised the Palatine to go to Spain
+himself if he wished to settle the matter. Frederic,
+always glad of an excuse for a journey, travelled by
+way of Brussels and France to Saragossa, and accompanied
+the Emperor to Barcelona, where Charles
+signed the marriage contract on the eve of sailing for
+Africa.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1535</span>] A HAPPY MARRIAGE</div>
+
+<p>On the 18th of May, 1535, the marriage was
+solemnized at Brussels, and Frederic consented to
+leave his bride with her aunt until her outfit was
+completed. Queen Eleanor expressed the liveliest
+interest in her old lover's marriage, and insisted on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>seeing Dorothea before she went to Germany. At
+length the wedding-party reached Heidelberg, on the
+8th of September, where the gallant bridegroom,
+who, in Hubert's words, "loved to shine," rode out
+in rich attire to meet his bride, and escorted her with
+martial music and pomp worthy of a King's daughter
+to the famous castle on the heights. The next day
+the nuptial Mass was celebrated by the Bishop of
+Spires, and a series of splendid entertainments were
+given by Frederic's brother, the Elector Louis, after
+which the Count took his bride to his own home at
+Neumarkt, in the Upper Palatinate.<a name="FNanchor_116" id="FNanchor_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Now at length," wrote Hubert, "my lord thought
+that he had attained a haven of rest, and found a
+blessed end to all his troubles; but he was grievously
+mistaken, and soon realized that he had embarked
+on a new and tempestuous ocean."<a name="FNanchor_117" id="FNanchor_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></p>
+
+<p>The splendid prospects of recovering his wife's
+kingdom were destined to prove utterly fallacious,
+and only involved him in heavy expenses and perpetual
+intrigues. The Emperor, as he soon discovered,
+"had no great affection for the enterprise
+of Denmark,"<a name="FNanchor_118" id="FNanchor_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> and before long Copenhagen surrendered,
+and Charles and Mary were compelled to
+come to terms with Christian III. and acknowledge
+his title. Fortunately, in all other respects his
+marriage proved a happy one. Dorothea was greatly
+beloved by her husband's family and subjects, and made
+him a devoted wife, although, as Hubert soon found
+out, she was as great a spendthrift as her lord, and confessed
+that she was never happy until she had spent
+her last penny.<a name="FNanchor_119" id="FNanchor_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> The very frivolity of her nature
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>suited the volatile Count. She shared his love of
+adventure, and was always ready to accompany him
+on perilous journeys, to climb mountains or ford
+rivers, with the same unquenchable courage and
+gaiety of heart. Even when, in her anxiety to bear
+a child, she imitated the example of Frederic's mother,
+the old Countess Palatine, and went on pilgrimages
+and wore holy girdles, "this was done without
+any spirit of devotion, but with great mirth and
+laughter. And how little," adds the chronicler,
+"either pilgrimages or girdles profited her, we all
+know."<a name="FNanchor_120" id="FNanchor_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>VI.</h3>
+
+<p>Before the Palatine and his bride reached Heidelberg,
+Europe was thrilled by the news of the capture
+of Tunis, and the flight of the hated Barbarossa before
+his conqueror. It was the proudest moment of the
+Emperor's life. Twenty thousand Christian captives
+were released that day, and went home to spread the
+fame of their great deliverer throughout the civilized
+world. The news reached Milan on the 2nd of
+August, and was hailed with universal joy. <i>Te
+Deums</i> were chanted in the Duomo, bells were rung
+in all the churches, and the guns of the Castello
+boomed in honour of the great event. Camillo Ghilino
+was immediately sent by the Duke to congratulate the
+Emperor on his victory, and thank His Majesty once
+more for all the happiness which the generous gift of
+his niece had brought Francesco and his people.<a name="FNanchor_121" id="FNanchor_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 433px;">
+<img src="images/facing106.jpg" width="433" height="594" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>FREDERIC, COUNT PALATINE</p>
+
+<p>Ascribed to A. D&uuml;rer (Darmstadt)</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p. <a href="#Page_106">106</a></i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1535</span>] FRANCESCO SFORZA'S DEATH</div>
+
+<p>The late Pope, Clement VII., had already expressed
+his intention of rewarding Ghilino's services with a
+Cardinal's hat, and his successor, Paul III., would
+probably have kept his promise, but the Ambassador
+fell ill in Sicily, and died at Palermo in September,
+to the Duke's great sorrow.<a name="FNanchor_122" id="FNanchor_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> Soon after receiving
+the news, Francesco himself fell ill of fever, and once
+more lost the use of his limbs. All through October
+he grew steadily worse, and by the end of the month
+the people of Milan learnt that their beloved Prince
+was at the point of death. On Monday, the Feast of
+All Saints, the public anxiety was at its height, and
+silent crowds waited all day at the gates of the Castello
+to hear the latest reports. At length, early in the
+morning of All Souls' Day, they learnt that the last
+Sforza Duke was no more. Christina watched by his
+bedside to the end, and wept bitterly, for, in the
+chronicler's words, "they had loved each other
+well."<a name="FNanchor_123" id="FNanchor_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> All Milan shared in her grief, and nothing but
+sobbing and wailing was heard in the streets. Everyone
+lamented the good Duke, and grieved for the
+troubles and misery which his death would bring on
+the land. But the city remained tranquil, and there
+was no tumult or rioting. This was chiefly due to
+Stampa, who, by the Duke's last orders, took charge
+of the Duchess, and administered public affairs in her
+name, until instructions could be received from C&aelig;sar.</p>
+
+<p>A messenger was despatched without delay to the
+Emperor at Palermo, with letters from the Count
+and a touching little note from Christina, informing
+her uncle how her dear lord's weakness had gradually
+increased, until in the early morning he passed to a
+better life. The dead Prince lay in state for three
+days in the ducal chapel, clad in robes of crimson
+velvet and ermine, on a bier surrounded by lighted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>tapers. But the funeral was put off till the 19th of
+November, in order, writes the chronicler, to give
+the people time to show the love they bore their
+lamented master, and also because of the difficulty
+of obtaining sufficient black cloth to drape the walls
+of the Castello and put the Court in mourning. It
+was a sad time for the young widow. During three
+weeks not a ray of light was allowed to penetrate
+the gloom of the funereal hall where she sat with
+her ladies, while solemn requiems and Masses were
+chanted in the chapel.</p>
+
+<p>It had been Francesco's wish to sleep with his
+parents in the Church of S. Maria delle Grazie, where
+the effigies of Lodovico and his lost Beatrice had
+been carved in marble. But when this became
+known there was a general outcry. The people
+would not allow their beloved Duke to be buried
+anywhere but in the Duomo with the great Francesco
+and the other Sforza Princes. So it was decided only
+to bury the Duke's heart in the Dominican church.
+His body was laid in a leaden casket covered with
+black velvet, and a wax effigy, wearing the ducal
+crown and robes, was exposed to public view.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1535</span>] FUNERAL RITES</div>
+
+<p>Late on Friday, the 19th of November, an imposing
+funeral procession passed from the Castello to the
+Duomo, through the same streets which, only
+eighteen months before, had been decked in festive
+array to receive the late Duke's bride. First came
+the Bishops and clergy with candles and crosses, then
+the senators, magistrates, and nobles, wearing long
+black mantles and hoods. After them gentlemen
+bearing the ducal standard, cap, and baton, and
+Francesco's sword and helmet, and what moved the
+spectators more than all, the white mule which he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+had ridden daily, led by four pages, "looking just
+as it did when His Excellency was alive, only that the
+saddle was empty." Then the bier was carried past,
+under a gold canopy, and the wax effigy of the dead
+man, was seen clad in gold brocade and ermine, with
+a vest of crimson velvet and red shoes and stockings.
+Immediately behind rode the chief mourner, Giovanni
+Paolo Sforza, followed by Antonio de Leyva, the
+Imperial and Venetian Ambassadors, the Chancellor
+Taverna, Count Massimiliano Stampa, and the chief
+Ministers and officials. After them came a vast
+multitude of poor, all in mourning, bearing lighted
+tapers, and weeping as they went. A catafalque, surrounded
+with burning torches, had been erected in
+the centre of the Duomo, and here, under a canopy
+of black velvet, the Duke's effigy was laid on a couch
+of gold brocade, with his sword at his side and the
+ducal cap and baton at his feet&mdash;"a thing," says
+the chronicler, "truly marvellous to see."<a name="FNanchor_124" id="FNanchor_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></p>
+
+<p>The next morning the funeral rites were celebrated
+in the presence of an immense concourse of people,
+and a Latin oration was delivered by Messer Gualtiero
+di Corbetta. During three days requiems were
+chanted at every altar in the Duomo, and the great
+bell, which had never been rung before, was tolled
+for the space of three hours, accompanied by all the
+bells of the other churches in Milan. "And there
+was no one with heart so hard that he was not moved
+to tears that day," writes Burigozzo, the chronicler
+who was a living witness of the love which the citizens
+bore to their dead Duke.<a name="FNanchor_125" id="FNanchor_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> At the end of the week
+the casket containing Francesco's remains was finally
+laid in a richly carved sarcophagus, which had been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>originally intended to receive the ashes of Gaston de
+Foix, the victor of Ravenna, and which was now
+placed against the wall of the choir, "for a perpetual
+memorial in the sight of all Milan."<a name="FNanchor_126" id="FNanchor_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p>
+
+<p>No one loved the Duke better and lamented his
+loss more truly than Count Massimiliano Stampa, and
+Pietro Aretino, who realized this, condoled with his
+noble friend, and at the same time paid an eloquent
+tribute to the dead Prince, in the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Duke is dead, and I feel that this sad event
+has not only taken away all your happiness, but part
+of your own soul. I know the close intimacy in
+which you lived, nourished in your infancy at the
+same breast, and bound together in one heart and
+soul. But you must take comfort, remembering that
+His Excellency may well be called fortunate in his
+end. His wanderings began when he was barely six
+years old, and he was driven into exile before he
+was old enough to remember his native land. After
+so many wars and labours, after experiencing famine
+and sickness himself, and seeing the cruel misery and
+affliction endured by his subjects, he lived to see
+perfect tranquillity restored in his dominions, and
+to enjoy the passionate affection of all Milan. Now,
+secure in the friendship of C&aelig;sar and the love of Italy,
+he has given back his spirit to God who gave it.
+Rejoice, therefore, and render praise and glory to
+Francesco Sforza's name, because by his wisdom and
+virtue he conquered fortune, and has died a Prince
+on his throne, reigning in peace and happiness over
+his native land. So, my dear lord, I beg you dry
+your tears, and meet those who love you as I do
+with a serene brow. The fame of your learning
+and greatness is known everywhere. Rise above the
+blows of fate, and console yourself with the thought
+of your Duke's blessed end. There lies His Excellency's
+corpse. Give it honourable burial, and I
+meanwhile will not cease to celebrate him dead and
+you who are alive."<a name="FNanchor_127" id="FNanchor_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, ii. 146.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Sch&auml;fer, iv. 204, 209.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> "Diarii," liii. 231.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 298; Sanuto, lv. 389, 414.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Sanuto, lvii. 610, 637.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, vii. 465.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> M. Sanuto, lvii. 157; A. Campo, "Storia di Cremona," 107.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 87, 88.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 89.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Archivio di Stato, Milan, Carteggio Diplomatico, 1533.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_89" id="Footnote_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Archivio di Stato, Milano, Carteggio Diplomatico, 1533.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_90" id="Footnote_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Carteggio Diplomatico, 1533, Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_91" id="Footnote_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> G. M. Burigozzo, "Cronaca Milanese," 1500-1544, p. 516;
+"Archivio Storico Italiano," iii. (1842).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Potenze Sovrane, 1533-34, Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Autografi di Principi Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Potenze Sovrane, Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, vii. 545.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Potenze Sovrane, Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_97" id="Footnote_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> T. Coryat, "Crudities," i. 215; "Hardwick Papers," i. 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_98" id="Footnote_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Potenze Sovrane, Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> M. Guazzo, "Historie d'Italia," 272-275; P. Avenati, "Entrata
+Solemne di Cristina di Spagna"; MS. Continuazione della
+Storia di Corio, O. 240 (Biblioteca Ambrosiana).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_100" id="Footnote_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> C. Magenta, "I Visconti e gli Sforza nel Castello di Pavia,"
+i. 750; Nubilonio, "Cronaca di Vigevano," 131.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> MS. Continuazione di Corio, O. 240 (Biblioteca Ambrosiana).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Autografi di Principi: Sforza. Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_103" id="Footnote_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> F. Roddi, "Annali di Ferrara" (Harleian MSS. 3310).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_104" id="Footnote_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> E. Gardiner, "A King of Court Poets," 355.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_105" id="Footnote_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Crowe and Cavalcaselle, "Titian," i. 355.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> P. Aretino, "Lettere," i. 214.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> A. Campo, 107.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Gaye, "Carteggio," iii. 531.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Autografi di Principi: Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_110" id="Footnote_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Burigozzo, 521.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Autografi di Principi: Sforza, Archivio di Stato (see
+Appendix I.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Lanz, i. 419.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> H. Thomas, 310.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Relations Commerciales," etc., 317; Lanz, ii. 120.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> H. Thomas, 328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Henne, vi. 132.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> H. Thomas, 350.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 659.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> H. Thomas, 350.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> "Zimmer'sche Chronik," iv. 145.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Burigozzo, 525.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> G. Ghilino, "Annali di Alessandria," 141.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_123" id="Footnote_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Potenze Sovrane, Archivio di Stato.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Burigozzo, 525.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 529.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_126" id="Footnote_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> M. Guazzo, 312.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_127" id="Footnote_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> P. Aretino, "Lettere," i. 43.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK V<br />
+
+THE WIDOW OF MILAN<br />
+
+1535-1538</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>Christina's short married life was over. At the end
+of eighteen months she found herself a widow, before
+she had completed her fourteenth year. But the
+brief interval which had elapsed since she left Flanders
+had sufficed to turn the child into a woman. From the
+moment of the Duke's death, her good sense and discretion
+won golden opinions from the grey-headed
+statesmen around her. The senators and Ambassadors,
+the deputies from Pavia and the other Lombard
+cities, who came to offer their condolences, were
+deeply moved at the sight of this Princess, whose
+heavy mourning and widow's weeds contrasted
+strangely with her extreme youth. The dignity and
+grace of her bearing charmed them still more, and all
+the Milanese asked was to keep their Duchess among
+them. By the terms of the late Duke's investiture, if
+he died without children, the duchy of Milan was to
+revert to the Emperor, but the city of Tortona was
+settled on the Duchess. By Francesco's will the town
+and Castello of Vigevano, which he had done so much
+to beautify, were also bequeathed to her. Immediately
+after the Duke's funeral, in obedience to his
+dying lord's order, Stampa hoisted the imperial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+standard on the Castello of Milan, but refused to
+allow Antonio de Leyva to take possession of the
+citadel until he received orders from C&aelig;sar himself.
+This was faithfully reported to the Emperor by
+Christina, who gave her uncle a full account of the
+steps which she had taken to administer affairs as her
+lord's representative, adding:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"If I have failed in any part of my duty or done
+anything contrary to Your Majesty's wishes, I beg
+you to excuse my ignorance, assuring you that I
+have acted by the advice of my late husband's Councillors,
+and with no regard to my own interests, but
+with the sole object of promoting Your Majesty's
+honour and service, and remain</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"Your very humble and obedient servant,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Chr&eacute;tienne</span>.<br />
+"November 20, 1535."<a name="FNanchor_128" id="FNanchor_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The messenger whom Stampa sent to Palermo on
+the day of the Duke's death missed the Emperor,
+who had already left for Messina, and the news did
+not reach him until he had landed in Calabria, on
+his way to Naples. It was not till the 27th of November
+that a horseman bearing letters from C&aelig;sar
+arrived in Milan. Here intense anxiety prevailed
+among all classes, and the Spaniards were as much
+hated as the Duke and Duchess had been beloved.
+Accordingly, the relief was great when it became
+known that, although Signor Antonio de Leyva was
+appointed Governor-General, Stampa was to retain
+his post as Castellan, and the Duchess was to remain
+in the Castello.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Duchess remains Duchess," wrote the chronicler,
+"and all the other officials retain their places.
+Above all, Count Massimiliano keeps his office, and
+the city is perfectly quiet."<a name="FNanchor_129" id="FNanchor_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1535</span>] THE PRINCE OF PIEDMONT</div>
+
+<p>Stampa now made a last effort to maintain the
+independence of Milan. He proposed that the
+widowed Duchess should be given in marriage to the
+Duke of Savoy's eldest son, Louis, a Prince of her
+own age, who was being educated at his imperial
+uncle's Court. A petition to this effect, signed by
+Chancellor Taverna and all the leading senators, was
+addressed to the Emperor, and Giovanni Paolo Sforza
+was sent to Rome to meet His Majesty and obtain
+the Pope's support.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Gian Paolo Sforza and Taverna," wrote the
+Venetian Envoy, Lorenzo Bragadin, "have begged
+C&aelig;sar to give the hand of his niece, the widow, to
+the Duke of Savoy's son, and this is the wish of all
+the people of Milan."<a name="FNanchor_130" id="FNanchor_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, Giovanni Paolo fell ill on the
+journey, and breathed his last in a village of the
+Apennines, and before Charles left Naples he heard
+that the promising young Prince of Piedmont had
+died on Christmas Day at Madrid. His brother,
+Emanuel Philibert, was a child of seven, and although
+his ambitious mother, Duchess Beatrix, hastened to
+put forward his claim, nothing more was heard of
+the scheme.</p>
+
+<p>By this time another marriage for Christina was
+being seriously discussed at the Imperial Court.
+Even before the Duke's death, the French King had
+done his best to provoke a quarrel with him, and had
+begun to make active preparations for war. Hardly
+had Francesco breathed his last, than he openly
+renewed his old claim to Milan, and sent an Ambassador
+to the Emperor at Naples, demanding the duchy for
+his second son, Henry, Duke of Orleans, the husband<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+of Catherine de' Medici. This plan, which would have
+made the French supreme in North Italy, could not
+be entertained for a moment, but Charles, in his
+anxiety to avoid war, was ready to accept almost any
+other alternative. When his sister Eleanor implored
+him to agree to her husband's proposal, and, by way
+of cementing the alliance, give "the little widow of
+Milan" in marriage to the King's third son, the Duke
+of Angoul&ecirc;me, he replied that he would gladly treat
+of the proposed marriage, but only on condition that
+Angoul&ecirc;me, not Orleans, was put in possession of
+Milan.</p>
+
+<p>The union of the French Prince with Christina
+now became the subject of prolonged negotiations
+between the two Courts. The Imperial Chancellor,
+Granvelle, drew up a long and careful memorandum,
+dwelling on the obvious advantages of the scheme,
+on the virtues and charms of the young Duchess, on
+her large dowry and great popularity in Milan, and
+Charles told Francis plainly that he would agree to
+no scheme by which the widowed Duchess was removed
+from the State, "where she was so much
+beloved and honoured, and where the people placed
+all their hopes of tranquillity in her presence." One
+great object of these negotiations, he wrote, "is to
+find a noble and suitable husband for our niece, the
+Widow of Milan, who is to us almost a daughter,
+and who has always shown herself so discreet and
+so obedient to our wishes."<a name="FNanchor_131" id="FNanchor_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1536</span>] MANY SUITORS</div>
+
+<p>Both the Pope and the Venetians supported this
+scheme as the best means of avoiding war and preserving
+the independence of Milan. At the same
+time Pope Paul did not fail to put in a plea for his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>own kinsman, the son of his niece Cecilia Farnese,
+and Count Bosio Sforza, a descendant of Francesco
+I.'s half-brother. Bosio had been a loyal
+supporter of the late Duke, but died soon after
+Christina's marriage, leaving a son of fifteen, who
+was brought up at the Court of Milan. The Pope
+himself addressed a grateful letter to Christina,
+thanking her for the kindness which she had shown
+the boy, and throwing out a hint that a marriage
+with her young Sforza cousin might be possible.
+Another husband whom Granvelle proposed for her was
+Duke Alexander of Florence, but, fortunately, Charles
+decided to give him his own illegitimate daughter
+Margaret, and Christina thus escaped union with
+this reckless and profligate Prince, who was soon
+afterwards murdered by his kinsman.<a name="FNanchor_132" id="FNanchor_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> Meanwhile
+the Scottish Ambassadors at the French Court made
+proposals to the Emperor on behalf of their King,
+James V., who had not yet made up his mind to
+wed Magdalen of Valois, and these negotiations were
+only interrupted by the high-handed action of King
+Henry's new favourite, Thomas Cromwell. Thus,
+a few weeks after the Duke of Milan's death his
+widow's hand had become the subject of animated
+controversy in all the Courts of Europe.<a name="FNanchor_133" id="FNanchor_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></p>
+
+<p>But while others were negotiating the French were
+arming. On the 6th of March, the first day of
+Carnival, news reached Milan that a French army
+had crossed the Alps. The strong citadel of Montm&eacute;lian
+was betrayed by the treachery of a Neapolitan
+captain, and after a gallant defence the Duke of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>Savoy was compelled to evacuate Turin, and take
+refuge with his wife and children at Vercelli. All
+hope of peace was now over, and, in a consistory held
+in the Vatican on the 8th of April, the Emperor
+appealed to the Pope to bear witness how earnestly
+he had tried to prevent war, and how fruitless his
+efforts had proved. At Granvelle's suggestion, he
+determined to carry the war into the enemy's country,
+and, following in the steps of Charles VIII., crossed
+the Apennines, and marched by the Emilian Way and
+along the banks of the Po towards Asti.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1536</span>] MEETING WITH CHARLES V.</div>
+
+<p>The dread of a French invasion had united all
+parties in Milan. The citizens forgot their hatred
+of the Spaniards in their terror of another siege, and
+cheerfully submitted to fresh taxes to pay the
+defending army. It was a late spring that year in
+Lombardy, the weather was bitterly cold, and by the
+end of April the vines had only put forth tiny shoots,
+and the roses were not yet in flower. Nothing was
+heard in the streets but the din of approaching warfare,
+and the tramp of armed <i>Landsknechten</i> marching
+from Tyrol on their way to the frontier. But in
+the last days of April Christina's dull life was
+brightened by the sudden arrival of the Duchess of
+Savoy, who fled from the camp at Vercelli to take
+refuge in the Castello of Milan. Times were altered
+since the two Princesses had met at Turin, and the
+Duchess Beatrix, who had welcomed the little bride
+so warmly, was sadly changed in body and mind.
+She had lost her eldest son, and been driven out of
+her home by foreign invaders, never to return there
+again in her lifetime. With her she brought her two
+remaining children, the little Princess Catherine and
+Emanuel Philibert, who was one day to become<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+famous as the bravest captain in Europe. And she
+also brought a treasure which excited the utmost
+enthusiasm among the Milanese&mdash;the Holy Shroud
+of St. Joseph of Arimathea, which had been preserved
+for centuries at Chamb&eacute;ry. Crowds flocked to the
+Duomo when Beatrix's Franciscan confessor preached,
+in the hope of seeing the precious Shroud; but the
+Duchess would not allow the relic to leave the Castello,
+and on the 7th it was exposed on the ramparts to
+the view of an enormous multitude assembled in the
+piazza.<a name="FNanchor_134" id="FNanchor_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></p>
+
+<p>A week later Francesco Sforza's cousin, Ferrante
+Gonzaga, and the Duke of Savoy, came to Milan, but
+soon left for the camp. Beatrix then obtained permission
+to pay the Emperor a visit on his journey
+north, and by Charles's express request took Christina
+with her. On the 18th of May the magistrates of
+Pavia received orders from the Duchess of Milan's
+<i>maggiordomo</i>, Benedetto da Corte, to prepare lodgings
+for Her Excellency and the Duchess of Savoy, as
+near to each other as possible.<a name="FNanchor_135" id="FNanchor_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> The Castello of
+Pavia had suffered terribly in the siege by Lautrec
+in 1528, but a few rooms were hastily furnished,
+and on the 20th Beatrix and Christina arrived,
+escorted by Count Massimiliano and several courtiers.
+Early on the following morning the two Duchesses
+rode out to Arena on the Po, where they found the
+Emperor awaiting them. Charles was unfeignedly
+glad to see both his sister-in-law and the niece whom
+he had left as a child at Brussels four years before,
+and welcomed them affectionately.<a name="FNanchor_136" id="FNanchor_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> But the inter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>view
+was a short one, and the next day he continued
+his journey to Asti, where he joined Antonio de
+Leyva and Ferrante Gonzaga, and prepared to invade
+Provence.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1536</span>] CARDINAL CARACCIOLO</div>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Beatrix and Christina returned to Milan,
+and spent the summer together in the Castello. A
+close friendship sprang up between the two Duchesses.
+Beatrix took a motherly interest in her young companion,
+and the children's presence helped to cheer
+these anxious months. At first the Emperor's arms
+were entirely successful. The French retired before
+him to Avignon, laying the country waste, and he
+met with no opposition until he reached Aix, which
+resisted all his attacks. During the long siege which
+followed, his soldiers suffered severely from disease
+and famine, and many youths of the noblest Milanese
+families were among the victims.<a name="FNanchor_137" id="FNanchor_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> Early in September,
+while Christina's own secretary, Belcorpo, was
+robbed and murdered on his way to the camp,
+Antonio de Leyva, the redoubtable Commander-in-Chief,
+died, and was buried in S. Eustorgio at Milan.
+The Papal Legate, Cardinal Caracciolo, a Neapolitan
+by birth, was appointed to succeed him as Viceroy
+of Milan. He had only just assumed the reins of
+office, and paid his first visit to the young Duchess,
+when he received a summons from the Emperor to
+join him at Genoa. Finding it impossible to reduce
+Aix, Charles had determined to abandon the campaign,
+and on the 16th of November a three months'
+truce was signed between the two monarchs. The
+Emperor was anxious to return to Spain, where his
+presence was sorely needed. But before his departure
+he sent for the Cardinal, desiring him to leave some
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>trusty lieutenant to govern the State in his absence,
+and take charge of his niece the Duchess. Accordingly,
+Caracciolo went to Genoa on the 4th of October,
+accompanied by Beatrix of Savoy, who, after a long
+interview with the Emperor, joined her husband at
+Nice, the only city which still belonged to him.
+Soon after this her health gave way under the prolonged
+strain, and this once brilliant and beautiful
+woman died in January, 1538, as she said herself, of
+a broken heart.</p>
+
+<p>Christina, now left alone at Milan, wrote a long
+letter to the Cardinal, whom she addressed in the
+language of a caressing child, saying that he was
+dear to her as a father, and seeking his help for two
+objects which lay very near her heart.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The true affection," she writes, "which Your
+Excellency has shown me, and the kind remembrance
+of me which you always keep, makes me
+anxious for your health and welfare. So I beg
+you to tell me how you have prospered on your
+journey, and if you are well in health."</p></div>
+
+<p>She then begs her friend the Cardinal to use his
+influence with the Emperor on behalf of her sister
+Dorothea, "the person now nearest and dearest to
+her on earth," who is in need of her powerful uncle's
+help. Probably the Palatine was, as usual, endeavouring
+to recover arrears of the pension due to him by
+the Emperor, and to obtain compensation for the
+costs which he had incurred in the disastrous expedition
+against Copenhagen. Hubert had lately
+been sent to Charles with this object, and had at the
+same time suggested that, if the Emperor needed a
+Viceroy for Milan, no one could be more suitable
+than his lord. But whatever the precise object of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+Dorothea's request may have been, Christina's intercession,
+it is to be feared, availed her little.</p>
+
+<p>The Duchess's other petition was more easily
+granted.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"As a whole year," she wrote, "will soon have
+elapsed since the death of my dearest husband, of
+blessed memory, I beg you to entreat His Majesty, in
+my name, to be pleased to give orders that this
+anniversary may be observed in a due and fitting
+manner. And I am quite certain that he will not
+refuse to hear this my prayer."<a name="FNanchor_138" id="FNanchor_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>It would indeed have been impossible for the
+Emperor to refuse so reasonable a request, and the
+anniversary of the late Duke's death was observed
+with due ceremonial in all the churches of Milan.
+But the days of the young Duchess's abode in this
+city were fast drawing to a close. Before Charles left
+Italy he had determined to place a strong Spanish
+garrison in the Castello, to defend Milan against the
+risk of a French invasion, and had only delayed to
+take this step from fear of exciting discontent in the
+city. Stampa had hitherto succeeded in warding off
+the blow, but now he was forced to bow to the
+imperial command, and surrender the Castello to
+a foreign captain.</p>
+
+<p>Charles, it must be owned, did his best to soften
+the blow. He made the Count a present of the rich
+fief of Soncino in the province of Cremona, and sent
+him as a parting gift the costly plate which had
+belonged to the late Duke, with a cordial invitation
+to follow him to Spain. But we see, from a letter
+which Stampa's friend Aretino sent him, how sorely
+this vexed his noble heart.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1536</span>] ARETINO'S COMFORT</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I will not grieve, my illustrious friend," wrote the
+time-serving Venetian, "if you have to give up the
+Castello, which you held for love of His Excellency,
+of happy memory, because to my mind it was a
+prison for your genius. Dry your tears, and console
+yourself with the reflection that now at least you are
+a free man. His Majesty is relieved from the jealousy
+of his Spanish servants, and you are saved from
+further anxieties on this subject. Now you can, if
+you choose, follow him to Spain, and lay down your
+office with honour unstained, and then return to
+Milan to live in freedom and contentment."<a name="FNanchor_139" id="FNanchor_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>This was poor comfort for Massimiliano, but the
+Emperor's will was not to be gainsaid, and the Count
+could only lay down his office and take leave of the
+young Duchess, assuring her of his undying loyalty
+and faithfulness. Charles had not forgotten his niece,
+and before he sailed for Barcelona on the 15th of
+November he sent one of his oldest and most trusted
+servants, Jean de Montmorency, Sieur de Courri&egrave;res,
+the Captain of the Archers' Guard, to take charge of
+the Duchess, and eventually conduct her to Flanders.
+But while negotiations for her second marriage were
+still pending, it was felt desirable that she should
+remain in Lombardy; and since the Castello would
+no longer be a fit place for her, Montmorency was
+ordered to escort her to Pavia. On the 10th of December,
+1536, De Courri&egrave;res arrived with fifty archers of
+the Imperial Guard, and, after a brief consultation
+with the Cardinal and Stampa, decided to take the
+Duchess to Pavia without delay.<a name="FNanchor_140" id="FNanchor_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a></p>
+
+<p>The leaves of the trees in the gardens were turning
+yellow, and a pale wintry sun shone down on the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>Castello, which Christina had first seen in the joyous
+May-time, when a little procession of black-robed
+ladies, with their attendants, issued from the
+Rocchetta, and mounted the horses and litters in
+waiting for them. A few bystanders saluted them
+reverently, and followed them with wistful eyes as
+they rode out of the gates, down the street leading to
+the Porta Ticinese, until they were out of sight.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later Count Massimiliano Stampa
+marched out of the Castello at the head of his troops,
+and gave up the keys, which he had received from the
+last Sforza Duke, to the Spanish Captain Alvarez de
+Luna, who entered the gates amid the curses and
+groans of the citizens. Henceforth the life of Milan
+as an independent State was over, and the yoke of
+Spain descended on the ancient capital of Lombardy.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1536</span>] A PALACE IN RUINS</div>
+
+<p>The city of Pavia had always been loyal to the
+House of Sforza. In no part of the duchy was there
+greater rejoicing on the restoration of Duke Francesco
+II.; nowhere was his premature death more
+deeply lamented. Several of Christina's most faithful
+servants were natives of Pavia; among others, Benedetto
+da Corte, the master of her household, and Bottigella,
+who had been so active in the preparations for
+her reception. Now the people of Pavia welcomed her
+coming warmly, and exerted themselves to see that
+nothing was lacking to her comfort. But the city
+and Castello had suffered terribly in the protracted
+struggle with France. The palace which had been
+the pride of the Sforza Dukes was stripped of its
+fairest treasures. The frescoes and tapestries were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
+destroyed, the famous library was now in the castle of
+Blois, and a great part of the walls had been thrown
+down by French guns and allowed to crumble to
+pieces. So dilapidated was the state of the building
+that it was difficult to find habitable rooms for the
+Duchess and her suite.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st of December, ten days after Christina's
+arrival, she was forced to address a request to the
+chief magistrate, Lodovico Pellizone, begging that
+her bedroom might be supplied with a wooden ceiling,
+as the room was lofty and bitterly cold in this winter
+season. Pellizone wrote without delay to the Governor
+of Milan, but received no reply, and on New Year's
+Day Montmorency himself wrote to remind the
+Cardinal of the Duchess's request, urging that the
+work might be done without delay, and putting in
+a plea for a better provision of mattresses to accommodate
+the members of her household. Still no
+redress was obtained, and at length the Captain of
+the Archers took the law into his own hands, and sent
+for carpenters to panel the Duchess's bedroom.<a name="FNanchor_141" id="FNanchor_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>
+But in spite of these drawbacks, in spite of the
+wind that whistled through the long corridors and
+the comfortless air of the empty halls, Christina's
+health and spirits were excellent. Her spirits quickly
+recovered their natural buoyancy in these new surroundings,
+her eyes shone with the old brightness,
+and the sound of merry laughter was once more
+heard in the spacious halls and desolate gardens.
+On the 3rd of January, only two days after Montmorency
+addressed his fruitless remonstrance to the
+Viceroy, Christina herself wrote a letter to the same
+illustrious personage in a very different strain. She
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>had, it appears, seen a very handsome white horse in
+the hostelry of the Fountain in Pavia, and was seized
+with a passionate desire to have the palfrey for her
+own use. So she wrote in the most persuasive
+language to her good Father the Cardinal, begging
+his leave to buy the horse, which she is convinced
+will suit her exactly. But, since she fears that her
+monthly allowance will not suffice to defray the cost,
+she begs His Eminence to advance the necessary sum,
+and charge it to the extraordinary expenses for which
+she is not responsible. This letter, written in her
+large round hand, was sent to Milan by one of the
+Duchess's lackeys, with the words "Cito, cito" on
+the cover, and an urgent plea for an immediate
+answer.<a name="FNanchor_142" id="FNanchor_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> The kindly old Cardinal, who had a soft
+side for the youthful Princess, could hardly refuse
+so pressing a request, and Christina probably bought
+the white horse, and had the pleasure of mounting it
+when she rode out to visit the friars of the Certosa
+or hunted in their park.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1537</span>] THE EMPEROR'S SERVANT</div>
+
+<p>She had another good friend and devoted servant
+in the Sieur de Courri&egrave;res&mdash;Monsignor di Corea, as he
+was called in Italy. This gallant gentleman had
+grown up in close intimacy with the Emperor from his
+boyhood. He accompanied Charles to Spain as cupbearer,
+and was appointed Captain of the Archers'
+Guard on attaining his majority. In 1535 he followed
+his master to Africa at the head of a chosen band of
+archers, fifty of whom remained with him as an escort
+for the Duchess. By Charles's orders, he sent constant
+reports to His Majesty from Pavia. The correspondence
+fills a whole volume, and is extremely interesting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>if only because it shows the familiarity with which
+the great Emperor treated his old servant, and the
+freedom which Montmorency allowed himself in addressing
+his master.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of February, Charles wrote from
+Valladolid, thanking De Courri&egrave;res cordially for the
+services which he had rendered the Duchess, approving
+highly of her residence at Pavia, and promising
+to pay for the maintenance of his archers. He
+alludes pleasantly to Montmorency's meeting with
+another of his confidential servants, Simonet, whom
+he had left at Milan.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Simonet was right to put off his return to
+Flanders until the worst rigours of winter were over,
+and was fortunate in meeting you, for old folks of the
+same country are very glad to meet in foreign lands,
+even if they are not natives of Brabant. Farewell,
+<i>cher et f&eacute;al</i>, for the present, and God have you in His
+holy keeping!"</p></div>
+
+<p>Five weeks later he wrote again, expressing his
+satisfaction at hearing of his dear niece's health and
+happiness, and saying how entirely he trusted Montmorency
+to provide for her comfort.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"At the same time," he continued, "we cannot
+help feeling, both with regard to the Duchess's
+widowed condition and the troubled state of Italy,
+that she would be better with our sister, the Queen
+of Hungary, in our own country, <i>par-de&ccedil;a</i>, where
+some suitable marriage might be found for her.
+Accordingly we have written to our sister on the
+subject, and desired Cardinal Caracciolo to make all
+needful preparation for her journey. You had better
+see that she has a proper escort and all else that is
+necessary to her comfort, without making these things
+public, until we hear from our sister."<a name="FNanchor_143" id="FNanchor_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mary on her part was most anxious for her niece's
+return, and lost no time in letting Charles know how
+impatiently she expected her. But, with characteristic
+dilatoriness, the Imperial Council, which met at
+Monzone on the 2nd of June, pronounced that it was
+highly expedient for the Widow of Milan to go to
+Flanders, but that the Queen's wishes must first of
+all be consulted.<a name="FNanchor_144" id="FNanchor_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> Meanwhile Count Massimiliano
+Stampa returned from Spain with instructions from
+the Emperor to make arrangements for the Duchess's
+journey with the Cardinal and Montmorency, and
+Charles wrote again to beg the Captain to start without
+delay. But this, as Montmorency replied, was
+not so easy. Three months' pay was due to his men,
+and in his penniless condition it was hard to provide
+them with food or their horses with fodder.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I will do my utmost, Sire," he wrote on the 15th
+of June, "but some things are impossible. As I told
+you when you left me at Genoa, six months' wages
+were due to me, and I can only beg you to have pity
+on your poor Captain; for we are in sore straits, and
+you alone can help us, for, as the Scripture saith,
+<i>Tua est potentia</i>."</p></div>
+
+<p>At the same time, like the brave soldier that he
+was, the writer cannot refrain from expressing his
+joy at the good news of the capture of S. Pol, which
+had just arrived from Flanders.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1537</span>] CAPTAIN OF THE ARCHERS</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Sire, I hear grand news from S. Pol, and am sure,
+when you return to your Low Countries, you will find
+that the Queen has been very vigilant in charge of
+your affairs, and will be welcomed by very humble
+and loyal subjects. But you will have something to
+say to the citizens of Ghent, for I fear those gentlemen
+are not as wise as they might be. Sire, I hear that,
+after the surrender of Hesdin, your sister the Queen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>of France came to the camp in rich attire, with a
+number of ladies all in white. Such insolence cannot
+last long, as S. Pol&mdash;both the town and the Apostle&mdash;bear
+witness. I hear that Madame the new Duchesse
+d'&Eacute;tampes was nowhere. <i>Sic transit gloria mundi.</i>
+All this Latin is to show Your Majesty that I have not
+wasted my time in Pavia, any more than Don Beltrami
+did at Louvain. Once more I beg you to have pity
+on <i>La Chr&eacute;tiennete</i>, who needs your help more than
+ever."</p></div>
+
+<p>But the summer months went by, and still no orders
+and no money came from Spain. Pavia became
+unhealthy, and the Duchess and all the members of
+her household fell ill of fever.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Hardly one has escaped," wrote Montmorency
+on the 22nd of August, "but now, thank God, my
+Lady has recovered, and I am trying to raise money
+to carry out your orders, although I fear my purse is
+not long enough to feed my poor archers."<a name="FNanchor_145" id="FNanchor_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>A month later the Captain went to Milan to expedite
+matters, but as yet could hear nothing from Spain,
+and on his return to Pavia early in October, he addressed
+long remonstrances both to Charles and
+Granvelle.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Sire," wrote the irate Captain, "I have been
+ordered to take my Lady Duchess to Flanders, but
+not a word has been said as to the route that I am to
+take. Since it is your pleasure, it shall be done; but
+if any harm comes to her in Germany, seeing the poor
+escort we shall have, who will be to blame? My
+fear is that, as we pass through the duchy of W&uuml;rtemberg,
+the Duke's son may fall upon us with his
+<i>Landsknechten</i>, and my Lady would certainly not
+be a bad match for him! Your Majesty has not
+given me a single letter or warrant for the journey,
+and has not written me a word. And when I get
+<i>par-de&ccedil;a</i>, I know not what I am to do or say. My
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>Lady, too, is much surprised not to have received a
+letter from Your Majesty before her departure, but
+of this, of course, I have no right to speak."</p></div>
+
+<p>In a postscript he adds that he has raised 500 gold
+crowns, and given each of his men 10 crowns to buy
+new saddles, as they hope to start on the 15th of
+October. He ends by humbly reminding His Majesty
+that he is growing old, and is almost fifty, and that
+if he does not soon take a wife it will be too late.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"All this coming and going ages a man, and before
+long I shall be as wrinkled as the rest. So when I
+reach the Queen, I hope some little token of honour
+may be given me, that men may see Your Majesty
+has not wholly forgotten me. And you will, I hope,
+tell me what I am to do when I have taken Her
+Excellency to Flanders, as I have written to Granvelle
+repeatedly, and had no answer, but suppose he is busy
+with great affairs. And I pray that all prosperity may
+attend Your Majesty, and that this year, which has
+begun so well, may end by seeing you back in
+Piedmont."<a name="FNanchor_146" id="FNanchor_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1537</span>] CHRISTINA'S DEPARTURE</div>
+
+<p>On the 14th of October Christina herself wrote to
+inform the Emperor of her intended departure, and
+of the good order of her affairs, thanks to the Cardinal
+and Seigneur de Courri&egrave;res. "We hope to start to-morrow,
+and travel by way of Mantua and Trent, and
+through Germany, taking whichever seems to be the
+shortest and safest route." There had, it appears,
+been much discussion over the revenues assigned
+to the Duchess as her dower, and in the end she
+was deprived of the town and Castello of Vigevano,
+which the Duke had left her by his will. But by the
+terms of her marriage contract she remained absolute
+mistress of the city of Tortona, and informed the
+Emperor that, acting on the advice of the Cardinal, as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>Lady of Tortona, she had appointed a certain Gabriele
+Panigarola to be Governor of the town, and begged his
+approval. At the same time she sent her uncle a
+memorial, drawn up by Montmorency, explaining
+that, since she had not received the arrears of her
+dowry, she was not able to pay her servants, and
+had been forced to contract many debts at Pavia,
+and to spend money on the repair of the rooms which
+she occupied in the Castello.</p>
+
+<p>Many last requests were addressed to the Duchess
+by the poor and needy whom she had befriended, and
+from her own servants, who with one voice begged to
+be allowed to follow her to Flanders. One of the
+most pressing came from an old Milanese couple,
+whose son, Niccol&ograve; Belloni, was Christina's secretary,
+and at their earnest prayer she decided to allow the
+young man to remain in her service as one of the four
+Italians who accompanied her to Flanders by the
+Emperor's orders. And the last letter which the
+Duchess wrote to the Cardinal, on the eve of her
+departure, was to plead for a community of noble
+ladies in Pavia who were reduced to dire poverty owing
+to the late wars, and begged humbly for a remission
+of taxes.<a name="FNanchor_147" id="FNanchor_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> During the ten months which she had spent
+at Pavia the young Duchess had made herself beloved
+by all classes of people, and her departure was lamented
+by the whole city.</p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1537</span>] "EN VOYAGE"</div>
+
+<p>On the 15th of October Christina and her suite left
+Pavia, and started on their long-deferred journey to
+Flanders. When she first set foot in Italy as a bride,
+three and a half years before, the Lombard plains
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>were in the first flush of spring, roses and myrtles
+were breaking into bloom, and the flowers sprang up
+under her feet. Now the autumn rains fell in such
+torrents that Cardinal Caracciolo was seriously
+alarmed, and wrote to Benedetto da Corte and
+Monsignore di Corea, asking if it might not be well
+to delay their departure. The first idea had been to
+go from Pavia to Cremona in a single day, but the bad
+roads and swollen rivers increased the difficulties of
+travel, and the Cardinal wrote to implore Messer
+Benedetto and Corea not to undertake such long
+journeys, lest the Duchess should be overtired. So
+the party only rode as far as Codogno, the castle of
+Count Gaspare Trivulzio, where he and his beautiful
+wife, Deianira, received them joyfully, and entertained
+them "as magnificently as if they had been invited
+to a wedding." Christina's lady-in-waiting, the
+Princess of Macedonia, rejoiced to be under her
+daughter's roof, and Benedetto da Corte wrote to
+tell the Cardinal that nothing could exceed the
+splendour and hospitality of Count Gaspare's reception.
+On the 18th the travellers rode along the
+plains flooded by the swollen Po till they reached
+Cremona, the dower city of Bianca Visconti, where
+she had been married to the great Condottiere Francesco
+Sforza, and which had clung with unswerving
+loyalty to the fortunes of his house. Here the
+Castellan came out to meet the Duchess, at the head
+of the chief citizens, and escorted her to the Castello
+under the shadow of the famous Torrazza, where she
+and all her suite found the best of cheer. The next
+morning the travellers resumed their way, and crossed
+the rushing Oglio, under the castle of the Gonzagas of
+Bozzolo, and rode along the green meadows by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+Castiglione's country home, where his aged mother
+was still living. The great courtier's name was
+familiar to all Charles V.'s servants, and Montmorency,
+who had known him in Spain, may have paused to
+look at the fair sepulchral chapel which Giulio
+Romano had lately reared in the pilgrimage church
+of S. Maria delle Grazie. At Mantua another splendid
+welcome awaited Christina. The Gonzaga Princes
+never forgot their close relationship to the Sforzas,
+and while the reigning Duchess welcomed the Princess
+of Macedonia as a kinswoman, the old Marchesana,
+Isabella, rejoiced to embrace her nephew's wife, and
+looked with affection on this youthful Duchess who
+bore the same title as her long-lost Beatrice.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning Benedetto da Corte sent the Cardinal
+a glowing account of their journey, which, in
+spite of the weather, had been one triumphal progress:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Reverendissimo</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"Her Excellency arrived safely here at Mantua
+yesterday with all her company, horses, and carriages,
+and was received most royally, as has, indeed, been
+the case in every place where we have halted on our
+way. Her whole household has been entertained
+with the best fare, and with little damage to our
+purses.... The kindness with which we have been
+received has made these perpetual rains tolerable.
+We are quite accustomed to them, and shall not be
+afraid of the next tempest! We are resting here on
+this sixth day of our journey at the entreaty of these
+illustrious Princes. On Sunday, please God, we shall
+reach Verona, and I have sent to ask the Governor
+to prepare convenient lodgings for Her Excellency.
+His Reverence the Cardinal of Trent has sent a
+messenger here to-night to inquire how many we
+number, and so we go on gaily from stage to stage.
+Once we have reached Trent, we shall seem to be in
+sight of the Rhine, and can pursue our way at less
+peril to our lives, and, let us hope, to the greater<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+advantage of His Majesty's service. I kiss Your
+Reverence's hand, and so also does Monsignore di
+Corea.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 21em;">"<span class="smcap">Benedetto da Corte.</span></span><br />
+"Mantova, October 20."<a name="FNanchor_148" id="FNanchor_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1537</span>] THE CARDINAL OF TRENT</div>
+
+<p>The Cardinal's worst anxieties were relieved by
+the receipt of Benedetto's letter, and he sent a reply
+to the Castle of Trent thanking him and Monsignore
+di Corea for their trouble, and expressing great
+satisfaction to hear of their prosperous journey. The
+travellers now turned their steps northwards, and,
+after spending a night in the city of the Scaligeri,
+followed the Adige through the rocky defile known as
+La Chiusa di Verona. As they passed through the
+fortified gates at the farther end of the ravine, a
+salute from the guns made them aware that they had
+entered Austrian territory. A few miles farther they
+were met by the Cardinal-Bishop, Bernhard von Cl&egrave;s,
+who had ridden out with a great train to welcome
+the Duchess. A strong Imperialist no less than
+an active reformer, Bernhard von Cl&egrave;s had been
+raised to the cardinalate at Charles's coronation, and
+was now Vice-Chancellor of the Empire.<a name="FNanchor_149" id="FNanchor_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> He had
+lately received a visit from Christina's uncle, King
+Ferdinand, and his wife, Anna, who honoured his
+niece's wedding with their presence, and the sumptuous
+rooms which they had occupied were now
+placed at Christina's disposal. "Nothing was lacking,"
+wrote Benedetto da Corte, "which could please
+the eye or delight the mind." The splendour of the
+episcopal palace and the open-handed liberality of
+the Cardinal made a great impression on Montmorency,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>who wrote himself to tell the Cardinal how
+well Madama had borne the journey.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I cannot tell you," he adds, "how splendidly
+Monsignor Reverendissimo has received the Duchess,
+and how sumptuously he has feasted us. Here we
+mean to rest all to-day, and to-morrow we will pursue
+our journey with the utmost diligence."</p></div>
+
+<p>But so pressing was the Cardinal, and so luxurious
+were the quarters provided for them, that the
+travellers remained at Trent several days, and only
+resumed their journey on the 27th of October.</p>
+
+<p>The most arduous part of the way now lay before
+them, and Benedetto describes how they harnessed
+the mules to the chariot in order that the Duchess
+and her ladies might drive across the Brenner Pass,
+at least as far as Innsbruck. Montmorency was in
+some doubt as to the route which the Duchess had
+better take through Germany, but, much to his
+satisfaction, he found the long-expected letter from
+the Emperor awaiting him at Innsbruck. It was
+written from Monzone on the last day of October, a
+fortnight after Christina had left Pavia. Charles put
+the blame of his delay on the Queen of Hungary's
+shoulders, and, since it was too late to wait for her
+directions, bade him consult the Cardinal of Trent
+as to their future journey.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"If you have already left Trent, you had better go
+on either by road or else by the Rhine. If you are at
+Innsbruck, you can take advice from the King our
+brother or from Dr. Matthias Held"&mdash;one of Ferdinand's
+most trusted German Councillors&mdash;"and choose
+whichever route they consider the safest. If you have
+received no letters from the Queen, you had better
+send a messenger to Flanders, and we will inform you
+as soon as we know her pleasure regarding our niece's
+future plans."</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In conclusion the Emperor tells Montmorency that
+he is sending the letters patent for which he asked,
+although they are hardly necessary, and has already
+told the Queen to refund all the expenses which he
+has incurred, and to be mindful of his great and long
+services.<a name="FNanchor_150" id="FNanchor_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a></p>
+
+<p>The travellers spent some time at Innsbruck in
+the ancient castle which is still adorned with the
+Sforza arms, and Christina saw the superb monument
+erected by her great-grandfather Maximilian in the
+church hard by. Ferdinand and his wife and daughters
+were in Vienna, but the route which Montmorency
+chose was that followed by most travellers, along the
+Lake of Constance and down the Rhine to Spires.
+From the first Christina had been very anxious to visit
+her sister Dorothea on her journey north, and she
+succeeded in obtaining her uncle's consent to this
+arrangement. The two Princesses had not met since
+Christina left Brussels in the spring of 1534, and
+Dorothea was no less impatient to see her sister.
+Even before the travellers reached Trent, they met
+two Genoese merchants, who told Montmorency that
+on their way through Germany they had seen the
+Count Palatine Frederic and Madama la Principessa,
+his wife, with a great company, on their way to
+Heidelberg to await the Duchess's coming. When,
+in November, the travellers at length reached Heidelberg,
+they found themselves impatiently expected,
+and Christina received the warmest welcome from the
+Elector Palatine and his family.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1537</span>] AT HOME AGAIN</div>
+
+<p>Festivities such as Frederic and Dorothea took
+delight in&mdash;jousting, banquets, and dances&mdash;followed
+each other in rapid succession, and the castle blazed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>with innumerable torches through the winter nights.
+It was a great change from the funereal blackness of
+the Castello of Milan and the desolate halls of Pavia,
+and the young Duchess enjoyed it to the full. The
+days sped by all too quickly, and so happy were the
+sisters in each other's company that the Elector
+invited Christina to stay over Christmas. The young
+Duchess accepted the proposal gleefully, and all were
+preparing to spend a joyous festival, when Montmorency
+received peremptory orders from the Queen-Regent
+to bring her niece forthwith to Flanders.
+After this no delays were possible. The sisters parted
+sadly from each other, and the travellers once more
+took boat and sailed down the Rhine to Cologne.</p>
+
+<p>From here it was an easy journey to Aix-la-Chapelle,
+and through the friendly State of Cleves to
+Maestricht, and thence to Louvain and Brussels. On
+the 8th of December Christina set foot once more
+in the ancient palace of the Dukes of Brabant, and
+was clasped in her aunt's arms. Ten days afterwards
+she wrote a letter to inform the Emperor of her safe
+arrival, and of "the good and loving welcome" which
+she had received from "Madame my aunt." She
+begged His Majesty to keep her still in his remembrance,
+and signed herself, "Your humble niece,
+Chr&eacute;tienne."<a name="FNanchor_151" id="FNanchor_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a></p>
+
+<p>She was at home once more among her own people,
+and all the strange sights and scenes, all the wonderful
+experiences which she had known, in these four eventful
+years, seemed to fade away like a dream. But
+she had left Flanders a child, and she came back a
+woman.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1537</span>] THE CLEVES MARRIAGE</div>
+
+<p>Christina's return was impatiently awaited at
+Brussels. The courtiers who remembered her mother,
+and had known her as a child, were eager to see
+the young Duchess, whose courage and wisdom
+had been shown in such trying circumstances. All
+through the summer her coming had been expected,
+and the Regent was seriously annoyed at the prolonged
+delays which had hindered her niece's departure
+from Milan. Her heart yearned over the child
+from whom she had parted with so much reluctance.
+More than this, she had in her mind's eye a
+second husband ready for the young Duchess. This
+was William, the only son and heir of the reigning
+Duke of Cleves. A handsome and well-educated
+young man of twenty-two, the young Duke had not yet
+developed that fatal weakness of purpose which
+proved his bane, and was to all appearances an excellent
+match for the Emperor's niece. The political
+advantages of the union were obvious. Duke John had
+married the heiress of J&uuml;lich and Bergh, and reigned
+over three rich and peaceful provinces on the Lower
+Rhine. He had always been on friendly terms with the
+Emperor, and when, a few months after the Duke of
+Milan's death, he asked for the young widow's hand on
+behalf of his son, Mary welcomed these advances gladly,
+and hastened to communicate them to the Emperor.<a name="FNanchor_152" id="FNanchor_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>
+At first Charles replied coolly that, if the marriage
+with Angoul&ecirc;me could not be arranged, the proposals
+made by the King of Scotland or Cleves might be
+entertained. In October, 1536, Mary sent a confidential
+messenger, La Tiloye, to Genoa to learn the Emperor's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>pleasure in the matter, but nothing further was done.
+After the fresh outbreak of war in 1537, and the
+invasion of Artois by the French, Charles became
+more alive to the importance of the question, and
+wrote to his sister from Spain, saying that he had
+ordered the Widow of Milan to go to the Low Countries,
+and hoped she would proceed at once to the conclusion
+of the marriage with Cleves.<a name="FNanchor_153" id="FNanchor_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a></p>
+
+<p>At that moment all Mary's energies were absorbed
+in the struggle with France. She herself went to
+Lille to superintend military operations, and appeared
+on horseback in the trenches before Th&eacute;rouenne,
+where her courage excited the admiration of
+John Hutton, the English Ambassador. "Let the
+King but tarry fifteen days," she exclaimed, "and
+I will show him what God may strengthen a woman
+to do!" But, in spite of these brave words, Mary,
+as Hutton soon discovered, was sincerely desirous
+to end the war. "The Queen's anxiety for peace,"
+he wrote home, "is as great as her ardour in war."<a name="FNanchor_154" id="FNanchor_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a>
+She knew the straits to which the Emperor was
+reduced and the exhaustion of the Treasury. "The
+poverty of this country is so great," she wrote to
+Charles on the 9th of June, "that it is impossible to
+provide necessary funds for the war. We must have
+peace, or we are lost."<a name="FNanchor_155" id="FNanchor_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> Under these circumstances she
+lent a willing ear to her sister Queen Eleanor's advances,
+and the two sisters had the satisfaction of arranging a
+truce at Bomy, a village near Th&eacute;rouenne. The siege
+of this city was raised, the French evacuated the towns
+which they held, and on the 10th of September peace
+was ratified by the Emperor at Monzone.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1538</span>] THE SUCCESSION OF GUELDERS</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mary felt that she could once more breathe freely.
+She lost no time in renewing negotiations with the
+Duke of Cleves, and the proposed marriage became
+the talk of the Court. "The Queen," wrote Hutton,
+on the 2nd of September, from Bruges, where Mary
+was hunting after her wont and spending all day in
+the saddle, "looketh daily for the Duchess of Milan,
+who shall be married to the Duke of Cleves's son and
+heir."<a name="FNanchor_156" id="FNanchor_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> A month later the Cleves Envoys arrived at
+Brussels, and, after repeated interviews with the
+Queen and her Council, returned, well satisfied, to
+obtain their master's consent to the terms of the contract.
+The news spread rapidly, and was reported
+by Ambassadors from Spain and Germany, from Rome
+and Paris, with the same unanimity. Suddenly an
+unexpected event altered the face of affairs. Charles
+of Egmont, the fiery old Duke of Guelders, who had
+for many years been the Emperor's bitter enemy, fell
+ill, and, feeling his end to be near, summoned the
+Estates of his realm to choose a successor. Since he
+had no issue, his own wish was to leave his States
+to the French King; but his subjects positively refused
+to be handed over to a foreign Power, and chose
+the young Duke William of Cleves, who hastened to
+visit Nimeguen, where he was acclaimed by his future
+subjects. This was a clear breach of faith, since, by
+the treaty concluded a year before with the Emperor,
+Guelders was to pass into his hands at Charles of
+Egmont's death, and the ancient rights to the duchy
+which the House of Cleves formerly claimed had
+been already sold to the Dukes of Burgundy.<a name="FNanchor_157" id="FNanchor_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> Mary's
+indignation was great. She wrote angrily to tell
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>William of Cleves that Guelders was the property of
+the Emperor, and that if he persevered in his pretensions
+all idea of his marriage to her niece must be
+abandoned. The young Duke returned a courteous
+answer, saying that nothing could be farther from
+his thoughts than a breach of loyalty to the Emperor,
+and professing the utmost anxiety for the marriage.
+At the same time the old Duke's action excited
+great annoyance in Lorraine, where his nephew, the
+reigning Duke Anthony, claimed to be heir to Guelders,
+through his mother, Philippa of Egmont. An
+attempt to pacify him by reviving a former marriage
+contract between his son Francis and the Duke of
+Cleves's daughter Anne met with no encouragement,
+and Ambassadors were sent to Guelders to enter a
+protest on the Duke of Lorraine's behalf.<a name="FNanchor_158" id="FNanchor_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> But
+Charles of Egmont turned a deaf ear to all remonstrances,
+and on the 27th of January, 1538, William
+of Cleves received the homage of the States of Guelders,
+and was publicly recognized as the old Duke's successor.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the state of affairs when Christina reached
+Brussels on the 8th of December, 1537. Her faithful
+guardian, Montmorency, alludes to the Cleves marriage
+in the following letter, which he addressed to
+Cardinal Caracciolo on the 5th of January, 1538:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I wrote last from Trent on the 26th of October,
+and since then have received several letters from you,
+and have duly informed the Duchess of their contents.
+She is very grateful for your kindness regarding her
+affairs, and begs you not to relax your efforts....
+As to Madama's marriage with Cleves, as far as I can
+learn, it will not take place, because the Duke has
+quarrelled with Lorraine, and Guelders is interfering.
+Negotiations, however, are not yet broken off."</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+<p>Three months later he referred to the matter again
+in another letter, and this time expressed his conviction
+that the marriage would never take place.<a name="FNanchor_159" id="FNanchor_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a></p>
+
+<p>Montmorency's own claims had not been forgotten.
+Soon after his return he married a lady of the Lannoy
+family, and was appointed Bailiff of Alost. Both
+Charles and Mary treated him with marked favour,
+and employed him on important diplomatic missions.
+But he still held an honorary post in the Duchess's
+household, and never ceased to be her devoted
+servant.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter Hutton alluded repeatedly to
+the affair of Cleves in his letters to Cromwell, saying
+that the Duke had been recognized by the Communes
+of Guelders as their liege lord, and that the Queen
+quite refused to let him wed the Duchess, although
+he was still eager for the alliance. All sorts of wild
+rumours were flying about, and an Italian merchant
+at Antwerp wrote to London that young Cleves was
+about to marry the daughter of Lorraine, with
+Guelders as her dowry. But on the 25th of January
+Hutton reported that the Queen had sent Nassau and
+De Praet to Duke William, to break off marriage
+negotiations and clear her of all former promises.<a name="FNanchor_160" id="FNanchor_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1538</span>] THE PALACE OF BRABANT</div>
+
+<p>Christina herself was the person least concerned in
+these rumours. Princes and Ministers might wrangle
+as they chose; they could not destroy the happiness of
+being in her old home, surrounded by familiar faces.
+The sound of the French tongue and the carillon
+in the towers were music in her ears. Three things
+above all impressed Italian travellers, like Guicciardini
+and Beatis, who came to the Low Countries for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>the first time&mdash;the cleanliness of the streets and
+houses, the green pastures with their herds of black
+and white cows, and the beautiful church bells. These
+were all delightful to the young Duchess, who had been
+so long absent from her old home. The city of Brussels,
+with its fine houses and noble churches, its famous
+h&ocirc;tel-de-ville, and 350 fountains, was a pleasant town
+to live in. And the Palace of Brabant itself was a
+wonderful place. There was the great hall, with its lofty
+pointed arches, and priceless Burgundian tapestries,
+and the golden suns and silver moons recently brought
+back from the New World by Cortes, the conqueror
+of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen gave Christina a suite of rooms close to
+her own, looking out on the glossy leaves and interwoven
+boughs of the labyrinth, and the gardens beyond,
+which Albert D&uuml;rer had called an earthly
+paradise, and which the Cardinal of Aragon's secretary
+pronounced to be as beautiful as any in Italy.<a name="FNanchor_161" id="FNanchor_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>
+Here the young Duchess lived with her ladies and
+household, presided over by Benedetto da Corte and
+Niccol&ograve; Belloni. Every morning she attended Mass
+in the Court chapel, and dined and spent the evenings
+with the Queen. On fine days, when Mary
+could spare time from public affairs, they rode out
+together and hunted the deer in the park, or took longer
+expeditions in the Forest of Soignies. As fearless and
+almost as untiring a rider as her aunt, Christina was
+quite at home in the saddle, and followed the Queen's
+example of riding with her foot in the stirrup, an
+accomplishment which was new in those days, and
+excited Brant&ocirc;me's admiration.<a name="FNanchor_162" id="FNanchor_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following Christmas was celebrated with great
+festivity at Brussels. The war was over, and the
+presence of a youthful Princess gave new charm to
+Court functions. Wherever Christina went she made
+herself beloved. Her quick wit and frank enjoyment
+of simple pleasures charmed everyone. Although in
+public she still wore heavy mourning robes after the
+Italian fashion, and hid away her bright chestnut
+locks under a black hood, in the evening, by her
+aunt's desire, she laid aside her weeds, and appeared
+clad in rich brocades and glittering jewels. Then she
+conversed freely with her aunt's ladies and with the
+foreign Ambassadors, or played cards with the few
+great nobles who were admitted to the Queen's
+private circle&mdash;Henry, Count of Nassau, the proudest
+and richest lord in Flanders; the Duke of Aerschot
+and his wife, Anne de Croy, the heiress of the Princes
+of Chimay; his sister, Madame de Berghen; Count
+B&uuml;ren; and a few others.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1538</span>] A PERFECT KNIGHT</div>
+
+<p>Among them was one whom the young Duchess
+regarded with especial interest. This was the hero
+of S. Pol, Ren&eacute;, Prince of Orange. The only son and
+heir of the great House of Nassau, Ren&eacute; had inherited
+the principality of Orange, in the South of France,
+from his uncle Philibert of Ch&acirc;lons, the Imperialist
+leader who fell at the siege of Florence, and whose
+sister Claude was Henry of Nassau's first wife. As
+a child Ren&eacute; had been Prince John of Denmark's
+favourite playmate, and Christina had not forgotten
+her brother's old friend. Now he had grown up a
+handsome and chivalrous Prince, skilled in all knightly
+exercises. He had won his first laurels in the recent
+campaign, and was the foremost of the valiant band
+which surprised the citadel of S. Pol. The Queen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+honoured him with her especial favour, and, as the
+Nassau house stood close to the palace, the young
+Prince was often in her company. When, on Shrove
+Sunday, a grand tournament was held at Court, one
+troop, clad in blue, was led by Count B&uuml;ren's eldest
+son, Floris d'Egmont; and the other by Ren&eacute;, wearing
+the orange colours of his house, with the proud motto,
+<i>Je maintiendrai</i>. Christina looked down from her
+place at the Queen's side on the lists where the
+gallant Prince challenged all comers, and it was from
+her hand that the victor received the prize. Neither
+of them ever forgot that carnival.<a name="FNanchor_163" id="FNanchor_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Potenze Sovrane, 1535. Archivio di Stato.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Burigozzo, 528.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> G. de Leva, "Storia Documentata di Carlo V.," etc., iii. 152.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Granvelle, "Papiers d'&Eacute;tat," ii. 407, 446, 435.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Granvelle, ii. 407.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 1, 586; Granvelle,
+ii. 417.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Burigozzo, 532.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_135" id="Footnote_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Museo Civico di Storia Patria, Pavia, 546.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> L. Gachard, "Voyages des Souverains des Pays-Bas," ii. 133.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 230.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Autografi di Principi, Archivio di Stato (see Appendix II.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Aretino, "Lettere," i. 45.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> "Correspondance de Charles V. avec J. de Montmorency,
+Seigneur de Courri&egrave;res," Papiers d'&Eacute;tat de l'Audience, No. 82,
+p. 1, Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Carteggio con Montmorency, Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Autografi di Principi, Archivio di Stato, Milan (see Appendix
+III.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Papiers d'&Eacute;tat, 82. 2, 12, Archives du Royaume.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_144" id="Footnote_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 353.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Papiers d'&Eacute;tat, 82, 8-10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Papiers d'&Eacute;tat. 82, 12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Autografi di Principi, Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_148" id="Footnote_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> "Carteggio con Montmorency, Conte di Corea," 1537-38,
+Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> L. Pastor, "Geschichte d. Papste," iv. 375; M. Guazzo, 371.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Papiers d'&Eacute;tat, 82, 13, Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Papiers d'&Eacute;tat, 82, 19; State Papers, Record Office,
+viii. 6; Calendar of State Papers, xii. 2, 415, 419.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 657.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_153" id="Footnote_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Lanz, iii. 667, 677.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_154" id="Footnote_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, vii. 695.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 675.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., xii. 2, 231.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Henne, vii. 263, 267.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., xiii. 1, 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Carteggio Diplomatico, 1537-38, Archivio di Stato, Milan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_160" id="Footnote_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> State Papers, xiii. 1, 8; Record Office, viii. 27, 29.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> L. Pastor, "Reise des Kardinal Luigi d'Aragona," 116.
+L. Guicciardini, "Paesi-Bassi," 74.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> "&#338;uvres," xii. 107.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_163" id="Footnote_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> State Papers, Henry VIII., Record Office, viii. 16.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK VI<br />
+
+THE COURTSHIP OF HENRY VIII.<br />
+
+1537-1539</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>The Widow of Milan's fate still hung in the balance.
+While Mary of Hungary had not yet lost all hope of
+marrying her to the Duke of Cleves, and Queen
+Eleanor was no less anxious to see her the wife of a
+French Prince, fresh proposals reached Brussels from
+an unexpected quarter. This new suitor was none
+other than the Emperor's <i>bel oncle</i>, King Henry of England.
+This monarch, who had openly defied the laws
+of the Church, and after divorcing Charles's aunt, had
+pronounced Queen Katherine's daughter to be illegitimate,
+could hardly expect to find favour in the eyes of
+the Regent. Mary's own opinion of Henry's character
+is frankly given in a very interesting letter which she
+wrote to her brother Ferdinand in May, 1536, when the
+King of England had sent Anne Boleyn to the block
+and made Jane Seymour his third wife.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1536</span>] HENRY VIII. AND HIS WIVES</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I hope," she wrote, "that the English will not
+do us much harm now we are rid of the King's mistress,
+who was a good Frenchwoman, and whom, as
+you have no doubt heard, he has beheaded; and since
+no one skilful enough to do the deed could be found
+among his own subjects, he sent for the executioner
+of S. Omer, in order that a Frenchman should be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>the minister of his vengeance. I hear that he has
+married another lady, who is said to be a good Imperialist,
+although I do not know if she will remain
+so much longer. He is said to have taken a fancy
+to her before the last one's death, which, coupled
+with the fact that neither the poor woman nor any
+of those who were beheaded with her, saving one
+miserable musician, could be brought to acknowledge
+her guilt, naturally makes people suspect that he
+invented this pretext in order to get rid of her....
+It is to be hoped&mdash;if one can hope anything from such
+a man&mdash;that when he is tired of this wife he will
+find some better way of getting rid of her. Women,
+I think, would hardly be pleased if such customs
+became general, and with good reason; and although
+I have no wish to expose myself to similar risks, yet,
+as I belong to the feminine sex, I, too, will pray that
+God may preserve us from such perils."<a name="FNanchor_164" id="FNanchor_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But whatever Mary's private opinions were, political
+reasons compelled her to preserve a friendly demeanour
+towards King Henry. The English alliance
+was of the utmost importance to the trade of the
+Netherlands, and the enmity of France made it essential
+to secure Henry's neutrality, if not his active
+help. The death of Queen Katherine, as Cromwell
+wrote, had removed "the onelie matter of unkindness"
+between the two monarchs, and was soon followed
+by more friendly communications. When the
+news of Prince Edward's birth reached Spain, the
+Emperor held a long conversation with Sir Thomas
+Wyatt, the poet and scholar, who had been sent to
+the Imperial Court early in 1537. He expressed
+great pleasure at the news, laughing and talking
+pleasantly, inquiring after the size and goodliness of
+the child, and ended by saying frankly that he
+approved of the King's recent marriage as much as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+he had always disliked his union with Anne Boleyn.<a name="FNanchor_165" id="FNanchor_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a>
+These last remarks must have fallen strangely on the
+ears of Wyatt, whose old intimacy with the hapless
+Queen had nearly cost him his life, and whose death
+he lamented in some of his sweetest verse. But he
+was too good a courtier not to repeat them in his letters
+to Cromwell and the King. The news of the Prince's
+birth was shortly followed by that of the Queen's
+death, which took place at Hampton Court on the
+24th of October.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Divine Providence," said the royal widower,
+"has mingled my joy for the son which it has pleased
+God to give me with the bitterness of the death of
+her who brought me this happiness."</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1537</span>] MARIE DE GUISE</div>
+
+<p>Cromwell wrote to inform Lord William Howard,
+the special Envoy who had taken the news of the
+Prince's birth to France, of Her Grace's death, and
+in the same letter desired him to bring back particulars
+of two French ladies who had been recommended
+as suitable successors to the late Queen,
+since His Majesty, "moved by tender zeal for his
+subjects," had already resolved to marry again. One
+of these was King Francis's plain but accomplished
+daughter Margaret, who eventually married the Duke
+of Savoy, although Cromwell, knowing his master's
+tastes, remarked that, from what he heard, he
+"did not think she would be the meetest."<a name="FNanchor_166" id="FNanchor_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> The
+other was Mary, Duchess of Longueville, the eldest
+daughter of Claude de Guise, brother of the Duke of
+Lorraine. The charms of this young widow were
+renowned at the French Court, and the English
+Ambassador's reports of her modesty and beauty
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>inspired Henry with an ardent wish to make her his
+wife. Even before Jane Seymour was in her grave,
+he attacked the French Ambassador, Castillon, on the
+subject, and suggested that both these Princesses,
+and any other ladies whom the King of France could
+recommend, might be sent to meet him at Calais.<a name="FNanchor_167" id="FNanchor_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></p>
+
+<p>Francis, who was more gallant in his relations with
+women than his brother of England, laughed long and
+loudly when this message reached him, and sent
+Castillon word that royal Princesses could not be
+trotted out like hackney horses for hire! He quite
+declined to allow his daughter to enter the lists; and
+as for Madame de Longueville, whom the King was
+pleased to honour with his suit, she was already
+promised to his son-in-law, the King of Scots. This
+fickle monarch, who had courted Dorothea and Christina
+by turn, and finally married Madeleine de Valois,
+had lost his young wife at the end of six months,
+and was already in search of another. At the same
+time Francis sent his royal brother word that he
+should count it a great honour if he could find a
+bride in his realm, and that any other lady in France
+was at his command.<a name="FNanchor_168" id="FNanchor_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> But Henry was not accustomed
+to have his wishes thwarted, and in December,
+1537, he sent a gentleman of his chamber, Sir Peter
+Mewtas, on a secret mission to Joinville, the Duke
+of Guise's castle on the borders of Lorraine, to wait
+on Madame de Longueville, and find out if her word
+was already pledged. Both Madame de Longueville
+and her clever mother, Antoinette de Bourbon, re<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>turned
+evasive answers, saying that the Duke of
+Guise had agreed to the marriage with King James,
+but that his daughter's consent had never been given.
+This reply encouraged Henry to persevere with his
+suit, while Mewtas's description of the Duchess's
+beauty, in Castillon's words, "set the tow on fire." He
+complained that his brother had behaved shamefully
+in preferring the beggarly King of Scots to him, and
+was forcing the lady to marry James against her will.
+In vain Castillon told him that Madame de Longueville
+had been promised to the King of Scots before Queen
+Jane's death, and that Francis could not break his
+word without mortally offending his old ally and son-in-law.
+Nothing daunted, Henry sent Mewtas again
+to Joinville in February, 1538, to obtain Madame de
+Longueville's portrait, and ask if she were still free.
+This time his errand proved fruitless. The marriage
+with the King of Scots was already concluded, and
+the contract signed. Nevertheless, Henry still harped
+on the same string. "Il revient toujours &agrave; ses
+moutons," wrote Castillon, "et ne peut pas oublier
+sa berg&egrave;re." "Truly he is a marvellous man!"<a name="FNanchor_169" id="FNanchor_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Cromwell, who had no personal inclination
+for the French alliance, was making inquiries in
+other directions. Early in December, while Mewtas
+was on his way to Joinville, the Lord Privy Seal wrote
+privately to Hutton, desiring him to send him a list
+of ladies in Flanders who would be suitable consorts
+for the King. In a letter written on the 4th of December,
+the Ambassador replied that he had little
+knowledge of ladies, and feared he knew no one at
+the Regent's Court "meet to be Queen of England."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1537</span>] A GOODLY PERSON</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The widow of Count Egmont," he wrote, "was
+a fair woman of good report, and the Duke of Cleves
+had a marriageable daughter, but he heard no great
+praise of her person or beauty. There is," he added,
+"the Duchess of Milan, whom I have not seen, but
+who is reported to be a goodly personage of excellent
+beauty."<a name="FNanchor_170" id="FNanchor_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Five days later Hutton wrote again, to announce
+the arrival of the Duchess, who entered Brussels on
+the 8th, and was received by a great company of
+honourable gentlemen.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"She is, I am informed, of the age of sixteen years,
+very high in stature for that age&mdash;higher, in fact,
+than the Regent&mdash;and a goodly personage of competent
+beauty, of favour excellent, soft of speech,
+and very gentle in countenance. She weareth mourning
+apparel, after the manner of Italy. The common
+saying here is that she is both widow and maid. She
+resembleth much one Mistress Skelton,<a name="FNanchor_171" id="FNanchor_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> that sometime
+waited in Court upon Queen Anne. She useth
+most to speak French, albeit it is reported that she
+can speak both Italian and High German."</p></div>
+
+<p>The same evening Hutton added these further
+details in a postscript addressed to Cromwell's secretary,
+Thomas Wriothesley:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"If it were God's pleasure and the King's, I would
+there were some good alliance made betwixt His
+Highness and the Emperor, and there is none in these
+parts of personage, beauty, and birth, like unto the
+Duchess of Milan. She is not so pure white as was
+the late Queen, whose soul God pardon, but she hath
+a singular good countenance, and when she chanceth
+to smile, there appeareth two pits in her cheeks and
+one in her chin, the which becometh her right excellently
+well."<a name="FNanchor_172" id="FNanchor_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The honest Englishman's first impressions of Christina
+were evidently very favourable. During the
+next week he watched her carefully, and was much
+struck by "the great majesty of her bearing and charm
+of her manners." At the same time he expressed his
+earnest conviction that, now peace was concluded
+between the Emperor and the French King, a close
+alliance between his own master and the Emperor
+was the more necessary, and suggested that a marriage
+between Henry and the Duchess, and another between
+the Princess Mary and the Duke of Cleves,
+would be very advantageous to both monarchs, who
+would then have all Germany at their command.</p>
+
+<p>Cromwell lost no time in placing these letters in
+his master's hands. Hutton's account of the Duchess's
+beauty and virtues made a profound impression
+on the King, and, since Madame de Longueville was
+beyond his reach, he determined to pay his addresses
+to the Emperor's niece. With characteristic impetuosity,
+he wrote to Wyatt on the 22nd of January,
+saying that, as the Duchess of Milan's match with
+the Duke of Cleves was broken off, he thought of
+honouring her with an offer of marriage. This he
+desired Wyatt to suggest as of himself, in conversation
+with the Emperor and his Ministers, Granvelle
+and Covos, giving them a friendly hint to make overtures
+on behalf of the said Duchess.<a name="FNanchor_173" id="FNanchor_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1538</span>] KING HENRY'S SUIT</div>
+
+<p>Strangely enough, two years before Charles had
+himself proposed this alliance between his niece and
+the King of England. In May, 1536, when he was
+hurrying northwards to defend Savoy against the
+French, the news of Anne Boleyn's fall reached him
+at Vercelli. Without a moment's delay he wrote to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>Chapuys, his Ambassador in London, saying that,
+since Henry, being of so amorous a complexion, was
+sure to take another wife, and it was most important
+that he should not marry in France, Chapuys might
+propose his union with one of the Emperor's nieces,
+either Queen Eleanor's daughter, the Infanta Maria
+of Portugal, or the widowed Duchess of Milan, "a
+beautiful young lady, very well brought up, and
+with a rich dower." And then, as if a qualm had
+seized him at the thought of sacrificing Christina to
+a man of Henry's character, he added a postscript
+desiring the Ambassador not to mention the Duchess
+unless His Majesty should appear averse to the
+other.<a name="FNanchor_174" id="FNanchor_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a></p>
+
+<p>By the time, however, that these letters reached
+London, it was plain that the fickle monarch's affections
+were already fixed on Jane Seymour, and
+nothing more came of the Emperor's proposal until,
+in January, 1538, Henry himself wrote to Wyatt.
+Sir Thomas, who knew his royal master intimately,
+hastened to approach the Emperor, and on the 2nd of
+February Charles wrote from Barcelona to Chapuys,
+saying that, although royal ladies ought by right to
+be <i>sought</i>, not <i>offered</i>, in marriage, the King's language
+was so frank and sincere that he was willing to
+waive ceremony, and lend a favourable ear to his
+brother's proposal. Before these letters reached the
+Imperial Ambassador, he received a message from
+Henry, saying that he wished to treat of his own
+marriage with the Duchess of Milan, being convinced
+that a Princess born and bred in Northern climes
+would suit him far better than the Portuguese
+Infanta. The next day Cromwell paid a visit to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+Chapuys, and confirmed every word of the royal
+message.<a name="FNanchor_175" id="FNanchor_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the eve of Valentine's Day Henry saw Castillon,
+and told him in bitter tones that, if his master did not
+choose to give him Madame de Longueville, he could
+find plenty of better matches, and meant to marry
+the Duchess of Milan and conclude a close alliance
+with the Emperor.<a name="FNanchor_176" id="FNanchor_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the same day the German reformer Melanchthon,
+writing from Jena to a Lutheran friend, summed up
+the situation neatly in the following words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Widow of Milan, daughter of Christian, the
+captive King of Denmark, was brought to Germany
+to wed the young Duke of Juliers. This is now
+changed, for Juliers becomes heir to Guelders, against
+the Emperor's will, and the girl is offered to the
+Englishman, whom the Spaniards, aiming at universal
+empire, would join to themselves against the Frenchmen
+and us. There is grave matter for your consideration."<a name="FNanchor_177" id="FNanchor_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>The ball was now set rolling, but, as Chapuys foretold,
+there were many difficulties in the way. For the
+moment, however, all went well. Henry sent Hutton
+orders to watch the Duchess closely, and report on
+all her words, deeds, and looks. In obedience to
+these commands, the Ambassador hung about the
+palace from early morning till late at night, was present
+at supper and card parties, attended the Queen
+out riding and hunting, and lost no opportunity
+of entering into conversation with Christina herself.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1538</span>] HUTTON'S ADVANCES</div>
+
+<p>One evening towards the end of February a page
+brought him some letters from the Duchess's servant,
+Gian Battista Ferrari, who had friends among the
+Italian merchants in London, with a request that
+the Ambassador would forward them by his courier.
+The next morning, after Mass, when the Queen passed
+into the Council-chamber, Hutton took advantage of
+this opportunity to thank the Duchess most humbly
+for allowing him to do her this small service. Christina
+replied, with a gracious smile, that she would not have
+ventured to give him this trouble, had she not been
+as ready herself to do him any pleasure that lay in
+her power.</p>
+
+<p>It was stormy weather. For three days and nights
+it had rained without ceasing, and courtiers and
+ladies alike found the time hang heavy on their hands.
+"This weather liketh not the Queen," remarked
+Christina, who was standing by an open window
+looking out on the park. "She is thereby penned up,
+and cannot ride abroad to hunt." As she spoke, the
+wind drove the rain with such violence into her face
+that she was obliged to draw back farther into the
+room, and Hutton, growing bolder, asked if it were
+true that the Duchess herself loved hunting.
+"Nothing better," replied Christina, laughing; and
+she seemed as if she would gladly have prolonged the
+conversation. But then two ancient gentlemen drew
+near&mdash;"Master Bernadotte Court, her Grand Master,
+who, next to Monsieur de Courri&egrave;res, is chief about
+her and another"&mdash;and, with a parting bow, the
+Duchess retired to her own rooms.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"She speaketh French," adds Hutton in reporting
+this interview to Cromwell, "and seemeth to be of
+few words. And in her speaking she lispeth, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+doth nothing misbecome her. I cannot in anything
+perceive but she should be of much soberness, very
+wise, and no less gentle."<a name="FNanchor_178" id="FNanchor_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Among the ladies who came to Court for the
+Carnival f&ecirc;tes, Hutton found a friend in the
+Duke of Aerschot's sister, Madame de Berghen, a
+lively lady whom he had known in the town of
+Berghen-op-Zoom, where he had spent much time as
+Governor of the Merchant Adventurers. The Dutch
+merchants in this city had presented him with a
+house, an honour which the Ambassador appreciated
+highly, although he complained that it led him into
+great extravagance, and that the furniture, tapestries,
+and pictures, necessary for its adornment, "plucked
+the lining out of his purse, and left him as rich as a
+newly-shorn sheep."<a name="FNanchor_179" id="FNanchor_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1538</span>] "MR. HAUNCE"</div>
+
+<p>One day Madame de Berghen saw Hutton in the
+act of delivering a packet of letters which Wyatt had
+forwarded from Barcelona to the Queen, and her
+curiosity was excited by the warmth of Mary's thanks.
+That evening she invited the English Ambassador to
+dinner to meet her kinsman the Bishop of Li&eacute;ge, "a
+goodly personage," remarks Hutton, "but a man of
+little learning and less discretion, and, like most
+Bishops in these parts, very unfit for his office."
+When this secular ecclesiastic retired, the Lady
+Marchioness, "whose tongue always wagged freely,"
+asked Hutton if the letters which he had delivered to
+the Queen came from England, and confessed that
+she hoped they contained good news regarding the
+Duchess of Milan, whose beauty, wisdom, and great
+gentleness, she could not praise too highly. She told
+him that he would have been amazed had he seen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>Christina gorgeously apparelled as she was the day
+before, and confided to him that the Duchess was
+having her portrait taken by the Court painter,
+Bernard van Orley, and had promised to give it to
+her. Hutton begged to be allowed to borrow the picture
+in order to show it to his wife, and told Cromwell
+that as soon as he could secure the portrait he would
+send it to England. Accordingly, on the 9th of
+March the Ambassador received the picture, which
+Madame de Berghen begged him to accept as her gift,
+and sent a servant to bear it without delay to the
+Lord Privy Seal's house in St. James's. Late on the
+following evening, much to the Ambassador's surprise,
+a young Shropshire gentleman, named Mr.
+Philip Hoby, who had lately entered Cromwell's service,
+appeared at his lodgings, accompanied by the
+King's painter, Master Hans Holbein. At this time
+the German master was at the height of his reputation.
+Since 1536, when he entered Henry's service as Court
+painter, he had executed some of his finest portraits,
+including the famous picture of the King in Whitehall
+Palace, the superb portrait of Queen Jane, and that
+of Cromwell himself, which is so marvellous a revelation
+of character. Now the Lord Privy Seal sent him
+across the Channel to take a sketch of the Duchess
+of Milan, and bring it back with all possible despatch.</p>
+
+<p>Hutton's first idea was to send a messenger to stop
+the bearer of the Flemish portrait, fearing it might
+give a wrong impression of the lady, "since it was
+not so perfect as the cause required, and as the said
+Mr. Haunce could make it." But his servant had
+already sailed, and the Ambassador could only beg
+Cromwell to await Master Hans's return before he
+formed any opinion of the Duchess. The next morn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>ing
+he waited on the Queen, and informed her how
+the Lord Privy Seal, having received secret overtures
+from the Imperial Ambassador for a marriage
+between the King's Majesty and Her Grace of Milan,
+thought the best way to approach the King was to
+show him a portrait of the Duchess.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"And forasmuch as his lordship heard great
+commendation of the form, beauty, wisdom, and
+other virtuous qualities, with which God had endowed
+the Duchess, he could perceive no means more
+meet for the advancement of the same than to procure
+her perfect picture, for which he had sent a
+man very excellent in the making of physiognomies."</p></div>
+
+<p>After long and elaborate explanation, Hutton asked
+humbly if his lordship's servant might salute the
+Duchess, and beg her to appoint a time and place for
+the painter to accomplish his task.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1538</span>] HOLBEIN'S PORTRAIT</div>
+
+<p>Mary was evidently greatly surprised to hear of
+the Ambassador's errand. She started from her
+chair in amazement, but, quickly recovering composure,
+she sat down again, and listened attentively
+till Hutton had done speaking. Then she
+thanked him and Lord Cromwell for their good-will
+to the Emperor, and said that she had no objection
+to grant his request, and that he should see the
+Duchess herself. With these few words she rose
+and passed into the Council-chamber. Presently
+Christina entered the room, attended by two ladies.
+She listened graciously to Hutton's message, expressed
+her gratitude to Lord Cromwell for his kind
+intentions, and sent Benedetto da Corte back with
+him to meet the English gentleman. Fortunately,
+Philip Hoby was a pleasant and cultivated young
+man who could speak Italian fluently. He conversed
+for some time with Messer Benedetto, much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+to Hutton's envy and admiration, and at two o'clock
+that afternoon was conducted by him into the
+presence of the Duchess.</p>
+
+<p>Cromwell had given Hoby minute instructions as
+to his behaviour on this occasion, and had composed
+a long and elaborate speech which he was to deliver
+to Christina herself.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The said Philip shall, as of himself, express a
+wish that it might please the King, now a widower,
+to advance Her Grace to the honour of Queen of
+England, considering her virtuous qualities were a
+great deal more than ever was notified, and for a great
+confirmation of amity and love to continue between
+the Emperor's Majesty and the King's Highness."</p></div>
+
+<p>Hoby was charged to take careful note of the
+Duchess's answers, gestures, and expression, and
+was especially to note if she seemed favourably
+inclined to these proposals, in order that he might
+be able to satisfy Henry's anxiety on the subject.<a name="FNanchor_180" id="FNanchor_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a></p>
+
+<p>Philip Hoby was too accomplished a courtier not
+to discharge his errand with tact and courtesy. The
+Duchess was graciously pleased to accede to his
+request, and at one o'clock the next day Holbein was
+ushered by Messer Benedetto into his mistress's
+presence. The time allowed for the sitting was short,
+but Master Hans was an adept at his art, and had
+already taken drawings in this swift and masterly
+fashion of all the chief personages at the English Court.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Having but three hours' space," wrote Hutton,
+"he showed himself to be master of that science.
+For his picture is very perfect; the other is but
+slobbered in comparison to it, as by the sight of
+both your lordship shall well perceive."<a name="FNanchor_181" id="FNanchor_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>An hour afterwards Hoby and the painter both
+took leave of the Duchess and started for England.
+In order to avoid suspicion and observe the
+strict secrecy enjoined by Cromwell, Hoby did not
+even seek a farewell audience from the Regent,
+who contented herself with sending friendly greetings
+to the Lord Privy Seal, saying that he should hear
+from her more at large through the Imperial Ambassadors.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March</span>, 1538 AT HAMPTON COURT</div>
+
+<p>The precious sketch, from which Holbein afterwards
+made "the great table"<a name="FNanchor_182" id="FNanchor_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> which hung in the Palace of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>Westminster until Henry's death, was safely delivered
+into Cromwell's hands, and shown by him to
+the King on the 18th of March. Henry was singularly
+pleased with the portrait, and, as his courtiers
+noticed, seemed to be in better humour than for
+months past. For the first time since Queen Jane's
+death he sent for his musicians, and made them play
+to him all the afternoon and evening. Two days
+afterwards he went to Hampton Court, and "gave
+orders for new and sumptuous buildings" at this
+riverside palace. After that he returned to Whitehall
+by water, accompanied by his whole troop of
+musicians, paid a visit to his brother-in-law's wife,
+Katherine, Duchess of Suffolk, and resumed his old
+habit of going about with a few of his favourites in
+masks&mdash;"a sure sign," remarked Chapuys, "that he
+is going to marry again."</p>
+
+<p>The Imperial Ambassadors, Chapuys and his
+colleague Don Diego Mendoza, were now treated with
+extraordinary civility. They were invited to Hampton
+Court, where Henry entertained them at a
+splendid banquet, and showed them his "fine new
+lodgings" and the priceless tapestries and works of
+art with which Cardinal Wolsey had adorned this
+magnificent house. The next day they were taken
+to the royal manor of Nonsuch to see the little Prince,
+"one of the prettiest children you ever saw, and his
+sister, Madam Elizabeth, who is also a sweet little
+girl." Then they went on to Richmond to visit Princess
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>Mary, who played to them with rare skill on both
+spinet and lute, and spoke of her cousin the Emperor
+in terms of the deepest gratitude. The French
+Ambassadors, Castillon and the Bishop of Tarbes,
+who arrived at Hampton Court just as the Imperial
+Envoys were leaving, were received with marked
+coolness, a treatment, as Chapuys shrewdly remarks,
+"no doubt artfully designed to excite their jealousy."<a name="FNanchor_183" id="FNanchor_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1538</span>] CHRISTINA'S CHARM</div>
+
+<p>The sight of Holbein's portrait revived Henry's wish
+to see Christina, and he pressed Chapuys earnestly to
+induce his good sister the Queen of Hungary to bring
+her niece to meet him at Calais. But on this point Mary
+was obdurate. She told the Ambassador that this
+was out of the question, and although she wrote civilly
+to the Lord Privy Seal, thanking him for his good offices,
+she complained bitterly to Chapuys of Cromwell's
+extraordinary proceeding in sending the painter to
+Brussels, and laid great stress on her condescension
+in allowing him to take her niece's portrait. So far
+Charles himself had never written fully to his sister
+on the subject, and Mary asked Chapuys repeatedly
+if these proposals really came from the Emperor,
+and if the King and Cromwell were sincere. As for
+her part, she believed these flattering words were
+merely intended to deceive her. Chapuys could only
+assure her that both Henry and his Minister were
+very much in earnest. When the courier arrived
+from Spain, the King was bitterly disappointed
+because there was no letter from Charles, and sent
+Cromwell twice to implore the Ambassadors, for
+God's sake, to tell him if they had any good news
+to impart. On Lady Day the Minister came to
+Chapuys's lodgings, and, after two hours' earnest conversation,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>went away "somewhat consoled." The
+next day Henry sent for the Ambassadors, and discussed
+the subject in the frankest, most familiar
+manner, ending by saying with a merry laugh:
+"You think it a good joke, I trow, to see me in love
+at my age!"</p>
+
+<p>In his impatience, Henry complained that Hutton
+was remiss in his duties, and did not say enough
+about the Duchess in his despatches. Yet the
+excellent Ambassador was unremitting in his attendance
+on Her Grace, and spent many hours daily at
+Court, watching her closely when she danced or played
+at cards, and telling the King that he "felt satisfied
+that her great modesty and gentleness proceeded from
+no want of wit, but that she was rather to be esteemed
+wisest among the wise."<a name="FNanchor_184" id="FNanchor_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p>
+
+<p>From the day of Hoby's visit Christina treated
+Hutton with marked friendliness, and threw aside
+much of her reserve in talking with him. On the
+bright spring days, when the Queen and her niece
+hunted daily in the forest, the Englishman seldom
+failed to accompany them. He admired the Duchess's
+bold horsemanship, and was much struck by the
+evident delight which she and her aunt took in
+this favourite sport. By way of ingratiating himself
+with Mary, he presented her with four couple
+of English hounds, "the fairest that he had ever
+seen," and a fine gelding, which made Christina
+remark that he had done the Queen a great pleasure,
+and that she had never seen her aunt so well mounted.
+Hutton hastened to reply that, since Her Grace was
+good enough to admire the horse, he would do his
+utmost to secure another as good for her own use,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+which offer she accepted graciously.<a name="FNanchor_185" id="FNanchor_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> All these incidents
+naturally provoked attention, and, in spite
+of the secrecy with which the negotiations were
+carried on, the King's marriage with the Duchess of
+Milan was freely discussed both in Flanders and in
+England.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Few Englishmen," wrote the Duke of Norfolk
+to Cromwell on the 6th of April, "will regret the
+King of Scots' marriage to Madame de Longueville,
+hoping that one of Burgundian blood may have the
+place she might have had."<a name="FNanchor_186" id="FNanchor_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>And the report that after Easter the King was going
+to meet his future bride at Calais became so persistent
+that even Castillon believed it, and complained to
+his royal master of the strange alteration in Henry's
+behaviour, and of the marvellous haughtiness and
+coldness with which he was now treated.<a name="FNanchor_187" id="FNanchor_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1538</span>] MARRIAGE NEGOTIATIONS</div>
+
+<p>On the 27th of March the Imperial Ambassadors
+dined at the Lord Privy Seal's house, to meet
+Archbishop Cranmer, Chancellor Audley, Thomas
+Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, the Lord High Admiral
+Southampton, and two other Bishops, who were the
+Commissioners appointed to treat of two royal marriages.
+One of these was the long-planned union of
+Princess Mary with the Infant Don Louis of Portugal,
+brother of the reigning King, which was the ostensible
+object of Don Diego's mission to England. The other
+was the King's own marriage with the Duchess, which
+Henry sent word must be arranged at once, since
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>until this was concluded he absolutely refused to
+treat of his daughter's alliance with the Infant. As
+they sat down at table, by way of <i>Benedicite</i>, remarks
+Chapuys, the King's deputies began by rejoicing
+to think they had not to deal with Frenchmen,
+and pouring scorn on their mendacious habits. But
+before the end of the meeting many difficulties had
+arisen. First of all the English Commissioners demanded
+that the Count Palatine should renounce all
+his wife's rights to the crown of Denmark without
+compensation. Then the question of the Papal
+dispensation, which was necessary owing to Christina's
+relationship to Katherine of Aragon, was
+mooted, and, as Chapuys soon realized, was likely to
+prove an insuperable difficulty, since nothing would
+induce Henry to recognize the Pope's authority.<a name="FNanchor_188" id="FNanchor_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the next few weeks several meetings between
+the Commissioners took place, and the Ambassadors
+were repeatedly admitted to confer with
+the King and his Privy Council; but little progress
+was made, and Chapuys informed the Regent that
+there was even less hope of agreement than there
+had been at first. Henry on his part complained
+loudly of the coldness of the Imperial Envoys, and
+of their evident desire to push forward the Portuguese
+marriage and drop his own, which was the one thing
+for which he really cared.<a name="FNanchor_189" id="FNanchor_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> An attempt to effect
+some mode of reconciliation between him and the
+Pope only incensed Henry, who sent two Doctors of
+Law, Bonner and Haynes, to Madrid, to protest
+against the meeting of a General Council, and to
+point out how the Bishops of Rome wrested Scripture
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>to the maintenance of their lusts and worldly advantage.
+And he told Don Diego angrily that the
+meeting of a Council would do him the worst injury
+in the world, since if he refused to attend it he would
+be cut off from the rest of Christendom.<a name="FNanchor_190" id="FNanchor_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> To add to
+the King's ill-temper, he was suffering from a return
+of the ulcers in the leg from which he had formerly
+suffered, and for some days his condition excited
+serious alarm.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1538</span>] LOUISE DE GUISE</div>
+
+<p>On his recovery, Castillon, who had been looking
+on with some amusement while the Emperor's folk
+were "busy brewing marriages," approached His
+Majesty with flattering words, and tried to instil
+suspicions of Cromwell into his mind. Henry swallowed
+the bait greedily, and the French Ambassador's
+remarks on his favourite's "great Spanish passion"
+rankled in his mind to so great an extent that he sent
+for Cromwell and rated him soundly, telling him
+that he was quite unfit to meddle in the affairs of
+Kings. The wily Frenchman, satisfied that the only
+way of managing this wayward monarch was to
+make him fall in love, took advantage of his present
+mood to speak to him of the Queen of Scotland's
+sister, Louise de Guise, whom he described as being
+quite as beautiful as herself, with the additional
+advantage of being a maid, and not a widow. Henry,
+who was on his way to Mass when Castillon made
+this suggestion, slapped him familiarly on the back,
+and laughed, saying he must hear more of this young
+lady. The next day the Comptroller of the King's
+Household was sent to ask the Ambassador for particulars
+about Mademoiselle de Guise, and was told
+that she was so like Madame de Longueville that you
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>would hardly know the sisters apart, and that a
+Scotchman who had seen both, wondered how King
+James could prefer Mary to so lovely a creature as
+Louise. The French Ambassador now found himself
+overwhelmed with attentions. The King sent
+him presents of venison and artichokes from his
+gardens, invited him to spend Sunday at Greenwich,
+and, when the plague broke out in London,
+lent him the beautiful old house in Chelsea which
+had belonged to Sir Thomas More, as a country
+residence.<a name="FNanchor_191" id="FNanchor_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a></p>
+
+<p>The wedding of King James was finally celebrated
+at Ch&acirc;teaudun on the 9th of May, and, hearing that
+the Duke of Guise and his fair daughter Louise had
+accompanied the new Queen to Havre, Henry sent
+Philip Hoby across the Channel to see Mademoiselle de
+Guise and have her picture painted. These orders
+were duly executed, and Louise's portrait, probably
+painted by Holbein, was placed in the King's hands.
+But, although Henry "did not find the portrait ugly,"
+he was now anxious to see Louise's younger sister,
+Ren&eacute;e, who was said to be still more beautiful, and
+would not be put off when Castillon told him that
+she was about to take the veil in a convent at Reims.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"No doubt," remarked Montmorency, the Constable
+of France, "as King Henry has made himself
+Pope in his own country, he would prefer a nun to
+any other Princess."<a name="FNanchor_192" id="FNanchor_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Nothing would now satisfy Henry but that the
+French King or Queen should meet him at Calais
+with the Duke of Guise's daughters, Mademoiselle de
+Lorraine, and Mademoiselle de Vend&ocirc;me, who had
+all been recommended to his notice. When the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>English Envoy, Brian, proposed this to Queen
+Eleanor, she replied indignantly that she was not a
+keeper of harlots, and the Constable told Castillon
+once more that French Princesses were not to be
+trotted out like hackneys at a fair. At last the
+Ambassador, tired of repeating that this plan was
+impossible, asked Henry if the Knights of King
+Arthur's Round Table had ever treated ladies in such
+a fashion. This brought the King to his senses.
+He reddened and hesitated, and, after rubbing his
+nose for some moments, said that his proposal might
+have sounded a little uncivil, but he had been so
+often deceived in these matters that he could trust
+no one but himself.<a name="FNanchor_193" id="FNanchor_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a></p>
+
+<p>Still Henry would not give up all hope of winning
+the fair Louise, and towards the end of August he
+sent Philip Hoby on a fresh errand to Joinville. As
+before, he was to take Holbein with him, and, after
+viewing well the younger sister, ask the Duchess
+of Guise for leave to take the portraits of both her
+daughters, Louise and Ren&eacute;e, "in one faire table."
+Hoby was to explain that he had business in these
+parts, and that, since he had already made acquaintance
+with Mademoiselle de Guise at Havre, he could
+not pass Joinville without saluting her. On leaving
+Joinville he was to proceed to the Duke of Lorraine's
+Court, and inform him that the Lord Privy Seal,
+having heard that His Excellency had a daughter of
+excellent quality, begged that the King's painter might
+be allowed to take her portrait. On the 30th of August
+the travellers reached Joinville, as we learn from
+the following letter addressed by the Duchess of
+Guise to her eldest daughter in Scotland:</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1538</span>] HOLBEIN AT JOINVILLE</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"It is but two days since the King of England's
+gentleman who was at Havre, and the painter, were
+here. The gentleman came to see me, pretending
+that he was on his way to find the Emperor, and,
+having heard that Louise was ill, would not pass by
+without inquiring after her, that he might take
+back news of her health to the King his master. He
+begged to be allowed to see her, which he did, although
+it was a day when the fever was on her, and repeated
+the same words which he had already said to me.
+He then told me that, as he was so near Lorraine,
+he meant to go on to Nancy to see the country. I
+have no doubt that he was going there to draw
+Mademoiselle's portrait, in the same way that he has
+drawn the others, and so I sent down to the gentleman's
+lodgings, and found that the said painter
+was there. Since then they have been at Nancy,
+where they spent a day and were well feasted and
+entertained, and at every meal the <i>ma&icirc;tre d'h&ocirc;tel</i>
+ate with them, and many presents were made them.
+That is all I know yet, but you see that, at the worst,
+if you do not have your sister for a neighbour, you
+may yet have your cousin."<a name="FNanchor_194" id="FNanchor_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>This time Hoby's journey was evidently unsuccessful.
+Louise was ill of intermittent fever, and Ren&eacute;e
+had already been sent to the convent at Reims,
+where she was afterwards professed; and it is clear
+from Antoinette's letters that she had no wish to
+marry either of her daughters to Henry. A month
+before, on the 3rd of August, she wrote to the Queen
+of Scotland: "I have heard nothing more of the
+proposals which you know of"; and again on the
+18th: "I have begged your father to speak of these
+affairs to the King, that we may be rid of them if
+possible, for no one could ever be happy with such
+a man."<a name="FNanchor_195" id="FNanchor_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a></p>
+
+<p>As for Anne de Lorraine, in spite of many excellent
+qualities, she lacked the beauty and charm
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>of her cousins, and, as her aunt Antoinette said,
+"elle est bien honn&ecirc;te, mais pas si belle que je
+voudrais."<a name="FNanchor_196" id="FNanchor_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1538</span>] HENRY'S SCRUPLES</div>
+
+<p>The result of these disappointments was to revive
+Henry's wish to marry Christina. Several times in
+the course of the summer Castillon remarked that
+this monarch was still hankering after the Duchess of
+Milan, and had repeatedly tried to induce the Regent
+to bring her niece to meet him at Brussels. "The
+King my master," said Cromwell to Chapuys, "will
+never marry one, who is to be his companion for life,
+without he has first seen and known her."<a name="FNanchor_197" id="FNanchor_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> In a
+long and careful paper of instructions which Henry
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>drew up for the Ambassador Wyatt, he lays great
+stress on this point.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"His Grace, prudently considering how that marriage
+is a bargain of such nature as may endure for
+the whole life of man, and a thing whereof the
+pleasure and quiet, or the displeasure and torment,
+doth much depend, thinketh it to be most necessary,
+both for himself and the party with whom it shall
+please God to join him in marriage, that the one
+might see the other before the time that they should
+be so affianced, which point His Highness hath
+largely set forth heretofore to the Emperor's Ambassador."<a name="FNanchor_198" id="FNanchor_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But on her side Mary was equally inflexible.
+Nothing would induce her to take a step forward
+in this direction, and even Hutton began to realize
+how coldly the marriage overtures were received at
+Brussels. The Queen never failed to ask after the
+King's health or to express her anxiety for the
+strengthening of the ancient friendship between the
+realm of England and the House of Burgundy; but
+when the Ambassador ventured to allude to the
+subject of her niece's preferment, she invariably
+gave an evasive reply. Since both the Queen and
+the Duchess spent much of the summer hunting
+in the Forest of Soignies, or in more distant parts,
+Hutton seldom had an opportunity of seeing Christina.
+Her servants were still very friendly, especially
+the Lord Benedick Court, as Hutton calls the
+Italian master of her household. One evening in
+June, when Hutton had been at Court, Benedetto
+came back to supper with him, whether of his own
+accord or at his mistress's command the Englishman
+could not tell. As they walked along the street,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
+Benedetto asked the Ambassador if he had brought
+the Queen any good news about the Duchess. Hutton
+replied that the first good news must come from the
+Emperor, and, to his mind, was a long time upon
+the road. The old man looked up to heaven, and said
+devoutly: "I pray God that I may live to see her
+given to your master, even if I die the next day.
+But," he added significantly, "there is one doubt in
+the matter." Hutton asked eagerly what this might
+be, upon which Benedetto explained that, as the
+King's first wife, the Lady Katherine, was near of
+kin to the Duchess, the marriage could not be
+solemnized without the Pope's dispensation, and this
+he feared His Majesty would never accept. The
+Ambassador replied warmly that he did not know
+what might be against the Bishop of Rome's laws,
+but that he was quite sure his master would do
+nothing against God's laws. Then they sat down to
+supper with other guests, and nothing further was
+said on the subject. But the old Italian knew what
+he was talking about, and the Papal dispensation
+proved to be the one insuperable obstacle which stood
+in the way of a settlement.<a name="FNanchor_199" id="FNanchor_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1538</span>] DEATH OF HUTTON</div>
+
+<p>Another of Christina's servants, Gian Battista
+Ferrari, paid a visit to England this summer, and
+brought back glowing accounts of the beauties of
+London and the splendours of King Henry's Court.
+He had an Italian friend named Panizone, who was
+one of the royal equerries, and had been sent over
+to England with some Barbary horses from the
+Gonzaga stables. Panizone introduced him to Cromwell,
+who entertained him hospitably, and sent him
+back to tell his mistress all that he had seen and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>done at the Court of Whitehall. Christina was exceedingly
+curious to hear Battista's account of his
+visit, and was surprised when he told her that England
+was as beautiful as Italy. When she proceeded
+to inquire if he had seen the King, Battista replied
+that he had been fortunate enough to be received
+by His Majesty, and broke into ecstatic praises of
+Henry's comeliness, gracious manners, and liberality.
+The Duchess said that she had often heard
+praises of His Grace, and was glad to know from
+Battista's lips that they were true. After supper
+she sent for him again, and he informed her that
+Chapuys had told him the marriage would shortly
+be concluded. "At this it seemeth she did much
+rejoice." So at least Battista assured Hutton.<a name="FNanchor_200" id="FNanchor_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a>
+Ferrari himself was evidently very anxious to see
+his mistress Queen of England, and in a letter which
+he addressed on the 7th of September to his friend,
+"Guglielmo Panizone scudier del Invictissimo R&egrave;
+d' Inghilterr&agrave; a Londra, alla Corte di sua Maest&agrave;,"
+he wrote, "Madama the Duchess, my mistress,
+loves the King truly," and proceeded to send commendations
+to the Lord Privy Seal, Signor Filippo
+(Hoby), Portinari, and others. This letter contained
+one sad piece of news. "The Ambassador here is
+said to be dying; I am grieved because of the friendship
+between us and his excellent qualities. The next
+one we have will, I hope, be yourself."<a name="FNanchor_201" id="FNanchor_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> Battista's
+news was true. Honest John Hutton, the popular
+Governor of the Merchant Adventurers, fell ill at
+Antwerp, and died there on the 5th of September.
+His genial nature had made him a general favourite,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>and he was lamented by everyone at Court. "It is
+a great loss," wrote Don Diego to Cromwell, "because
+he was so good a servant and so merry and honest
+a soul." To his own master, the Emperor, he remarked
+that the English Ambassador who had just
+died was a jovial, good-natured man, but more fit
+for courtly functions and social intercourse than
+grave political business, for which he had neither
+taste nor capacity.<a name="FNanchor_202" id="FNanchor_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<p>The meeting of the Emperor and King of France
+at Aigues-Mortes in July, 1538, produced a marked
+change in the political situation. This interview,
+which the Pope had failed to bring about at Nice,
+was finally effected by Queen Eleanor, and the two
+monarchs, who had not met since Francis was a
+prisoner at Madrid, embraced each other, dined
+together, and ended by swearing an inviolable friendship.
+The truce was converted into a lasting peace,
+and several marriages between the two families were
+discussed in a friendly and informal manner.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Never," wrote the Constable to Castillon, "were
+there two faster friends than the King and Emperor,
+and I do not for a moment imagine that His Imperial
+Majesty will ever allow the Widow of Milan to marry
+King Henry! So do not believe a single word that
+you hear in England!"<a name="FNanchor_203" id="FNanchor_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1538</span>] CROMWELL AND CHAPUYS</div>
+
+<p>This unexpected reconciliation was a bitter pill
+to Henry and Cromwell. The French and Imperial
+Ambassadors at Whitehall exchanged the warmest
+congratulations, and did not fail to indulge in a
+hearty laugh at King Henry's expense. On the
+21st of August Chapuys and Don Diego followed the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>Court to Ampthill, where the King was hunting, and
+were entertained by Cromwell at one of his own
+manors. As they sat down to dinner, the Lord Privy
+Seal asked brusquely if it were true that the King
+and Emperor had made peace, to which the Ambassadors
+replied in the affirmative. He then proceeded
+to start a variety of disagreeable topics. First he
+remarked that he heard the Turk was already in
+Belgrade; next he said that the young Duke of Cleves
+had taken possession of Guelderland, upon which
+Chapuys retaliated by expatiating on the perfect
+friendship and understanding between Charles and
+Francis. After dinner they were admitted into
+the King's presence, and informed him that the
+Queen of Hungary had received the powers necessary
+for the conclusion of the Duchess's marriage, and
+wished to recall Don Diego in order that he might
+draw up the contract. Henry expressed great sorrow
+at parting from the Spaniard, and, drawing him apart,
+begged him to induce the Queen to treat directly
+with him, repeating two or three times that he was
+growing old, and could not put off taking a wife any
+longer. Meanwhile Cromwell was telling Chapuys,
+in another corner of the hall, how much annoyed the
+King had been to hear that the Emperor was treating
+of his niece's marriage with the Duke of Cleves,
+which would make people say either that she had
+refused the King or else had only accepted Henry
+after refusing Cleves. Chapuys stoutly denied the
+truth of this report, and Cromwell confessed that the
+King was very eager for the marriage, and, if there were
+any difficulty about the Duchess's dowry, he would
+gladly give her 20,000 crowns out of his own purse.<a name="FNanchor_204" id="FNanchor_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As the Ambassadors were putting on their riding-boots,
+Cromwell ran after Don Diego with a present
+from his master of &pound;400, after which they returned
+to London and dined in Chelsea with Castillon, to
+meet Madame de Montreuil, the lady-in-waiting
+of the late Queen Madeleine of Scotland, who was returning
+to France. They all spent a merry evening,
+laughing over King Henry's matrimonial plans, and
+Castillon declared that the King and Lord Privy Seal
+were so much perturbed at his master's alliance with
+the Emperor that they hardly knew if they were in
+heaven or on earth.<a name="FNanchor_205" id="FNanchor_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1538</span>] STEPHEN VAUGHAN</div>
+
+<p>Don Diego arrived in Flanders to find general rejoicings&mdash;"gun-shots
+and melody and jousting were
+the order of the day"&mdash;and an English merchant
+declared that the proud Spaniards were ready to
+challenge all the world. Queen Mary marked the
+occasion by honouring her favourite, Count Henry of
+Nassau, with a visit at his Castle of Breda in Holland.
+The beautiful gardens and vast orchards planted
+in squares, after the fashion of Italy, which excited
+the Cardinal of Aragon's admiration, were in their
+summer beauty, and a series of magnificent f&ecirc;tes
+were given in honour of the Queen and her companion,
+the Duchess of Milan. The Count was assisted in
+doing the honours by his third wife, the Marchioness
+of Zeneta, a rich Spanish heiress, whom the Emperor
+had given him in marriage, and his son Ren&eacute;, Prince
+of Orange. The presence of Christina at Breda on
+this occasion, and the attentions that were paid her
+by her hosts, naturally gave rise to a report that she
+was about to wed the Prince, and Cromwell told
+Don Diego before he left Dover that this rumour had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>caused the King great annoyance.<a name="FNanchor_206" id="FNanchor_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> But the festivities
+at Breda met with a tragic close. On the
+day after the royal ladies left the castle, Henry of
+Nassau died very suddenly, and Don Diego heard
+the sad news when he reached the castle gates, on
+his way to salute his kinswoman, the Marchioness.</p>
+
+<p>The Ambassador now hastened to Court, and craved
+an audience of the Queen to deliver King Henry's
+letters; but he found her little inclined to attend to
+business, and engaged in preparations to pay a visit
+to King Francis, who had gallantly invited her to
+a hunting-party at Compi&egrave;gne. At first there had
+been some doubt if the Duchess should be of the
+party, but Queen Eleanor was eager to see her niece,
+and Christina was nothing loth to take part in these
+brilliant festivities. Meanwhile Henry's renewed impatience
+to conclude his marriage was shown by the
+promptitude with which another Ambassador was
+sent to take Hutton's place.</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of September the new Envoy, Stephen
+Vaughan, was admitted into the Queen's presence,
+and begged for an answer to the letters delivered by
+Don Diego. Mary told him that he might inform
+His Majesty that there was no truth in the reports
+of her niece's marriage, and that, if any coolness had
+arisen between them, it was the King's own fault
+for seeking a wife in other places. Hoby's mission
+to Joinville and Nancy was, it is plain, well known
+at Brussels. But the Queen kept her counsel, and
+told Vaughan that, if his master was still in the same
+mind, she would urge the Emperor to hasten the
+conclusion of the treaty. Only she must beg the
+Ambassador to have a little patience, as her time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
+was fully occupied at this moment. But the next
+day he was again put off, and told the Queen would
+see him when she reached Mons. Accordingly,
+Vaughan and his colleague, Thomas Wriothesley,
+Cromwell's confidential secretary, arrived at this
+town on the 8th, only to be told by Don Diego that
+they must await the Queen's pleasure at Valenciennes.
+The Spanish Ambassador did his best to
+atone for their disappointment by giving them an
+excellent dinner, and lending them two of his own
+horses with velvet saddles and rich trappings for
+the journey.<a name="FNanchor_207" id="FNanchor_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1538</span>] AT COMPI&Egrave;GNE</div>
+
+<p>At length, at eight on Sunday morning, the 6th
+of October, they were conducted into the Queen's
+presence by the Grand Falconer, Molembais, and
+Vaughan, who spoke French fluently, explained
+Henry's reasons for arranging the marriage treaty
+without delay. Mary replied briefly that she had
+already written to accede to the King's request, and
+that no further steps could be taken until after her
+meeting with the French King. Dinner was being
+served while she spoke these words, and, as the meat
+was actually coming in, the Ambassadors were
+compelled to retire. Before they left the room,
+however, they saluted the Duchess, who was standing
+near her aunt, and ventured to tell her how much
+my Lord Privy Seal remained her humble servant,
+although, as she no doubt knew, his overtures had
+been so coldly received. Christina smiled and
+thanked them for their good-will with a gentle grace,
+which went far to mollify their ruffled feelings, and
+made Wriothesley write home that all Hutton had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>said of the Duchess's charms was true. "She is as
+goodly personage, of stature higher than either of us,
+and hath a very good woman's face, competently
+fair and well favoured, but a little brown."<a name="FNanchor_208" id="FNanchor_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a></p>
+
+<p>As if to make amends for these delays, the great
+lords in attendance overwhelmed the Ambassadors
+with civilities. Aerschot invited them to dinner;
+Count B&uuml;ren embraced them warmly and asked affectionately
+after the King; De Praet, Molembais, and
+Iselstein, escorted them to the door, and Don Diego
+made them a present of wine. When Wriothesley
+fell ill of fever at Cambray, the Queen sent her own
+physician to attend him, and begged him either to
+remain there or return to Brussels. This he refused
+to do, and travelled on by slow stages to Compi&egrave;gne,
+hoping to obtain another audience there. But the
+roads were bad, and two leagues from Cambray one
+of the carts broke down, leaving the English without
+household stuff or plate when Don Diego came to
+supper.<a name="FNanchor_209" id="FNanchor_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a></p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday news reached Cambray that King
+Francis was on his way to salute the Queen, and
+Mary rode out to meet him, leaving the Duchess of
+Milan at home with others, who like herself, remarks
+Wriothesley, had no great liking for Frenchmen.<a name="FNanchor_210" id="FNanchor_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> But
+the King's greeting was most cordial, and when, on
+the following day, Queen Eleanor arrived with a great
+train of lords and ladies, there was much feasting
+and merriment, until on the 10th the whole party
+started for Compi&egrave;gne.</p>
+
+<p>It was a brilliant company that met in the ancient
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>castle of the French Kings, in the forest on the banks
+of the Oise, near the bridge where, a hundred years
+before, Jeanne d'Arc had made her last heroic stand.
+King Francis had summoned all the Princes and Princesses
+of the blood to do honour to the Queen of
+Hungary, and the neighbouring villages were filled
+to overflowing with Court officials and servants.
+There was the King himself, a fine figure in cloth of
+gold and nodding plumes, gallant as ever in spite of
+ill-health and advancing years, with a glance and
+smile to spare for every fair lady; and there was his
+consort, Queen Eleanor, too often neglected by her
+fickle lord, but now radiant with happiness, and in her
+beautiful robes and priceless pearls, as winning and
+almost as fair as when she fascinated the young
+Palatine twenty years ago. The sense of family
+affection was as strong in Eleanor as in all the Habsburgs,
+and she was overjoyed to meet her sister and
+embrace the daughter of the beloved and lamented
+Isabella. With her came the King's daughter Margaret,
+the homely-featured but pleasing and accomplished
+Princess for whom a royal husband was still
+to be found, and who, the courtiers whispered, might
+now wed the Prince of Spain.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1538</span>] A BRILLIANT COMPANY</div>
+
+<p>Her brothers were there too&mdash;the dull and morose
+Henry, who had succeeded his elder brother as
+Dauphin two years before, but had never recovered
+from the effects of his long captivity in Spain; and
+the more lively but weak and vicious Charles of
+Angoul&ecirc;me, now Duke of Orleans, whom Eleanor was
+so anxious to see married to the Duchess of Milan.
+With them was the Dauphin's Italian wife, Catherine
+de' Medici, whose wit and grace atoned in her father-in-law's
+eyes for her lack of beauty, although her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>
+husband's heart was given to Diane de Poitiers,
+and a childless marriage made her unpopular in the
+eyes of the nation. But a galaxy of fair ladies surrounded
+the King and Queen. Chief among them
+was Madame d'&Eacute;tampes, whose dazzling charms had
+captivated the fickle King, and who now reigned
+supreme both in Court and Council. Of the youthful
+ladies whose charms had aroused King Henry's interest,
+only Mademoiselle de Vend&ocirc;me was here. The
+fair Louise had not yet recovered from her illness, and
+the Duchess of Guise was nursing her at Joinville.
+But both her father, Claude of Guise, the Governor
+of Burgundy, and his brother, the Cardinal of Lorraine,
+were present, and held a high place in the King's
+favour. Claude's elder brother, the Duke of Lorraine,
+had lately been to meet the Emperor at Aigues-Mortes
+and plead his claims to Guelders, but on his
+return he fell ill with a severe attack of gout, and
+was unable to obey the King's summons. In his
+stead he sent Duchess Ren&eacute;e his wife, another
+Bourbon Princess, a daughter of Gilbert de Montpensier
+and sister of the famous Constable. Her
+daughter Anne remained at home to nurse the Duke,
+but her eldest son, Francis, came with his mother to
+Compi&egrave;gne. This cultured and polished Prince, who
+bore the King's name, had been brought up at the
+French Court, and could ride and joust as well as any
+of his peers; but he was quite thrown into the shade
+by his cousin, Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vend&ocirc;me,
+the darling of the people and the idol of all the ladies.
+A head and shoulders taller than the Dauphin and his
+brother, Antoine was the cynosure of all eyes at Court
+festivals. The elegance of his attire, the inimitable
+grace with which he raised his hat, his wit and gaiety,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+fascinated every woman, while the gilded youth of
+the day copied the fashion of his clothes and the
+precise angle at which he wore the feather in his cap.
+Frivolous, volatile, and recklessly extravagant, Vend&ocirc;me
+wore his heart on his sleeve, and was ready to
+enter the lists for the sake of any fair lady. He fell
+desperately in love with the Duchess of Milan at first
+sight, and devoted himself to her service. As premier
+Prince of the blood, he rode at Christina's side, and led
+her out to dance in the eyes of the Court. Together they
+joined in the hunting-parties that were organized on
+a vast scale in the Forest of Compi&egrave;gne, and while all
+the French were lost in admiration at the fine horsemanship
+of the royal ladies, Antoine de Bourbon
+threw himself at the Duchess's feet, and declared
+himself her slave for life. But whether this gay
+cavalier was too wild and thoughtless for her taste,
+or whether her heart was already given to another,
+Christina paid little heed to this new suitor, and
+remained cold to his impassioned appeals. "The
+Duke of Vend&ocirc;me," wrote Wriothesley to Cromwell,
+"is a great wooer to the Duchess, but we cannot hear
+that he receiveth much comfort."<a name="FNanchor_211" id="FNanchor_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1538</span>] A VISIT TO CHANTILLY</div>
+
+<p>On the 17th of October the Constable de Montmorency
+prevailed on the royal party to accompany
+him to his sumptuous home at Chantilly, nine leagues
+farther on the road to Paris. This brave soldier and
+able Minister had grown up in the closest intimacy
+with the Royal Family, and was habitually addressed
+as "bon p&egrave;re" by the King's children, but had, unfortunately,
+excited the hatred of the reigning
+favourite, the Duchess of &Eacute;tampes, who called him
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>openly "un grand coquin," and declared that he tried
+to make himself a second monarch. On the other hand,
+his constant loyalty to Queen Eleanor gratified Mary
+of Hungary, who now gladly accepted his invitation
+to Chantilly.</p>
+
+<p>Anne de Montmorency was as great a patron of
+art as his royal master, and during the last fifteen
+years he had transformed his ancestral home into a
+superb Renaissance palace. The halls were decorated
+with frescoes by Primaticcio; the gardens were adorned
+with precious marbles and bronzes, with busts of the
+C&aelig;sars and statues of Mars and Hercules, with fountains
+of the finest Urbino and Palissy ware. Portraits
+by Clouet, priceless manuscripts illuminated by
+French and Burgundian masters, and enamels by
+L&eacute;onard Limousin, were to be seen in the galleries.
+But what interested Mary and Christina most of all
+were the tapestries woven at Brussels from Raphael
+of Urbino's cartoons, which the Constable had rescued
+after the sack of Rome, and which he restored some
+years later to Pope Julius III.<a name="FNanchor_212" id="FNanchor_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a></p>
+
+<p>After entertaining his guests magnificently during
+two days, the Constable accompanied them on a
+hunting-party in the forest, and finally brought
+them back to Compi&egrave;gne on the 19th of October.
+Here the Queen of Hungary's return was impatiently
+awaited by the English Ambassadors, who
+found themselves in a miserable plight. The town
+was so crowded that they had to be content with the
+meanest lodgings; the hire of post-horses cost forty
+pounds, and provisions were so scarce that a partridge
+or woodcock sold for tenpence, and an orange for
+more than a groat. The King's Ambassadors at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+French Court&mdash;Sir Anthony Browne, and Bonner,
+the Bishop-elect of Hereford&mdash;who joined them at
+Compi&egrave;gne on the 14th, were in still worse case; for
+they could get no horses for love or money, and
+spent six days without receiving a visit from the
+Court officials. These outraged personages stood at the
+window, and saw the French Councillors, and even the
+Constable, go by, without giving them the smallest sign
+of recognition. At least, Vaughan and Wriothesley
+were treated with the utmost civility by the Flemish
+nobles, and their audience was only deferred on
+account of the Queen's visit to Chantilly. Don Diego
+was courtesy itself, and, before he started for Spain,
+wrote a letter to Cromwell, assuring him that Queen
+Mary was the truest friend and sister his master could
+have, but that it had been impossible for her to
+attend to business when her days were spent in festivities
+and family meetings.<a name="FNanchor_213" id="FNanchor_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> At length, on Sunday,
+the 20th, the Ambassadors were received by the
+Queen, and introduced Browne and Bonner, as well
+as Dr. Edward Carne, a learned lawyer whom
+Henry had sent to assist in drawing up the marriage
+treaty. Mary informed them that Francis was bent
+on taking her to the Duke of Vend&ocirc;me's house at La
+F&egrave;re on the way home, but begged Wriothesley, who
+was still unwell, to go straight to Brussels. The next
+day Browne started for England, saying that it was
+impossible to follow a King who "goes out of all
+highways," and on the 22nd Wriothesley and his
+companions set out on their return to Brussels.<a name="FNanchor_214" id="FNanchor_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1538</span>] MARRIAGE-MAKING</div>
+
+
+<h3>V.</h3>
+
+<p>By the end of October the English Envoys were
+back at Brussels, rejoicing to be once more in comfortable
+quarters. Here they found great fear and
+distrust of France prevailing, and much alarm was
+expressed lest the Queen should have been induced
+to give the Duchess of Milan in marriage to a French
+Prince. This, however, was not the case, and the
+English Ambassadors were satisfied that beyond
+feasting and merrymaking nothing had been done.
+A friendly gentleman, Monsieur de Brederode, told
+them that there had been some attempt at marriage-making
+among the women. Queen Eleanor still
+pressed her sister earnestly to further the marriage
+of Christina with the Duke of Orleans, as the
+best way of insuring a lasting peace, and had revived
+her old dream of marrying her daughter, Maria of
+Portugal, to the Prince of Spain. But Mary turned
+a deaf ear to all these proposals, saying that she could
+not consider them without Charles's approval. At
+La F&egrave;re, in the valley of the Oise, Francis entertained
+his guests at a splendid banquet, after which he presented
+Mary with a very fine diamond, and Christina
+with a beautiful jewel, besides lavishing rings, bracelets,
+brooches, caps, and pretty trinkets from Paris
+and Milan, Lisbon and Nuremberg, on the ladies of
+their suite. Here he took leave of his guests, but
+the Duke of Vend&ocirc;me insisted on escorting the Queen
+and her niece as far as Valenciennes.<a name="FNanchor_215" id="FNanchor_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1538</span>] KING HENRY'S ANGER</div>
+
+<p>On Monday, the 4th of November, Mary and Christina
+reached Brussels, and were received with warm
+demonstrations of affection. Now, "after all these
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>gay and glorious words," the English Ambassadors
+confidently hoped to see some end to their toil. But
+they soon realized that their hopes were doomed to
+disappointment. First the Queen was too tired to
+receive them; then nothing could be done until the
+return of the Duke of Aerschot, who was her chief
+adviser. At length, on the 16th, the first conference
+took place at the Duke's house. The Captain of the
+Archers, Christina's old friend De Courri&egrave;res, conducted
+the Ambassadors to the room where the Commissioners
+were awaiting them&mdash;Aerschot, Hoogstraaten,
+Lalaing, and the Chancellor of Brabant, Dr.
+Schoren, "a very wise father." After a lengthy
+preamble, setting forth the powers committed to the
+Regent, the terms of the contract were discussed.
+The chief points on which Wriothesley insisted were
+that Henry should be allowed to see his bride, that
+the payment of her dowry should be assigned to
+Flanders instead of Milan, and that Christina's title
+to Denmark should be recognized, although, remarked
+the Ambassador, "for my little wit I care not
+if this last condition were scraped out of the book."<a name="FNanchor_216" id="FNanchor_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>
+The Duchess's claim to the throne of Denmark, as
+Wriothesley realized, was so remote that it seemed
+hardly worth discussing. The dowry and the question
+of the Papal dispensation were the two real
+stumbling-blocks, and he advised Cromwell, if the
+King was really anxious to secure this desirable wife,
+not to press the former point, money being so scarce
+in Spain and the Netherlands that the Emperor
+would rather leave his niece unwed, than part with
+so large a sum. At the close of the sitting the Duke
+of Aerschot begged Wriothesley to stay to dinner,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>and gave him the chief place at table and pre-eminence
+in all things. The fare was abundant; four courses
+of ten dishes were served in silver, with "covers of a
+marvellous clean and honourable sort," and carvers
+and waiters stood around, and attended as diligently
+to the Ambassador's wants as if he were a Prince.
+Later in the evening the Duke's brother-in-law, the
+Marquis of Berghen, who was always well disposed
+to the English, came to supper, and chatted pleasantly
+for some time, but shocked Wriothesley by asking him
+if it were true that all religion was extinct in England,
+that Mass was abolished, and that the bones
+of saints were publicly burned. Cromwell's Commissioner,
+who had himself plundered the shrines of
+St. Swithun at Winchester and of St. Thomas at
+Canterbury, could hardly deny this latter charge,
+although he declared stoutly that only such money-making
+devices and tricks of the friars as the Rood
+of Boxley and the tomb of Becket had been unmasked.
+But, in spite of the outward civility with
+which the Ambassador was treated, he realized that
+all good Catholics in Flanders looked on him with
+horror and disgust.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1539</span>] MARY'S APPEAL</div>
+
+<p>All through the summer abbeys and shrines had
+been going down fast. "Dagon is everywhere falling,"
+wrote a Kentish fanatic, and, as Castillon said,
+by the end of the year hardly a single abbey was left
+standing. The recent trend of political events had
+served to excite the King's worst passions, and when
+the French Ambassador went to see him early in
+November, he found him in a towering rage. The
+French had treated his Ambassadors abominably;
+the Emperor and King were plotting together to take
+the Duchess of Milan away from him and give her to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>
+Monsieur de Vend&ocirc;me, which, "if it be done, would
+finish the picture."<a name="FNanchor_217" id="FNanchor_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> Late on this same evening, Lord
+Exeter, a grandson of Edward IV. and head of the
+noble house of Courtenay, and his cousin, Lord Montague,
+the son of Lady Salisbury and brother of
+Cardinal Pole, were thrown into the Tower on the
+charge of high-treason. All that the most prolonged
+cross-examination of their servants and friends could
+bring out to prove their guilt, was that in my Lord
+of Exeter's garden at Horsley Place, in Surrey, Sir
+Edward Nevill had been heard singing merry songs
+against the knaves that ruled about the King, and,
+clenching his fist, had cried: "I trust to give them a
+buffet and see honest men reign in England one day."
+But the King had long ago told the French Ambassador
+that he was determined to exterminate the White
+Rose, and, as Castillon remarked, no pretext was too
+flimsy to bring men to the block. On the 9th of
+December, Exeter, Montague, and Nevill, all died on
+the scaffold, and Castillon wrote to King Francis:
+"No one knows who will be the next to go." Terror
+reigned throughout the land, and no one of noble birth
+was safe.<a name="FNanchor_218" id="FNanchor_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> Mary of Hungary might well shudder at
+the thought of giving her niece to such a man. But
+every day her position became more difficult. Soon
+after her return from Compi&egrave;gne she wrote to Charles,
+urgently begging for instructions as to how she was
+to proceed with the English Ambassadors. If the
+King persists in treating of the Duchess's marriage,
+is she to consent or to refuse altogether? And if
+so, on what pretext? Is she to discuss the question
+of the Papal dispensation, which Henry will never
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>consent to receive from the Pope, but without which
+the Emperor cannot possibly allow the union.<a name="FNanchor_219" id="FNanchor_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> In
+reply to this letter, Charles wrote from Toledo, on the
+5th of December, telling her to temporize with the
+English, and to consult her Council on the best
+method of procedure.<a name="FNanchor_220" id="FNanchor_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a></p>
+
+<p>A carefully-worded paper, in Mary's own handwriting,
+setting forth the results of the deliberation
+with the Council in clear and concise language, was
+forwarded to the Emperor early in January:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"If the King of England would seriously mend his
+ways and proceed to conclude the marriage in earnest,
+not merely to sow dissension between His Majesty
+and the King of France, this would no doubt be the
+most honourable alliance for the Duchess and the
+most advantageous for the Low Countries; but there
+is no evidence of this&mdash;rather the reverse, as your
+Ambassador in France tells us, from what he hears of
+the conversations held by King Henry with the French
+Envoy in London. The Queen considers this point to
+be entirely settled, and it remains only to know Your
+Majesty's wishes. Are we to dissemble with the
+English as we have done till now, which, however,
+is very difficult, or are we to break off negotiations
+altogether? This can best be done by putting forward
+quite reasonable terms, but which are not agreeable
+to the King. The Queen begs His Majesty to tell
+her exactly what she is to do, remembering that the
+King of England, when he cannot ally himself with
+the Emperor or in France, may seek an alliance with
+Cleves, and will be further alienated from religion, and
+may do much harm by putting himself at the head of
+the German Princes&mdash;all of which she prays Your
+Majesty to consider."<a name="FNanchor_221" id="FNanchor_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But no reply to this appeal came for many weeks.
+In vain Mary implored Charles to put an end to this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>interminable procrastination, and relieve her from the
+necessity of dissembling with the English Ambassadors,
+who never left her in peace.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Once more, Monseigneur," she wrote at the end
+of January, "I implore you tell me if I am to allow
+these conferences to drag on, for it is impossible to do
+this any longer without the most shameless dissimulation."<a name="FNanchor_222" id="FNanchor_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Still no answer came from Spain, and the solemn
+farce was prolonged. During the next two months
+frequent meetings between the Commissioners were
+held at Brussels, and the Queen herself was often
+present. "Indeed," wrote Wriothesley, "she is one
+and principal in it, and how unmeet we be to match
+with her ourselves do well acknowledge."<a name="FNanchor_223" id="FNanchor_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> But little
+progress was made, although Henry, in his anxiety
+for the marriage, offered to give the Duchess as large
+a dowry as any Queen of England had ever enjoyed.
+On St. Thomas's Day he informed the French Ambassador
+in the gallery at Whitehall that his marriage
+was almost concluded.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"All the same," wrote Castillon to the Constable,
+"I know that he would gladly marry Madame de
+Guise had he the chance. If you think the King and
+Emperor would enjoy the sport of seeing him thus
+<i>virolin-virolant</i>, I can easily get it up, provided you
+show his Ambassador a little civility, and make the
+Cardinal and Monsieur de Guise caress him a little."<a name="FNanchor_224" id="FNanchor_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 414px;">
+<img src="images/facing188.jpg" width="414" height="547" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>MARY, QUEEN OF HUNGARY</p>
+
+<p>By Bernard van Orley (Cardon Collection)</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p.</i> <a href="#Page_188">188</a></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1539</span>] FAIR WORDS</div>
+
+<p>But two days after this interview Henry addressed
+a pathetic appeal to the Regent on his behalf, saying
+that "old age was fast creeping on, and time was slipping
+and flying marvellously away." Already the whole
+year had been wasted in vain parleyings, and, since
+neither money nor prayers could redeem this precious
+time, he could wait the Emperor's pleasure no longer,
+but must seek another bride. If this appeal produced
+no effect, he told Wriothesley to take leave of the
+Duchess, and declare to her the great affection which
+the King bore her, and how earnestly he had desired
+to make her his wife, but, since this was plainly impossible,
+he must "beg her not to marvel if he joined
+with another."<a name="FNanchor_225" id="FNanchor_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> When this letter reached Brussels,
+Mary and Christina were absent on a hunting expedition,
+but on New Year's Eve they returned.
+The Queen received Wriothesley the next morning,
+and, after listening patiently to the long discourse
+in which he delivered his master's message, said that
+she was still awaiting the Emperor's final instructions,
+remarking that perhaps the King hardly realized the
+distance between Spain and Flanders. There was
+nothing for it but to await the coming of the courier
+from Spain. But even Wriothesley began to realize
+that, "for all this gentle entertainment and fair words
+and feastings," the deputies meant to effect nothing.</p>
+
+<p>Like Hutton, the Ambassador felt the spell of
+Christina's charms, and certain expressions which her
+servants Benedetto and Ferrari had dropped, led him
+to suppose that the Duchess was favourably inclined
+towards his master. But he was convinced that
+attempts had been made to poison her mind against
+the King, and to prefer the suit of William of Cleves
+or of Francis of Lorraine, who was also said to be
+seeking her hand.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I know," he wrote to Cromwell, "that some of
+these folks labour to avert the Duchess's mind from
+the King's Majesty, and to rest herself either upon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>Lorraine or Cleves; but as far as I can learn she is
+wiser than they, and will in no wise hearken to them,
+offering rather to live a widow than to fall from the
+likelihood of being Queen, and to light so low as from
+a mistress to become an underling, as she must if
+she marry either of them, their fathers and mothers
+being yet both alive. What for the virtue that I think
+I see in her, the good nature that every man must
+note her to be of, as well as her good inclination to the
+King's Majesty, I have privily wished myself sometimes
+that the King might take her with nothing,
+as she hath somewhat, rather than His Highness
+should, by these cankered tongues, be tromped and
+deceived of his good purpose, and so want such a wife
+as I think she would be to His Grace. For I shall
+ever pray God to send His Majesty such a mate,
+humble, loving, and of such sort as may be for His
+Grace's quiet and content, with the increase of the
+offspring of his most noble person."<a name="FNanchor_226" id="FNanchor_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<h3>VI.</h3>
+
+<p>At length the eagerly-expected courier reached
+Brussels, but, as usual, the Queen and Duchess were
+away hunting, and it was only on the 1st of February
+that the Ambassadors obtained their desired audience.
+Mary received them in her bedroom between seven and
+eight in the morning, and told them that the Emperor
+had decided to await the arrival of the Count Palatine,
+who with his wife, the Duchess's elder sister, was
+shortly expected at Toledo, in order that he might
+discuss the subject fully with them; but, since she
+knew Henry to be impatient for an answer, she had
+despatched a trusty messenger, Cornelius Scepperus, to
+Spain to beg her brother for an immediate decision.<a name="FNanchor_227" id="FNanchor_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1539</span>] AN AWKWARD QUESTION</div>
+
+<p>Wriothesley now ventured on a bold step. As the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>Queen rose to leave the room, he begged, in order to
+satisfy his own peace of mind, to be allowed to ask
+her one question, hoping that she would give him a
+frank answer. At these words Mary blushed deeply,
+conscious of the double part that she was playing,
+and bade him speak, assuring him that she would take
+whatever he said in good part. "Madame," returned
+Wriothesley, "I beseech Your Grace to tell me plainly
+how you find the Duchess herself affected towards
+this marriage with the King my master." If, as was
+commonly reported, the Duchess had really said that
+she minded not to fix her heart that way, all his efforts
+were but lost labour. And he made bold to ask this
+question because he knew that of late "divers malicious
+tongues, servants of the Bishop of Rome, had dared
+to speak lewdly in hugger-mugger of the King's
+Majesty." The question was an awkward one, but
+Mary proved equal to the occasion. She thanked the
+Ambassador for his frankness, and replied with
+some warmth that she was quite sure her niece had
+never spoken such words, and that, if evil men spoke
+lewdly of the King, she would know how to deal
+with them. "Touching my niece's affection," she
+added, "I dare say unto you, that if the Emperor
+and your master the King agree upon this marriage,
+she will be at the Emperor's command."</p>
+
+<p>Wriothesley could only express his gratitude for
+this gracious answer, even if it were not so plain
+as he could have wished. Seeing that nothing else
+would satisfy him, the Queen referred him to the
+Duchess herself, and at two o'clock the same afternoon
+the Ambassador was conducted to Christina's
+lodgings. He found her standing under a canopy in
+a hall hung with black velvet and damask, with five or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>
+six ladies near her, and a dozen gentlemen and pages
+at the other end of the room. Christina received him
+with a graceful salute, bade him heartily welcome,
+and asked the purpose of his errand. Wriothesley
+proceeded to explain the object of his visit at great
+length, saying that he was quite sure that a lady of
+her gravity and discretion would never allow such
+unseemly words to pass her lips; yet, since untrue
+and wicked reports might have reached her ears and
+cooled her inclination towards the King, he felt it
+would be his bounden duty, were this true, to inform
+His Majesty, in order that he might withdraw his
+suit without further waste of time and dishonour.</p>
+
+<p>Christina listened to this long harangue without
+moving a muscle. When the Ambassador had ended,
+she desired him to put on his cap, saying it was a
+cold day, and that she regretted not to have noticed
+that he was uncovered before. Wriothesley replied
+that this was his duty, and that he hoped often to
+have the honour of talking with her bareheaded in
+the future. Without paying any heed to this last
+remark, Christina replied in the following words:</p>
+
+<p>"Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, I do heartily thank you
+for your good opinion of me, wherein I can assure you,
+you have not been deceived. I thank God He hath
+given me a better stay of myself, than to be of so
+light a sort as, by all likelihood, some men would
+note me. And I assure you that neither these words
+that you have spoken, nor any like to them, have
+passed at any time from my mouth, and so I pray
+you report for me."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1539</span>] CHRISTINA'S ANSWER</div>
+
+<p>But grateful as Wriothesley expressed himself for
+this frank answer, he was not yet satisfied. "It is
+an evil wind, as we say in England, that bloweth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>
+no man good," and at least the Duchess would see
+by this, how little faith was to be placed in idle tales.
+"There are those," he said mysteriously, "who play
+on both hands; they tell Your Excellency many
+things, and us somewhat." But would she go farther,
+and tell him if he might assure the King his master
+of her own good inclination towards the marriage?
+At these words Christina blushed exceedingly, and
+said with some hesitation: "As for my inclination,
+what should I say? You know I am at the Emperor's
+commandment." And when the Ambassador pressed
+her to be a little plainer, she smiled and repeated:
+"You know I am the Emperor's poor servant, and
+must follow his pleasure!"</p>
+
+<p>"Marry!" exclaimed Wriothesley; "why, then I
+may hope to be one of the first Englishmen to be
+acquainted with my new mistress. Oh, madame,
+how happy shall you be if you are matched with my
+master&mdash;the most gentle gentleman that liveth, his
+nature so benign and pleasant that I think no man
+hath heard many angry words pass his mouth. As
+God shall help me, if he were no King, instead of one
+of the most puissant Princes of Christendom, I think,
+if you saw him, you would say that for his virtues,
+gentleness, wisdom, experience, goodliness of person,
+and all other gifts and qualities, he were worthy to
+be made a King. I know Your Grace to be of goodly
+parentage, and to have many great Princesses in
+your family, but if God send this to a good conclusion,
+you shall be of all the rest the most happy!"</p>
+
+<p>This fulsome panegyric was too much for Christina's
+gravity. She listened for some time, like one that
+was tickled, then smiled, and almost burst out laughing,
+but restrained her merriment with much diffi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>culty,
+and, quickly recovering herself, said gravely
+that she knew His Majesty was a good and noble
+Prince. "Yes, madame," replied the Ambassador,
+with enthusiasm, "and you shall know this better
+hereafter. And for my part, I would be content, if
+only I may live to see the day of your coronation, to
+say with Simeon, "Nunc dimittis servum tuum,
+Domine." And he dwelt with fervour on the wish
+of the English to have her for their Queen, and on
+the admiration and love which the fame of her beauty
+and goodness had excited in the King. Christina
+bowed her thanks, saying that she was much bounden to
+His Majesty for his good opinion, and then, calling her
+Grand Master, bade him escort the Ambassador home.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Your Majesty," wrote Wriothesley to the King
+that evening, "shall easily judge from this of what
+inclination the women be, and especially the Duchess,
+whose honest countenance, with the few words that
+she wisely spoke, make me to think there can be no
+doubt in her. A blind man should judge no colours,
+but surely, Sir, after my poor understanding and the
+little experience that I have, she is marvellous wise,
+very gentle, and as shamefaced as ever I saw so witty
+a woman. I think her wisdom is no less than the
+Queen's, which, in my poor opinion, is notable for
+a woman, and I am deceived if she prove not a good
+wife. And somewhat the better I like her for that
+I have been informed that, of all the whole stock of
+them, her mother was of the best opinion in religion,
+and showed it so far that both the Emperor and all the
+pack of them were sore grieved with her, and seemed in
+the end to hold her in contempt. I would hope no less
+of the daughter, if she might be so happy as to nestle in
+England. Very pure, fair of colour she is not, but a
+marvellous good brownish face she hath, with fair red
+lips and ruddy cheeks. And unless I be deceived in
+my judgment, she was never so well painted but her
+living visage doth much excel her picture."<a name="FNanchor_228" id="FNanchor_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1539</span>] WORTHY TO BE A QUEEN</div>
+
+<p>Two things, Wriothesley told Cromwell, in a letter
+which he wrote to him the next day, were plain:
+the Queen would be very loth to let them go with
+nothing settled, and the Duchess was well inclined,
+considering that nothing had as yet been said to her
+on the King's behalf. And he suggested that he might
+be allowed to show her a portrait of Henry, the sight of
+which, he felt sure, would make her die a maid rather
+than marry anyone else. "The woman is certainly
+worthy to be a Queen," he adds, "and in my
+judgment is worth more than all the friendship and
+alliances in the world."<a name="FNanchor_229" id="FNanchor_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a></p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, these letters, which the writer
+hoped would give the King so much pleasure, found
+Henry in a furious temper. In January, 1539, Pope
+Paul III. issued the long-delayed Bull of excommunication,
+and called on the Emperor and the French
+King to declare war on the heretic monarch, and forbid
+all intercourse between their subjects and the
+misguided English. Cardinal Pole, whose kinsmen
+Henry had beheaded, and whose own life had been
+attempted by his emissaries, was sent to Spain to
+induce Charles to take up arms against "this abominable
+tyrant and cruel persecutor of the Church of
+God."<a name="FNanchor_230" id="FNanchor_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> At the same moment a treaty was signed
+between Charles and Francis at Toledo, by which
+the two monarchs pledged themselves to conclude
+no agreements with Henry excepting by mutual
+consent.<a name="FNanchor_231" id="FNanchor_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a></p>
+
+<p>Henry now became seriously alarmed. He complained
+bitterly to Castillon of the way in which he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>was reviled in France, not only by the vulgar, but
+by the Cardinal of Paris and members of the Council.
+And he sent Cromwell to Chapuys with an imperative
+summons to come to Court without delay. The
+Imperial Ambassador obeyed, and came to Whitehall
+on the Feast of the Three Kings. Henry was on his
+way to Mass, but he stopped to greet Chapuys, and
+complained once more of the Queen of Hungary's
+interminable delays and of the scandalous treatment
+of his Ambassadors. Chapuys made the best
+excuses which came into his mind, and assured the
+King that Mary was only awaiting the Emperor's
+instructions as to the Papal dispensation, and that he
+would hear from Spain as soon as the Palatine
+had reached Toledo. To this Henry vouchsafed no
+answer, but walked straight on, to the door of the
+chapel.</p>
+
+<p>During Mass Cromwell entered into conversation
+with Chapuys, and told him that the Pope had thrown
+off the hypocrite's mask, and was doing his best to
+kindle a flame in Italy. Before the Ambassador
+could reply he changed the subject, and said he saw
+clearly that the Emperor intended to marry his niece
+to Cleves or Lorraine. Chapuys laughed, and remarked
+that the Duchess could hardly be given to
+both Princes, but added in all seriousness that his
+master knew the difference between the King of
+England and these suitors. After dinner Henry
+seemed in a better temper, but told Chapuys in confidential
+tones that he was growing old, and that
+his subjects pressed him to hasten his marriage, and
+that these vexatious delays were all due to the French,
+who boasted that the Emperor could do nothing
+without their consent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1539</span>] A COLD FROST</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"He seemed in great trouble," reported Chapuys,
+"and it is plain, as everyone about him tells me, that
+he is very much in love with the Duchess of Milan.
+He told one of his most intimate friends the other
+day that he would gladly take her without a penny....
+And just now the French Ambassador asked me
+if it were true that he had sent her a diamond worth
+16,000 ducats."<a name="FNanchor_232" id="FNanchor_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>At the same time Chapuys heard that Henry was
+negotiating with the German Princes, and offering
+his daughter Mary to the young Duke of Cleves, in
+order to prevent him from marrying the Duchess.
+"He is so much in love," wrote Castillon, "that for
+one gracious word from her I believe he would go to
+war to recover Denmark."<a name="FNanchor_233" id="FNanchor_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a></p>
+
+<p>The same week Henry wrote to Wyatt, complaining
+bitterly of the treatment which he had received
+from his imperial brother, as being wholly unworthy
+of a Prince who professed to be his zealous friend.
+"After so hot a summer we saw never so cold a
+winter; after all these professions of love and friendship,
+in the end nothing but a cold frost." He ended
+by declaring he would no longer be kept "hanging in
+the balance," and must have an immediate answer,
+even if it were a flat denial.<a name="FNanchor_234" id="FNanchor_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> At length even Charles
+could procrastinate no longer, and on the 15th of
+February he told Wyatt that it was impossible for
+the marriage to take place without the Pope's
+dispensation, as the King's dispensation would never
+satisfy the Duchess herself, or any of her relations,
+and might cause endless inconvenience if children
+were born of the union. "All the stay," wrote
+Cromwell to Wriothesley, "is upon the dispensation,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>to which they object now, but whereof they never
+spake before."<a name="FNanchor_235" id="FNanchor_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a></p>
+
+<p>Even before the courier from Spain arrived, Henry's
+face was so black that Castillon wrote home begging
+to be recalled, and declaring that this King was the
+most cruel and dangerous man in the world. He was
+in such a rage that he had neither reason nor understanding
+left, and once he found out that Francis
+could do nothing for him, Castillon was convinced
+that his own life would not be worth a straw. A few
+days later the Ambassador left London, and rejoiced
+to find himself safely back in France.<a name="FNanchor_236" id="FNanchor_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>VII.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1539</span>] A GAY CARNIVAL</div>
+
+<p>While London was full of alarms, Wriothesley and
+his colleagues were spending a gay Shrovetide at
+Brussels, all unconscious of the clouds that were
+darkening the horizon. During the last few weeks
+nobles and courtiers had vied with each other in
+paying them attentions. Visitors of the highest rank
+honoured their humble lodgings. Madame de Berghen,
+Aerschot's lively sister&mdash;"a dame of stomach
+that hath a jolly tongue"&mdash;dined with them. The
+Queen herself was expected to pay them a visit,
+and great preparations in the way of plate and furniture
+were made for her reception. Count B&uuml;ren,
+a very great man in Holland, was particularly
+friendly, and impressed Wriothesley so much by his
+honesty and loyalty that he gave him the best horse
+in his stables. Another day he entertained the Captain
+of Gravelines, who railed against the abominations of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>Rome to his heart's content, and told him it would be
+the Pope's fault if the King's marriage were not concluded.
+Carnival week brought a round of festivities.
+On Monday, the 17th of February, the Ambassadors
+were invited to meet the Queen at supper at the Duke
+of Aerschot's house, and were received at half-past five
+by the Duchess and her sister-in-law, Madame de
+Berghen. The Duchess sent for her young daughter
+and her two sons&mdash;boys of ten and twelve&mdash;and
+presently they were joined by Monsieur de V&eacute;ly, the
+new French Ambassador. Wriothesley expressed great
+pleasure at meeting him, saying that, since their
+masters were good friends, they ought not to be
+strangers, and received a cordial reply. The rest of
+the company looked on with some surprise at these
+friendly fashions, a rumour being abroad that the
+French King was about to attack England and force
+Henry to submit to the Pope. Then a flourish of
+trumpets, sackbuts, and fifes, was heard at the gates,
+and the guests rose as the Queen and Duchess entered
+the hall. At supper the French Ambassador sat on
+the Queen's right, and Wriothesley on her left, while
+Christina was between him and Vaughan. Madame
+d'Egmont sat next to Dr. Carne, and the Prince of
+Orange was on the Duchess of Aerschot's right hand.
+Mary made herself very agreeable to both her neighbours,
+and when, after supper, her chapel choir
+sang roundelays and merry drinking-songs, she asked
+Wriothesley if he were fond of music, and invited
+him to sup with her on the morrow and hear her
+minstrels. The Ambassador confessed that he was
+very fond of music, and often had some at his poor
+home to cheer his dull spirits. "Well, it is an honest
+pastime," said the Queen, "and maketh good diges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>tion,
+for it driveth thoughts away." Here Wriothesley
+ventured to remark that he would feel merrier
+if he had not wasted so much time here, and asked
+if there was still no news from Spain. "None,"
+replied the Queen; and Wriothesley observed that
+reports reached him from Germany that the Emperor
+was merely trying to gain time, and meant to do
+the Bishop of Rome's bidding. "Jesus!" exclaimed
+the Queen, "I dare say the Emperor never meant
+such a thing;" upon which Wriothesley hastened to
+say that he felt sure the Emperor was too wise and
+honourable a Prince to deceive the King, but now
+that he had made friends with his old enemy, he
+hoped he would not make a new enemy of his old
+friend. After supper the Duke and several ladies
+came in, wearing masks and rich costumes, and threw
+dice with the Queen and her niece for some fine diamonds,
+which the Princesses won. Then the Prince
+of Orange led out Christina to dance, and the other
+youthful guests followed suit, while Wriothesley sat
+at the Queen's side on the da&iuml;s and watched the
+princely pair.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1539</span>] AN UNPLEASANT SURPRISE</div>
+
+<p>The next evening (Shrove Tuesday) Wriothesley
+and his colleagues dined at the palace, and this time
+the English Ambassador sat in the post of honour,
+on the Queen's right, with the Duchess on his left.
+Mary was in high spirits, toasted her guests and
+drank with each of them in turn. After supper
+Wriothesley approached Christina, and ventured to
+tell her that she would be happy if her best friends
+did not put hindrances in her way, and begged her
+not to lend ear to malicious reports of his master.
+The Duchess shook her head, saying she would listen
+to no calumnies, and always hold the King to be a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>
+noble Prince. But he felt sure that she was afraid
+of the Queen, and told her he hoped to converse more
+freely with her another time. Never had he seen
+her look so beautiful as she did that night; never did
+he wish more ardently to see her his master's bride.
+"For indeed it were pity," he wrote home, "if she
+were bestowed on a husband she did not like, only to
+serve others."</p>
+
+<p>There was one Prince at table for whom, it was easy
+to see, Christina had no dislike. This was Ren&eacute; of
+Orange, who had an opportunity of distinguishing
+himself in his lady's eyes that evening. The Queen
+led the way into the great hall, where first Aerschot
+and three other nobles challenged all comers to fight,
+and then the Prince of Orange and Floris d'Egmont
+took their places at the barriers, and broke lances
+and received prizes for their valour, while the Queen's
+band of lutes, viols, and rebecks, played the finest
+music that Wriothesley had ever heard. When the
+jousting was ended, Mary led her guests to the royal
+gallery, where another banquet was served, and there
+was much lively discourse, and more talking than
+eating. So that gay Carnival came to a close, and
+with it the last hope of winning the fair Duchess's
+hand.<a name="FNanchor_237" id="FNanchor_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a></p>
+
+<p>An unpleasant surprise was in store for Wriothesley
+the next morning. Certain disquieting rumours
+having reached Brussels, Vaughan went to Antwerp
+on Ash Wednesday, and found great consternation
+among the English merchants. A proclamation
+had been issued forbidding any ships to leave the
+port, and several English vessels laden with merchandise
+had been detained. The wildest rumours were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>
+current on the Exchange. It was commonly said
+that the Emperor, with the Kings of France and
+Scotland, had declared war on King Henry, and that
+a large Dutch and Spanish fleet was about to sail
+for England. Already in Brussels gallants and pikemen
+were taking bets on the issue of the war, and
+Wriothesley wrote to Cromwell that he and his
+colleagues "might peradventure broil on a faggot."
+He was unable to obtain an audience until Friday,
+when the Queen told him that, by the Emperor's
+orders, she was recalling Chapuys to conduct the
+marriage negotiations. This unexpected intimation,
+coming as it did after the startling news from Antwerp,
+disconcerted him considerably. He sent an
+express to London, and received orders to take his
+departure at once. Castillon was already on his way
+to France, but Henry quite refused to let Chapuys
+go until Wriothesley and Vaughan had left Brussels.
+A long wrangle between the two Courts followed.
+The Ambassadors were detained on both sides. The
+Spanish and Dutch ships in English harbours were
+stopped, all ports were closed, and active preparations
+were made for war along the shores of the
+Channel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"After fair weather," wrote Cromwell to Wriothesley,
+"there is succeeded a weather very cloudy.
+Good words, good countenance, be turned, we perceive,
+to a wonderful strangeness. But let that pass.
+They can do us no harm but to their own detriment."<a name="FNanchor_238" id="FNanchor_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1539</span>] STRANGE ENTERTAINMENT</div>
+
+<p>The situation of the Ambassadors was by no means
+pleasant. A marked change was visible in the behaviour
+of the Court. They were "treated as very
+strangers" by those nobles who had been their best
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>friends. No one called at their house or came to
+dine with them. The Duchess's servants, who used
+to go to and fro constantly, now dared not come
+except at dusk&mdash;"in the owl-flight"&mdash;and would not
+allow Wriothesley to send them home by torchlight.
+Wherever they went, the English heard their King
+slandered, and met with cold looks and scornful
+words. Worse than all, they were forced to pay
+excise duties&mdash;"eighteen pence on every barrel of beer
+above the price asked by the brewer"&mdash;an indignity
+to which no Ambassador before had ever been
+exposed. "I write in haste and live in misery,"
+wrote Wriothesley to Cromwell on the 7th of March.<a name="FNanchor_239" id="FNanchor_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Emperor, however, was still friendly. His
+heart was set on a Crusade against the Turk, and he
+had no wish to embark on war with England. Pole
+met with a cold reception at Toledo, and, finding
+Charles averse to executing the Pope's sentence,
+retired to his friend Sadoleto's house at Carpentras.
+This was a relief to Henry, and he bade Wyatt thank
+his imperial brother, but could not forbear pointing
+out that these friendly words agreed ill with the
+doings of his officers in the Low Countries. A
+despatch addressed to Wyatt on the 10th of March
+contains a long recital of the extraordinary treatment
+which his Ambassadors at Brussels had met with:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Since Lent began, as for a penance, their entertainment
+hath been marvellous strange&mdash;yea, and
+stranger than we will rehearse: strangeness in having
+audience with long delay, strangeness in answer and
+fashion. Also they have been constrained to pay
+Excise, which no Ambassador of England paid in any
+man's remembrance. They have complained to the
+Queen, but nevertheless must pay or lack drink....
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>These rumours and hints of war, the arrest of our
+ships, this strangeness shown to our Ministers, this
+navy and army in readiness, the recall of Chapuys,
+ran abroad this realm and everywhere. We do not
+write to you the rumours half so spiteful, and the
+entertainment half so strange, as it hath been. I
+think never such a thing was heard, and especially
+after a treaty of marriage such a banquet!"<a name="FNanchor_240" id="FNanchor_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Henry concluded this letter by saying that, since
+the Emperor insisted on the need of Papal dispensation,
+there could be no further question of any
+marriage between him and the Duchess, and he
+would be now at liberty to seek another wife. On
+the same day he wrote to Carne, who had been secretly
+corresponding with the Duke of Cleves, telling him
+to open negotiations for a marriage with that Prince's
+sister, the Lady Anne.<a name="FNanchor_241" id="FNanchor_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a></p>
+
+<p>Twelve days after this despatch was sent to Spain
+Wriothesley left Brussels. At Calais he met Chapuys,
+who had just crossed the Channel, and Mary's
+almoner, the Dean of Cambray, who was being sent
+to take the Ambassador's place, and was awaiting
+a fair wind to embark for Dover. All three
+Ambassadors dined in a friendly manner with Lord
+Lisle, the Deputy Governor of Calais, and continued
+their respective journeys without hindrance. But
+the much-discussed marriage treaty was at an end.
+The long-drawn comedy had reached its last act.
+"All hope of the Duchess," wrote Wriothesley to
+Cromwell, "is utterly past."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1539</span>] A WELSHMAN'S OPINION</div>
+
+<p>The rupture was loudly lamented by the English
+merchants in Antwerp, and keen disappointment was
+felt throughout England, where the marriage had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>always been popular. Among many scattered notices
+of the feeling which prevailed on the subject, the
+following incident is of especial interest, because of
+the sidelight which it throws on Christina's personal
+reluctance to the marriage.</p>
+
+<p>On a summer evening in August, 1539, five months
+after Wriothesley left Brussels, a married priest
+named George Constantyne, of Llan Hawaden in
+South Wales, rode from Chepstow to Abergavenny
+with John Barlow, Dean of Westbury. The priest
+had got into trouble in Wolsey's time, for buying
+copies of Tyndale's New Testament, and was forced
+to fly the country and practise as a physician for
+several years in the Netherlands. Now he had returned
+to England, and was on his way to his old
+home in Wales. He walked from Bristol to Westbury,
+where he supped with Dean Barlow, a brother of his
+friend the Bishop of St. Davids, who made him heartily
+welcome, and invited him to be his travelling companion
+the next day to Pembrokeshire. As the
+two ecclesiastics rode through the green valleys on
+the way to Abergavenny, the Dean asked Constantyne
+if he could tell him why the King's marriage had
+been so long delayed. The priest replied that he,
+for his part, was very sorry the King should still be
+without a wife, when he might by this time have been
+the father of fair children. As the Dean knew, both
+the Duchess of Milan and she of Cleves were spoken of,
+and now the little doctor, Nicholas Wotton, had been
+sent to Cleves with Mr. Beard, of the Privy Chamber,
+and the King's painter; so there was good hope of a
+marriage being concluded with the Duke of Cleves,
+who favoured God's word, and was a mighty Prince
+now, holding Guelderland against the Emperor's will.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+But why, asked the Dean, was the marriage with the
+Duchess of Milan broken off? Constantyne, who
+was familiar with all the gossip of the Regent's Court,
+replied that the Duchess quite refused to marry the
+King, unless he would accept the Bishop of Rome's
+dispensation, and give pledges that her life would be
+safe and her honour respected. "Why pledges?"
+asked the Dean innocently. "Marry!" returned
+Constantyne, "she sayeth that, since the King's
+Majesty was in so little space rid of three Queens, she
+dare not trust his Council, even if she dare trust His
+Majesty. For in Flanders the nobles suspect that
+her great-aunt, Queen Catherine, was poisoned,
+that Anne Boleyn was innocent of the crimes for
+which she was put to death, and that the third wife,
+Queen Jane, was lost for lack of attention in childbed."
+Such, at least, were the mutterings which
+he heard at Court before Whitsuntide. The Dean
+remarked that he was afraid the affair of Milan must
+be dashed, as Dr. Petre, who was to have gone to
+fetch the royal bride from Calais, was at the Court of
+St. James's last Sunday; upon which Constantyne gave
+it as his opinion that there could be no amity between
+the King and the Emperor, whose god was the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>So the two men talked as they rode over the
+Welsh hills on the pleasant summer evening. But
+the poor priest had good reason to regret that he had
+ever taken this ride; for his false friend the Dean
+reported him as a Sacramentary to the Lord Privy
+Seal, and a few days after he reached Llan Hawaden
+he was arrested and thrown into the Tower, where he
+spent several months in prison as a penalty for his
+freedom of speech.<a name="FNanchor_242" id="FNanchor_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Papiers d'&Eacute;tat, 1178, Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_165" id="Footnote_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xii. 2, 367.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> State Papers, Henry VIII., Record Office, viii. 2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_167" id="Footnote_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> J. Kaulek, "Correspondance Politique de M. de Castillon,"
+4, 5; Calendar of State Papers, xii. 2, 394.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xii. 2, 392; G. Pimodan, "La M&egrave;re
+des Guises," 72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Kaulek, 12, 15; Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 54.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_170" id="Footnote_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_171" id="Footnote_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Anne Boleyn's cousin Mary Skelton, who had been a great
+favourite with the King (see Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 24).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_172" id="Footnote_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_173" id="Footnote_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 42.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_174" id="Footnote_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 572.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_175" id="Footnote_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 429.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_176" id="Footnote_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Kaulek, 24; Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 82.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_177" id="Footnote_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 93.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_178" id="Footnote_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_179" id="Footnote_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, viii. 30.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_180" id="Footnote_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> British Museum, Additional Manuscripts, 5,498, f. 2; Calendar
+of State Papers, xiii. 1, 130.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_181" id="Footnote_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 17-19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_182" id="Footnote_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> Holbein's portrait is described in the Catalogues of the King's
+pictures at Westminster in 1542 and 1547 as "No. 12. A greate
+Table with the picture of the Duchess of Myllane, being her
+whole stature." After Henry's death it passed into the hands
+of Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, the King's Lord Chamberlain and
+godson, who married Lady Katherine Grey, and acquired the
+Palace of Nonsuch, with most of its contents. When he died,
+in 1580, it became the property, first of his elder daughter Jane,
+wife of Lord Lumley, and then of her great-nephew, Thomas
+Howard, Earl of Arundel. This great collector took the Duchess
+of Milan's portrait with him abroad during the Civil Wars, and
+after his death, in 1645, it hung, with many other Holbeins, in
+the house of his widow at Amsterdam. Lady Arundel left the
+whole collection to her son, Henry Howard, who became the sixth
+Duke of Norfolk, and Holbein's portrait remained in the family
+until, in 1909, it was acquired by the National Gallery for the
+sum of &pound;72,000. A second portrait of the Duchess of Milan, a
+half-length, is mentioned in Henry VIII.'s Catalogues ("No. 138.
+A Table with a picture of the Duchess of Myllane"), and was discovered
+by Sir George Scharf in a waiting-room near the private
+chapel at Windsor. This is probably the portrait by Van Orley
+which Hutton sent to England before Holbein's arrival at Brussels.
+The attitude of the sitter, her dress and features, are the same
+as in Holbein's picture, but the face is less finely modelled and
+lacks charm and expression. The hands are in a slightly different
+position, and instead of one big ruby ring she wears three rings&mdash;a
+cameo and a gold ring on the right hand, and a black ring, the
+badge of widowhood, on the third finger of the left hand. This
+curious and interesting portrait is plainly the work of an inferior
+artist, and, as the Ambassador justly remarked, bears no comparison
+with Holbein's Duchess&mdash;"surely," in the words of his
+biographer, "one of the most precious pictures in the world"
+(Wornum's "Life of Holbein," p. 322; L. Cust in the <i>Burlington
+Magazine</i>, August, 1911, p. 278; and Sir G. Scharf in "Arch&aelig;ologia,"
+xl. 205).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 523.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_184" id="Footnote_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 21.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_185" id="Footnote_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 30.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_186" id="Footnote_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 263.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_187" id="Footnote_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Kaulek, 29, 33, 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_188" id="Footnote_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 524.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_189" id="Footnote_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 1, 258.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_190" id="Footnote_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 526, 558.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_191" id="Footnote_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Kaulek, 48, 50, 53, 58, 70.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_192" id="Footnote_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 58, 73; Pimodan, 73.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_193" id="Footnote_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Kaulek, 70, 79, 81; Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 9.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_194" id="Footnote_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 20.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_195" id="Footnote_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, ii. 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_196" id="Footnote_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> There has been some confusion as to the date of Holbein's
+visit to Joinville, owing to a mistake in the Calendar
+of State Papers (xiii. 1, 130), where Cromwell's instructions
+to Hoby for his journeys to Brussels and France are entered
+under the date of February, 1538. But the Duchess of Guise's
+letter (see Appendix), as well as the payment of &pound;10 made by
+Sir Brian Tuke, Treasurer of the Household, to Hans Holbein on
+the 30th of December, 1538, "for going to the parts of High
+Burgony about certain of the King's business," make it clear
+that this journey took place at the end of August (G. Scharf,
+"Arch&aelig;ologia," xxxix. 7). From Lorraine the painter went on
+to B&acirc;le, where he spent some months, and returned to England
+at Christmas. The original documents in the British Museum
+(Additional Manuscripts, 5,498, f. 1) bear no date, and are on
+separate sheets, and the heading of the instructions regarding
+the journey to Brussels was added by a later hand, and is thus
+worded: "Instructions given by the L. Cromwell to Philip Hoby,
+sent over by him to the Duchess of Lorraine, then Duchess of
+Milan"&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, at that time Duchess
+of Milan. But the editor of the Calendars inserted the words
+"to the" between "then" and "Duchess of Milan," thus making
+it appear that Hoby went first to Lorraine, and then to the Duchess
+of Milan, whereas the journey to Brussels took place in March,
+and that to Lorraine in August. Since this chapter was written,
+the subject has been fully dealt with by Mr. A. B. Chamberlain
+in the <i>Burlington Magazine</i>, April, 1912.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_197" id="Footnote_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, v. 2, 531.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_198" id="Footnote_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Nott's "Life of Wyatt," ii. 488.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_199" id="Footnote_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 33.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_200" id="Footnote_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 40.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_201" id="Footnote_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 119.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_202" id="Footnote_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 42.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_203" id="Footnote_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Kaulek, 77.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_204" id="Footnote_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 15-31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_205" id="Footnote_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 41.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_207" id="Footnote_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 53, 56; Calendar of State
+Papers, xiii. 2, 214.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_208" id="Footnote_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 56-60.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_209" id="Footnote_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 245, 247.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 67.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_211" id="Footnote_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 78; Calendar of State
+Papers, xiii. 2, 255.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_212" id="Footnote_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> F. Decrue, "Anne de Montmorency," 415, 418, 491.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_213" id="Footnote_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> State Papers, xiii. 2, 238.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_214" id="Footnote_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, xiii. 2, 247, 248.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_215" id="Footnote_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 261.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_216" id="Footnote_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 255.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_217" id="Footnote_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 289.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_218" id="Footnote_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, xiii. 2, 291, 296.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_219" id="Footnote_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 96.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_220" id="Footnote_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 686.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_221" id="Footnote_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Papiers d'&Eacute;tat, 82, 20, Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_222" id="Footnote_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 296.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_223" id="Footnote_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_224" id="Footnote_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 467, 468.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_225" id="Footnote_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 110, 118, 123.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_226" id="Footnote_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 37.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_227" id="Footnote_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 139.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_228" id="Footnote_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 140-148.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_229" id="Footnote_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 93, 121.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_230" id="Footnote_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, xiv. 1, 14; Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 97.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_231" id="Footnote_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, xiv. 1, 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_232" id="Footnote_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 16-19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_233" id="Footnote_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, xiv. 1, 52; Lanz, ii. 297-306.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_234" id="Footnote_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Nott, ii. 306.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_235" id="Footnote_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 145.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_236" id="Footnote_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Kaulek, 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_237" id="Footnote_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 125, 126</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_238" id="Footnote_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 155.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_239" id="Footnote_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 166, 175.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_240" id="Footnote_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Nott, "Life of Wyatt," <span class="smcap">II.</span> 511.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_241" id="Footnote_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 189, 191.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_242" id="Footnote_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> "Arch&aelig;ologia Cambrensis," xxiii. 139-141.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK VII<br />
+
+CLEVES, ORANGE, AND LORRAINE<br />
+
+1539-1541</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>The negotiations for the King of England's marriage
+with the Duchess of Milan were broken off. But
+there was no lack of suitors for Christina's hand.
+During the winter and spring of 1539 the Emperor's
+niece received offers of marriage from three princely
+bridegrooms. The first of these was Antoine, Duke
+of Vend&ocirc;me, whose courtship of the Duchess on the
+journey to Compi&egrave;gne had aroused King Henry's
+jealousy. The second was William of Cleves, who
+since the old Duke Charles's death had taken possession
+of Guelders, and was now seeking to obtain the
+investiture of the duchy, together with Christina's
+hand. The third was Francis, the Marquis of Pont-&agrave;-Mousson,
+and heir of Lorraine. From the day that
+this Prince first met the Duchess at Compi&egrave;gne, he
+sought her for his bride with a constancy and steadfastness
+that were eventually to be crowned with
+success. But for the moment the Duke of Cleves
+seemed to have the best chance of winning the coveted
+prize. From the first Mary of Hungary had regarded
+this alliance with favour, and when, in January, 1539,
+she consulted her Councillors on the Duchess's mar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>riage,
+it was this union which met with their highest
+approval.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Duke William," wrote the Queen in her reply to
+the Emperor, "has greatly offended Your Majesty,
+both as a private individual and sovereign lord, by
+taking possession of Guelders. Still, as he renews his
+suit and professes to be your loyal friend and servant,
+it would be well to treat with him and offer him the
+Duchess's hand, on condition that he will give up
+Guelderland."<a name="FNanchor_243" id="FNanchor_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The alternative proposal, she proceeded to say,
+deserved consideration, seeing the great anxiety
+which the Duke of Lorraine's son showed for the
+marriage. No doubt the Emperor's niece, with her
+large dowry, would be a very honourable match for
+him, and well worth the surrender of his rights on
+Guelders; but, since it was most desirable to recover
+this duchy without delay, it might be well to secure
+the help of Lorraine by this means.</p>
+
+<p>The situation was a difficult one, and from the
+moment of the old Duke's death in June, 1538, Mary
+had never ceased to entreat Charles to come to
+Flanders and take active measures for the recovery of
+Guelders before it was too late. Throughout the
+winter Duke William went from town to town, endearing
+himself to his new subjects; and when the
+deputies of Lorraine asserted their master's superior
+claims, he told them that he would never give up
+Guelders to any mortal man. By the death of his
+father on the 6th of February, 1539, he succeeded to
+the rich provinces of Cleves and J&uuml;lich, and became
+the wealthiest and most powerful Prince in North
+Germany.<a name="FNanchor_244" id="FNanchor_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1539</span>] ANNE OF CLEVES</div>
+
+<p>Still Charles put off his coming, and told his sister
+that he was bent on undertaking a second Crusade
+against the Turks, and could not spare the time for
+a journey to Flanders. This was too much for Mary's
+equanimity, and she protested in the strongest language
+against the Emperor's folly in exposing his person to
+such risks, declaring that this Crusade would not only
+prove the utter ruin of the Netherlands, but of all
+Christendom.<a name="FNanchor_245" id="FNanchor_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> Fortunately, Mary's remonstrances
+were supported by the Emperor's wisest Councillors,
+and, in deference to their representations, he decided
+to abandon his Crusade for the present and come to
+Flanders. This decision was confirmed by the discontent
+which the Duke of Cleves's intrigues helped to
+foment in Ghent&mdash;always a turbulent city&mdash;as well
+as by the news that the King of England had entered
+into a close alliance with Cleves, and was about to
+marry his sister.</p>
+
+<p>Cromwell, with his habitual duplicity, had been in
+correspondence with the German Princes while he
+professed to be zealous for the Emperor's alliance;
+and in March Christopher Mont, his Envoy to Frankfort,
+was desired to make diligent inquiries as to the
+shape, stature, and complexion, of the Duke of Cleves's
+sister Anne. If these were satisfactory, he was to
+suggest that proposals of marriage should be made
+by that Prince and his brother-in-law, the Elector
+John Frederick of Saxony. Mont sent glowing descriptions
+of the lady's beauty, and was bold enough
+to declare that she excelled the Duchess of Milan as
+much as the golden sun excels the silver moon.<a name="FNanchor_246" id="FNanchor_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Henry was now all on fire to see the Lady Anne,
+although he had not yet lost all interest in Christina,
+whose name still figures constantly in letters from
+Brussels. On the 6th of April we hear that the
+Duchess of Milan is sick of fever, and ten days later
+Cromwell writes to the King that Her Grace is no
+longer sick, and that "at Antwerp the people still
+cherish a hope that Your Highness will yet marry
+her."<a name="FNanchor_247" id="FNanchor_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> If he could not make her his wife, the King
+was determined to prevent another suitor from succeeding
+where he had failed, and renewed his offer of
+his daughter Mary with a large dowry to the Duke of
+Cleves. William, however, showed no alacrity to avail
+himself of this offer, and sent Envoys both to Brussels
+and Toledo to press his suit for Christina's hand.</p>
+
+<p>The sudden death of the Empress at Toledo on the
+1st of May altered all Charles's plans. A few weeks
+before this Isabella had given birth to a son, who
+only lived a few hours, and Charles had written to
+inform his sister of the infant's death. On the 2nd of
+May he wrote a few touching lines with his own hand
+to tell Mary the grievous news. The doctors had
+pronounced her to be out of danger, but catarrh
+attacked the lungs, and proved fatal in a few hours.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I am overwhelmed with sorrow and distress, and
+nothing can comfort me but the thought of her good
+and holy life and the devout end which she made.
+I leave you to tell my subjects over yonder, of this
+pitiful event, and ask them to pray for her soul. I
+will do my best to bow to the will of God, whom I
+implore to receive her in His blessed paradise, where
+I feel certain that she is. And may God keep you,
+my dear sister, and grant you all your desires."<a name="FNanchor_248" id="FNanchor_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1539</span>] THE PALATINE'S TRAVELS</div>
+
+<p>When this sad event took place, Christina's sister
+Dorothea and her husband, Count Frederic, were
+staying at the Imperial Court. These adventurous
+travellers had come to Spain in the vain hope of inducing
+the Emperor to support their claims on Denmark,
+and, after crossing the Pyrenees in rain and snow, had
+at length reached Toledo, where they were hospitably
+entertained. The Empress treated Dorothea with
+great affection, but Frederic's German servants, who
+consumed five meals a day and ate meat on Ash
+Wednesday, shocked the Spanish courtiers, and drew
+down the censures of the Inquisition upon them.
+Even the Emperor asked his cousin why he brought
+so numerous a suite on his travels; but, although he
+would make no promises of further help, he good-naturedly
+paid Frederic's expenses at Toledo, and
+gave him a present of 7,000 crowns. The death of
+the Empress, Dorothea's best friend, put an end to all
+hope of further assistance. The Emperor shut himself
+up in a Carthusian convent, and the Palatine and
+his wife started for the Low Countries.<a name="FNanchor_249" id="FNanchor_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> On their
+way through France they were royally entertained
+by the King and Queen in the splendid Palais des
+Tournelles, and Francis took so great a fancy to his
+wife's niece that Eleanor felt it wise to keep Dorothea
+continually at her side. Here they were detained some
+time by Frederic's illness, and after his recovery spent
+several days at Chantilly with the Constable, and at
+the King's fine new villa of Cotterets, on their way to
+the Netherlands.<a name="FNanchor_250" id="FNanchor_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1539</span>] A MOCK FIGHT</div>
+
+<p>Here the travellers were eagerly awaited by Christina
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>and her aunt. After the funeral services for
+the repose of the Empress's soul had been duly celebrated,
+and the last requiem sung in S. Gudule, the
+Queen set out on a progress through Holland and
+Friesland, and spent some time at Bois-le-Duc, on the
+frontiers of Guelders, trying to arrange matters with
+the Duke of Cleves. But, although friendly letters
+and messages were exchanged, nothing could be
+settled until the Emperor's arrival, which was now
+delayed till the autumn, and the Court moved to the
+Hague for August. Here the Queen received news
+that the Count Palatine and his wife had reached
+Dordrecht and were coming by sea to Holland.
+Christina at once travelled to Rotterdam, intending
+to go by boat to meet the travellers. But the
+weather was rough and stormy, and the sailors were
+reluctant to set out. The Duchess, however, would
+hear of no delay, and, embarking in a small boat,
+bade the sailors put out to sea. Hardly had they left
+the shore before a terrific gale sprang up, and from
+the deck of their ship the Palatine and his wife saw
+a barque tossed on the raging seas, sending up signals
+of distress. Altering their course, they hastened to
+the rescue, and found, to their great surprise, that
+the Duchess of Milan was on board. Count Frederic
+scolded his sister-in-law soundly for her rashness, but
+Dorothea was enchanted to see Christina, and laughed
+and cried by turn as she embraced her.<a name="FNanchor_251" id="FNanchor_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> The Queen
+awaited the travellers no less eagerly, in her anxiety
+to hear the latest news from Spain, and agreed readily
+to Frederic's proposal that his wife should remain at
+the Hague while he returned to Germany. Early in
+September the Palatine took leave of his relatives and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>went to Antwerp, saying that he must raise money for
+his journey to Heidelberg. But he kept his true destination
+a secret. During his illness in Paris, Bishop
+Bonner had brought Frederic a letter from Cromwell,
+begging him to come to England, since he was only
+divided from this country by a narrow arm of the
+sea, and His Majesty was very anxious to see him
+again. All immediate alarm of war had died away,
+and the irascible monarch's anger was allayed by the
+arrival of a new French Ambassador in the person of
+Marillac, and by the permission which Mary gave him
+to buy ammunition in the Low Countries. In return,
+he ordered an imposing requiem to be held in St.
+Paul's for the late Empress, and desired Cromwell
+and the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, with twenty
+Bishops, to attend the service.<a name="FNanchor_252" id="FNanchor_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> He resumed his old
+habit of spending the summer evenings on the river,
+enjoying the music of flutes and harps, and sent to
+France and Italy for excellent painters and musicians&mdash;a
+sure sign, Marillac was told, that he was about
+to marry again. Another f&ecirc;te, at which the Ambassador
+declined to be present, was a mock-fight on the
+Thames between two galleys, one of which bore the
+King's arms, while the other was decorated with an
+effigy of the Pope with the triple tiara and keys,
+attended by the Cardinals. The show ended in the
+triumph of the English sailors, who threw the Pope
+and Cardinals into the river&mdash;"the whole thing,"
+according to Marillac, "being as badly represented
+as it was poorly conceived."<a name="FNanchor_253" id="FNanchor_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a></p>
+
+<p>Now the King was anxious to hear the Emperor's
+intention from the Palatine's own lips, while Frederic
+on his part was flattered by this powerful monarch's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>invitation, and felt that his assistance might prove
+of use in his visionary schemes for the recovery of
+Denmark. But, knowing that of late relations between
+Henry and the Queen had been strained, he
+kept his counsel, and told no one but his wife that he
+was bound for Calais.</p>
+
+<p>Here he was courteously entertained by Lord Lisle,
+an illegitimate son of Edward IV., and escorted by
+him to Canterbury and London. Frederic was lost
+in admiration at the rows of stately palaces along the
+Thames, and the fine Castle of Richmond, but was
+disappointed, when he visited Westminster Abbey,
+not to see the famous antlers of the stag which King
+Dagobert caught, and which wore a golden collar
+inscribed with the words, "Julius C&aelig;sar let me go
+free." Afterwards he learnt that these legendary
+trophies had lately been removed by the King's
+orders, for fear the monks, whom he was about to
+expel, might conceal them.</p>
+
+<p>In the absence of the King at Ampthill, Cromwell,
+who had been told to "grope out the reason of
+Frederic's coming," entertained the Count splendidly
+at his own house, and showed him the Tower of
+London and the Temple Church. But the Deputy's
+wife, Lady Lisle, who looked on Cromwell with deep
+distrust, begged her husband to beware of the Lord
+Privy Seal's fair words, and was none too well pleased
+to hear that he had partaken of the partridge pasty
+and baked cranes which she had sent from Calais,
+together with her own toothpick for the Palsgrave's
+use, having noticed that her noble guest "used a quill
+to pick his teeth with."<a name="FNanchor_254" id="FNanchor_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1539</span>] THE PALATINE AT WINDSOR</div>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the Palatine's visit to England was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>exciting much curiosity, and not a little alarm, in some
+quarters. The Pope and the French King feared it
+might lead to a secret covenant between Henry and
+Charles, while in London it was commonly reported
+that Frederic came to renew negotiations for his union
+with the Duchess of Milan, and the Duke of Cleves
+hastily sent Ambassadors to conclude his sister's
+marriage. These Envoys reached Windsor on the
+same day as the Count Palatine, whom Henry invited
+to a banquet there on the 24th of September. When
+he bade the Lord High Admiral escort the Palsgrave
+to Windsor, Southampton, eager to curry
+favour with the King, expressed his opinion that the
+Cleves alliance was preferable to a marriage with a
+French Princess or one of the Emperor's family,
+"albeit the Duchess of Milan was a fair woman and
+well spoken of," and told the King of the resentment
+which his union with the Lady Anne had aroused at
+the Court of Brussels. Henry remained plunged in
+thought for some moments; then a smile broke over
+his face, and he exclaimed: "Have they remembered
+themselves now? They that would not when they
+might, when they would they shall have nay!"<a name="FNanchor_255" id="FNanchor_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a></p>
+
+<p>Nothing was lacking, however, to the splendour of
+the Palatine's reception at Windsor. The Duke of
+Suffolk rode out to meet him beyond Eton Bridge
+with 100 horsemen clad in velvet, and the banquet
+was served on golden dishes in a hall carpeted with
+cloth of gold, to the strains of delicious music from
+the King's famous band. The Cleves Envoys were
+at table, but after dinner the King took the Count
+apart, and conversed with him for over two hours on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>
+his travels. Frederic took this opportunity of begging
+the King to help him in driving out the usurper of
+Denmark, and releasing his unhappy father-in-law,
+Christian II.<a name="FNanchor_256" id="FNanchor_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> Henry listened kindly, and promised
+to consider the matter, but no mention was made of
+Christina. The next day a great hunting-party was
+given in the Palsgrave's honour. A pavilion of green
+laurel boughs was set up in a meadow on the banks
+of the river, and while the King and his guests were
+at dinner the merry note of hunting-horns rang
+through the air, and a stag bounded across the turf,
+followed by the hounds at full cry. Immediately the
+whole party sprang to horse and joined in the chase,
+which lasted for three hours, and ended in the
+slaughter of thirty-four stags. From Windsor
+Frederic went to Hampton Court, and on the 3rd of
+October finally took leave of the King, who gave him
+2,000 crowns as a parting gift. Hubert also received
+a silver cup from the Lord Privy Seal, who begged
+him and his lord to return at Christmas, and surprised
+him by asking if the Palsgrave had any castle to let
+or sell, as it might be convenient for him to secure a
+retreat abroad. The Minister evidently realized the
+precarious nature of his position, and Hubert remembered
+his request when he heard of the doom which
+soon afterwards overtook the King's favourite.<a name="FNanchor_257" id="FNanchor_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1539</span>] THE LADY ANNE</div>
+
+<p>In his last interview Henry told the Count that he
+feared it would be impossible for him to join in any
+enterprise against Denmark, as his new allies the
+German Princes were in league with the present King.
+At the same time he informed his good cousin of his
+intended marriage to the Lady Anne of Cleves, a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>Princess of suitable age and elegant stature, and
+begged him to obtain a safe-conduct from the Regent
+for his bride's passage through the Low Countries.<a name="FNanchor_258" id="FNanchor_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a>
+The next day Frederic crossed the Channel and joined
+his wife at Brussels. Here, as Dorothea had already
+told him, he found the Queen much displeased at the
+trick which he had played her, and Hubert came in
+for his share of blame. They soon left Brabant for
+Heidelberg, and the Palatine sent Lady Lisle&mdash;or, as
+he called her, "Madame ma bonne m&egrave;re"&mdash;a barrel
+of fine red and white Rhine wine in remembrance "of
+her loving son."<a name="FNanchor_259" id="FNanchor_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>King Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves, as
+Southampton told his master, was exceedingly unpopular
+in the Netherlands. The alliance of so
+powerful a monarch with Duke William was fraught
+with danger, and the people bitterly resented the
+insult which, in their eyes, had been offered to the
+Duchess of Milan. The merchants of Antwerp said
+openly that, if King Henry chose to break faith with
+their Princess, he should not enjoy the company of
+another wife, and declared they would not allow the
+Lady Anne to pass through their city. The Cleves
+Envoys in England were so much alarmed by these
+reports that they travelled back to D&uuml;ren in disguise,
+and advised the bride to take the sea-route from
+Germany. But Mary of Hungary was too wise to
+show her annoyance, and sent a gracious message to
+Henry, saying that she would send Count B&uuml;ren
+to wait on the Lady Anne, on her journey through the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>Emperor's dominions. The King wrote back in high
+glee to thank "his dearest sister," and on the 27th of
+December his new bride landed safely at Dover.<a name="FNanchor_260" id="FNanchor_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a>
+The loyal citizens of Flanders consoled themselves with
+the thought that, if their Duchess was not to be Queen
+of England, they would keep her among them, and
+the old rumour was persistently repeated: "She shall
+marry the Prince of Orange." All through the past
+year Ren&eacute; had devoted himself to Christina's service,
+had worn her favours and broken lances in her honour.
+Her Italian servants called him openly the Duchess's
+<i>cavaliere sirvente</i>.<a name="FNanchor_261" id="FNanchor_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> But it was plain to Italians and
+Flemings alike that the affection was not at all on
+one side, and that this gallant Prince had won Christina's
+heart. Old courtiers smiled kindly on the
+young couple, and ladies drew aside discreetly to
+leave them together. They were eminently fitted
+for each other by age, race and character. If the
+succession to the principality of Orange, which had
+been lately restored by the French King, hardly entitled
+Ren&eacute; to a place among the reigning Princes of
+Europe, at least he could offer her splendid homes
+at Brussels and Breda, and a position which many
+ladies of royal birth might envy. The Countess
+Palatine Dorothea privately encouraged the Prince,
+and her husband warmly approved of the match, and
+said openly that, since his sister-in-law could not be
+King Henry's wife, she had better marry the man of
+her choice, and not waste the best years of her life,
+as he himself had done.<a name="FNanchor_262" id="FNanchor_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1539</span>] THE REVOLT OF GHENT</div>
+
+<p>Queen Mary was, clearly, not averse to the Prince's
+suit, and had a strong liking for Ren&eacute;; but reasons of
+State prevented her from giving the union her public
+sanction, and all parties were agreed that nothing
+could be arranged until the Emperor's arrival. The
+date of his journey was now definitely fixed, and
+in November Mary told the English Ambassador
+Vaughan that her brother would be at Brussels by
+the New Year. Charles at length realized the critical
+situation of affairs, and saw that if he wished to keep
+his provinces <i>de par-de&ccedil;a</i> he must no longer delay his
+coming.<a name="FNanchor_263" id="FNanchor_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> In September, 1539, the citizens of Ghent,
+who had long been discontented, broke into open
+revolt. After refusing to pay their share of the
+subsidy voted by the States, the leading citizens
+put to death their chief magistrate, Lieven Pyl,
+because he declined to bear their insolent message to
+the Regent, and proceeded to tear up the famous
+"Calf-vel," a parchment deed containing an agreement
+which they had made with Charles V. twenty-four
+years before. Worse than all, they sent deputies
+to King Francis, asking him to defend their liberties
+against the Emperor. At the first tidings of these
+disorders Mary hastened to Malines and took energetic
+measures to suppress the insurrection, which had
+already spread to several of the neighbouring towns.<a name="FNanchor_264" id="FNanchor_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a>
+For some weeks the alarm was great, and watchers
+were posted on the tower of S. Rombaut night and
+day; but the Queen's presence of mind, and the
+support of her able lieutenants, Aerschot and De
+Courri&egrave;res, who was now Bailiff of Alost, succeeded
+in confining the mutiny to the walls of Ghent. A
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>simultaneous rising at Maestricht was put down by
+the Prince of Orange, who raised 300 horse and
+hastened to restore order in that city. But the
+citizens of Ghent still openly defied the Regent,
+although Francis, to do him credit, refused to help
+the rebels. More than this, he addressed a letter
+with his own royal hand to Charles, saying that, if the
+Emperor was coming to chastise his revolted subjects,
+he hoped that he would do him the honour of passing
+through France, assuring him, on the faith of a
+Prince, that every possible honour and hospitality
+would be shown him.<a name="FNanchor_265" id="FNanchor_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a></p>
+
+<p>So critical was the situation, both with regard to
+Ghent and Guelders, that Charles decided to accept
+the offer and take the shortest route to Flanders.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"My good brother the Emperor," wrote Francis
+to his Ambassador in England, "is coming to visit
+me on his way to the Low Countries, a thing which
+not only does me the greatest honour, content, and
+pleasure, but is a proof of the good and perfect friendship
+between us."</p></div>
+
+<p>He expressed the same feelings in still stronger
+terms to Wyatt, whom Cromwell sent to Blois in
+December to be present at the meeting of the two
+monarchs.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Emperor," he added, "is doing me the greatest
+honour that can be, by coming to visit me, and
+showing thereby that he taketh me for an honest
+man."<a name="FNanchor_266" id="FNanchor_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1539</span>] A SPLENDID RECEPTION</div>
+
+<p>On the 23rd of November Charles left Burgos, and
+four days later he entered Bayonne, attended by the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>Dauphin and the Constable Montmorency, whom
+the King had sent to meet him on the frontier. He
+had begged Francis to dispense with ceremonies, as
+his great object was to reach Flanders as quickly as
+possible, and to excuse him from entering on political
+matters, since he could not decide anything of importance
+until he had seen the Queen-Regent.<a name="FNanchor_267" id="FNanchor_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> But,
+in spite of this request, he was everywhere received
+with the utmost pomp and festivity. Triumphal
+arches were erected at the city gates, and the prison
+doors were thrown open at his entrance. Bordeaux
+presented him with 300 barrels of wine, Poitiers gave
+him a golden eagle, Orleans a dinner-service of richly
+chased plate. The meeting of the two monarchs
+took place at Loches on the 10th of December.
+Charles, clad in deep mourning, walked under a
+canopy of cloth of gold, adorned with the imperial
+eagles, across the picturesque court to the gates of the
+castle, where King Francis met him, surrounded by a
+brilliant company. Three times over he embraced
+his guest, and led him to the hall, where Eleanor, in
+robes of purple satin glittering with pearls, welcomed
+her brother with transports of joy. Banquets and
+hunting-parties now followed each other, as the Court
+journeyed by slow stages along the banks of the Loire,
+from one fair ch&acirc;teau to another. At Amboise a heap
+of tow caught fire as Charles rode up the famous spiral
+staircase in the dusk, and he narrowly escaped being
+suffocated. But, mercifully, no one was injured, and
+Francis escorted his imperial brother by way of Blois
+and Orleans to Fontainebleau, where Christmas was
+spent and the Emperor was allowed to enjoy a week's
+rest. On New Year's Day the Emperor entered Paris,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>where the Parliament and University received him
+"as if he were a god from heaven," and the following
+motto was inscribed on the gates in golden letters:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ouvre, Paris, ouvre tes hautes portes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Entrer y veut le plus grand des Chr&eacute;tiens."<a name="FNanchor_268" id="FNanchor_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Queen Eleanor, who scarcely left her brother's
+side, took him to see the <i>Sainte Chapelle</i> which St.
+Louis had built to receive the Crown of Thorns, and
+escorted him to the Louvre, where sumptuous rooms
+had been prepared for his reception. On Sunday
+a grand tournament was held on the Place des Tournelles,
+in front of the palace which then occupied the
+Place des Vosges, and the Duke of Vend&ocirc;me and
+the Count of Aumale opened the joust, while it was
+closed by Francis of Lorraine, the Marquis of Pont-&agrave;-Mousson.
+Charles left Paris on the 7th of January,
+and was presented by the city with a silver model
+of the Column of Hercules, seven feet high, bearing
+his motto, <i>Plus oultre</i>.<a name="FNanchor_269" id="FNanchor_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> The King took his guest to
+dine at his new pleasure-house, the Ch&acirc;teau de
+Madrid, accompanied him to St. Denis, where he
+visited the Tomb of the Kings, and went on to the
+Constable's house at Chantilly. Finally, on the 20th,
+the Emperor took his leave of the King and Queen
+at St. Quentin, and with tears in his eyes thanked
+his host for this truly brotherly reception.<a name="FNanchor_270" id="FNanchor_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1540</span>] THE CALENDAR OF FOOLS</div>
+
+<p>In spite of the sinister warnings which Charles had
+received before he set out on his journey, in
+spite of Mary of Hungary's fears and of Madame
+d'&Eacute;tampes' thinly-veiled hostility, the experiment
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>had proved a brilliant success. Spanish and French
+poets celebrated the triumph of Peace over War,
+and the return of the golden age. And Charles himself
+laughed heartily when the King's jester, Triboulet,
+told him that he had inscribed His Imperial Majesty's
+name on his Calendar of Fools, because he had been
+so rash as to venture into his enemy's country, but
+now that he had reached the end of his journey without
+mishap, he should rub out Charles's name, and
+write that of Francis in its place.<a name="FNanchor_271" id="FNanchor_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a></p>
+
+<p>The French King went home in high delight, and
+wrote to Marillac saying that now all his differences
+with the Emperor would be easily arranged. During
+those five weeks the King had respected his guest's
+wishes and avoided politics, but the Constable, who
+enjoyed the Emperor's confidence in a high degree,
+had made good use of this opportunity, and flattered
+himself that he had been entirely successful. He
+was above all anxious to effect a marriage between
+the widowed Emperor and the King's daughter, and
+told Granvelle that Madame Marguerite was a
+rose among thorns, an angel among devils, and that,
+if His Imperial Majesty thought of making a second
+marriage, he could not do better. But Charles was
+firmly resolved never to take another wife, and,
+when the Constable pressed the point after he had
+left France, wrote that he must beg the King to give
+up all idea of such a union, as he did not intend to
+marry again, and was too old for Madame Marguerite.<a name="FNanchor_272" id="FNanchor_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1539-41] A COURTLY FAREWELL</div>
+
+<p>In spite of the splendour and cordiality of his
+reception, Charles was sad and tired, and longed more
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>than all else to find himself among his kindred and
+people. It was with heartfelt relief that he reached
+Cambray, and found the Prince of Orange, the Duke
+of Aerschot, and his faithful De Courri&egrave;res, with the
+Archers' Guard, awaiting him. The next day he
+went on to Valenciennes, where his loyal subjects
+welcomed his return with passionate joy. Triumphal
+arches adorned the streets, and the houses were
+hung with tapestries. Now it was his turn to act as
+host, and do honour to the Dauphin and Duke of
+Orleans, who, with Vend&ocirc;me, the Constable, and
+Aumale, the Duke of Guise's eldest son, had insisted
+on escorting him across the frontier.<a name="FNanchor_273" id="FNanchor_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> The keys of
+the city were presented to the Dauphin at the Cambray
+gate, torches blazed all along the streets, and
+the bells rang merry peals as Charles led the way to
+the ancient h&ocirc;tel-de-ville, known as La Salle, where
+the Queen of Hungary and the Duchess of Milan
+received him with open arms. The next two days
+were given up to mirth and festivity. Charles showed
+the French Princes the sights of the town, while the
+Constable was invited to dine alone with the Queen
+and her niece, and sat down to table between the
+two royal ladies. A splendid banquet was followed
+by a ball, which lasted far on into the morning.
+All the ladies appeared in magnificent costumes&mdash;French,
+Italian, Flemish, or Spanish, as they chose&mdash;and
+wore the richest jewels. The Emperor moved
+through the vast hall, blithe and debonair beyond his
+wont, jesting with his old friends and rejoicing to be
+once more in his native land. Mary and Christina,
+both of whom, remarks the chronicler, although
+widows, were still young and beautiful, danced with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>the French Princes all the evening, and were in high
+spirits.<a name="FNanchor_274" id="FNanchor_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> There was much gay talk, and the Pope's
+Legate, the young Cardinal Farnese, amused the
+guests with stories of the latest gossip from the Court
+of England, which Queen Eleanor had heard from
+Marillac. According to him, the new Queen, Anne of
+Cleves, was too old and ugly for King Henry's taste,
+while her dresses and those of her German "Fraus"
+were so monstrous that the King would not allow them
+to appear at Court, and told his wife to adopt French
+fashions.<a name="FNanchor_275" id="FNanchor_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a></p>
+
+<p>The next morning the French Princes appeared
+early to bid the Queen farewell, and were very gracious
+in their manner of leave-taking. The Dauphin
+received a superb diamond jewel in the shape of a
+griffin, and a very fine emerald was bestowed on
+the Constable. There was some talk of a marriage
+between the Duke of Orleans and a daughter of
+King Ferdinand, while the King of Navarre and his
+wife, Margaret of Angoul&ecirc;me, were eager for a match
+between their only daughter, Jeanne, and the Prince
+of Spain. Vend&ocirc;me probably realized that he had
+little chance of winning the Duchess of Milan, but he
+shrugged his shoulders and went his way gaily,
+saying he would wed the Pope's granddaughter,
+Vittoria Farnese, the sister of the boy Cardinal.
+And they all rode off in high spirits to join the King
+at La F&egrave;re and show him the Emperor's costly gifts.
+They met him on his way back from hunting, riding
+at the side of the Queen's litter, clad in a scarlet
+cloak, which made the English Ambassador remark
+how much better Eleanor was treated since her
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>brother's visit. And the whole Court, in Bishop
+Bonner's words, "made much demonstration of
+gladness, thinking they have God by the foot."<a name="FNanchor_276" id="FNanchor_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<p>Among all his political anxieties and preoccupations,
+the Emperor had not forgotten his niece.
+Before he left Spain on this perilous journey through
+his old enemy's country, he drew up a paper of
+instructions to be given to his son Philip in case of his
+own death. A large part of this advice was devoted to
+the choice of a wife for the Prince himself, the heiress
+of Navarre being on the whole, in Charles's opinion,
+the most eligible bride for his son. After suggesting
+various alliances for his little daughters, Maria and
+Juana, the Emperor proceeded to urge on his successor
+the importance of finding a husband for his
+niece, the Widow of Milan, saying that he counted her
+as one of his own children. Three Princes, he said,
+were all eager to marry her&mdash;the Duke of Cleves, the
+heir of Lorraine, and the Duke of Vend&ocirc;me&mdash;but it
+would be necessary to defer his decision until he
+had ascertained the best measures for recovering
+Denmark and settling the question of Guelders.
+"And if God," he added, "should call to Himself
+the Palatine Frederic, who is old and broken, one
+of these Princes might marry his widow."<a name="FNanchor_277" id="FNanchor_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> Christina's
+marriage, it is easy to see, was closely bound up
+with the settlement of Guelders, an object which lay
+very near to her uncle's heart.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1540</span>] GUELDERS</div>
+
+<p>The English Ambassador Wyatt, who had been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>posting after the Emperor across France, "through
+deep and foul roads," was convinced that Charles
+in his heart of hearts cared more for Guelders than he
+did for all Italy. This earnest desire to recover
+Guelders was, he felt sure, the true reason why the
+Emperor had undertaken this long journey in the
+depth of winter, and exposed his person to such great
+risks in passing through France. When, contrary to
+the Constable's express orders, Wyatt obtained an
+audience from the Emperor at Ch&acirc;telh&eacute;rault, as he
+came in from hunting with the Dauphin, and informed
+him of His Majesty's marriage and alliance
+with Cleves, Charles turned angrily on him, saying:</p>
+
+<p>"What hath Monsieur de Cleves to do with
+Guelders? I mean to show him that he has played
+the young man. I hope the King will give him good
+advice, for, I can tell you, Monsieur de Cleves shall
+give me reason. I say he shall&mdash;he shall! If he
+does," he continued, laying his hand on his heart,
+"he shall find in me a Sovereign, a cousin, and a
+neighbour. Otherwise he will lose all three."<a name="FNanchor_278" id="FNanchor_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a></p>
+
+<p>When, two months later in Brussels, Wyatt craved
+another interview of the Emperor, and begged him
+in Henry's name to look favourably on his brother-in-law's
+petition, Charles said he must desire the
+King not to meddle between him and his subjects,
+repeating the same words, "Je ne ferai rien," two
+or three times over. An Envoy from the Duke of
+Cleves came to meet him at Brussels, but was told
+that the Emperor could not attend to his master's
+business until the affairs of Ghent were settled. These,
+as Wyatt remarked, had already quieted down in a
+singular manner from the moment that the Emperor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>
+started on his journey, and deputies from the revolted
+city had been sent to meet him at Valenciennes.
+But he refused sternly to see them, saying that they
+would learn his pleasure when he came to Ghent.<a name="FNanchor_279" id="FNanchor_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1540</span>] A SEVERE PUNISHMENT</div>
+
+<p>It was Charles's intention to overawe the turbulent
+city by an imposing display of armed force. On the
+14th of February, 1540, he entered Ghent&mdash;"that great,
+rich, and beautiful city," writes the city chronicler,
+"with its broad streets, fair rivers, noble churches,
+houses, and hospitals, the finest in the Netherlands"&mdash;at
+the head of a stately procession. The Queen
+rode on his right hand, the Duchess of Milan on his
+left, followed by the Princess of Macedonia and other
+ladies in litters, the officers of the household, and a
+long train of foreign Ambassadors, Princes, and
+Knights of the Golden Fleece. Cardinal Farnese,
+Don Ferrante Gonzaga, Viceroy of Sicily, the Prince
+of Orange, the Dukes of Alva and Aerschot, Count
+Egmont, B&uuml;ren, De Praet, Lalaing, and Granvelle,
+were all present. In their rear came the troops&mdash;4,000
+horse, 1,000 crossbowmen, 5,000 <i>Landsknechten</i>,
+and a strong body of artillery, numbering in all
+60,000 persons and 15,000 horses. Their entry lasted
+six hours, and it was dusk before the last guns and
+baggage defiled through the streets. Charles, with his
+sister and niece, alighted at the Prinzenhof, the house
+where he had been born just forty years before, and
+the Archers' Guard took up their station at the gates.<a name="FNanchor_280" id="FNanchor_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a>
+A strong body of infantry was encamped in the neighbouring
+market-place, pickets of cavalry occupied
+the chief squares, and the rest of the troops were
+quartered in other parts of the city. But there was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>not the least show of resistance on the part of the
+citizens. Absolute tranquillity reigned everywhere
+while the stricken city awaited the Emperor's sentence.
+It was, as might be expected, a severe one.
+Twenty-three of the ringleaders were arrested, and
+after a prolonged trial were found guilty. On the
+17th of March, nine of these were put to death in the
+market-place, while the others were banished and
+heavily fined. On the 29th of April the Emperor
+convened the chief officers of State and magistrates
+in the great hall of the Prinzenhof, and, in the presence
+of the Queen and her Court, delivered his sentence
+on the guilty city. The charters and privileges of
+Ghent were annulled, the property of the Corporation
+was confiscated, and heavy additional fines were
+imposed, beside the payment of the 400,000 florins
+which had been the cause of the quarrel. In their
+consternation, the burghers turned to Mary and implored
+her to intercede on their behalf; but she
+could only advise them to throw themselves on the
+Emperor's mercy. On the 3rd of May a memorable
+and historic scene took place in the court of the
+Prinzenhof. Here the Emperor, seated on a tribunal,
+with his crown on his head and sceptre in his hand,
+and surrounded by the Archers' Guard, received the
+senators and chief burghers, as, robed in black, with
+bare heads and feet, and halters round their necks,
+they knelt in the dust at his feet. The sentence of
+condemnation was read aloud in the presence of a
+brilliant assembly of nobles and courtiers, and of a
+vast crowd who looked on from the windows and roofs
+of the neighbouring houses. Then Mary, who occupied
+a chair at her brother's side, rose, and, turning
+to the Emperor, in eloquent words implored him to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>
+have pity on his poor city of Ghent, and to remember
+that he had been born there. The Emperor gave a
+gracious answer, saying that out of brotherly love
+for her and pity for his poor subjects he would pardon
+the citizens and restore their property. But he decided
+to build a citadel to keep the city in subjection, and,
+after taking his brother Ferdinand to the top of the
+belfry tower to choose a site, he eventually fixed on
+the high ground above the River Scheldt, where
+St. Bavon's Abbey stood. The demolition of the
+ancient monastery was at once begun, and before the
+Emperor left Ghent the first stone of the new fortress
+was laid.<a name="FNanchor_281" id="FNanchor_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a></p>
+
+<p>While these tragic events were taking place, a
+succession of illustrious guests arrived at Court.
+First of all, at the end of February, came Ferdinand,
+King of the Romans, a simple and honest Prince,
+the best of husbands and fathers, and as fondly
+attached to his sister Mary as she was to him. At
+the same time the Palatine Frederic sent his wife
+to join the family party and plead her unfortunate
+father's cause with the all-powerful Emperor. Although
+his journey to England had failed to secure
+Henry's support, he still cherished designs against
+Denmark, and was anxious to prevent a renewal of
+the truce between the Low Countries and King
+Christian III. After consulting Archbishop Carondelet,
+the President of the Council, and Granvelle, the two
+sisters, Dorothea and Christina, drew up a petition to
+the Emperor, imploring him to have pity on the poor
+prisoner, who had already languished seven years in
+solitary confinement, and reminding him gently of
+the pledges given to the Palatine at his marriage.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p>
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1540</span>] WILLIAM OF CLEVES</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"My sister and I,"&mdash;so ran the words of Dorothea's
+prayer&mdash;"your humble and loving children, entreat
+you, as the fountain of all justice, to have compassion
+on us. Open the prison doors, which you alone are
+able to do, release my father, and give me advice as
+to how I may best obtain the kingdom which belongs
+to me by the laws of God and man."<a name="FNanchor_282" id="FNanchor_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But although the sisters' touching appeal on behalf
+of their captive father moved many hearts, and both
+Henry VIII. and James V. of Scotland wrote to assure
+the Palatine of their sympathy, no one was inclined
+to embark on so desperate an enterprise, and Dorothea
+went back to her lord at Heidelberg without having
+obtained any satisfaction. On the 14th of April a
+truce was concluded with the Danish Envoys, who
+had followed the Emperor to Ghent, and the illusory
+hopes of the three crowns which had been so long
+dangled before the Palatine's eyes melted into thin
+air.<a name="FNanchor_283" id="FNanchor_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a></p>
+
+<p>There was still one important question awaiting
+settlement. William of Cleves had sent three successive
+Ambassadors to congratulate Charles on his return
+and to seek the investiture of Guelders at his hand.
+Now, at King Ferdinand's instance, he arrived at
+Ghent one day in person, to the surprise of the whole
+Court.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Duke of Cleves," wrote an eyewitness of his
+entry, "has come to Ghent with a fine suite, to claim
+Guelders and marry the Duchess of Milan. This is
+not to be wondered at, for she is a young and very
+beautiful widow as well as a Princess of the noblest
+birth. He who wins her for his bride will be a fortunate
+man."<a name="FNanchor_284" id="FNanchor_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The English Ambassador at D&uuml;ren, Nicholas
+Wotton, had done his utmost to prevent the Duke
+from accepting Ferdinand's invitation; and Wyatt
+was charged by Cromwell to neglect no means of
+preventing an alliance which would defeat all his
+schemes. The wily Ambassador laid his snares
+cleverly. When the Cleves Ambassador, Olisleger,
+told him that the Duke was about to wed the Duchess,
+he whispered that his master had better be careful
+and take counsel of King Henry before he took any
+further pledges.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I told him," wrote Wyatt to King Henry, "to
+advise his master, in case of marriage, to use his
+friend's counsel, and herein, if I shall be plain with
+Your Majesty, I cannot but rejoice in a manner of the
+escape that you made there; for although I suppose
+nothing but honour in the Lady, yet methinketh
+Your Highness's mate should be without mote or
+suspicion; and yet there is thought affection between
+the Prince of Orange and her, and hath been of long;
+which, for her bringing-up in Italy, may be noted but
+service which she cannot let, but I have heard it to
+proceed partly from her own occasion. Of this Your
+Majesty will judge, and do with your friend as ye
+shall think meet."<a name="FNanchor_285" id="FNanchor_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Ren&eacute;'s courtship of the Duchess was no secret,
+and Christina's preference for the popular Prince was
+plain to everyone at the Imperial Court; but the unworthy
+insinuations by which the Ambassador strove
+to blacken her character were altogether his invention.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1540</span>] THE DUKE'S SUIT</div>
+
+<p>Since this was the surest way to win both Henry's
+and Cromwell's favour, Wyatt made unscrupulous
+use of these slanders to poison William of Cleves's
+mind against the Duchess whose hand he sought.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>On the 13th of April the Duke arrived at Ghent, and
+was met by the Prince of Orange, who brought him
+to King Ferdinand's rooms. Late the same evening
+the English Ambassador had a secret interview with
+him, and did his utmost to dissuade him from entering
+into any treaty with the Emperor. The Duke's
+irresolution was now greater than ever. The next
+day Ferdinand himself conducted him into the
+Emperor's presence, where he received the most
+friendly greeting, and was invited to join the imperial
+family at dinner. The gracious welcome which he
+received from Mary, and the sight of Christina, went
+far to remove his doubts, and during the next few
+days the harmony that prevailed among the Princes
+excited Wyatt's worst misgivings. The Venetian
+Ambassador, Francesco Contarini, met the Countess
+Palatine returning from Ghent, and heard from her
+servants that a marriage was arranged between her
+sister and the Duke of Cleves. Monsieur de V&eacute;ly, the
+French Envoy, sent this report to Paris, and it was
+confidently asserted at the French and English Courts
+that Cleves had settled his quarrel with the Emperor,
+and was to wed the Duchess.<a name="FNanchor_286" id="FNanchor_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1540</span>] AN ABRUPT DEPARTURE</div>
+
+<p>But these reports were premature. The Duke
+told Wotton and Wyatt that nothing would induce
+him to give up Guelders, and at their suggestion he
+placed a statement of his claims in the hands of
+Ferdinand, who promised to submit the document
+to the Emperor. During the next fortnight the
+question was discussed in all its bearings by Charles
+and his Councillors. The Duke pressed his suit for
+the Duchess's hand, and the Emperor went so far as
+to offer him the reversion of Denmark if he would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>renounce Guelders. But William was as obstinate as
+the Emperor, and, when Ferdinand induced Charles
+to offer Cleves his niece and the duchy of Guelders for
+his lifetime, he quite refused to accept this proposal.
+All Ferdinand could persuade him to do, was to
+consent that the question of Guelders should be
+referred to the Imperial Chamber, a compromise
+which satisfied neither party. Still friendly relations
+were maintained outwardly. On Sunday, the
+27th of April, the imperial family attended Mass in
+state, the Emperor riding to the Church of St. John
+with the King of the Romans and the boy Legate,
+Cardinal Farnese, on his left, followed by the Dukes
+of Brunswick, Cleves, Savoy, and the Marquis of
+Brandenburg. In the afternoon Ferdinand sent for
+the Duke again, and made one more attempt to
+arrange matters, without success. Some insolent
+words spoken by Cleves's servants aroused the Emperor's
+anger, upon which the Duke became alarmed,
+and sent Wotton word that, seeing no hope of agreement,
+he intended to return home. Early the next
+morning, without taking leave of anyone, he rode
+out of the town secretly, and never halted until he
+was safe in his own dominions. His royal brother-in-law,
+King Henry, sent him a long letter, congratulating
+him on his safe return, and advising him
+solemnly not to marry the Duchess of Milan without
+finding out the true state of her affections towards
+the Prince of Orange, lest he should be deceived.
+Wotton told the King, in reply, that the Duke's affection
+for Christina was now cooled, partly because she
+had refused him, and partly because of the information
+which Henry had given him. All idea of the marriage
+was certainly abandoned, and on the 22nd of June<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>
+Cleves himself wrote to tell Henry that he had
+received friendly overtures from the French King, and
+was sending Ambassadors to make proposals for his
+niece, the Princess of Navarre.<a name="FNanchor_287" id="FNanchor_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the Duke's strange conduct had excited
+much surprise at Ghent. The Emperor, who had
+spent the anniversary of his wife's death in retirement
+at a Carthusian convent in the neighbourhood,
+returned to find Cleves gone. Henry of Brunswick
+rode with his friend to the outskirts of the town, and
+hurried back to be present at the imperial table,
+where he tried to explain the Duke's abrupt departure
+by saying that he was afraid of treachery. But
+Ferdinand and Mary were both seriously annoyed,
+and the only member of the family to rejoice was
+Christina, who felt that she could once more breathe
+freely.</p>
+
+<p>The pacification of Ghent was now complete, and
+the bulk of the forces were disbanded. On Ascension
+Day&mdash;the 6th of May&mdash;the imperial family attended
+Mass at St. John's, the Queen "walking lovingly up
+the church, hand in hand with the King of the
+Romans." The Ambassadors were all present, as
+well as Cardinal Farnese&mdash;in Wotton's opinion "a
+very calf, and a greater boy in manners and condition
+than in years."</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th the King of the Romans took leave
+of his family, but the Council at which he assisted
+lasted so late in the evening that he did not actually
+set out on his journey till two o'clock on the following
+day. About six in the cool hours of the May morning,
+the Emperor, with his sister and niece, rode out
+to see the foundations of the new citadel laid, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+then continued their journey towards Antwerp,
+where "great gun-shot" and bonfires welcomed their
+arrival.<a name="FNanchor_288" id="FNanchor_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">July, 1540</span>] CROMWELL'S FALL</div>
+
+<p>The Court spent the next three weeks at Bruges,
+the beautiful old city which was always a favourite
+with Charles and his sisters, in the ancient Prinzenhof
+where their mother had died. During these summer
+days many important events took place, and startling
+news came from England. On the 10th of June
+Cromwell was suddenly arrested and sent to the
+Tower on a charge of high-treason. A fortnight later
+the new Queen, Anne of Cleves, left Whitehall for
+Richmond, and on the 9th of July her marriage was
+pronounced null and void by a decree of Convocation.
+The ostensible reason for the divorce was a precontract
+between Anne and Francis of Lorraine. It
+was true that as children they had been affianced by
+their respective parents, but, as was common in such
+cases, all idea of the marriage had been afterwards
+abandoned, and Henry had professed himself entirely
+satisfied with the explanations given by Anne's
+relatives on the subject. But from the first moment
+that he met his bride at Rochester, on New Year's
+Day, 1540, he was profoundly disappointed. When
+Cromwell asked him how he liked her, he replied,
+"Nothing so well as she was spoken of," adding that,
+had he known as much of her before as he did now,
+she should never have set foot in his realm. However,
+he felt constrained to marry her, for fear of
+"making a ruffle in the world," and driving her brother
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>into the Emperor's arms. At Whitsuntide he told
+Cromwell that from the day of his marriage he had
+become weary of life, and took a solemn oath that
+before God Anne had never been his lawful wife.</p>
+
+<p>From that moment Cromwell knew that his own
+fate was sealed. "The King loves not the Queen,"
+he said to Wriothesley. "What a triumph for the
+Emperor and the Pope!" A week afterwards he
+was committed to the Tower, and on the 28th of July
+he was beheaded.<a name="FNanchor_289" id="FNanchor_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a></p>
+
+<p>The news of his fall was received with general satisfaction
+abroad. King Francis gave vent to boisterous
+joy, and sent his brother word how sincerely he rejoiced
+to hear that this false and wicked traitor, who had
+brought the noblest heads in England to the block,
+was at length unmasked. The Emperor, on the contrary,
+showed no surprise or emotion when he heard
+the news from Archdeacon Pate, the new Envoy
+who had succeeded Wyatt, but merely said: "What!
+is he in the Tower of London, and by the King's
+counsel?" And when, on the 6th of July, Pate informed
+him that the King had repudiated his wife,
+he cast his eye steadfastly on the speaker, and asked
+what scruples His Majesty entertained regarding his
+marriage with the daughter of Cleves. The Ambassador
+explained, as best he could, what he took to be
+the motives of the King's action, upon which the
+Emperor said that he was convinced Cromwell was
+the true cause of all the terrible crimes which had of
+late years been committed against religion and order
+in England. So friendly was the Emperor that Pate
+wrote to the Duke of Norfolk: "If His Majesty hath
+thereby lost the hearts of the Electors, he hath in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>
+their places gained those of the Emperor and the
+French King."<a name="FNanchor_290" id="FNanchor_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1540</span>] REN&Eacute; OF ORANGE</div>
+
+<p>Both at Bruges and Antwerp the news aroused
+much excitement among the merchants, who were
+unanimous in the opinion that the King now intended
+to take the Duchess of Milan "for the true
+heart which she bore him." But nothing was further
+from Christina's mind. She had rejoiced at the
+failure of the King's suit, and saw the Duke of
+Cleves leave Ghent without regret. Now all seemed
+ripe for the fulfilment of her long-cherished hopes.
+The Prince of Orange had been unremitting in his
+attendance on the Emperor since his arrival, and, as
+all men knew, was honoured by His Majesty's confidence
+and affection. His popularity with the army
+was unbounded, and it was a common saying that
+wherever the Prince's little pony went, every Dutchman
+would follow. The Queen looked kindly on his
+suit, and Christina's heart was already his own.
+But when, in these bright June days at Bruges, he
+modestly laid his suit before the Emperor, an unexpected
+difficulty arose. Three years before a
+marriage with the Duke of Lorraine's only daughter
+had been proposed for the young Prince of Orange
+by his uncle, William of Nassau-Dillenburg, the head
+of the German branch of the house. The idea met
+with Henry of Nassau's cordial approval, and at his
+request the Emperor sent his servant Montbardon to
+obtain Duke Antoine's consent. This was granted
+without any difficulty, and the contract was drawn
+up before the Count of Nassau's death.<a name="FNanchor_291" id="FNanchor_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a> Now the
+Duke urged the Prince to keep this long-standing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>engagement and marry his daughter Anne&mdash;the plain
+but excellent lady whose portrait Holbein had taken
+for King Henry. The Prince had never seen his
+destined bride, and was very reluctant to carry out
+the contract, but the Emperor was resolute. Antoine
+already had a serious grievance in the matter of
+Guelders, and it was of the highest importance to
+secure his alliance. Accordingly, Charles told Ren&eacute;
+that he must prove himself a loyal knight, and with
+his own hand drew up the articles of the marriage
+treaty, and sent them to Nancy by the Archdeacon
+of Arras. Christina's name is never mentioned in
+the whole transaction. It was the old story of the
+Count Palatine and the Archduchess Eleanor. She
+was a daughter of the House of Habsburg, and knew
+that the Emperor's will must be obeyed. So she could
+only bow her head in silence and submit to his decrees.
+If she wept bitter tears, it was in secret, in her quiet
+chamber in the ancient Cour des Princes at Bruges,
+looking down on the green waters of the canal.<a name="FNanchor_292" id="FNanchor_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a></p>
+
+<p>There was great rejoicing throughout Lorraine when
+the Emperor's messenger reached Nancy and the
+marriage was proclaimed. Anne was very popular
+throughout the duchy, and since her mother's death,
+a year before, had taken a prominent place at the
+ducal Court, where her tact and kindness made her
+universally beloved. The wedding took place in the
+last week of August at Bar.<a name="FNanchor_293" id="FNanchor_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a> All the members of the
+ducal house were present, including the Duke and
+Duchess of Guise, with their sons and daughters,
+and the Cardinal of Lorraine, who came from the
+French Court to pronounce the nuptial blessing.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Orange's martial appearance and his
+splendid suite made a favourable impression on his
+new relatives, as Antoinette de Bourbon wrote to
+her daughter in Scotland:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I have delayed longer than I intended before
+writing to you, but we have been so well amused by
+the wedding of Mademoiselle de Lorraine that until
+this moment I have not had leisure to begin this
+letter. Yesterday we left the assembled company.
+There was a very large gathering, and the wedding
+took place last Tuesday. Monsieur le Prince arrived
+honourably attended, and is, I can assure you, a
+very charming and handsome Prince. He is much
+pleased with his bride, and she is devoted to him.
+They are to go home in a fortnight. The f&ecirc;te was at
+Bar, but there were very few strangers present&mdash;only
+a few nobles and ladies of the neighbourhood."<a name="FNanchor_294" id="FNanchor_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>On the 27th of September the Prince of Orange
+brought his bride to Brussels, where the States were
+assembled. The whole Court rode out to welcome
+the happy pair, and escorted them to the Nassau
+palace, where the Prince changed his travelling dress
+for a Court mantle, and hastened to pay his respects
+to the Emperor. A succession of f&ecirc;tes was given in
+their honour, and dances, masques, and banquets,
+were the order of the day. The Princess charmed
+everyone by her gracious manners, and her fine figure
+and splendid clothes and jewels became the object of
+general admiration.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1540</span>] ANNE OF LORRAINE</div>
+
+<p>On the 2nd of October a grand tournament was
+given in the Prince's house, which the Emperor,
+Queen Mary, and Christina, honoured with their
+presence. Ren&eacute; himself challenged all comers at
+the barriers, and his wife was the most charming
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>hostess. Before Charles left, he presented Anne with
+a costly ring, and appointed the Prince to succeed
+Antoine de Lalaing as Stadtholder of Holland and
+Friesland. Three days afterwards the newly-married
+pair left Court for their own home at Breda, and
+the Emperor set out on a progress through
+Artois and Hainault, leaving his sister and niece at
+Brussels.</p>
+
+<p>Ren&eacute;'s wife soon became a great favourite with the
+Queen, and Christina danced as gaily as the rest at the
+wedding f&ecirc;tes. But it is significant that the only mention
+made of her in contemporary records is in the
+despatches of the English Ambassador, Richard Pate,
+who tells us that the Duchess of Milan spent much of
+her time in the company of her brother-in-law, the Palatine.<a name="FNanchor_295" id="FNanchor_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a>
+Frederic had come to Brussels to confer with the
+Emperor on German affairs, and, if possible, to raise a
+loan of 600,000 ducats for his intended campaign
+against Denmark. But although Charles professed
+himself ready and anxious to oblige his good cousin,
+the Regent would give him no answer, and ended by
+telling him to get the money from the Imperial
+Treasury. Richard Pate held long and confidential
+conversations with the Palatine, who recalled his
+visit to Windsor with delight, and spoke with warm
+admiration of the beauty of the singing in St. George's
+Chapel. He was curious to know if his old friend
+the King had grown as fat as he was represented in
+recent portraits, and rejoiced to hear that His
+Majesty was lusty and merry. As for the Duchess
+of Milan, he could only feel sorry that so charming a
+lady should still lack a husband, and frankly regretted
+that she had not married King Henry, or, failing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>him, the Prince of Orange.<a name="FNanchor_296" id="FNanchor_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> After his return to
+Germany, Frederic made another attempt to bring
+about his sister-in-law's marriage to the Duke of
+Cleves, who still hesitated between his old love for
+Christina and his reluctance to give up Guelders.
+But negotiations were already in progress with another
+suitor, who had bided his time patiently, and who
+was now at length to obtain his reward.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1539-41] LOUISE DE GUISE</div>
+
+<p>The Prince of Orange's union with Anne of Lorraine
+had strengthened the ties that bound her father
+to the Emperor, and a second marriage, which took
+place this autumn, united the two houses still more
+closely. Among the young nobles who accompanied
+Ren&eacute; to Bar for his wedding was Charles, Prince of
+Chimay, the eldest son of the Duke of Aerschot, the
+wealthy and powerful Governor of Brabant, who was
+foremost among the Regent's confidential advisers,
+and whom she affectionately called by the pet name
+of "Moriceau." On the death of his mother in 1539,
+the young Prince had succeeded to her vast estates,
+and lived at the fine castle of Beaumont, near the
+French frontier. At Bar he saw and fell in love with
+Louise de Guise, the lovely girl whom Henry VIII.
+would gladly have made his wife. But there were
+difficulties in the young suitor's way. His own family
+began by opposing the marriage, and it was some time
+before Charles's consent could be obtained. The
+Duke of Guise had long been the Emperor's most
+bitter enemy, and was known to have strongly opposed
+his journey through France. Fortunately,
+Duchess Antoinette was from the first on the lovers'
+side, and succeeded in gaining her husband's consent.
+For some time past King Francis had been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>trying to arrange a marriage between her eldest son,
+the Count of Aumale, and the Pope's granddaughter,
+"<i>Vyquetorya</i> Farnese," as Louise calls her in one of
+her letters. But the Pope haggled over the dowry,
+and insisted on asking the Emperor's consent; so
+that Antoinette had a troublesome task in her lord's
+absence, and complained sorely to the Queen of
+Scotland of these vexatious delays.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"By way of consolation, however," she writes on
+the 30th of November, "we have an offer for your
+sister. Monsieur le Duc d'Aerschot has sent to ask
+for her, on behalf of his eldest son, the Prince of
+Chimay, a youth about twenty, handsome and well
+brought up, we hear. He will give him a portion of
+50,000 crowns a year, and he will have some fine
+estates, such as the duchy of Aerschot, the principality
+of Chimay, the counties of Beaumont and Porcien,
+most of them near Guise. I have told your father,
+who is at Court, and he approves, and has spoken to
+the King and to our brothers, who all advise us to
+accept the proposal. So do my brother-in-law [the
+Duke of Lorraine] and my mother [Madame de
+Vend&ocirc;me]. It has been arranged that we should all
+meet at Bar on the Conception of Our Lady, as my
+lord the Duke wishes the matter to be settled at his
+house. I hope your father will be there, but if not
+he will give me the necessary powers. If things can
+be arranged, she will be well married, for the Prince
+has great possessions and beautiful houses, and plate
+and furniture in abundance. But it is a great
+anxiety to be treating of two marriages at once."<a name="FNanchor_297" id="FNanchor_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Happily for the good Duchess, the young Prince
+had his way, and the contract between him and Louise
+was duly signed at Bar on the 22nd of December.
+On the same day the Emperor, accompanied by the
+Regent and Duchess of Milan, paid a visit to the
+Duke of Aerschot at Beaumont, and offered him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>
+their warmest congratulations on his son's marriage.<a name="FNanchor_298" id="FNanchor_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a>
+The wedding took place at Joinville in the following
+March, by which time Christina's own marriage to
+Louise's cousin was arranged, and all Lorraine rang
+with the sound of wedding-bells.</p>
+
+
+<h3>V.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1541</span>] CHRISTINA'S BETROTHAL</div>
+
+<p>The vaunted alliance between Charles and Francis
+did not last long, and less than a year after the
+Emperor and King had parted at St. Quentin,
+vowing eternal friendship, a renewal of war seemed
+already imminent. Francis was bitterly disappointed
+to find that none of the great results which he
+expected from Charles's visit had come to pass.
+The Emperor firmly declined to marry his daughter,
+and gave no signs of surrendering Milan to the Duke
+of Orleans. All he would offer was the reversion of
+the Low Countries as his daughter's portion if she
+married Orleans. This failed to satisfy Francis, who
+declared that he would have Milan and nothing else.
+In order to prevent his niece, Jeanne of Navarre,
+marrying the Prince of Spain, the King offered her to
+the Duke of Cleves, who signed a treaty with France
+this summer, but was not actually affianced to the
+little Princess until the Duchess of Milan was finally
+betrothed to Francis of Lorraine. Upon hearing of
+the alliance between France and Cleves, Charles
+retaliated by solemnly investing his son Philip with
+the duchy of Milan. This ceremony took place at
+Brussels on the 11th of October, and was regarded
+by Francis as an open act of defiance. He vented his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>anger on the Constable, who asked leave to retire;
+while Madame d'&Eacute;tampes did her best to obtain
+her rival's disgrace and induce the King to declare
+war against the Emperor. But Francis was loth to
+let his old servant go, and said to Montmorency, with
+tears in his eyes: "How can you ask me to let you
+leave me? I have only one fault to find with you,
+that you do not love what I love."<a name="FNanchor_299" id="FNanchor_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a> The Constable
+consented to remain, and for the moment the crisis
+was delayed.</p>
+
+<p>After visiting the forts along the frontier and leaving
+garrisons in every town, the Emperor came to Namur
+for Christmas, and prepared for his final departure.
+Forty chariots were needed for his own use, and all
+the horses and carts in the neighbouring provinces
+were requisitioned to provide for the conveyance of
+his immense suite. On Innocents' Day the Court
+moved to Luxembourg, and all the gentlemen of
+the countryside rode out to meet the Emperor.
+With him came the Queen and the Duchess of Milan,
+and on the same evening they were joined by the
+Duke of Lorraine and his son Francis, the Marquis
+of Pont-&agrave;-Mousson. On the Feast of the Three
+Kings the imperial party attended Mass in the
+cathedral, and the Emperor, after his usual custom,
+presented golden cups to three abbeys in the town.
+And on the same day the marriage of the Marquis to the
+Duchess of Milan was finally concluded, to the great
+delight of the old Duke, who was as much pleased as
+the bridegroom. Two days afterwards Charles took
+an affectionate farewell of his sister and niece, and
+went on to Regensburg, leaving them to return to
+Brussels, while the Duke of Lorraine hastened to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>
+Nancy to summon the States and inform his loyal
+subjects of his son's marriage.<a name="FNanchor_300" id="FNanchor_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of March the contract drawn up by
+the Imperial Ministers, Granvelle and De Praet,
+was signed by the Duke of Lorraine at Bar, and on the
+20th by the Emperor. The ducal manors of Blamont
+and Den&#339;uvre were settled upon the Duchess, and, in
+order that she might not lose any rank by her marriage,
+the Marquis received the title of Duke of Bar.<a name="FNanchor_301" id="FNanchor_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a>
+On the 12th of March the Queen and Duchess both
+went to the Castle of Beaumont in Hainault, to be
+present at the splendid reception which the Duke of
+Aerschot gave his daughter-in-law. The Duchess of
+Guise herself accompanied the beloved Louise to her
+future home, and wrote the following account of the
+festivities to Queen Mary of Scotland from her husband's
+ch&acirc;teau at Guise:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Madame</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1541</span>] WEDDING-BELLS</div>
+
+<p>"I have been so confidently assured that the
+safest way for letters is to send them by Antwerp
+merchants that I am sending mine by this means,
+and your sister will be my postmistress in future.
+I wrote to tell you of the conclusion of her marriage,
+and sent the articles of the treaty and the account of
+her wedding by your messenger. I have just taken
+her to her new home, a fine and noble house, as well
+furnished as possible, called Beaumont. Her father-in-law,
+the Duke, received her very honourably,
+attended by as large and illustrious a company as you
+could wish to see. Among others, the Queen of
+Hungary was present, and the Duchess of Milan,
+and both the Prince and Princess of Orange, who, by
+the way, is said to be with child, although this is
+not quite certain as yet, and I confess I have my
+doubts on the subject. I think your sister is very
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>well married. She has received beautiful presents,
+and her husband has made her a very rich wedding-gift.
+He is young, but full of good-will and excellent
+intentions. It did not seem at all like Lent, for the
+sound of trumpets and the clash of arms never ceased,
+and there was some fine jousting. At the end we
+had to part&mdash;not without tears. I am now back at
+Guise, but only for one night, and go on to-morrow
+to La F&egrave;re. My brother the Cardinal, and my
+brother and sister of St. Pol, will be there on Wednesday.
+For love of them I will stay at La F&egrave;re over
+Thursday, and set out again on Friday, to reach
+Joinville as soon as may be, in the hope of finding
+your father still there, as well as our children&mdash;that
+is to say, the little ones and the priests."<a name="FNanchor_302" id="FNanchor_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Ten days later Louise herself wrote a long and
+happy letter to her sister from Beaumont, full of the
+delights of her new home and of the kindness with
+which she had been received by her husband's family.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Madame</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"Since God gave me this great blessing of a
+good husband, I have never found time to write to
+you. But I can assure you that I count myself
+indeed fortunate to be in this house, for, besides all
+the grandeur of the place, I have a lord and father-in-law
+whom I may well call good. It would take
+three sheets of paper if I were to tell you all the
+kindness with which he treats me. You may therefore
+be quite satisfied of your sister's happiness, and
+she is further commanded to offer you the very humble
+service of the masters and lords of this house, who
+beg that you will employ them on any occasion that
+may arise, since they will always be very glad to
+obey your wishes. We also have a very wise and
+virtuous Queen, who has done me the greatest honour
+by coming here to our house, expressly, as she condescended
+to say, to receive me. She told me herself
+that she meant to take me for her very humble
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>daughter and servant, and that in future she hoped
+I should be often in her company, which, considering
+how little she has seen of me, was exceedingly kind.
+The Duchess of Milan said the same, and was the
+best and kindest of all. We may soon hope to see
+her in Lorraine, for her marriage to the Marquis is
+in very good train. Since my mother went home,
+she has sent a letter asking me to find out if this
+route to Scotland will be shorter than the other.
+If this is the case, and you like to send me your
+letters for her, I shall be delighted. Only, Madame,
+you must be sure to address your packets to the Duke
+of Aerschot, which will be easy for you, as then the
+merchants who come from Scotland will leave them
+at Antwerp or Bruges, or any other town, and they
+will not fail to reach me, since my father-in-law is
+greatly loved and honoured throughout the Netherlands.
+And I pray that God will give you a long and
+happy life.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 16em;">"Your very humble and obedient sister,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25.5em;">"Louise of Lorraine.</span></p>
+<p>
+"From Beaumont, the 25th day of March."<a name="FNanchor_303" id="FNanchor_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The keenest interest in these marriages was shown
+at the Court of Scotland. King James wrote cordial
+letters from Edinburgh to his sister-in-law and to
+the Duke of Aerschot, and congratulated the Princess
+of Orange on her happy expectations, begging her
+to write to him and his wife more frequently.<a name="FNanchor_304" id="FNanchor_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a> Anne
+had always been on affectionate terms with her
+aunt and cousins at Joinville, and the presence of
+Louise at Brussels this summer was another bond
+between them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1541</span>] AN UNWILLING BRIDE</div>
+
+<p>Meanwhile King Francis was greatly annoyed to
+hear of the Duchess of Milan's marriage. He complained
+bitterly to the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal
+of their brother's desertion, and vowed that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>Antoine and his son should feel the full weight of his
+displeasure. He was as good as his word, and, when
+the Prince assumed the title of Duke of Bar, disputed
+his rights to this duchy on the ground that it was a fief
+of the Crown. In order to satisfy these new claims,
+the Duke was compelled to sign an agreement on the
+22nd of April, by which he and his son consented to
+do homage to the King for the duchy of Bar, and to
+grant free passage of French troops through this
+province.<a name="FNanchor_305" id="FNanchor_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a></p>
+
+<p>At the same time Francis invited the Duke of
+Cleves to come to Blois, as he wished his marriage to
+the Princess of Navarre to be celebrated without
+delay. On the 11th of April the States assembled
+at D&uuml;sseldorf were amazed to hear from Chancellor
+Olisleger that their Duke, being unable to obtain the
+Duchess of Milan's hand without the surrender of
+Guelders, was about to contract another marriage
+with the Princess of Navarre, and had actually
+started on his wedding journey.<a name="FNanchor_306" id="FNanchor_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a> The King and
+Queen of Navarre had always been averse to their
+daughter's union with the Duke of Cleves, but
+Margaret's resistance was overcome by the royal
+brother whom she adored, and her husband gave a
+reluctant consent to the marriage; but the little
+Princess Jeanne, a delicate child of twelve, refused
+in the most determined manner to marry this foreign
+Prince. In vain she was scolded and whipped, and
+threatened by her uncle the King with worse punishments.
+For many weeks the child persisted in her
+refusal, and, when compelled to yield, signed a pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>test
+on the eve of her marriage, which with the secret
+connivance of her parents was duly witnessed and
+preserved. On the 14th of June, 1540, the strange
+wedding was finally solemnized at Ch&acirc;telh&eacute;rault, on
+the Garonne. A series of Arcadian f&ecirc;tes in beautiful
+summer weather were given by King Francis, who
+never lost an opportunity for indulging his love of
+romance. Arbours and colonnades of verdure were
+reared on the river-banks. King Arthur and the
+Knights of the Round Table were seen riding forth
+in quest of adventure; high-born ladies, clad as
+nymphs and dryads, danced on the greensward by
+torchlight.<a name="FNanchor_307" id="FNanchor_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a> The bridegroom gave his bride magnificent
+jewels, although Jeanne was never seen in
+public, and did not even appear at the ball on the
+night before the wedding. Finally, when all were
+assembled in the royal chapel, and the King came to
+lead his niece to the altar, the little Princess, weighed
+down by her costly jewels and gold and silver brocades,
+was unable to walk. "Take her by the neck!"
+cried the impatient monarch to Montmorency, and
+the Constable of France, not venturing to disobey the
+royal command, lifted up the frightened child in
+his arms and bore her to the altar before the eyes of
+the whole Court. As he did so he was heard to
+mutter, "C'en est fini, de ma faveur, adieu lui dis!"
+and, surely enough, the day after the wedding he
+received his dismissal, and left Court, never to
+return during the lifetime of Francis.<a name="FNanchor_308" id="FNanchor_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">July, 1541</span>] CHRISTINA'S WEDDING</div>
+
+<p>The Duke had agreed, in order to satisfy the King
+and Queen of Navarre, that the marriage should be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>merely formal, and consented to leave his unwilling
+bride with her parents for another year. Accordingly,
+three days later he bade them farewell,
+and rode, attended by a strong French escort,
+through the Ardennes, and travelled down the
+Moselle and Rhine to Cologne. As he passed through
+Luxembourg he saw the trained bands gathering in
+force on the frontier, and heard that they were
+assembling under Count B&uuml;ren to meet his successful
+rival, Francis of Lorraine, and bring him to Brussels
+for his wedding.<a name="FNanchor_309" id="FNanchor_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a></p>
+
+<p>Here great preparations had been made to do
+honour to the Emperor's niece, and the guests came
+from far and wide. Christina's trousseau was worthy
+of her exalted rank, and the Queen presented her
+with a wonderful carcanet of rubies, diamonds, and
+emeralds, with pendants of large pear-shaped pearls.
+The marriage was solemnized on Sunday, the 10th of
+July, in the great hall where, twenty-six years before,
+Isabella of Austria, had been married to the King of
+Denmark. Only two of the foreign Ambassadors
+were absent from the wedding banquet&mdash;the Englishmen
+Vaughan and Carne&mdash;a fact which naturally
+excited much comment. King Henry changed colour
+when Chapuys told him of Christina's marriage, and
+was at no pains to conceal his surprise and vexation.
+He said repeatedly that he wondered how the Emperor
+could allow so noble and renowned a Princess
+to marry the Marquis, when there could be no doubt
+that Anne of Cleves was his lawful wife, and insisted
+that this had been the chief reason of his own separation
+from this lady. After the wedding he again
+referred to the incident, and told Chapuys in confidence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>
+that the Duke of Lorraine had secretly made
+over his rights on Guelders to the French King,
+and would never help the Emperor against France,
+since Monseiur de Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine
+were entirely on the French side. Chapuys listened
+with polite attention, and reported most of the King's
+conversation for the amusement of the Court at
+Brussels.<a name="FNanchor_310" id="FNanchor_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a></p>
+
+<p>Here a series of f&ecirc;tes took place after the wedding.
+A grand tournament was held in front of the h&ocirc;tel-de-ville,
+followed by the mock siege of a fortress in
+the park, and a hunting-party in the Forest of Soignies.<a name="FNanchor_311" id="FNanchor_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 14th, the Duke and Duchess of Bar left
+Brussels to pay a round of visits in the neighbourhood
+and "see the country," and on the 27th the
+Queen went to meet them at the Duke of Aerschot's
+hunting-palace at Heverl&eacute;, near Louvain, and spent
+several days there with the two other newly-married
+couples, the Prince and Princess of Orange and the
+Prince and Princess of Chimay.<a name="FNanchor_312" id="FNanchor_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1541</span>] A NOBLE LADY</div>
+
+<p>Finally, on the 1st of August, the bride and bridegroom
+set out on their journey, attended by a brilliant
+company, which included the Prince and Princess of
+Orange, the Duke of Aerschot, the Prince and Princess
+of Chimay, the Counts of Berghen, B&uuml;ren, and
+Brederode. They travelled by slow stages, resting
+at Namur, Luxembourg, Thionville, and Metz. Triumphal
+arches were erected over the gates of each
+city, and the burghers came out in procession to
+greet the bride. At Metz Christina was presented
+with an illuminated book on "Marriage," by the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>Regent of the University, &Eacute;dmond du Boullay, and
+the Chapter of Toul offered her a gold cup, filled with
+300 crowns, while the city gave her 200 crowns and
+ten barrels of choice wine.<a name="FNanchor_313" id="FNanchor_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 8th the wedding-party reached Pont-&agrave;-Mousson,
+and found a large family gathering waiting
+to receive them. A few days before the Cardinal of
+Lorraine had joined the Duke and Duchess of Guise
+at Joinville, and had accompanied them to Pont-&agrave;-Mousson,
+as Antoinette wrote,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"in order to give our new Lady her first greeting
+and conduct her to Nancy. Great preparations have
+been made to welcome her, and there is to be some
+fine jousting. I will tell you if there is anything
+worth writing, and must confess I am very curious
+to see if the Marquis makes a good husband. At
+least the country rejoices greatly at the coming of so
+noble and excellent a lady."<a name="FNanchor_314" id="FNanchor_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Duchess of Guise had collected most of her
+family for the occasion, and brought four of her sons&mdash;Aumale,
+Mayenne, Charles, Archbishop of Reims,
+and Louis, Bishop of Troyes&mdash;to Pont-&agrave;-Mousson, as
+well as her little grandson, the Duke of Longueville,
+the Queen of Scotland's son by her first marriage.
+Duke Antoine and his younger son, Nicholas de
+Vaudemont, Bishop of Metz, were also present,
+together with all the chief nobles of Lorraine.</p>
+
+<p>It was a strange meeting. Guise and his sons had
+often crossed swords with the Prince of Orange and
+Aerschot, and the Duke had refused to meet the
+Emperor on his memorable visit to Chantilly. Now
+he was engaged in repairing the forts along the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>frontier in view of another war, an occupation which
+had at least one merit in his wife's eyes, and kept
+him longer at home than he had been for many years.
+All alike, however, friends and foes, joined in giving
+the new Duchess a hearty welcome, and drank
+joyously to the health and prosperity of the illustrious
+pair.</p>
+
+<p>At Pont-&agrave;-Mousson Francis took his bride to the
+convent of Poor Clares, to see his grandmother,
+Philippa of Guelders, who had taken the veil twenty
+years before, but still retained all her faculties, and
+was the object of her sons' devoted affection. The
+Duke of Guise and his wife constantly visited the
+good old lady, whose name appears so often in
+Antoinette's letters, and who now embraced her new
+granddaughter tenderly and gave the bridal pair her
+blessing. The next day Christina entered Nancy,
+where immense crowds assembled to receive her, and
+choirs of white-robed maidens welcomed her coming
+at the ancient gateway of La Craffe. One quaint
+medieval practice which had lasted until this century
+was dispensed with. It was the custom for a band
+of peasants from the neighbouring village of Laxou,
+to beat the pools in the marshes under the palace
+walls all through the night when the Princes of
+Lorraine brought their brides home, to drive away
+the frogs, whose croaking might disturb the ducal
+slumbers. But instead of this, the peasant women
+of Laxou stood at the palace gates as the Duchess
+alighted, and presented her with baskets of flowers and
+ripe strawberries and cherries.<a name="FNanchor_315" id="FNanchor_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1541</span>] REJOICINGS AT NANCY</div>
+
+<p>A grand tournament was held the following morning,
+on the Place des Dames in front of the ducal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>palace, in which many of the Flemish nobles took
+part, and was followed by a state banquet and ball&mdash;"all
+very sumptuously done," wrote Lord William
+Howard, the English Ambassador.<a name="FNanchor_316" id="FNanchor_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a> Then the wedding
+festivities came to an end, the gay party broke
+up, and the old city which was henceforth to be
+Christina's home resumed its wonted air of sleepy
+tranquillity.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_243" id="Footnote_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> Papiers d'&Eacute;tat. 82. 20, Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_244" id="Footnote_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 297; Calendar of State Papers, xiii. 2, 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_245" id="Footnote_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 289, 683.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_246" id="Footnote_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, Henry VIII., i. 605; Calendar
+of State Papers, xiv. 1, 192.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_247" id="Footnote_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 1, 348, 374.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_248" id="Footnote_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> See Appendix; Papiers d'&Eacute;tat, 82, 26, Archives du Royaume,
+Bruxelles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_249" id="Footnote_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Hubert Thomas, 376-390; Cust, "Gentlemen Errant," 377-379.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_250" id="Footnote_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> "Zimmerische Chronik," ii. 547.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_251" id="Footnote_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> H. Thomas, 396.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_252" id="Footnote_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Kaulek, 104.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_253" id="Footnote_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 105.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_254" id="Footnote_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 2, 61; H. Thomas, 393-398.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_255" id="Footnote_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, Henry VIII., i. 616; Calendar
+of State Papers, xiv. 2, 54.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_256" id="Footnote_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 2, 66, 69, 94, 368.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_257" id="Footnote_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> H. Thomas, 399-401; Kaulek, 136.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_258" id="Footnote_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> Kaulek, 135.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_259" id="Footnote_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 2, 215; H. Thomas, 401.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_260" id="Footnote_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 2, 127, 232; Calendar of
+Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 200; Kaulek, 138, 139.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_261" id="Footnote_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xiv. 2, 127; Nott, ii. 399.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_262" id="Footnote_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xvi. 61; Henne, vi. 301-396.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_263" id="Footnote_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 205.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_264" id="Footnote_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> Bulletin de la Commission d'Histoire, s&eacute;rie ii., 3, 490.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_265" id="Footnote_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> Granvelle, "Papiers d'&Eacute;tat," ii. 540; Calendar of State Papers,
+xiv. 1, 437, 2, 193; Gachard, "Relation des Troubles de Gand,"
+258.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_266" id="Footnote_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Kaulek, 142; Nott, ii. 353.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_267" id="Footnote_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Gachard, 252.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_268" id="Footnote_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Gachard, 49.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_269" id="Footnote_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Henne, vii. 4; A. de Ruble, "Le Mariage de Jeanne d'Albret,"
+46; R. de Bouill&eacute;, "Histoire des Ducs de Guise," i. 123.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_270" id="Footnote_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> Gachard, 305.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_271" id="Footnote_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> M. du Bellay, iv. 413.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_272" id="Footnote_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Granvelle, "Papiers d'&Eacute;tat," ii. 562; Kaulek, 153.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_273" id="Footnote_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Gachard, 531.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_274" id="Footnote_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Gachard, 664-666.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_275" id="Footnote_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xv. 65.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_276" id="Footnote_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 236, 237.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_277" id="Footnote_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Granvelle, "Papiers d'&Eacute;tat," ii. 542.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_278" id="Footnote_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> Nott, ii. 358.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_279" id="Footnote_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> Nott, ii. 380, 391.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_280" id="Footnote_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Gachard, "Relation des Troubles de Gand," 65.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_281" id="Footnote_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> Henne, vii. 40-90; Gachard, 67-70, 389.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_282" id="Footnote_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 308.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_283" id="Footnote_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> Henne, vii. 282; Nott, ii. 418.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_284" id="Footnote_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> Gachard, 65, 71.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_285" id="Footnote_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> Nott, ii. 398.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_286" id="Footnote_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> Nott, ii. 417; State Papers, Record Office, viii. 329.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_287" id="Footnote_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xv. 349, 367.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_288" id="Footnote_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 336, 340, 354; Calendar of
+State Papers, xv. 318.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_289" id="Footnote_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xv. 363, 390, 391.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_290" id="Footnote_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> Kaulek, 191; State Papers, Record Office, viii. 386, 397, 412.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_291" id="Footnote_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> L. Hugo, "Trait&eacute; sur l'Origine de la Maison de Lorraine," 212.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_292" id="Footnote_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 398.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_293" id="Footnote_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> Pfister, "Histoire de Nancy," ii. 188.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_294" id="Footnote_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 15, Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_295" id="Footnote_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 444.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_296" id="Footnote_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII., xvi. 1, 60.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_297" id="Footnote_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 22.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_298" id="Footnote_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> W. Bradford, "Itinerary of Charles V.," 517; State Papers,
+Record Office, viii. 508.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_299" id="Footnote_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> F. Decrue, "Montmorency &agrave; la Cour de Fran&ccedil;ois I.," i. 392.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_300" id="Footnote_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> Gachard, "Voyages de Charles V.," ii. 167.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_301" id="Footnote_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> A. Calmet, "Histoire de Lorraine," iii. 387.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_302" id="Footnote_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 5 (see Appendix). The priests were
+Antoinette's two sons, Charles, Archbishop of Reims, and Louis,
+both of whom afterwards became Cardinals.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_303" id="Footnote_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 153 (see Appendix).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_304" id="Footnote_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, ii. 157.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_305" id="Footnote_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 609.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_306" id="Footnote_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 550; Calendar of State
+Papers, xv. 344, 362; A. de Ruble, "Mariage de Jeanne d'Albret,"
+83.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_307" id="Footnote_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> M. du Bellay, "M&eacute;moires," iv. 415.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_308" id="Footnote_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> A. de Ruble, 118; F. Decrue, "Anne de Montmorency &agrave; la
+Cour de Fran&ccedil;ois I.," 403.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_309" id="Footnote_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 585.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_310" id="Footnote_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 332, 349.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_311" id="Footnote_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> Henne, vii. 282; Calendar of State Papers, xvi. 1, 470.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_312" id="Footnote_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xvi. 1, 508.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_313" id="Footnote_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> J. B. Ravold, "Histoire de Lorraine," iii. 743; Hugo, 217;
+C. Pfister, "Histoire de Nancy," ii. 192.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_314" id="Footnote_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 4 (see Appendix).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_315" id="Footnote_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> Pfister, ii. 63, 188; Ravold, iii. 703.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_316" id="Footnote_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 609.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK VIII<br />
+
+CHRISTINA, DUCHESS OF LORRAINE<br />
+
+1541-1545</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1477</span>] KING REN&Eacute;</div>
+
+<p>The ducal house of Lorraine, into which Christina
+had now married, was one of the oldest and proudest
+in Europe. The duchy took its name of Lotharingia
+from Lothair, a great-grandson of Charlemagne, who
+reigned over a vast kingdom stretching from the
+banks of the Scheldt and Rhine to the Mediterranean.
+After this monarch's death, his territories became
+the object of perpetual contention between the
+German Empire and France, and were eventually
+divided among a number of Counts and Barons who
+owned the Emperor or the French King as their
+suzerain. Godfrey of Bouillon, the leader of the first
+Crusade, was one of many illustrious Princes who
+reigned over Lorraine; but Gerard d'Alsace, who
+died in 1046, was the ancestor of the ducal house to
+which Christina's husband belonged.<a name="FNanchor_317" id="FNanchor_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a> From him
+descended a long line of hereditary Princes, who were
+loyal vassals of France and took an active part in
+the wars against England. Raoul, the founder of
+the collegiate church and Chapter of St. Georges at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>Nancy, was killed fighting valiantly at Cr&eacute;cy, and his
+son John was taken prisoner with the French King by
+the Black Prince at Poitiers. Duke John's second son,
+Ferry, Count of Vaudemont and Joinville, fell at Agincourt.
+In 1444 this Prince's grandson, Ferry II., the
+representative of the younger branch of the House
+of Lorraine, married Yolande, daughter of Ren&eacute; of
+Anjou, King of Provence, Jerusalem, and Sicily, and
+Duke of Lorraine in right of his wife, Isabella, the
+heiress of Duke Charles II. Yolande, whose sister,
+Margaret of Anjou, married Henry VI., became
+Duchess of Lorraine after the death of her nephew
+in 1473, and united the two branches of the family
+in her person. But she renounced the sovereignty in
+favour of her son, Ren&eacute; II., who still bore the proud
+title of King of Sicily and Jerusalem, although, as the
+English Ambassador, Wotton, remarked, he had never
+seen either the one or the other. Ren&eacute; had a fierce
+struggle for the possession of Lorraine with Charles
+of Burgundy, who defeated him completely in 1475,
+and entered Nancy in triumph. But in January,
+1477, King Ren&eacute; recovered his duchy with the help
+of the Swiss, and Charles was defeated and slain in a
+desperate battle under the walls of Nancy.<a name="FNanchor_318" id="FNanchor_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a></p>
+
+<p>Ten years later Ren&eacute; married Philippa of Egmont,
+sister of Charles, Duke of Guelders, and, together with
+his admirable wife, devoted the rest of his life to the
+welfare of his subjects and the improvement of the
+capital. During his reign the ducal palace, founded
+by his ancestors in the fourteenth century, was enlarged
+and beautified, and the neighbouring church
+and convent of the Cordeliers were built. Here
+Ren&eacute; was buried after his early death in 1508, and his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>
+sorrowing wife reared a noble monument in which he
+is represented kneeling under a pinnacled canopy
+crowned by a statue of the Virgin and Child.<a name="FNanchor_319" id="FNanchor_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1519</span>] QUEEN PHILIPPA</div>
+
+<p>Six stalwart sons grew up under Philippa's watchful
+eye, to bear their father's name and maintain the
+honour of his house. The eldest, Antoine, succeeded
+Ren&eacute; as Duke of Lorraine and Bar, and the second,
+Claude, became a naturalized French subject, and
+inherited the family estates in France, including
+Joinville, Guise, and Aumale. Both Princes were
+educated at the French Court, where Claude became
+the friend and companion of the future King Francis,
+and in 1513 married Antoinette de Bourbon, the
+Count of Vend&ocirc;me's daughter. This lovely maiden
+was brought up with her cousins, Louis XII.'s
+daughters, the elder of whom married Francis of
+Angoul&ecirc;me, the heir to the Crown. When, in 1515,
+this Prince succeeded his father-in-law on the throne,
+he promised the young Duke of Lorraine the hand of
+Louis XII.'s widow, Mary of England; but the fair
+Dowager had already plighted her troth to Brandon,
+Duke of Suffolk, and Antoine consoled himself with
+another Princess of the blood royal, Ren&eacute;e de Bourbon,
+daughter of Gilbert de Montpensier and Chiara Gonzaga.
+The wedding was celebrated at Amboise on
+the 26th of June, 1515, and Antoine and Claude both
+left their brides in Lorraine with Queen Philippa
+while they followed Francis to Italy. There they
+fought gallantly by the King's side at Marignano.
+Antoine was knighted on the field of battle, while
+Claude received a dangerous wound, and a third
+brother was slain in the m&ecirc;l&eacute;e. Two of Philippa's
+younger sons lost their lives in the French King's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>later campaigns. One was killed at Pavia, and Louis,
+the handsomest of all his handsome race, died of the
+plague in Lautrec's army before Naples. A sixth
+son, Jean, Bishop of Metz, was made a Cardinal at
+twenty, and, like his brother, Claude of Guise, became
+a prominent figure at the French Court.</p>
+
+<p>During Antoine's absence his duchy was governed
+wisely and well by his mother, Philippa; but when he
+no longer needed her help, the good Queen retired
+from the world, and on the 8th of December, 1519,
+entered the Order of the Poor Clares at Pont-&agrave;-Mousson.
+Here she spent the remaining twenty-seven
+years of her life in works of devotion, and
+edified her family and subjects by the zeal with which
+she performed the humblest duties, going barefoot
+and wearing rough serge. But she still retained great
+influence over her sons, who were all deeply attached
+to her and often came to visit her in the convent.
+By a will which she made when she forsook the world,
+she left her furniture, jewels, and most of her property,
+to her second son, Claude, "pour aider ce jeune
+m&eacute;nage,"<a name="FNanchor_320" id="FNanchor_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a> and the Duke and Duchess of Guise went
+to live at her dower-house of Joinville, the <i>beau
+ch&acirc;tel</i> on the heights above the River Marne, which
+had once belonged to St. Louis's follower, le Sieur
+de Joinville. Here that remarkable woman, Duchess
+Antoinette, the mother of the Guises, reared her large
+family, the six sons who became famous as soldiers
+or prelates, and the four beautiful daughters who
+were courted by Kings and Princes. Antoine's wife,
+Ren&eacute;e, had not the ability and force of character
+which made her cousin a power at the French Court,
+as well as in her own family, but she was greatly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>beloved in Lorraine, and inherited the cultivated
+tastes of her Gonzaga mother&mdash;the sister of Elizabeth,
+Duchess of Urbino, and sister-in-law of the famous
+Isabella d'Este. Ren&eacute;e brought the graces and refinement
+of the Mantuan Court to her husband's home,
+and the blossoming of art which took place at Nancy
+during Antoine's reign was largely due to her influence.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 429px;">
+<img src="images/facing260.jpg" width="429" height="589" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>GRANDE PORTERIE. PALAIS DUCAL, NANCY</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>To face p. <a href="#Page_260">260</a></i></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1541</span>] THE DUCAL PALACE</div>
+
+<p>A whole school of local architects and painters were
+employed to adorn the ducal palace, which under his
+rule and that of his immediate successors became, in
+the words of a contemporary, "as fine a dwelling-place
+for a great Prince as could possibly be desired."<a name="FNanchor_321" id="FNanchor_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a>
+King Ren&eacute; had rebuilt the older portions of the house;
+his son now added the noble gateway known as "La
+Grande Porterie," with his own equestrian statue
+carved by Mansuy Gauvain, and the magnificent
+upper gallery called "La Galerie des Cerfs," from
+the antlers and other trophies of the chase which hung
+upon its walls.<a name="FNanchor_322" id="FNanchor_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a> A wealth of delicate sculpture was
+lavished on the fa&ccedil;ade. Flowers and foliage, heraldic
+beasts and armorial bearings, adorned the portal;
+"le b&#339;uf qui pr&ecirc;che"&mdash;an ox's head in a pulpit&mdash;appeared
+in one corner, and on the topmost pinnacle,
+above the busts of Ren&eacute; and Antoine, a monkey was
+seen clad in a friar's habit. Within, the vaulted
+halls were decorated with stately mantelpieces and
+richly carved friezes. Without, the roofs glittered
+with gilded copper fretwork and a tall bronze <i>fl&egrave;che</i>,
+bearing the cross of Lorraine and the thistle of Nancy,
+crowned the "Tour du Paradis," which enclosed the
+fine spiral staircase leading to the Galerie des Cerfs.
+Another round tower, containing an inclined way
+broad enough for a horse and chariot, stood in the
+older part of the palace, and led up to the Treasury,
+where the Crown jewels were kept. Here, too, were
+the apartments occupied by the ducal family. On
+one side they opened on to the "Cour d'Honneur,"
+where tournaments and pageants were held. On the
+other the windows looked down on the gardens, with
+their cut yews and box hedges, their arbours and
+bosquets, and in the centre a superb fountain
+adorned with <i>putti</i> by Mansuy Gauvain; while beyond
+the eye ranged across the sleepy waters of the moat to
+green meadows and distant woods.<a name="FNanchor_323" id="FNanchor_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a> The grand portal
+and state-rooms at the new end of the palace looked
+down on the Grande Rue, and were only divided by a
+narrow street from the shops and stalls of the market-place.
+The fact that the Duke's house stood in the
+heart of the city naturally fostered the affection with
+which he was regarded by the people of Nancy. The
+citizens were familiar with every detail of the ducal
+family's private life, and took the deepest interest in
+their comings and goings, their weddings and funerals,
+in the guests who arrived at the palace gates, and in
+the children who grew up within its walls.</p>
+
+<p>Duke Antoine was especially beloved by his subjects.
+Early in life he had learnt by experience the
+horrors of war, and all through his reign he tried
+manfully to preserve a strict neutrality between the
+rival powers on either side, with the result that
+Lorraine enjoyed an unbroken period of peace and
+prosperity. The burden of taxation was lightened,
+trade and agriculture flourished, and the arts were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>
+encouraged by this good Prince, who was justly called
+the "father of his people." When his beloved wife
+Ren&eacute;e died, in June, 1539, his sorrow was shared
+by the whole nation.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Since I sent my last letter," wrote the Duchess
+of Guise to her daughter in Scotland, "you will have
+heard of the death of your aunt&mdash;whom God pardon&mdash;a
+fortnight ago. The attack&mdash;<i>a flux de ventre</i>&mdash;which
+carried her off only lasted nine days, but she
+was enfeebled by long illness. Nature could no
+longer offer any resistance, and God in His good
+pleasure took her to Himself. She died as a good
+Christian, doing her duty by all and asking forgiveness
+of everyone, and remained conscious to the end.
+After Friday morning she would not see her children,
+or even her husband, but, as this distressed him
+greatly, she sent for him again after she had received
+God. On Sunday she was anointed with holy oil,
+and died at ten o'clock the next evening. It was
+the tenth of June. It is a heavy loss for all our
+family, but your uncle bears up bravely. He sent for
+us, and I set out for Nancy at once, but only arrived
+there after her death. Your father, with whom I
+have been in Picardy, followed on Saturday. I have
+just returned to Pont-&agrave;-Mousson, where I came to see
+my mother-in-law, the good old Queen. The funeral
+will be on St. John's Day, and your aunt will be
+buried in the Cordeliers, opposite the tomb of the late
+King" (Ren&eacute; II.).<a name="FNanchor_324" id="FNanchor_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Four days after his wife's death, Antoine himself
+sent these touching lines to his niece, the Queen of
+Scotland:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1541</span>] FRANCIS OF LORRAINE</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I was glad to hear from you the other day,
+Madame, and must tell you the great sorrow which it
+has pleased God to send me, in calling my wife to
+Himself. She died on the morrow of Pentecost. God
+be praised, Madame, for the beautiful end which she
+made, like the good Christian that she was. Com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>mend
+me to the King your lord; and if there is any
+service which I can render you or him, let me know,
+and I will do it gladly.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">"Your humble and loving uncle,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 24.5em;">"<span class="smcap">Antoine</span>."<a name="FNanchor_325" id="FNanchor_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Ren&eacute;e bore the Duke a large family, but only
+three of her children lived to grow up: Francis,
+Marquis of Pont-&agrave;-Mousson, born in 1517; Anne, the
+Princess of Orange, who was five years younger; and
+Nicolas, Count of Vaudemont, born in 1524, who
+took Deacon's Orders, and became Bishop of Metz
+when the Cardinal of Lorraine resigned this see.
+Francis had the French King for his godfather, and
+was sent, as a matter of course, to be educated at
+the Court of France with the Dauphin. This Prince
+inherited the tall stature and regular features of his
+father's family, together with his mother's love of
+art and letters. His studious tastes and quick intelligence
+made him the delight of all his teachers,
+and King Francis was heard to say that the Marquis
+du Pont was the wisest Prince of his age. But
+although he could ride and tilt as well as any of his
+peers, he was never robust, and the strain of melancholy
+in his nature increased as years went by. In
+1538 the young Marquis accompanied his father to
+meet the Emperor at Aigues-Mortes, and made a very
+favourable impression on Charles, who proposed that
+he should marry one of King Ferdinand's daughters.
+Several other alliances had been already suggested
+for this promising Prince.<a name="FNanchor_326" id="FNanchor_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a> In 1527, while he was
+still a boy, the fateful marriage between him and Anne
+of Cleves had been arranged; and when this was
+abandoned, King Francis first offered him one of his
+own daughters, and then his cousin, Mary of Vend&ocirc;me,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>whom the King of Scotland had deserted for the fair
+Duchess of Longueville. At the same time
+Henry VIII. asked Castillon to arrange a marriage
+between his daughter Mary and the heir of Lorraine.<a name="FNanchor_327" id="FNanchor_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a>
+But from the moment that Francis of Lorraine saw
+the Duchess of Milan at Compi&egrave;gne his choice never
+wavered, and his constancy triumphed in the end
+over all difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>The lamented death of Duchess Ren&eacute;e, and the
+marriage of her only daughter, Anne, in the following
+year, had left the palace at Nancy without a mistress,
+and rendered Christina's presence there the more
+welcome. The old Duke was as proud of his daughter-in-law
+as his subjects were of their young Duchess,
+and Christina's frank manners and open-handed
+generosity soon made her very popular in Lorraine.
+She received a cordial welcome from Antoinette and
+the Guise Princes at Joinville, and was on the best
+of terms with her young brother-in-law, Monsieur de
+Metz. Above all, she was adored by her spouse, whose
+devotion to Christina quickly dispelled the Duchess of
+Guise's fears lest this grave and thoughtful Prince
+should not prove a good husband. His love satisfied
+every longing of her heart, and filled her soul with
+deep content. After all the storms of her early
+youth, after the lonely months at Milan and Pavia,
+after the disappointment of her cherished hopes, the
+young Duchess had found a happiness beyond her
+highest dreams. As she wrote to her old friend
+Granvelle a few months later: "My husband treats
+me so kindly, and has such great affection for me,
+that I am the happiest woman in the whole world."<a name="FNanchor_328" id="FNanchor_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1541</span>] A VISIT TO FONTAINEBLEAU</div>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>The King of France's ill-temper was the one drawback
+to the general satisfaction with which Christina's
+marriage had been received. The coldness with
+which he treated the Duke of Lorraine and his son,
+the sacrifice of their rights on Bar, rankled in the old
+man's heart. His surprise was the greater when he
+received a courteous invitation to bring his son and
+daughter-in-law on a visit to the French Court. His
+brother the Cardinal wrote saying that Queen
+Eleanor was anxious to see her niece, and that the
+King wished to confer the Order of St. Michel on her
+lord, and begged Duke Antoine to accompany the
+young couple to Fontainebleau.</p>
+
+<p>Christina and her husband, who since his marriage
+had become a strong Imperialist, were reluctant
+to accept the invitation, lest an attempt should be
+made to draw Lorraine into an alliance against the
+Emperor. But the Cardinal's bland promises and
+Antoine's anxiety to keep on good terms with the
+King prevailed over their hesitation, and early in
+November the two Dukes and the young Duchess
+spent three days at Fontainebleau. Hunting-parties
+and banquets occupied the first two days. Eleanor
+took the greatest delight in her niece's company, and
+the King, who could never resist a woman's charms,
+was assiduous in his attention to Christina. The
+Queen of Navarre's presence afforded the Duchess
+additional pleasure, and this accomplished Princess
+showed her Leonardo and Raphael's paintings, and
+did the honours of the superb palace which had
+excited the Emperor's admiration two years before.
+On the third evening the King expressed his wish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>
+to confer the Order of St. Michel on the young Duke
+in so pressing a manner that it was impossible to refuse
+this offer. But an unpleasant surprise was in store
+for him and his father. The next morning the
+Cardinal informed them that the King demanded
+the cession of the town and fortress of Stenay, in
+return for the privilege of holding the duchy of Bar.
+This unexpected demand aroused an indignant
+protest from Antoine and Francis. Stenay was one
+of the bulwarks of Lorraine, and its position on the
+frontiers of Luxembourg made it of great importance
+to the defence of the empire. But nothing that the
+Duke and his son could say was of the slightest avail.
+They were told that if Stenay was not surrendered
+peaceably the King would declare war and reduce
+their country to subjection. These threats alarmed
+the old Duke to such a pitch that before leaving
+Fontainebleau he was induced to sign a treaty by
+which Stenay was given up in perpetuity to the
+French Crown. It was a grievous blow to the prestige
+of Lorraine, and filled Christina and her husband
+with grave fears for the future. The following letter
+which the Duchess wrote to Granvelle a few weeks
+afterwards shows how bitterly she resented the
+wrong:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1541</span>] THE CESSION OF STENAY</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"You have no doubt heard of the voyage which
+the Lord Duke my father-in-law, my husband, and I,
+took to the French Court, where we made a very
+short stay, but one which turned out very badly for
+our house. For the King used violent threats to my
+father and husband, and sent my uncle the Cardinal
+to tell them that, if they did not satisfy his demands,
+he would prove their worst enemy, and make them
+the smallest people in the world. So they were compelled
+to give him the town of Stenay, which is a
+great loss to this house, and has vexed my husband
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>and me sorely, showing us how much we are despised
+on that side, and to what risk of destruction we
+should be exposed if it were not for the good help of
+the Emperor, in whom I place my whole trust."<a name="FNanchor_329" id="FNanchor_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Unfortunately for the Duchess and her husband,
+Charles was at this moment engaged in his disastrous
+expedition to Algiers. The news of the tempest
+which wrecked his fleet on the coast of Africa had
+reached the French Court, and it was confidently
+asserted that the Emperor himself had perished, or
+was a prisoner in Barbarossa's camp. These disquieting
+rumours were set at rest early in December
+by his safe return to Cartagena with the remnants of his
+army. But his enemies had been active in his absence.
+On the 15th of November the Duke of Lorraine set
+his seal to the deed of cession, and a week later a
+French garrison took possession of Stenay. General
+indignation was excited throughout Europe by this
+arbitrary act. Mary of Hungary entered a vigorous
+protest in her brother's name against this surrender
+of an imperial fief, and no sooner did the news reach
+Charles than he told his Ambassador to require the
+French King to do homage for the town. The new
+English Ambassador, Paget, who arrived at Fontainebleau
+a few days after the Lorraine Princes left
+Court, noticed that the King "looked very black,
+as if the Imperial Envoy had spoken of matters not
+all the pleasantest"; while he informed his royal
+master that the entertainment of the Duke of Lorraine
+had been but cold, and that he had lost all
+credit with the French.<a name="FNanchor_330" id="FNanchor_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a> When Chapuys told King
+Henry at Christmas how King Francis had snatched
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>Stenay from the Duke of Lorraine, the English
+monarch only shrugged his shoulders, saying he had
+always known no good would come out of that
+marriage.<a name="FNanchor_331" id="FNanchor_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Christina and her husband found some
+consolation for their wounded feelings in the friendly
+reception which they met with at Joinville, on their
+return from France. The Duke and Duchess of Guise
+came to meet them at Annonville, and were eager to
+do honour to their nephew's bride and show her the
+beauties of their stately home. They had lately decorated
+the halls and chapel with paintings and statues,
+and Antoinette had laid out terraced gardens along the
+wooded slopes on the River Marne, adorned with
+pavilions and fountains. Nothing escaped the eye
+of this excellent lady, who watched over the education
+of her children and the welfare of her servants, and
+managed her kitchen, stables, and kennels, with the
+same indefatigable care. Her household was a model
+of economy and prudence, and her works of mercy
+extended far beyond the limits of Joinville. The
+active correspondence which she kept up with her
+eldest daughter, the Queen of Scotland, abounds in
+details regarding every member of her family, and
+above all her little grandson, the Duke of Longueville.
+The Duchess's letters are naturally full of this precious
+boy, who was the pet and plaything of the whole
+household, and on whose perfections she is never
+tired of dwelling. For his mother's benefit, she sends
+minute records of his height and appearance, of the
+progress which he is making at lessons, the walks
+which he takes with his nurse.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p>
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1541</span>] AT JOINVILLE</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"We have here now," she wrote to Mary of Guise,
+on the 18th of November, "not only your uncle, but
+the Duke and Duchess of Bar, on their way back
+from Court. They are all making good cheer with us,
+and your father is so busy entertaining them that
+you will hardly have a letter from him this time.
+Your eldest brother [Aumale] is here too, but goes
+to join the King at Fontainebleau next week. I
+shall go to my mother [the old Countess of Vend&ocirc;me],
+who is quite well, and so also is the good old Queen,
+your grandmother. I have kept as a <i>bonne bouche</i>
+for you a word about our grandson, who will soon
+be a man, and is the finest child that you ever saw.
+I am trying to find a painter who can show you how
+tall, healthy, and handsome, he is."</p></div>
+
+<p>Sad news had lately come from Scotland, where the
+Queen's two children, a boy of a year old and a new-born
+babe, had died in the same week. Antoinette's
+motherly heart yearned over her absent daughter in
+this sudden bereavement.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Your father and I are sorely grieved at the loss
+you have suffered," she wrote to Mary; "but you are
+both young, and I can only hope that God, who took
+away those dear little ones, will send you others....
+If I were good enough for my prayers to be of any
+avail with God, I would pray for this, but I can at
+least have prayers offered up by others who are better
+than I am, especially by the good Queen in her convent
+and her holy nuns. We are glad to hear the
+King bears his loss with resignation, and trust
+God will give you patience to live for Him in this
+world and in the next, to which tribulation is the
+surest way."</p></div>
+
+<p>And in a postscript she adds a word of practical
+advice, saying that she did not like to hear of the poor
+babes having so many different nurses, and fears
+this may have been one cause of the mischief.<a name="FNanchor_332" id="FNanchor_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a></p>
+
+<p>In return for this affectionate sympathy, King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>
+James sent his mother-in-law a fine diamond and a
+portrait of himself, which arrived during Christina's
+visit, and excited much interest at Joinville. All the
+Duchess of Guise's daughters were absent from home,
+the youngest, Antoinette, having joined her sister,
+Abbess Ren&eacute;e, in the convent at Reims, where she
+afterwards took the veil. But her eldest son, as we
+have seen, was at Joinville on this occasion. A tall,
+dark-haired, olive-skinned youth, recklessly brave
+and adventurous, Aumale was a great favourite both
+in Court and camp, and his mother had been sadly
+disappointed at the failure of the marriage negotiations,
+which had cost her so much time and trouble.
+The Pope's daughter, Vittoria Farnese, who was to
+have been his wife, had since then been offered in
+turn to the Prince of Piedmont and the Duke of
+Vend&ocirc;me, and was eventually married to the Duke
+of Urbino. Aumale himself cared little for the loss
+of the Italian bride, whom he had never seen, and had
+hitherto shown no eagerness for matrimony, but the
+sight of Christina made a deep impression upon him,
+and he never forgot his fair cousin's visit to Joinville.
+The most friendly relations prevailed between the
+two families, and frequent visits were interchanged
+during the winter. Christmas was celebrated with
+prolonged festivities at Nancy, and on the 6th of
+February the old Duke wrote from Joinville to his
+niece, the Queen of Scotland:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Your father and I have spent the last week
+together, and have made great cheer with all our
+family. Your son, De Longueville, is very well, and
+has grown a fine boy.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">"Your very humble and affectionate uncle,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 24.5em;">"<span class="smcap">Antoine</span>."<a name="FNanchor_333" id="FNanchor_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1542</span>] CHRISTINA'S ANXIETIES</div>
+
+<p>In spite of these distractions, Christina found it
+difficult to make her husband forget the loss of
+Stenay. The injustice which had been done to the
+House of Lorraine still rankled in his mind, and he
+feared that the Emperor would hold him responsible
+for the surrender of the town, and regard it as an act
+of disloyalty. Christina accordingly addressed a long
+letter to Granvelle, explaining that her husband had
+been very reluctant to accept the French Order of
+St. Michel, and had only done this at his father's
+express command, before there had been any mention
+of surrendering Stenay. Now she feared that the
+King might make some fresh demand, which would
+complete the destruction of the ducal house, and could
+only beg the Emperor to help them with his advice
+and support.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"For you may rest assured," she goes on, "that,
+whatever His Majesty is pleased to command, my
+husband and I will obey, although, as you know, my
+father-in-law is somewhat difficult to please, and we
+must do his will for the present. So I beg you
+earnestly to point this out to His Majesty, and ask
+him to give us his advice; for since our return to
+Nancy my husband has been so sad and melancholy,
+and so full of regret for the great wrong which his
+house has suffered, that I am quite afraid it will
+injure his health. Once more I beg you, Monsieur de
+Granvelle, to be a good friend to us in the present,
+as you have been in the past ... for we have received
+so much kindness from you that I hope you will not
+hesitate to give us whatever advice seems best in
+your eyes. As for me, I am so much indebted to you
+for having helped to place me where I am, that you
+and yours will always find me ready to do you
+service. For I can never forget that it is to you I
+owe my present great happiness."<a name="FNanchor_334" id="FNanchor_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1542</span>] KING HENRY'S WIVES</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Charles, however, wrote kindly to his niece, and
+refused to listen to the unkind tongues who tried to
+poison his mind against her husband. By degrees
+the young Duke recovered his equanimity, and
+devoted his attention to beautifying the ducal palace
+of Nancy. In the last years of Ren&eacute;e's life a Lorraine
+artist, Hugues de la Faye, had been employed
+to paint subjects from the life of Christ at one end
+of the "Galerie des Cerfs," and hunting-scenes at the
+other. Christina's presence gave new impulse to the
+work, and the large quantity of gold-leaf and azure
+supplied to the painters in the Duke's service, show
+how actively the internal decoration of the palace
+was carried on. In one particular instance Christina's
+influence is clearly to be traced. By Duke
+Antoine's orders, a fresco of the Last Supper was
+begun by Hugues de la Faye in the refectory of the
+Cordeliers, but was only completed after this painter's
+death in 1542, by Crock and Chappin. These two
+Lorraine artists were sent to Italy by Duke Francis
+soon after his accession, and visited Milan amongst
+other places. Here they saw Leonardo's famous
+"Cenacolo" in the refectory of S. Maria le Grazie,
+which was closely connected with the Sforza Princes,
+and must have been very familiar to Christina
+when she lived in Milan. The fresco which they
+executed at Nancy is said to have been a replica of
+Leonardo's great work, and kneeling figures of
+Antoine and Ren&eacute;e were introduced on the same wall,
+in imitation of the portraits of Lodovico Sforza and
+Beatrice d'Este which are still to be seen in the
+Dominican refectory at Milan. Unfortunately, the
+Lorraine masters' painting suffered a still worse fate
+than Leonardo's immortal work, and, after being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>
+partly spoilt by damp, was finally destroyed thirty
+years ago and replaced by a modern copy.<a name="FNanchor_335" id="FNanchor_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a></p>
+
+<p>During this winter, when Christina was happily
+settled in her new home and surrounded by loyal
+friends and subjects, news came from England of the
+trial and execution of Henry VIII.'s fifth Queen,
+Catherine Howard. When the Duke and Duchess
+were at Fontainebleau, rumours reached the Court
+that this unhappy lady, of whom Henry was deeply
+enamoured but a short time before, had been suddenly
+banished from his presence, and taken into
+custody. "Par ma foi de gentil homme!" exclaimed
+King Francis when he heard the account
+of the Queen's misdeeds. "She has done wondrous
+naughtily!"<a name="FNanchor_336" id="FNanchor_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a> But in England, as Chapuys reported,
+much compassion was felt for the King's latest
+victim, who had dragged down the noble house of
+Howard in her fall. Lord William Howard, the
+late Ambassador, was hastily recalled from France,
+and sent to the Tower with his mother, the old
+Duchess of Norfolk. The King himself, wrote
+Chapuys, felt the case more than that of any of his
+other wives, just as the woman who had lost ten
+husbands grieved more for the tenth when he died
+than for any of the other nine! But when the
+luckless Queen was beheaded, Henry recovered his
+spirits, and spent Carnival in feasting and entertaining
+ladies with a gaiety which made people think
+that he meant to marry again. "But few, if any,
+ladies of the Court," remarked Chapuys, "now aspire
+to the honour of becoming one of the King's wives."<a name="FNanchor_337" id="FNanchor_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was an honour to which Christina herself had
+never aspired. One day at the Court of Nancy,
+conversation turned on the King of England, and
+some indiscreet lady asked the Duchess why she had
+rejected this monarch's suit. A smile broke over
+Christina's face, and the old dimples rose to her cheeks
+as she replied that, unfortunately, she only had one
+head, but that if she had possessed two, one might
+have been at His Majesty's disposal. It was a
+characteristic speech, and has passed into history.<a name="FNanchor_338" id="FNanchor_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1542</span>] THE KING'S CHASE</div>
+
+<p>All through the winter of 1541-42 preparations for
+war were actively carried on in France, and intrigue
+was rife among the Courts of Europe. Francis was
+determined to profit by his rival's misfortunes, in
+spite of the remonstrances of the Pope and of the
+deputies who were sent by the Imperial Diet to adjure
+him not to trouble the peace of Christendom while
+the Emperor was fighting against the Turks. By the
+end of the year he succeeded in forming a strong
+coalition, which included Scotland, Denmark, Sweden,
+and Cleves. The Palatine Frederic had once more
+pressed his wife's claims to the three kingdoms, with
+the result that Christian III. lent a willing ear to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>French King's advances, and sent Envoys to Fontainebleau,
+where a secret treaty between France
+and Denmark was signed a few days after the Duke
+and Duchess of Lorraine had left Court. Francis
+was now exceedingly anxious to draw Lorraine into
+the league and induce Duke Antoine to take up arms
+against the Emperor. In May he set out on a progress
+through Burgundy and Champagne, taking the
+Queen and all the Court with him, to inspect the
+fortifications of the eastern frontier and enjoy some
+hunting on the way. "Tell the Pope," he said merrily
+to the Legate Ardinghelli, "that I do nothing but
+make good cheer and amuse myself, whether I entertain
+fair ladies or go a-hunting the deer." Paget and
+the other Ambassadors complained bitterly of the bad
+quarters "in peevish villages" which they had to put
+up with as they followed the King from place to
+place, wherever "great harts were to be heard of."<a name="FNanchor_339" id="FNanchor_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a>
+Fortunately, he found excellent sport at the Duke of
+Guise's ch&acirc;teau of Esclaron, where he spent three
+weeks, and declared that he had never been so happy
+in his life.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The King," wrote Duchess Antoinette to Mary of
+Scotland, "has found so many big stags here that he
+says he was never in a place which pleased him
+better, and that in spite of torrents of rain and
+God knows what mud! And you cannot think how
+fond he is of your father."<a name="FNanchor_340" id="FNanchor_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>She herself went to Esclaron to receive her royal
+guest, taking the eight-year-old Duke of Longueville
+with her, to make his bow to the King and be petted
+by Queen Eleanor and her ladies. But the life of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>a Court lady, as she told her daughter, was little to
+her taste, and she returned to Joinville early in June,
+to keep the F&ecirc;te-Dieu and prepare her husband's
+and sons' equipment for the war which was expected
+to begin immediately. Two days later, on the 10th
+of June, the Duke and Duchess of Bar paid the
+French King a visit at Esclaron, and were present at
+the reception of the Swedish Ambassadors, whom
+Gustavus Wasa had sent to sign the new treaty.
+The ceremony took place in a large barn hung with
+tapestries and wreathed with green boughs. The
+King and his guests sat on a raised da&iuml;s, draped with
+cloth of gold, under a canopy, while the Princes of
+the blood and the other courtiers, among whom were
+no less than six Cardinals, stood below. Here Francis
+listened patiently to a long Latin harangue from
+the Swedish Ambassador, and then, coming down
+from his seat, he mingled freely in the crowd of
+Cardinals and Princes, gentlemen and yeomen, who
+stood "all in a heap" at the doors of the barn, and
+showed himself very affable, although, in Paget's
+opinion, "his manner lacked the majesty which he
+had noticed in his own master on similar occasions."<a name="FNanchor_341" id="FNanchor_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1542</span>] THE FRENCH INVASION</div>
+
+<p>Christina looked with curiosity at these Envoys
+from the Northern kingdom over which her father
+had once ruled, many of whom had known the
+captive monarch in old days. This time she and
+her husband had no cause to complain of the King's
+treatment. He was all courtesy and smiles, and
+assured them in the most cordial terms of the singular
+affection which he bore to all their house. But he soon
+saw that there was no prospect of inducing Antoine
+and his son to join him against Christina's uncle, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>on the 12th of June he consented to sign an agreement
+by which he promised to respect the neutrality
+of Lorraine and the properties of the Duke's subjects.<a name="FNanchor_342" id="FNanchor_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a>
+After spending another week at Joinville, enjoying
+the splendid hospitality of the Guises, he left Eleanor
+with the Duchess, and went on to Ligny, a strong
+fortress on the borders of Luxembourg, where he gave
+orders for the opening of the campaign.</p>
+
+<p>By the middle of July four separate armies had
+invaded the Emperor's dominions. Guise and
+Orl&eacute;ans fell upon Luxembourg, Vend&ocirc;me entered
+Flanders, the Dauphin attacked Roussillon, and the
+forces of Cleves, under the redoubtable Guelders
+captain, Martin van Rossem, laid Brabant waste
+with fire and sword. But they met with determined
+opposition in every quarter, and the heroism of the
+Regent and her captains saved the Netherlands
+from ruin.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The attack," wrote De Praet to Charles on
+September 21, 1542, "was so secretly planned and so
+well carried out that it is a miracle Your Majesty
+did not lose your Pays-Bas. We must thank God
+first of all, and next to Him the Queen, to whose
+extreme care, toil, and diligence, this is owing."<a name="FNanchor_343" id="FNanchor_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Fortunately for the Imperialists, Francis's extravagance
+had emptied his treasury. All his money, as
+Paget reported, was spent in building new palaces
+and buying jewels for himself and his favourites.
+Stenay and other places had been fortified at vast
+expense, and by the end of the year most of the
+French forces were disbanded for lack of funds.</p>
+
+<p>It was a sad autumn at Joinville, where the good
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>Duchess wept and prayed for her absent lord and
+sons, and sighed to think they were fighting against
+her daughter Louise's husband and father-in-law. In
+September Guise was invalided home, and he was
+hardly fit to mount his horse again when the
+parents received the news of Louise's death, which
+took place at Brussels on the 18th of October. The
+charming Princess had always been a delicate girl,
+and now she died without leaving a child to comfort
+the husband and father who had loved her so
+well. This sad event was followed by tidings of the
+disaster which had befallen the King of Scotland's
+army in Solway Moss, and of his death on the
+18th of December. Antoinette's heart bled for her
+widowed daughter, who had just given birth to an
+infant Princess at Linlithgow. "It came with a lass,
+and it will go with a lass," were the words of the King
+when he was told of the child's birth, a few days
+before he died at Falkland Palace. Both Guise and
+Aumale would gladly have hastened to Mary's help,
+but it was impossible for them to leave the camp at
+this critical moment, and Antoinette could only beg
+her daughter to keep up her courage and trust in God,
+"the Almighty, who would defend her and the poor
+little Queen, who although so young is already exposed
+to the insults of her enemies."<a name="FNanchor_344" id="FNanchor_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1543</span>] BIRTH OF A SON</div>
+
+<p>It was a no less anxious time for Christina in her
+home at Nancy. From the palace roof the smoke
+of burning villages was to be seen in all directions,
+and the people of Lorraine were exposed to frequent
+raids from the hordes of irregular soldiers in both
+armies, and were compelled to raise trained bands
+for the defence of the frontiers. It was only by the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>strictest observance of the laws of neutrality that an
+outbreak of actual hostilities could be avoided.
+When Aumale was badly wounded by a shot from a
+crossbow in the siege of Luxembourg, his uncle the
+Duke sternly refused to have him carried into his
+neighbouring castle of Longwy; and when Mary of
+Hungary proposed to garrison this fortress to protect
+his subjects from French aggression, he declined her
+offer firmly at the risk of incurring the imperial displeasure.<a name="FNanchor_345" id="FNanchor_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a>
+Christina herself spent Christmas at Fontainebleau
+with her aunt, Queen Eleanor. This poor
+lady was distracted with grief at the war between her
+husband and brother, and spent much time in making
+futile attempts to induce her sister, the Regent,
+to listen to peace negotiations. Early in December,
+while the King was hunting at Cognac, she sent a
+gorgeous litter to Bar to bring the Duchess to Court,
+and kept her there till the middle of January.<a name="FNanchor_346" id="FNanchor_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a>
+A month afterwards&mdash;on the 13th of February&mdash;Christina
+gave birth to her first child, a son, who
+received the name of Charles, after her imperial uncle.
+There was great rejoicing in Nancy, where the happy
+event took place, and the old Duke himself went to
+Pont-&agrave;-Mousson to bear the good news to the venerable
+Queen Philippa, who thanked God that she had
+lived to see her great-grandson. The little Prince's
+christening was celebrated with as much festivity
+as the troubled state of the country would allow,
+and Christina's faithful friend, the Princess of Macedonia,
+who had followed her to Lorraine, held the
+child at the font and was appointed his governess.<a name="FNanchor_347" id="FNanchor_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1543</span>] DUKE ANTOINE MEDIATES</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Two days before the Prince's birth a secret treaty
+between the Emperor and King Henry was concluded
+at Whitehall. Chapuys had at length attained the
+object of his untiring efforts, and De Courri&egrave;res was
+sent from Spain on a confidential mission to induce
+Henry to declare war against France. The defeat
+of the Duke of Aerschot at Sittard excited general
+alarm in Flanders, and Mary was at her wits' end for
+money and men. But the Emperor himself was
+hastening across the Alps to the help of his loyal
+provinces. The marriage of his son Philip with the
+Infanta of Portugal had been finally settled, and with
+the help of this Princess's large dowry and another
+half-million of Mexican gold, Charles was able to raise
+a large army of German and Italian troops. On the
+22nd of August he appeared in person before D&uuml;ren,
+the capital of Cleves, which surrendered within a
+week. The Duke threw himself on the victor's
+mercy, and was pardoned and invested anew with his
+hereditary duchies, while Guelders was annexed to
+the Netherlands and the Prince of Orange became
+its first Governor. William of Cleves on his part
+renounced the French alliance, and agreed to marry
+one of King Ferdinand's daughters. His previous
+marriage with Jeanne d'Albret was annulled by the
+Pope, and this resolute young Princess had the satisfaction
+of carrying her protest into effect. Encouraged
+by these successes, Charles now laid siege to Landr&eacute;cy,
+the capital of Hainault, which had been captured and
+fortified by the French, and was joined by a gallant
+company of English under Lord Surrey and Sir John
+Wallop. "Par ma foi!" exclaimed the Emperor, as
+he rode down their ranks, "this is a fine body of
+gentlemen! If the French King comes, I will live<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>
+and die with the English."<a name="FNanchor_348" id="FNanchor_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a> But Francis refused to
+be drawn into a battle, and the approach of winter
+made both armies retire from the field.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Lorraine took advantage of this temporary
+lull to mediate between the two monarchs.
+Old as he was, and suffering severely with gout,
+Antoine came to the Prince of Chimay's house with
+his son Francis, and begged for an audience with the
+Emperor and Regent, who were spending a few days
+at Valenciennes, on their way to Brussels. Charles
+sent him word not to come into his presence if he
+brought offers from the French King; but in spite
+of these peremptory orders the two Dukes arrived
+in the town on Sunday, the 17th of November, and
+were received by the Emperor after dinner. Antoine
+delivered a long oration begging His Imperial Majesty
+to make peace for the sake of Christendom, and,
+laying his hand on his breast, swore that he had
+taken this step of his own free will, without communicating
+with any other person. The old man's
+earnestness touched Charles, who answered kindly,
+saying that he was always welcome as a cousin and a
+neighbour, and that this was doubly the case now
+that his son had married the Emperor's dearly loved
+niece. But he told him frankly that he had been
+too often deluded by false promises to listen to French
+proposals for peace, and that in any case he could do
+nothing without the consent of his ally, the King of
+England. Nothing daunted, the old Duke went on to
+visit the Regent, and was found by Lord Surrey and
+the English Ambassador Brian sitting at a table before
+a fire in the Queen's room, playing at cards. Antoine
+greeted Brian as an old friend, and asked him to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>
+drink with him. But Mary sternly refused to listen
+to the Duke's errand, being convinced that he came
+from the King, and declaring that all the gentlemen
+in his suite were good Frenchmen. When he and his
+son were gone, she called Brian to her, and said:
+"Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, heard you ever so lean a
+message?" "Madame," replied the Englishman,
+"if the broth be no fatter, it is not worth the supping,"
+a sentiment which provoked a hearty laugh from the
+Queen.<a name="FNanchor_349" id="FNanchor_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1544</span>] EGMONT'S WEDDING</div>
+
+<p>Neither Queen Eleanor, who sent an entreating
+letter with a present of falcons to her sister, nor
+Cardinal Farnese, who brought fresh proposals of
+peace from the Pope, fared any better. The young
+Duchess Christina now determined to make an attempt
+herself, and came to meet her uncle at Spires when
+he attended the Diet. The ostensible reason of this
+journey was to visit her sister Dorothea, but Charles,
+divining her intention, sent the Countess Palatine
+word that if the Duchess of Bar brought proposals
+of peace she might as well stay at home. Christina,
+however, arrived at Spires on the 8th of February,
+with a train of fourteen ladies and fifteen horse, and
+spent a week with the Count and Countess Palatine.
+The sisters saw the Emperor and King Ferdinand every
+day, and were to all appearance on the most affectionate
+terms with them. But nothing transpired as to what
+passed between Christina and her uncle in private.
+On the day that she left Spires to return to Nancy,
+Frederic heard of the death of his brother, the Elector
+Palatine, and hastened to Heidelberg with Dorothea
+to attend his funeral and take possession of the rich
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>Rhineland, to which he now succeeded. Six weeks
+later he returned to do homage for the Palatinate,
+and assist at the wedding of his cousin Sabina with
+Lamoral d'Egmont, the hero of so many hard-fought
+fields. The Emperor gave a sumptuous banquet in
+honour of his gallant brother-at-arms, Dorothea led
+the bride to church, and Frederic, in a fit of generosity,
+settled 14,000 florins on his young kinswoman.<a name="FNanchor_350" id="FNanchor_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a></p>
+
+<p>In this same month Ambassadors arrived at Spires
+from Christian III. of Denmark, who had quarrelled
+with the French King and was anxious to make peace
+with the Emperor. In spite of a protest from the
+Palatine, a treaty was concluded on the 23rd of May,
+by which Charles recognized the reigning monarch's
+title to the crown. So the long war, which had lasted
+twenty-one years, was at length ended, and the
+Emperor finally abandoned the cause of Christian II.
+But a clause was added by which his daughters' rights
+were reserved, and a promise given that the severity
+of his captivity should be relaxed and that he should
+be allowed to hunt and fish in the park at Sonderburg.
+Christian III. gladly agreed to these more humane
+conditions, and even offered to give Dorothea and
+Christina a substantial dowry, but the Palatine
+refused to accept any terms, and persisted in asserting
+his wife's claims.<a name="FNanchor_351" id="FNanchor_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1544</span>] CHARLES V. IN LORRAINE</div>
+
+<p>Soon after her return from Spires, on the 20th of
+April, 1544, Christina gave birth, at Nancy, to a
+daughter, who was named Ren&eacute;e, after the late
+Duchess. But her happiness was clouded by the illness
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>of her husband, whose health had become a
+cause of grave anxiety. Fighting was renewed with
+fresh vigour in the spring, and unexpected success
+attended the imperial arms. Luxembourg was recovered
+by Ferrante Gonzaga, and the French invaders
+were expelled from most of the strongholds
+which they held in this province. The war raged
+fiercely on the borders of Lorraine, and the annoyance
+to which his subjects were exposed, induced Duke
+Antoine to make another effort at mediation. Since
+the Emperor turned a deaf ear to all appeals, he decided
+to apply to King Francis in person, and on the
+8th of May he set out in a litter for the French Court;
+but when he reached Bar he was too ill to go any
+farther, and took to his bed in this ancient castle of
+his ancestors. His sons hastened to join him, and
+Christina followed them as soon as she was able to
+travel, and arrived in time to be present at her father-in-law's
+death-bed. The fine old man made his will,
+appointed his brothers, the Duke of Guise and the
+Cardinal, to be his executors, and with his last breath
+begged his son to rule Lorraine wisely and raise as
+few extraordinary taxes as possible. Above all, he
+adjured him to preserve his people from the scourge
+of war, and use every endeavour to obtain the restoration
+of peace. With these words on his lips, he
+passed away on the 19th of June, 1544.<a name="FNanchor_352" id="FNanchor_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a> The new
+Duke was as anxious for peace as his father, but the
+moment was unpropitious for any efforts in this direction.
+King Henry had at length taken the field and
+invaded Picardy with a large army, and the Emperor
+was bent on carrying the war into the heart of
+France, and urged his ally to meet him under the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>walls of Paris. On the 17th of June Charles himself
+came to Metz with Maurice of Saxony and the young
+Marquis Albert of Brandenburg, the boldest warrior
+in Germany, and prepared plans for the extension
+of the campaign which Ferrante Gonzaga and the
+Prince of Orange were carrying on in Champagne.
+Here Francis of Lorraine joined him as soon as he
+was able to mount a horse, and, after spending some
+days at Metz, induced the Emperor to accompany
+him to Nassau-le-Grand, where Christina was awaiting
+him.<a name="FNanchor_353" id="FNanchor_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a> On his way Charles stopped at Pont-&agrave;-Mousson,
+and paid a visit to Queen Philippa, the
+sister of his old enemy Charles of Guelders, for whom
+he had always entertained a genuine regard, and who
+was proud to welcome the great Emperor under her
+convent roof. Since the death of the Empress, five
+years before, Charles had formed a fixed resolution
+to end his days in some cloistered retreat, and he
+looked with admiration, not unmixed with envy, on
+the aged Queen's peaceful home, and the garden
+where she hoed and raked the borders and planted
+flowers with her own hands. It was a memorable
+day in the convent annals, and one which left pleasant
+recollections in the Emperor's breast.<a name="FNanchor_354" id="FNanchor_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a></p>
+
+<p>But although Charles was full of affection for
+Christina and her husband, he declined to receive
+the Cardinal of Lorraine, who begged for an interview,
+and during his brief visit not a word was
+spoken with regard to overtures of peace.<a name="FNanchor_355" id="FNanchor_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a> On the
+12th of July he took leave of the Duke and Duchess,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>and joined the Prince of Orange's camp before St.
+Dizier. This town was strongly fortified, but Ren&eacute;
+had taken up his position near a bridge across the
+Marne, and opened fire from a battery of guns placed
+in the dry bed of the castle moat. Charles himself
+visited the trenches on the day of his arrival, and
+early the next morning the Prince of Orange walked
+round to inspect the artillery with Ferrante Gonzaga.
+The Marquis of Marignano was sitting in a chair,
+which had been brought there for the Emperor's use
+the day before, and, seeing the Prince, sprang to his
+feet and offered him his seat. Compliments were exchanged
+on both sides, and the Prince finally sat
+down in the empty chair. He had hardly taken his
+seat before he was struck by a shell which, passing
+between the Viceroy and the Marquis, broke one of
+his ribs, and shattered his shoulder to pieces. They
+bore his unconscious form to the Emperor's tent,
+where he lay between life and death for the next
+forty-eight hours. The whole camp was filled with
+consternation.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I doubt yet what will become of him," wrote
+Wotton, who had followed Charles to the camp. "If
+he should die of it, it were an inestimable loss to the
+Emperor, so toward a gentleman he is, so well beloved,
+and of such authority among men of war."</p></div>
+
+<p>Before the writer had finished his letter, a servant
+came in to tell him that the Prince was gone.<a name="FNanchor_356" id="FNanchor_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">July, 1544</span>] DEATH OF REN&Eacute;</div>
+
+<p>A Spanish officer on the spot wrote a touching
+account of the Prince's last moments. From the
+first the doctors gave little hope, and when the Emperor
+heard of Ren&eacute;'s critical state he hastened to
+the wounded hero's bedside, and knelt down, holding
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>his hand in his own. The Prince knew him, and
+begged him as a last favour to confirm the will which
+he had made a month before, and take his young
+cousin and heir, William of Nassau, under his protection.
+Charles promised to do all in his power for
+the boy, and, with tears streaming down his face,
+kissed the Prince's cheek before he passed away.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"His Majesty the Emperor," continued the same
+writer, "saw him die, and after that retired to his
+chamber, where he remained some time alone without
+seeing anyone, and showed how much he loved him.
+The grief of the whole army and of the Court are so
+great that no words of mine can describe it."<a name="FNanchor_357" id="FNanchor_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1544</span>] LA SQUELETTE DE BAR</div>
+
+<p>From all sides the same bitter wail was heard.
+There was sorrow in the ancient home at Bar, where
+Ren&eacute;'s marriage had been celebrated with great rejoicing
+four years before. The Duke and Duchess
+wept for their gallant brother-in-law, and Christina
+thought, with tender regret, of the hero who in
+youthful days had seemed to her a very perfect
+knight. The sad news was sent to De Courri&egrave;res at
+the English camp before Boulogne, by his Lieutenant
+of Archers, and the veteran shed tears over the
+gallant Prince whom he had often followed to victory.
+Great was the lamentation at Brussels when the truth
+became known. Nothing but weeping was heard in
+the streets, and Queen Mary retired to the Abbey of
+Groenendal to mourn for the loss which the Netherlands
+had sustained by Ren&eacute;'s untimely death.<a name="FNanchor_358" id="FNanchor_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> In
+his own city of Breda the sorrow was deeper still.
+There his faithful wife, Anne of Lorraine, was waiting
+anxiously for news from the battle-field. Her father
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>had died a few weeks before, and now her lord was
+torn from her in the flower of his age, and she was left
+a childless widow. Early in the year she had given
+birth to a daughter, who was christened on the 25th of
+February, and called Mary, after her godmother, the
+Queen of Hungary, but who died before she was a
+month old. Now report said that she was about to
+become a mother for the second time, but her hopes
+were once more doomed to disappointment. By Ren&eacute;'s
+last will, his titles and the greater part of his vast
+estates passed to his cousin William of Nassau, a boy
+of eleven, while a large jointure and the rich lands of
+Diest were left to Anne for her life.<a name="FNanchor_359" id="FNanchor_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a> The Prince's
+corpse, clad in the robes of a knight of the Golden
+Fleece, was borne to Breda, and buried with his
+forefathers; but his heart was enshrined in the
+Collegiate Church of Bar, among the tombs which
+held the ashes of his wife's ancestors. On his death-bed
+Ren&eacute; had expressed a wish that a representation
+of his face and form, not as he was in life, but as they
+would appear two years after death, should be carved
+on his tomb. This strange wish was faithfully carried
+out by Anne of Lorraine, who employed Ligier-Richier,
+the gifted Lorraine sculptor, to carve a
+skeleton with upraised hand clasping the golden
+casket which contained the dead hero's heart. The
+figure, carved in fine stone of ivory whiteness, was,
+as it were, a literal rendering of the words, "Though
+after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my
+flesh shall I see God." At the Revolution, the
+Collegiate Church of Bar, with the chapel of the
+Lorraine Princes, which Montaigne called the most
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>sumptuous in France, was entirely destroyed; but
+Ren&eacute;'s monument was saved and placed in the Church
+of St. &Eacute;tienne, where it is commonly known as "La
+Squelette de Bar."<a name="FNanchor_360" id="FNanchor_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a></p>
+
+<p>The memory of this popular Prince lingered long
+in the land of his birth, and his fame lived in the
+songs of Flanders and Holland for many generations.
+One of the best known begins with the lines:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"C'est le Prince d'Orange,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Trop matin s'est lev&eacute;,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Il appela son page,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mon Maure, est-il brid&eacute;?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Que maudit soit la guerre&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mon Maure, est-il brid&eacute;?"<a name="FNanchor_361" id="FNanchor_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And so the story goes on through many stanzas,
+which tell how, in spite of his wife's dark forebodings,
+the hero rode out to the wars to fight against the
+French, how he met with his fatal wound, and never
+came home again.</p>
+
+
+<h3>V.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1544</span>] THE DUKE'S ILLNESS</div>
+
+<p>The Prince's death threw a gloom over the imperial
+camp, but did not diminish the warlike ardour
+of his battalions, who swore with one voice that they
+would avenge their leader. On the 17th of August
+St. Dizier at length surrendered. "A right dear-bought
+town," wrote Wotton, "considering the
+number of men lost in the assault, and chiefly the
+inestimable loss of that noble Prince." Ferrante
+immediately sent a troop of light horse, with Francesco
+d'Este at their head, against Joinville, the
+splendid home of the Guises, although, as Wotton
+remarked, this was rather a house of pleasure than a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>stronghold. The castle was spared by order of the
+Emperor for the sake of his niece Christina, who
+begged him not to add to the Princess of Orange's
+grief by destroying her uncle's house; but the town
+and churches were sacked and set on fire, and the
+beautiful gardens, with their fine water-shows and
+temples, were destroyed.<a name="FNanchor_362" id="FNanchor_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a> The news was received
+with consternation in Paris, where Antoinette and
+her grandson had taken refuge, and the Duchess's
+brother, Cardinal Bourbon, wrote to the Scottish
+Queen telling her of the report that the enemy had
+burnt down Joinville, which had fortunately proved
+to be false. "The destruction of such a beautiful
+house," he adds, "would indeed have been sad."<a name="FNanchor_363" id="FNanchor_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a>
+This calamity had been averted by Christina, but, in
+their anger at the damage done by the imperial
+troops, the Guise Princes hardly remembered the debt
+that they owed her. The King was furious, and in
+the first burst of his indignation sent the Duke of
+Lorraine a message, threatening to destroy him and
+all his house. The Duke now determined to go to
+the French Court to defend himself from these charges
+and see if it were possible to make proposals of peace
+in this quarter. The Emperor's rapid advance had
+excited great alarm in Paris. Even the King awoke
+to a sense of danger, and said to Margaret of Navarre,
+the sister to whom he turned in all his worst troubles,
+"<i>Ma mignonne</i>, pray God to spare me the disgrace
+of seeing the Emperor encamped before my city of
+Paris." Queen Eleanor, in her distress, sent a
+Dominican friar in whom she had great confidence&mdash;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>Don
+Gabriel de Guzman&mdash;to implore her brother to
+hear her prayers. But Charles was still obdurate.
+He received Francis of Lorraine in the camp after
+the Prince of Orange's death, but when he heard
+that his nephew was going to the French Court, he
+sent Montbardon to beg the Duchess, "as she loved
+him," not to let her husband go to France so soon
+after he had seen him, lest people should think that
+he was sent by the Emperor to treat of peace.</p>
+
+<p>Christina replied in a letter written, as Wotton remarked,
+in her own hand, telling her uncle that she
+had sent a servant post-haste to overtake her husband,
+but that he was already at Ch&acirc;lons, and had gone
+too far to retrace his steps. In spite of this manful
+attempt, the Duke never reached Paris; he fell from
+his horse in a fainting fit at &Eacute;pernay, and was brought
+back in a litter to Bar, where Christina nursed him
+for several weeks.<a name="FNanchor_364" id="FNanchor_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a> His efforts, however, proved
+more effectual than he had expected. The Emperor's
+precautions were necessary owing to the jealousy
+with which the English King regarded every proposal
+of peace on the part of his ally, but in reality Charles
+was almost as eager as Francis to put an end to the
+war. His resources were exhausted, the plague was
+raging in Luxembourg and Flanders, and he realized
+the danger of advancing into the enemy's country
+with the Dauphin's army in his rear, while his hopes
+of the English march on Paris had been disappointed
+by Henry's delays before Montreuil and Boulogne.
+Under these circumstances he felt that he could no
+longer refuse to treat with his foes. On the 29th of
+August, a week after the Duke had started on his
+unfortunate journey, Admiral l'Annebaut and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>French Chancellor were admitted into the Emperor's
+presence, in the camp near Ch&acirc;lons, and conferences
+were opened between them and Granvelle, with the
+happy result that on the 19th of September peace
+was signed at Cr&eacute;py-en-Laonnois.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1544</span>] DUKE ANTOINE'S FUNERAL</div>
+
+<p>By this treaty the Duke of Orleans was to be given
+either the Emperor's daughter in marriage, with the
+reversion of the Netherlands as her dower, or else one
+of his Austrian nieces with the immediate possession
+of Milan. In return Francis was to renounce his
+claims on Naples and Artois, restore the Duke of
+Savoy's dominions, and endow his son with large
+estates and revenues. All the towns and fortresses
+which had been captured during the recent war
+were to be restored, including Stenay, which, as
+Charles pointed out, the King of France "had
+seized in the strangest manner, and held by force
+without paying homage, although it is notoriously
+a fief of the empire."<a name="FNanchor_365" id="FNanchor_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a> As soon as peace was signed,
+Granvelle's son, the young Bishop of Arras, was
+sent to ask the English King to become a party
+to the treaty; but Henry, who had just taken
+Boulogne after a long siege, quite refused, and professed
+great surprise to hear that the Emperor had
+agreed to terms which seemed to him more befitting
+the vanquished than the victor. On the other hand,
+a strong party at the French Court complained that
+the rights of the Crown were sacrificed to the personal
+aggrandisement of Orleans, and on the 12th of
+December the Dauphin signed a secret protest against
+the treaty, which was witnessed by Vend&ocirc;me and
+Aumale.<a name="FNanchor_366" id="FNanchor_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a> But in the provinces where war had been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>waging, peace was welcomed with thankfulness, and
+the ruler and people of Lorraine could once more
+breathe freely.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Lorraine was now able to convey his
+father's body from the Castle of Bar, where he had
+died, to Nancy. On the 15th of September he and
+his brother set out at the head of the funeral procession,
+along roads lined with crowds of people
+weeping for the good Duke who had ruled the land so
+well. But since it was impossible for the Duke of Guise
+and his family to come to Nancy at present, the last
+rites were put off till the following year, and the old
+Duke's remains were left to repose for the time in
+the Church of St. Georges.<a name="FNanchor_367" id="FNanchor_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a> Little dreamt these loyal
+subjects that before the year was over the young
+Duke, on whom their hopes were fixed, would himself
+be numbered with the dead, and lie buried in his
+father's grave. But for the moment all was well.
+The return of peace was hailed with rejoicing, and
+the restitution of Stenay removed a blot from the
+scutcheon of Lorraine, while the independence of the
+duchy was confirmed by a decree of the Diet of Nuremberg,
+to which the Emperor gave his sanction.<a name="FNanchor_368" id="FNanchor_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Duke and Duchess received a pressing invitation
+to join in the festivities that were held at Brussels
+to celebrate the peace. Charles and Mary arrived
+there on the 1st of October, and were shortly followed
+by Queen Eleanor, bringing in her train the Duke of
+Orleans and the Duchess of &Eacute;tampes, who had used
+all her influence with the King to bring about peace,
+chiefly from jealousy of the Dauphin and his mistress,
+Diane de Poitiers. The burghers of Brussels gave
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>the imperial family a magnificent entertainment at
+the h&ocirc;tel-de-ville, and presented Eleanor with a
+golden fountain of exquisite shape and workmanship;
+while the Emperor lavished costly presents on his
+guests, and gave the Queen of Hungary the fine
+domains of Binche and Turnhout in gratitude for her
+services. Unfortunately, Christina was detained at
+Nancy by a return of her husband's illness, and did
+not reach Brussels till the 4th of November. By
+this time Eleanor had set out on her return, and
+Christina, eager to see her aunt, followed her to
+Mons, and spent two days in her company. On the
+7th the Duchess came back to Brussels with her
+brother-in-law, Nicolas de Vaudemont, and remained
+with her uncle and aunt during a fortnight. It was
+her first visit to Brussels since her wedding, more
+than three years before, and old friends and faces
+welcomed her on all sides. But one familiar figure
+was missing, and she found a melancholy pleasure in
+the company of her sister-in-law, the widowed Princess
+of Orange, whom she saw for the first time since
+her gallant husband's death. Charles treated his
+niece with marked kindness, and gave her a superb
+necklace of pearls and diamonds as a parting present.<a name="FNanchor_369" id="FNanchor_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1545</span>] PEACE AND PROSPERITY</div>
+
+<p>The winter was spent happily at Nancy, where the
+new Duke and Duchess made themselves popular
+with all classes. Francis gave free rein to his love
+of art and letters, and encouraged scholars and artists
+by his enlightened patronage. He took passionate
+delight in music, and was never happier than when he
+could surround himself with the best singers and
+players on the lute and viol. Christina shared his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>artistic tastes, and was greatly interested in the improvements
+of the ducal palace. Together they made
+plans for the decoration of its halls and gardens,
+and for the construction of new buildings and churches
+in different parts of Lorraine, while the Court painters,
+Crock and Chappin, were sent to Italy to collect
+antiques and study the best examples of art and
+architecture.<a name="FNanchor_370" id="FNanchor_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a> At the same time Christina took deep
+interest in the condition of her humbler subjects, and
+tried to relieve distress by founding charitable institutions
+on the pattern of those in Flanders. A new
+period of peace and prosperity seemed to have
+dawned on Lorraine, and everything promised a long
+and happy reign.</p>
+
+<p>By the end of the year the Duke and Duchess
+of Guise returned to Joinville, and were actively
+engaged throughout the winter in rebuilding the
+ruined town and repairing the damage done by the
+imperial soldiery. Old quarrels between the two
+houses were forgotten, and friendly intercourse was
+renewed. In February the Duke and Duchess of
+Lorraine were present in the chapel of Joinville, at
+the consecration of Guise's son Charles, as Archbishop
+of Reims, and in March the Cardinal of Lorraine came
+to Nancy to discharge the duties of executor to the
+late Duke. Antoine had provided liberally for all his
+children. Nicolas de Vaudemont, his younger son,
+received a sum of 15,000 crowns, and Christina gave
+her brother-in-law a handsome present of furniture,
+to help him in setting up house. Some lordships near
+Joinville were left to the Duke of Guise, and everything
+was amicably arranged.<a name="FNanchor_371" id="FNanchor_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1545</span>] FRANCIS'S DEATH</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Suddenly the Duke fell ill for the third time, and
+during several days his life was in danger. Wotton
+was convinced that he had been poisoned by his
+French enemies, and so alarming were the reports
+which reached Brussels, that the Emperor wrote
+privately to his new Ambassador in Paris, Granvelle's
+brother-in-law, St. Mauris, begging him to keep a
+watchful eye on the affairs of Lorraine, lest Guise
+and the Cardinal should take advantage of their
+nephew's condition to seize his domains. But this
+time Francis recovered once more, and was able to
+make his solemn entry into Nancy on the 16th of
+April. At the Porte St. Nicolas he was met by the
+three orders&mdash;the nobles, clergy, and people&mdash;and
+walked on foot, with Nicolas de Vaudemont at his
+side, followed by his Ministers, to the Church of St.
+Georges. Here, kneeling at the high-altar, he kissed
+the relic of the True Cross, and took a solemn oath
+to respect the privileges of the people of Lorraine
+and the liberties of the city of Nancy. After this a
+<i>Te Deum</i> was chanted and a banquet held in the ducal
+palace.<a name="FNanchor_372" id="FNanchor_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a> The next week, by the advice of his doctors,
+Antoine Champier and Nicolas le Pois, he went to
+Blamont, in the hope that the invigorating air of the
+hills might complete his cure; but he grew weaker
+every day, and was subject to frequent fainting fits of
+an alarming nature. In her anxiety, Christina sent
+to Strasburg and Fribourg for well-known physicians,
+and Mary of Hungary despatched her own doctor to
+Nancy, and consulted eminent doctors in London
+and Paris on the patient's symptoms.<a name="FNanchor_373" id="FNanchor_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a> But all
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>was of no avail, and as a last resource the Duke was
+carried in a litter to Remiremont, his favourite
+shooting-lodge in the heart of the Vosges. It was
+the end of May, and the beautiful woods along the
+mountain slopes were in the first glory of their
+spring foliage. For a moment it seemed as if his
+delight in the beauty of the place and the life-giving
+influence of sunshine and mountain air would restore
+him to health. But already the hand of Death was
+upon him. On the F&ecirc;te-Dieu he became much worse,
+and his end was evidently near; but he was perfectly
+conscious, and, sending for a notary, he made his last
+will, appointing his wife Regent of the State and
+guardian of her little son and daughter, and commending
+her and his children to the Emperor's care. After
+this he received the last Sacraments, and passed quietly
+away on Friday, the 12th of June. He was not yet
+twenty-eight, and had reigned exactly one year.<a name="FNanchor_374" id="FNanchor_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a>
+Death had once more severed the marriage tie, and
+Christina, who but lately called herself the happiest
+woman in the world, was left stricken and desolate,
+a widow for the second time, at the age of twenty-three.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_317" id="Footnote_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> Abb&eacute; Calmet, "Histoire Eccl&eacute;siastique et Civile de Lorraine,"
+i. 190.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_318" id="Footnote_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> Hugo, 196, 200.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_319" id="Footnote_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> Calmet, iii. 325; A. Hallays, "Nancy" ("Villes C&eacute;l&egrave;bres"), 31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_320" id="Footnote_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> Calmet, i. 176; Hugo, 244; "Inventaire de Joinville," i. 378.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_321" id="Footnote_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> H. Lepage, "Le Palais Ducal de Nancy," 10; C. Pfister,
+ii. 29; "La Ville de Nancy," 65.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_322" id="Footnote_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> Pfister, ii. 26; A. Hallays, "Nancy," 37-39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_323" id="Footnote_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> Lepage, "Palais Ducal," 3; Pfister, ii. 188.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_324" id="Footnote_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_325" id="Footnote_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_326" id="Footnote_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, ii. 20.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_327" id="Footnote_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> Kaulek, 54.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_328" id="Footnote_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> F. v. Bucholtz, "Geschichte d. Kaiser Ferdinand I.," ix. 141.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_329" id="Footnote_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Granvelle, "Papiers d'&Eacute;tat," ii. 618; Bucholtz, ix. 141.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_330" id="Footnote_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 639, 644, 655</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_331" id="Footnote_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 436; Calendar of
+State Papers, xvi. 1, 690.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_332" id="Footnote_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 3, 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_333" id="Footnote_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_334" id="Footnote_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> Bucholtz, ix. 142.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_335" id="Footnote_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> H. Lepage, "Le Palais Ducal de Nancy," 9; Pfister, ii. 256.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_336" id="Footnote_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 636.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_337" id="Footnote_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 1, 473; Calendar of
+State Papers, xvi. 2, 51.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_338" id="Footnote_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> The authenticity of this well-known saying has been often
+disputed, and was certainly never addressed by the Duchess to
+either of Henry VIII.'s Ambassadors. But Christina's words
+were recorded by Joachim Sandrart, who wrote in the seventeenth
+century, as having been spoken by a Princess of Lorraine,
+whom the English King had wooed in vain, and were afterwards
+quoted by Horace Walpole "as the witty answer of that Duchess
+of Milan whose portrait Holbein painted for Henry VIII." (see
+Wornum's "Life of Holbein," 311; J. Sandrart, "Deutsche
+Akademie"; and Walpole's "Anecdotes of Painting").</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_339" id="Footnote_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, viii. 641; Calendar of State
+Papers, xvii. 711.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_340" id="Footnote_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_341" id="Footnote_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xvii. 232.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_342" id="Footnote_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> Granvelle, "Papiers d'&Eacute;tat," ii. 628; Calendar of State Papers,
+xvii. 273.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_343" id="Footnote_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 364.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_344" id="Footnote_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 13.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_345" id="Footnote_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> Pimodan, 81; Bouill&eacute;, i. 142.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_346" id="Footnote_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vi. 2, 262.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_347" id="Footnote_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> Calmet, i. 265; Pfister, ii. 200.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_348" id="Footnote_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Record Office, ix. 522.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_349" id="Footnote_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xviii. 2, 216; State Papers, Record
+Office, ix. 557; Bucholtz, ix. 263.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_350" id="Footnote_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> Altmeyer, "Relations," etc., 476; Gachard, "Voyages de
+Charles V.," ii. 285.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_351" id="Footnote_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> Sch&auml;fer, iv. 462; Calendar of State Papers, xix. 1, 349.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_352" id="Footnote_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1196; Pfister, ii. 192.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_353" id="Footnote_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> Gachard, "Voyages," ii. 289; Calendar of State Papers,
+Record Office, ix. 724.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_354" id="Footnote_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xix. 1, 564.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_355" id="Footnote_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Record Office, x. 43.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_356" id="Footnote_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, ix. 733.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_357" id="Footnote_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vii. 267.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_358" id="Footnote_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xix. 1, 608; Calendar of Spanish
+State Papers, vii. 280.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_359" id="Footnote_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xix. 1, 71; Groen v. Prinsterer,
+"Archives de la Maison d'Orange," i. 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_360" id="Footnote_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> C. Cournault, "Ligier-Richier," 28.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_361" id="Footnote_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> R. Putnam, "William the Silent, Prince of Orange," ii. 435.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_362" id="Footnote_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> Bouill&eacute;, ii. 148; Pimodan, 183; Oudin, "Histoire des Guises,"
+Bib. Nat., f. 118; Calendar of State Papers, Record Office, x. 6, 43.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_363" id="Footnote_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xix. 2, 63.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_364" id="Footnote_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vii. 296-298.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_365" id="Footnote_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, vii. 305.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_366" id="Footnote_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vii. 1, 350, 355.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_367" id="Footnote_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1196; Pfister, ii. 192.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_368" id="Footnote_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1281; Ravold, 744; Pfister, ii. 188; Calendar of
+Spanish State Papers, vi. 2, 262.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_369" id="Footnote_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> Henne, viii. 212-215; T. Juste, "Marie de Hongrie," 120;
+Calendar of State Papers, xix. 2, 340.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_370" id="Footnote_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> Pfister, ii. 256; H. Lepage, "La Ville de Nancy," 65.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_371" id="Footnote_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, viii. 102; Bouill&eacute;, i. 244.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_372" id="Footnote_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, viii. 195; Pfister, ii. 192;
+Granvelle, "Papiers d'&Eacute;tat," iii. 110.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_373" id="Footnote_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> Ravold, iii. 764; Calmet, ii. 1276.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_374" id="Footnote_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> Pfister, ii. 192.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK IX<br />
+
+CHRISTINA, REGENT OF LORRAINE<br />
+
+1545-1552</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1545</span>] VAUDEMONT'S CLAIMS</div>
+
+<p>The premature death of her husband left Christina
+in a position of exceptional difficulty. Everything
+combined to add to her distress. She herself was in
+delicate health, expecting the birth of another child
+in a few weeks, her only son was an infant of two
+years and a half, and she had not a single near relative
+or tried Minister to give her the help of his counsel
+and experience. The Duke had appointed her Regent
+of Lorraine during his son's minority, but even before
+he breathed his last, her claims to this office were disputed.
+Although Christina herself was popular with
+all classes of her son's subjects, there was a strong
+party in Lorraine which dreaded the influence of her
+powerful uncle. At the head of this party was the
+Rhinegrave, Jean de Salm, an able nobleman who
+had always been French in his sympathies, and who
+now seized the opportunity of the Duke's last illness
+to advance the claims of Monsieur de Metz, seeing that
+this young Prince would be an easy tool in his hands.
+At ten o'clock on the F&ecirc;te-Dieu, when the Duke
+had received the last Sacraments, the Count de Salm
+entered his room with Nicolas de Vaudemont, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span>
+thus addressed him: "Monseigneur, if it please God
+to call you to himself, do you wish that Monsieur de
+Metz, your brother, should have a share in the
+administration of your State and the care of your
+children, without prejudice to the arrangements
+which you have already made, by word and in writing,
+with your august wife the Duchess?" The dying
+Prince, who was hardly conscious, murmured a faint
+"Yes," upon which the Count summoned a notary
+to write down the Duke's last wishes, and proceeded
+to read the document to the Duchess in the presence
+of her servants.<a name="FNanchor_375" id="FNanchor_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a> Christina, in her bitter distress,
+paid little heed to this interruption, and was only
+anxious to return to her dying husband's bedside;
+but immediately after his death she found herself
+compelled to face the question. Owing to her
+delicate state of health, she decided to put off the
+Duke's funeral, as well as that of his father, until
+the following year. A week after his death she joined
+her young children at her dower-house of Den&#339;uvre,
+and at the same time the Duke's body was removed
+by Count de Salm, as Marshal of Lorraine, to the
+collegiate church of this place, and buried in a temporary
+grave, after lying in state during three days.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor was at Worms with the Elector
+Palatine and his wife when the news of the Duke of
+Lorraine's death reached him, and sent Montbardon
+at once to his niece with letters of condolence.
+Christina availed herself of this opportunity to ask
+her uncle's advice regarding the deed drawn up by
+Jean de Salm. Charles, realizing the critical nature
+of the situation, immediately sent one of his most
+trusted servants, Fran&ccedil;ois Bonvalot, Abbot of Luxeuil,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>
+to Nancy, with orders to assure the Duchess of his
+protection, and if possible secure her the Regency
+and sole charge of her children. Bonvalot was the
+brother of Granvelle's wife, the excellent Madame
+Nicole, and had only lately resigned the office of
+Ambassador at Paris, and retired to Besan&ccedil;on to
+administer the affairs of this diocese as coadjutor of
+the Bishop. No one was better fitted to help the
+widowed Duchess than this statesman, who was
+intimately acquainted with the intrigues of the Guise
+Princes and the French Court. He hastened to
+Den&#339;uvre without delay, and, as soon as he had seen
+Christina, wrote the following letter to his brother-in-law,
+St. Mauris, giving a clear and graphic account
+of the situation:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">My Brother</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1545</span>] CHRISTINA'S DIFFICULTIES</div>
+
+<p>"The Emperor, having been informed of Monsieur
+de Lorraine's death, has sent me here to help his
+niece the Duchess, and to secure her the administration
+of the State and the guardianship of her children, which
+belongs to her by right and reason, but which Monsieur
+de Metz is trying to claim, by virtue of the custom of
+this country, as well as of certain acts somewhat
+suspiciously passed by the Count de Salm and other
+of the nobles when the late Lord Duke was <i>in extremis</i>....
+His Majesty, being anxious to comfort
+the said lady in her great affliction, and act the part
+not only of a good uncle, but of a true father, has sent
+me here to give her advice and help, and begs you to
+tell the Most Christian King the wrong which has
+been done her in this strange fashion, and which His
+Imperial Majesty will never allow, because of the close
+relation in which this lady stands to him. He hopes
+that the King will join with him in this, for the sake
+of the friendship which he has ever borne to this
+house and to this widowed lady and her orphan
+children, whose fathers and protectors their two
+Majesties ought to be. His Imperial Majesty begs the
+King most earnestly not to allow the said lady to be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span>deprived of this Regency to which Monsieur de Metz
+pretends, in spite of common right and the ancient
+custom of Lorraine, as the Count of Salm's deed
+abundantly shows, since this would have been superfluous
+if the custom were such as he pretends it to
+be. You will lay these same reasons before the
+Cardinal and Monsieur de Guise. If you are told that
+Queen Yolande resigned the government of Lorraine
+in favour of her son, you will reply that this was done
+of her own free choice; and if any person objects
+that the mother of the late Duke Antoine and the
+Cardinal and Sieur de Guise did not retain the administration
+after her husband's death, you will point
+out that the said Duke was of full age, and that the
+said lady was content to lay down the government
+on this account.... And, further, you will inquire
+what the King intends to do in the matter, and if
+he means to support Monsieur de Metz or take any
+steps prejudicial to the said lady and the tranquillity of
+these lands, and will inform His Imperial Majesty
+and myself of these things without delay."<a name="FNanchor_376" id="FNanchor_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>When Bonvalot wrote this letter from Den&#339;uvre,
+on the 27th of June, the young Archbishop of Reims
+had already arrived there, with an agreement drawn
+up by his uncle the Cardinal, which he submitted
+to the Duchess for approval. He informed the Abbot
+that King Francis trusted the said lady would avoid
+all occasion of strife, which, as Bonvalot remarked,
+was exactly what the Emperor wished, and Monsieur de
+Metz, by his singular action, had done his best to prevent.
+In this difficult situation Christina showed remarkable
+good sense and tact. She told Bonvalot
+frankly that she would gladly avail herself of her
+brother-in-law's help in the administration of public
+affairs, and wished to treat him with perfect friendliness
+as long as she retained the sole charge of her children
+and the chief authority in the State. Accordingly,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>
+the agreement proposed by the Cardinal was adopted,
+with some modifications, and signed at Den&#339;uvre, on
+the 6th of August, by Christina, Nicolas, the Count
+de Salm, and other chief officials of Lorraine. The
+Duchess and her brother-in-law were appointed joint
+Regents, and were to affix their seal to all public
+deeds. Vaudemont was given a key of the Treasury,
+and was allowed the patronage of one out of every
+three vacant offices; but the real authority, as well
+as the care of her children, was vested in the Duchess.
+Bonvalot told the Emperor that, under the circumstances,
+this was the best arrangement that could be
+made, and Charles of Lorraine and his family had
+nothing but praise for the Duchess's good-will and
+moderation.<a name="FNanchor_377" id="FNanchor_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1545</span>] HER TACT AND WISDOM</div>
+
+<p>A fortnight later, Christina gave birth to her second
+daughter, who was named Dorothea, after the Countess
+Palatine. But the severe mental strain which the
+mother had undergone affected the child, who was a
+cripple from her birth. On the 5th of November the
+Treaty of Den&#339;uvre was ratified by the States assembled
+at Neufch&acirc;teau, not, however, without considerable
+discussion. Some of the nobles tried to limit the
+Regents' powers, and managed to insert a provision
+that none but Lorraine's should hold offices of State,
+a measure clearly aimed at the Flemings and Burgundians
+in the Duchess's service. Nicolas de
+Vaudemont, being young and inexperienced, agreed
+readily to these demands, which drew forth a strong
+protest from the Emperor and Mary of Hungary. To
+add to Bonvalot's dissatisfaction, Monsieur de Metz
+accompanied the Archbishop on his return to France,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>without even informing Christina of his intention.
+In spite of these provocations, she maintained the
+same conciliatory attitude, and her prudence and
+modesty excited the Abbot's sincere admiration.
+The Emperor addressed an affectionate letter to his
+niece, assuring her of his fatherly love and protection,
+and saying that he would never cease to regard her
+interests as his own. "And it will be a great pleasure
+to me," he adds, "if you will often write to me, and
+I on my part will let you hear from me in the same
+manner."<a name="FNanchor_378" id="FNanchor_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a></p>
+
+<p>Christina now returned to spend Christmas at
+Nancy, and settled in the ducal palace with her
+children. Monsieur de Metz gave up his bishopric,
+and renouncing the ecclesiastical profession adopted
+the style of Count of Vaudemont. But he showed no
+further disposition to make himself disagreeable to
+his sister-in-law, and their mutual relations were
+rendered easier by the presence of the Princess of
+Orange, who spent most of the year at Nancy. The
+two widowed Princesses were drawn together by
+that tenderest of ties, the memory of those whom
+they had loved and lost. Henceforth they became
+the dearest and closest of friends. During all the
+troubles and sorrows of the next twenty years Anne's
+loyalty to her sister-in-law remained unshaken. Her
+strong common-sense and practical qualities, her
+coolness and courage in emergencies, were a great
+support to Christina, while the confidence that Mary
+of Hungary reposed in her proved no less valuable.
+The harmony of the family circle continued unbroken,
+and the internal administration of Lorraine was
+carried on as peaceably as before. The conduct of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>
+foreign affairs presented far greater difficulties, and
+all Christina's prudence was needed to steer the
+way safely through the rocks that lay in her course.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of his friendly professions, the French
+King, it soon became evident, was likely to prove a
+troublesome neighbour. As Wotton wrote when
+Francis of Lorraine died, "If the sweet, vain hope
+of the delivery of Milan did not let him, I think the
+Duke's death might easily provoke the French King
+to attempt somewhat on Bar and Lorraine."<a name="FNanchor_379" id="FNanchor_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a> Even
+before her husband's death, Christina had been involved
+in a long correspondence regarding Stenay,
+which the French refused to give up until Duke
+Antoine's letters surrendering the town could be
+produced. The missing papers were at length discovered
+in possession of the French Governor, De
+Longueval, who had maliciously concealed them, and
+the town was evacuated at the end of August, 1545.
+Ten days afterwards the Duke of Orleans died of the
+plague at Abbeville, in his twenty-fifth year. The
+loss of this favourite son was a heavy blow to Francis.
+"God grant," he wrote to the Emperor, in an outburst
+of deep emotion, "that you may never know what it
+is to lose a son!" The event, as it happened, proved
+most opportune for Charles, who was released from
+the unpleasant necessity of giving his daughter or
+niece to a worthless Prince, with Milan or the Netherlands
+as her dower. But it naturally provoked
+Francis to demand fresh concessions and revive his
+old claim to Milan.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1546</span>] THE CITADEL OF STENAY</div>
+
+<p>The effect of this new quarrel was to increase
+Christina's difficulties. When the French at length
+abandoned Stenay, it was found that not only the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>recent fortifications had been destroyed, as agreed
+upon in the Treaty of Cr&eacute;py, but that the old walls
+of the town had been pulled down. Mary of Hungary
+justly complained that the defenceless state of Stenay
+was a grave cause of danger to Luxembourg, and
+urged her brother to garrison the town, declaring, if
+war broke out, the Duchess would be unable to maintain
+the neutrality of Lorraine. Charles, who had
+already left the Netherlands to attend the Diet of
+Regensburg, now invited his niece to meet him at
+Waldrevange, on the frontiers of Luxembourg, and
+discuss the matter. Christina obeyed her uncle's
+summons gladly, and assured him that she was quite
+alive to the importance of Stenay, and had already
+asked her subjects' help in rebuilding the town walls.
+But since the presence of an imperial force might
+excite suspicion, she proposed to place a young
+Luxembourg Captain named Schauwenbourg in
+command of the garrison. The plan met with Charles's
+approval; but Mary was by no means satisfied, and
+begged the Emperor to insist on an oath of allegiance
+to himself being taken by the garrison and burghers.
+Charles replied that no doubt the best plan would
+be to keep Stenay altogether, but that this would be
+a direct violation of the Treaty of Cr&eacute;py, as well as
+a wrong to the little Duke, and might stir up the
+French "to make a great broil."<a name="FNanchor_380" id="FNanchor_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a></p>
+
+<p>The invaluable Bonvalot was now called in, and
+accepted Christina's invitation to attend the funeral
+of the two Dukes on the 14th of June. But when
+the Abbot reached Nancy, he found that only Duke
+Antoine's obsequies were about to be solemnized,
+and that the Duchess had deferred those of her husband<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>
+in compliance with a request from the Guise
+Princes. On the day after the old Duke's funeral,
+Bonvalot had a long interview with Christina, who
+expressed her anxiety to meet her aunt's wishes,
+and explained that Vaudemont was only afraid of
+arousing the suspicions of the French. While she
+was speaking, Nicolas himself came in and told the
+Abb&eacute; how grateful he felt to the Emperor for the
+affection which he showed to his little nephew, and how
+fully he realized the importance of defending Stenay,
+but that he dared not risk exciting the displeasure
+of Francis, who was already advancing a thousand
+new claims on Bar. The members of the Ducal
+Council, to whom the matter was referred, expressed
+the same opinion, telling Bonvalot that they looked
+to the Emperor as their father and protector, and
+would guard Stenay as the apple of their eye. The
+Abbot was satisfied with these assurances, and
+advised the Emperor to leave the matter in his
+niece's hands. Charles had empowered him to offer
+Nicolas the restitution of the Abbey of Gorzes, which
+he had formerly held, and which the Imperialists
+had recovered from the French and rebuilt at considerable
+expense. But Christina would not hear
+of this, saying that her brother-in-law cared more
+for the good of the State than for his private advantage,
+and Nicolas himself told Bonvalot that he would
+not endanger his nephew's realm for ten wealthy
+abbeys.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">July, 1546</span>] THE GUISE FAMILY</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"As for madame your niece, Sire," wrote the
+Abbot, "I have always found her most anxious to
+please Your Majesty, at whatever cost. But as a
+mother she naturally fears to run any risks which
+might injure her children, and would, if possible,
+avoid these perils. She begged me, with tears in her
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>eyes, to make Your Majesty understand this, and
+have pity upon her, trusting that you will be content
+with the promises of the Council, or else find another
+and less dangerous way of defending Stenay. Sire,
+I could not refuse to give you this message, in obedience
+to Her Highness's express commands, and beg
+you very humbly to take them in good part."<a name="FNanchor_381" id="FNanchor_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>So the incident closed, and for the time being
+nothing more was heard of Stenay.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>The Duke of Guise and his family now stood higher
+than ever in the King's favour. His eldest son,
+Aumale, was dangerously wounded in the siege of
+Boulogne by an English spear, which penetrated so
+deeply into his forehead that the surgeon could only
+extract the steel by planting his foot on the patient's
+head. After this ordeal the Count lay between life
+and death for several weeks, and owed his recovery
+to the tender nursing of his mother, who preserved
+as a trophy at Joinville the English spearhead which
+so nearly ended her son's career.<a name="FNanchor_382" id="FNanchor_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> As soon as he
+was able to move, the King sent for Antoinette, and
+insisted on taking her to hunt at St. Germain, and
+consulting her as to his latest improvements in this
+palace. Her grandson, the young Duke of Longueville,
+was also a great favourite at Court, and when
+peace was at length concluded, the King gave him a
+copy of the new treaty with England to send to the
+Queen of Scotland. The boy enclosed it in a merry
+letter, sending his love to the little Queen his sister,
+and telling his mother that if she would not come to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>France he meant to come and see her, and was old
+and strong enough to face the roughest sea-voyage.<a name="FNanchor_383" id="FNanchor_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Cardinal now announced his intention of taking
+the whole family back to Joinville, to attend the ducal
+funeral; but once more the King interfered, and kept
+them at Court for the christening of the Dauphin's
+daughter, which was celebrated with great pomp at
+Fontainebleau. Henry VIII. stood godfather, and
+the little Princess was named Elizabeth, after the
+King's mother, "as good and virtuous a woman as
+ever lived," said the English Ambassador, Sir Thomas
+Cheyney; while the Imperialists declared that the
+name was chosen because of its popularity in Spain
+and of the hopes of the French that the child might
+one day wed Don Carlos.<a name="FNanchor_384" id="FNanchor_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the arrival of the Guises was anxiously
+awaited at Nancy. On the 17th of July Christina
+wrote to inform Abbot Bonvalot that she had at
+length been able to fix the date of her husband's
+funeral:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Monsieur de Luxeuil</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1546</span>] FUNERAL OF DUKE FRANCIS</div>
+
+<p>"I must inform you that I have heard from
+the Cardinal and the Duke of Guise, who hope to be
+here by the end of the month, so the service will be
+held on the 6th of August, all being well. I beg you
+will not fail to be present. As for my news, all I have
+to tell you is that the King is giving me great trouble
+in Bar, and is trying to raise a tax in the town, which
+has never been done or thought of before. I fear
+that in the end I, too, shall have to go to Court, but
+shall wait until I hear from the Emperor. Can you
+give me any information as to his movements? All
+I can hear is that His Majesty is collecting a large
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>army to make war on the Princes of the Empire,
+who have rebelled against him. I pray God to help
+him, and send him success and prosperity, and have
+good hope that my prayers will be heard, as this will
+be for the good of Christendom. Here I will end,
+Monsieur de Luxeuil, praying God to have you in His
+holy keeping.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">"La bien votre,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 22.5em;">"<span class="smcap">Chrestienne</span>."<a name="FNanchor_385" id="FNanchor_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The coming of the Guises, however, was again
+delayed, and the funeral did not take place until the
+17th of August. On the previous day the Duke's
+corpse was brought from Den&#339;uvre to Nancy by the
+great officers of State, and laid on a bier in the
+Church of St. George's, surrounded by lighted torches
+and a guard of armed men, who kept watch all night.
+The funerals of the Dukes of Lorraine had always been
+famous for their magnificence, and there was an old
+proverb which said: "Fortunate is the man who has
+seen the coronation of an Emperor, the sacring of
+a King of France, and the funeral of a Duke of
+Lorraine."<a name="FNanchor_386" id="FNanchor_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a> On this occasion nothing that could
+heighten the imposing nature of the ceremony was
+neglected. All the Princes of the blood, Nicolas
+of Vaudemont, the Duke of Guise with his five sons
+and grandson, rode out from the ducal palace to the
+Church of St. Georges, and took their places, as chief
+mourners, at the head of the long procession that
+wound through the streets to the Cordeliers' shrine.
+In their train came a multitude of clergy, nobles, and
+Ambassadors from all the crowned heads in Europe,
+followed by a motley crowd of burghers and humble
+folk, all in deep mourning, with torches in their hands.
+The chariot bearing the coffin was drawn by twelve
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>horses, draped with black velvet adorned with the
+cross of Lorraine in white satin. The Duke's war-horse,
+in full armour, was led by two pages, while
+the servants of his household walked bareheaded on
+either side, with folded arms, in token that their
+master needed their services no more. On the hearse
+lay an image of the dead Prince, with the ducal
+baton in his hand, clad in crimson robes and a mantle
+of gold brocade fastened with a diamond clasp. This
+effigy was placed on a huge catafalque erected in the
+centre of the church, lighted with a hundred torches,
+and hung with banners emblazoned with the arms
+of Lorraine, Bar, Provence, Jerusalem, and the
+Sicilies.</p>
+
+<p>In the tribune above the choir knelt the Princess
+of Orange, the Duchess of Guise, and her newly-wedded
+daughter-in-law, Diane of Poitiers's daughter
+Louise, Marchioness of Mayenne, all clad in the same
+long black mantles lined with ermine. The Countess
+Palatine, Dorothea, had arrived at Nancy on the
+17th of June, to attend her brother-in-law's funeral,
+but as the Guises failed to appear, she returned to
+Heidelberg at the end of a fortnight.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1546</span>] ANNE DE LORRAINE</div>
+
+<p>Christina herself was unable to be present, "owing
+to her excessive sorrow," writes the chronicler, and
+remained on her knees in prayer, with the Princess
+of Macedonia and her young children, in her own
+room, hung with black, while the requiem was
+chanted and the last rites were performed.<a name="FNanchor_387" id="FNanchor_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a> When
+all was over, and the "two Princes of peace," as De
+Boullay called Francis and his father, were laid side
+by side in the vault of the Friars' Church, the vast
+assembly dispersed and the mourners went their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>ways. Only Anne of Lorraine remained at Nancy
+with her sister-in-law, who could not bear to part
+from her. A letter which this Princess wrote to her
+cousin, the Queen of Scotland, this summer is of
+interest for the glimpse which it gives of the widowed
+Duchess and the boy round whom all her hopes
+centred:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Your Majesty's last letters reached me on the
+day when I arrived here from home, and I regret
+extremely that I have been unable to answer them
+before. I am very glad to hear you are in good health
+and kind enough to remember me. On my part, I
+can assure you that there is no one in your family
+who thinks of you with greater affection or is more
+anxious to do you service than myself. I did not
+fail to give your kind message, to Madame de Lorraine,
+my sister, and Her Highness returns her most
+humble thanks. You will be glad to hear that her
+son is well and thriving. I pray God that he may
+live to fulfil the promise of his early years. Everyone
+who sees him speaks well of him, and his nature is
+so good that I hope he will grow up to satisfy our
+highest expectations. May God grant you long life!</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 16em;">"Your humble cousin,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">"<span class="smcap">Anne de Lorraine</span>."<a name="FNanchor_388" id="FNanchor_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The Princess of Orange was still in Lorraine when
+King Francis came to visit the Duchess. This
+monarch was as active as ever, in spite of frequent
+attacks of illness, and spent the autumn in making
+a progress through Burgundy and Champagne, hunting
+and travelling seven or eight leagues a day in the
+most inclement weather.</p>
+
+<p>In October he came to Joinville, and Christina, glad
+to be relieved of the necessity of going to Court
+herself, invited him to pay her a visit at Bar. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>
+this once stately Romanesque castle, of which little
+now remains, the Duchess and the Princess of Orange,
+"dowagers both," as Wotton remarks, entertained
+Francis magnificently, and provided a series of hunting-parties
+and banquets for his amusement.</p>
+
+<p>The true object of the King's visit was to arrange a
+marriage between the Duchess and the Count of
+Aumale. The young soldier made no secret of his
+love for his cousin's beautiful widow, Antoinette was
+anxious to see her son settled, and both the King and
+the Guises were fully alive to the political advantages
+of the alliance. On the 26th of October Wotton
+wrote from Bar, "The fame continues of a marriage
+between the Dowager of Lorraine and the Count of
+Aumale," although, as he had already remarked in
+a previous letter, it was hard to believe the Duchess's
+uncles would consent to the union. Aumale's own
+hopes were high, and he sent a messenger to Scotland
+to tell his sister of the good cheer which they were
+enjoying in Madame de Lorraine's house at Bar.<a name="FNanchor_389" id="FNanchor_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1546</span>] MARRIAGE PROPOSALS</div>
+
+<p>But these hopes were doomed to disappointment.
+Christina was determined never to marry again.
+Like her aunt, Mary of Hungary, having once tasted
+perfect happiness, she was unwilling to repeat the
+experiment. Her beauty was in its prime, her
+charms attracted lovers of every age and rank.
+During the next ten or twelve years she was courted
+by several of the most illustrious personages and
+bravest captains of the age. She smiled on all her
+suitors in turn, and gave them freely of her friendship,
+but remained true to her resolve to live for her
+children alone, and took for her device a solitary
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>tower with doves fluttering round its barred windows,
+and the motto <i>Accipio nullas sordida turris aves</i>
+(A ruined tower, I give shelter to no birds), as
+a symbol of perpetual widowhood.<a name="FNanchor_390" id="FNanchor_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a></p>
+
+<p>Aumale consoled himself by winning fresh laurels
+in the next war, and before long married another
+bride of high degree; but Brant&ocirc;me, who was intimate
+with the Guises, tells us that he never forgave
+Madame de Lorraine for rejecting his suit, and remained
+her bitter enemy to the end of his life.<a name="FNanchor_391" id="FNanchor_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a> The
+King took Christina's refusal more lightly. He never
+treated women's fancies seriously, and when he found
+that Aumale's suit was not acceptable, he sought the
+Duchess's help in a scheme that lay nearer his heart.
+This was the marriage of his own daughter Margaret
+with Philip of Spain, whose young wife had died,
+in June, 1545, a few days after giving birth to the
+Infant Don Carlos. The old scheme of marrying
+this Princess to the Emperor's only son was now
+revived at the French Court, and Christina, who had
+always appreciated Madame Marguerite's excellent
+qualities, entered readily into the King's wishes.
+But, as she soon discovered, her aunt, Queen Eleanor,
+was greatly opposed to the idea, and still ardently
+wished to see Philip married to her own daughter,
+the Infanta Maria of Portugal.<a name="FNanchor_392" id="FNanchor_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a></p>
+
+<p>From Bar Francis returned to spend All Hallows
+at Joinville, where he enjoyed fresh revels, and
+delighted the Duke of Longueville by telling him to
+make haste and grow tall, that he might enter his
+service.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Now he goes," wrote the boy's tutor, Jean de
+la Brousse, "to keep Christmas at Compi&egrave;gne, and
+will spend the winter in Paris, watching how matters
+go with the Emperor and the Protestants, whose
+armies have been three months face to face, and yet
+do not know how to kill each other."<a name="FNanchor_393" id="FNanchor_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>In the same letter the writer describes how, on his
+journey to Plessis, to bring the Princess of Navarre
+to Court, he met the Queen of Scotland's sister,
+Madame Ren&eacute;e, with a number of old monks and
+nuns, on her way from Font&eacute;vrault to Joinville. On
+the 16th of December Madame Ren&eacute;e took possession
+of the Convent of St. Pierre at Reims, of which she
+was Abbess, and the Duchess of Lorraine and the
+Princess of Orange were among the guests present
+at this ceremony, at the entry of her brother the
+Archbishop into his episcopal city on the following
+day.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1547</span>] DEATH OF HENRY VIII.</div>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the news of Christina's supposed marriage
+travelled far and wide. It reached Venice, where the
+fate of the Duchess who had once reigned over
+Milan always excited interest, and was reported to
+King Henry of England by one of his Italian agents.
+His curiosity was aroused, and when the French
+Ambassador, Odet de Selve, came to Windsor, he
+asked him if his master had concluded the marriage
+which he had in hand. "What marriage?" asked
+De Selve innocently. "That of Madame de Lorraine,"
+replied Henry testily. "With whom?" asked
+the Ambassador. But Henry would say no more,
+and relapsed into sullen silence.<a name="FNanchor_394" id="FNanchor_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a> He had come back
+from Boulogne seriously ill, and grew heavier and
+more unwieldy every day. A week afterwards he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>had a severe attack of fever, and on his return to
+London sent Norfolk and Surrey to the Tower.</p>
+
+<p>Mary of Hungary was so much alarmed at this
+fresh outbreak of violence that she sent to Chapuys,
+who was living in retirement at Louvain, for advice.
+The veteran diplomatist, who for sixteen years had
+toiled to avoid a rupture between the two monarchs,
+wrote back, on the 29th of January, 1547, advising
+the Queen to take no action. "Physicians say," he
+added, "that the best and quickest cure for certain
+maladies is to leave the evil untouched and avoid
+further irritation." When the old statesman wrote
+these words, the King, whose varying moods he knew
+so well, had already ceased from troubling. He died
+at Whitehall on the 28th of January, 1547.</p>
+
+<p>The news of his royal brother's death moved the
+King of France deeply. "We were both of the same
+age," he said, "and now he is gone it is time for me
+to go hence, too."<a name="FNanchor_395" id="FNanchor_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a> In spite of the painful ailments
+from which he suffered, Francis still moved restlessly
+from place to place. Towards the end of Lent he
+left Loches to spend Easter at St. Germain, but fell
+ill on the way, and died at Rambouillet on the 31st
+of March.</p>
+
+<p>The death of these two monarchs, who filled so
+large a place in the history of the times, produced a
+profound sensation throughout Europe. No one felt
+the shock more than the Duchess, who had been
+courted by one Prince, and had lately received the
+other under her roof. But a third death this spring
+touched her still more closely. On the 28th of
+February the good old Queen Philippa passed away
+in her humble cell at Pont-&agrave;-Mousson. As she lay<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>
+dying she asked what was the day of the week, and,
+being told it was Saturday, remarked: "All the best
+things of my life came to me on this day. I was born
+and married to my dear husband on a Saturday, I
+entered Nancy amid the rejoicings of my people, and
+I forsook the world to take the veil, on this day, and
+now on Saturday I am going to God." Her children
+and grandchildren knelt at the bedside, but Guise,
+her best-loved son, only arrived from Paris at the
+last moment. She opened her eyes at the sound of
+his voice. "Adieu, mon ami," she said, "and do
+not forget to keep God before your eyes." These
+were her last words, and as the pure spirit passed
+out of this life the sound of weeping was broken by
+the joyous songs of her pet lark.<a name="FNanchor_396" id="FNanchor_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a></p>
+
+<p>She was buried, as she desired, in the convent
+cloister, and the people, who venerated her as a saint,
+flocked to the funeral. Christina employed Ligier-Richier,
+the sculptor of the Prince of Orange's monument,
+to carve a recumbent effigy of the dead Queen
+in coloured marbles on her tomb. The black cloak
+and grey habit were faithfully reproduced, the finely-modelled
+features were rendered in all their ivory
+whiteness, and a tiny figure of a kneeling nun was
+represented in the act of laying the crown at her
+feet. When the convent church was pillaged by
+rioters in 1793, this monument was buried by the
+nuns in the garden. Here it was discovered in 1822,
+and brought to Nancy, where it now stands in the
+Church of the Cordeliers, near the stately tomb
+which Philippa herself had reared to her husband,
+King Ren&eacute;.<a name="FNanchor_397" id="FNanchor_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1546</span>] THE LEAGUE OF SCHMALKALDE</div>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<p>Of the three great monarchs whose fame had filled
+the world during the last forty years, only one remained
+alive, and he was engaged in a desperate
+struggle. Throughout the autumn and winter of
+1546-47, Charles V. carried on a vigorous campaign
+against the coalition of Princes known as the League
+of Schmalkalde. Christina watched the progress of
+the war with keen anxiety, and saw with distress
+that her brother-in-law, the Palatine, had joined
+the rebel ranks. Frederic had never forgiven the
+Emperor for sacrificing his wife's rights by the
+Treaty of Spires, and showed his displeasure by
+refusing to attend the Chapter of the Golden
+Fleece at Utrecht in January, 1546. He further
+annoyed Charles by introducing Lutheran rites at
+Heidelberg, and on Christmas Day he and Dorothea
+received Communion in both kinds at the hands of a
+Protestant pastor in the Church of the Holy Ghost.
+But he still hesitated to take up arms against the
+friend of his youth. At length, in August, he declared
+himself on the Protestant side, and for the first time
+the red flag of the Palatinate was seen in the camp
+of the Emperor's foes. Before long, however, his
+courage failed him, and when Charles recovered the
+imperial city of Halle, in Suabia, Frederic hastened
+thither to make his peace. Tears rose to the veteran's
+eyes when the Emperor said how much it had grieved
+him to see so old a friend in the ranks of his foes, but
+hastened to add that he forgave him freely and would
+only remember his past services. From this time
+the Palatine's loyalty never again wavered, but he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>
+was obliged to restore Catholic rites in Heidelberg
+and to give up his fortress of Hoh-K&ouml;nigsberg in
+Franconia to Albert of Brandenburg.<a name="FNanchor_398" id="FNanchor_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Duke of W&uuml;rtemberg and the cities of Ulm
+and Augsburg soon followed the Palatine's example,
+and Charles's triumph was complete by the decisive
+victory of M&uuml;hlberg. "God be thanked, who never
+forsakes his own," wrote Granvelle to Mary of
+Hungary from the battle-field, at midnight on the
+24th of April.<a name="FNanchor_399" id="FNanchor_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a> The Elector John Frederick of
+Saxony and the Landgrave of Hesse were made
+prisoners, the League of Schmalkalde was dissolved,
+and Titian commemorated the Emperor's
+heroic deeds in a famous equestrian portrait.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1547</span>] THE DIET OF AUGSBURG</div>
+
+<p>The peace of Lorraine was insured by the victory
+of M&uuml;hlberg, and Christina shared in the general
+sense of relief with which the close of the war was
+hailed. When, in the following autumn, the Regent
+and the Princess of Orange rode to meet the Emperor
+at the Diet of Augsburg, the Duchess joined them
+on the frontiers of Lorraine. These three august
+ladies reached Augsburg on the 21st of November,
+and were received by King Ferdinand, his son Archduke
+Maximilian, and the Prince of Piedmont, who
+met them outside the gates, and escorted them to
+the Emperor's lodgings in the fine house of the
+Fuggers. Here the Countess Palatine and Ferdinand's
+daughter, the Duchess of Bavaria, were awaiting
+them at the doors of the courtyard, and conducted
+them into Charles's presence. During the next three
+months Christina lived in the great banker's house,
+with the other members of the imperial family, as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>her uncle's guest. Augsburg itself was a noble city.
+The wealth of her merchants, the splendour of their
+houses and gardens, amazed every stranger who
+entered her gates. "The Fuggers' house," wrote
+Ascham, "would over-brag all Cheapside." The
+copper roofs glittered in the sun, the carved and
+painted decorations of the interior were of the most
+costly and elaborate description.<a name="FNanchor_400" id="FNanchor_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a> And this winter
+the streets of Augsburg were thronged with Princes
+and ladies. It was the gayest and most splendid
+Diet ever seen. Never before had so many Archduchesses
+and Duchesses been present, never was
+there so much dancing and jousting and feasting.
+On St. Andrew's Day the whole imperial family
+attended a solemn Mass in honour of the Knights of
+the Fleece, and were entertained by the Emperor at
+a banquet, after which the Queen of Hungary received
+the Companions of the Order in her apartments.
+On Christmas Day all the Princes and
+Princesses were present at High Mass in the Cathedral,
+and on the Feast of the Three Kings they attended
+service in the Court chapel, when Granvelle's son, the
+young Bishop of Arras, officiated, and the Palatine,
+the Marquis of Brandenburg, and the Archduke,
+presented the customary offerings of gold, frankincense,
+and myrrh, in the Emperor's name. Except
+on these state occasions, Charles dined alone and
+never spoke at meals, but generally sat by the window
+for an hour or two afterwards, talking to his brother
+and sister or nephews and nieces.</p>
+
+<p>King Ferdinand's rooms, on the contrary, were
+never empty. He had lost his faithful wife, Anna of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>
+Bohemia, in January, but his son and daughter were
+lavish in dispensing their father's hospitality. Like
+his sister Mary, Ferdinand was very fond of music,
+and enjoyed listening to his fine Kapelle, while one
+of his favourite jesters was always present to amuse
+the Electors and Princesses at his table.<a name="FNanchor_401" id="FNanchor_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a> His son,
+the Archduke Max, as Ascham calls him, was a gay
+and pleasant gentleman, "of goodly person and
+stature," speaking eight languages, and very popular
+with all classes, especially the Lutherans, whose
+opinions he was supposed to affect. Charles's other
+nephew, Emanuel Philibert, the Prince of Piedmont,
+was another gallant squire of dames, as ready to take
+part in masque and dance as he was foremost in
+active warfare. Every evening there was music and
+dancing in the King's rooms, and the old halls of the
+merchants rang to the sound of laughter and melody.
+In that joyous throng the Countess Palatine was the
+gayest of the gay, and Christina forgot her sorrows
+to become young once more.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1548] THE MARQUIS ALBERT</div>
+
+<p>There was one man among the Princes assembled
+at Augsburg who gazed with frank admiration at the
+handsome Duchess; this was the Marquis Albert of
+Brandenburg, Lord of Culmbach and Burgrave of
+Nuremberg. While still a boy he succeeded to his
+father's principality in Franconia, and was educated
+by his uncle, the Duke of Prussia and Grand-Master
+of the Teutonic Order. Although brought up a
+Lutheran, he entered the Emperor's service before
+he was twenty, and fought gallantly in the wars of
+Cleves and Champagne. A wild and reckless spirit,
+who rode hard, drank deep, and knew no fear, Albert
+was adored by his soldiers, whose toils and hardships
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span>he shared with cheerful courage, while his name was
+the terror of all peaceful citizens. "Thunder and
+lightning, devouring fire," wrote a contemporary,
+"are not more terrible than the Marquis Albert on
+the battle-field."<a name="FNanchor_402" id="FNanchor_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a> But there was a fascination about
+this ruthless dare-devil which no woman could resist.
+His sisters were passionately devoted to him,
+and Bona, the Queen of Poland, tried in vain to marry
+him to one of her daughters. Roger Ascham describes
+him as</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"another Achilles, his face fair and beautiful, but
+stern and manly, with flowing locks and great rolling
+eyes, yet with a sad, restless look, as if he was ever
+seeking what he could not find. A man of few words
+withal, but with a deep, strong voice, ever more ready
+to hear than to speak."<a name="FNanchor_403" id="FNanchor_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>There seemed no heights to which this soldier of
+fortune could not aspire. The Emperor treated him
+with fatherly affection, and the Queen and the
+Duchess of Lorraine honoured the sumptuous banquets,
+in which he displayed his usual prodigality,
+careless of the debts with which he was already
+loaded.</p>
+
+<p>Once more rumour was busy with Christina's name.
+The Marquis Albert proclaimed himself her devoted
+servant, and her marriage with the young King Sigismund
+of Poland was seriously discussed at Augsburg.
+This monarch's wife, the Archduchess Elizabeth, had
+died before his accession, and his sister, the Electress
+Hedwig of Brandenburg, was eager to bring about a
+union between him and the Duchess of Lorraine;<a name="FNanchor_404" id="FNanchor_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a>
+but, as usual, these rumours ended in smoke, and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>only marriage announced at Augsburg was that of
+the Archduke Max and his cousin the Infanta Maria
+of Spain, an alliance which had long been privately
+arranged.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1548</span>] THE INTERIM</div>
+
+<p>Early in the New Year another distinguished person
+arrived at Augsburg, in the person of the great
+Venetian master, Titian. He came in obedience to
+an urgent summons from the Emperor, and during
+the next few months painted a magnificent series of
+portraits, including those of Charles and Ferdinand,
+the captive Elector of Saxony, Chancellor Granvelle,
+his wife, and his son, the Bishop of Arras, who
+was a great admirer of Titian's art. Fourteen years
+before, this same master had taken Christina's portrait,
+when she came to Milan as the youthful bride of
+Francesco Sforza; now he saw her again in the
+flower of her womanhood, and, had opportunity
+offered, would doubtless have painted her again. But
+disquieting rumours of unrest on the frontiers of
+Lorraine reached Augsburg, and on the 16th of
+February the Duchess set out on her return to Nancy.
+The Emperor gave his niece a costly ring as a parting
+present, and Archduke Max, the Marquis Albert, the
+Prince of Piedmont, together with the Countess Palatine
+and the Princess of Orange, escorted her some
+leagues on her way. When, a month later, the Queen
+of Hungary left Augsburg, she paid Christina a visit at
+Nancy, bringing with her Anne of Lorraine and William,
+the young Prince of Orange, a promising boy of fifteen,
+who was being educated at Court, and met with a
+kindly welcome from the Duchess and her subjects for
+the sake of the lamented Prince whose name he bore.<a name="FNanchor_405" id="FNanchor_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a>
+By Mary's advice, the Regents took active measures
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>for the defence of the frontier and the fortification
+of Nancy. An arsenal was founded, and two bastions,
+which became known as those of Denmark and
+Vaudemont, were built near the palace. Other improvements
+were carried out at the same time: the
+marshy ground under the walls was thoroughly
+drained, and converted into a spacious square called
+La Place de la Carri&egrave;re; many of the streets were paved
+and widened; and the Count of Salm, Bassompierre,
+and several of the nobles, built fine new houses along
+the Grande Rue, opposite the Galerie des Cerfs.<a name="FNanchor_406" id="FNanchor_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 384px;">
+<img src="images/facing322.jpg" width="384" height="606" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p><i>Photo Hanfstaengl</i></p>
+
+<p>CHARLES V. (1548)</p>
+
+<p>By Titian (Munich)</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p.</i> <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Emperor remained at Augsburg throughout
+the summer, endeavouring to effect a lasting settlement
+of the religious question. On the 30th of June
+the so-called "Interim" was proclaimed, a compromise
+which satisfied no one, and was described by
+Thomas Hoby, a young Englishman who came to
+Augsburg this summer on his way to Italy, as an
+attempt to set up the old Babylon again in Germany.<a name="FNanchor_407" id="FNanchor_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a>
+A fortnight later the Diet was prorogued, and Charles
+started for the Netherlands, where he arrived on the
+8th of September, after more than two years' absence.</p>
+
+<p>A few weeks before his arrival a marriage had taken
+place, greatly to Mary's satisfaction, between the
+widowed Princess of Orange and the Duke of Aerschot.<a name="FNanchor_408" id="FNanchor_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a>
+This nobleman, the premier peer of the realm and
+doyen of the Golden Fleece, had lost his second wife
+in 1544, but was still in the prime of life, and, as his
+daughter-in-law, Louise de Guise, told her sister, was
+honoured and beloved throughout the Netherlands.
+Christina could not herself be present at the wedding,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>but her brother-in-law Nicolas went to Brussels to
+give his sister away. Here he fell in love with Count
+Egmont's sister Margaret, and asked her hand in marriage.
+This alliance met with the warm approval of the
+Emperor and the Regent, but caused Christina many
+searchings of heart. Already more than one attempt
+had been made by the Guises to marry Vaudemont
+to a French bride, and she feared that this union
+would excite great displeasure in some quarters. In
+her alarm she wrote to the Emperor, begging him to
+forbid the marriage as dangerous to the welfare of
+her State. Charles, however, declined to interfere,
+and sent Granvelle's brother, Chantonnay, to
+advise his niece politely to mind her own business.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Since the Count of Vaudemont is bent on marrying,"
+he wrote to his Envoy, "it is far better that he
+should come here for a wife than go to France; and
+the Duchess need not feel in any way responsible for
+the alliance, which is entirely his own doing....
+And, indeed, I do not see how he could honourably
+break his word, since we ourselves urged our cousins
+of Egmont to agree to his proposals. But tell him
+to come here as soon as he can, to prevent the French
+from making any more mischief!"<a name="FNanchor_409" id="FNanchor_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1548</span>] ADOLF OF HOLSTEIN</div>
+
+<p>There was nothing more to be said, and the wedding
+was celebrated in the Court chapel at Brussels, after
+vespers, on the 23rd of January, 1549. The bride,
+richly clad in cloth of gold and decked with priceless
+gems, was led to the altar by the Queen, while
+Charles brought in the bridegroom. A banquet and
+masque were afterwards held in the palace, at the
+close of which Mary once more took the bride by the
+hand and conducted her into the nuptial chamber,
+hung with crimson brocade and costly tapestries.
+The next morning the newly-wedded Countess appeared
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>at Mass, in another costume of green velvet
+embroidered in silver, and jousts and dances succeeded
+each other during the following three days,
+ending with a magnificent banquet given by the
+Duchess of Aerschot.<a name="FNanchor_410" id="FNanchor_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a></p>
+
+<p>Among the company present on this occasion was
+the Dowager Queen Eleanor, who came to Brussels
+on the 5th of December, to make her home with her
+beloved brother and sister. On his death-bed
+Francis I. was seized with remorse for the way
+in which he had neglected his wife, and begged his
+daughter Margaret to atone for his shortcomings.
+But although Margaret carried out her father's last
+instructions faithfully, and asked his widow to remain
+at Court, the new King showed his stepmother
+scanty kindness, and Eleanor left France with few
+regrets. Another guest at Margaret of Egmont's
+wedding was Christina's cousin, Duke Adolf of Holstein,
+the King of Denmark's youngest brother. Most
+of his life had been spent in Germany, and he had
+taken part in the campaign of M&uuml;hlberg with his
+friend Albert of Brandenburg. Now, following the
+wild Marquis's example, he came to Brussels in
+October, 1548, and entered the Emperor's service.
+This new recruit was cordially welcomed, and gave
+a signal proof of his valour by carrying off the first
+prize in the tournament held at the palace.</p>
+
+<p>Christina herself maintained the prudent attitude
+which she had adopted with regard to Vaudemont's
+marriage, and refused to countenance by her presence
+a union which excited much unfriendly criticism in
+France. Two other weddings in which she was also
+keenly interested took place about the same time.
+On the 20th of October her old suitor, the brilliant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>
+and volatile Duke of Vend&ocirc;me, was married at
+Moulins to Jeanne d'Albret, the heiress of Navarre.
+This strong-minded Princess, who refused to wed
+the Duke of Cleves, and took objection to Aumale
+because his brother was the husband of Diane de
+Poitiers's daughter, fell suddenly in love with
+Vend&ocirc;me, and insisted on marrying him in spite of
+her mother's opposition. So radiant was Jeanne on
+her wedding-day that King Henry declared her to
+be the most joyous bride whom he had ever seen.
+Six weeks later Aumale himself was married at
+St. Germain to Anna d'Este, daughter of Duke Ercole
+II. of Ferrara and Ren&eacute;e of France. Ronsard
+sang the praises of this Italian Venus who had taken
+the Mars of France for her lord, and Vend&ocirc;me, gay
+and inconsequent as ever, sent his old rival in war
+and love a merry letter, bidding him follow his good
+example, and stay at home to play the good husband.<a name="FNanchor_411" id="FNanchor_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a>
+This union with the King's first cousin satisfied the
+highest ambitions of the Guises, while Anna's charm
+and goodness were a source of lasting content to
+Duchess Antoinette. Christina was one of the first
+to greet the bride on her arrival at Joinville. At
+first the two Princesses, Brant&ocirc;me tells us, looked at
+each other shyly, but with evident curiosity. The
+tale of Aumale's courtship was well known, and
+Christina naturally felt keen interest in the Este
+Princess who came from Beatrice's home and was the
+cousin of Francesco Sforza. "Anna," writes the
+chronicler, "was tall and beautiful, but very gentle
+and amiable. The two ladies met and conversed
+together, and were soon the best of friends."<a name="FNanchor_412" id="FNanchor_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1549</span>] CHRISTINA AT BRUSSELS</div>
+
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<p>Christina's absence from her brother-in-law's
+wedding had been a great disappointment to her aunts,
+and she received a pressing invitation to come to
+Brussels for the f&ecirc;tes in honour of the Prince of Spain,
+whose arrival was expected early in the spring of
+1549. Accordingly, on the 28th of March the
+Duchess reached Brussels, attended by the Princess
+of Macedonia, and was received by the Grand-&Eacute;cuyer
+Boussu and a brilliant escort of gentlemen. One of
+these was the Marquis Albert, whose name of late
+had been frequently coupled with her own, the other
+his friend Duke Adolf of Holstein. Christina naturally
+hailed this meeting with her cousin, especially
+now that his brother, King Christian, had alleviated
+the rigour of her father's captivity. Since the
+Palatine had abandoned all attempts to maintain his
+wife's claims, the reigning monarch had agreed to
+release his unfortunate kinsman from the dungeons
+of Sonderburg. On the 17th of February the two
+Kings met and dined together in a friendly manner,
+after which the deposed monarch was removed to
+Kallundborg, a pleasantly-situated castle on a promontory
+of Zeeland, where he spent the remaining
+ten years of his life in comparative freedom.<a name="FNanchor_413" id="FNanchor_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a> This,
+indeed, was all that the Emperor desired. In a
+secret paper of instructions which he drew up for
+Philip in case of his own death, he enjoined his son
+to cultivate peaceable relations with the King of
+Denmark, and do his utmost to keep the Princesses
+Dorothea and Christina in his good graces, and insure
+their father's good treatment, "without allowing him
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>such a measure of liberty as might enable him to
+assert his old claims and injure our State of Flanders
+as he did before."<a name="FNanchor_414" id="FNanchor_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a></p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, the interest with which Christina
+regarded the Danish Prince proved fatal to Adolf's
+friendship with the Marquis. Before the outbreak
+of the Schmalkalde War, Adolf had become affianced
+to Albert's sister, Fr&auml;ulein Kunigunde. The wedding-day
+was fixed, and the citizens of Nuremberg had
+prepared gold rings and jewels for the bride, but the
+disturbed state of Denmark compelled the Duke to
+postpone his marriage for a time. Then, as ill-luck
+would have it, he met the Duchess of Lorraine at
+the New Year festivities at Augsburg, and fell desperately
+in love with her. From this moment he forgot
+Fr&auml;ulein Kunigunde, and took the first excuse he
+could find to break off his engagement. Albert never
+forgave the wrong, and, although the two Princes met
+at Brussels and walked side by side in the Court
+chapel on Candlemas Day, the old friendship between
+them was turned to bitter enmity.<a name="FNanchor_415" id="FNanchor_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1549</span>] PHILIP OF SPAIN</div>
+
+<p>But now private grievances had to be put aside,
+and friends and foes alike joined in the public rejoicings
+which welcomed the Prince of Spain's arrival.
+Charles was anxious to present his son to his future
+subjects in the most favourable light, and no pains
+were spared to produce a good impression both on
+Philip himself and on the loyal people of Brabant.
+On the 1st of April, Mary of Hungary, Christina,
+and Anne of Aerschot, accompanied by the whole
+Court, received the Prince at Ter Vueren, where they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>entertained him at dinner and witnessed a military
+parade and sham-fight on the plains outside the town.
+In the evening Philip made his state entry into
+Brussels, clad in crimson velvet and riding on a
+superb war-horse, attended by Albert of Brandenburg,
+Adolf of Holstein, the Princes of Piedmont, Orange,
+and Chimay, Alva, Egmont, Pescara, and many
+other illustrious personages. The chief burghers and
+city guilds met the Prince at Ter Vueren, and escorted
+him to the palace gates, where the two Queens and
+Christina conducted him into the Emperor's presence.
+Philip fell on his knees, and his father embraced him
+with tears in his eyes, and conversed with him for
+over an hour. At nightfall the whole city was illuminated,
+and bonfires blazed from all the neighbouring
+heights. The next day a tournament was held
+on the Grande Place, and a splendid gold cup was
+presented to the Prince by the city, while the States
+of Brabant voted him a gift of 100,000 florins and
+hailed him with acclamation as the Emperor's successor.
+But in the evening these rejoicings were interrupted
+by the news of the Duke of Aerschot's
+sudden death. He had gone to Spires to meet the
+Prince, but had over-exerted himself, and died very
+suddenly at his castle of Quievrain. It was a grievous
+blow to Anne of Lorraine, who was once more left
+a widow, before she had been married quite nine
+months. The deepest sympathy was felt for her at
+Court, and Mary lamented the loss of her wisest
+Councillor. All festivities were put off till Easter.
+Philip spent Holy Week in devotional exercises, and
+rode to S. Gudule on Palm Sunday, at the head of a
+solemn procession of knights bearing palms.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1549</span>] HIS DEVOTION TO CHRISTINA</div>
+
+<p>Charles took advantage of this quiet season to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>
+initiate his son into the administration of public
+affairs and make him acquainted with the leading
+nobles of the Netherlands. But the impression produced
+by Philip was far from being a favourable one.
+Short in stature and blond in complexion, with his
+father's wide forehead and projecting jaw, he was
+Flemish in appearance, but Spanish by nature. His
+taciturn air and haughty and reserved manners
+formed a striking contrast to the frank and genial
+ways which endeared Charles V. to all classes of
+his subjects. Thomas Hoby, who saw Philip at
+Mantua, noticed what "small countenance" he
+made to the crowd who greeted his entry, and heard
+that he had already "acquired a name for insolency."
+Wherever he went it was the same. "His severe
+and morose appearance," wrote the Venetian Suriano,
+"has made him disagreeable to the Italians, hated by
+the Flemings, and odious to the Germans." His
+marked preference for all that was Spanish gave
+deadly offence to the Emperor's old servants, and
+people in Brussels said openly that when Philip came
+to the throne no one but Spaniards would be employed
+at Court. In vain his father and aunt warned him
+that this exclusive temper was ill-suited to a Prince
+who was called to rule over subjects of many nations.
+He spoke little in public and rarely smiled. During
+the year which he spent at Brussels people said that
+he was never seen to laugh except on one occasion,
+when all the Court witnessed the famous national
+f&ecirc;te of the Ommegang from the h&ocirc;tel-de-ville, on
+the F&ecirc;te-Dieu. Among the varied groups in the
+procession was a bear playing on an organ, while
+children dressed up as monkeys danced to the music,
+and unhappy cats tied by the tail in cages filled the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>
+air with discordant cries. At the sight of these
+grotesque figures even Philip's gravity gave way, and
+he laughed till the tears ran down his cheeks.<a name="FNanchor_416" id="FNanchor_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a></p>
+
+<p>This cold and haughty Prince, who took no pains
+to commend himself to his future subjects, showed
+a marked preference from the first for his cousin
+Christina. He sought her company on every possible
+occasion, gave her rich presents, and devoted himself
+to her service with an ardour which became a cause
+of serious annoyance to his aunts.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Queen Eleanor," wrote the French Ambassador
+Marillac, "is always trying to treat of her daughter's
+marriage with the Prince, but with very little success,
+and the great attentions which he pays the Duchess
+of Lorraine, the evident delight which he takes in
+her society, and the gifts which he bestows upon her,
+have excited great jealousy."<a name="FNanchor_417" id="FNanchor_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Before long Christina herself found Philip's attentions
+embarrassing, and felt that it would be the
+path of wisdom to leave Court. She was present,
+however, at a second tournament given on the
+Grande Place, on the 6th of May. That day Count
+d'Aremberg (the husband of Christina's intimate
+friend Margaret la Marck), Mansfeldt, Horn, and
+Floris de Montmorency, held the lists against all
+assailants, while Alva and Francesco d'Este were the
+judges. Philip, who inherited little of his father's
+taste for knightly exercises, but had been practising
+riding and jousting diligently during the last few weeks,
+entered the lists, and was awarded a fine ruby as a
+prize, Egmont and the Prince of Piedmont being
+the other victors. Albert of Brandenburg was present,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>but declined to take part in the tournament. He
+had seldom been seen at Court since Philip's arrival
+and spent most of his time in his own quarters,
+compiling an account of his grievances against the
+Emperor. One day Charles, fearing to lose his
+services, sent Granvelle to offer him an honourable
+and lucrative office in the Imperial Mint. Albert
+replied loftily that, since he was born a Brandenburg,
+no office which the Emperor had to bestow,
+could exalt his station, and that as he never managed
+to keep a sixpence in his own pocket, he would rather
+not attempt to meddle with other people's money.
+A few days after this he asked leave to retire to his
+own domains. The last time that he appeared in
+public was at the banquet which followed the tournament,
+in the h&ocirc;tel-de-ville; here he sat at the Emperor's
+table, opposite the Duchess of Lorraine, who was
+placed between Philip and Emanuel Philibert of Piedmont,
+while Adolf of Holstein sat next to the Princess
+of Macedonia. All these illustrious guests joined in
+the ball which closed the day's festivities, and dancing
+was kept up with great spirit until after midnight.<a name="FNanchor_418" id="FNanchor_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1549</span>] THE GUISE PRINCES</div>
+
+<p>Early the next morning Christina left Brussels,
+accompanied by Vaudemont's wife, Margaret of
+Egmont, and escorted for several miles on her journey
+by the Prince of Spain. Three weeks later the
+Marquis Albert also left Court, without taking leave
+of the Emperor or the Queens. His abrupt departure
+excited general surprise, and no one knew whether
+it was due to his quarrel with the Duke of Holstein,
+or to some imaginary affront from the Prince or the
+Duchess of Lorraine; but when he was at some
+distance from the town he sent back a warrant for a
+pension of 4,000 crowns a year, which he had received
+from the Emperor, as a sign that he was no longer
+in his service.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 274px;">
+<img src="images/facing332a.jpg" width="274" height="349" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>H&Ocirc;TEL-DE-VILLE, BRUSSELS</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 271px;">
+<img src="images/facing332b.jpg" width="271" height="350" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>S. GUDULE, BRUSSELS</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p. <a href="#Page_332">332</a></i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>During the course of the summer Philip made his
+"joyeuse entr&eacute;e" into the different cities of the
+Low Countries, and a memorable series of f&ecirc;tes was
+given in his honour by Mary of Hungary at her
+beautiful summer palace of Binche. At the end of
+August the Duchess of Aerschot gave birth to a
+posthumous son, who was christened by the Bishop
+of Arras in the Court chapel, and named Charles
+Philip, after his godfathers, the Emperor and the
+Prince. But while Anne's second marriage and her
+brother's union with Egmont's sister strengthened
+the ties between Lorraine and Flanders, the close
+connection of the younger branch of the ducal house
+with France increased daily. After the marriage of
+Guise's third son, Mayenne, with Diane de Poitiers's
+daughter, his brothers were loaded with favours of
+every description. Aumale was created a Duke
+and appointed Governor of Savoy, and Charles was
+made a Cardinal at the King's request, and loaded
+with rich benefices. Their mother stood sponsor to
+Henry II.'s daughter Claude, who was one day to be
+the wife of Christina's only son, and had the deputies
+of the thirteen Swiss cantons for her godfathers. A
+new link was forged by the coming of the little Queen
+of Scots to France in the autumn of 1548, as the
+future bride of the Dauphin. Antoinette met her
+granddaughter at Brest, and brought her to St. Germain,
+where the charms of the little Queen soon won
+all hearts. "I can assure you," wrote the proud
+grandmother to her eldest son, "she is the best and
+prettiest child of her age that was ever seen!" And<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>
+her uncle the Cardinal added: "She already governs
+both the King and Queen." At the Court ball in honour
+of Aumale's wedding, all the guests stood still to
+watch the lovely little Queen and the Dauphin
+dancing hand in hand, and the King smiled maliciously
+when the English Ambassador remarked that it was
+the most charming thing in the world to see the two
+children together.<a name="FNanchor_419" id="FNanchor_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a></p>
+
+<p>When Christina returned to Lorraine in May, 1549,
+all the Guises were at Paris for the King and Queen's
+state entry, and the young Duke of Longueville led
+his grandmother's white horse in the procession.
+After this Antoinette brought her daughter-in-law
+to spend the autumn quietly at Joinville, and great
+was the rejoicing when, on the last day of the year,
+Anna gave birth to her first son, the Prince who was
+to become famous as "Henri le Balafr&eacute;." Christina
+was careful to remain on good terms with the family at
+Joinville, and the presence of the Duchess of Aerschot,
+who spent the winter in Lorraine, increased the friendly
+intercourse between the two houses. Anne's letters
+to her aunt and cousins abound in playful allusions to
+early recollections, and she always addressed Aumale
+as "Monsieur mon serviteur" and signed herself
+"Votre bonne ma&icirc;tresse." When, in January, 1550,
+the Duke of Guise fell ill, Christina sent her steward
+Grammont repeatedly to make inquiries at Joinville.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1550</span>] DEATH OF GUISE</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"We cannot rest satisfied," wrote the Duchess of
+Aerschot from Nancy, "without hearing the latest
+accounts of my uncle, and trust the bearer will bring
+us good news, please God! My sister, Madame de
+Lorraine, is so anxious about him that she feels she
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>must send over again. I cannot tell you, my dear
+aunt, how much she thinks of you, and how anxious
+she is to do you any service in her power. As for
+myself, if there is anything that I can do, you have
+only to speak, and you will be obeyed."<a name="FNanchor_420" id="FNanchor_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>After a long illness, Claude of Guise breathed his
+last on the 12th of April, and was followed to the
+grave within a month by his brother, Cardinal Jean,
+who died at Nogent-sur-Seine, on his return from
+Rome. The Duke's funeral was solemnized in the
+Church of St. Laurent at Joinville, with all the elaborate
+ceremonial common on these occasions. Antoinette
+made a great point of Christina's attendance,
+and Anne promised to do her best to gratify her aunt's
+wish in the matter.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I shall be very glad," she wrote, "if it is possible
+for Madame my sister to be present at the obsequies
+of my uncle&mdash;to whom God grant peace!&mdash;and will do
+my utmost to effect this, not only because of my own
+anxiety to see you and my cousins, but because I
+would gladly give you pleasure."<a name="FNanchor_421" id="FNanchor_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Accordingly, the two Duchesses, accompanied by
+the Count and Countess of Vaudemont and several
+nobles, arrived at Joinville on Saturday, the 29th of
+June, to condole with the widow and attend the
+funeral rites that were protracted during the next
+three days. Never was there a more attached family
+than this of the Guises.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I cannot tell you the grief I feel," wrote the
+Queen of Scotland to her bereaved mother. "You
+know as well as I do that I have lost the best father
+that ever child had, and am left both orphaned and
+widowed."</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>An imposing monument, adorned with rich marbles
+and bas-reliefs of the dead Prince's battles, was raised
+by Antoinette to her husband's memory in the church
+at Joinville. In the centre the Duke and Duchess
+were both represented clad in robes of state, kneeling
+with hands clasped together, and a long Latin epitaph
+relating the hero's great deeds was inscribed below,
+ending with the words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Antoinette de Bourbon, his wife, and her six
+sons, have erected this tomb, in token of undying
+sorrow and love for an incomparable husband and
+the best of fathers."<a name="FNanchor_422" id="FNanchor_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<h3>V.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1550</span>] CHARLES THE BOLD'S REMAINS</div>
+
+<p>Charles V. had long cherished a wish to remove the
+bones of his ancestor Charles the Bold from the
+church of St. Georges at Nancy, where they had been
+buried after his defeat, and bring them to rest in
+his daughter Mary's tomb at Bruges. At first Christina
+hesitated to give her consent, fearing to arouse
+the resentment of her subjects, who were proud of
+possessing this trophy of King Ren&eacute;'s victory, but
+the urgent entreaties of her aunts at length induced
+her to yield, and, after ascertaining that neither
+Vaudemont nor the States of Lorraine had any objection
+to offer, she consented to her uncle's request,
+on condition that the removal of the remains should
+be effected as quietly as possible. Late in the evening
+of the 22nd of September, 1550, three imperial
+deputies, the Bishop of Cambray, the Chief Justice
+of Luxembourg, and the herald Toison d'Or, met
+the Provost and Canons of St. Georges in the crypt
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span>of the collegiate church. A solemn requiem was
+chanted, after which the tomb was opened and the
+bones, wrapt in a white linen shroud, were reverently
+laid in a wooden casket and committed to the charge
+of two friars. A gift of 100 gold crowns was made
+to the church in the Emperor's name, and the precious
+casket was placed on a chariot drawn by four black
+horses, escorted by a troop of twenty men-at-arms.
+The little procession travelled the same night to Metz,
+and thence across the frontier to Luxembourg. Bells
+were tolled in all the towns and villages on their
+way, and the <i>De Profundis</i> was chanted wherever a
+halt was made, until on the 24th the casket was
+safely deposited in the choir of the Cordeliers' church
+at Luxembourg. Here Charles of Burgundy's bones
+were placed in the grave of John of Luxembourg,
+the blind King of Bohemia, who fell at Cr&eacute;cy, until,
+nine years later, they were finally laid to rest by
+his daughter's side in the shrine of Our Lady at
+Bruges.<a name="FNanchor_423" id="FNanchor_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a></p>
+
+<p>When this pious act was safely accomplished,
+Christina set out with Anne of Lorraine and the Count
+and Countess of Vaudemont to join the imperial party
+at Augsburg. Charles, Philip, and Ferdinand, had
+been attending the Diet in this city since July, and
+were joined there by Mary of Hungary, who, however,
+was obliged to return to the Netherlands on the
+26th of September, owing to troubles on the French
+frontier. Christina's presence was the more welcome.
+On the 30th of the same month Philip and his uncle
+Ferdinand were riding in the fields near Augsburg,
+when they noticed a cloud of dust on the highroad,
+and, galloping off in this direction, met the Duchess<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>
+of Lorraine and her companions, with a large train
+of followers. Philip gallantly escorted his cousin to
+the Emperor's lodgings, where she spent the next
+three weeks. Her coming was the signal for a round
+of festivities. While Charles and Ferdinand rode
+together in earnest converse, or sat with closed doors
+debating public matters, Philip and a few chosen
+friends&mdash;the Prince of Piedmont, Duke Adolf, Pescara,
+and Ruy Gomez&mdash;spent the days with the
+Duchess and her ladies. Sometimes they went hunting
+on the Bavarian plains, sometimes they danced
+or played cards, and every evening they met at supper
+in Christina's rooms.<a name="FNanchor_424" id="FNanchor_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1550</span>] ROGER ASCHAM</div>
+
+<p>On the 16th of October a joust was held in the
+court of the Fuggers' house, and the Emperor, with
+his niece and Duchess Anne, looked on from the
+windows. Egmont and Vaudemont were judges, and
+Count Lalaing and Floris de Montmorency won the
+prizes. The Cardinal of Trent entertained the company
+at supper, and left the next day for Genoa to
+receive Maximilian, the King of Bohemia, who had
+been sent for from Spain to take part in the family
+conference. Three days later Philip gave a tournament
+on a grander scale, in honour of the Duchess,
+and entered the lists clad in ruby velvet and white
+satin, as he figures in the portrait which Titian painted.
+This time Christina's presence seems to have inspired
+him with unwonted prowess. He broke many lances,
+and won a fine gold chain, which he presented to his
+cousin. She on her part entertained the King of
+the Romans and all the knights who rode in the jousts
+at a sumptuous banquet and ball, which ended in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span>the Prince presenting rings to all the ladies and receiving
+a kiss from each in turn.</p>
+
+<p>This festive evening marked the close of Christina's
+visit to Augsburg. The next morning she set out
+for Nancy, "leaving the Court sad and widowed,"
+writes an Italian chronicler, "bereft of her presence,
+and without a lady to amuse the Princes or entertain
+the Emperor's guests." Philip escorted her for some
+miles on her journey, and took an affectionate farewell
+of his favourite cousin, whom he never saw again
+until he was the husband of Mary Tudor.<a name="FNanchor_425" id="FNanchor_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a></p>
+
+<p>Christina's route lay through the duchy of W&uuml;rtemberg
+and along the valley of the Neckar. At Esslingen,
+the free imperial city on the banks of this river
+she met the new English Ambassador, Sir Richard
+Morosyne, on his way to Augsburg. In his train
+was a young secretary called Roger Ascham. He had
+been Lady Jane Grey's tutor, and had left his Greek
+studies and pleasant college life at Cambridge with
+some reluctance, but was keenly enjoying his first
+sight of foreign parts. The journey up the Rhine in
+a fair barge with goodly glass windows afforded him
+great pleasure. He gazed in admiration at the
+castles and abbeys perched on the crags, and the
+vines laden with purple grapes that grew in terraces
+along the banks, while the river at Spires&mdash;"broader
+a great deal than the Thames at Greenwich"&mdash;made
+him realize for the first time why the Greeks worshipped
+river-gods. In the Court chapel at Brussels
+he caught a glimpse of Queen Eleanor,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"looking as fair and white as a dove in her embroidered
+linen robe, with her ladies clad in black
+velvet with gold chains, and white plumes in their
+caps, like boys rather than maidens."</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span></p>
+<p>Then, as he rode through Tongres, he met the
+Queen of Hungary posting back from Augsburg, with
+only thirty courtiers in her train, "having outridden
+and wearied all the rest, and taken thirteen days to
+do a journey that men can scarce do in seventeen!"
+"She is a virago," the young Englishman remarked,
+"never so well as when she is flinging on horseback or
+hunting all day."<a name="FNanchor_426" id="FNanchor_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a> Now, at Esslingen, Ascham fell in
+with another noble lady, "the Duchess of Milan and
+Lorraine, daughter to the King of Denmark." Unlike
+Mary of Hungary, who posted so fast that no ladies
+could keep pace with her, Christina was always attended
+with a large retinue. Brant&ocirc;me tells us that at Court
+she assumed a state which rivalled that of the Queen
+of France herself. On this journey she rode a white
+palfrey, and was followed by sixteen maids of honour
+on horseback and four chariots filled with ladies,
+escorted by a troop of 300 horse. Thirty-six mules
+and a dozen waggons, laden with chamber-stuff,
+brought up the rear, and a great crowd of "rascals
+belonging to her kitchen and stables came drabbling
+in the dirt on foot." Roger looked with admiration
+at the fine horses with their rich trappings, and was
+profoundly impressed by the tall stature and stately
+bearing of the Duchess. "I have never seen a lady of
+her port in all my life!" he exclaimed. His interest was
+heightened when he heard "that she should once have
+married King Henry VIII., before my Lady Anne of
+Cleves," and was told that she had now been with the
+Emperor at Augsburg, "where she was thought by
+some to have been a-wooing to the Prince of Spain."<a name="FNanchor_427" id="FNanchor_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1550</span>] DISCORD IN IMPERIAL FAMILY</div>
+
+<p>From Esslingen, Christina had intended to go to
+Heidelberg, on a visit to her sister, but the unsettled
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>state of affairs made her presence necessary at home,
+and she hurried on to Nancy. The French were once
+more busy with preparations for war, and grew every
+day more insolent in their language. Even the Emperor's
+old ally, the Constable Montmorency, who had
+been recalled to Court by Henry II., joined the war
+party, and seemed to be as violent as the Guises.
+At the same time fresh trouble was brewing in Germany.
+The Interim had proved very unpopular.
+Magdeburg refused to accept the new edict, and
+Maurice of Saxony, who was sent against the city,
+carried on the siege in so half-hearted a manner that
+doubts of his loyalty were felt, while the Marquis
+Albert kept away from Court and sulked, like Achilles
+of old, in his tent. But the worst of all the Emperor's
+troubles were those which had arisen in his own
+family.</p>
+
+<p>Granvelle confessed to Paget at Brussels that it
+had not been easy for Charles to obtain the recognition
+of his son as his successor in Flanders, and that
+he foresaw this would be a far harder matter in
+Germany. From the first, Philip's haughty manners
+and Spanish reserve were bitterly resented by the
+Princes of the Empire, and Charles realized with
+dismay how difficult it would be to obtain their
+consent to the adoption of his son as coadjutor of
+the King of the Romans, and his ultimate successor
+on the imperial throne. He had first of all to reckon
+with Ferdinand. This monarch had always been on
+the most affectionate terms with his brother, but was
+naturally indignant when rumours reached him,
+through the Marquis Albert's servants, that the Emperor
+intended to make Philip King of the Romans
+in his place. In vain his sister Mary assured him that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>
+this idea had never been entertained. His resentment
+was kindled, and he and King Maximilian were prepared
+to resist stoutly any infringement of their rights.<a name="FNanchor_428" id="FNanchor_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a></p>
+
+<p>Everyone noticed how grave and pensive Charles
+appeared when he entered Augsburg, and, although
+the prolonged family conferences which took place
+were conducted in strict secrecy, rumour was busy
+with conjecture, and the latest gossip from Augsburg
+was greedily devoured at the French Court. At
+this critical moment Chancellor Granvelle, who for
+twenty-five years had been Charles's most trusted
+Councillor, died after a few days' illness at Augsburg.
+Friends and foes alike expressed their grief in the
+warmest terms. The Constable wrote letters of condolence
+to his widow, and Charles and Ferdinand came in
+person to visit Madame Nicole, but found this excellent
+woman too much overcome with grief to be able to
+speak. It was an irreparable loss to the Emperor,
+and no one was better aware of this than himself.
+"My son," he wrote to Philip, "you and I have lost
+a good bed of down."<a name="FNanchor_429" id="FNanchor_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a> Granvelle's son, Antoine
+Perrenot, the Bishop of Arras, succeeded him as
+imperial Chancellor, but had neither his father's
+wisdom nor experience, and was little fitted to cope
+with the gravity of the situation.</p>
+
+<p>Charles now sent for the Queen of Hungary, who
+hastened to Augsburg in September; but even she
+could effect little.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Queen Mary," wrote Stroppiana, the Duke of
+Savoy's Ambassador, "is here to persuade the King
+of the Romans to accept the Prince of Spain as coadjutor,
+but finds the ground very hard, and by what
+I hear can obtain nothing."<a name="FNanchor_430" id="FNanchor_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1550</span>] THE EMPEROR'S ANXIETY</div>
+
+<p>After Mary's departure, Charles's difficulties increased
+every day, and Christina tried in vain to
+pour oil on the troubled waters. She amused Philip,
+and did her best to console the Emperor in his fits
+of profound dejection. When she was gone he turned
+once more to Mary, and begged her earnestly to come
+to his help.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I had some hope," he wrote on the 6th of December,
+"that the King our nephew might be persuaded
+to consent to the only plan by which the greatness
+and stability of our house can be maintained. But,
+as you will see by this letter, which my brother gave
+me the day before yesterday, I begin to feel that my
+hope was vain. And I think that in this he does me
+great wrong, when I have done so much for him.
+My patience is almost at an end, and I wish with all
+my heart that you were here, as you can help me more
+than anyone else. So I beg you to hasten your
+coming as soon as possible, and shall await your
+arrival with the utmost anxiety."</p></div>
+
+<p>To this letter, which had been dictated to his
+secretary, Charles added the following postscript,
+written with his own gouty hand:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I can assure you, my dear sister, that I can bear
+no more unless I am to burst. Certainly I never felt
+all that the dead King of France did against me, nor
+all that the present one is trying to do, nor yet the
+affronts which the Constable puts upon us now, half
+as keenly as I have felt and am feeling the treatment
+which I have received from the King my brother.
+I can only pray God to grant him good-will and understanding,
+and give me strength and patience, in order
+that we may arrive at some agreement, and that, if
+your coming does not serve to convert him, it may
+at least give me some consolation.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 18em;">"Your loving brother,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 24.5em;">"<span class="smcap">Charles</span>."<a name="FNanchor_431" id="FNanchor_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On receiving this letter, Mary started for Augsburg
+without a moment's delay. Attended only by the
+Bishop of Cambray and three ladies, the brave Queen
+rode all the way from Binche to Augsburg in twelve
+days, and arrived at five o'clock on the evening of
+New Year's Day, 1551.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1551</span>] FAMILY CONFERENCES</div>
+
+<p>All through November and December the Emperor
+hardly left his room. When he dined with the
+Knights of the Fleece on St. Andrew's Day, the hall
+was heated like a furnace, and Marillac, the French
+Ambassador, remarked that he looked so old and
+feeble he could not be long for this world.<a name="FNanchor_432" id="FNanchor_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a> But on
+the Feast of the Three Kings he dined in public, with
+his brother and sister, and his two nephews, Maximilian,
+who had arrived from Spain on the 10th of
+December, and the young Archduke Ferdinand.
+They were, to all appearances, a happy and united
+family, and Stroppiana noted an evident improvement
+in the Emperor's spirits. Roger Ascham
+watched these illustrious personages with keen interest.
+He describes how Charles and Ferdinand sat
+under the cloth of state and ate together very handsomely,
+"his Chapel singing wonderful cunningly all
+dinner-time." "The Emperor," he remarked, "hath
+a good face, constant air, and looked somewhat like the
+parson of Epurstone. He wore a black taffety gown,
+and furred nightcap on his head, and fed well of a capon&mdash;I
+have had a better from mine hostess Barnes many
+times." Ferdinand he describes as "a very homely
+man, gentle to be spoken to of any man," the Prince of
+Spain as "not in all so wise as his father." But King
+Max was Roger's favourite&mdash;"a Prince peerless" in
+his eyes. He is never tired of extolling this "worthy
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>gentleman, learned, wise, liberal, gentle, loved and
+praised of all."<a name="FNanchor_433" id="FNanchor_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the next few weeks prolonged conferences
+were held in the Emperor's rooms. King Max from
+the first flatly refused to consent to Philip's appointment
+as coadjutor with the King of the Romans,
+and the quarrel waxed hot between them. Night
+and day Arras went secretly to and fro with letters
+between Charles and Ferdinand. If the Queen of
+Hungary was seen leaving the King of the Romans
+with flushed face and flashing eyes, it was a sure sign
+that things were going badly for the Emperor. If
+Ferdinand and his sons wore a joyous air, and there
+were tokens of affection between them and Mary,
+Stroppiana and Marillac were satisfied that all was
+going well.<a name="FNanchor_434" id="FNanchor_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a> As for Philip and Max, it was easy to
+see that there was no love lost between them. They
+met occasionally at night in Charles's rooms and
+exchanged formal greetings, but never paid each other
+visits or attended Mass and took meals together.
+The rivalry between the two Princes became every
+day more marked.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The King of Bohemia," writes Marillac, "is
+frank, gay, and fearless, and is as much beloved by
+the Germans as Don Philip is disliked. His Spanish
+education, haughty bearing, and suspicious nature,
+all help to make him unpopular, although to please
+his father he wears German clothes and tries to adopt
+German customs, even with regard to drink, so that
+two or three times he is said to have taken more than
+he could well carry."<a name="FNanchor_435" id="FNanchor_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Nor was Philip more fortunate in his attempts to
+distinguish himself in the tilting. In the jousts held
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>at Candlemas, Marillac reports that all jousted badly,
+but Philip worst of all, for he never broke a single
+lance; and Ascham remarks that the Prince of Spain
+"jousted genteelly, for he neither hurt himself, nor
+his horse and spear, nor him that he ran with." He
+redeemed his character to some extent, however, in
+a tournament given a week later in the Queen's
+honour, and succeeded in winning one prize; while the
+Prince of Orange and Archduke Ferdinand were the
+heroes of the day. "And as for noble Max, he ran not
+at all."<a name="FNanchor_436" id="FNanchor_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a></p>
+
+<p>A few days afterwards the Diet was prorogued,
+and Stroppiana told Marillac that owing to Mary's
+influence a secret agreement had been framed, by
+which Philip was to have a share in the administration
+of imperial affairs, and that, when he succeeded
+his uncle as Emperor, Maximilian should become
+King of the Romans. On the 10th of March an
+agreement to this effect was drawn up by the Bishop
+of Arras, and signed by all four Princes. On the same
+day Mary gave a farewell banquet, after which Ferdinand
+took an affectionate farewell of his brother,
+and went to Vienna with his sons.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Noble Max," wrote Ascham, "goes to meet the
+Turk. I pray God he may give him an overthrow.
+He taketh with him the hearts, good-will, and prayers,
+of rich and poor."<a name="FNanchor_437" id="FNanchor_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1551</span>] THE EMPEROR DISAPPOINTED</div>
+
+<p>On the 7th of April Mary left for Brussels, after
+giving an audience to Morosyne, who saw that "she
+was in the dumps," although she smiled two or three
+times and tried to hide her feelings.<a name="FNanchor_438" id="FNanchor_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a> By this time
+she had probably realized how fruitless all attempts
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>to conciliate the German Princes would prove. The
+Electors unanimously declined to sanction the agreement
+which had been the cause of so many heart-burnings,
+and it remained a dead letter. The Archbishop
+of Treves declared that there could only be
+one Emperor in Germany and one sun in heaven.
+The Palatine, says Morosyne, like the wise old fox
+that he was, replied that so important a question
+needed time for consideration, and Joachim of Brandenburg
+vowed that he would never consent to a
+scheme which would be odious to all Germany.<a name="FNanchor_439" id="FNanchor_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a>
+Philip returned to Spain at the end of May, and the
+Emperor was reluctantly compelled to accept the
+inevitable, and surrender the long-cherished hope
+that his son would succeed to his vast empire.</p>
+
+
+<h3>VI.</h3>
+
+<p>While the eyes of all Europe were fixed on the
+imperial family at Augsburg, Christina waited anxiously
+for news in her palace at Nancy. She had sent
+two of her Italian secretaries, Innocenzo Gadio and
+Massimo del Pero, to wait on the Queen of Hungary,
+with strict orders to keep her informed of all that was
+happening. Gadio's cipher letters have unluckily
+disappeared, but some of those addressed to him by
+Niccol&ograve; Belloni have recently been discovered in
+a private library near Pavia.<a name="FNanchor_440" id="FNanchor_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a> Belloni belonged to
+a good Milanese family, and had, at his parents'
+entreaty, been retained by the Duchess in her service
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>when she left Italy. He had succeeded Benedetto
+da Corte as master of her household, and followed
+Christina to Lorraine. Niccol&ograve; enjoyed his mistress's
+complete confidence, and his letters to Messer
+Innocenzo reveal all that was passing in her mind at
+this critical moment. On the 2nd of January, 1551,
+he writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Honoured Friend</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"Madame's page arrived a few days ago with
+your letters, which were most anxiously expected and
+gratefully read by Her Excellency. The next morning
+she received those which came by Heidelberg, and
+yesterday those which you sent by the Flemish servant,
+which gave Her Excellency still greater pleasure.
+She deciphered them herself, and read them over
+several times. You will continue to write as before,
+and I will tell you all I hear from other quarters. Do
+not fail to report every detail of the difficulties which
+are delaying the negotiations, using Madame's ordinary
+cipher for this purpose.... I send this messenger by
+the post to seek for news, so do not keep him at Augsburg
+more than a day, even if Monsignore d'Arras'
+letter is not ready, as another courier will be sent in
+four or five days. I have received Don Ferrante's
+letters, and should be glad to know if my letters for
+Fanzoni and Trissino are gone to Milan. Tell Signor
+Badoer [the Venetian Ambassador] that I will not fail
+to satisfy his curiosity, but it will take some time to
+obtain the desired information and will require great
+caution.... Send me some fine writing-paper, please&mdash;very
+fine, I repeat, because it is for Madame."</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1551</span>] BELLONI'S LETTERS</div>
+
+<p>Christina's Milanese servants evidently carried on
+a correspondence with their friends at home through
+the imperial messengers who were sent from Augsburg
+to the Viceroy, and the Princess of Macedonia constantly
+despatched packets to Milan and Mantua by
+the same channel, while the Duchess herself often
+wrote to Don Ferrante regarding the payment of her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>
+dowry and questions affecting the city of Tortona.
+A week later Christina sent a Lorraine gentleman,
+Monsieur de Saint-Hilaire, to convey her salutations
+to the King of Bohemia, on his arrival at Augsburg,
+and Belloni took this opportunity to beg Gadio to be
+diligent in reporting everything he heard, for Madame's
+benefit, assuring him that Her Excellency read his
+letters again and again, and believed implicitly in
+their contents. On the 12th of February he repeated
+the same orders:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"It would be well if you would write fuller particulars
+of the great matter in hand, above all whatever
+you hear of the angry disputes and quarrels which
+have arisen between the Prince and the King of
+Bohemia, including all the bad language which they
+use&mdash;in fact, everything that is said on the subject.
+It will all be treated as strictly confidential, and I for
+my part know that the King will not be governed by
+the Prince, and will use rude and contemptuous words,
+as you may imagine! These are the things that Her
+Highness wishes to learn from your letters.... I may
+possibly take a flight to the Court of France, so, if you
+wish to write to me privately, address your letters to
+the Princess of Macedonia, who will keep them safely
+for me, especially if they come from Italy. Your
+letters of the 29th of January and 3rd of this month
+have arrived, and are, as usual, most welcome, and
+Her Excellency agrees with you that nothing has
+really been arranged. Once the business for which
+you were sent to Augsburg is settled, Her Excellency
+thinks you may as well return, and be sure that you
+bring plenty of letters for Her Excellency from all the
+world, and a whole waggon-load of news! I am sorry
+to hear that your horse has hurt his foot and you
+have had to sell him cheap. You must procure
+another, and Madame will pay for it all. Only let us
+have the truth about these negotiations!"</p></div>
+
+<p>But the Duchess changed her mind again, and Innocenzo
+was desired to stay at Augsburg as long as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span>
+Queen was there, even if the King and his sons had left,
+in order that she might hear all that her aunt had to
+tell of these important matters. Niccol&ograve;'s last letter
+to Augsburg is dated the 13th of March, and contains
+a reminder to Gadio to bring the writing-paper for
+Madame, and to make inquiries about a new method
+of coining money at the Imperial Court, which had
+excited the Princess of Macedonia's curiosity.<a name="FNanchor_441" id="FNanchor_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a> The
+flight to the French Court which Niccol&ograve; meditated
+in March, 1551, was taken in the company of the Count
+of Vaudemont, who went to Blois to pay his respects
+to the King and Queen, and discover if there were any
+truth in the sinister report that Henry II. was planning
+the conquest of Lorraine. But he only met with
+civil speeches, and found the Court on the eve of a
+journey to Brittany, to meet the Dowager Queen of
+Scotland, who was coming over to see her child and
+visit her aged mother at Joinville. So the Count was
+able to allay his sister-in-law's alarms, and, instead
+of the dreaded threats of invasion, brought back a
+proposal from the King that her son should be affianced
+to one of his little daughters. The offer excited
+some surprise, considering the strained relations that
+existed between Henry II. and Charles V., but Christina
+returned a courteous reply, and promised to lay
+the matter before the States of Lorraine.<a name="FNanchor_442" id="FNanchor_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a> For the
+present she felt that she could breathe freely and give
+herself up unreservedly to the enjoyment of a visit
+which she was expecting from her sister Dorothea.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1551</span>] THE PALATINE'S VISIT</div>
+
+<p>Since the restoration of peace in Germany, the Elector
+Palatine had devoted his time and money to the improvement
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span>of his ancestral castle at Heidelberg. His
+natural love of building found expression in the noble
+Renaissance court, with the lovely oriel and grand
+Hall of Mirrors, where we may still read "Frau
+Dorothea's" name, and the arms of the Three Kingdoms
+by the side of the Palatine's lion and the badge
+of the Golden Fleece. But the passion for travel and
+adventure was still strong in the old Palsgrave's
+breast, and when the last stone had been placed on the
+lofty bell-tower he and his wife set out, with a great
+company of courtiers and ladies, for Lorraine. They
+sailed down the Rhine to Coblenz, and, taking horse,
+rode through Treves and Metz, where Christina met
+them, and the whole party proceeded to Pont-&agrave;-Mousson
+and the Count of Vaudemont's castle at
+Nom&eacute;ny. Here they attended the christening of the
+Countess's daughter, and Frederic stood sponsor, while
+his wife was proxy for the French Queen, after whom
+the child was named. After a week of festivities, the
+party went on to a hunt at Cond&eacute;, the Duke's fair
+ch&acirc;teau in the forest on the banks of the Moselle, and
+killed five stags. Hubert, who accompanied his
+master and gives every detail of the journey, relates
+how the Palatine, tired with the day's sport, accepted
+a seat in the Duchess's chariot, and how his companion,
+Count Jacob von Busch, being a big man,
+weighed down the carriage on one side, much to the
+amusement of Dorothea, who laughed till the tears
+ran down her cheeks. But heavy rains had made
+the roads almost impassable, and presently the wheels
+caught in a rut and the chariot was upset. The ladies
+were covered with mud, and Dorothea's face was
+badly scratched; but she made light of the accident,
+and only laughed the more as, leaving the lumbering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>
+coach in the ditch, they mounted horses to ride to
+Nancy. At the gates of the city they were met by the
+young Duke Charles, a handsome boy of eight, who
+lifted his cap with charming grace, and, springing to the
+ground, embraced his uncle and aunt, and rode at their
+side, conversing in a way that amazed the Germans.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"We all wondered," writes Hubert, "at the beauty
+and wisdom of the boy, who is indeed remarkably
+intelligent, and has been trained by his lady mother
+in all knowledge and courtesy."<a name="FNanchor_443" id="FNanchor_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1551</span>] TOO LITTLE BEER</div>
+
+<p>His sisters, Ren&eacute;e and Dorothea, received the guests
+at the palace gates, "both lovely little maidens," says
+Hubert, "only that the youngest is lame and cannot
+walk, for which cause her uncle and aunt embraced
+her the more tenderly." All the fatigues of the journey
+were forgotten in the delights of the week which the
+travellers spent at Nancy. The Duchess prepared a
+new pastime for each day, and masques, jousts, and
+dances, followed each other in gay succession. On the
+last day Christina took her guests to the beautiful
+grassy vale known as the Ochsenthal. It was a lovely
+May morning, and a banquet was served in a green
+bower on the banks of the stream. Suddenly a merry
+blast of bugles rang out, and, while huntsmen and dogs
+chased the deer, two parties of horse galloped up, and,
+charging each other, crossed swords and fired guns. "It
+might have been an invasion of the Moors!" exclaims
+Hubert, who enjoyed the surprise as much as anyone.
+At sunset the warriors returned to the palace, where
+the fairest maidens of the Duchess's Court crowned
+the victors with roses, and danced with them till
+morning. The next day Frederic and Dorothea made
+the Duchess and her children and servants handsome
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>presents of gold chains and rings and brooches, and
+Christina, not to be outdone, gave Hubert a massive
+silver tankard, begging him to keep it in remembrance
+of her, and continue to serve the Palatine and her
+sister as well in the future as he had done in the past.
+After this we need not wonder at the glowing pages in
+which the honest secretary praises the delicacy of the
+viands, the choice flavour of the wines set before the
+guests, and the polished manners of the Court of Nancy.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Indeed," he adds, "some of our Germans complained
+that there was too little beer, because people
+here do not sit up drinking all night, and go to bed
+like pigs, as we do at Heidelberg."<a name="FNanchor_444" id="FNanchor_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The young Duke and his sisters accompanied the
+guests to Lun&eacute;ville, where they spent Whitsuntide
+together and took their leave, the little ladies shedding
+many tears at parting from their aunt. Even then
+Christina could not tear herself from her sister, and the
+next day, as the Palatine and his wife were dining at
+one of the Duke's country-houses on their route, the
+Duchess suddenly appeared, riding up the hill. Hubert
+and his comrades ran out to welcome her, waving
+green boughs in their hands, and greeted her with
+ringing cheers, and they all sat down to a merry meal.
+Dorothea begged her sister to accompany her to
+Alsace; but the Duchess could not leave home, and
+the travellers pushed on that night to Strasburg, and
+on the 1st of June reached Heidelberg, where they
+were greeted by a gay peal of bells from the new-built
+tower. It was the last visit that either Frederic or his
+wife ever paid to Lorraine. When the sisters met again,
+Christina was an exile and a fugitive, and had lost son
+and home, together with all that she loved best on earth.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_375" id="Footnote_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1276, iii. 47; Granvelle, "Papiers d'&Eacute;tat," iii. 152.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_376" id="Footnote_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> Granvelle, iii. 159-163.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_377" id="Footnote_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, viii. 195; Granvelle,
+iii. 226.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_378" id="Footnote_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> Lanz, ii. 478-484.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_379" id="Footnote_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> State Papers, Record Office, Henry VIII., x. 490.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_380" id="Footnote_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> Granvelle, iii. 206-225.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_381" id="Footnote_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> Granvelle, iii. 235, 236.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_382" id="Footnote_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> Bouill&eacute;, i. 155; Pimodan, 88.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_383" id="Footnote_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 53, 60, iii. 102.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_384" id="Footnote_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xxi. 592, 642; Calendar of Spanish
+State Papers, viii. 431.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_385" id="Footnote_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> Granvelle, iii. 237.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_386" id="Footnote_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> A. Hallays, 40.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_387" id="Footnote_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1276, 1281; Pfister, ii. 203.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_388" id="Footnote_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 156.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_389" id="Footnote_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xxi. 2, 121; Balcarres Manuscripts,
+ii. 87.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_390" id="Footnote_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> N. Ratti, "La Famiglia Sforza," ii. 86.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_391" id="Footnote_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> Brant&ocirc;me, "&#338;uvres," xii. 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_392" id="Footnote_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, viii. 501.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_393" id="Footnote_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> Balcarres Manuscripts, ii. 65; iii. 105, 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_394" id="Footnote_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, xxi. 2, 172, 187.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_395" id="Footnote_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> Brant&ocirc;me, iii. 164.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_396" id="Footnote_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> Pimodan, 95; Bouill&eacute;, i. 160.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_397" id="Footnote_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> Hallays, "La Ville de Nancy," 22; C. Cournault, "Ligier-Richier,"
+34.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_398" id="Footnote_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> Gachard, ii. 338; L. Ha&uuml;sser, i. 603; G. Voigt, "Albert von
+Brandenburg." i. 164.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_399" id="Footnote_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> Granvelle, iii. 265.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_400" id="Footnote_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> Gachard, "Voyages de Charles V.," ii. 350-355; R. Ascham,
+"Works," ii. 267; "Travail and Life of Sir T. Hoby," 7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_401" id="Footnote_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> Bucholtz, vi. 298, 300.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_402" id="Footnote_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> Voigt, ii. 7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_403" id="Footnote_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> Ascham, iii. 32; Voigt, i. 197.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_404" id="Footnote_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> Bulletins de la Commission d'Histoire, xii. 156; Calendar of
+State Papers, Edward VI., 17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_405" id="Footnote_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> Gachard, ii. 357.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_406" id="Footnote_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> H. Lepage, "La Ville de Nancy," 44; Calendar of State
+Papers, Foreign, Edward VI., i. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_407" id="Footnote_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> T. Hoby, "Memoirs," 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_408" id="Footnote_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Edward VI., i. 25.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_409" id="Footnote_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> Granvelle, iii. 335.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_410" id="Footnote_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> Gachard, ii. 377.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_411" id="Footnote_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> A. de Ruble, "Le Mariage de Jeanne d'Albret," 243-246;
+Bouill&eacute;, 204.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_412" id="Footnote_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> Brant&ocirc;me, "&#338;uvres," xii. 115.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_413" id="Footnote_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> Sch&auml;fer, iv. 472; Bucholtz, vii. 572.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_414" id="Footnote_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Granvelle, iii. 207.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_415" id="Footnote_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> Lodge, "Illustrations," i. 183; Calendar of the Manuscripts
+of the Marquis of Salisbury, i. 110; Voigt, i. 197.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_416" id="Footnote_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> Henne, viii. 373.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_417" id="Footnote_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> Gachard, "Retraite de Charles V.," i. 72; Manuscript 8,625,
+f. 235, Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale, Paris.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_418" id="Footnote_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> Gachard, ii. 389.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_419" id="Footnote_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> Maitland, "Miscellany," i. 219; A. de Ruble, "La Jeunesse
+de Marie Stuart," 104.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_420" id="Footnote_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> Pimodan, 367; Bouill&eacute;, 349; Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale, F.F.
+20,467, f. 39; Gaigni&egrave;res Manuscripts, 349, f. 7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_421" id="Footnote_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> Pimodan, 375; Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale, F.F. 20, 468, f. 9.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_422" id="Footnote_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> Bouill&eacute;, i. 227.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_423" id="Footnote_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1296, iii. 423; Granvelle, iii. 430.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_424" id="Footnote_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> Gachard, ii. 424; Bulletins de la Commission d'Histoire,
+s&eacute;rie 2, xii. 189.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_425" id="Footnote_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425"><span class="label">[425]</span></a> Guazzo, 730; Gachard, ii. 424.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_426" id="Footnote_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426"><span class="label">[426]</span></a> Ascham, ii. 245-257.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_427" id="Footnote_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, ii. 260.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_428" id="Footnote_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> Bucholtz, vi. 458.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_429" id="Footnote_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> Granvelle, i. 2-6, iii. 448, 451.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_430" id="Footnote_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> Bulletins, etc., s&eacute;rie 2, xii. 188.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_431" id="Footnote_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> Lanz, iii. 11.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_432" id="Footnote_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> P. de Vaissi&egrave;re, "Vie de Charles de Marillac," 174, 178.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_433" id="Footnote_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> Ascham, ii. 268.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_434" id="Footnote_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434"><span class="label">[434]</span></a> Bulletins, s&eacute;rie 2, xii. 188.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_435" id="Footnote_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> Vaissi&egrave;re, 186-188.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_436" id="Footnote_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> Ascham, ii. 280; Gachard, ii. 853.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_437" id="Footnote_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> Ascham, ii. 278.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_438" id="Footnote_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Edward VI., i. 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_439" id="Footnote_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439"><span class="label">[439]</span></a> Bucholtz, vi. 467.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_440" id="Footnote_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> These extracts from manuscripts preserved in the Biblioteca
+of Zelada, near Pavia, are published by the kind permission of
+their owner, Count Antonio Cavagna-Sangiuliani.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_441" id="Footnote_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> Manuscript vii., Biblioteca di Zelada.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_442" id="Footnote_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Edward VI., i. 79; Granvelle,
+iii. 522.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_443" id="Footnote_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443"><span class="label">[443]</span></a> Hubertus Thomas, 464.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_444" id="Footnote_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444"><span class="label">[444]</span></a> Hubertus Thomas, 467; L. Ha&uuml;sser, i. 625.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK X<br />
+
+THE FRENCH INVASION<br />
+
+1551-1553</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>Michaelmas Day, 1551, was memorable, both in
+France and Germany, for a snowstorm of extraordinary
+severity, followed by an alarming earthquake and
+violent tempest, omens, as it proved, of impending
+disasters.</p>
+
+<p>In this same month of September, Henry II. recalled
+his Ambassador from Augsburg. Ten days later he
+declared war. For some time past he had been supporting
+Ottavio Farnese, who was in open revolt
+against his father-in-law, and carrying on secret intrigues
+with Maurice of Saxony and the Protestant
+Electors. The Marquis Albert had never forgiven the
+Emperor for the affronts of which he imagined himself
+to be the victim, and, after vainly offering his sword to
+the English King and his hand to Princess Mary, he
+went to France as Maurice's emissary. Here he concluded
+a secret treaty, which was signed at Friedewald
+on the 5th of October by the German Princes, and
+ratified at Chambord by Henry II.<a name="FNanchor_445" id="FNanchor_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1551</span>] INTRIGUES WITH FRANCE</div>
+
+<p>Charles's affairs were in a critical state. The war
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>of Parma was a heavy drain on his resources, and had
+swallowed up the gold of Mexico and the best Spanish
+soldiers, while Maurice's treachery had converted the
+strongest body of imperial <i>Landsknechten</i> into foes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Emperor doth little yet," wrote Roger
+Ascham from Augsburg, "but the French be a great
+deal aforehand. He is wise enough, but hath many
+irons in the fire, and everyone alone to give him work
+enough, the Turk by land and sea, the French sitting
+on his skirts, beside Magdeburg and the rest."<a name="FNanchor_446" id="FNanchor_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The discontent in Augsburg rose to the highest
+pitch when, one day in September, ten preachers were
+summarily banished. The imperial residence was
+besieged by crowds of furious women, clamouring to
+have their babes christened, and guards were doubled
+at every gate, while Charles sat within, enfeebled by
+gout and reluctant to face the coming peril.</p>
+
+<p>In vain Mary of Hungary warned him of Maurice
+and Albert's intrigues with France, and told him that
+his incredulity was like to cost him very dear, and
+that if he did not take care he would lose, not only
+Germany, but also the Netherlands, which were not the
+meanest feather in his cap. Both he and Arras refused
+to listen. Instead of following his sister's advice and
+remaining at Worms or Spires to control Germany
+and protect Lorraine, Charles lingered on at Augsburg
+after war was declared, and persisted in taking refuge
+at Innsbruck. After protracted delays, he at length
+left Augsburg on the 21st of October, dragging the
+reluctant Ambassadors in his train, and crossed "the
+cold Alps, already," sighed Ascham, "full of snow,"
+to descend on Tyrol.<a name="FNanchor_447" id="FNanchor_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_447" class="fnanchor">[447]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile his niece was watching the course of
+events with increasing anxiety. All the French
+King's fine promises could not allay Christina's fears,
+as the autumn months went by, and the din of warlike
+preparations sounded louder in her ears. In her
+terror she clung to the Guises, hoping that their
+influence might save her son and his realm from ruin.
+On the 20th of July she went to Joinville to meet the
+Dowager Queen of Scotland and stand proxy for
+Queen Catherine at the christening of Francis of
+Guise's daughter, afterwards the notorious Duchess
+of Montpensier. When, in October, the young Duke
+of Longueville died suddenly, on the eve of his mother's
+departure, Christina once more went to condole with
+Antoinette on the loss of her "Benjamin."<a name="FNanchor_448" id="FNanchor_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_448" class="fnanchor">[448]</a> Both
+she and Anne, who came to Nancy at her earnest
+request, were full of sympathy for the venerable
+Duchess in the trials that clouded her declining years.
+A fresh proof of Christina's anxiety to gratify her
+powerful relatives appears in a letter which she wrote to
+her uncle from Pont-&agrave;-Mousson on the 28th of October,
+begging him to grant a request of the Cardinal regarding
+the Abbey of Gorzes, which he had lately annexed
+to his vast possessions.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I could not refuse this petition," she adds, "as
+my Lord Cardinal is so near of kin to my children, and
+has always treated me and my son with so much kindness
+and affection. And I humbly beg Your Majesty
+to show him favour, in order that he may see that I
+do all that is possible to please him and his house."<a name="FNanchor_449" id="FNanchor_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1552</span>] FRENCH INTRIGUES</div>
+
+<p>As the year drew to its close, the insolence of the
+French increased, and their incursions and depredations
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span>were a perpetual source of annoyance to the people of
+Lorraine. At the same time their intrigues fomented discontent
+among the nobles, some of whom were annoyed
+at the appointment of Monsieur de Montbardon to
+be the young Duke's tutor. This French Baron had
+originally followed the Constable of Bourbon into exile,
+and, after being for many years in the Emperor's
+service, had by his wish accompanied Christina to
+Lorraine. And both the Regents had good reason to
+doubt the loyalty of one of the Lorraine magnates,
+Jean de Salm, a son of the late Marshal, commonly
+known as the Rhinegrave, who had lately received the
+Order of St. Michel from Henry II. All Christina could
+do in this critical state of affairs was to keep Mary of
+Hungary and the Emperor fully informed of current
+events.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of January the Sieur de Tassigny, an
+agent whom the Queen had sent to Nancy, received a
+command from a Court page to come to the Duchess's
+rooms that night, in order that she might tell him
+certain things which she dared not write. Tassigny
+obeyed the summons, and had a long talk with Christina
+in the privacy of her own chamber. She told
+him that the French were assembling in great force on
+the frontier, and that Lorraine would be the first
+country to be attacked. And she further informed
+him that certain great personages in Germany, the
+Marquis Albert, Duke Maurice, and others, were in
+secret communication with the King, and were about
+to take up arms against the Emperor, and join the
+French when they crossed the Rhine. The Rhinegrave
+had been often seen going to and fro in disguise
+between the King and Duke Maurice. Moreover, a
+German had lately told the Duchess that he had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>
+at table with the Elector the day before, and had
+heard him vow that he would release his father-in-law,
+the captive Landgrave of Hesse, were he at the Emperor's
+own side! When another guest warned Duke
+Maurice to be more careful, lest his rash words should
+be repeated, he replied defiantly: "What I say here
+is meant for all the world to hear."</p>
+
+<p>This confidential conversation was faithfully reported
+to Mary of Hungary by Tassigny, who concluded
+his letter with the following words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"<i>En somme</i>, Madame complains that she is in a
+terrible position, seeing that Lorraine will be entirely
+at the mercy of the French, and that there is not a
+single person in whom she can trust and who is loyal
+to His Imperial Majesty, excepting Monsieur de Bassompierre,
+her chief Councillor, and Monsieur de
+Vaudemont, who is quite alienated from France,
+and entirely devoted to the Emperor, saying that it
+is impossible to serve two masters."<a name="FNanchor_450" id="FNanchor_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1552</span>] LE VOYAGE D'AUSTRASIE</div>
+
+<p>By Christina's wish, Tassigny went on to Nom&eacute;ny
+the next day, and had a long interview with Vaudemont,
+who assured him that every word spoken by
+Her Excellency was true, that at Candlemas there
+would be a great revolt in Germany, and that the
+French King meant to seize the three bishoprics&mdash;Toul,
+Verdun, and Metz. The only way to prevent
+this would be for the Emperor to place strong garrisons
+in these cities, and thus defeat his enemies' plans. The
+Count's information, as time showed, was perfectly
+accurate, and, in spite of all that has been alleged to
+the contrary, he was probably loyal to the Duchess,
+who never doubted his honesty, and to whom he seems
+to have been sincerely attached. But he was timid
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span>and vacillating, and lacked courage and firmness to
+face the crisis when it came.</p>
+
+<p>Mary, to whom Christina turned in this extremity,
+was powerless to help. Every available man was
+needed to defend the Low Countries, and she could
+only advise her niece to claim the protection of the
+Empire for her son's State, and, if Lorraine were
+actually invaded, retire with her children to the Palatinate.
+Even Charles began to wake up from his
+lethargy, and to realize too late that Mary had been
+right all the time. At Christmas Stroppiana wrote
+from Innsbruck:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"We begin to suspect the existence of a plot against
+the Emperor, hidden under the cloak of a military
+revolt. Maurice is not a stranger to this conspiracy,
+and Albert has let his soldiers loose and is ravaging
+Germany."<a name="FNanchor_451" id="FNanchor_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_451" class="fnanchor">[451]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>A few weeks later Christina's secretary, who kept
+Arras informed of all that was happening in Lorraine,
+sent the Emperor a message to say that the King was
+collecting his forces at Ch&acirc;lons, and that Maurice was
+marching on Augsburg at the head of his <i>Landsknechten</i>,
+although no one knew whether he meant to fight for
+the King or the Emperor.<a name="FNanchor_452" id="FNanchor_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_452" class="fnanchor">[452]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 5th of February Henry issued a manifesto,
+stamped with the cap of liberty, proclaiming himself
+the protector of the Germans and their deliverer from
+the Emperor's yoke, and, after solemnly invoking
+St. Denis's help, set out for Reims with the Queen and
+Dauphin. The gilded youth of France all flocked to
+the camp at Ch&acirc;lons, eager to start on the <i>voyage
+d'Austrasie</i>, as the expedition was termed by these
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>gay spirits, and drive Charles of Austria out of Germany.
+The Constable was appointed to the chief
+command, Aumale was made Captain of the horse,
+and the Rhinegrave Colonel of the German infantry.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1552</span>] HENRY II. AT JOINVILLE</div>
+
+<p>As soon as the news reached Nancy, the Duchess
+sent Bassompierre to Brussels, and told the Queen
+that terror reigned everywhere, although it was
+doubtful if Henry would march on Germany or turn
+aside to invade Lorraine. The alarm which filled the
+hearts of these two defenceless women is reflected in
+the letters which Anne and Christina wrote during
+these anxious days. The wildest rumours were
+abroad, and death and ruin seemed to be staring them
+in the face. Bassompierre soon returned with a letter
+from Mary, thanking Anne for her valuable information,
+and begging her not to desert the sorely-tried
+Duchess at this crisis. Since Madame was good
+enough to honour her with her commands, Anne
+asked nothing better than to obey. She wrote daily
+to Brussels, giving minute details of the King's advance.
+On the 15th of March he left Reims, and
+reached Joinville on the 22nd. From here he sent
+Commissioners to Nancy to inform the Duchess that
+her towns would not be attacked, and that there was
+no need to fortify them. The Regents only raised a
+sufficient body of men under the Governor of Nancy,
+Baron d'Haussonville, to protect the Duke's person.
+Following her aunt's advice, Christina sent one of her
+secretaries to Innsbruck to ask the Emperor for assistance;
+but Charles could only lament his inability to
+come to her help, and advise her to ask the French King
+to respect the neutrality of Lorraine. This was her
+only hope, and, encouraged by the Cardinal of Guise,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>
+she and Anne went to Joinville on the 1st of April,
+and sought an audience from the King.<a name="FNanchor_453" id="FNanchor_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a></p>
+
+<p>Here they were received in the kindest manner
+by the old Duchess, and conducted into Henry's
+presence by the Constable. The King received them
+courteously, and conversed some time with them in
+a friendly manner. Christina begged him to take her
+son under his protection, and reminded him that his
+grandmother, Ren&eacute;e de Bourbon, was a Princess of
+the blood royal; then, gathering courage, she told him
+that she had been accused of designs against him by
+slanderous tongues, and asked nothing better than to
+show that she was absolutely innocent of these charges.
+"So great a lady," remarked the Sieur de Rabutin,
+who witnessed the interview, "must have been very
+reluctant to plead so humbly, and I doubt if she would
+ever have taken a step so contrary to her natural
+inclination if her uncle had been able to give her
+help."<a name="FNanchor_454" id="FNanchor_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a> The King listened civilly, and replied that
+he bore her no ill-will whatsoever, but was obliged to
+secure the frontier and protect himself from danger on
+the side of Lorraine. As for her son, he cherished
+the most friendly feelings for him, and was anxious to
+see him affianced to his own daughter, if the Duchess
+were agreeable. This kind language and the
+affection shown her by the Cardinal and his mother
+relieved Christina's worst fears. She begged the
+King to do her the honour of staying under her roof
+if he came in that direction, and returned to Nancy
+with the Constable, who escorted the two Duchesses
+home, in the most amiable fashion, and then went
+on to take possession of Toul.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On her return, Christina wrote the following letter
+to the Emperor:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Monseigneur</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"I have been to Joinville in accordance with
+Your Majesty's advice, and have sent full particulars of
+my interview with the King to Monsieur d'Arras. I
+beg you, Monseigneur, to give me your commands as
+to my future conduct, as my only wish is to obey
+Your Majesty to the end of my life.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+"Your very humble and very obedient niece,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 24.5em;">"<span class="smcap">Chrestienne</span>.</span><br />
+"From Nancy. April 5, 1552."<a name="FNanchor_455" id="FNanchor_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_455" class="fnanchor">[455]</a><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>A few days of anxious suspense followed. The
+French Queen fell ill of quinsy, and was in danger of
+her life. Solemn prayers and litanies were chanted
+for her recovery in all the churches, and Diane of
+Poitiers hastened to Joinville, where she found the
+King "playing the good husband at his wife's bedside."<a name="FNanchor_456" id="FNanchor_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_456" class="fnanchor">[456]</a>
+But by Palm Sunday Catherine recovered
+sufficiently for Henry to leave her in the charge of
+Duchess Antoinette and continue his march. On
+Monday, the 11th of April, he joined the Constable
+before Toul, which opened its gates the next day.
+On the 13th the King left the bulk of the army to go
+on to Metz with the Constable, and, taking the household
+cavalry and a few companies of men-at-arms
+under the Duke of Guise, turned his steps towards
+Nancy.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1552</span>] THE FRENCH AT NANCY</div>
+
+<p>Eastertide, 1552, was a sad and memorable epoch
+in the annals of Lorraine. At two o'clock on Maundy
+Thursday, Henry II. entered Nancy at the head of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>his troops, with trumpets blowing and banners flying.
+For the first time in the last hundred years, foreign
+soldiers were seen within the walls of Nancy. The
+Cardinal and the Duke of Guise rode on before, to
+inform the Duchess of the King's coming and see
+that due arrangements were made for his reception.
+Christina nerved herself for a final effort, and with
+splendid courage prepared to welcome the enemy of
+her race within her palace gates. Salutes were fired
+from the bastions as the King entered the town, and
+the young Duke rode out to meet him at the head
+of the nobles and magistrates, and escorted him to
+the church of St. Georges. Here Henry alighted, and
+the citizens held a canopy of state over him as he
+entered the ancient shrine of the Lorraine Princes,
+and, after kissing the relics of the saints on the altar
+steps, prayed by the tomb of King Ren&eacute;. Then the
+young Duke led him through the stately portal,
+under his grandfather's equestrian statue, to the hall
+where his mother was waiting to receive her royal
+guest, with the Duchess of Aerschot and the young
+Princesses. Henry, the Duke of Guise, the Cardinal,
+the Marshal St. Andr&eacute;, and 200 gentlemen of the
+royal household, were sumptuously lodged in the
+ducal palace, while the troops were quartered in the
+town, and French guards were stationed at the
+gates, not without a protest from Baron d'Haussonville.<a name="FNanchor_457" id="FNanchor_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_457" class="fnanchor">[457]</a></p>
+
+<p>That evening the Duchess entertained her guests
+at a magnificent banquet in the Galerie des Cerfs,
+and the brilliantly-lighted hall, with its vaulted fretwork
+of blue and gold, frescoed walls, and rich
+tapestries, excited the admiration of all the French.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p>
+<p>Fran&ccedil;ois de Rabutin, the young Captain in Monsieur de
+Nevers's corps of archers, walked through the streets
+of the "fine, strong little town," lost in wonder at
+the splendour of the palace, the prosperity of the
+citizens, and their affection for the ducal family.
+More than all he was struck by the young Duke himself,
+who appeared to him "the handsomest and
+cleverest boy in the world," and who evidently made
+the same impression on the King. Henry paid the
+Duchess many compliments on her son's good looks
+and intelligence, and expressed so much pleasure at
+his reception that her worst alarms were allayed.
+Late in the same evening she wrote a letter to her
+aunt, telling her of the kind expressions used by His
+Majesty, and of her hopes that all might yet be well.
+But a rude awakening was in store for her. Early
+on Good Friday morning Vaudemont appeared at
+the door of her room with consternation written on
+his face. The King had sent him to inform the
+Duchess that her son was to leave Nancy the next
+day for Bar, in charge of one of the King's captains,
+while she was deprived of all share in the government,
+which was henceforth to be administered by Vaudemont
+as sole Regent. On receiving this unexpected
+message, Christina hastily summoned as many
+members of the Council as could be brought together,
+and with their help and her brother-in-law's support,
+drew up a protest couched in respectful and dignified
+language, reminding the King of the terms of the
+late Duke's will, and of her own rights both as
+mother and Regent. Henry's only reply to this
+appeal was to send the Duchess a copy of the
+agreement to which she was expected to conform.
+It was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 641px;">
+<img src="images/facing364.jpg" width="641" height="399" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>PALAIS DUCAL, NANCY (1627)</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p.</i> <a href="#Page_364">364</a></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1552</span>] CHRISTINA'S DISTRESS</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Duke is to start to-morrow for Bar before
+the King leaves Nancy. His mother may accompany
+him, or go elsewhere, if she prefers. She may retain
+the administration of her son's property, but will no
+longer have any authority over the fortresses in Lorraine.
+All subjects of the Emperor who hold any
+office in the government or in the Duke's household
+are commanded to leave Lorraine without delay. A
+French garrison of 600 men will be left in Nancy under
+Monsieur de Thou, but Monsieur de Vaudemont will
+remain Governor of the city, and take an oath to observe
+the conditions laid down by the King. A French
+garrison of 300 men will also be placed in Stenay
+under the Sieur de Parroy."<a name="FNanchor_458" id="FNanchor_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_458" class="fnanchor">[458]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>These hard conditions filled Christina with dismay.
+She begged the Cardinal to defend her rights, but he
+could only advise her to submit to the inevitable.
+Both he and Francis of Guise have often been blamed
+for not opposing Henry II.'s arbitrary proceedings,
+but there seems little doubt that the King originally
+intended to reduce Lorraine from the rank of an independent
+State to that of a fief of the Crown, and
+that it was only the opposition of the Guises which
+saved the duchy from this fate. In her despair
+Christina made a last attempt to soften the King's
+heart. Clad in her black robes and flowing white
+veil, she entered the Galerie des Cerfs, where Henry
+and his courtiers were assembled, and, throwing
+herself on her knees at the King's feet, implored
+him, for the love of Christ who died on the cross
+that day, to have pity upon an unhappy mother.
+The sight of her distress, and the touching words
+in which she begged the King to take everything
+else, but allow her to keep her son, moved all
+hearts, and there was not a dry eye in the whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span>
+assembly. Even Henry was filled with compassion,
+and, raising the Duchess from her knees, he
+assured her that he only wished to confirm the
+friendship between the two houses. Far from intending
+any harm to the young Duke, he proposed
+to bring him up with his children, and to treat him
+as if he were his own son, but Lorraine was too
+near the frontiers of Germany, and too much exposed
+to attacks from his enemies, for him to be
+able to leave the boy there. With these consoling
+words, he took the weeping Duchess by the hand and
+led her to the doors of the gallery, but, as Anne afterwards
+told the Queen of Hungary, the King vouchsafed
+no reply to her sister's entreaty that she might
+not be deprived of her boy, and Christina's prayer
+remained unanswered.<a name="FNanchor_459" id="FNanchor_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a></p>
+
+<p>Early the next morning Vaudemont and the Councillors
+renewed their oaths of allegiance to Duke
+Charles III., after which the young Prince left Nancy
+in charge of the French captain Bourdillon and an
+escort of fifty men-at-arms. The parting between
+the Duchess and her son was heartrending. The
+poor mother gave way to passionate tears, in which
+she was joined not only by Vaudemont and Anne,
+but by all the nobles and people who had assembled
+at the palace gates to see the last of their beloved
+Duke. Nothing but the sound of weeping and
+lamentation was to be heard, and Rabutin, with
+all his hatred of the House of Austria, was filled
+with compassion at the sight of the Duchess's
+grief.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1552</span>] CAPTURE OF THE YOUNG DUKE</div>
+
+<p>On Easter Day Christina wrote the following letter
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span>to her aunt, enclosing a copy of the articles drawn up
+by the French King:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Madame</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"The extreme grief and distress which the
+King's violence has caused me prevents me from
+writing to you as fully as the occasion requires; but
+I must tell you what has happened since my last
+letter, in which I told you of the King's arrival.
+Now, in reward for the good cheer which I made him,
+he has carried off my son by force, with a violence
+which could not have been greater if I had been a
+slave. Not content with this, he has deprived me
+of the chief part of my authority, so that I can hardly
+remain here with honour and reputation, and, what
+is worse, I shall no longer have the power of doing
+Your Majesty service, which is one of my greatest
+regrets. Have pity, Madame, on a poor mother,
+whose son has been torn from her arms, as you will
+see more fully by this copy of the King's final resolutions,
+which he has sent me in writing. These have
+been carried out in every particular. Before he left, my
+brother, Monsieur de Vaudemont, and all the members
+of the Council, except myself, were made to take an
+oath, pledging themselves to defend the strong places
+in this land against all his enemies, and to open their
+gates to him whenever required. The same oath was
+taken by the garrison who are to guard this town,
+and I was asked to give up the keys of the postern
+gate. So that I, who was first here, and could once
+serve Your Majesty, am now deprived of all power,
+and am little better than a slave. I foresee that I
+shall soon be stripped of everything, in spite of the
+treaties and agreements formerly made between Your
+Majesties and this State. This ill-treatment and the
+evident wish shown by the French that I should
+leave this house have made me decide to retire to
+Blamont, where I will await Your Majesty's advice
+as to my future action.... I must warn Your
+Majesty, with regard to Stenay, that the new Captain,
+Sieur du Parroy, although of Lorraine birth, belongs
+to the King's household, and is devoted to French
+interests, as is also the second in command. Madame,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>
+I have written all this to the Emperor, but he is so
+far away and in so remote a place that I felt I must
+also tell Your Majesty what had happened here,
+begging her humbly to let me know her good pleasure.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"Your humble and obedient niece,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Chrestienne</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"Nancy, April 17, 1552."<a name="FNanchor_460" id="FNanchor_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The letter which Anne addressed to the Queen the
+next day is still more graphic in the details it supplies:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1552</span>] THE DUKE AT JOINVILLE</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I cannot help writing to inform you, Madame, of
+the utter desolation and misery to which my poor
+sister is reduced owing to the great rudeness and
+cruelty with which she was treated by the King of
+France on Good Friday. He came here under pretence
+of good faith and true friendship, as he had
+lately given us to understand. On his arrival he
+was received with all possible honour and entertained
+in the most hospitable manner. On Good Friday
+he told Madame that, in order to satisfy the conditions
+of his league with the Germans, he must secure all
+the fortified posts in Lorraine, as well as the Duke's
+person, and with this end must take him to Bar. In
+order to prevent this, Madame, Monsieur de Vaudemont
+and I, with all the members of the Council, drew up
+a remonstrance couched in the most humble terms,
+to which he only replied by sending us a written copy
+of his resolutions. Upon this my sister went to find
+him in the Grande Galerie, and begged him humbly,
+even going as far as to fall on her knees to implore
+him, for the love of God, not to take her son away
+from her. He made no reply, and, to make an end
+of the story, Madame, on Easter Eve they took the
+boy, escorted by a band of armed men, in charge of
+the Sieur de Bourdillon and the Mar&eacute;chal de St.
+Andr&eacute;, who did not leave his side until he had seen
+him well out of the town. It was indeed a piteous
+thing to see his poor mother, Monsieur de Vaudemont,
+and all the nobles and this poor people, in tears
+and lamentation at his departure. Madame, Your
+Majesty can imagine the terrible grief of my poor
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>sister at this outrage, and will understand that her
+sorrow at losing her son is still so great that I have
+been obliged to abandon my intention of returning
+home, and feel that I cannot leave her. The King
+allows her to keep the charge of her daughters and
+the administration of her children's estates, excepting
+in the case of the fortified towns, which remain in
+the hands of Monsieur de Vaudemont.... And since,
+Madame, I am still as ever very anxious to do Your
+Majesty service, I beg you to lay your commands
+upon me, and they will be obeyed by one who is the
+most affectionate servant that Your Majesty will ever
+have.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"<span class="smcap">Anne de Lorraine</span>.</p>
+<p>
+"From Nancy, the day after Easter,<br />
+April 18."<a name="FNanchor_461" id="FNanchor_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In a postscript Anne further informed Mary that
+her sister had just received a letter from the King,
+telling her that, hearing an attempt would be made
+to carry off the young Duke, he had ordered Bourdillon
+to take him to join the Queen at Joinville.
+Henry's letter was written from Pont-&agrave;-Mousson,
+where he spent Easter Day, after sleeping at the
+Duke's country-house at Cond&eacute; on Saturday:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">My Sister</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"After leaving you I received warnings from
+several quarters that the Burgundians were going to
+make an attempt to surprise Bar and carry off my
+cousin, the Duke of Lorraine; and as I am anxious to
+prevent this, I ordered Monsieur de Bourdillon to take
+him straight to Joinville, which is sufficiently remote
+to escape this danger, and where both you and he would
+be quite at home in his own family. And you will
+find good company there and be given the best of
+cheer, just as if I were there myself. I hope, my
+sister, that this may be agreeable to you, and that
+you will believe that my anxiety for his person is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>the reason why I wish to avoid any risk of injury,
+which would be a cause of grave displeasure to those
+who love him, as you and I do. Farewell, my sister,
+and may God have you in His holy keeping.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"Your good brother,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Henry</span>.</p>
+<p>
+"Written at Pont-&agrave;-Mousson,<br />
+April 17, 1552."<a name="FNanchor_462" id="FNanchor_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The tone of the letter was kind. Henry had evidently
+been touched by Christina's distress, and tried
+to soften the blow. Fortunately, the little Duke
+himself was too young to realize the meaning of these
+startling events. The ride to Joinville and the
+welcome which he received from the kind old Duchess
+amused him, but at bedtime he missed the familiar
+faces, and asked for his mother and tutor, Monsieur
+de Montbardon. When he was told that they had
+stayed at Nancy, the poor child burst into incontrollable
+sobs, and refused to be comforted.<a name="FNanchor_463" id="FNanchor_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1552</span>] CHRISTINA AT DEN&#338;UVRE</div>
+
+<p>The invasion of Lorraine and the harsh treatment
+which the Duchess suffered at the French King's
+hands were keenly resented by her imperial relatives.
+Mary wrote indignantly to Charles at Innsbruck, complaining
+justly of Henry's violation of the neutrality
+of Lorraine and of the young Duke's<a name="FNanchor_464" id="FNanchor_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a> capture.
+To Christina herself she expressed her anger at the
+King's wicked act, at the same time advising her to
+bow to the storm and retire to Blamont for the present.
+This the Duchess did three days after her son's
+departure, taking the two Princesses as well as her
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span>faithful sister-in-law. Anne's pen was never idle, and
+on the following Sunday&mdash;that of <i>P&acirc;ques-fleuries</i>&mdash;she
+sent the Queen a list of all the Princes who were
+members of the League. But they had not been many
+days at Blamont, when their peace was disturbed by
+the arrival of the French King and the Constable,
+who, after taking possession of Metz, marched through
+the Vosges on their way to Strasburg, and took up
+their quarters in the castle. The Duchesses left
+hurriedly to avoid another meeting with the King,
+and moved to Den&#339;uvre, where they remained during
+the next three months. But the strain of recent
+events had been too much for Christina's strength;
+she became seriously ill, and her condition was a
+grave cause of anxiety to Anne and her ladies.</p>
+
+<p>Count Stroppiana, who heard the details of the
+French invasion from Belloni's own lips at Innsbruck,
+wrote the following account of the Duchess's wrongs
+to his master, the Duke of Savoy:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The King of France, we hear, has occupied Lorraine,
+and sent the young Duke to Ch&acirc;lons, guarded
+by 100 men-at-arms, contrary to the promises which
+he made to the Duchess his mother. She threw herself
+at his feet, imploring him not to rob her of her
+son, her only joy and consolation, without whom she
+could not bear to live, with many other words which
+would have moved the hardest heart to pity. The
+King would not listen, and repulsed her with many
+rough words, forbidding any of the Emperor's subjects
+to remain in her service on pain of death. He
+has deprived her of the Regency, and relegated her to
+a remote country place, where she does nothing but
+weep and lament, and will certainly die before long,
+if her great sorrow is not comforted, as she has been
+ill for some time past. The poor little Duke is said
+to be ill, too. When he reached the first stage of his
+journey, he asked for his mother and tutor, and, when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>
+he did not see them, wept so bitterly that it was
+impossible to comfort him."<a name="FNanchor_465" id="FNanchor_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_465" class="fnanchor">[465]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The boy's tears were soon dried, and he recovered
+his spirits in the charge of the Duke of Longueville's
+old tutor, Jean de la Brousse, and the companionship
+of the royal children. His mother remained long
+inconsolable for his loss, but the affection of her son's
+subjects was her best solace. So earnest were their
+entreaties that she should remain among them that
+she declined her aunt's urgent invitation to take
+refuge in Flanders, and decided to stay at Den&#339;uvre.
+On the 31st of May she wrote as follows to inform
+the Emperor of her intention:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Monseigneur</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"At the prayer of my brother Monsieur de
+Vaudemont, and my sister the Duchess of Aerschot,
+and the earnest desire of my good people, I have been
+bold enough to remain here, although Your Majesty
+had sent me orders to join the Queens. I trust you
+will not take this in bad part, but will understand
+that I have only done this at the urgent prayer of
+my brother and sister, and not out of disrespect to
+your command, since my sole desire is to obey you
+all my life, and I beg you to believe this and remember
+my son and his poor country.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">"Your humble niece and servant,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 24.5em;">"<span class="smcap">Chrestienne</span>.</span></p>
+<p>
+"From Den&#339;uvre, May 31, 1552."<a name="FNanchor_466" id="FNanchor_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">July, 1552</span>] CHRISTINA BANISHED</div>
+
+<p>This letter found the Emperor at the lowest depth
+of his fortunes. On the 19th of May he was carried
+in his litter by torchlight over the Brenner in torrents
+of driving rain, and hardly paused till he arrived at
+Villach in Carinthia. A few hours after he left Innsbruck,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span>Maurice and his troopers entered the town,
+plundered the Emperor's quarters, and robbed the
+baggage which had been forgotten in his hasty departure.
+The victor might easily have captured the
+fugitive Emperor, but, as Maurice said himself, he had
+no cage for so fine a bird.</p>
+
+<p>The tide, however, was already turning. Strasburg
+closed her gates against the French invaders, and
+early in May an Imperial army attacked Champagne
+and sent Queen Catherine flying in terror from
+Reims. Alarmed by these reports, Henry beat a
+hasty retreat, and contented himself with the empty
+boast that he had watered his horses in the Rhine.
+The seat of the war was now transferred to Luxembourg,
+and Lorraine was once more harassed by the
+outposts of the two contending armies. From their
+safe retreat at Den&#339;uvre, Christina and Anne
+watched the course of the campaign anxiously, and
+kept up a constant correspondence with Mary of
+Hungary. The bold measure of placing an Imperialist
+garrison in Nancy was now proposed by the Duchess,
+and gladly accepted by her uncle, who realized the
+advantages of the scheme, and wrote that Lorraine
+might well be occupied, on the ground of the Duke's
+detention, and would be restored to him as soon as
+he was released.<a name="FNanchor_467" id="FNanchor_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_467" class="fnanchor">[467]</a> Early in July, Christina's trusted
+servant, Bassompierre, the Bailiff of the Vosges,
+arrived at Den&#339;uvre with a message from Vaudemont,
+promising to admit the Imperialist force within the
+gates of Nancy on condition that the occupation was
+only temporary. The Duchess promptly sent a
+lackey to Flanders with a cipher letter to inform the
+Queen of his consent. But, as ill-luck would have it,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span>the servant fell into the hands of the French, who
+were besieging Luxembourg, and he was brought
+before the King and forced to confess the object of
+his errand. Henry was furious at discovering the
+plot, and sent a gentleman of his household, Monsieur
+de Rostain, to Den&#339;uvre, with a letter to the Duchess,
+saying that he feared her attachment to the Emperor
+was greater than her maternal love, and desired her
+to leave Lorraine without delay. Christina sent one of
+her gentlemen, Monsieur de Doulans, back with Rostain
+to protest against this order, saying that, after robbing
+her of her son and depriving her of the Regency, the
+King would surely not be so cruel as to drive her out
+of her own dower-house, especially as Den&#339;uvre was
+a fief of the Empire. But these passionate appeals
+availed her little. A week later Henry sent another
+gentleman, Monsieur de Fontaine, to order the Duchess
+to leave Den&#339;uvre immediately, if she did not wish to
+feel the full weight of his displeasure. This time the
+messenger had orders not to return to the King's
+presence until he had seen the Duchess across the
+frontier. So with a heavy heart the two Princesses
+left the land of Lorraine, where they were both so
+fondly beloved, and took refuge in Alsace. Belloni,
+who sent the Queen an account of his mistress's
+latest troubles in his clear Italian handwriting, was
+desired to tell her aunt that the Duchess had many
+more things of importance to say, but must wait for a
+more convenient season. Only one thing she must add,
+and this was that through all Monsieur de Vaudemont
+had remained perfectly true and loyal to her, although
+he was compelled by his office to conform outwardly
+to the French King's tyranny.<a name="FNanchor_468" id="FNanchor_468"></a><a href="#Footnote_468" class="fnanchor">[468]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1552</span>] BELLONI'S END</div>
+
+<p>On receiving this bad news, Mary sent to beg her
+niece to come to Flanders without delay, promising the
+Duchess a home for herself and her little daughters.
+Unfortunately, as Christina found, this was no easy
+task. Not only was the whole countryside in peril
+of daily attacks from the French, but the Marquis
+Albert had descended like a whirlwind from the
+Suabian hills, and was spreading terror and destruction
+along the banks of the Rhine. The next letter
+which she addressed to her aunt from the imperial
+city of Schlettstadt, where she had sought refuge,
+gives vent to these alarms:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">Madame</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"I received the kind and loving letter which
+Your Majesty was so good as to send me on the 6th
+of August. It came at the right moment, for I can
+assure you that I was sorely troubled, but Your
+Majesty's kindness in saying that I shall be welcome
+has done me so much good that I feel I do not know
+how to thank you enough, and am only sorry I cannot
+set out at once. For the roads are very dangerous,
+above all for children.... Your Majesty will understand
+how distressed I shall be until I can find some
+way of coming to you, and certainly one year will
+seem to me a hundred, until I am with Your Majesty
+once more."<a name="FNanchor_469" id="FNanchor_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_469" class="fnanchor">[469]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>This grateful letter was written from Schlettstadt
+on the 22nd of August, and sent to Brussels by Niccol&ograve;
+Belloni, the only messenger whom Christina felt
+that she could trust. But fresh trouble awaited her
+in this direction. Belloni reached Flanders safely,
+and came back to Lorraine with letters to the Count
+and Countess of Vaudemont, but disappeared in
+some mysterious manner two days after he reached<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span>
+Nancy. It seems doubtful whether he died of the
+plague, as Massimo del Pero wrote to his friend
+Innocenzo Gadio, or whether he fell into some ambush
+and was slain by the enemy's hand. The loss
+was a great one to the Duchess, whom he had served
+so faithfully and well for the past sixteen years, and
+the honest Milanese was lamented by all his colleagues.
+Innocenzo Gadio, sent the sad news to the
+Princess of Macedonia's daughter, Dejanira, the wife of
+Count Gaspare Trivulzio, who had formerly received
+Christina in his castle at Codogno. The Countess expressed
+her sympathy with her dearest Messer Innocenzo
+in the warmest terms.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I am sure," she wrote, "that the death of so
+beloved a friend will cause my mother the greatest
+sorrow. When you return to Lorraine," she adds,
+"please kiss Her Excellency's hands for me, and tell
+her that the sufferings which she has undergone in
+those parts grieve me to the bottom of my soul; and
+tell her too that we, her servants in this country,
+shall always be ready to risk our lives and all that
+we have in her service."</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"<span class="smcap">Dejanira, Contessa Trivulzio.</span></p>
+<p>
+"From Codogno, September 29, 1552."<a name="FNanchor_470" id="FNanchor_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_470" class="fnanchor">[470]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There were still faithful hearts in this far-off land
+who never forgot the Duchess whom they had known
+in early youth, and who followed her fortunes with
+tender sympathy and affection.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1552</span>] AT HOH-K&Ouml;NIGSBERG</div>
+
+<p>But now help came to the sorely-tried Princess
+from an unexpected quarter. The Marquis Albert
+had haughtily declined to take any part in the conference
+that was being held at Passau between King
+Ferdinand and Maurice of Saxony, or to be included
+in the treaty which was signed between the Emperor
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>and the Elector on the 15th of August. Instead of
+laying down his arms, he chose to continue his reckless
+course, and marched through the Rhineland
+plundering towns and burning villages, "making
+war," wrote an eyewitness, "as if he were the devil
+himself."<a name="FNanchor_471" id="FNanchor_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_471" class="fnanchor">[471]</a> But when he reached Treves he heard of
+the Duchess's expulsion from Lorraine and her distressed
+condition, and, with a touch of the old chivalry
+that made him dear to women, he promptly sent to
+offer her shelter in his castle of Hoh-K&ouml;nigsberg, the
+strongest and finest citadel in the Vosges. Christina
+accepted the offer gratefully, and during the next
+few weeks the red sandstone fortress which still
+crowns the heights above Schlettstadt became her
+abode. She was there still when the Emperor made
+his way from Augsburg to the banks of the Rhine,
+at the head of a formidable army.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of September he entered Strasburg; on
+the 15th he crossed the river and encamped at
+Landau. A week before he sent one of his bravest
+Burgundian captains, Ferry de Carondelet, to visit
+her at Hoh-K&ouml;nigsberg and invite her to visit him
+in the camp.<a name="FNanchor_472" id="FNanchor_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a> Christina obeyed the summons joyfully,
+and a few days after the Emperor reached Landau
+she and Anne of Aerschot made their way by
+the Rhine to the imperial camp. The Prince of Piedmont
+rode out to meet them, and Anne's kinsfolk,
+Egmont and d'Aremberg joined with Emanuel
+Philibert and Ferrante Gonzaga in welcoming the
+distressed ladies and condoling with them on the
+terrors and hardships which they had undergone.
+Only one thing grieved Christina. The Emperor firmly
+refused to admit her trusted Councillor, Bassompierre,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>into his presence, being convinced that he had betrayed
+his mistress and played into the French King's
+hands. Nothing that she could say altered his
+opinion in this respect, and she thought it wiser to
+send the Bailiff to Nancy, where he was able to watch
+over her interests and send reports to the Queen of
+Hungary.<a name="FNanchor_473" id="FNanchor_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a></p>
+
+<p>Charles was suffering from gout and fever, and
+Christina was shocked to see his altered appearance.
+The fatigues and anxieties of the last few months had
+left their mark upon him. His face was pale and
+worn, his hands thin and bloodless, and he spoke
+with difficulty owing to the soreness of his mouth
+and the leaf which he kept between his lips to relieve
+their dryness. Only his eyes kept the old fire, and
+no one could divine the thoughts which lay hidden
+under the mask-like face. As Morosyne wrote after
+an interview which he had with the Emperor about
+this time: "He maketh me think of Solomon's saying:
+'Heaven is high, the earth is deep, and a king's
+heart is unsearchable.'"<a name="FNanchor_474" id="FNanchor_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_474" class="fnanchor">[474]</a> But he was full of kindness
+for Christina, telling her that she and her children
+would always find a home at Brussels. Since, however,
+her cousin of Guise had entrenched himself in Metz
+and the country round was swarming with soldiery, he
+advised her to remain at Heidelberg for the present.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1552</span>] CHARLES. V. AND ALBERT</div>
+
+<p>The Duchess obeyed this advice and retired to her
+brother-in-law's Court. The Palatine was growing
+old, his beard had turned white and his strength
+began to fail, but his influence was as great as ever
+in Germany. Morosyne, who met him at Spires, pronounced
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span>him to be the wisest and best of all the
+Electors, and was touched by the affection with which
+he spoke of the late King Henry VIII., declaring that
+his shirt never lay so near his skin as King Edward's
+noble father lay near his heart. The Ambassador's
+secretary, Roger Ascham, made friends with Hubert,
+who sent him long dissertations on the pronunciation
+of Greek, and invited him to Heidelberg. Now
+Frederic and his wife welcomed the Duchess and her
+children with their wonted hospitality, and insisted
+on keeping them until the end of the year; but Christina's
+heart was with her poor subjects, who suffered
+severely from the ravages of the war. From Nancy,
+Bassompierre sent word that the Marquis Albert had
+suddenly deserted his French allies, and had captured
+Aumale and carried him in triumph to the imperial
+camp before Metz.<a name="FNanchor_475" id="FNanchor_475"></a><a href="#Footnote_475" class="fnanchor">[475]</a></p>
+
+<p>Here, on the 20th of November, Charles came face
+to face with the man who had wronged him so deeply.
+"God knows what I feel," he wrote to Mary, "at
+having to make friends with the Marquis Albert, but
+necessity knows no law."<a name="FNanchor_476" id="FNanchor_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_476" class="fnanchor">[476]</a> At least, he accepted the
+situation with a good grace. Morosyne was present
+when the Emperor came riding into the camp on a
+great white horse of Naples breed, and, seeing Albert,
+took his hand with a gracious smile, and shook it
+warmly twice or thrice.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Marquis fixed his eyes fast on the Emperor's
+countenance, as one that meant to see what thoughts
+his looks betrayed. When he saw that all was well,
+or at least could not see but all seemed well, he spake
+a few words, which His Majesty seemed to take in
+very good part."</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Calling a page to his side, he took a red scarf, the
+Imperialist badge, from his hands, and gave it to the
+Marquis. Albert received it with deep reverence,
+saying that he had not fared badly when he wore
+these colours before, and trusted the Emperor's gift
+would bring him the same good fortune as of old.<a name="FNanchor_477" id="FNanchor_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_477" class="fnanchor">[477]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1553</span>] THE EMPEROR TO RETURN</div>
+
+<p>The return of the wanderer saved Charles from
+utter ruin. His affairs were still going badly. Vieilleville,
+the French Governor of Verdun, seized the boats
+laden with provisions for the imperial camp, which
+Christina had sent down the Rhine, and laid violent
+hands on six waggons of choice fruits, wines, and
+cakes, which were despatched from Nancy for her
+uncle's table. Worse than this, he contrived to
+enter Pont-&agrave;-Mousson, which Fabrizio Colonna held,
+disguised as a messenger from the Duchess, and
+obtained possession of this important place by
+stratagem.<a name="FNanchor_478" id="FNanchor_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_478" class="fnanchor">[478]</a> The valour of Guise and the strong
+fortifications of Metz were proof against the reckless
+courage of Albert and the might of the imperial
+army. The heavy rains and biting cold of an
+early winter increased the sufferings of the troops,
+and, after losing half his army by famine and dysentery,
+Charles was compelled to raise the siege at the
+New Year. "Fortune is a woman," he remarked to
+one of his captains; "she abandons the old, and keeps
+her smiles for young men."<a name="FNanchor_479" id="FNanchor_479"></a><a href="#Footnote_479" class="fnanchor">[479]</a> In this forced retreat
+the Marquis performed prodigies of valour, and succeeded
+in bringing his guns safely over roads rendered
+impassable by a sudden thaw. The bulk of the army
+was dismissed, only the veteran Spanish and German
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span>forces being quartered in Artois and Luxembourg,
+and Charles himself set out for Brussels. His failing
+strength compelled him to halt on the way, and
+Morosyne gave it as his opinion that the Emperor
+would never reach the end of his journey alive. But
+his spirit was indomitable as ever, and on Sunday,
+the 6th of February, he entered Brussels in an open
+litter, amid scenes of the wildest enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"To-day," wrote the Ambassador of Savoy, "I
+have witnessed the safe arrival of the Emperor. He
+was received with the greatest transports of joy and
+delight by the whole people, who feared that he was
+dead and that they would never see him again."</p></div>
+
+<p>And Charles himself wrote to Ferdinand that, now
+he was once more in his native land and in the company
+of his beloved sisters, he would soon recover
+his health.<a name="FNanchor_480" id="FNanchor_480"></a><a href="#Footnote_480" class="fnanchor">[480]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_445" id="Footnote_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> Granvelle, iii. 630; Henne, ix. 162; T. Juste, 185.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_446" id="Footnote_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446"><span class="label">[446]</span></a> Ascham, ii. 313; Papiers d'&Eacute;tat, viii., Archives du Royaume,
+Bruxelles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_447" id="Footnote_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> Lanz, iii. 75; Granvelle, iii. 527.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_448" id="Footnote_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> Pimodan, 375, 381.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_449" id="Footnote_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iii. 104, Archives du Royaume,
+Bruxelles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_450" id="Footnote_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_450"><span class="label">[450]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iii. 90.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_451" id="Footnote_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> Bulletins, etc., s&eacute;rie 2, xii. 189.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_452" id="Footnote_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452"><span class="label">[452]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 108; Granvelle, iii. 613.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_453" id="Footnote_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 42, 108.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_454" id="Footnote_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1290; F. de Rabutin, "Collection de M&eacute;moires,"
+xxxvii. 185.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_455" id="Footnote_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_456" id="Footnote_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> A. de Ruble, "La Jeunesse de Marie Stuart," 73.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_457" id="Footnote_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1199.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_458" id="Footnote_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458"><span class="label">[458]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 101, f. 320.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_459" id="Footnote_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459"><span class="label">[459]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1300; Pfister, ii. 188; Brant&ocirc;me, xii. 110; Lettres
+des Seigneurs, iv. 101; Ravold, iii. 780.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_460" id="Footnote_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460"><span class="label">[460]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 101, f. 320.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_461" id="Footnote_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 101, f. 330 (see Appendix).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_462" id="Footnote_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 101, f. 319.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_463" id="Footnote_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> Bulletins de la Commission d'Histoire, s&eacute;rie 2, xii. 213.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_464" id="Footnote_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> Bucholtz, ix. 539.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_465" id="Footnote_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> Bulletins, etc., s&eacute;rie 2, xii. 213.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_466" id="Footnote_466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_466"><span class="label">[466]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 102, f. 127 (see Appendix);
+Lanz, iii. 208.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_467" id="Footnote_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> Bucholtz, ix. 543; Bulletins, 2, xii. 191.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_468" id="Footnote_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, vii. 603.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_469" id="Footnote_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 103, f. 348.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_470" id="Footnote_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> Manuscript 18, Biblioteca Cavagna Sangiuliani, Zelada (see
+Appendix).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_471" id="Footnote_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471"><span class="label">[471]</span></a> Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 518 (see Appendix).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_472" id="Footnote_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, iv. 103.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_473" id="Footnote_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> Bulletins de la Commission d'Histoire, s&eacute;rie 2, xii. 232;
+Lettres des Seigneurs, iv. 518.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_474" id="Footnote_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> "Hardwicke Papers," i. 55.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_475" id="Footnote_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475"><span class="label">[475]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Edward VI., 230.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_476" id="Footnote_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> Lanz, iii. 513.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_477" id="Footnote_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> Voigt, ii. 9, 10; P. F. Tytler, "England under Edward VI.,"
+144.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_478" id="Footnote_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478"><span class="label">[478]</span></a> Vieilleville, 161, 176.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_479" id="Footnote_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 338.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_480" id="Footnote_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> Bulletins, etc., s&eacute;rie 2, xii. 238; State Papers, Edward VI.,
+Foreign, 236, 243; Lanz, iii. 542.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK XI<br />
+
+CHRISTINA AT BRUSSELS<br />
+
+1553-1559</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>Christina was at Brussels on the memorable day
+when the Emperor set foot once more on his native
+soil. She heard the shouts of joy which rent the
+air, and joined with the Queens in the welcome which
+greeted him on the threshold of his palace. Early
+in January she had left Heidelberg and travelled
+safely down the Rhine and through the friendly states
+of her Cleves cousins to Brussels. Here she occupied
+the suite of rooms where she had lived
+before her second marriage, and to a large extent
+resumed her former habits. She spent much of her
+time with her aunts and the Duchess of Aerschot,
+and renewed her old friendship with Countess d'Aremberg
+and other ladies of the Court. The deepest
+sympathy was felt for her by all classes, and when
+Charles addressed the States-General on the 13th of
+February, and alluded to the treachery of the French
+in carrying off the young Duke of Lorraine and driving
+his mother out of the realm, his words provoked an
+outburst of tumultuous indignation.<a name="FNanchor_481" id="FNanchor_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_481" class="fnanchor">[481]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1553</span>] CHRISTINA'S SUITORS</div>
+
+<p>Through her brother-in-law Vaudemont she still
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span>maintained close relations with Lorraine, while the
+Cardinal kept her informed of all that concerned her
+son, and the boy's own letters satisfied her that he was
+well and happy at the French Court. But although
+Charles shared all the advantages enjoyed by the
+King's children, and soon became a general favourite
+in the royal family, it was bitter for the Duchess to
+feel that her only son was growing up, in a foreign
+land, among the hereditary foes of her race. The
+restoration of peace between Charles and Henry
+was the only means by which she could hope to
+recover her lost child, and this became the goal of
+all her efforts during the six years that she spent in
+exile.</p>
+
+<p>The Widow of Milan had been courted by Kings and
+Princes, and hardly was Christina settled at Brussels
+before she was assailed by fresh offers of marriage.
+Henry, King of Navarre, whose accomplished wife
+had died soon after her daughter's marriage, asked
+the Emperor for his niece's hand, but his proposals
+met with small favour. Far more serious was the
+courtship of Albert of Brandenburg, who felt this to
+be a favourable moment for renewing his old suit.
+"No one," as Thomas Hoby wrote, "had done the
+Emperor worthier or more faithful service" in the
+siege of Metz, and was better entitled to reward. His
+claims were strongly supported by the Palatine, who
+invited the Marquis to Heidelberg to confer with the
+other German Princes on the best means of recovering
+Metz. Albert himself not only aspired to the
+Duchess's hand, but to the Duke of Alva's post of
+Commander-in-Chief, and boasted that once Christina
+was his bride he would easily recover her father's
+kingdoms.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"It is supposed," wrote Morosyne from Brussels
+on the 20th of February, "that the Marquis will
+marry the Duchess of Lorraine and have Alva's place.
+The Palsgrave would fain it were so, in order that, if
+the Marquis married his wife's sister, he might help
+him to recover Denmark; for besides that a slender
+title is apt to set such a one to work, he should, by
+being married to the Emperor's niece, and afterwards
+coming, when his uncle died, to the duchy of Prussia,
+be able easily to trouble Denmark. The Marquis
+doth much desire it, for that the Duke of Holstein has
+been and is a great suitor to the Duchess, who was
+once so nigh marrying the Marquis Albert's sister that
+the contracts were drawn up and put into writing, but
+broke it off upon sight of the Duchess of Lorraine.
+The Palsgrave would rather any did marry with her
+than the Duke of Holstein, for that his brother, King
+Christian, keeps his wife's father in prison. And the
+Emperor, it is held certain, will help it, in order that
+he may by this means trouble Denmark, which he has
+never had leisure to trouble himself."<a name="FNanchor_482" id="FNanchor_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_482" class="fnanchor">[482]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1553</span>] PHILIP HOBY'S AUDIENCE</div>
+
+<p>Whatever her relatives may have thought of the
+Marquis's suit, Christina herself never considered it
+seriously, and told the Palatine plainly that such a
+marriage was out of the question. The Marquis
+vented his anger on the Emperor, and left Heidelberg
+in high displeasure, without taking leave of the Palatine
+or anyone else. Hot words passed between him
+and Maurice, and these two Princes, who had once been
+the closest friends, were henceforth bitter enemies.
+Albert returned to his life of raids and plunder,
+and when, soon afterwards, he was placed under
+the ban of the Empire, Maurice led an army against
+him. A fiercely-contested battle was fought on the
+9th of July at Sievershausen, in which Albert was
+completely routed and Maurice lost his life. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span>Marquis was deprived of fortune and patrimony, his
+ancestral home of Plassenburg was burnt to the
+ground, and after leading a roving life for some years,
+and wandering from one Court to another, he died in
+the house of his brother-in-law, the Margrave of
+Baden, on the 8th of January, 1557. So in exile and
+poverty this brave and brilliant adventurer ended his
+career, before he had completed his thirty-fifth year.<a name="FNanchor_483" id="FNanchor_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a></p>
+
+<p>While the Palatine was holding vain conferences at
+Heidelberg, and the Marquis and Duke Adolf were
+still quarrelling for the Duchess's hand, she herself was
+endeavouring to open negotiations with the French
+King through Bassompierre and Vaudemont. But
+nothing would induce Henry to give up Metz, and in
+April war was renewed with fresh vigour. The young
+Prince of Piedmont, who succeeded the unpopular
+Alva in command of the imperial army, won a series
+of victories, and razed the forts of Th&eacute;rouenne and
+Hesdin to the ground. But the Emperor was too ill
+to take part in the campaign or even to give audiences.
+Sir Philip Hoby, who now succeeded Morosyne,
+actually believed him to be dead, until De Courri&egrave;res
+came to dine with his English friends, and assured
+them, on his honour as a gentleman, that he had seen
+the Emperor alive that morning.<a name="FNanchor_484" id="FNanchor_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_484" class="fnanchor">[484]</a> Upon this Sir
+Philip's brother Thomas, who had just arrived from
+Paris, where he had been spending the winter in
+translating Castiglione's "Cortegiano," was sent to
+see his old Augsburg friend, the Bishop of Arras, and
+beg for an audience. At length, on the 8th of June,
+the Englishmen were admitted into the privy
+chamber, and found the Emperor sitting up, with his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span>feet on a stool, "very pale, weak, and lean, but nothing
+so ill as they had believed." His eye was lively, his
+speech sensible, and his manner very friendly and
+agreeable. But, although he expressed an earnest
+wish for peace, he declared that the French demands
+made this quite impossible.<a name="FNanchor_485" id="FNanchor_485"></a><a href="#Footnote_485" class="fnanchor">[485]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1553</span>] ACCESSION OF MARY</div>
+
+<p>A month later an unexpected event produced a
+change in the Emperor's fortunes. King Edward VI.
+died, and, after a vain attempt on Northumberland's
+part to set Lady Jane Grey on the throne, Catherine
+of Aragon's daughter Mary succeeded peaceably to
+the throne. Her accession was hailed with joy at the
+Imperial Court, and on the Feast of St. Bartholomew
+the Regent celebrated the event by giving a banquet,
+to which the English Ambassadors were invited. "It
+was such a dinner," writes Hoby, "as we had seldom
+seen in all our lives, and greater good cheer or entertainment
+than Her Grace gave us could not be devised."
+Mary was in high spirits that evening. She
+toasted the Ambassadors, conversed with them after
+dinner for more than an hour, and told Morosyne
+laughingly that his French could not be worse than
+her Italian. Sir Philip sat next to the Duchess of
+Lorraine, and reminded her of the memorable morning,
+fifteen years before, when he brought the German
+Court painter to take her portrait.<a name="FNanchor_486" id="FNanchor_486"></a><a href="#Footnote_486" class="fnanchor">[486]</a> Since then much
+had happened. King Henry himself, the great painter
+Holbein, Ren&eacute; of Orange, and Francis of Lorraine,
+were all gone, and she had lost home and state and
+had seen her only son snatched from her arms. Yet
+she was still beautiful and fascinating, and counted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span>almost as many suitors as of old. Adolf of Holstein
+wooed her with a constancy which no coldness could
+repel, and if the wild Marquis had been forced to
+renounce all hope of winning her hand, another hero,
+the young Prince of Piedmont, was ready to lay his
+laurels at her feet. But Christina remained the same,
+calm and unmoved, and was an interested and amused
+spectator of the matrimonial plans which now formed
+the all-absorbing topic in the family conclave.</p>
+
+<p>Charles quickly realized the importance of securing
+the new Queen's hand for his son. As soon as he
+heard of Edward's death, he sent orders to his Ambassador
+at Lisbon to delay drawing up the marriage
+contract which had been agreed upon between Philip
+and Eleanor's daughter, Maria of Portugal, and wrote
+to his son, setting forth the superior advantages of
+the English alliance. Philip replied dutifully that, as
+his cousin the Queen was twelve years older than
+himself, his father would be a more suitable husband,
+but added that he was ready to obey the Emperor's
+will in all respects.<a name="FNanchor_487" id="FNanchor_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of September Charles wrote from
+Valenciennes, where he was directing military operations
+from his litter, to the English Queen. After
+explaining that he was too old and infirm to think of
+marriage, and had solemnly vowed after the Empress's
+death never to take a second wife, he offered her the
+dearest thing he had in life&mdash;his own son. He then
+proceeded to point out the great advantages of the
+proposed union, while at the same time he advised
+Mary to observe the utmost caution, being "well
+aware of the hatred with which the English, more than
+any other nation, regard foreigners." Mary's own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>
+mind was soon made up. In spite of protests from
+her subjects and remonstrances from the French
+King, she was determined to marry her cousin. On
+the 30th of October she sent for the Imperial Envoy,
+Renard, and, kneeling down before the Blessed Sacrament
+in her chapel, she said the <i>Veni Creator</i>, and
+took a solemn vow to wed the Prince of Spain.<a name="FNanchor_488" id="FNanchor_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488" class="fnanchor">[488]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1554</span>] CARDINAL POLE AT BRUSSELS</div>
+
+<p>The most friendly letters were now exchanged
+between the two Courts. The holy chrism for Mary's
+coronation was sent from Brussels, with venison and
+wild-boar for her table. Charles gave his future
+daughter magnificent tapestries and jewels, and Mary
+of Hungary sent the Queen a yet more precious gift,
+Titian's portrait of Philip, telling her that, if she stands
+at some distance from the canvas, it will give her a good
+idea of the Prince, only that he is older and more
+bearded than he was when the artist painted it three
+years ago. The Regent took care to add that she could
+only lend the Queen the picture on condition that it
+should be returned "when the living man joined her."
+In reply, Mary begged her good aunt to pay her a
+visit; but the Regent excused herself, owing to the
+Emperor's ill-health, and promised to come and see
+her later on, it might be in the Prince's company.
+The same cordial invitation was extended to the
+Duchess of Lorraine, who sent her new <i>ma&icirc;tre d'h&ocirc;tel</i>,
+Baron De Silliers, to London in April, 1554, to congratulate
+the Queen on her marriage. Mary made
+Christina a present of a fine diamond, which De
+Courri&egrave;res was desired to give her, and when, on the
+20th of July, Philip landed at Southampton, and the
+wedding was celebrated in Winchester Cathedral, the
+happy spouse sent costly jewels to the Emperor and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span>the two Queens, and a beautiful emerald to her dear
+cousin the Duchess.</p>
+
+<p>In January Cardinal Pole, the Papal Legate, came
+to the monastery of Diligam, near Brussels, with proposals
+of peace from the Pope, on his way to congratulate
+Queen Mary on her accession, and help
+to restore Catholic rites in the kingdom. Pole was
+known to be averse to the Spanish marriage, and
+Charles had put every obstacle in the way of his
+journey to England. On his arrival he gave him a
+very cold reception, and the Cardinal complained to
+the Pope that the Emperor and Arras could not have
+used greater violence, unless they had taken a stick
+to drive him back.<a name="FNanchor_489" id="FNanchor_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a> The Regent and the Duchess of
+Lorraine, however, were much more friendly when he
+dined with them the next day, after attending Mass
+in the royal chapel. Mary told him that no one
+wished for peace more earnestly than herself, seeing
+how terribly her poor people of the Netherlands had
+suffered from the war, and Christina spoke to him of
+her son with tears in her eyes. When the Cardinal
+went on to Fontainebleau, he saw the young Duke,
+and was able to give him his mother's messages. But
+he found Henry II. still less amenable than Charles,
+and returned to Brussels convinced that his mission
+was a failure as far as the hope of peace was concerned.</p>
+
+<p>Before the end of April the French King invaded
+Hainault, at the head of a large army, and took the
+strong citadel of Marienburg. Namur was only saved
+by the promptitude of Charles, who once more took
+the field, although he could no longer mount a horse,
+and showed all his old courage in this his last campaign.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span></p>
+<p>After an indecisive battle at Renty, the
+French retired with heavy loss, spreading famine and
+desolation in their track. One act of vandalism for
+which Henry was condemned, even by his own captains,
+was the destruction of Mary of Hungary's
+beautiful palace of Binche, with its famous gardens
+and treasures of art. The Queen received the news
+with equanimity, saying that she was proud of being
+the object of the French King's vindictiveness, and
+glad the world should know that she was the Emperor's
+devoted servant.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"As for the damage which has been done," she
+wrote to Arras, "I do not care a straw. I am not
+the woman to grieve over the loss of things transitory,
+which we are meant to enjoy as long as we have them,
+and do without when they are gone. That, upon my
+word, is all the regret I feel."<a name="FNanchor_490" id="FNanchor_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_490" class="fnanchor">[490]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>In the autumn Christina made another fruitless
+attempt to open negotiations through Vaudemont,
+who after the death of his first wife, Margaret of
+Egmont, was induced by the Cardinal of Lorraine to
+marry the Duke of Nemours's daughter. This Prince
+came to Brussels in November to inform the Emperor
+and the Duchess of his marriage, and, as might be
+expected, met with a very cold reception at Court.
+But, in spite of his French alliance, he remained scrupulously
+loyal to Christina and her son, and complained
+to his sister Anne that at Brussels he was reproached
+for his French sympathies, while in Paris he was
+looked on with suspicion as an Imperialist. So hard
+was it to be an honest man in those troublous times.<a name="FNanchor_491" id="FNanchor_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_491" class="fnanchor">[491]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1554</span>] A GAY COURT</div>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>While the war dragged on its weary course, and
+Mary and Christina vainly tried to bring it to an
+end, on the other side of the Channel the new King
+of England and his spouse were holding high festival.
+They came to London in September, and remained
+there through the winter, trying to win the love of
+their subjects by a series of popular displays and
+festivities. Tournaments were held at Whitehall,
+hunting-parties were given at Windsor and Hampton
+Court, and a succession of distinguished guests travelled
+from Flanders to pay homage to the royal pair.
+Philip's favourite, Ruy Gomez, and the Duke and
+Duchess of Alva, arrived from Spain, Ferrante
+Gonzaga, the Prince of Orange, and the Grand Equerry
+Boussu, came over from Antwerp during the
+autumn.<a name="FNanchor_492" id="FNanchor_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_492" class="fnanchor">[492]</a> On the 20th of November Cardinal Pole
+at length crossed the Channel; four days later he
+was received at Whitehall by the King and Queen
+in person, and crossed the river in the royal barge, to
+take possession of his own house at Lambeth. He
+was soon followed by Emanuel Philibert, who had
+lately succeeded to the barren title of Duke of Savoy
+on his father's death, and had been made a Knight
+of the Garter. Earlier in the summer he had paid
+a brief visit to London, where his white, red, and
+green banners of Savoy made a fine show in the
+Abbey on St. Peter's Day; but as his military duties
+rendered his presence in Flanders imperative, his
+Ambassador, Stroppiana, came to Windsor in October,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span>to be invested with the Garter<a name="FNanchor_493" id="FNanchor_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a> as proxy for his
+master.</p>
+
+<p>It was not till Christmas Eve that the Duke himself
+landed at Dover, after a very rough passage, and made
+his way to Whitehall, where Philip and Mary received
+him with great honour, and showed him all
+the sights of London. On the 7th of January the
+Lord High Admiral took him by water to see the
+great guns at the Tower, and on St. Paul's Day he
+accompanied the King and the Cardinal in state
+to the Cathedral for the patronal feast. A procession
+of 160 priests bearing crosses, walked round
+the churchyard, with the children of Paul's School
+and the Greyfriars, singing "Salve, Festa Dies!"
+and passed in through the great west doors. After
+Mass a state banquet was held, with great ringing
+of bells, and bonfires blazed in all the streets of
+London throughout the night.<a name="FNanchor_494" id="FNanchor_494"></a><a href="#Footnote_494" class="fnanchor">[494]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1555</span>] A ROYAL GODMOTHER</div>
+
+<p>Emanuel Philibert's visit revived the rumour of a
+marriage between him and the Princess Elizabeth,
+which the Emperor had suggested some months before.
+Whether from policy or genuine regard, Philip had
+espoused his sister-in-law's cause and refused to allow
+Mary to send her abroad or keep her away from Court.
+The Duke of Savoy was a pleasant and good-looking
+Prince, whose martial appearance and genial manners
+made him very popular in England. But Elizabeth
+herself quite declined to listen to this proposal,
+saying that she would never marry a foreigner,
+and, since there now seemed good hope of the birth
+of an heir to the crown, the question of the succession
+was no longer of the first importance. Something,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span>however, must be done to pacify the Duke, who complained
+bitterly of the Emperor's neglect, and, seeing
+little chance of recovering Savoy, asked the King for
+the viceroyalty of Milan, which Ferrante Gonzaga, on
+his part, refused to surrender. Philip could think of
+no better plan to gratify his cousin and retain his
+services than to give him the hand of the Duchess of
+Lorraine, a Princess whom he was known to regard
+with great affection.<a name="FNanchor_495" id="FNanchor_495"></a><a href="#Footnote_495" class="fnanchor">[495]</a></p>
+
+<p>Accordingly the King and Queen sent pressing
+invitations to Christina, begging her to come to
+England as soon as possible. Before she could
+comply with their request, she had to keep an old
+engagement to be present at the christening of Count
+Egmont's infant daughter, which took place on the
+evening of the 19th of January. The Queen of
+England had graciously consented to be one of the
+godmothers, while the Duchess of Lorraine was the
+other, and the Palatine Frederic stood godfather to
+his kinswoman's little daughter. Mary wrote to the
+Duchess of Aerschot, begging Anne to represent her
+on this occasion, and sent a costly gold cup containing
+forty angels to her godchild by the new Ambassador,
+Sir John Masone. The Palsgrave, not to be outdone,
+sent the child a diamond cross, and another
+one, set with rubies, diamonds, and emeralds, to the
+mother. Anne and Christina were both present at
+the christening, which was attended by all the Court,
+"everything," wrote Masone, "being very richly
+ordered, the supper and banquet right stately, and
+Her Majesty's cup so walked up and down, from man
+to woman, and woman to man, as I dare answer few
+were there that did not go full freighted to bed."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span></p>
+<p>Sir John further told the Countess in what good
+part her request to make her daughter a Christian
+woman had been taken by his royal mistress, who
+would willingly have done the same in person, had
+the distance not been so great, and Sabina sent her
+most humble thanks to the Queen, saying that, as she
+already had one daughter called Mary, she had
+decided to name the infant Mary Christina, after her
+two godmothers.<a name="FNanchor_496" id="FNanchor_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_496" class="fnanchor">[496]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1555</span>] CHRISTINA'S GOOD WISHES</div>
+
+<p>When this function was over, Christina began to
+prepare for her journey to England, but the weather
+was so tempestuous that she did not cross the Channel
+until the first days of March. She rode from Dover,
+by way of Canterbury, to London, where the King
+and Queen received her in the most cordial manner,
+Philip made no secret of his affection for his cousin,
+the only woman in his family with whom he had ever
+been intimate, and Mary, in the first flush of her
+wedded happiness and in the proud expectation of
+soon being a mother, welcomed Christina warmly.
+Unluckily, we have no particulars of the Duchess's
+visit to this country, over which she might have
+reigned herself as Queen. We know that she was
+present with the rest of the Court at the great joust
+held on Lady Day in the tilting-yard at Whitehall,
+when Philip and a band of knights, armed with
+falchions and targets, and clad in blue and yellow,
+rode out against two other troops in red and green,
+and some 200 lances were broken.<a name="FNanchor_497" id="FNanchor_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a> But the only
+record that we have of this her first visit to England
+is a letter which she wrote to Mary on returning to
+Flanders. She thanked the Queen for the great
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span>honour and kindness which she had shown her, and
+commended the captain of the ship in which she
+sailed, who, as Her Majesty would doubtless learn,
+had rendered her notable service on this troublesome
+passage:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I will say no more," she adds, "except to regret
+that I am no longer in Your Majesty's presence to
+be able to render you some small service in return
+for all the goodness which I have received at your
+hands. I beg God, Madame, to send you good health
+and long life, and give you a fine boy, such as you
+desire.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"Your very humble and obedient cousin<br />
+and servant,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Chrestienne</span>.</p>
+<p>
+"A la Royne."<a name="FNanchor_498" id="FNanchor_498"></a><a href="#Footnote_498" class="fnanchor">[498]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This letter bears no date, but the Duchess certainly
+left London before the King and Queen went to
+Hampton Court on the 4th of April, to spend Easter
+and prepare for the happy event which all England
+was anxiously expecting. She was at Antwerp with
+her aunt a month later, when, on the 3rd of May,
+"great news came over the seas." A messenger from
+the English ships in the port brought the Regent
+word that the Queen of England had been "brought
+to bed of a young Prince," upon which all the guns
+in the harbour were fired, and Mary ordered the
+big bells in the Tower to be rung, and sent the English
+sailors a hundred crowns to drink the royal infant's
+health. "I trust in God," wrote Sir Thomas
+Gresham, "that the news is true." The Emperor
+was more incredulous, and summoned Masone to his
+bedside at 5 a.m. the next morning, to know what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span>
+he thought of the matter, but soon satisfied himself
+that the news was false.<a name="FNanchor_499" id="FNanchor_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_499" class="fnanchor">[499]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Savoy marriage, which Philip was so anxious
+to bring about, also ended in smoke. During Christina's
+visit, the matter was brought forward and
+eagerly urged both by the King and Queen. Charles
+was no less anxious for the marriage, and Mary of
+Hungary proposed to appoint the Duke, Governor of
+the Low Countries when she resigned the office. The
+plan would have been very popular in Flanders,
+where the Duchess was beloved by all classes, and
+was warmly supported by Egmont and Orange. On
+the 1st of May, Badoer, the Venetian Ambassador at
+Brussels, announced that the marriage contract had
+already been drawn up by De Praet, and that the
+Duke had started for Italy, disguised as a German,
+and only attended by one servant, to arrange his
+affairs in Piedmont before the wedding.<a name="FNanchor_500" id="FNanchor_500"></a><a href="#Footnote_500" class="fnanchor">[500]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1555</span>] DUKE OF SAVOY'S MARRIAGE</div>
+
+<p>The Venetian's news was apparently premature,
+but a fortnight later a Piedmontese noble, Count
+Avignano, came to London to consult Philip as to
+the marriage and arrange further details on his
+master's behalf. He talked freely at table to the
+French and Venetian Ambassadors, Noailles and
+Michieli, saying that the Emperor had offered his
+master the government of the Netherlands with the
+hand of Madame de Lorraine, an arrangement which
+he for his part regretted, thinking that the Duke
+would be more likely to recover his dominions if he
+married in France. But, since the friendship between
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span>his lord and the Duchess was so great, he saw no
+hope of any other alliance, and the marriage was, in
+fact, considered by the Emperor and all his family
+to be practically settled.<a name="FNanchor_501" id="FNanchor_501"></a><a href="#Footnote_501" class="fnanchor">[501]</a></p>
+
+<p>Emanuel Philibert, like many others, evidently
+felt the power of Christina's fascination, and enjoyed
+a large share of her intimacy. But he does not seem
+to have shown any great eagerness for the marriage,
+whether it was that, as Avignano said, it would be
+a bar to the recovery of his States, or whether he
+recognized the Duchess's own insuperable objection
+to matrimony.</p>
+
+<p>When, towards the end of May, a party of English
+Commissioners met the French and Imperial deputies
+at Marck, a village near Calais, to treat of peace, an
+offer was made by the French to give Henry II.'s
+sister Margaret to the Duke of Savoy. The Imperial
+deputies expressed a doubt if this were possible, as
+the Duke's word was already pledged; but Cardinal
+Pole replied that the Prince was quite free, and ready
+to agree to any proposal by which he could recover his
+realm. These negotiations, however, were soon broken
+off, and on Philip's return to Brussels in September
+the old scheme of the Lorraine marriage was revived
+with fresh ardour. When the Duke of Savoy returned
+from Italy in August, the Regent made him attend
+the meetings of the Council, and treated him in all
+ways as her future successor, hoping by this means
+to obtain his consent to her wishes. But both
+Emanuel Philibert and Christina remained of the
+same mind, and neither Philip's entreaties nor Mary
+of Hungary's angry reproaches could alter their
+resolution. The Duke pleaded poverty as an excuse,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span>
+lamenting his inability to offer his wife a home and
+station worthy of her rank, and was evidently determined
+to sacrifice his affections to political expediency,
+although, as the French Ambassador reported,
+"he still made love through the window to
+Madame de Lorraine."<a name="FNanchor_502" id="FNanchor_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_502" class="fnanchor">[502]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<p>Charles V.'s intention to abdicate his throne had
+long been declared. For many years he had looked
+forward to the time when he should lay down the
+burden of public affairs and retire from the world, to
+end his days in some peaceful cloister. The increasing
+infirmities under which he groaned, his
+inability to attend either camp or council, and finally
+the death of his mother, Queen Joanna, in April,
+1555, all helped to hasten the execution of his resolve.
+Only the continuation of the war and the absence
+of his son still made him hesitate.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1555</span>] PHILIP LEAVES ENGLAND</div>
+
+<p>The same indecisive warfare as before was carried
+on through the year. The Prince of Orange, who
+now held the chief command, succeeded in keeping
+the foe at bay, and built the citadels of Charlemont
+and Philippeville for the defence of the frontier.
+But everyone was heartily tired of the campaign,
+and both parties gladly availed themselves of the
+opportunity afforded by an exchange of prisoners,
+to renew negotiations in the autumn. Christina
+once more exerted herself in this direction, and
+Vaudemont, who came to Brussels in October to
+take leave of the Emperor, was employed to make
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span>fresh overtures to the French King. But many
+months passed before any conclusion was reached.<a name="FNanchor_503" id="FNanchor_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_503" class="fnanchor">[503]</a></p>
+
+<p>Charles had always hoped that his sister would
+remain at her post when he left the Netherlands,
+feeling how invaluable her help would prove to Philip.
+But Mary was inflexible on this point. In a noble
+letter which she wrote at the end of August, she
+reminded him that fifteen years before she had begged
+to be released from her arduous post in order to
+devote herself to the care of her unhappy mother,
+and that, now this privilege could no longer be hers,
+she wished to spend the rest of her life in Spain with
+her sister, Queen Eleanor.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"And however great," she adds significantly, "my
+affection for the King my nephew may be," in
+Badoer's graphic phrase, "he hates and is hated by
+her"&mdash;"Your Majesty will understand that at my
+age it would be very hard to begin learning my ABC
+over again. A woman of fifty, who has held office
+twenty-four years, ought, it seems to me, to be content
+to serve one God and one Master for the rest of her
+life."<a name="FNanchor_504" id="FNanchor_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_504" class="fnanchor">[504]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>There was nothing more to be said, and Charles
+agreed to Philip's wish that for the present the Duke
+of Savoy should be appointed Lieutenant-Governor
+of the Low Countries. At length Philip succeeded
+in tearing himself from the arms of his sorrowful
+Queen, promising to be back in a fortnight or three
+weeks. From her palace windows at Greenwich,
+Mary waved her last farewells to the King, as he
+sailed down the Thames. He for his part was nothing
+loth to leave his fretful and melancholy wife, and
+was satisfied that she would never bear him a child.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of September he reached Brussels, and
+went straight to see his father in the Casino, near
+the Louvain gate of the park, where he was spending
+the hot weather. Charles embraced his son tenderly,
+and after an hour's conversation Philip went on to
+sup with Queen Mary and Christina on their return
+from hunting. On the 17th and 18th he attended
+the Requiem Masses held in S. Gudule for the late
+Queen Joanna, and afterwards joined in a grand
+hunting-party given by the Regent in his honour.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1555</span>] THE EMPEROR'S ABDICATION</div>
+
+<p>The nobles now flocked to Brussels to be present
+at the Emperor's abdication. The Prince of Orange
+arrived from the camp near Li&eacute;ge, and his young wife,
+Anne of Egmont, was hospitably entertained by the
+Duchess of Aerschot. Friday, the 25th of October,
+was the day fixed for the great ceremony. On this
+afternoon, at three o'clock, the Emperor left the
+Casino with Philip and the Duke of Savoy, and rode
+to the palace on his mule. An hour later he entered
+the great hall, hung with the tapestries of Gideon's
+Fleece, wearing his mourning robes and the collar of
+the Order, and leaning on the Prince of Orange's
+arm. He was followed by Mary of Hungary, Philip,
+and the Duke of Savoy, who took their places on the
+da&iuml;s at the Emperor's side, while the Knights of the
+Fleece, the great nobles and Ambassadors, occupied
+seats below. The deputies, over a thousand in
+number, who thronged the hall, rose to their feet to
+receive the Emperor, and then sat down to hear the
+chief Councillor, Philibert of Brussels, deliver a
+speech, explaining the reasons for His Majesty's
+abdication. Then Charles himself addressed the vast
+assembly. In moving words he recalled the day,
+forty years before, when, a boy of fifteen, he had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span>
+declared of age by his grandfather, the Emperor
+Maximilian, and glanced briefly at the long record
+of wars and journeys, and the other chief events of his
+reign. Finally he commended his successor to them,
+asking them to serve his son as well as they had served
+him, and begging his loyal subjects to pardon him
+for any injustice which he might unwittingly have
+done them. Tears rolled down the great Emperor's
+cheeks as he spoke these last words, and Sir Thomas
+Gresham, who was present, says that there was not
+a dry eye in the whole assembly.</p>
+
+<p>Christina was present on this memorable occasion.
+In contemporary prints she is represented standing
+by the side of the Regent's chair, listening with
+breathless attention to every word that fell from her
+uncle's lips. She saw the pathetic scene between
+the father and son, when Charles, raising Philip from
+his knees and clasping him in his arms, gave him
+the investiture of the Provinces, and, turning to the
+deputies, in a broken voice asked them to excuse
+his tears, which flowed for love of them. And she
+listened with still greater emotion to the touching
+words in which Mary begged the Emperor and the
+States to forgive whatever mistakes she had made
+out of ignorance or incapacity, and thanked them
+from the depth of her heart for their unfailing love
+and loyalty. Her speech produced a fresh burst of
+tears, after which Charles thanked his sister for her
+long and faithful services, and Maes, the Pensionary
+of Antwerp, bore eloquent testimony to the undying
+love and gratitude which the States felt for the Queen
+who had governed them so well.</p>
+
+<p>There were still many formalities to be gone
+through, many farewells to be said, before Charles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span>
+could lay down the sovereign power. On the day
+after his abdication, the Archduke Ferdinand, his
+favourite nephew, arrived with affectionate messages
+from his father, who found it impossible to leave
+Vienna as long as the war with the Turks lasted.
+The next day he went hunting with the King, Mary,
+and Christina, and dined with them and Eleanor.
+On the 3rd of November he left Brussels again after
+all too short a visit, as Charles wrote to his brother.</p>
+
+<p>Another guest who took leave of the Emperor in
+the same week was Edward Courtenay, Lord Devonshire.
+This young nobleman of the blood royal had
+been exiled from England lest he should marry
+Elizabeth, and had been so often seen in the palace
+during the last few months that rumour said he was
+going to wed Madame of Lorraine. Now he came
+to thank her for the "gentle entertainment" which
+she had shown him, and bid her a reluctant farewell
+before he left for Italy. In the following spring another
+old friend, Adolf of Holstein, came to Brussels and
+took leave of the Emperor. The Danish Prince,
+hearing that all idea of the Savoy marriage was
+abandoned, took this opportunity to make a last
+attempt to win Christina's hand. But not even the
+Duke's constancy could induce her to change her
+mind, and he went away disconsolate.<a name="FNanchor_505" id="FNanchor_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_505" class="fnanchor">[505]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1556</span>] DEATH OF THE PALATINE</div>
+
+<p>A fresh sorrow awaited her in the death of her
+brother-in-law, the Elector Palatine, who breathed his
+last at Alzei, in the Lower Palatinate, on the 26th of
+February, 1556. The fine old man was in his seventy-third
+year, and had been tenderly nursed all through
+a long illness by his wife. Three weeks before his
+death Dorothea sent for his nephew and successor,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span>Otto Heinrich, who remained with him to the end,
+and brought his body to Heidelberg. Here he lay
+in state for three days in the Court chapel, after
+which his remains were borne down the castle slopes
+by eight noblemen, and laid with his forefathers in
+the church of the Holy Ghost. By order of the new
+Elector, he was buried with Lutheran rites. Dorothea
+and Countess Helene followed on foot with a long
+train of nobles and students of the University, bearing
+lighted tapers, and German hymns were sung by the
+Canons and school-children.<a name="FNanchor_506" id="FNanchor_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a></p>
+
+<p>Christina's first impulse was to hasten to her
+widowed sister, but neither the Emperor nor his
+sisters would allow her to leave the Netherlands
+before their departure, saying that she was as dear
+and indispensable to them as a daughter.<a name="FNanchor_507" id="FNanchor_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_507" class="fnanchor">[507]</a> She was
+present at the Casino in the park on the 16th of
+January, when Charles resigned the kingdoms of
+Spain and Sicily and his dominions in the New World
+to Philip, and she accompanied Mary to Antwerp
+when Philip held his first Chapter of the Fleece.
+Among the new Knights elected at this meeting were
+William of Orange, Philip, Duke of Aerschot, and
+Christina's old friend Jean De Montmorency, Sieur de
+Courri&egrave;res, whose whole life had been spent in the
+Emperor's service, and who had deserved well of
+Philip by helping to arrange his marriage with Mary
+Tudor.<a name="FNanchor_508" id="FNanchor_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_508" class="fnanchor">[508]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 5th of February, 1556, the long-protracted
+peace negotiations were brought to a happy conclusion,
+and a five years' truce was signed at the Abbey of Vaucelles,
+near Cambray, by Lalaing on Philip's part and by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span>Coligny on that of Henry. Both parties were to retain
+their conquests, and the chief prisoners on both sides
+were to be released. On Lady Day the French Admiral
+brought the treaty to be confirmed by the King at
+Brussels, and was received by Philip in the palace.
+By an unlucky chance, the great hall in which the
+reception took place was hung with tapestries representing
+the defeat of Pavia and surrender of Francis I.
+This wounded the vanity of the French lords, and the
+King's jester, Brusquet, who had accompanied
+Coligny, determined to have his revenge on the
+haughty Spanish Prince. So the next morning at
+Mass in the Court church, when Philip was in the
+act of taking his oath on the Gospels to keep the truce,
+Brusquet suddenly raised a cry of "Largesse!" and,
+taking a handful of French crowns from a sack which
+his valet carried, flung them to the crowds who had
+collected in the great hall adjoining the chapel. The
+King looked round in surprise at Coligny, who
+stood dumbfounded, while men, women, and children,
+rushed to pick up the coins on the floor, and had to
+be warned off by the archers' pikes. The King was
+about to ask angrily by what right the French did
+largesse in his palace, when both Queen Mary and
+Madame de Lorraine burst into uncontrollable fits of
+laughter, in which Philip joined so heartily that he
+had to cling to the altar to save himself from falling.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1556</span>] LAST FESTIVITIES</div>
+
+<p>This absurd incident was related to Charles when,
+on the following Sunday of <i>P&acirc;ques-fleuries</i>, Coligny
+went to visit him in the Casino. "Well, Brusquet,"
+he said to the jester, "how are you? I hear you have
+been doing me fine largesse with your crowns."
+"Sire," replied Brusquet, dropping on one knee,
+"you take the words out of my mouth in condescend<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span>ing
+to notice a worm like myself." And the poor fool
+went home to boast of his interview with the great
+Emperor to the end of his life.<a name="FNanchor_509" id="FNanchor_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_509" class="fnanchor">[509]</a></p>
+
+<p>A grand tournament was held in the park at Brussels
+to celebrate the conclusion of the truce, and Egmont
+distinguished himself above all competitors by his
+prowess. But a quarrel arose between Philip and
+his aunt, Mary of Hungary, who complained of the
+disrespect with which her nephew and his Spanish
+courtiers treated her, saying that, although she had
+laid down the Regency, she expected to be treated
+with the honour due to a Queen. She retired to her
+own domain at Turnhout, but had her revenge a
+few weeks later, for the States proved so unwilling to
+grant the aids demanded by the King that Philip was
+forced to send Arras to beg for his aunt's help. Mary
+consented to return as soon as she had despatched
+her most urgent private affairs, and so invaluable
+was her influence with the Council, that Philip joined
+his father in entreating her to remain at Brussels
+during his absence in England. This, however, Mary
+quite refused to do, saying that the Duke of Savoy
+would no doubt prove an excellent substitute.<a name="FNanchor_510" id="FNanchor_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_510" class="fnanchor">[510]</a></p>
+
+<p>The King and Queen of Bohemia, whom Charles
+was very anxious to see before his departure,
+and whose journey had been repeatedly delayed, at
+length reached Brussels on the 18th of July. Their
+presence was the signal for a last series of festivities.
+There were jousts on the Grande Place, banquets in
+the h&ocirc;tel-de-ville, hunting-parties at Groenendal in the
+forest of Soignies, and suppers at the Villa Laura,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span>where Mary entertained her nephews and nieces at
+an open-air concert. King Max was in high spirits.
+He made great friends with the Venetian Badoer, and
+frankly avowed his dislike of the Spaniards, saying,
+with a ringing laugh, that he was glad to hear the
+English had taught them a lesson or two. The visit
+was not without its political intention, and Maximilian
+succeeded in persuading his uncle to consent to
+Ferdinand's entreaty, and retain the imperial title
+for the present, in order to avoid any dispute on the
+question of the succession.<a name="FNanchor_511" id="FNanchor_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a></p>
+
+<p>When his daughter and her husband left Brussels,
+on the 8th of August, Charles felt himself a free man.
+At half-past four in the afternoon he set out for
+Ghent, after receiving the farewells of the chief
+nobles and Bishops. Many were in tears, but the
+Emperor remained calm and serene until he rode
+out of the gates, escorted for the last time by his
+faithful archers. Then, turning round, he took a last
+long look at the city towers and wept bitterly. "Everyone
+about him was in tears," says Badoer, "and
+many wept when he was gone."<a name="FNanchor_512" id="FNanchor_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">[512]</a> Christina accompanied
+her aunts to Ghent a few days later, and went
+on at the end of the month with the Queens and
+Emperor to Zeeland, to wait for a fair wind. On the
+15th of October Charles embarked at Flushing, and
+his sisters followed on another ship. Two days
+later an easterly breeze sprang up and the fleet set
+sail. Christina stood on the shore till the ship which
+bore the great Emperor from his native land dropped
+below the horizon. Then she retraced her steps
+sorrowfully to join her children at Ghent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1556</span>] FRUSTRATED WISHES</div>
+
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<p>When her uncle and aunts were gone, Christina
+felt that there was nothing more to keep her at
+Brussels. She had already thought of retiring to her
+dower city of Tortona, but the castle was occupied
+by a Spanish garrison, and while the war lasted the
+Lombard city was hardly a safe place. This being
+the case, she asked Philip's leave to take up her
+residence at Vigevano, the summer palace of the
+Sforzas, which the Duke had bequeathed to her,
+but was told that this house was required for the
+Viceroy's use. After the Palatine's death she was
+seized with a longing to join Dorothea, and proposed
+to go to Heidelberg, and then on to Lorraine, in the
+hope that, now peace was signed, the French King
+would allow her son to enjoy his own again. But
+there were more difficulties in the way than she had
+anticipated.<a name="FNanchor_513" id="FNanchor_513"></a><a href="#Footnote_513" class="fnanchor">[513]</a></p>
+
+<p>Simon Renard and the other delegates to the conference
+at Vaucelles were especially charged to
+include the Duke of Lorraine's restoration among
+their demands; but the French, while professing the
+utmost friendship for both the Duchess and her son,
+pointed out that her guardianship would expire in
+another year, and that the Regent Vaudemont and
+the Guises, who were the Duke's nearest kinsmen,
+agreed to his residence at the French Court. In vain
+Renard and Lalaing protested at the strange kindness
+shown to the Duchess in detaining her son. This
+only led to a long wrangle, which almost caused the
+rupture of peace negotiations, and eventually no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span>
+mention was made of Lorraine in the articles of the
+truce.</p>
+
+<p>In May Christina's alarm was aroused by an intimation
+from the French Court that the King was
+going to Nancy to celebrate his daughter Claude's
+wedding with the Duke, and occupy the capital of
+Lorraine. Fortunately, Vaudemont opposed this
+measure, saying that as Regent he had sworn never
+to give up his post until his nephew was of age, and
+begged the King to allow Charles to return to Nancy
+and take possession of his State before his marriage.<a name="FNanchor_514" id="FNanchor_514"></a><a href="#Footnote_514" class="fnanchor">[514]</a>
+This unexpected firmness on Vaudemont's part produced
+the desired effect. Henry's journey to Lorraine
+was put off for a year, and at the Duchess's urgent
+request the Cardinal of Lorraine obtained the King's
+leave to bring the boy to meet her at the Castle of
+Coucy, near his own house at P&eacute;ronne. But when
+Philip was asked to give the Duchess permission to
+cross the frontier, he made so many irksome conditions,
+that Henry withdrew his promise, and the
+long-desired meeting was again deferred. Christina
+was cruelly disappointed, and could only take comfort
+from Vaudemont's assurances that before long her
+son would be free from control and able to decide for
+himself.<a name="FNanchor_515" id="FNanchor_515"></a><a href="#Footnote_515" class="fnanchor">[515]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1556</span>] MARY'S JEALOUSY</div>
+
+<p>Philip on his part was extremely anxious to keep
+the Duchess at Brussels. As Brant&ocirc;me tells us, the
+King not only cherished great affection for his
+cousin, but relied implicitly on her tact and wisdom,
+and, in compliance with his entreaties, she consented
+to remain at the palace and do the honours of his
+Court.<a name="FNanchor_516" id="FNanchor_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a> Her popularity with the nobles made her
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span>presence the more desirable, while the King himself
+found her company far more to his taste than that
+of the faded and fretful wife who awaited him in
+England. Every post brought bitter reproaches and
+passionate prayers from the unhappy Queen, whose
+hopes of her lord's return were doomed to perpetual
+disappointment. Already more than a year had
+passed since he had left England, and there still seemed
+no prospect of his return. First the peace conferences,
+then the King of Bohemia's visit and the
+Emperor's departure, were pleaded as excuses for
+these prolonged delays. When the fleet that bore
+the Emperor to Spain was seen off Dover, the
+Admiral who visited His Majesty on board, brought
+back messages to say that the King would shortly
+cross the Channel. On hearing this, Mary's spirits
+rose, and it was only by Philip's express desire that
+she refrained from going to meet him at Dover. In
+October the royal stables and equerries arrived, but
+Philip himself wrote that the war which had broken
+out in Italy between Alva, the Viceroy of Naples, and
+Pope Paul IV., compelled him to return to Brussels.
+Then Mary broke into a passion of rage mingled with
+sobs and tears, and shut herself up in her room, refusing
+to see any visitors. The dulness of the Court
+had become intolerable; there were no f&ecirc;tes and few
+audiences, and the Ambassadors with one accord
+begged to be recalled. The Queen's ill-temper vented
+itself on all who approached her presence, and even
+in public she occasionally gave way to paroxysms
+of fury.<a name="FNanchor_517" id="FNanchor_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a> Suspicions of her husband's fidelity to his
+marriage vows now came to increase her misery.
+When she heard of Philip going on long hunting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span>-parties
+with the Duchess of Lorraine, and dancing
+with her at masques, she was seized with transports
+of rage, and, rushing at the portrait of her husband
+which hung over her bed, was with difficulty restrained
+from cutting it to pieces.<a name="FNanchor_518" id="FNanchor_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1556</span>] THE DUCHESS OF PARMA</div>
+
+<p>Meanwhile a rival to Christina appeared at Court
+in the person of the King's half-sister Margaret,
+Duchess of Parma. This Princess, the illegitimate
+daughter of Charles V. and Margaret Van Gheynst,
+a beautiful maiden in the Countess Lalaing's service,
+was born at Oudenarde in 1522, and brought up under
+the eye of the Archduchess Margaret. At thirteen
+she was married to Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of
+Florence, with whom she led a miserable life until
+this worthless Prince was murdered by his cousin in
+1537. Her second union, with Ottavio Farnese,
+Pope Paul III.'s grandson, proved little happier.
+Ottavio was an intractable boy of thirteen when he
+married her in November, 1538, and the quarrels of
+the young couple fill pages of the Emperor's correspondence
+in the archives of Simancas. After the
+Duke's return from the expedition to Algiers, a
+reconciliation was effected, and Margaret bore a son,
+who became the famous captain Alexander of Parma.
+But the Farnese were always a thorn in the Emperor's
+side, and, by joining with his foes at a critical moment,
+involved him in the gravest disaster of his life. Now
+harmony was restored in the family circle, and when
+the war with Paul IV. broke out, Philip secured
+Ottavio's alliance by giving him the citadel of
+Piacenza. Margaret and her young son came to the
+Netherlands to pay their respects to the King and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span>thank him for this mark of his favour. They arrived
+at Christmas, in the depths of the severest winter
+that had been known for many years. The Scheldt
+was frozen over at Antwerp, and the Court was busy
+with winter sports, in which Philip and Christina
+took an active part, playing games and sleighing in
+the park, and attending a masked ball given by Count
+Lalaing on the ice.<a name="FNanchor_519" id="FNanchor_519"></a><a href="#Footnote_519" class="fnanchor">[519]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Duchess of Parma was received with due
+honour at Court, and was cordially welcomed by
+Christina, who had known her as a child. A handsome
+woman of thirty-five, she resembled her Flemish
+mother more than her imperial father, and bore few
+traces of her Habsburg origin. She had none of
+Christina's distinction and refinement, while her
+manners were too haughty to please the Flemish
+nobles. But she had a keen eye to her own interests,
+and the atmosphere of deception and intrigue in
+which her married life had been spent had taught
+her to adapt herself to circumstances. She contrived
+to make herself agreeable both to Philip and Christina,
+with whom most of her time was spent. The
+new Venetian Ambassador, Soranzo, paid his respects
+to the two ladies on his arrival, and found both of
+them very friendly and pleasant. The Duchess of
+Lorraine, as Badoer had frequently remarked, was
+always particularly cordial to the Venetian Signory,
+to whom her first husband, the Duke of Milan, owed
+so much. At the same time the Queen of England,
+anxious to show civility to her husband's family,
+sent Sir Richard Shelley to give the Duchess of
+Parma a sisterly welcome, and invite her to come to
+London.<a name="FNanchor_520" id="FNanchor_520"></a><a href="#Footnote_520" class="fnanchor">[520]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the midst of the Christmas festivities, news
+reached Brussels of a treacherous attempt of the
+French, under Coligny, to surprise Douay. Fortunately
+the plot was discovered in time; but the truce
+was broken, and every day fresh incursions were made
+by the French, which naturally produced reprisals.
+The rupture was complete, and, in his anxiety to
+secure the help of England in the coming struggle,
+the King at length crossed the Channel, and joined
+Mary at Greenwich on the 21st of January, 1557.
+Political exigencies had done more to hasten his
+return than all his wife's prayers and tears, but in
+her joy she recked little of this, and guns were fired
+and <i>Te Deums</i> chanted throughout the realm.
+Before leaving Brussels, Philip had made arrangements
+for the two Duchesses to follow him in a
+few days. Their society, he felt, would help to
+dispel the gloom of Mary's Court, and Margaret's
+coming would allay any jealousy which Christina's
+visit might excite. Another and more important
+motive for his cousin's presence in England at this
+moment was his anxiety to revive the old scheme of
+a marriage between the Princess Elizabeth and the
+Duke of Savoy. Mary's state of health made her
+sister's marriage a matter of the highest importance,
+and the new quarrel with France had put an end
+to the Duke's hopes in that quarter. As both
+the French and Venetian Ambassadors constantly
+affirmed, Emanuel Philibert was the only foreign
+Prince whom the English would tolerate, and Christina
+herself told Vaudemont that she was going to
+England, by the King's wish, to bring back Madame
+Elizabeth as the Duke of Savoy's bride.<a name="FNanchor_521" id="FNanchor_521"></a><a href="#Footnote_521" class="fnanchor">[521]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 198px;">
+<img src="images/facing412a.jpg" width="198" height="198" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>PHILIP II. (1554)</p>
+
+<p>By Jacopo da Trezzo (British Museum)</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/facing412b.jpg" width="200" height="200" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>MARY, QUEEN OF ENGLAND (1554)</p>
+
+<p>By Jacopo da Trezzo (British Museum)</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 192px;">
+<img src="images/facing412c.jpg" width="192" height="192" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>MARGARET OF AUSTRIA</p>
+
+<p>DUCHESS OF PARMA</p>
+
+<p>By Pastorino</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 192px;">
+<img src="images/facing412d.jpg" width="192" height="192" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>ANTOINE PERRENOT</p>
+
+<p>CARDINAL GRANVELLE</p>
+
+<p>By Leone Leoni</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p.</i> <a href="#Page_412">412</a></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1557</span>] CHRISTINA AT WHITEHALL</div>
+
+<p>The King had a calm passage to Dover, but the
+ladies were less fortunate, for an equinoctial gale
+sprang up when they were halfway across the
+Channel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Duchesses," wrote Philip's secretary, Jean de
+Courteville, "had to dance without music between
+Dover and Calais, and the results were such as are
+commonly the case with travellers unaccustomed to
+the sea. The great festivities we are having here this
+Lent will grieve them the less."<a name="FNanchor_522" id="FNanchor_522"></a><a href="#Footnote_522" class="fnanchor">[522]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But if the passage was disagreeable, nothing was
+lacking in the kindness of their reception. The Queen
+sent her litter to meet them at Dover, with chariot
+and hackney horses for their suite, and at Gravesend,
+Lady Lennox and Lady Kildare were waiting to
+conduct them in the royal barge to Whitehall. Here
+Philip received them at the water-gate, and led them
+up the steps into the great hall, where Mary welcomed
+her guests. The King and Queen who had
+only arrived from Greenwich the day before rode
+in state through the city, with the Lord Mayor
+carrying the sceptre at the head of the guilds and
+crafts of London, while a salute was fired from the
+Tower and bells rang from all the churches.</p>
+
+<p>Both the Duchesses were lodged in the Palace of
+Westminster, Christina in rooms on the ground-floor,
+looking on the gardens, and Margaret in an apartment
+on the upper floor, commanding a view of the
+Thames.<a name="FNanchor_523" id="FNanchor_523"></a><a href="#Footnote_523" class="fnanchor">[523]</a> Soon after their arrival another visitor
+was brought by the Bishop of London to see Their
+Majesties&mdash;an Envoy from the Czar of Muscovy,
+who was lodged in Fenchurch Street, as the guest of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span>the Company of Muscovite Merchants. Englishmen
+and Spaniards, Lorrainers and Italians, alike looked
+with curious eyes at this stranger from the shores of
+the Polar Sea, who was clad in robes of Oriental
+splendour, and whose turban glittered with gems.
+He brought the Queen a present of magnificent sables
+from the Czar, and saluted her by bowing his whole
+body down and touching the ground with his hand.
+In spite of his strange clothes and barbarous language,
+he was a cultivated person, as keen to see the sights
+of London as Christina herself. One day he dined
+with the Lord Mayor in gorgeous attire, another he
+attended Mass at Westminster and saw St. Edward's
+shrine, with the relics which had been fortunately
+preserved when the Abbey was plundered.<a name="FNanchor_524" id="FNanchor_524"></a><a href="#Footnote_524" class="fnanchor">[524]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1557</span>] ST. GEORGE'S FEAST</div>
+
+<p>After spending a fortnight at Whitehall, Philip
+and Mary took their guests to spend Easter at
+Greenwich. On Maundy Thursday the King and
+Queen washed the feet of a number of poor beggars,
+and blessed the cramp rings, which were as much
+prized in Spain and Flanders as in England. Easter
+Day witnessed fresh balls and banquets, dog and
+bear fights, bull-baiting and horse-races, after which
+a large hunting-party was given in the park for the
+Duchess of Lorraine's amusement. On the 22nd of
+April the royal party returned to Whitehall for St.
+George's Feast. High Mass was celebrated in the
+Abbey by the Bishop of Winchester, and all the
+Knights of the Garter, in their mantles of royal blue,
+walked in procession round the inner court of the
+palace, while the Queen and her guests looked on from
+a window on the garden side. The King and Queen
+and all the Knights of the Order attended vespers in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span>the Abbey, after which the Muscovite Envoy came
+to take leave of Their Majesties, and delivered a long
+farewell speech, which was translated by an interpreter
+into English and Spanish, expressing his hope
+that these mighty Sovereigns might live to see their
+children's children. Six English ships were in readiness
+to escort the stranger across the Northern seas,
+and prevent him falling into the hands of the Norsemen,
+who were jealous of English interference with
+the trade of Muscovy.</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday the Queen gave a grand banquet, and
+appeared resplendent in cloth of gold and jewels.
+Christina sat on her right, and Margaret, with her
+little son, on the King's left hand. The next morning
+the Duchess of Parma left for Italy, but Christina,
+at Philip's entreaty, remained in London another
+ten days. She was already very popular with the
+English, and made friends with Lord Arundel, Lord
+Pembroke, and several other nobles and ladies at
+Court, while her splendid robes and jewels, her
+numerous suite and fine horses, excited general
+admiration. In the midst of the Court f&ecirc;tes, she
+found time to visit several shrines and places of
+interest, and, while the King was holding the Chapter
+of the Garter on St. George's Day, went by water to
+the Tower, and was shown its treasures and antiquities.
+But in one respect her visit proved a failure. Mary
+refused to entertain any idea of the Savoy marriage,
+and would not even allow Christina a glimpse of
+Princess Elizabeth, who was kept at Hatfield in
+strict seclusion during her visit. What was worse,
+the Duchess's presence revived all the Queen's
+jealousy, and, in spite of the King's protests, Christina
+found it prudent to hasten her departure. All manner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span>
+of stories about Mary's dislike of the Duchess found
+their way to the French Court, and King Henry had
+many jokes with Soranzo on the subject, and told
+him he heard that the Queen flew into a frantic
+passion when the King led out his cousin to dance
+at Greenwich.<a name="FNanchor_525" id="FNanchor_525"></a><a href="#Footnote_525" class="fnanchor">[525]</a></p>
+
+<p>Philip did his best to atone for his wife's ill-humour,
+and, when Christina expressed a wish to visit Ghent
+on her return, wrote to ask the Duke of Savoy to see
+that she and her daughters were well lodged and
+entertained in the old Prinzenhof. On the 11th of
+May the Duchess wrote a formal letter of thanks to
+the Queen from Dover, acknowledging the attentions
+which she had received from Her Majesty and all
+her subjects, and on the 8th of June she sent her a
+second letter from Ghent, on behalf of the widow
+and daughter of Sir Jacques de Granado, a Brabant
+gentleman who had been Equerry to Henry VIII.
+and Edward VI., and had met his death by accident
+during the Duchess's visit. As he rode into the
+privy garden at Whitehall before the Queen's
+chariot, his bridle broke, the horse shied violently,
+and dashed his rider's head against the wall. Sir
+Jacques was killed on the spot, and buried at St.
+Dunstan's in the East two days afterwards with a
+great display of torches and escutcheons. On Christina's
+recommendation, the Queen granted a pension
+of &pound;50 to the widow, and saw that she and her children
+were amply provided for.<a name="FNanchor_526" id="FNanchor_526"></a><a href="#Footnote_526" class="fnanchor">[526]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1557</span>] THE VICTORY OF ST. QUENTIN</div>
+
+<p>From Ghent the Duchess went to meet her sister
+Dorothea at J&uuml;lich, the Court of the Duke of Cleves
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span>and the Archduchess Maria. The reformed faith
+was now firmly established in the Palatinate, and
+Dorothea's well-known Lutheran leanings were a
+great source of annoyance to her own family. "The
+Electress Dorothea," wrote Badoer from Brussels
+in 1557, "is known to be a Lutheran and against
+the Emperor, and is as much hated here as her sister
+Christina is beloved." From his retreat at St. Yuste,
+Charles begged Philip to invite Dorothea to settle at
+Brussels, "lest one of our own blood should openly
+forsake the faith." When the Princess declined this
+proposal, Philip and Arras desired Christina to use
+her influence to bring her sister to a better mind.
+But Dorothea resisted all these attempts obstinately,
+and went back to Neuburg to live among her
+husband's kindred and worship God in her own way.<a name="FNanchor_527" id="FNanchor_527"></a><a href="#Footnote_527" class="fnanchor">[527]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of June England declared war against
+France, and Philip returned to Brussels, having
+accomplished the object of his journey. Here he
+was joined by the Duchess of Lorraine and the Count
+of Vaudemont, who came to Flanders to try and
+reopen peace negotiations. But the moment, as
+Arras told him, was singularly inopportune, since
+Philip was armed to the teeth and had England at
+his back. On the 11th of August the King left
+Brussels for the camp before St. Quentin, where he
+arrived just too late to claim a share in the brilliant
+victory gained by the Duke of Savoy and Egmont
+over the French on St. Lawrence's Day. The
+Constable Montmorency, the Marshal St. Andr&eacute;,
+Admiral Coligny, and the Rhinegrave, were among
+the prisoners made on this memorable day, together
+with all the guns and fifty-six colours. The news<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span>
+of this decisive victory was celebrated with great
+joy both in Brussels and across the Channel. <i>Te
+Deum</i> was sung in St. Paul's, and the loyal citizens
+of London lighted bonfires and sat up drinking
+through the livelong night; while in Paris the King
+and Queen went to Notre Dame in sackcloth, and
+Henry II. carried the Crown of Thorns in procession
+from the Sainte Chapelle. In the lonely monastery
+far away on the heights of Estremadura, the news
+sent a thrill to the great Emperor's heart, and he
+asked eagerly in what route his son was marching
+on Paris. Had Philip followed this course, had he,
+in Suriano's words, "taken Fortune at the flood,"
+he might have brought the campaign to a triumphant
+close. But, with characteristic timidity, he confined
+himself to capturing St. Quentin, and then returned
+to Brussels, throwing away such an opportunity as
+comes but once a lifetime.<a name="FNanchor_528" id="FNanchor_528"></a><a href="#Footnote_528" class="fnanchor">[528]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_481" id="Footnote_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481"><span class="label">[481]</span></a> Henne, x. 13.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_482" id="Footnote_482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_482"><span class="label">[482]</span></a> Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury,
+i. 110; Lodge, "Illustrations," i. 183.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_483" id="Footnote_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> Voigt, ii. 207.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_484" id="Footnote_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484"><span class="label">[484]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Edward VI., Foreign, 282.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_485" id="Footnote_485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_485"><span class="label">[485]</span></a> "Travail and Life of Sir T. Hoby," 85; Calendar of State
+Papers, Edward VI., Foreign, 288.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_486" id="Footnote_486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_486"><span class="label">[486]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Mary, Foreign, 8; T. Hoby, 102.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_487" id="Footnote_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> Granvelle, iv. 113, 119.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_488" id="Footnote_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> Mignet, "Retraite de Charles V.," 69, 70.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_489" id="Footnote_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> M. Haile, "Life of Reginald Pole," 432.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_490" id="Footnote_490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_490"><span class="label">[490]</span></a> Henne, x. 132; F. Juste, "Marie de Hongrie," 204.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_491" id="Footnote_491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_491"><span class="label">[491]</span></a> Granvelle, iv. 307; Venetian Transcript, Record Office, 99.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_492" id="Footnote_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492"><span class="label">[492]</span></a> Gachard, iv. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_493" id="Footnote_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> Ashmole, "The Order of the Garter," 383.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_494" id="Footnote_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494"><span class="label">[494]</span></a> Machyn, "Diary," 66, 79, 81.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_495" id="Footnote_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> Granvelle, iv. 341; F. de Noailles, "Ambassades," v. 42.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_496" id="Footnote_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496"><span class="label">[496]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Mary, Foreign, 150.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_497" id="Footnote_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> Machyn, 82, 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_498" id="Footnote_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498"><span class="label">[498]</span></a> Record Office Manuscripts; State Papers, Foreign, vi. 351
+(see Appendix).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_499" id="Footnote_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499"><span class="label">[499]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 1, 69; Calendar of State Papers, Mary,
+Foreign 165; J. W. Burgon, "Life of Sir Thomas Gresham,"
+i. 168.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_500" id="Footnote_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> Record Office Manuscripts, Venetian Transcripts, 1555,
+No. 99.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_501" id="Footnote_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501"><span class="label">[501]</span></a> Noailles, v. 74, 80.; Venetian Calendar, vi. 1, 151.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_502" id="Footnote_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> Noailles, v. 191; Venetian Calendar, vi. 1, 211; P. Friedmann,
+"Les D&eacute;p&ecirc;ches de Michieli," 42.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_503" id="Footnote_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503"><span class="label">[503]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Mary, Foreign, 189.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_504" id="Footnote_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> Granvelle, iv. 469.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_505" id="Footnote_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 603.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_506" id="Footnote_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> L. Ha&uuml;sser, i. 630.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_507" id="Footnote_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 197.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_508" id="Footnote_508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_508"><span class="label">[508]</span></a> De Reiffenberg, "Histoire de la Toison d'Or," 451.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_509" id="Footnote_509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_509"><span class="label">[509]</span></a> G. Ribier, "Lettres et M&eacute;moires d'&Eacute;tat," ii. 634; T. Juste,
+94; Venetian Calendar, vi. 369.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_510" id="Footnote_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 421, 443, 457; T. Juste, 101; Gachard,
+"Retraite," etc., i. 41.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_511" id="Footnote_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> Lanz, iii. 709; Venetian Calendar, vi. 537.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_512" id="Footnote_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> Venetian Despatches, 90 (Record Office).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_513" id="Footnote_513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_513"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 197, 362.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_514" id="Footnote_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> Granvelle, iv. 574, 577.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_515" id="Footnote_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, iv. 701.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_516" id="Footnote_516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_516"><span class="label">[516]</span></a> Brant&ocirc;me, xii. 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_517" id="Footnote_517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_517"><span class="label">[517]</span></a> P. Friedmann, 254-267; Noailles, v. 355, 362.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_518" id="Footnote_518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_518"><span class="label">[518]</span></a> Friedmann, 56; Noailles, "Affaires &Eacute;trang&egrave;res: Angleterre,"
+xix. (Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_519" id="Footnote_519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_519"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 863.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_520" id="Footnote_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vi. 914, 932.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_521" id="Footnote_521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_521"><span class="label">[521]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 1015, 1080.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_522" id="Footnote_522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_522"><span class="label">[522]</span></a> Kervyn de Lettenhove, "Relations des Pays-Bas avec
+l'Angleterre," i. 67.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_523" id="Footnote_523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_523"><span class="label">[523]</span></a> Gachard, iv. 25.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_524" id="Footnote_524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_524"><span class="label">[524]</span></a> Machyn, 130-134.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_525" id="Footnote_525"></a><a href="#FNanchor_525"><span class="label">[525]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 1154; Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 68.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_526" id="Footnote_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> Machyn, 135, 136; Calendar of State Papers, Mary, Foreign,
+305, 314.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_527" id="Footnote_527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_527"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 86-113.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_528" id="Footnote_528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_528"><span class="label">[528]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 1287; Machyn, 147; Gachard, "Retraite,"
+etc., 176.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK XII<br />
+
+THE PEACE OF C&Acirc;TEAU-CAMBR&Eacute;SIS<br />
+
+1557-1559</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>The lull that followed the decisive battle of St.
+Quentin afforded the Duchess of Lorraine a favourable
+opportunity for resuming her efforts to open
+negotiations between the contending monarchs. The
+Constable, after fighting like a lion and receiving a
+severe wound, had been made prisoner, and was
+taken to the Castle of Ghent, where Christina and
+her daughters were staying. The Duchess paid him
+daily visits, and brought him letters of condolence
+from her aunt Eleanor, who wrote that she wished
+she were still in Flanders to nurse her old friend.
+More than this: Christina obtained leave for his wife
+to visit him, and even proposed that the prisoner
+should be allowed to go to France on parole. These
+good offices gratified the French King, who was very
+anxious for his favourite's release, and whose behaviour
+towards the Duchess now underwent a marked
+change.<a name="FNanchor_529" id="FNanchor_529"></a><a href="#Footnote_529" class="fnanchor">[529]</a></p>
+
+<p>The young Duke Charles was almost fifteen, and
+his marriage to the Princess Claude was fixed for the
+following spring. With the King's leave, he sent his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span>
+steward to Ghent to invite his mother to the wedding,
+and at the same time make proposals of peace through
+Montmorency. These letters were laid before Philip
+by Christina, and a brisk correspondence was carried
+on between her and the Constable. In December
+Vaudemont came to Brussels, bringing portraits of
+Charles and his bride as a gift from Henry II. to the
+Duchess, and negotiations were actively pursued.<a name="FNanchor_530" id="FNanchor_530"></a><a href="#Footnote_530" class="fnanchor">[530]</a>
+But just when the wished-for goal at length seemed
+to be in sight, and Christina was rejoicing to think
+of once more seeing her son, all her hopes were
+shattered by the Duke of Guise's capture of Calais.
+The surprise had been cleverly planned and brilliantly
+executed. The new fortifications of the town were
+unfinished, and after a gallant resistance the little
+garrison was overpowered and forced to capitulate,
+on the 8th of January, 1558. This unexpected success
+revived the courage of the French, and strengthened
+the Guise brothers in the determined opposition
+which they offered to peace. The star of their house
+was at its zenith, and on the 24th of April the
+marriage of their niece, the young Queen of Scots, to
+the Dauphin, was celebrated with great splendour
+at Paris. In deference to his mother's wishes, the
+Duke of Lorraine's wedding was put off till the
+following year, when he should have attained his
+majority; but he figured conspicuously in the day's
+pageant, and led his lovely cousin in her lily-white
+robes and jewelled crown up the nave of Notre
+Dame.<a name="FNanchor_531" id="FNanchor_531"></a><a href="#Footnote_531" class="fnanchor">[531]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1558</span>] CHRISTINA MEETS HER SON</div>
+
+<p>The French King now gave his consent to Vaudemont's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span>request, that a meeting should be arranged
+between the Duke and his mother in the neighbourhood
+of P&eacute;ronne. Philip, after his wont, raised many
+difficulties, and insisted that the Bishop of Arras
+must be present at the interview.<a name="FNanchor_532" id="FNanchor_532"></a><a href="#Footnote_532" class="fnanchor">[532]</a> At length all
+preliminaries were arranged, and on the 1st of May
+Charles left Paris with his uncle Vaudemont and
+Guise's eldest son, Henri, Prince of Joinville, attended
+by an escort of 200 horse. The Duchess had already
+arrived at Cambray with her daughters and Anne
+of Aerschot, accompanied by Egmont, Arras, and
+a great train of courtiers, and had prepared a splendid
+reception for her son. But at the last moment fresh
+difficulties arose. The Cardinal of Lorraine sent
+Robertet, the King's secretary, to tell the Duchess
+that, although her son was most anxious to see her,
+it would be derogatory to his master's dignity for
+him to enter King Philip's territories as a suppliant
+for peace. Would Her Highness therefore consent
+to come as far as his castle at P&eacute;ronne? This Philip
+quite refused to allow, and eventually the village of
+Marcoing, halfway between Cambray and P&eacute;ronne,
+was fixed upon as the meeting-place. An old manor-house
+which had been partly destroyed in the late
+military operations was hastily repaired for the
+occasion, and here, on the 15th of May, the much-desired
+meeting at length took place.<a name="FNanchor_533" id="FNanchor_533"></a><a href="#Footnote_533" class="fnanchor">[533]</a> The Frenchmen,
+who came in riding-clothes, were amazed to find
+the splendid company awaiting them. The Duchess
+with the young Princesses, Anne of Aerschot, and the
+Princess of Macedonia, stood under a bower of leafy
+boughs, and Egmont and the other courtiers were
+all richly clad and mounted on fine horses. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span>coming of the guests was greeted by a gay fanfare
+of trumpets and roll of drums, together with salutes
+of artillery. Then the young Duke, springing from
+his horse, rushed into his mother's arms. At the
+sight of her boy, Christina burst into tears and almost
+fainted away. For some minutes she remained
+unable to speak, and the spectators were deeply
+moved by her emotion. After repeatedly embracing
+his mother, Charles kissed his sisters and aunt, and
+proceeded to salute Egmont and the rest of the company
+with charming grace; while the happy mother
+followed his movements with delight, and could not
+take her eyes off the tall and handsome youth whom
+she had last seen as a child, and who had grown up
+the image of his father.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1558</span>] DUKE CHARLES OF LORRAINE</div>
+
+<p>During the conversation which followed, Charles
+spoke to his mother with great good sense and wisdom,
+telling her how kindly he was treated at the French
+Court, and how it would be hard for him to feel at
+home anywhere else. But directly after his marriage
+he and his wife intended to return to Nancy, where he
+hoped that his mother would join them and live among
+their own people. The Duchess and her children now
+sat down to an exquisite <i>d&eacute;jeuner</i> with the Duchess
+of Aerschot and the Cardinal, while Egmont and Arras
+entertained Vaudemont and the Prince of Joinville,
+and the other French gentlemen dined with the
+members of Christina's suite. After dinner three
+Spanish jennets which King Philip had sent the
+young Duke were led out, and Charles mounted a
+spirited charger given him by the French monarch,
+and performed a variety of feats of horsemanship
+before the company, to his mother's great delight.
+Then the Duchess and her sister and children retired<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span>
+to enjoy each other's company in private, leaving
+the Cardinal to confer with Arras and Egmont.</p>
+
+<p>The Cardinal produced the royal mandate, and
+Robertet read out Henry's proposals, offering to
+restore Savoy to the Duke, but only on condition
+of receiving Milan in exchange. All Arras would
+say in reply to these demands was that they must
+be referred to his master, upon which the Cardinal
+exclaimed with some heat that these were the
+only terms which the King of France would accept.
+"Thus," remarks the Venetian Ambassador, "this
+meeting, which began with such a beautiful outburst
+of motherly love and tenderness, ended in mutual recrimination."<a name="FNanchor_534" id="FNanchor_534"></a><a href="#Footnote_534" class="fnanchor">[534]</a>
+The Cardinal then took leave of the
+company, after presenting the young Princesses and
+their mother with gifts of gold bracelets, rings, and
+brooches, and receiving a box of choice gloves, perfumed,
+and embroidered in Italian fashion from the
+Duchess. As he rode back to P&eacute;ronne, he saw the
+flames of a burning village which had been destroyed
+by the Imperialists, and, in spite of his safe-conduct,
+was seized with so great a panic that he hurried back
+to Paris, fearing his ch&acirc;teau might be surprised
+by the foes. The young Duke and Vaudemont
+spent another day with the Duchess, and only returned
+to Compi&egrave;gne on the 18th of May. Here
+Charles received the warmest of welcomes from the
+royal family, who had feared that he might be induced
+to remain with his mother. The King threw his
+arms round the boy's neck, the Queen and Dauphin,
+the Princesses Elizabeth and Claude and the young
+Queen of Scots, all embraced him affectionately,
+telling him how much they had missed him. In fact,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span>as Soranzo remarks, this short absence served to show
+how much beloved the young Prince was by the
+whole Court.<a name="FNanchor_535" id="FNanchor_535"></a><a href="#Footnote_535" class="fnanchor">[535]</a></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Arras and Egmont returned to Brussels,
+satisfied that the French had no real wish for peace,
+and Philip declared his conviction that they had
+made a plot to capture the Duchess, which had only
+been defeated by the strong escort with which she
+was attended. But Christina herself was radiant
+with happiness, and received congratulations from
+all her friends. The French had done her many
+cruel wrongs, but they had not been able to rob her
+of her son's heart, and the future still held the
+promise of some golden hours.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1558</span>] THE PRINCE OF ORANGE</div>
+
+<p>For a while the war still raged fiercely. The
+capture of Thionville by Guise in June was followed
+a month later by Egmont's fresh victory at Gravelines,
+when the Governor of Calais, De Thermes, and
+his whole force, were cut to pieces. The Count had
+always been a splendid and popular figure; now he
+was the idol of the whole nation. His brilliant feat
+of arms had saved Flanders from utter ruin, and
+made peace once more possible. Both sides were
+thoroughly weary of the long struggle, the resources
+of both countries were exhausted, and the unhappy
+inhabitants of Picardy and Artois were crying out
+for a respite from their sufferings. Christina made
+use of the opportunity to renew her correspondence
+with the Constable and the Marshal St. Andr&eacute;, his
+companion in captivity.<a name="FNanchor_536" id="FNanchor_536"></a><a href="#Footnote_536" class="fnanchor">[536]</a> A new recruit now came
+to her help in the person of William of Orange. This
+young Prince had enjoyed the favour of Charles V.
+and his sister Mary from his boyhood, and had been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span>treated with especial kindness by the Duchess of
+Aerschot and her sister-in-law. The death of his
+young wife, Anna, Countess B&uuml;ren, in the spring of
+1558, had thrown him much into the company of
+these ladies, and it was already whispered at Court
+that he would certainly marry Madame de Lorraine's
+elder daughter, Ren&eacute;e, who was growing up a tall and
+attractive maiden. The Prince himself was a handsome
+youth with fine brown eyes and curly auburn
+locks, and a charm of manner which few could resist.
+If the cares and anxieties of his later life made him
+taciturn, in youth he was the most genial and
+pleasant of companions, and Arras, who never loved
+him, said that he "made a friend every time that
+he lifted his hat." His attire was always as faultless
+as it was splendid, he was renowned for his skill as
+a rider and jouster, and had greatly distinguished
+himself in the recent campaigns. Both in his home
+at Breda and in the stately Nassau house at Brussels
+the Prince kept open house, and the worst faults of
+which his enemies could accuse him were his reckless
+hospitality and extravagant tastes.</p>
+
+<p>Christina had always taken especial interest in
+William of Orange, for the sake of the kinsman whose
+name and wealth he inherited, and he on his part
+became deeply attached to her. So intimate was
+their friendship, that the Duchess one day told
+Count Feria's English wife, Jane Dormer, in speaking
+of the Prince's intended marriage with her
+daughter, that she would gladly have married him
+herself.<a name="FNanchor_537" id="FNanchor_537"></a><a href="#Footnote_537" class="fnanchor">[537]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Prince now joined his personal exertions to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span>
+those of the Duchess, and was the frequent bearer of
+letters between Brussels and the camp near Amiens,
+where the two Kings and their rival armies were
+drawn up face to face. At length, on the 9th of
+September, a ten days' armistice was proclaimed,
+and a few days later the Prince of Orange, Ruy
+Gomez, and Arras, met the Constable and St.
+Andr&eacute; at Lille, to discuss preliminaries of peace.<a name="FNanchor_538" id="FNanchor_538"></a><a href="#Footnote_538" class="fnanchor">[538]</a>
+The two French prisoners were eager for peace, and
+had the secret support of Henry II. and Diane
+de Poitiers; but the Guises, who had everything to
+lose and nothing to gain by the cessation of war,
+were still strongly opposed to a truce, and Renard
+told Philip that the only way of gaining their good-will
+would be to give Mademoiselle de Lorraine's
+hand to the Prince of Joinville. In the end, however,
+their opposition was overruled, and on the 30th
+of September William of Orange was able to bring the
+Duchess news that a Conference had been arranged,
+and would take place at the Abbey of Cercamp, near
+Cambray, in October. He found Christina at Douai,
+where she and her daughters were attending a marriage
+in the d'Aremberg family. She had just heard of her
+son's return to Nancy, where he had been received
+with acclamation by his subjects, and where her
+own presence was eagerly expected. But at Philip's
+earnest entreaty she consented to remain in Flanders
+for the present, and preside at the coming Conference.
+This proposal was strongly supported by the Cardinal
+of Lorraine, who hastened to send the Duchess a
+safe-conduct, saying that her presence would do
+more than anything to bring the desired peace to
+perfection.<a name="FNanchor_539" id="FNanchor_539"></a><a href="#Footnote_539" class="fnanchor">[539]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1558</span>] THE CONFERENCE OF CERCAMP</div>
+
+<p>Christina herself was very reluctant to accept the
+post, as we learn from the following letter which she
+wrote to Philip from Douai on the 12th of October.
+Her delicate child, Dorothea, was ailing, and her
+faithful companion, the aged Princess of Macedonia,
+was hardly fit to be left alone.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I have received the letter which Your Majesty
+has been pleased to send me, and thank you humbly
+for your affectionate expressions. As to the inconvenience
+of the place selected for this Conference,
+I should never allow my comfort or pleasure to interfere
+with your commands, and will accordingly go
+to Arras to-morrow and await your further orders.
+I have been very unwell lately, and must beg Your
+Majesty to provide for my safety, not only because
+I am a woman, but because, as you know, I am not
+in the good graces of the French. My daughters
+must remain here a few days longer, as Dorothea is
+indisposed, and the Princess of Macedonia is in a
+very feeble state. I will follow Your Majesty's
+advice as to Bassompierre's mission and my son's
+affairs, and cannot thank you enough for your kind
+thought of me and my children. I kiss Your Majesty's
+hands.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">"Your very humble and obedient cousin,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 23em;">"<span class="smcap">Chr&eacute;tienne</span>."<a name="FNanchor_540" id="FNanchor_540"></a><a href="#Footnote_540" class="fnanchor">[540]</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Some further difficulties&mdash;chiefly the work of
+Silliers, poor Belloni's hated rival and successor&mdash;delayed
+the Duchess's journey for another week.
+On the 16th Arras wrote to tell her that the Commissioners
+had already arrived at Cercamp, and beg
+her to come as soon as possible. The Cardinal was
+very anxious to see her, and hoped that she would
+not fail to bring his young cousins, "Mesdames your
+daughters," with her. Christina could delay no
+longer, and hastened to Cercamp the following day.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>On the 17th of October, 1558, a fortnight's truce
+was proclaimed. Both armies remained encamped
+on their own territories, while the two Kings withdrew
+respectively to Arras and Beauvais. The next
+day the Commissioners met at one o'clock in the
+Duchess's lodgings. The Prince of Orange, Alva,
+Ruy Gomez, Arras, and Viglius, the President of
+the Council, represented Philip; while the Constable,
+the Cardinal of Lorraine, St. Andr&eacute;, the Bishop of
+Orleans, and Secretary l'Aubespine, were the five
+French deputies. Stroppiana represented the Duke
+of Savoy, and the English deputies, Lord Arundel,
+Dr. Wotton, and Thirlby, Bishop of Ely, arrived a few
+days later. The Duchess welcomed the Commissioners
+in a brief speech, explaining that, as for
+several years past she had endeavoured to make
+peace between these two illustrious monarchs, it was
+their pleasure that she should continue her good
+offices, adding that she would count herself too happy
+if her services could help to attain this blessed end,
+and relieve the people of both countries from the
+awful miseries of war.<a name="FNanchor_541" id="FNanchor_541"></a><a href="#Footnote_541" class="fnanchor">[541]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1558</span>] PEACE NEGOTIATIONS</div>
+
+<p>During the next fortnight conferences were held
+daily in the presence of Christina, who herself read
+aloud each different proposal that was made, and
+showed infinite tact in smoothing over difficulties and
+suggesting points of agreement. Each morning the
+deputies met at Mass in the parish church, and often
+discussed separate questions after service. In the
+evenings, private interviews took place in Christina's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span>rooms, and the Prince of Orange held long conversations
+with Montmorency and the Cardinal, which
+contributed not a little to their mutual understanding.
+"Loving entertainments," in Suriano's phrase, "were
+exchanged," and one night the Duchess gave a
+banquet in honour of the Constable's wife and
+daughter, who paid a visit to Cercamp. As the
+Cardinal complained jestingly, Montmorency was too
+good a Christian and all too ready to make peace
+with his country's enemies. But King Henry supported
+him secretly, and sent private notes and
+messages, telling him to take no notice of the Guises,
+and do all he could to make peace.<a name="FNanchor_542" id="FNanchor_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_542" class="fnanchor">[542]</a></p>
+
+<p>The great difficulty which had hitherto stood in the
+way of all attempts at negotiation was the restitution
+of Savoy. The Constable now proposed that the
+Duke should marry the King's sister, Madame
+Marguerite, with a dower of 300,000 crowns, and
+be placed in possession of the chief portion of his
+dominions. At first the Duke demurred to this offer,
+and begged that the King's daughter Claude should
+be substituted for her aunt, who was five years his
+senior. But the Cardinal replied that this Princess
+was already pledged to his nephew, Charles of
+Lorraine, and laid stress on Margaret's charms and
+learning. The Duke yielded, and a long wrangle
+ensued as to the towns and citadels to be retained
+by the French. But there was a still more thorny
+question to be decided. This was the restoration of
+Calais, which the English demanded with the utmost
+pertinacity, while the French were no less determined
+to keep their conquest. The English pleaded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span>
+that they had held the town during two centuries;
+the French replied that it had been unjustly snatched
+from them in the first place. Old treaties, going
+back to the days of the Black Prince, were produced,
+and Arras and his colleagues supported the English
+claim loyally, knowing that, if Philip consented to
+abandon Calais, he would lose all hold on his wife's
+subjects. In vain Christina proposed that, as the
+marriage of the French King's elder daughter with
+the Infant Don Carlos had been agreed upon, Calais
+should form part of Elizabeth's dower. The Cardinal
+told the Duchess that the possession of the town,
+which his brother had conquered, touched his honour
+too closely for him to agree to the surrender, and
+King Henry sent word that he would rather lose
+his crown than give up Calais. So stern and intractable
+were the French that the only thing to be
+done was to adjourn the Conference and refer the
+matter to the two monarchs.<a name="FNanchor_543" id="FNanchor_543"></a><a href="#Footnote_543" class="fnanchor">[543]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1558</span>] DEATH OF MARY OF HUNGARY</div>
+
+<p>The Constable was allowed to go to Beauvais with
+the Cardinal to consult King Henry, Alva and
+Orange went to Brussels to see Philip, and Christina
+took three days' holiday with her children at Douai.
+Before she went to Cercamp, a report of Charles V.'s
+death had reached Brussels. Now this was confirmed
+by letters from St. Yuste, announcing that the
+great Emperor had passed away on the 21st of
+September. The sudden death of his sister Eleanor,
+seven months before, had been a great shock to him,
+and when the Queen of Hungary entered his room
+without the accustomed figure at her side he burst
+into tears. The recent events of the war, and Philip's
+difficulties in the administration of the provinces,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span>troubled him sorely, and he was very anxious for
+Mary to resume the office of Regent. When, in
+August, the Archbishop of Toledo brought a letter
+from the King, imploring the Queen to come to his
+help, Charles used all his influence to induce her
+to consent. In vain Mary pleaded her advancing
+years and failing health; the Emperor replied that
+her refusal would bring ruin and disgrace on their
+house, and adjured her by the love of God and her
+sisterly affection to do him this last service. This
+appeal decided the noble woman. On the 9th of
+September she wrote to tell Philip that, in obedience
+to his father's orders, she would start for the Netherlands
+as soon as possible. The knowledge of the
+Queen's decision was a great consolation to Charles
+in his last moments, and as soon as she had recovered
+from the first shock of his death she prepared to obey
+his last wish. But before she embarked at Laredo,
+a fresh attack of the heart trouble from which she
+suffered ended her life, and on St. Luke's Day she
+passed to her well-earned rest.<a name="FNanchor_544" id="FNanchor_544"></a><a href="#Footnote_544" class="fnanchor">[544]</a></p>
+
+<p>Her death was deeply lamented throughout the
+Low Countries, where her return had been daily
+looked for, and no one mourned her loss more truly
+than the niece to whom she had been the best of
+mothers. It was with a sad heart that Christina
+came back to Cercamp to preside at the second
+session of the Conference, which opened on the 7th
+of November. Alarming accounts of their mistress's
+health now reached the English Commissioners, and
+Count Feria, whom Philip sent to London, wrote
+that the Queen's life was despaired of, and that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span>
+Parliament was in great alarm lest, if she died, the
+King would cease to care for the recovery of Calais.
+But, although Arras and Alva still declared that they
+would never consent to any treaty which did not
+satisfy the English, the French remained obdurate,
+and the Commissioners were at their wits' end. The
+Bishop of Ely was in tears, and on the 18th of
+November Lord Arundel wrote home that</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"it seemed very hard that all others should have
+restitution of their owne, and poore England, that
+began not the fray, should bear the burthen and loss
+for the rest, and specially of such a jewel as Calais."<a name="FNanchor_545" id="FNanchor_545"></a><a href="#Footnote_545" class="fnanchor">[545]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The next day came the news of the Queen's death.
+The French, who, Wotton remarked, "have ears as
+long as those of Midas," were the first to inform Her
+Majesty's Envoys that their mistress had breathed
+her last, on the morning of the 17th of November,
+after sending a message to Elizabeth, recognizing
+this Princess as her successor, and begging her to
+maintain the Catholic religion. The new Queen at
+once sent Lord Cobham to announce her accession
+to Philip, and assure him of her resolve to hold fast
+the ancient friendship between England and the
+House of Burgundy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1558</span>] THE EMPEROR'S FUNERAL</div>
+
+<p>The news of Mary's death decided the Commissioners
+to adjourn the Conference. The truce
+was prolonged for two months, and on the 2nd of
+December they all left Cercamp. Arundel had already
+started for England, and Wotton was longing to get
+away, saying "that he was never wearier of any
+place than he was of Cercamp, saving only of Rome
+after the sack." The Constable was set at liberty,
+and received a promise that his 200,000 crowns
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span>ransom should be reduced by half, if peace were
+finally made. Arras, Alva, and Orange, went to
+the Abbey of Groenendal to see Philip, who had
+retired to pray for his father's soul, and there received
+the tidings of his wife's death. Christina
+returned to Brussels to assist at a succession of
+funerals. On the 22nd of December a requeim for
+the Queen of England was chanted in S. Gudule,
+the Duke of Savoy acting as chief mourner in the
+King's absence, and on the following day solemn
+funeral rites for the late Queen of Hungary were
+performed in the Court chapel, which she and the
+Emperor had built and adorned. The Duchess of
+Lorraine was present at this service, together with
+the Duke of Savoy, the Prince of Orange, and all the
+chief nobles and Crown officials, while the palace
+gates were thronged with a crowd of sorrowing
+people.<a name="FNanchor_546" id="FNanchor_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_546" class="fnanchor">[546]</a> But the grandest funeral ceremonies ever
+known in Brussels were those that were celebrated
+on the 29th of December, in memory of the late
+Emperor.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1559</span>] CHARLES'S WEDDING</div>
+
+<p>Great preparations had been made for this solemnity
+during the last few weeks. A <i>chapelle ardente</i>
+was erected in S. Gudule, rising in tiers to the lofty
+roof, adorned with golden diadems and shields
+emblazoned with the dead monarch's arms and titles,
+and lighted with 3,000 candles. Here, on a couch
+draped with cloth of gold, an effigy of the Emperor
+was laid, clad in robes of state and wearing the collar
+of the Order. On the morning of the 29th a long
+procession wound its way through the narrow streets
+leading from the palace on the heights of the Caudenberg
+to the cathedral church, and a stately pageant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span>
+unfolded the glorious story of Charles of Austria's
+deeds. A richly carved and gilded ship, drawn by
+marine monsters, bore the names of his journeys and
+battles and armorial bearings of the kingdoms over
+which he reigned, while banners of the Turks and
+of the other foes whom he had vanquished were
+plunged in the waves below, and white-robed maidens
+sat in the stern, bearing the cross and chalice, the
+symbols of the faith by which he had conquered the
+world. This imposing group was followed by a representation
+of the Pillars of Hercules with Charles's
+motto, <i>Plus oultre</i>, and twenty-four horses decked in
+coloured plumes and trappings to match the banners
+of his different States. Each of these pennons was
+borne by a noble youth, while four Princes supported
+the great standard of the Empire. Then came the
+officers of the imperial household, leading Charles's
+war-horse, and bearing his armour and insignia; the
+Prince of Orange with his master's sword, Alva
+with the orb of the world, and the Grand Commander
+of Castille with the imperial crown. Last of all King
+Philip himself appeared on foot, clad in a mourning
+mantle five yards long, and followed by the Duke of
+Savoy and a long train of Knights of the Golden Fleece,
+Councillors and Ministers, with the Archers of the
+Guard bringing up the rear. The procession left the
+palace at nine, and the funeral service, which included
+a lengthy oration by the Bishop of Arras's coadjutor,
+Abb&eacute; Richardot, was not over till five o'clock. The
+next day Philip and all his nobles attended High Mass,
+and at the end of the celebration the Prince of Orange,
+standing before the funeral pile, smote his breast
+three times, repeating the words: "He is dead, and
+will remain dead; and there is another risen up in his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span>
+place, greater than ever he has been." So the solemn
+function ended.</p>
+
+<p>"It was a sight worth going 100 miles to see,"
+wrote Richard Clough, an English apprentice who
+had been sent by Sir Thomas Gresham from Antwerp,
+and counted himself fortunate to witness this imposing
+ceremony. "The like of it, I think, hath
+never been seen. The Lord give his soul rest!"<a name="FNanchor_547" id="FNanchor_547"></a><a href="#Footnote_547" class="fnanchor">[547]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Duchess of Lorraine had been anxious that
+her son should attend his great-uncle's funeral, but
+the tardy invitation which Philip sent to Nancy
+arrived too late, and the young Duke could not reach
+Brussels in time to take part in the ceremony. To
+console herself for this disappointment, Christina
+went to meet Charles at Treves on the 6th of January,
+and spent two days in his company, before he returned
+to France for the wedding. His loyal subjects presented
+him with a marriage gift of 200,000 crowns,
+double the amount which any Duke of Lorraine had
+received before. Charles who inherited his mother's
+lavish generosity, spent most of the money in costly
+jewels for his bride, and presented the King and
+Dauphin, Vaudemont and the Guises, with superb
+robes embroidered with the arms of Lorraine and
+lined with lynx fur. The wedding was solemnized
+at Notre Dame on the 22nd of January, with as much
+splendour as that of the Dauphin in the previous
+spring. The Guises held open house for ten days in
+their palatial abode, the "H&ocirc;tel de Lorraine et de
+Sicile," near the royal palace of Les Tournelles, and
+gave a grand tournament in which the young Duke
+appeared at the head of a troop splendidly arrayed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span>
+in corslets of gold and silver, with the <i>al&eacute;rions</i>, or
+eagles, of Lorraine on the crest of their helmets.
+Ronsard celebrated the union of the eagles of Lorraine
+and the golden lilies of France, and sang the praises
+of the "Fair Maid of Valois and her bridegroom, the
+beautiful Shepherd who feeds his flock in the green
+pastures along the banks of Meuse and Moselle."<a name="FNanchor_548" id="FNanchor_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_548" class="fnanchor">[548]</a></p>
+
+<p>The French King and Queen had invited the
+Duchess in courteous and affectionate terms to be
+present at the wedding, but she declined on the
+plea of her deep mourning, as well as of the promise
+which she had made to preside at the Peace Conference,
+which was shortly to meet again.<a name="FNanchor_549" id="FNanchor_549"></a><a href="#Footnote_549" class="fnanchor">[549]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1559</span>] AT C&Acirc;TEAU-CAMBR&Eacute;SIS</div>
+
+<p>The Commissioners who had attended the Conferences
+at Cercamp were unanimous in refusing to
+return to this unhealthy and inconvenient spot, and
+at the Duchess of Lorraine's suggestion the small
+town of C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis, belonging to the Bishop
+of Cambray, was chosen for their next meeting-place.
+The Bishop's manor-house at Mon Soulas,
+which had been damaged in the war, was hastily
+repaired by the Duchess's <i>fourriers</i>, the rooms were
+furnished anew, and paper windows were inserted
+in place of the broken glass. The Bishop of Arras,
+who arrived with the Prince of Orange's servants,
+secured a decent lodging and good cook for himself
+and his colleagues in the neighbouring villas of
+Beau Regard and Mon Plaisir, while Wotton and the
+Bishop of Ely found very indifferent quarters in a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span>ruinous house belonging to the Bishop of Cambray.
+The French complained that the accommodation was
+no better than at Cercamp, if the air was healthier, and,
+after a good deal of grumbling, fixed on two houses,
+known as Mon Secours and Belle Image, outside the
+gates.<a name="FNanchor_550" id="FNanchor_550"></a><a href="#Footnote_550" class="fnanchor">[550]</a> The dilapidated country-house, with its
+patched-up walls and paper windows, could hardly
+have been a pleasant residence in the cold days of
+February, but Christina made light of these discomforts,
+and threw herself heart and soul into the
+difficult task before her. The Commissioners all
+recognized the tact and patience which she showed
+in conducting the negotiations, and the courtesy
+which the Ambassadors of other nationalities received
+at her hands, during the next two months.</p>
+
+<p>The French delegates were delayed by the f&ecirc;tes
+for the Duke of Lorraine's wedding, and did not
+reach C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis until late on the evening of
+the 5th of February. On the following afternoon
+they held their first meeting with the King of Spain's
+Commissioners in the Duchess's rooms at Mon Soulas.
+They seemed very cheerful, and, the next day being
+Shrove Tuesday, were all entertained at dinner by
+the Constable. On Ash Wednesday, Mass of the
+Holy Ghost was sung in church, after which business
+began in earnest, and various points regarding the
+Duke of Savoy's marriage were decided. The next
+evening Lord William Howard, who had been made
+Lord Chamberlain by the new Queen, and advanced
+to the peerage with the title of Lord Howard of
+Effingham, arrived from England. He was received
+with great civility by Alva and his colleagues, and
+conducted by the Prince of Orange to salute the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span>
+Duchess. Christina welcomed him graciously, asked
+after Queen Elizabeth with great interest, and kept
+him talking of England "for a pretty while" in the
+most friendly manner.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"This assembly," wrote Howard to his mistress,
+"hath been entirely procured by the Duchess's
+labour and travail; and she being a Princess not
+subject to the King of Spain or France, the Commissioners
+are content to use her as one that is indifferent
+betwixt all parties, and she is continually
+present at all meetings and communications."<a name="FNanchor_551" id="FNanchor_551"></a><a href="#Footnote_551" class="fnanchor">[551]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1559</span>] ANGRY DISCUSSIONS</div>
+
+<p>But the Frenchmen, Lord Howard complained,
+behaved in a very strange fashion, and quite refused
+to meet him and his colleagues if they persisted in
+their demand for Calais, pretending that this question
+had been finally settled at Cercamp. At Christina's
+entreaty, however, the Cardinal consented to an
+interview, and at one o'clock on Saturday, the 11th of
+February, the whole body of Commissioners met at
+Mon Soulas. The Duchess sat at the head of the
+table, the English on her right, the French deputies
+opposite, and Alva and his companions at the other
+end. A long wrangle followed; all the old arguments
+were revived, and the Cardinal, as Howard noticed,
+did his best to stir up a quarrel between the English
+and the King of Spain's servants. After the meeting
+broke up, the members stood about in little knots,
+conversing amicably with each other and the Duchess.
+On Sunday the Constable had a long private interview
+with Howard, and, as the latter afterwards discovered,
+caught Alva and Stroppiana as they left
+church, and tried to induce them to abandon the
+English. But Philip's servants stood loyally by their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span>allies, and the Prince of Orange and Alva discussed
+the matter with Howard until a late hour. During
+the next two days the debate was continued with
+ever-increasing acrimony, until on Tuesday afternoon
+Howard broke into so violent a passion that
+the Cardinal and his friends rose and walked out of
+the house, saying that it was impossible to argue with
+such people. As Arras remarked shrewdly: "The
+French are better advocates of a bad cause than the
+English are of a good one."<a name="FNanchor_552" id="FNanchor_552"></a><a href="#Footnote_552" class="fnanchor">[552]</a></p>
+
+<p>Presently a page brought the Duchess word that
+the French Commissioners had ordered their horses,
+and were preparing to pack up and leave. Upon this
+Christina followed them into the garden, and by dint
+of much persuasion prevailed upon the Cardinal to
+listen to her suggestion that Calais should remain for
+eight years in the hands of the French, and that a
+yearly sum should be paid to Queen Elizabeth as a
+security for its ultimate surrender. Meanwhile the
+outer world was becoming very impatient. Philip
+wrote to the Prince of Orange, saying that he could
+get no more supplies from Spain, and that the greatest
+service he could do him would be to obtain peace at
+any cost; and Henry sent an autograph letter to the
+Constable, complaining of the Guises' opposition,
+ending with the words: "Never mind what these men
+say; let them talk as they please, but make peace if
+possible!" It was accordingly decided to refer the
+Duchess's proposal to Queen Elizabeth and her
+Council, while the Constable went to consult the
+French King at Villers-Cotterets.<a name="FNanchor_553" id="FNanchor_553"></a><a href="#Footnote_553" class="fnanchor">[553]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Late this same evening the Duke of Lorraine
+arrived from Court, with two of the Guise Princes,
+the Grand Prior of Malta, and the Marquis of Elb&#339;uf,
+and was met by the Prince of Orange, and taken to
+Mon Soulas. The Duchess was overjoyed to see her
+son, and the next three days were devoted to hunting-parties.
+Howard was invited to join in one of these,
+and he and the Prince of Orange accompanied Christina
+and Margaret of Aremberg out hunting. As they
+rode home together, the ladies began to talk of
+Queen Elizabeth, and Christina expressed her wish
+that she would marry the King of Spain.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Why?" returned Howard. "What should my
+mistress doe with a husband that should be ever
+from her and never with her? Is that the way to
+get what we desire most&mdash;that is, children? I think
+not."</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1559</span>] ROYAL INTERVIEWS</div>
+
+<p>At this both the Duchess and Madame d'Aremberg
+laughed, and Christina, remembering her unlucky
+experiences at the English Court, observed that the
+late Queen was too old to bear children, and had not
+the art of winning her husband's affections. Howard
+was entirely of the same opinion, but assured her that
+whoever the present Queen chose to marry, "would
+be honoured and served to the death by every one of
+her subjects, and all the more so if he make much of
+his wife."<a name="FNanchor_554" id="FNanchor_554"></a><a href="#Footnote_554" class="fnanchor">[554]</a> This conversation was duly reported to
+Elizabeth by Howard, who begged his royal mistress to
+forgive his boldness, and not impute it to him as folly.
+All the world knew that Philip was paying assiduous
+court to his sister-in-law, and Christina's remarks
+were no doubt prompted by the wish to do him a
+good turn. But three weeks after this conversation
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span>the Queen told Count Feria that she was determined
+to restore the Church of the land to what it was in
+her father's time, and that, being a heretic, she could
+not become his master's wife.<a name="FNanchor_555" id="FNanchor_555"></a><a href="#Footnote_555" class="fnanchor">[555]</a></p>
+
+<p>Christina had long sought an opportunity of
+presenting her son to the King, and at her request
+Philip agreed to come to Binche for hunting, and
+meet the Duke at Mons. On the 22nd of February,
+the Duchess and her son, accompanied by
+Madame d'Aremberg, the Prince of Orange, and
+the Guise Princes, rode to Mons, where they
+were hospitably entertained by the Duke of
+Aerschot, and received a visit from the King, who
+came over on St. Matthias's Feast from Binche to
+spend the day with his cousins. He showed himself
+unusually amiable to the young Duke, and delighted
+the boy with the gift of a richly carved and jewelled
+sword, in memory of the great Emperor, whose
+birthday fell on this day. On the 25th, Marguerite
+d'Aremberg wrote to inform Arras that the Duchess
+hoped to be back in a few days, and thanked</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"him for having her hall put in order, promising
+the Bishop that, if he were seized with a wish to
+dance when the ladies from the French Court arrived,
+he should have the best place."<a name="FNanchor_556" id="FNanchor_556"></a><a href="#Footnote_556" class="fnanchor">[556]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Three days afterwards Christina returned to Mon
+Soulas, bringing both her daughters to meet their
+brother's wife, who was expected in a few days. The
+conferences were resumed on the 2nd of March, but
+there seemed little prospect of a settlement. The
+Cardinal made more difficulties than ever, and even
+ventured to question Queen Elizabeth's right to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span>crown, saying that she was a bastard, and Mary,
+Queen of Scots was the true Queen of England. Here
+Christina intervened once more, and succeeded in
+soothing down her irascible kinsman. But the
+leading part taken by the Duchess in these debates
+annoyed Arras seriously. He blamed her for playing
+into the hands of the French, and complained to the
+Duke of Savoy that there were too many ladies at
+Mon Soulas, and that their absence would be of more
+advantage than their presence. This last remark
+was aimed at the young Duchess of Lorraine, who,
+on the 5th of March arrived from Court with the
+Duchess of Guise, Anna d' Este, and a numerous
+suite of ladies. An innocent, simple girl, devoted to
+her young husband, Claude responded warmly to the
+affectionate welcome which she received from her
+mother-in-law and sisters; and Christina thus surrounded
+by her children, declared herself to be the
+happiest of mothers. Everyone, as Arras complained,
+was given up to amusement. Lord Howard went
+out hunting with his old friend the Constable, and
+the Prince of Orange and the Cardinal spent their
+evenings with the Duchess and her joyous family
+circle.<a name="FNanchor_557" id="FNanchor_557"></a><a href="#Footnote_557" class="fnanchor">[557]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1559</span>] THE CALAIS QUESTION</div>
+
+<p>On Saturday, the 12th of March, there was another
+stormy meeting in the Duchess's rooms. This time
+the French and Spanish Commissioners quarrelled
+violently, and Alva and Arras left the room in anger,
+declaring they had been fooled, and retired to their
+own lodgings. In a private letter to the Duke of
+Savoy, the Bishop complained bitterly of the Frenchmen's
+insolence, saying that nothing could be "done
+with such people by fair means, and the only way
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span>was to show your teeth."<a name="FNanchor_558" id="FNanchor_558"></a><a href="#Footnote_558" class="fnanchor">[558]</a> The next afternoon, however,
+at the Duchess's earnest entreaty, he and Alva
+returned to the Conference. This time the Cardinal
+was in a more amiable mood, and the terms originally
+proposed by Christina were accepted by all parties.
+Calais was to remain in the hands of France for eight
+years, and hostages were to be given for the payment
+of a yearly ransom of 500,000 crowns. There was
+great rejoicing at this agreement, and the young
+Duchess and her ladies returned to Court on the
+19th of March, full of the goodness and generosity
+of the Duke's mother, who loaded them with costly
+presents, and gave her daughter-in-law the magnificent
+jewelled necklace which had been the Emperor's
+wedding gift on her marriage to the Duke of Milan.
+Christina herself was now so convinced of the certainty
+of peace that she begged her son to delay his
+departure a few more days, in order that he might
+take the good news to the Most Christian King. The
+end of the Conference seemed really in sight, and
+Lord Howard wrote to inform Queen Elizabeth of
+the treaty regarding Calais, only to receive a sound
+rating from his mistress for having dared to allow
+the French and Spaniards to call her title in question.<a name="FNanchor_559" id="FNanchor_559"></a><a href="#Footnote_559" class="fnanchor">[559]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<p>The question of Calais having been settled, the
+French and Spanish Commissioners met again on
+the 13th of March, and conferred for six hours on
+their own affairs. The Duke of Savoy's marriage
+treaty was the chief point under discussion. Madame
+Marguerite's own eagerness for the union was well
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span>known. She had repeatedly asked her friend the
+Constable to press the matter, and on the 25th of
+March she sent her <i>ma&icirc;tre d'h&ocirc;tel</i>, Monsieur de
+l'H&ocirc;pital, to C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis to sign the contract
+on her behalf. The Duke's original reluctance had
+been overcome, and he sent Margaret word through
+a friend that she must not think him ill-disposed
+towards her, but that, on the contrary, he counted
+himself fortunate to win so noble and accomplished
+a bride, adding, with a touch of irony:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I believe that the fate with which you have
+often threatened me is really in store for me, and
+that I shall submit to be governed by a woman whom
+I shall try to please."<a name="FNanchor_560" id="FNanchor_560"></a><a href="#Footnote_560" class="fnanchor">[560]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But there still remained some troublesome details to
+arrange. All through Holy Week, Christina stayed
+at her post, while the French and Spanish delegates
+wrangled over the citadels to be given up by Henry
+and Philip respectively. On Maundy Thursday a
+sharp contest arose between Ruy Gomez and the Cardinal
+on this point. Both parties left the room angrily,
+and a complete rupture seemed imminent.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"They fell suddenly to such a disagreement,"
+wrote Howard, "that they all rose up, determined
+to break off and depart home the next morning, being
+Good Friday."<a name="FNanchor_561" id="FNanchor_561"></a><a href="#Footnote_561" class="fnanchor">[561]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Cardinal ordered his rooms to be dismantled
+and his beds and hangings packed, and on Good
+Friday morning he and his colleagues had already
+put on their riding-boots, when Christina appeared
+at the door and made a last appeal.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1559</span>] CHRISTINA'S EFFORTS</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Duchess," wrote the Venetian Tiepolo, "regardless
+of personal fatigue, went to and fro between
+the Commissioners, with the greatest zeal, ardour,
+and charity, imploring them to come together
+again."<a name="FNanchor_562" id="FNanchor_562"></a><a href="#Footnote_562" class="fnanchor">[562]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Seven years before, on another Good Friday, in
+her own palace, Christina had knelt in an agony of
+grief at the King of France's feet, asking to be
+allowed to keep her only son. To-day she pleaded
+with tears and prayers, in the name of the same Christ
+who died on the cross, for the suffering thousands
+who were sighing for peace. This time her prayer
+was heard. The Cardinal was induced to meet the
+Spanish delegates once more, and, after a conference
+which lasted over seven hours, it was decided that
+King Philip should keep Asti and Vercelli, and
+surrender all the other citadels which he held in Savoy.
+Ruy Gomez hastened to the Abbey of Groenendal to
+obtain his master's consent to this plan, and, to the
+amazement of the whole Court, the Cardinal appeared
+suddenly at La Fert&eacute; Milon, at dinner-time on Easter
+Day. Happily, there was little difficulty in arranging
+matters. Madame Marguerite told her brother plainly
+that he ought not to let her marry the Duke, if he
+treated him with suspicion, and Henry bade her be
+of good cheer, for all would be well.<a name="FNanchor_563" id="FNanchor_563"></a><a href="#Footnote_563" class="fnanchor">[563]</a></p>
+
+<p>On Easter Tuesday the Commissioners held another
+meeting at Mon Soulas, and by the following evening
+the terms of the treaty were finally arranged. The
+Cardinal embraced the young Princesses of Lorraine,
+and the Duke bade his mother farewell, and rode off
+as fast as his horse could take him to bear the good
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span>news to the French King. All the Commissioners
+attended a solemn <i>Te Deum</i> in the church, and bonfires
+were lighted in the town. "Thanks be to God!"
+wrote the Constable to his nephew, Coligny: "Peace
+is made, and Madame Marguerite is married."<a name="FNanchor_564" id="FNanchor_564"></a><a href="#Footnote_564" class="fnanchor">[564]</a> One
+point still awaited settlement. The Princess Elizabeth's
+hand had been originally offered to Don
+Carlos, but the Constable brought back word that
+Henry would greatly prefer his daughter to wed King
+Philip himself. The plan had already been mooted
+at an earlier stage of the Conference, but it was not
+until Philip saw that there was no hope of marrying
+the Queen of England that he consented to wed the
+French Princess. On the 2nd of April, when the
+articles of the treaty were being drafted, the Constable
+made a formal proposal from his master to
+the Duchess, who, after a few words with Arras and
+Ruy Gomez, graciously informed him that King
+Philip was pleased to accept his royal brother's offer.<a name="FNanchor_565" id="FNanchor_565"></a><a href="#Footnote_565" class="fnanchor">[565]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"It seems a bold step," wrote Tiepolo, "for the
+Catholic King to take to wife the daughter of the
+Most Christian King, who had been already promised
+to his son, especially as marriage negotiations with
+the Queen of England are still pending. But, seeing
+how this Queen has already alienated herself from the
+Church, he has easily allowed himself to be brought
+over to this plan, which will establish peace more
+effectually, and will no doubt please the French,
+who are above all anxious to keep him from marrying
+the Queen of England."<a name="FNanchor_566" id="FNanchor_566"></a><a href="#Footnote_566" class="fnanchor">[566]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">April, 1559</span>] CONCLUSION OF PEACE</div>
+
+<p>On the next morning the Commissioners met for
+the last time, and signed the treaty, after which they
+heard Mass and all dined with the Duchess, who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span>received the thanks and congratulations of the whole
+body. Then they went their several ways, rejoicing,
+in Arras's words, "to escape from purgatory."
+Howard and his colleagues hastened home to make
+their peace with the offended Queen. In spite of
+her affected indifference, Elizabeth was by no means
+gratified to hear of Philip's marriage. "So your
+master is going to be married," she said with a smile
+to Count Feria. "What a fortunate man he is!"
+Presently she heaved a little sigh, and said: "But he
+could hardly have been as much in love with me as
+you supposed, since he could not await my answer a
+few months."<a name="FNanchor_567" id="FNanchor_567"></a><a href="#Footnote_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a></p>
+
+<p>Before leaving C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis, Christina sent
+letters of congratulation to the French King and
+Queen and to Madame Marguerite, expressing her
+joy at the conclusion of the treaty, and the pleasure
+which she had received from her son's presence. To
+Henry II. she wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"It has pleased God to set the seal on all the joy
+and content which I have experienced here&mdash;chiefly
+owing to Your Majesty's kindness in allowing me
+to see my son, and, after that, Madame your daughter
+and her company&mdash;by bringing those long-drawn
+negotiations to a good end, and concluding, not
+only a lasting peace, but also the marriage of the
+Catholic King with Madame Elizabeth. For all of
+which I thank God, and assure Your Majesty that
+I feel the utmost satisfaction in having been able to
+bring about so excellent an arrangement, and one which
+cannot fail to prove a great boon to Christendom."</p></div>
+
+<p>In her letter to Catherine, Christina dwells chiefly
+on her gratitude to the Queen and her daughter for
+allowing her to keep her son so long.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I thank you, Madame," she writes, "very humbly
+for your kind interest in our son, who is very well,
+thank God, and I hope that the pleasure of seeing
+you will prevent him from feeling the fatigues of the
+journey. And I am greatly obliged to Your Majesty
+and our daughter for having lent him to me so long.
+I praise God that our negotiations have ended so
+happily, and that these two great monarchs will henceforth
+not only be friends, but closely allied by the
+marriage of the Catholic King and Madame Elizabeth,
+which, as you will hear, was frankly and joyfully
+arranged after all the other articles of the treaty had
+been drawn up. I rejoice personally to think that by
+this happy arrangement I shall often have the pleasure
+of seeing your Majesties, our daughter, and my son,
+and take this opportunity of wishing you joy on this
+auspicious event, hoping that in future you will not
+fail to make use of me as of one who is ever ready to
+do you service."<a name="FNanchor_568" id="FNanchor_568"></a><a href="#Footnote_568" class="fnanchor">[568]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Duchess now returned to Brussels with her
+daughters and the Prince of Orange. All the towns
+and villages through which she passed were hung with
+flags and garlands of flowers, and her coming was
+hailed with shouts of joy. The prison doors were
+thrown open, and the poor French soldiers, who had
+languished in captivity for years, called down blessings
+on her head.<a name="FNanchor_569" id="FNanchor_569"></a><a href="#Footnote_569" class="fnanchor">[569]</a> When she reached Brussels, the
+King himself rode out to meet her, at the head of
+his nobles, while courtiers and ladies flocked from all
+parts to welcome her return and offer their congratulations
+on the triumphant success of her labours. For
+Christina it was a great and memorable day. The
+bitterness of past memories was blotted out, and peace
+and good-will seemed to have come back to earth.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1559</span>] REJOICINGS AT BRUSSELS</div>
+
+<p>At Whitsuntide the Treaty was ratified. The Duke
+of Lorraine came to Brussels with the Cardinals of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span>Lorraine and Guise and the Constable, and spent a
+fortnight with his mother. They were present in the
+Court chapel, with Cardinals and Princes, when the
+King, laying his hand on a relic of the True Cross,
+took a solemn oath to keep the articles of the
+Treaty. And Christina occupied the place of honour
+at Philip's right hand at the state banquet in the
+great hall, while her son and daughters and the
+Duchess of Aerschot were all at table.<a name="FNanchor_570" id="FNanchor_570"></a><a href="#Footnote_570" class="fnanchor">[570]</a> The King
+gave the Cardinal of Lorraine a service of gold plate
+and a wonderful ship of rock-crystal studded with
+gems, and bestowed similar presents on the Constable;
+while the Marshal St. Andr&eacute;, being a poor man
+was excused his ransom. They all left Flanders on the
+following Sunday, except the Duke of Lorraine, who
+remained another week with his mother. Before he
+left Brussels, letters from Denmark were received, confirming
+a report which had already reached the Court
+of his grandfather King Christian II.'s death. The
+old King had died in the Castle of Kallundborg, after
+forty-five years of captivity, on the 25th of January,
+1559, at the ripe age of seventy-seven. He was buried
+with his parents in the Franciscan church at Odensee,
+and Duke Adolf of Holstein followed his kinsman's
+remains to their last resting-place. When her son
+left Brussels, Christina put her household into mourning,
+and retired to the Convent of La Cambre to spend
+a month in retreat. After the strain and stress of the
+last six months, she felt the need of rest sorely, and
+the shelter of convent walls was grateful to her tired
+soul.<a name="FNanchor_571" id="FNanchor_571"></a><a href="#Footnote_571" class="fnanchor">[571]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_529" id="Footnote_529"></a><a href="#FNanchor_529"><span class="label">[529]</span></a> F. Decrue, "Montmorency &agrave; la Cour de Henri II.," 207.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_530" id="Footnote_530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_530"><span class="label">[530]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 1346, 1363.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_531" id="Footnote_531"></a><a href="#FNanchor_531"><span class="label">[531]</span></a> Ruble, "La Jeunesse de Marie Stuart," 153; Bouill&eacute;, i. 455;
+Pimodan, 173-180.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_532" id="Footnote_532"></a><a href="#FNanchor_532"><span class="label">[532]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 1471, 1488.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_533" id="Footnote_533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_533"><span class="label">[533]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 168.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_534" id="Footnote_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 1496-1498.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_535" id="Footnote_535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_535"><span class="label">[535]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 1500.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_536" id="Footnote_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vi. 1528.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_537" id="Footnote_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> Groen van Prinsterer, "Archives de la Maison d'Orange et
+de Nassau," i. 1; Kervyn de Lettenhove, ii. 257.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_538" id="Footnote_538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 171.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_539" id="Footnote_539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_539"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, v. 227.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_540" id="Footnote_540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_540"><span class="label">[540]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 231.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_541" id="Footnote_541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_541"><span class="label">[541]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 266.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_542" id="Footnote_542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_542"><span class="label">[542]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 1537; Ruble, "Trait&eacute; de C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis,"
+12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_543" id="Footnote_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Mary, Foreign, 402-404.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_544" id="Footnote_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> Gachard, "Retraite," etc., i. 44-48; Venetian Calendar,
+vi. 1544.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_545" id="Footnote_545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_545"><span class="label">[545]</span></a> Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 257.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_546" id="Footnote_546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_546"><span class="label">[546]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 1568.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_547" id="Footnote_547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_547"><span class="label">[547]</span></a> Kervyn e Lettenhove, i. 384; Gachard, "Voyages," iv.
+35-62.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_548" id="Footnote_548"></a><a href="#FNanchor_548"><span class="label">[548]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1, 351; Pfister, ii. 244; Venetian Calendar, vii.
+19, 20.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_549" id="Footnote_549"></a><a href="#FNanchor_549"><span class="label">[549]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vii. 8, 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_550" id="Footnote_550"></a><a href="#FNanchor_550"><span class="label">[550]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 420-426; Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 420.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_551" id="Footnote_551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_551"><span class="label">[551]</span></a> Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 422, 444.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_552" id="Footnote_552"></a><a href="#FNanchor_552"><span class="label">[552]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 454.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_553" id="Footnote_553"></a><a href="#FNanchor_553"><span class="label">[553]</span></a> Ruble, "Trait&eacute; de C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis," 23; Venetian Calendar,
+vii. 39; Granvelle, v. 495.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_554" id="Footnote_554"></a><a href="#FNanchor_554"><span class="label">[554]</span></a> Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 457.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_555" id="Footnote_555"></a><a href="#FNanchor_555"><span class="label">[555]</span></a> Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 475.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_556" id="Footnote_556"></a><a href="#FNanchor_556"><span class="label">[556]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 487, 495, 502.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_557" id="Footnote_557"></a><a href="#FNanchor_557"><span class="label">[557]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vii. 54; Granvelle, v. 520, 525.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_558" id="Footnote_558"></a><a href="#FNanchor_558"><span class="label">[558]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 529.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_559" id="Footnote_559"></a><a href="#FNanchor_559"><span class="label">[559]</span></a> Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 460.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_560" id="Footnote_560"></a><a href="#FNanchor_560"><span class="label">[560]</span></a> V. de St. G&eacute;nis, "Histoire de Savoie," iii. 181.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_561" id="Footnote_561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 485.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_562" id="Footnote_562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_562"><span class="label">[562]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vii. 56; J. F. Le Petit, "Grande Chronique
+de Hollande," ii. 20.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_563" id="Footnote_563"></a><a href="#FNanchor_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vii. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_564" id="Footnote_564"></a><a href="#FNanchor_564"><span class="label">[564]</span></a> Ruble, 26; Venetian Calendar, vii. 67, 77.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_565" id="Footnote_565"></a><a href="#FNanchor_565"><span class="label">[565]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 577.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_566" id="Footnote_566"></a><a href="#FNanchor_566"><span class="label">[566]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vii. 62.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_567" id="Footnote_567"></a><a href="#FNanchor_567"><span class="label">[567]</span></a> Calendar of Spanish State Papers, i. 49, Archives of Simancas;
+Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 494.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_568" id="Footnote_568"></a><a href="#FNanchor_568"><span class="label">[568]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 582, 583.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_569" id="Footnote_569"></a><a href="#FNanchor_569"><span class="label">[569]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vii. 64.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_570" id="Footnote_570"></a><a href="#FNanchor_570"><span class="label">[570]</span></a> Gachard, iv. 67; Venetian Calendar, vii. 87-90.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_571" id="Footnote_571"></a><a href="#FNanchor_571"><span class="label">[571]</span></a> Sch&auml;fer, iv. 445.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK XIII<br />
+
+THE RETURN TO LORRAINE<br />
+
+1559-1578</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1559</span>] THE NETHERLANDS REGENCY</div>
+
+<p>During the last year the Duke of Savoy had repeatedly
+begged to be relieved of his post as the
+King's Lieutenant in the Low Countries. By the
+Treaty of C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis he recovered his dominions,
+and set out on the 15th of June for Paris with a great
+train of gentlemen and servants, to celebrate his
+marriage with King Henry's sister. At the same
+time, the death of the Emperor made Philip's return
+to Spain necessary. The appointment of a new
+Regent of the Netherlands became imperative, and
+everyone expected the Duchess of Lorraine would be
+chosen to fill the vacant office. A Habsburg by birth,
+she inherited the capacity for governing which distinguished
+the women of her house, and had proved
+her fitness for the post by the wisdom with which she
+administered her son's State during seven years. Her
+popularity with all classes of people in the Netherlands
+was an additional advantage, and when, in the summer
+of 1558, it had been doubtful if Mary of Hungary
+would consent to return, the Duchess was the first
+person whose name was suggested. The Venetian
+Suriano remarked that the only doubt as to her fitness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span>
+for the office was that she hardly possessed her aunt's
+extraordinary vigour and energy.<a name="FNanchor_572" id="FNanchor_572"></a><a href="#Footnote_572" class="fnanchor">[572]</a> But these doubts
+had been dispelled by the admirable manner in which
+she had conducted the negotiations at the recent
+Conference and the immense credit which she had acquired
+on all sides. Unfortunately, she had made an
+enemy of the Bishop of Arras, and excited his jealousy
+by her private consultations with the Cardinal and
+Constable, and still more by her friendship with the
+Prince of Orange. Both Orange and Egmont disliked
+the Bishop almost as much as they hated the King's
+Spanish favourites, and lost no opportunity of showing
+their contempt for the "meddling priest," as they
+called Philip's confidential counsellor. And both of
+these proud nobles, seeing no hope of themselves
+obtaining the Regency, supported the Duchess's
+claims strongly.<a name="FNanchor_573" id="FNanchor_573"></a><a href="#Footnote_573" class="fnanchor">[573]</a> But the very popularity which
+Christina enjoyed, the acclamations which greeted
+her return from C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis, had the effect of
+arousing Philip's jealousy. He lent a willing ear to
+Arras and Alva when they spoke scornfully of the
+Duchess's French connection and of the influence
+which the Prince of Orange would gain by his marriage
+with her daughter. Then, in an evil hour both
+for himself and the Netherlands, the Bishop suggested
+the name of the Duchess of Parma. Margaret was
+closely related to the King, and would be far more
+pliable and ready to follow his counsels than Christina.
+Philip liked his sister, and shared the Spaniards'
+jealousy of the great Flemish nobles, more especially
+of the Prince of Orange, whose intimacy
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</a></span>with Christina he regarded with growing suspicion.
+His mind was soon made up, and when the French
+Commissioners came to Brussels in May, the appointment
+of the Duchess of Parma to be Governess of
+the Low Countries was publicly proclaimed.<a name="FNanchor_574" id="FNanchor_574"></a><a href="#Footnote_574" class="fnanchor">[574]</a></p>
+
+<p>The announcement was the signal for an outburst
+of popular discontent. Orange and Egmont protested
+loudly at this affront to the Duchess of Lorraine,
+and complained of the indignity offered to the
+nation by giving them a ruler of illegitimate birth,
+whose interests and connections were all foreign, and
+whose husband had actually borne arms against the
+late Emperor.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"There is great discontent here," wrote Tiepolo,
+"at the Duchess of Parma's appointment. The
+common folk use very insolent language, and say
+that if a woman is to reign over them they would far
+rather have the Duchess of Lorraine, whom they
+know and love and hold to be one of themselves.
+Every one, indeed, would have greatly preferred this
+Princess, who is of royal lineage on both sides, and has
+long dwelt in these provinces, besides being far more
+gracious and affable to the nobles."<a name="FNanchor_575" id="FNanchor_575"></a><a href="#Footnote_575" class="fnanchor">[575]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>To Christina herself the blow was heavy. She had
+suffered many trials and disappointments at her
+enemies' hands, but had never expected to be treated
+with such ingratitude by the King, who had always
+professed so much affection for his cousin, and was so
+deeply indebted to her.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1559</span>] CHRISTINA'S DISAPPOINTMENT</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Duchess of Lorraine," wrote Tiepolo, "feels
+the injustice of the King's decision more deeply than
+any of her past adversities, and naturally thinks that,
+after her long and indefatigable exertions in negotiating
+this peace, taking part in every Conference
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span>and adjusting every dispute, she deserved to be treated
+with greater regard. Everyone here admits that
+peace was concluded chiefly owing to her wisdom and
+efforts, and this is all the reward which she has
+received."<a name="FNanchor_576" id="FNanchor_576"></a><a href="#Footnote_576" class="fnanchor">[576]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>It is scarcely to be wondered at if Christina never
+wholly forgave Philip for the cruel wrong which he
+had done her, and if in all her future correspondence
+with him we trace a strain of reproachful bitterness.
+Her resolve to leave the Netherlands was now fixed.
+She could not bear to see another Regent at Brussels,
+and was not even sure if she cared to live as a subject
+at her son's Court. Her thoughts turned once more
+to Italy, and, since the Castles of Tortona and
+Vigevano were not available, she addressed a petition
+to Philip through her Italian secretary, asking him to
+give her the duchy of Bari in Calabria. This principality,
+once the property of Lodovico Sforza, had been
+lately bequeathed to Philip by the late Queen Bona
+of Poland, on condition that he would discharge a
+considerable debt owing to her son, King Sigismund.
+The beauty and salubrity of the spot, as well as its
+association with the Sforzas, probably prompted
+Christina's request, which ran as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Duchess of Lorraine in all humility begs Your
+Majesty, in consideration of her close relationship and
+of the great affection which she bore the late Emperor,
+and of the services which she has rendered both to
+His Majesty of blessed memory and to yourself, to do
+her the favour of granting her and her children the
+duchy of Bari, with the same revenues and independent
+liberties as were enjoyed by the Queen of Poland.
+She will undertake to pay the King of Poland the sum
+of 100,000 crowns due to him, and humbly begs Your
+Majesty to grant her half of this amount in ready
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</a></span>money, the other half in bills on merchants' houses,
+in order that she may be able to pay the creditors who
+annoy her daily. Her revenues for the next year are
+already mortgaged, owing to the necessity laid upon
+her of supporting her daughters, during the last seven
+years, and the repeated journeys which she has undertaken
+to England, and across the French frontier to
+treat of peace, all of which have involved her in great
+and heavy expenses...."</p></div>
+
+<p>Here the petition breaks off abruptly, the rest of
+the page being torn off; but we see by Philip's reply
+that it contained a bitter complaint of the injustice
+which he had done Christina by refusing to make
+her Regent. He wrote to Arras, desiring him to see
+that the Duchess ceased to repeat these perpetual
+recriminations on the subject of the Regency, which
+were as derogatory to her dignity as they were injurious
+to his interests. He regretted that his own pressing
+needs made it impossible for him to do as much as he
+should wish to help her. At the same time he said
+that, besides the revenue of 4,000 crowns which he
+had already offered her, and which she had neither
+refused nor accepted, he was ready to give her
+another yearly allowance of 10,000 crowns, to be
+charged on Naples and Milan, pointing out that she
+could raise money on this income to satisfy her
+creditors.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1559</span>] WILLIAM OF ORANGE</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The sincere affection which the King has always
+felt for the Duchess, and the closeness of their relationship,"
+added the writer, "impels him to advise her to
+retire to her dower lands of Lorraine and live near her
+son, in order that she may foster the loyalty and devotion
+which this young Prince owes her, and give him
+advice and help that may conduce to his welfare and
+that of the House of Lorraine. Any other action on
+her part, the King is convinced, will only excite
+public suspicion and slander. If, however, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</a></span>Duchess prefers to live in the kingdom of Naples, the
+King is ready to offer her the town of Lecce, the most
+important next to the capital, where she can enjoy
+all the comforts and amenities of Italian life, together
+with the respect due to her exalted birth and rank."<a name="FNanchor_577" id="FNanchor_577"></a><a href="#Footnote_577" class="fnanchor">[577]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>This offer, however, did not commend itself to
+Christina. In spite of its ancient castle and beautiful
+situation, Lecce was not an independent principality,
+and had no connection with her family. She replied
+curtly that she would follow His Majesty's advice and
+return to Lorraine, as soon as her creditors were satisfied
+and her affairs sufficiently arranged for her to
+leave the Netherlands with honour. Upon this,
+Philip sent the Duchess a sum of 21,000 crowns to
+defray the expenses of her journeys, and a further
+substantial advance on the additional revenues which
+he had assigned her.<a name="FNanchor_578" id="FNanchor_578"></a><a href="#Footnote_578" class="fnanchor">[578]</a></p>
+
+<p>But while he was outwardly endeavouring to atone
+for one act of injustice, he was secretly doing the
+Duchess another and a more serious injury. The
+marriage of the Prince of Orange with her daughter
+Ren&eacute;e had been practically arranged at C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis,
+but some difficulties had arisen regarding
+the settlements already made by the Prince on his
+two children by his first marriage, and the heavy
+debts which he had incurred by his extravagance,
+amounting, it was said, to 900,000 crowns. Up to
+this time Philip had openly encouraged the Prince's
+suit, but both he and Arras looked with alarm on a
+marriage that would make Orange more powerful and
+more dangerous than he was already, and were secretly
+plotting against its conclusion. One day, when Philip
+was walking in the park at Brussels with the Prince,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</a></span>he told him how much he regretted to find that
+Madame de Lorraine was strongly opposed to his
+marriage with her daughter, and had begged him to
+inform the Prince that she must decline to proceed
+further with the matter. The King added, in a
+friendly way, that he had told him this in order that
+he might look about for another wife while he was
+still young. The Prince was naturally much annoyed
+at this unexpected communication, and replied
+proudly that, if this were the case, he would promptly
+seek another alliance in Germany, where he had
+already received several offers of marriage. He was
+deeply wounded, not without reason, and went off to
+Paris a few days later, with Egmont and Alva, to
+remain there as hostages until the conditions of the
+treaty had been fulfilled. It was not until many
+months afterwards that he discovered how he had
+been duped. Christina meanwhile remained in her
+convent retreat, unconscious of what was happening
+in her absence, and heard with some surprise that the
+Prince of Orange had left Court without informing
+her of his departure.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">July, 1559</span>] MARGARET OF PARMA REGENT</div>
+
+<p>All eyes were now turned to the Palais des Tournelles
+in Paris, where the Catholic King's marriage to
+Elizabeth of France, and that of the Duke of Savoy
+to Margaret, were about to be celebrated. Alva
+represented his master at the wedding, which was
+solemnized at Notre Dame on the 22nd of June, and
+his old enemy Guise proclaimed the new Queen's
+titles at the church doors, and flung handfuls of gold
+to the applauding crowds. But their joy was soon
+changed into mourning. King Henry was mortally
+wounded by a splintered lance in the tournament that
+followed, and, after lingering for ten days, breathed
+his last on the 10th of July, two days after the marriage
+of his sister and the Duke of Savoy had been
+quietly solemnized in the neighbouring church of
+St. Paul.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 416px;">
+<img src="images/facing456.jpg" width="416" height="542" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p>WILLIAM, PRINCE OF ORANGE, &AElig;TAT 26</p>
+
+<p>By Adriaan Key (Darmstadt)</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p.</i> <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The news of his father-in-law's death reached Philip
+at Ghent, where he was preparing for his departure.
+Here Christina joined him on the 19th, and was greeted
+with the liveliest demonstrations of affection from
+both Court and people. Before leaving Brussels, she
+saw an English gentleman, who was on his way
+to Italy, and brought her a pressing invitation
+from Queen Elizabeth to pay a visit to England.<a name="FNanchor_579" id="FNanchor_579"></a><a href="#Footnote_579" class="fnanchor">[579]</a>
+Elizabeth had evidently not forgotten the Duchess's
+friendly intentions on her behalf when she came to
+London in Mary's reign, nor her more recent conversation
+with Lord Howard. After her arrival at Ghent,
+she received frequent visits from Chaloner, the newly
+appointed Ambassador, and from the French Envoy,
+S&eacute;bastien de l'Aubespine, who had been one of the
+delegates to the Conference, and could not speak too
+highly of Madame de Lorraine's goodness and ability.
+Through him she sent affectionate messages to the
+young King Francis II. and his Scottish wife, thanking
+them in the warmest terms for their kindness to her
+son. Nor was Philip lacking in his attentions. He met
+the Duchess on her arrival, paid her daily visits, and
+seemed to fall once more under the old spell. On the
+24th he and Christina were both present at a Requiem
+for the King of France, and dined together afterwards.
+The same afternoon Philip rode out to receive the
+Duchess of Parma.<a name="FNanchor_580" id="FNanchor_580"></a><a href="#Footnote_580" class="fnanchor">[580]</a> The next day the Duke of Savoy
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</a></span>returned from Paris, bringing with him the Prince of
+Orange and Egmont, who were released on parole, and
+attended the Chapter of the Fleece held by the King
+in the Church of St. John. On the 7th of August the
+States met, and the new Regent was formally presented
+to them. But many voices were raised to
+protest against the powers conferred upon her, and
+the States refused to grant the aids demanded unless
+the Spanish troops were withdrawn. This act of
+audacity roused Philip's anger, and in his farewell
+interview with William of Orange he accused him of
+being the instigator of the measure.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving Ghent, the King arranged a meeting
+between the two Duchesses in the garden of the
+Prinzenhof, and afterwards invited Christina to visit
+him at Flushing, where he spent some days before he
+embarked. They dined together for the last time
+on the 12th of August, and seem to have parted
+friends.<a name="FNanchor_581" id="FNanchor_581"></a><a href="#Footnote_581" class="fnanchor">[581]</a> Then Christina returned to Brussels to
+prepare for her own departure, and Chaloner wrote
+home:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I heare say the Duchess of Lorraine repaireth
+shortly hence into Lorraine, smally satisfied with
+the preferment of the other, for old emulations'
+sake."<a name="FNanchor_582" id="FNanchor_582"></a><a href="#Footnote_582" class="fnanchor">[582]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1559</span>] RIVALRY OF THE DUCHESSES</div>
+
+<p>During the next two months Christina had much
+to endure. She found a marked change in the Prince
+of Orange. He treated her with profound respect
+and courtesy in public, but kept aloof from her in
+private, and appeared to have transferred his attentions
+to Margaret of Parma. All idea of his marriage
+with Ren&eacute;e&mdash;"the Duchess of Lorraine's sound<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</a></span>limbed
+daughter," as she was called by Chaloner&mdash;seemed
+to be abandoned, and in September he left
+Court to attend the French King's coronation at Reims.
+There was a general feeling of discontent abroad.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The new Regent is greatly disliked," wrote John
+Leigh, an English merchant of Antwerp, "by all
+estates, who wished to have the Duchess of Lorraine
+for their ruler, and some of her own ladies have
+told her that she is a bastard, and not meet for
+the place."</p></div>
+
+<p>The States refused to grant the subsidies asked for,
+and the people clamoured for the removal of the
+Spaniards. The nobles showed their displeasure by
+retiring to their country-houses, and the ladies absented
+themselves from Margaret's receptions to meet
+in the Duchess of Lorraine's rooms.<a name="FNanchor_583" id="FNanchor_583"></a><a href="#Footnote_583" class="fnanchor">[583]</a> This naturally
+provoked quarrels and jealousies, which, as Arras
+remarked in his letters to Philip, might easily prove
+serious.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Then there is rivalry between the Duchess of
+Lorraine and her of Parma," wrote the Bishop on the
+4th of October, at the end of a long tale of troubles.
+"The best way would be to keep them apart, for all
+these comings and goings can produce no good result.
+Fortunately, the former is about to go to Lorraine.
+We shall see if she leaves her daughters here, or takes
+them with her. What is certain is that, wherever
+she and her daughters may be, it will be better for
+Your Majesty's service they should be anywhere but
+here, as long as Madame de Parma remains in these
+parts, and discord prevails between her and the
+Duchess."<a name="FNanchor_584" id="FNanchor_584"></a><a href="#Footnote_584" class="fnanchor">[584]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>When Arras wrote these words, Christina was already
+on her way to Lorraine. Philip received a
+letter from her at Toledo, informing him of her final
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span>departure, and wrote to tell Arras that all strife
+between the Duchesses was now at an end.<a name="FNanchor_585" id="FNanchor_585"></a><a href="#Footnote_585" class="fnanchor">[585]</a> In the
+same month a marriage was arranged between
+William of Orange and Anna of Saxony, the Elector
+Maurice's daughter. Arras was greatly alarmed
+when he heard of this alliance with a Protestant Princess,
+and used all his powers of persuasion to induce
+the Prince to return to his old suit and marry Mademoiselle
+de Lorraine. But it was too late. The
+Prince knew that the Duchess would never forgive
+the studied neglect with which he had treated her,
+and, as he told the Bishop, his word was already
+pledged. A year later he married the Saxon Princess,
+but lived to repent of this ill-assorted union, and to
+realize that he had been the dupe of Philip and his
+astute Minister.<a name="FNanchor_586" id="FNanchor_586"></a><a href="#Footnote_586" class="fnanchor">[586]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1559</span>] MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS</div>
+
+<p>Christina's return to Lorraine took place at an
+eventful moment. The death of Henry II. and the
+accession of Francis II. placed the supreme power in
+the hands of the Guise brothers. As the saying ran,
+"So many Guise Princes, so many Kings of France."
+The elder branch of the House of Lorraine shared in
+the triumphs of the younger. The reigning Duke,
+Charles, had grown up with the young King and
+Queen, and was tenderly beloved by them. Francis
+could not bear his brother-in-law to be absent from
+his side, and after his coronation at Reims, on the
+18th of September, he and Mary accompanied the
+Duke and Duchess on a progress through Lorraine.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span>The festival of the Order of St. Michel was held at
+Bar, where Charles kept open house for a week, and
+his aunt, Anne of Aerschot, came to join the family
+party and meet the daughter of her old companion,
+Mary of Guise. The charms of the young Queen won
+all hearts in her mother's native Lorraine, and
+Francis indulged his passion for sport in the forests
+of Nom&eacute;ny and Esclaron.<a name="FNanchor_587" id="FNanchor_587"></a><a href="#Footnote_587" class="fnanchor">[587]</a></p>
+
+<p>Here, at this favourite hunting-lodge of the Guises,
+the royal party were joined by the Duke's mother.
+Christina reached Esclaron on the 11th of October,
+and was received with every mark of respect and
+affection. At first, if Brant&ocirc;me is to be believed,
+the Duchess-mother was inclined to stand on her
+dignity, and refused to yield precedence to the youthful
+Queen; but Mary's grace and sweetness soon dispelled
+all rivalry, and Christina became the best of
+friends with both the King and Queen. General
+regret was expressed at the absence of the young
+Princesses, whom their mother had left at Brussels;
+but Christina was aware of the Cardinal's anxiety to
+arrange a marriage between Ren&eacute;e and the Prince of
+Joinville, and had no intention of consenting to this
+arrangement.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"She left her daughters behind her," wrote Throckmorton,
+the English Ambassador, "because she is
+unwilling to satisfy the hopes of the House of Guise,
+and makes not so great an account of their advances
+as to leave the old friendship of King Philip and
+his countries. The French, in fact," he adds, "are
+doing all they can to make the Duchess Dowager a
+good Frenchwoman, but they will not find it as easy
+as they think."<a name="FNanchor_588" id="FNanchor_588"></a><a href="#Footnote_588" class="fnanchor">[588]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At the end of the week Christina went on to Nancy
+with her son and daughter-in-law, leaving the King
+and Queen to proceed to Joinville, where Mary was
+anxious to see her beloved grandmother. She had
+already appointed Antoinette and her three daughters-in-law
+to be her ladies-in-waiting, and, as a further
+proof of affection, had given her grandmother the
+present which she received from the city of Paris on
+her state entry. From Blois, where the royal pair
+spent the autumn and winter, Francis II. sent his
+brother-in-law the following letter, which throws a
+pleasant light on the happy relations existing between
+the two families:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">My dear Brother</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"I am longing for news of you and my sister,
+and have not heard from either of you since you
+reached Nancy. Next week I take my sister, the
+Catholic Queen, to Ch&acirc;telh&eacute;rault on her way to Spain,
+after which I shall return to Blois, and not move
+again before Easter. As you may imagine, I cannot
+be in this house without missing you very much. I
+shall await your return with the utmost impatience,
+and wish you were here to enjoy the fine rides which
+I have made in my forest. I must thank you for
+the good cheer that you are giving my sister, which
+is the best proof of your perfect love for me. And I
+am quite sure that in this you are helped by my aunt
+your mother, Madame de Lorraine, for whom I feel
+the deepest gratitude, and whom I should like to
+assure of my readiness and anxiety to do her every
+possible service. And I pray God, my dearest
+brother, to have you in His holy keeping."<a name="FNanchor_589" id="FNanchor_589"></a><a href="#Footnote_589" class="fnanchor">[589]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1559</span>] CHRISTINA RETURNS TO NANCY</div>
+
+<p>The young Duke and Duchess were both of them
+longing to accept this pressing invitation and return
+to the gay French Court. Charles as yet took little
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span>interest in public affairs which required serious
+attention. Confusion reigned in every department.
+In many instances the ducal lands had been seized
+and their revenues appropriated to other uses, while
+the whole country had suffered from the frequent
+incursions of foreign troops, and famine and distress
+prevailed in many districts. Under these circumstances
+the help of the Duchess-mother was sorely
+needed. Vaudemont, having neither health nor
+capacity to cope with these difficulties, had retired
+into private life, and by degrees Christina resumed
+most of her old functions. She applied herself to
+reforming abuses and restoring order in the finances,
+and at the same time helped her son and daughter-in-law
+in entertaining the nobles who flocked to Nancy
+to pay them homage. Her daughters came to join her
+at Christmas, and she settled once more in her old
+quarters in the ducal palace. In March the Duke
+returned to the French Court, and his mother was
+left to act as Regent during his absence.<a name="FNanchor_590" id="FNanchor_590"></a><a href="#Footnote_590" class="fnanchor">[590]</a></p>
+
+<p>After visiting Remiremont and Bar, Charles and
+his wife went on to spend the summer with the King
+and Queen at Amboise, where they gave themselves
+up to hunting and dancing, and enjoyed suppers at
+Chenonceaux and water-parties on the Loire. But
+this joyous life was rudely disturbed by the discovery
+of a Huguenot conspiracy, which was put down with
+ruthless severity, and was followed by continual
+alarms. The King and Duke had to be escorted by
+500 men-at-arms on their hunting-parties, and the
+Cardinal of Lorraine never left his room without a
+guard of ten men bearing loaded pistols. On the
+10th of June Mary of Guise died in Edinburgh Castle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</a></span>
+and her remains were brought back to her native
+land and buried in her sister's convent church,
+St. Pierre of Reims. The whole Court went into
+mourning, and Throckmorton was so moved by the
+young Queen's tears that he declared "there never
+was a daughter who loved her mother better."<a name="FNanchor_591" id="FNanchor_591"></a><a href="#Footnote_591" class="fnanchor">[591]</a>
+Meanwhile the aspect of affairs grew daily more
+threatening. There were riots in the provinces, and
+rumours of plots at Court. The Duke of Lorraine was
+present at the Council held at St. Germain for the
+defence of the realm, but left for Nancy when the Court
+moved to Orleans in October.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1561</span>] LA REINE BLANCHE</div>
+
+<p>Two months later the young King died there very
+suddenly. He fainted at vespers one evening, and
+passed away at midnight on the 5th of December,
+1560. His brother Charles, a boy of ten, was proclaimed
+King in his stead, and his mother, Catherine
+de' Medici, assumed the Regency. Three days afterwards
+Throckmorton wrote that the late King was
+already forgotten by everyone but his widow, who,
+"being as noble-minded as she is beautiful, weeps passionately
+for the husband who loved her so dearly,
+and with whom she has lost everything." The young
+Queen behaved with admirable discretion. On the
+day after the King's death she sent the Crown jewels
+to her mother-in-law, and, as soon as the funeral had
+been solemnized, begged leave to go and visit her
+mother's grave at Reims. After spending three weeks
+with her aunt, Abbess Ren&eacute;e, Mary went to stay with
+her grandmother at Joinville, where she was joined
+by Anne of Aerschot, the one of all her mother's
+family to whom she clung the most closely, calling
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span>her "ma tante," and consulting her in all her
+difficulties.<a name="FNanchor_592" id="FNanchor_592"></a><a href="#Footnote_592" class="fnanchor">[592]</a></p>
+
+<p>Christina herself was full of sympathy for this
+young Queen, whose early widowhood recalled her
+own fate, and she joined cordially in the invitation
+which the Duke sent Mary to pay a visit to Nancy.
+"The Queen of Scotland," wrote Throckmorton to
+Elizabeth on the 1st of May, 1561, "is at Nancy with
+the Dowager, whom here they call Son Altesse."
+Christina rode out with her son to meet their guest
+on the frontiers of Lorraine, and her uncles, the two
+Cardinals, Aumale, Vaudemont, and the Duchess of
+Aerschot, all accompanied her to Nancy.</p>
+
+<p>The touching beauty of the young widow created
+a profound sensation at the Court of Lorraine. Brant&ocirc;me
+describes her as "a celestial vision"; Ronsard
+sang of the charms which transfigured <i>son grand
+deuil et tristesse</i>, and made her more dangerous in this
+simple white veil that rivalled the exquisite delicacy
+of her complexion than in the most sumptuous robes
+and dazzling jewels; and Clouet drew his immortal
+portrait.<a name="FNanchor_593" id="FNanchor_593"></a><a href="#Footnote_593" class="fnanchor">[593]</a> The Duke arranged a series of f&ecirc;tes to
+distract the young Queen's mind and help to dry her
+tears. There were masques and dances at Nancy,
+hunting-parties and banquets at Nom&eacute;ny, where
+Mary stood godmother to the Count Vaudemont's
+youngest child; and the Court was gayer than it had
+been for many years. But intrigue was once more rife
+at the French Court, and all manner of proposals
+were made for the young widow's hand. The King of
+Denmark, Frederic III., the Prince of Orange, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span>Archduke Charles, the Dukes of Bavaria and Ferrara,
+were all suggested as possible husbands. The fascination
+which Mary had for the boy-King Charles IX.
+was well known, and Catherine de' Medici, who had
+never forgiven Mary for calling her a shopkeeper's
+daughter, was secretly plotting to keep her away
+from the Court, and yet prevent her marriage to Don
+Carlos, whom she wished to secure for her youngest
+daughter, Margot. The Cardinal of Lorraine was
+known to be eager for the Spanish marriage, and both
+Christina and Anne did their best to forward his
+scheme, which was the subject of many letters that
+passed between Granvelle, the Duchess of Aerschot,
+and Mary herself. But Philip, without actually declining
+the offer, always returned evasive answers,
+whether he shrank from placing his sickly and wayward
+son in an independent position, or whether he
+feared the power of the Guise faction.<a name="FNanchor_594" id="FNanchor_594"></a><a href="#Footnote_594" class="fnanchor">[594]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 385px;">
+<img src="images/facing466.jpg" width="385" height="559" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><p><i>Mary Stuart as Queen of France</i></p>
+
+<p><i>in widow's dress</i></p>
+
+<p><i>From the drawing in the Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale at Paris.</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1561</span>] CORONATION OF CHARLES IX.</div>
+
+<p>In the midst of the festivities at Nancy, Mary fell ill
+of fever, and as soon as she was fit to travel returned
+to Joinville, to be nursed by her grandmother; while
+Christina accompanied her son and his wife to Reims
+for the new King's sacring on the 15th of May. The
+magnificence of the Duchess-mother's appearance on
+this occasion excited general admiration. Grief and
+anxiety had left their traces on her face, but, in spite
+of advancing years and sorrow, Christina was still a
+very handsome woman. Among all the royal ladies
+who met in the ancient city, none was more stately
+and distinguished-looking than Madame de Lorraine.
+As her chariot, draped with black velvet fringed with
+gold, and drawn by four superb white horses of Arab
+breed, drew up in front of the Cardinal's palace, a
+murmur of admiration ran through the crowd. The
+Duchess sat at one window, clad in a long black velvet
+robe, and wearing a jewelled diadem on her head, with
+a flowing white veil and cap of the shape that became
+known at the French Court as <i>&agrave; la Lorraine</i>, and was
+adopted by Mary, Queen of Scots, for her habitual use.
+At the other sat her lovely young daughter Ren&eacute;e,
+the coveted bride of many of the Princes who were
+present that day, while on the opposite seat was the
+Princess of Macedonia, an august white-haired lady,
+with the chiselled features of the proud Greek race to
+which she belonged. The Queen-mother, Catherine de'
+Medici, stood at a window of the Archbishop's palace
+to watch the entry of the Lorraine Princes, and as
+she saw the Duchess alight, she exclaimed: "That is
+the finest woman I know!" Then, descending the
+grand staircase, she advanced to meet Christina with
+a stately courtesy, and thanked her for the honour she
+was doing her son.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Herself a very proud woman," writes Brant&ocirc;me,
+"she knew that she had her match in the Duchess,
+and always treated her with the highest honour and
+distinction, without ever yielding one jot of her own
+claims."<a name="FNanchor_595" id="FNanchor_595"></a><a href="#Footnote_595" class="fnanchor">[595]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Duke of Lorraine bore the sword of state at
+the great ceremony on the morrow, while Francis of
+Guise held the crown on the boy-King's head, and
+his brother, the Cardinal, anointed his brow with the
+holy chrism. "Everything," as Charles IX. wrote
+to the Bishop of Limoges, "passed off to the great
+satisfaction of everyone present;"<a name="FNanchor_596" id="FNanchor_596"></a><a href="#Footnote_596" class="fnanchor">[596]</a> and when all was
+over, Madame de Lorraine and her children accompanied
+the King and his mother to a country-house
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span>belonging to the Cardinal in the neighbourhood, and
+enjoyed a week's repose in delicious spring weather.
+Then the Court went on to St. Germain, where the
+Queen of Scots came to take leave of her husband's
+family, and with many tears bade farewell to the
+pleasant land of France, which she had loved all too
+well for her own happiness.</p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1561</span>] DEATH OF DOROTHEA</div>
+
+<p>On the death of Christian II. of Denmark, his elder
+daughter, Dorothea, the widowed Electress Palatine,
+assumed the royal style and title. But as she was
+childless herself, and lived in retirement at Neuburg,
+in the Upper Palatinate, the faithful subjects who still
+clung to their rightful monarch's cause turned to
+Christina, the Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, and
+begged her to assert her son's claims to the throne,
+saying that they regarded him as their future King.
+Chief among these was Peder Oxe, an able public
+servant who had been exiled by Christian III., and
+came to visit the Duchess in the convent of La
+Cambre at Brussels in 1559, soon after the captive
+monarch's death. Peder tried to enlist her sympathies
+on behalf of her father's old subjects, and
+assured her that the recovery of Denmark would be
+an easy matter, owing to the unpopularity of the new
+King, Frederic III. At first Christina lent a willing
+ear to these proposals, but her friend Count d'Aremberg
+succeeded in convincing her of the futility of
+such an enterprise, while both Philip and Granvelle
+firmly refused to support the scheme.<a name="FNanchor_597" id="FNanchor_597"></a><a href="#Footnote_597" class="fnanchor">[597]</a> Peder Oxe,
+however, followed Christina to Nancy, where he be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</a></span>came
+a member of the Ducal Council, and did good
+service in restoring order in the finances.</p>
+
+<p>Other Danish exiles sought refuge at the Court of
+Lorraine, where their presence naturally revived
+Christina's dreams of recovering her father's throne.
+All manner of rumours were abroad. In March, 1561,
+Chaloner heard that the French King and the Duke
+of Lorraine were about to invade Denmark. Three
+months later Mary, Queen of Scots' faithful servant,
+Melville, wrote from Heidelberg that the Duchess-Dowager
+of Lorraine had come there to persuade her
+sister, the old Countess Palatine, to surrender her
+rights on Denmark to her nephew, the Duke of
+Lorraine. Christina spent some time with her
+sister, and was joined in September by the Duke, who
+came to escort her home.<a name="FNanchor_598" id="FNanchor_598"></a><a href="#Footnote_598" class="fnanchor">[598]</a> The Palatine Frederic's
+successor, Otto Heinrich, had died in 1559, and his
+cousin, the reigning Elector, Frederic of Zimmern,
+the brother of the Countess Egmont and her sister
+Helene, was deeply attached to Dorothea, and, like
+his predecessor, professed the Lutheran faith. A
+year after Christina's visit Dorothea died suddenly at
+Neuburg, and was buried by her husband's side in
+the Church of the Holy Ghost at Heidelberg. The
+Palatine Frederic erected a fine monument over her
+grave, with the following inscription:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"To the most noble Lady, Dorothea, Countess
+Palatine, and Queen of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway,
+the beloved consort of the Elector Frederic II.,
+this tomb was raised by Frederic III., by the grace of
+God Elector Palatine, in the year 1562, as a token of
+love and gratitude to this his most dear and excellent
+kinswoman."</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</a></span></p>
+<p>Dorothea's tomb was destroyed with that of her
+husband and many others when Louis XIV.'s armies
+sacked and burnt Heidelberg in 1693, but an English
+traveller who visited the castle and Church of the
+Holy Ghost thirty years before, preserved this inscription
+in his diary.<a name="FNanchor_599" id="FNanchor_599"></a><a href="#Footnote_599" class="fnanchor">[599]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1563</span>] DUKE OF GUISE'S MURDER</div>
+
+<p>Christina came to Heidelberg with her son and both
+her daughters in the autumn of the year 1562, and
+was present at Frankfurt on the 24th of November,
+when her cousin Maximilian was crowned King of
+the Romans. On this occasion the Emperor Ferdinand
+collected as many of the imperial family as
+possible around him. The Dukes and Duchesses of
+Bavaria and Cleves were present, as well as most
+of the Electors and Princes of the Empire; while
+Ibrahim Bey, the Sultan's Ambassador, brought
+camels and rugs and Persian jars as gifts from his
+master. Among the old friends whom the Duchess
+met at Frankfurt were the Prince of Orange, Counts
+Egmont and Jacques d'Aremberg. They greeted her
+with renewed friendliness, and from their lips she
+heard how badly things were going in the Low
+Countries, and how unpopular the Regent and her
+Minister, the newly-created Cardinal de Granvelle,
+had become with all classes of people.<a name="FNanchor_600" id="FNanchor_600"></a><a href="#Footnote_600" class="fnanchor">[600]</a> The Emperor
+and all his family returned to Heidelberg after the
+coronation, and were splendidly entertained by the
+Palatine, who was anxious to arrange a marriage
+between one of his sons and Mademoiselle de Lorraine.
+But Frederic's strong Lutheran tenets were a
+serious obstacle to this plan. At the recent coronation
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</a></span>he had refused to attend Mass, and had remained
+in the vestry of the cathedral until the service was
+over.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile religious strife was raging in France, and
+Christina returned to Nancy to find that civil war had
+broken out. Earlier in the year the massacre of a
+peaceable congregation at Wassy, near Joinville,
+had excited the fury of the Huguenots, and a fierce
+struggle was being waged on the frontiers of Lorraine.
+The Duke's own kindred were divided. Cond&eacute;
+was the leader of the revolted party, while his brother
+Antoine, King of Navarre&mdash;l'&Eacute;changeur, as he was
+called, because he was said to change his religion as
+often as he did his coat&mdash;was mortally wounded,
+fighting on the King's side, in the siege of Rouen.
+A month later the Constable de Montmorency was
+made prisoner in the Battle of Dreux, by his own
+nephew Coligny. On the 21st of February, 1563,
+Christina and her son were attending the baptism of
+the Duke of Aumale's son Claude, when a messenger
+arrived with the news that the Duke of Guise had
+been stabbed by a Huguenot fanatic in the camp
+before Orleans. After a public funeral in Notre
+Dame, the remains of Antoinette's most illustrious
+son were buried at Joinville, amid the lamentations
+of the whole nation.<a name="FNanchor_601" id="FNanchor_601"></a><a href="#Footnote_601" class="fnanchor">[601]</a></p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, the duchy of Lorraine escaped the
+horrors of civil war. On the 18th of May, 1562,
+Charles made his long-deferred state entry into
+Nancy, and took a solemn vow to observe the rights
+of his subjects before he received the ducal crown.
+But he still consulted his mother in all important
+matters, and treated her with the utmost respect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</a></span>
+and affection.<a name="FNanchor_602" id="FNanchor_602"></a><a href="#Footnote_602" class="fnanchor">[602]</a> His own time and thoughts were
+chiefly occupied in enlarging and beautifying the
+ducal palace. He extended the Galerie des Cerfs,
+and built a fine hall, adorned with frescoes of the
+Metamorphoses of Ovid, a translation of which had
+been dedicated to his grandfather, Duke Antoine, by
+the poet Clement Marot. At the same time he rebuilt
+the old Salle du Jeu de Paume on the model of
+one at the Louvre, and made a picture-gallery above
+this new hall, which he hung with portraits of the
+ducal family.<a name="FNanchor_603" id="FNanchor_603"></a><a href="#Footnote_603" class="fnanchor">[603]</a></p>
+
+<p>Christina also devoted much attention to the improvement
+of her estates. She rebuilt the salt-works
+at Les Rosi&egrave;res, which had been abandoned in the last
+century, and placed an inscription on the gates,
+recording that in February, 1563, these salt-works
+were erected by</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Christina, by the grace of God Queen of Denmark,
+Sweden, and Norway, Sovereign of the Goths, Vandals,
+and Slavonians, Duchess of Schleswig, Dittmarsch,
+Lorraine, Bar, and Milan, Countess of Oldenburg
+and Blamont, and Lady of Tortona."<a name="FNanchor_604" id="FNanchor_604"></a><a href="#Footnote_604" class="fnanchor">[604]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1563</span>] BIRTH OF A GRANDSON</div>
+
+<p>Several indications of the active part that she took
+in affairs of State appear in contemporary records.
+In 1564, with the Pope's sanction, she concluded an
+agreement with the Bishop of Toul, by which he made
+over his temporalities to the Duke of Lorraine.
+Christina, as she explained to Granvelle, had taken
+this step to avoid the see from becoming the property
+of France; but her action roused the indignation of
+her uncle, the Emperor Ferdinand, who rebuked his
+good niece sharply for venturing to meddle with the
+affairs of the Imperial Chamber.<a name="FNanchor_605" id="FNanchor_605"></a><a href="#Footnote_605" class="fnanchor">[605]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 390px;">
+<img src="images/facing472.jpg" width="390" height="597" alt="" />
+<div class="caption">
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Grand Duc le Prince Aisn&eacute;, des Princes de ta Race,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Le Lorrein &eacute;tonn&eacute; de t&eacute;s exploits guerriers,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Ne peut assez trouuer en son cloz de Lauriers,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Pour ombrager ton front, tes Temples, et ta face.</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><i>Thomas de leu Fe: et excud</i>:</p>
+
+<p>CHARLES III., DUKE OF LORRAINE</p>
+
+<p><i>To face p.</i> <a href="#Page_472">472</a></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of November, 1563, the Duchess Claude
+gave birth to her first child, a boy which was named
+Henry, after her father, the late King of France.
+Both Charles IX. and Philip II. consented to stand
+godfathers, and the French King announced his intention
+of attending the child's christening in person.
+His visit, however, was put off, as the young Duchess
+fell seriously ill of smallpox, and was eventually fixed
+to take place at Bar after Easter. There was even a
+rumour that King Philip, whose presence in the Low
+Countries was earnestly desired, would visit Lorraine
+on his journey, and meet the French monarch on the
+1st of May. The prospect of seeing Catherine and
+her son with an armed force in Lorraine filled Christina
+with alarm. The Queen-mother, as she knew, was
+very jealous of the Duchess-Dowager's influence with
+her son, and neglected no means of placing French
+subjects in positions of authority at the Ducal Court;<a name="FNanchor_606" id="FNanchor_606"></a><a href="#Footnote_606" class="fnanchor">[606]</a>
+while her recent intrigues with the Huguenot leaders
+might lead to the introduction of Protestant rites at
+the ceremony. Before the date fixed for the christening,
+however, Christina received an unexpected visitor
+in the person of Cardinal Granvelle, who had been
+compelled to bow to the storm and leave the Netherlands.
+In a private note which he sent to Granvelle
+on the 1st of March, 1564, Philip had desired the
+Cardinal to retire to Besan&ccedil;on on plea of paying
+a visit to his mother, whom he had not seen for
+nineteen years. The desired permission was readily
+granted by the Regent, and, to the great satisfaction
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</a></span>of the nobles, the hated Minister left Brussels on the
+13th of March. "Our man is really going," wrote
+William of Orange to his brother Louis. "God grant
+he may go so far that he can never return!"<a name="FNanchor_607" id="FNanchor_607"></a><a href="#Footnote_607" class="fnanchor">[607]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1564</span>] GRANVELLE AT NANCY</div>
+
+<p>The Cardinal had by this time recognized his fatal
+mistake in persuading the King to appoint the
+Duchess of Parma Regent instead of Madame de
+Lorraine, "by which action," as he himself wrote,
+"I made the Prince of Orange my enemy."<a name="FNanchor_608" id="FNanchor_608"></a><a href="#Footnote_608" class="fnanchor">[608]</a> He
+was the more anxious to recover Christina's good
+graces, while she on her part does not appear to have
+borne him any grudge for his share in the transaction.
+His way led him through Lorraine, and when he
+reached Pont-&agrave;-Mousson he found a messenger from
+the Duchess begging him to come and see her at
+Nancy. On his arrival he was received by the
+Duke's <i>ma&icirc;tre d'h&ocirc;tel</i>, and conducted to lodgings in
+the palace. This "very fine house," and the hospitality
+with which he and his companions were entertained,
+gratified the Cardinal, and after supper he
+was received by the Duchess-Dowager, with whom he
+had a long interview in the Grande Galerie.<a name="FNanchor_609" id="FNanchor_609"></a><a href="#Footnote_609" class="fnanchor">[609]</a> They
+conversed freely of the troubles in the Netherlands.
+Christina was anxious to justify herself from the charge
+of fomenting these dissensions, and declared that
+she had nothing to say against the Duchess of Parma,
+and only complained of her refusal to allow a Mass
+for her father, King Christian II., to be said in the
+Court chapel on the anniversary of his death. But
+she had many complaints to make of the King, who
+had only written to her five times in the last five
+years, and who insisted on keeping her Castle of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[Pg 475]</a></span>Tortona in his own hands, and employed the revenues
+of the town to pay the garrison, without giving her
+any compensation. Granvelle could only allege the
+unsettled state of Lombardy and the disorder of
+Milanese finances as excuses for Philip's behaviour.
+The Duchess further confided to him her fears regarding
+the French King's visit, and the intrigues of
+Catherine, who was always endeavouring to destroy
+the harmony that prevailed between herself and her
+daughter-in-law. Granvelle did his best to allay
+these alarms, and assured her that the rumours as
+to the large force that was to accompany him to
+Lorraine were absolutely false.</p>
+
+<p>Another subject on which Christina consulted the
+Cardinal was her designs against Denmark. The
+young King Frederic III. at first professed great
+friendship for her, and opened negotiations for his
+marriage with her daughter Ren&eacute;e&mdash;a proposal which
+she was reluctant to accept.<a name="FNanchor_610" id="FNanchor_610"></a><a href="#Footnote_610" class="fnanchor">[610]</a> This idea, however, was
+soon abandoned, and the outbreak of war between
+Denmark and Sweden seemed to afford an opportunity
+for advancing her own claims. Peder Oxe and
+his companion in exile, Willem von Gr&uuml;mbach, urged
+her to raise an army and invade Jutland, assuring her
+that the discontented Danish nobles were only longing
+for an excuse to rise in a body and dethrone the
+usurper. But Christina realized that it would be
+useless to make any attempt without Philip's support,
+which she begged Granvelle to obtain. The Cardinal,
+however, quite declined to approach the King on the
+subject, and told the Duchess that a rupture with
+Denmark would make him more unpopular in Flanders
+than he was already, saying that he had no wish to be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</a></span>stoned by the Dutch. Before leaving Nancy he discussed
+the situation at length with the Duchess's
+latest friend, Baron de Polweiler, the Bailiff of
+Hagenau, a brave and loyal servant of Charles V.,
+who had warmly espoused Christina's cause and
+was in correspondence with the Danish malcontents.
+The Baron was a wise and practical man, and agreed
+with Granvelle that the best course of action would
+be to keep up the agitation in Denmark, without
+taking further measures until the coming of King
+Philip, which was now confidently expected.<a name="FNanchor_611" id="FNanchor_611"></a><a href="#Footnote_611" class="fnanchor">[611]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1564</span>] ILLNESS OF CHRISTINA</div>
+
+<p>After the Cardinal's departure, Christina fell ill at
+Den&#339;uvre, and was unable to accompany the Duke,
+who came to fetch her, and insisted on putting
+off the child's christening until his mother was fit
+to travel. At length, on the 2nd of May, the
+Duchess and her daughters started for Bar, where the
+christening was celebrated on the following day, and
+Christina held her grandson at the font. There was
+no display of armed force, nor was any attempt made
+to introduce Lutheran rites. On the contrary, the
+Queen-mother and all her suite were most amiable,
+the greatest good-will prevailed on all sides, and the
+whole party spent the next week in feasting, jousting,
+and dancing, while Ronsard composed songs in honour
+of the occasion. On the 9th of May the young King
+resumed his progress to Lyons, and the aged Duchess
+Antoinette, who had come to Bar at the Cardinal of
+Lorraine's prayer, returned to Joinville with her son.
+Christina's worst alarms had been dispelled, but
+her suspicions were to some extent justified by the
+revival of the French King's old claims to Bar, and
+the advance of certain new pretensions, which were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</a></span>eventually referred to a court of justice in Paris.
+What annoyed her scarcely less was the inferior
+quality of the ring sent by the King of Spain to
+Duchess Claude, which excited more than one unpleasant
+comment, although Count Mansfeldt, who
+stood proxy for Philip, informed her privately that
+Margaret of Parma had spent double the sum named
+by His Majesty on his christening present.<a name="FNanchor_612" id="FNanchor_612"></a><a href="#Footnote_612" class="fnanchor">[612]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<p>In July, 1564, Christina fell dangerously ill, and
+Silliers told Polweiler that his mistress was suffering
+from a grave internal malady. In November she
+had a severe relapse, and her death was hourly expected.
+Her children and servants nursed her
+with untiring devotion, and her friends at Brussels
+were deeply concerned. Anne d'Aerschot, Margaret
+d'Aremberg, Egmont, and the Prince of Orange, made
+frequent inquiries; and even Queen Mary wrote from
+Scotland to ask after the Duchess's health. Philip
+alone took no notice of her illness, and his indifference
+was keenly resented by Christina and her whole
+family. "For the love of God," wrote Silliers to
+Polweiler, "do your best to see that Madame is consoled,
+or she will certainly die of grief and despair."
+And he poured out a passionate complaint, setting
+forth his mistress's wrongs, and saying how, after
+cheating her out of Vigevano, the King kept both the
+castle and revenues of her dower city in his hands,
+and allowed her subjects to be exposed to the depredations
+of the Spanish garrison. "To my mind," he
+adds, "this is a strange proof of the singular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</a></span>
+affection which he professes to have for my Lady!"<a name="FNanchor_613" id="FNanchor_613"></a><a href="#Footnote_613" class="fnanchor">[613]</a>
+Granvelle himself was much concerned, and, when
+Polweiler wrote to report an improvement in the
+Duchess's condition, expressed his thankfulness, saying
+that the loss of such a Princess would be a heavy
+blow to the cause of religion, as well as the greatest
+calamity that could befall Lorraine. He owned that
+Madame had been harshly treated, and could only
+counsel patience and assure her of Philip's good-will;
+but he confessed that the task was a disagreeable one.
+When Philip wrote at last, it was merely to exhort
+the Duchess to be patient, as the whole world was
+in travail, and to promise that her claims should be
+settled by the Cardinal.<a name="FNanchor_614" id="FNanchor_614"></a><a href="#Footnote_614" class="fnanchor">[614]</a> Meanwhile fresh appeals
+reached Christina every day from her Danish partisans,
+while King Eric of Sweden, who had declared
+war on Denmark, opened negotiations with her
+through his French Minister, Charles de Mornay. A
+marriage between this young King and Ren&eacute;e was
+proposed, and Eric offered to support the Duchess's
+rights to Denmark if she could obtain the help of the
+Emperor and of the Netherlands. Ferdinand, however,
+quite declined to countenance any attack on his
+ally, and begged his dear niece not to stir up strife in
+Germany, although he assured her of his paternal
+love and readiness to help her in the recovery of her
+rights by peaceable methods. A few weeks after
+writing this letter the good Emperor died, and, as
+Christina knew, she could expect little from his successor
+Maximilian, who had never forgiven her friendship
+with Philip in bygone days, and did not even
+send her the customary announcement of his father's
+death.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1565</span>] DUKE ADOLF'S MARRIAGE</div>
+
+<p>Another ally whose help the Duchess tried to enlist
+was the old Landgrave, Philip of Hesse, whose
+daughter Christina, after being wooed for some years
+by the King of Sweden, was finally married to Duke
+Adolf of Holstein on the 20th of January, 1565. As
+Granvelle remarks, it was a strange ending to this
+Prince's long courtship of Madame de Lorraine, but
+he probably still hoped to support her cause in
+Denmark. And as the Prince of Orange was asked
+to represent King Philip at the marriage, Christina
+would have an opportunity of consulting him about
+her Danish expedition.<a name="FNanchor_615" id="FNanchor_615"></a><a href="#Footnote_615" class="fnanchor">[615]</a> But the Prince refused to
+leave Flanders, and a serious relapse prevented the
+Duchess from attending the wedding. As soon as
+she had recovered sufficiently, Christina dictated a
+letter to her beloved sister Anne, who was still her
+most faithful friend:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Your letter was most welcome, as I had not heard
+from you lately, and I thank you warmly for all that
+you say. I am getting better, but am not very strong
+yet. As to the Swedish business, I am anxious to
+know the name of the person whom you mention as
+having the greatest affection for me and mine, and
+who might help me with the King. And as I know
+that you only desire my good, I beg you to keep your
+eyes open, and tell me who are my best friends at
+Court. I quite agree with you that it is useless
+to fish in troubled waters. Monsieur d'Egmont's
+journey to Spain is a surprising event! The cause is
+unknown to me, but it must be some matter of importance.
+Thank you again with all my heart for
+the love that is expressed in your letters."<a name="FNanchor_616" id="FNanchor_616"></a><a href="#Footnote_616" class="fnanchor">[616]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The friends to whose influence at Court Anne had
+referred were the Count and Countess of Aremberg,
+who stood high in favour with the King and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</a></span>Regent, and were in constant correspondence with
+Christina.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Would to God," wrote Margaret of Aremberg,
+"that Madame de Lorraine could obtain the King's
+favour! She would then be easily able to regain her
+own, as the Danes hate their King, and he has no
+power over them. But I confess I have lost all hopes
+of this ever coming to pass."<a name="FNanchor_617" id="FNanchor_617"></a><a href="#Footnote_617" class="fnanchor">[617]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1565</span>] JOURNEY TO BRUSSELS</div>
+
+<p>By the advice of these friends, the Duchess now
+decided to send Baron de Polweiler to Spain to beg
+the King for the 300,000 crowns due to her, in order
+that she might avail herself of the opportunity presented
+by the war between Sweden and Denmark,
+and open the campaign in the summer. Upon this
+Granvelle felt it his duty to inform his master of the
+Duchess's plans, which might, he thought, be successful
+if the King could help her with subsidies, since she
+had several allies in Germany.<a name="FNanchor_618" id="FNanchor_618"></a><a href="#Footnote_618" class="fnanchor">[618]</a> Duke Eric of Brunswick
+offered to raise an army and take the command
+of the expedition, and the Landgrave of Hesse
+promised to help on condition that she gave her
+daughter Ren&eacute;e in marriage to one of his sons; while,
+by way of removing Philip's objections, the Cardinal
+dwelt on the advantages of restoring the true faith in
+these Northern kingdoms. But this plan was frustrated
+by the Archduke Ferdinand's refusal to give
+Polweiler leave of absence, and as Silliers, who offered
+to go in his stead, would only have made matters
+worse, Christina resolved to ask Count Egmont to
+plead her cause at Madrid. Even Granvelle, who had
+no love for the Count, approved of this plan. Egmont
+was known to be devoted to the Duchess, and his great
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</a></span>popularity in the Low Countries would go far to
+remove the objections to a breach with Denmark in
+those provinces. Unfortunately, in spite of his good-will,
+Egmont effected no more for Christina than he
+did for the liberties of the Netherlands. He was
+royally entertained by Philip and his courtiers, and
+loaded with presents and flatteries, but, when he
+came to business, received nothing but vague words
+and empty promises.</p>
+
+<p>On his return to Flanders in April, his house was
+crowded with visitors, and the Duchess, finding that
+she could obtain no answer to her letters, determined
+to go to Brussels herself. In June she set out on her
+journey, saying that she was going to kiss the Holy
+Coat at Treves and pay her devotions to the Blessed
+Sacrament of the Miracle at Brussels, in fulfilment of
+a vow made when she had been at the point of death.<a name="FNanchor_619" id="FNanchor_619"></a><a href="#Footnote_619" class="fnanchor">[619]</a>
+Her pilgrimage excited great curiosity, and even
+Polweiler was in the dark as to its object, but felt
+convinced that she meant to see Egmont and Eric of
+Brunswick, and that they would soon hear of a sudden
+call to arms.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I hear from a trustworthy source," wrote the
+Landgrave to Louis of Nassau, "that the old Duchess
+of Lorraine is going to Brussels with both her
+daughters. She has raised 400,000 crowns at Antwerp
+to make war on Denmark, and is to be helped
+by the Netherlands with ships, money, and men. Her
+daughter Ren&eacute;e is to marry King Eric, and a close
+alliance against the Danish King is to be formed
+between Sweden, Lorraine, the States, and the Holy
+Empire. Although I do not hold popular rumours
+to be as infallible as Holy Gospel, I count them more
+worthy of belief than &AElig;sop's fables or the tales of
+Amadis de Gaul. Of one thing I am quite sure: The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</a></span>Duchess does not travel to Flanders or send an Ambassador
+to Sweden to roast pears or dance a galliard.
+The latest report is that the Duchess is going to sell
+her claims on Denmark to the King of Spain, but I can
+hardly think His Majesty will be anxious to buy
+these barren rights which bring a war in their train.
+Do not take my gossip unkindly, but let me know
+what you hear of this business."<a name="FNanchor_620" id="FNanchor_620"></a><a href="#Footnote_620" class="fnanchor">[620]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>A cloud of mystery surrounds this visit which
+Christina paid to Brussels in the summer of 1565.
+She declined the Regent's invitation to occupy her
+old quarters in the palace, but stayed in the religious
+house known as the Cloister of Jericho, and afterwards
+with the Duchess of Aerschot at Diest. She
+received visits from Duke Eric, who professed himself
+ready to raise troops to serve her at the shortest
+notice, and also from Count Egmont. But all that
+she could learn from this noble was that, when he
+urged her claims on the King, and begged him to see
+that the arrears due to her were paid, Philip replied
+that Her Highness was the wisest and most virtuous
+of women, and would always take the best course
+possible.<a name="FNanchor_621" id="FNanchor_621"></a><a href="#Footnote_621" class="fnanchor">[621]</a> By August Christina was back in Lorraine,
+and attended the christening of Nicholas de Vaudemont's
+new-born daughter, who received the name
+of Christina.<a name="FNanchor_622" id="FNanchor_622"></a><a href="#Footnote_622" class="fnanchor">[622]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1566</span>] INTRIGUES WITH SWEDEN</div>
+
+<p>Whatever others may have felt about the Duchess's
+designs on Denmark, the King of Sweden was evidently
+in earnest. Four Ambassadors arrived at
+Nancy on All Saints' Day, 1565, and went on to
+Den&#339;uvre. They brought offers from Eric to conquer
+Norway and Denmark in the Duchess's name
+and leave her in possession of the latter kingdom, and
+asked for Madame Ren&eacute;e's hand, in order to confirm
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</a></span>the alliance between Lorraine and Sweden. During
+a whole year the Swedish Envoys remained at Nancy,
+and prolonged conferences were held between them
+and the Duke and his mother. A new ally also came
+to her help in the person of the Czar of Muscovy, who
+was profuse in his offers of assistance. Christina's
+hopes rose high, and a medal was struck in 1566, bearing
+her effigy as Queen of Denmark, with the motto:
+<i>Me sine cuncta ruunt</i> (Without me all things
+perish).<a name="FNanchor_623" id="FNanchor_623"></a><a href="#Footnote_623" class="fnanchor">[623]</a> But one ally after the other failed her.
+Both the Emperor Maximilian and the Elector of
+Saxony, who had married a Princess of Denmark,
+were strongly opposed to her schemes; while the
+ancient feud between the Danes and Swedes, who, in
+Silliers's words, "hated each other as much as cats
+and dogs or English and French," helped to complicate
+matters.<a name="FNanchor_624" id="FNanchor_624"></a><a href="#Footnote_624" class="fnanchor">[624]</a> At the same time, she felt reluctant
+to give her daughter to a man of Eric's unstable
+character, who had been courting Queen Elizabeth
+and Christina of Hesse at the same time, and was
+known to have a low-born mistress. She had good
+reason to be afraid that the story of King Christian
+and Dyveke might be repeated, and her fears were
+justified when, a year later, the King of Sweden raised
+this favourite to the throne, and was soon afterwards
+deposed by his subjects. The defection of Peder Oxe,
+who made his peace with the King of Denmark and
+returned to Copenhagen at the close of 1566, was
+another blow, and the ultimate defeat of the Swedes
+in the following year extinguished her last hopes.<a name="FNanchor_625" id="FNanchor_625"></a><a href="#Footnote_625" class="fnanchor">[625]</a>
+Cardinal Granvelle, who had been sent to Italy by
+Philip to keep him away from the Netherlands, wrote
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</a></span>that the Viceroy, with the best will in the world,
+found it impossible to pay the arrears due to the
+Duchess, and could not withdraw the garrison at
+Tortona without the King's leave. As for the Danish
+expedition, Granvelle told Polweiler that it was more
+hopeless than ever, and he could only advise Her
+Highness to abandon the idea.<a name="FNanchor_626" id="FNanchor_626"></a><a href="#Footnote_626" class="fnanchor">[626]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Madame de Lorraine," replied the Baron, "is in
+great perplexity, abandoned by all her relatives, and,
+like Tantalus, is left to die of thirst, looking down on
+a clear and beautiful stream."</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">March, 1567</span>] LES GUEUX</div>
+
+<p>But a few faithful friends were still left. In May,
+1566, the Duchess of Aerschot came to Lorraine with
+her young son, and spent the summer in her old home.
+The troubles in the Netherlands filled her with the
+utmost anxiety, and her family, like many others,
+was divided. All her own sympathies were with
+William of Orange and Egmont in the struggle for
+freedom, but her stepson, Philip of Aerschot, and her
+cousin, Count d'Aremberg, were among the few nobles
+who refused to join the League, and stood fast by
+the Regent. Margaret of Parma looked coldly on her,
+owing to Anne's connection with Christina and the
+Prince of Orange, and did not even send her an invitation
+to her son Alexander's wedding. With her
+wonted good sense, Anne refused to notice this affront,
+and told her friends that she was too unwell to attend
+the festivities, which excited much discontent by their
+profuse extravagance.<a name="FNanchor_627" id="FNanchor_627"></a><a href="#Footnote_627" class="fnanchor">[627]</a> But the situation was painful,
+and she was glad to retire to Lorraine and enjoy the
+company of Christina and her venerable aunt, Duchess
+Antoinette. Together they read the affectionate letters
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</a></span>which Mary Stuart wrote from her Northern home,
+and sighed over the perils surrounding the young
+Queen. In spite of her relatives' advice, she had
+married Darnley, the handsome Scottish boy whom
+her uncle the Cardinal of Lorraine termed "that
+great nincompoop of a girl," and was already learning
+to her cost the mistake that she had made.</p>
+
+<p>Terrible news now came from Flanders. Riots
+broke out in Antwerp and Ghent, and spread rapidly
+through the provinces. The great church of St. John
+was plundered, Hubert van Eyck's famous Adoration
+was only saved by the presence of mind of the
+Canons, and the tomb of Christina's mother, Queen
+Isabella, was hacked to pieces.<a name="FNanchor_628" id="FNanchor_628"></a><a href="#Footnote_628" class="fnanchor">[628]</a> In Brussels S.
+Gudule was stripped of its pictures and statues, and
+the cry of "Vivent les Gueux!" rang through the
+courts of Charles V.'s palace. The Regent tried in
+vain to escape, and was forced to turn for help to the
+Prince of Orange and her most bitter enemies. Anne
+returned home to find public affairs in dire confusion,
+and retired to her dower-house at Diest. After her
+departure Christina became seriously ill, and in the
+spring of 1567 her daughters entreated the Countess
+of Aremberg to come to Lorraine, saying that her
+presence would be the best medicine for their mother.
+Margaret obeyed the summons and spent three
+months at Nancy and Den&#339;uvre.<a name="FNanchor_629" id="FNanchor_629"></a><a href="#Footnote_629" class="fnanchor">[629]</a> On her return she
+told Granvelle's friend, Provost Morillon, that the
+King made a great mistake in being so unfriendly
+to the House of Lorraine, and that if Madame died
+the Duke would become altogether French, and his
+duchy might at any moment fall into the hands of
+France. Charles was Catholic to his finger-tips, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span>entirely devoted to his mother, but after her death
+no one could tell what might happen.<a name="FNanchor_630" id="FNanchor_630"></a><a href="#Footnote_630" class="fnanchor">[630]</a> These representations
+were not without effect. Philip wrote in
+a more kindly strain to the Duchess, and sent one of
+his Chamberlains&mdash;Don Luis de Mendoza&mdash;to wait
+upon her at Nancy, and remain in Lorraine until the
+arrival of the Duke of Alva, who was now despatched
+from Spain to replace Margaret of Parma as Captain-General
+of the Netherlands. In July he crossed the
+Mont Cenis, and marched through Lorraine at the
+head of a force of picked Spanish and Italian soldiers.
+Brant&ocirc;me rushed to Nancy to see this "gentle and
+gallant army," with their fine new muskets and pikes,
+but the sight filled many of the spectators with profound
+misgivings.<a name="FNanchor_631" id="FNanchor_631"></a><a href="#Footnote_631" class="fnanchor">[631]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1568</span>] DEATH OF EGMONT</div>
+
+<p>The Prince of Orange had already resigned all his
+offices and retired to Germany, but Egmont and his
+friend Count Horn were caught in the fatal snare, and
+were both arrested at a banquet in Alva's house on
+the evening of the 9th of September. The news filled
+Europe with consternation. In her distress Christina
+wrote several letters to the King of Spain, pleading
+passionately for the Count's release, and recalling his
+great deeds and the devotion which he had always
+shown to the King's service.<a name="FNanchor_632" id="FNanchor_632"></a><a href="#Footnote_632" class="fnanchor">[632]</a> Her appeals were
+seconded by the Duke and his wife, by Vaudemont,&mdash;Egmont's
+own brother-in-law&mdash;by the Duke and
+Duchess of Bavaria, the Elector Palatine, and all the
+Princes of the Empire. Maximilian himself addressed
+two autograph letters to Philip, praying for the Count's
+release, and the Knights of the Golden Fleece protested
+against this violation of the rules of their Order.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span>But all was in vain. Philip vouchsafed no answer
+to any of these appeals, saying he would not change
+his mind if the sky were to fall on his head,<a name="FNanchor_633" id="FNanchor_633"></a><a href="#Footnote_633" class="fnanchor">[633]</a> and on
+the 6th of June, 1568, the Grande Place witnessed
+the execution of the hero of Gravelines. A fortnight
+before this shocking event, Anne, Duchess of Aerschot,
+breathed her last at Diest, thankful to escape from a
+world so full of misery, and only grieving to think that
+her vast dower and fine estates would not pass to their
+rightful owner, William of Orange.<a name="FNanchor_634" id="FNanchor_634"></a><a href="#Footnote_634" class="fnanchor">[634]</a> In the same
+month of May the first battle was fought between
+the revolted nobles and the Spanish forces, and
+Margaret of Aremberg's husband fell fighting valiantly
+in the m&ecirc;l&eacute;e. Meanwhile civil war had broken out
+again in France, and in November, 1567, the Constable
+Montmorency, the old Nestor of France, was killed in
+a battle at St. Denis, fighting against the Huguenots,
+with Cond&eacute; and his own nephew Coligny at their head.
+Old friends were falling on every side, and before
+Christina's tears for her sister-in-law were dried, she and
+the aged Duchess of Guise were mourning the sad fate
+of Antoinette's luckless granddaughter, the Queen of
+Scots, who had been compelled to abdicate her throne,
+and was now a captive in the hands of her rival, Queen
+Elizabeth.</p>
+
+
+<h3>V.</h3>
+
+<p>While civil war was raging all round, and Christina's
+best friends were dying on the scaffold or the battle-field,
+the marriage of her daughter Ren&eacute;e brought a
+ray of light into her life. The tale of Ren&eacute;e's courtships
+almost rivals that of her mother's. The Kings
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span>of Sweden and Denmark, William of Orange and
+Henri de Joinville, were only a few among the candidates
+who sought her hand. Granvelle once proposed
+the Duke of Urbino as a suitable match, and
+Philip was anxious to marry her to his handsome and
+popular half-brother, Don John of Austria. But
+the Duchess declined this offer repeatedly, saying
+that no child of hers should ever wed a bastard.
+When in the summer of 1567, Don Luis de Mendoza
+again urged this suit on the King's behalf, the Duchess
+informed him that her daughter's hand was already
+promised to Duke William of Bavaria, the eldest son
+of the reigning Duke Albert and his wife, the Archduchess
+Anna. The contract was signed in September,
+and the marriage took place early in the following
+year,<a name="FNanchor_635" id="FNanchor_635"></a><a href="#Footnote_635" class="fnanchor">[635]</a> and turned out very happily. Throughout his
+life the Bavarian Duke maintained worthily the strong
+Catholic traditions of his house, and proved a dutiful
+and affectionate son-in-law. Christina spent the
+following winter at the Castle of Friedberg in Bavaria,
+where she was once more dangerously ill, and Silliers
+as usual complained bitterly of Philip's neglect and
+unkindness in never making inquiries after her health.
+But, in spite of all rebuffs, neither the Baron nor his
+mistress had abandoned their dreams of conquering
+Denmark, and in April, 1569, Cardinal Granvelle
+wrote to the King from Rome:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1572</span>] DEATH OF SILLIERS</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Madame de Lorraine is still trying to recover her
+father's kingdom, and both she and her Councillor,
+Silliers, are continually begging me for help in this
+matter. In vain I have replied for the hundredth
+time that I am too far from Madrid and the Low
+Countries to know if the affair is practicable, and have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span>pointed out that, in the first place, the Dutch will
+never break with Denmark; secondly, that the
+Emperor would object to any attempt of this kind;
+and, thirdly, that Your Majesty's hands are full. In
+fact, I have told her that I cannot see any solid
+foundations for her hopes. But she returns to the
+charge again and again."<a name="FNanchor_636" id="FNanchor_636"></a><a href="#Footnote_636" class="fnanchor">[636]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>It was the last flicker of an expiring flame. After
+this, even Christina seems to have recognized the
+futility of her schemes, and the death of Silliers finally
+decided her to abandon them altogether. This "vain,
+insupportable, and foolish man," as the Cardinal
+called him, and whom her son, the Duke, also detested
+cordially, lost his life in Bavaria, in September, 1572,
+being killed by a shot from a crossbow, which was
+said to be accidental, but which Granvelle and his
+other enemies ascribed to a paid assassin.<a name="FNanchor_637" id="FNanchor_637"></a><a href="#Footnote_637" class="fnanchor">[637]</a> During
+the last twenty years, it must be owned, Silliers had
+been the Duchess's evil genius; but, in spite of all
+his faults, he was sincerely attached to his mistress,
+and his devotion to her interests cannot be questioned.</p>
+
+<p>Christina spent the next six years chiefly at Nancy
+or Den&#339;uvre, in the company of her children and
+grandchildren. The Duke had a large family of
+three sons and six daughters, the eldest of whom,
+Christina, bore a strong likeness to her grandmother
+both in face and character. This Princess and her
+cousin Louise de Vaudemont, the daughter of Nicholas
+by his first wife, Margaret of Egmont, were great
+favourites with the Duchess-mother, and spent much
+time in her society. Louise was a fair and gentle
+maiden, whose charms captivated Henry, Duke of
+Anjou, when he came to Lorraine in 1573, on his way
+to take possession of the throne of Poland. He was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[Pg 490]</a></span>accompanied by his mother, Queen Catherine, who
+spent a week at Nancy, and after her son's departure
+remained some days at Blamont with Christina.
+When, two years later, Henry succeeded his brother,
+Charles IX., the new King's first thought was to make
+the Princess of Lorraine his wife. Christina was too
+ill to leave her bed, but Duchess Antoinette, still
+young in spite of her eighty years, brought the bride
+to Reims, where the wedding was celebrated two
+days after Henry III.'s coronation. The Duke and
+his sister Dorothea were present at the ceremony, as
+well as all the Guise Princes.<a name="FNanchor_638" id="FNanchor_638"></a><a href="#Footnote_638" class="fnanchor">[638]</a> Five days afterwards,
+on the 20th of February, 1575, the Duchess Claude,
+whose health had long been failing, and who had
+lately given birth to twin daughters, died in the ducal
+palace, at the age of twenty-eight, leaving the Duke
+an inconsolable widower. He was only thirty-two, and
+although he lived till 1608, never married again. Soon
+after Claude's death, her eldest daughter, Christina,
+went to live with her grandmother, Catherine de'
+Medici, at the French Court. This masterful lady,
+who quarrelled with her own daughter Margaret, was
+very fond of Christina, and kept this young Princess
+constantly at her side during the next fourteen years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1575</span>] MARRIAGE OF DOROTHEA</div>
+
+<p>In the following December, Elizabeth of Austria,
+the widow of Charles IX., and daughter of the Emperor
+Maximilian II., visited Nancy on her way back
+to Vienna, and was escorted on her journey by Ren&eacute;e
+and her husband, the Duke of Bavaria. They were
+all three present at the wedding of the Princess
+Dorothea, who was married in the Church of St.
+Georges, on the 26th of December, to Duke Eric of
+Brunswick.<a name="FNanchor_639" id="FNanchor_639"></a><a href="#Footnote_639" class="fnanchor">[639]</a> This wild and restless Prince had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[Pg 491]</a></span>always been on friendly terms with Christina and her
+family, and was one of King Philip's favourite captains
+and a Knight of the Golden Fleece. He had
+lately lost his first wife, and succeeded his father in the
+principalities of G&ouml;ttingen and Calenberg, although
+his roving tastes made him prefer foreign service to
+residence on his own estates. Now, at the age of
+forty-seven, he became the husband of Christina's
+younger daughter. In spite of her lameness, this
+Princess inherited much of her aunt Dorothea's
+charm and gaiety, and was fondly beloved by her
+brother and all his children. She took especial
+interest in the improvements which the Duke was
+never tired of making at Nancy, and helped him in
+laying out the beautiful terraced gardens, adorned
+with fountains and orangeries, in the precincts of the
+ducal palace. And the bell in the new clock-tower,
+which the Duke built in 1577, was named Dorothea,
+after the Duchess of Brunswick.<a name="FNanchor_640" id="FNanchor_640"></a><a href="#Footnote_640" class="fnanchor">[640]</a> Charles himself,
+like his father, was a Prince of cultured tastes, who
+studied the Latin and Italian poets and took delight in
+Ronsard's verses. The foundation of the University
+at Pont-&agrave;-Mousson bore witness to his love of learning,
+while he employed scholars to collect precious books
+and manuscripts, and sent his gardeners to inspect
+the royal palaces at Fontainebleau and St. Germain,
+and to bring back rare plants and exotics.<a name="FNanchor_641" id="FNanchor_641"></a><a href="#Footnote_641" class="fnanchor">[641]</a></p>
+
+<p>In these last years of Christina's life at Nancy, new
+hopes and interests were suddenly brought into her
+life by Don John of Austria's arrival in the Low
+Countries. When terrorism and massacre had failed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[Pg 492]</a></span>to crush the revolted provinces, the hero of Lepanto was
+appointed Governor, in the hope that he might succeed
+in restoring order, by appealing to his illustrious father's
+memory and ruling the Netherlands according to his
+example. In October, 1576, Don John travelled
+through France in the disguise of a Moorish servant,
+and, after spending one night in Paris, came to Joinville
+to consult the Duke of Guise on a romantic scheme
+which he had formed to release and marry the captive
+Queen of Scots. Then he hurried on to Luxembourg
+and proclaimed his intention of withdrawing the
+Spanish troops and granting a general amnesty. The
+coming of this chivalrous Prince, with his message
+of peace, filled the people of the Netherlands with
+new hope. Don John was received with open arms
+by the Duke of Aerschot and his half-brother, Anne
+of Lorraine's son, Charles de Croy, Marquis of Havr&eacute;.
+His first act was to restore the lands and fortune of
+the late Count Egmont to his widow, the Countess
+Palatine Sabina, and her innocent children. This
+rejoiced the heart of Madame d'Aremberg, who had
+been spending the winter at Nancy with the Duchess,
+and Christina's nephew, Charles de Croy, told Don
+John frankly that the Low Countries would gladly
+have him, not only for their Governor, but for their
+King. Christina herself was deeply stirred, and sent
+a member of her household to Luxembourg with
+a letter welcoming the Prince in the warmest terms,
+and thanking him for the cheering news which he
+had sent her.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Nov., 1576</span>] DON JOHN OF AUSTRIA</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I can only praise God," she wrote, "for your
+appointment to the government of the Low Countries,
+and trust that the same success that, thanks
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[Pg 493]</a></span>to your great valour and prudence, has everywhere
+attended you will continue to crown your efforts.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"Your very loving and more than<br />
+very affectionate cousin,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Chr&eacute;tienne</span>.</p>
+<p>
+"Blamont, November 12, 1576."<a name="FNanchor_642" id="FNanchor_642"></a><a href="#Footnote_642" class="fnanchor">[642]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In her anxiety to see Don John, the Duchess set
+out for Pont-&agrave;-Mousson; but when she reached Nancy,
+on the 12th of December, she heard that the Prince
+had already left Luxembourg for the Netherlands,
+and sent him the following letter by a confidential
+servant, who was to tell him many things which she
+could not commit to paper:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>
+
+"<span class="smcap">My Cousin</span>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"The singular wish that I have to see Your
+Highness, and confer with you on many points of the
+highest importance, induced me to leave Blamont
+and come to Pont-&agrave;-Mousson, in order to be near you
+and to have an opportunity of seeing you and conversing
+together, as you will learn more fully from
+this gentleman whom I am sending to wish you all
+prosperity and success in your noble designs and
+enterprises, as well as to tell you many things which
+I beg you to hear and believe."<a name="FNanchor_643" id="FNanchor_643"></a><a href="#Footnote_643" class="fnanchor">[643]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Don John replied in the same friendly spirit, telling
+her his plans and thanking her most warmly for her
+advice.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"As for me," he wrote, "I am exceedingly obliged
+to Your Highness for your offers, and shall always
+be most grateful for your advice and help, knowing,
+Madame, your great experience and wisdom in affairs.
+God knows how anxious I was to come and see Your
+Highness on my journey here, and kiss your hands,
+but it was impossible owing to the urgency of affairs
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[Pg 494]</a></span>requiring my presence here. I am very glad indeed,"
+he adds in a postscript, "to hear that you are in good
+health."<a name="FNanchor_644" id="FNanchor_644"></a><a href="#Footnote_644" class="fnanchor">[644]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Prince was evidently impressed by the soundness
+of the Duchess's judgment and by her great
+popularity in the Netherlands, for when, a few weeks
+later, he began to realize the hopeless nature of his
+task, and begged for his recall, he repeatedly told
+Philip that, in his opinion, the Duchess of Lorraine
+would be the best person to take his place.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Duchess of Lorraine," he wrote on February
+16, 1577, "has all the qualities necessary for the
+government of these provinces, which she would
+administer far better than I can, because they are
+beginning to hate me, and I know that I hate them."</p></div>
+
+<p>Again, a little later:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I find in Madame de Lorraine a real desire to
+serve Your Majesty. She has come to Pont-&agrave;-Mousson
+to see if she can be of help to me, and I am
+sure would gladly execute any orders that she may
+receive."</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Oct., 1578</span>] DEATH OF DON JOHN</div>
+
+<p>Christina heard with delight of Don John's joyous
+entry into Brussels on May Day, and received with
+deep thankfulness his letter informing her of the
+departure of the hated Spanish troops. But these
+high hopes were doomed to disappointment. The
+war soon broke out again, and after Don John's
+victory of Gembloux in January, 1578, Madame de
+Lorraine was one of the first persons to whom he
+announced the news by letter.<a name="FNanchor_645" id="FNanchor_645"></a><a href="#Footnote_645" class="fnanchor">[645]</a> Both of the Duchess's
+sons-in-law joined in supporting Don John, and in
+May, 1578, the Duke of Brunswick brought a force
+of 3,000 Germans to join him at Namur. Dorothea
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[Pg 495]</a></span>accompanied her husband, and was about to pay the
+Prince a visit, when she received a message from
+her brother Charles, informing her of their mother's
+serious illness, and left hastily for Nancy.<a name="FNanchor_646" id="FNanchor_646"></a><a href="#Footnote_646" class="fnanchor">[646]</a></p>
+
+<p>Five months afterwards a premature death closed
+the brilliant adventurer's career, and Christina was
+left to grieve over the tragic end of this Prince, of
+whom so much had been expected.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_572" id="Footnote_572"></a><a href="#FNanchor_572"><span class="label">[572]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vi. 1533.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_573" id="Footnote_573"></a><a href="#FNanchor_573"><span class="label">[573]</span></a> T. Juste, "Philippe II.," 209; Gachard, "Correspondance de
+Guillaume d'Orange," i. 431; Granvelle, v. 628.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_574" id="Footnote_574"></a><a href="#FNanchor_574"><span class="label">[574]</span></a> T. Juste, 206; Venetian Calendar, vii. 83.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_575" id="Footnote_575"></a><a href="#FNanchor_575"><span class="label">[575]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vii. 83.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_576" id="Footnote_576"></a><a href="#FNanchor_576"><span class="label">[576]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vii. 83.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_577" id="Footnote_577"></a><a href="#FNanchor_577"><span class="label">[577]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 625-627.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_578" id="Footnote_578"></a><a href="#FNanchor_578"><span class="label">[578]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vii. 112.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_579" id="Footnote_579"></a><a href="#FNanchor_579"><span class="label">[579]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, i. 82.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_580" id="Footnote_580"></a><a href="#FNanchor_580"><span class="label">[580]</span></a> S&eacute;bastien de l'Aubespine, "N&eacute;gociations au R&egrave;gne de
+Fran&ccedil;ois II.," 43, 66.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_581" id="Footnote_581"></a><a href="#FNanchor_581"><span class="label">[581]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vii. 119, 121; Gachard, iv. 72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_582" id="Footnote_582"></a><a href="#FNanchor_582"><span class="label">[582]</span></a> Kervyn de Lettenhove, i. 583.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_583" id="Footnote_583"></a><a href="#FNanchor_583"><span class="label">[583]</span></a> Groen, i. 49; Kervyn de Lettenhove, ii. 8; Venetian Calendar,
+vii. 112.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_584" id="Footnote_584"></a><a href="#FNanchor_584"><span class="label">[584]</span></a> Groen, i. 35; Granvelle, v. 652.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_585" id="Footnote_585"></a><a href="#FNanchor_585"><span class="label">[585]</span></a> Granvelle, v. 672, vi. 29.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_586" id="Footnote_586"></a><a href="#FNanchor_586"><span class="label">[586]</span></a> Groen, i. 49, 52; "Correspondence de Granvelle," iii. 529.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_587" id="Footnote_587"></a><a href="#FNanchor_587"><span class="label">[587]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1552; Pfister, ii. 246; Calendar of State Papers,
+Elizabeth, i. 562.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_588" id="Footnote_588"></a><a href="#FNanchor_588"><span class="label">[588]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, ii. 55.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_589" id="Footnote_589"></a><a href="#FNanchor_589"><span class="label">[589]</span></a> A. de Ruble, 308; Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale, 123, 4, f. 40.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_590" id="Footnote_590"></a><a href="#FNanchor_590"><span class="label">[590]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 1353; Pfister, ii. 246.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_591" id="Footnote_591"></a><a href="#FNanchor_591"><span class="label">[591]</span></a> Venetian Calendar, vii. 163; Calendar of State Papers,
+Elizabeth, Foreign, iii. 224.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_592" id="Footnote_592"></a><a href="#FNanchor_592"><span class="label">[592]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, iv. 91; Venetian
+Calendar, vii. 290.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_593" id="Footnote_593"></a><a href="#FNanchor_593"><span class="label">[593]</span></a> A. de Ruble, 210; Brant&ocirc;me, xii. 116; Aubespine, 752.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_594" id="Footnote_594"></a><a href="#FNanchor_594"><span class="label">[594]</span></a> Aubespine, 80-84; Bouill&eacute;, ii. 74; Venetian Calendar, vii. 290.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_595" id="Footnote_595"></a><a href="#FNanchor_595"><span class="label">[595]</span></a> Brant&ocirc;me, xii. 117.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_596" id="Footnote_596"></a><a href="#FNanchor_596"><span class="label">[596]</span></a> Aubespine, 867.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_597" id="Footnote_597"></a><a href="#FNanchor_597"><span class="label">[597]</span></a> Schlegel, 253; Granvelle, vi. 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_598" id="Footnote_598"></a><a href="#FNanchor_598"><span class="label">[598]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, ii. 458, iii. 328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_599" id="Footnote_599"></a><a href="#FNanchor_599"><span class="label">[599]</span></a> A. Churchill, "Collection of Voyages and Travels," vi. 458.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_600" id="Footnote_600"></a><a href="#FNanchor_600"><span class="label">[600]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, v. 554; Granvelle,
+vi. 683.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_601" id="Footnote_601"></a><a href="#FNanchor_601"><span class="label">[601]</span></a> Pimodan, 215.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_602" id="Footnote_602"></a><a href="#FNanchor_602"><span class="label">[602]</span></a> Granvelle, vii. 488.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_603" id="Footnote_603"></a><a href="#FNanchor_603"><span class="label">[603]</span></a> Pfister, ii. 184; H. Lepage, "Le Palais Ducal de Nancy," 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_604" id="Footnote_604"></a><a href="#FNanchor_604"><span class="label">[604]</span></a> Calmet, iii. 30.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_605" id="Footnote_605"></a><a href="#FNanchor_605"><span class="label">[605]</span></a> Granvelle, vii. 344; Calmet, iii. 434, 438.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_606" id="Footnote_606"></a><a href="#FNanchor_606"><span class="label">[606]</span></a> Granvelle, vii. 488.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_607" id="Footnote_607"></a><a href="#FNanchor_607"><span class="label">[607]</span></a> Gachard, "Correspondance de Guillaume, Prince d'Orange,"
+ii. 67; Groen, i. 214.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_608" id="Footnote_608"></a><a href="#FNanchor_608"><span class="label">[608]</span></a> "M&eacute;moires de Granvelle," xxxv. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_609" id="Footnote_609"></a><a href="#FNanchor_609"><span class="label">[609]</span></a> Granvelle, vii. 437-440.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_610" id="Footnote_610"></a><a href="#FNanchor_610"><span class="label">[610]</span></a> Sch&auml;fer, v. 111, 112.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_611" id="Footnote_611"></a><a href="#FNanchor_611"><span class="label">[611]</span></a> Granvelle, vii. 533, 671, viii. 522.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_612" id="Footnote_612"></a><a href="#FNanchor_612"><span class="label">[612]</span></a> Calmet, iii. 1359; Granvelle, viii. 46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_613" id="Footnote_613"></a><a href="#FNanchor_613"><span class="label">[613]</span></a> Granvelle, viii. 345.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_614" id="Footnote_614"></a><a href="#FNanchor_614"><span class="label">[614]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>., viii. 472.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_615" id="Footnote_615"></a><a href="#FNanchor_615"><span class="label">[615]</span></a> Granvelle, viii. 609.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_616" id="Footnote_616"></a><a href="#FNanchor_616"><span class="label">[616]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, viii. 637.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_617" id="Footnote_617"></a><a href="#FNanchor_617"><span class="label">[617]</span></a> Granvelle, viii. 637.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_618" id="Footnote_618"></a><a href="#FNanchor_618"><span class="label">[618]</span></a> Granvelle, ix. 22, 28; Sch&auml;fer, v. 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_619" id="Footnote_619"></a><a href="#FNanchor_619"><span class="label">[619]</span></a> Granvelle, ix. 373.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_620" id="Footnote_620"></a><a href="#FNanchor_620"><span class="label">[620]</span></a> Groen, i. 408.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_621" id="Footnote_621"></a><a href="#FNanchor_621"><span class="label">[621]</span></a> Granvelle, ix. 498.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_622" id="Footnote_622"></a><a href="#FNanchor_622"><span class="label">[622]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>., ix. 496.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_623" id="Footnote_623"></a><a href="#FNanchor_623"><span class="label">[623]</span></a> Sch&auml;fer, v. 116-118; Calmet, ii. 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_624" id="Footnote_624"></a><a href="#FNanchor_624"><span class="label">[624]</span></a> Granvelle, ix. 661-664; Groen, i. 303.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_625" id="Footnote_625"></a><a href="#FNanchor_625"><span class="label">[625]</span></a> Sch&auml;fer, v. 167.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_626" id="Footnote_626"></a><a href="#FNanchor_626"><span class="label">[626]</span></a> Granvelle, "Correspondance," i. 126, 178.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_627" id="Footnote_627"></a><a href="#FNanchor_627"><span class="label">[627]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, i. 43, 524.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_628" id="Footnote_628"></a><a href="#FNanchor_628"><span class="label">[628]</span></a> Granvelle, "Correspondance," i. 444.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_629" id="Footnote_629"></a><a href="#FNanchor_629"><span class="label">[629]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, i. 494.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_630" id="Footnote_630"></a><a href="#FNanchor_630"><span class="label">[630]</span></a> Granvelle, "Correspondance," ii. 494.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_631" id="Footnote_631"></a><a href="#FNanchor_631"><span class="label">[631]</span></a> Brant&ocirc;me, i. 104.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_632" id="Footnote_632"></a><a href="#FNanchor_632"><span class="label">[632]</span></a> Gachard, "Correspondance de Philippe II.," i. 18.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_633" id="Footnote_633"></a><a href="#FNanchor_633"><span class="label">[633]</span></a> Gachard, "Correspondance de Philippe II.," i. 588, 738, 762.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_634" id="Footnote_634"></a><a href="#FNanchor_634"><span class="label">[634]</span></a> Granvelle, "Correspondance," iii. 235.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_635" id="Footnote_635"></a><a href="#FNanchor_635"><span class="label">[635]</span></a> Calmet, i. 265.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_636" id="Footnote_636"></a><a href="#FNanchor_636"><span class="label">[636]</span></a> Granvelle, "Correspondance," iii. 463.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_637" id="Footnote_637"></a><a href="#FNanchor_637"><span class="label">[637]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, v. 418.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_638" id="Footnote_638"></a><a href="#FNanchor_638"><span class="label">[638]</span></a> Pimodan, 254.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_639" id="Footnote_639"></a><a href="#FNanchor_639"><span class="label">[639]</span></a> Calmet, i. 265; Pfister, ii. 256.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_640" id="Footnote_640"></a><a href="#FNanchor_640"><span class="label">[640]</span></a> Pfister, ii. 246; H. Lepage, "La Ville de Nancy," 63, "Palais
+Ducal," 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_641" id="Footnote_641"></a><a href="#FNanchor_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a> Pfister, ii. 496.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_642" id="Footnote_642"></a><a href="#FNanchor_642"><span class="label">[642]</span></a> Gachard, "Correspondance de Philippe II.," v. 29.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_643" id="Footnote_643"></a><a href="#FNanchor_643"><span class="label">[643]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, v. 92.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_644" id="Footnote_644"></a><a href="#FNanchor_644"><span class="label">[644]</span></a> Granvelle, "Correspondance," vi. 521.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_645" id="Footnote_645"></a><a href="#FNanchor_645"><span class="label">[645]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vii. 572.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_646" id="Footnote_646"></a><a href="#FNanchor_646"><span class="label">[646]</span></a> Granvelle, vii. 638.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[Pg 496]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BOOK XIV<br />
+
+THE LADY OF TORTONA<br />
+
+1578-1590</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>The marriage of her last remaining daughter, and
+the removal of her granddaughter to the French
+Court, loosened the ties that bound the Duchess-mother
+to Lorraine. The failure of the high hopes
+which Don John's coming had aroused were a grievous
+disappointment, and, after her dangerous attack of
+illness in the spring of 1578, Christina decided to
+follow her doctor's advice and seek a warmer climate.
+Her thoughts naturally turned to her dower city of
+Tortona, whose inhabitants still paid her allegiance,
+in spite of Philip's invasion of her privileges. Since
+the Spanish garrison still occupied the castle, the
+magistrates begged her to inhabit the Communal
+palace, and Christina, touched by their expressions
+of loyalty and affection, resolved to accept the
+offer.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1578</span>] CHRISTINA RETURNS TO ITALY</div>
+
+<p>Before settling at Tortona, however, she decided
+to make a pilgrimage to Loreto, the shrine for which
+the Lorraine Princes had always cherished especial
+veneration. Early in August, 1578, she left Nancy
+and travelled across the Alps, and through Savoy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[Pg 497]</a></span>
+by the route which she had taken as a bride, nearly
+half a century before. Her old friend, the Duchess
+Margaret, whose marriage had been one of the
+happiest results of the Treaty of C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis,
+had already been dead four years, and her lord of
+the Iron-head was a confirmed invalid; but he sent
+his son, Charles Emanuel, to meet the Duchess and
+escort her to the citadel of Turin.</p>
+
+<p>From Savoy, Christina proceeded to Milan, where
+she arrived on the 20th of August, and was hospitably
+entertained in the Castello by the Spanish Viceroy,
+the Marquis d'Ayamonte.<a name="FNanchor_647" id="FNanchor_647"></a><a href="#Footnote_647" class="fnanchor">[647]</a> Once more she drove in
+her chariot through the streets where her coming had
+been hailed by rejoicing multitudes, once more she
+prayed by her husband's tomb in the Duomo and saw
+Leonardo's Cenacolo in Le Grazie. Her old friends,
+Count Massimiliano, the Trivulzi, and Dejanira, were
+dead and gone, and at every step the ghosts of bygone
+days rose up to haunt her memory. Then she
+travelled on by slow stages to Loreto, on the Adriatic
+shore, where she paid her vows at Our Lady's shrine,
+and offered a massive gold heart set with pearls and
+precious gems, to the admiration of future pilgrims.<a name="FNanchor_648" id="FNanchor_648"></a><a href="#Footnote_648" class="fnanchor">[648]</a>
+But the long journey had overtaxed her strength,
+and when, on her return to Lombardy, she reached
+Ripalta, she was too ill to go any farther. Here
+she remained throughout the winter to recover from
+her fatigues and give the citizens of Tortona time
+to prepare for her reception.</p>
+
+<p>At length, on the 17th of June, 1579, the Duchess
+made her state entry into the city. The magistrates
+met her at the gates with a stately baldacchino fringed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[Pg 498]</a></span>with gold and silver, and escorted their Sovereign Lady
+to the house of Bartolommeo Busseto, where she
+alighted to partake of the banquet which had been
+prepared. Afterwards the loyal citizens accompanied
+her to the Palazzo Pubblico, halfway up the hill above
+the town, which had been splendidly fitted up for her
+occupation. The beauty of the view delighted the
+Duchess as much as the enthusiastic warmth of her
+reception, and the health-giving breezes of the Lombard
+city proved even more beneficial than her
+physicians had expected. "She came to our city of
+Tortona a dying woman, and lived there in health and
+comfort for more than ten years."<a name="FNanchor_649" id="FNanchor_649"></a><a href="#Footnote_649" class="fnanchor">[649]</a> So wrote Niccol&ograve;
+Montemerlo, the historian whose chronicles of Tortona
+were published in 1618, when Christina had not
+yet been dead thirty years. His contemporaries
+joined with him in praising the Duchess's wise and
+beneficial rule, the strictness with which she administered
+justice, her liberality and benevolence.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The Duchess Christina of Milan," wrote Campo of
+Cremona in 1585, "celebrated for her beauty and
+gracious manners, for her affability and generosity,
+has lately come to spend her widowhood in the city
+of Tortona, and lives there in great splendour, beloved
+by all."<a name="FNanchor_650" id="FNanchor_650"></a><a href="#Footnote_650" class="fnanchor">[650]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">June, 1579</span>] THE LADY OF TORTONA</div>
+
+<p>Christina's administrative powers found ample
+scope in the government of the city, and under her
+rule Tortona enjoyed a brief spell of peace and prosperity.
+She reformed abuses, obtained the restitution
+of lost privileges, and healed a long-standing feud
+with the city of Ravenna. At her prayer, Pope
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[Pg 499]</a></span>Gregory XIII. repealed a decree exacting a heavy fine
+from every citizen of Tortona who entered Ravennese
+territory, and friendly communications were restored
+between the two cities. Before her coming, the Spanish
+Viceroy had incurred great unpopularity by building
+a new citadel on the heights occupied by the ancient
+Duomo and episcopal palace, and converting these
+into barracks and powder-magazines. In 1560 the
+foundations of a new Cathedral were laid by Philip's
+orders in the lower city, but this could not atone in
+the eyes of the citizens for the desecration of the
+venerated shrine founded by St. Innocent in the fourth
+century, and adorned with priceless mosaics and
+marbles. When, in 1609, the lofty campanile was
+struck by lightning, and 400 barrels of gunpowder
+stored in the nave exploded with terrific force, the
+accident was regarded as a Divine judgment, and the
+panic-stricken Spaniards joined in the solemn procession
+that bore the relics of the martyrs from their old
+resting-place to the new sanctuary.<a name="FNanchor_651" id="FNanchor_651"></a><a href="#Footnote_651" class="fnanchor">[651]</a></p>
+
+<p>But if Christina could not atone for this indignity,
+or deliver Tortona from the presence of the hated
+Spaniards, she protected her subjects from their
+outrages, and rigidly enforced the observance of the
+law. Many were the petitions and remonstrances
+on behalf of her own rights and those of the citizens
+which she addressed to her dear and illustrious cousin,
+Don Carlos of Aragon, Duke of Terranuova, who
+reigned over the Milanese as Viceroy from 1583 to
+1592. The Duchess was in frequent correspondence
+with her children beyond the Alps, and many requests
+for passes for horses which she is sending to
+Lorraine and Bavaria, as well as for privileges for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[Pg 500]</a></span>
+her Equerries, Signor Alfonso and Gaspare Visconti,
+are to be found in the archives of Milan.<a name="FNanchor_652" id="FNanchor_652"></a><a href="#Footnote_652" class="fnanchor">[652]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Jan., 1585</span>] THE LAST PHASE</div>
+
+<p>Many were the illustrious guests, remarks Montemerlo,
+who came to visit the Duchess at Tortona. In
+October, 1581, the Empress-Dowager Maria, widow
+of Maximilian II., passed through Lombardy on her
+return to Spain, and was received at Alessandria by
+Madame de Lorraine. Together they drove through
+streets hung with tapestries and adorned with triumphal
+arches, until, after three days' festivities, they
+went on to Tortona, and thence to Genoa. The
+families of the old Milanese nobles who had remained
+loyal to the House of Sforza welcomed Christina's
+return to Lombardy with joy. The nephew and heir
+of Count Massimiliano Stampa placed his superb
+pleasure-house at Montecastello, in the fief of Soncino,
+at her disposal, and named his eldest son Christian
+in her honour. The Guaschi of Alessandria, the Counts
+of Oria, the Trivulzi, the Somaglia and Visconti, vied
+with each other in entertaining her sumptuously.<a name="FNanchor_653" id="FNanchor_653"></a><a href="#Footnote_653" class="fnanchor">[653]</a>
+The saintly Archbishop of Milan, Carlo Borromeo,
+visited her more than once, and the excellent Bishop
+of Tortona, Cesare Gambara, sought her help and
+advice in all that concerned the welfare of his people.
+From the day when, hardly more than a child
+herself, she begged Cardinal Caracciolo's protection
+for the destitute ladies at Pavia, Christina always
+cared for the poor and needy, and in her old age she
+was busy with active works of mercy. One of her
+last good actions was to send to Paris for Madame
+Castellani, a daughter of her old friend the Princess
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[Pg 501]</a></span>of Macedonia, who was living in reduced circumstances
+at the French Court, and bring her to Tortona to
+spend the rest of her life in peace and comfort. So
+she earned the love and gratitude of all around her,
+and thousands blessed the good Duchess's name long
+after she was dead.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>This last phase of Christina's life was on the whole
+peaceful and happy. Brant&ocirc;me pitied this great
+lady, a daughter of Kings and niece of Emperors,
+and the rightful Queen of three kingdoms, who,
+after reigning over Milan and Lorraine, was reduced
+to hold her Court in an insignificant Lombard town,
+and was known in her last years as "Madame de
+Tortone."<a name="FNanchor_654" id="FNanchor_654"></a><a href="#Footnote_654" class="fnanchor">[654]</a> But after her troubled life Christina was
+grateful for the peace and repose which she found at
+Tortona, and would have been perfectly content if it
+had not been for the continual annoyances to which
+she was exposed by Philip and his Ministers. From
+the moment that she settled in her dower city, the
+King began to dispute her right to its sovereignty,
+and insisted that, since Tortona had been settled
+upon her as an equivalent for the dower given her
+"out of pure liberality" by the late Emperor, she
+was bound to surrender her claims on payment of
+the sum in full. Christina, on her part, maintained
+with good reason that her claim to the city had never
+before been questioned, and that it was settled on her
+at her marriage, and belonged to her and her heirs of
+the House of Lorraine in perpetuity. The assertion
+of this claim roused Cardinal Granvelle to the highest
+indignation. "So dangerous a thing," he wrote to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">[Pg 502]</a></span>Philip, "cannot possibly be allowed." But, as he
+confessed, what made the situation awkward was that
+Madame de Lorraine's claims were strongly supported,
+not only by her son, Duke Charles, but by the Emperor
+Rudolf, the Duke of Bavaria, the Archdukes Ferdinand
+and Charles, and all the Princes of the Empire.<a name="FNanchor_655" id="FNanchor_655"></a><a href="#Footnote_655" class="fnanchor">[655]</a> A
+long wrangle ensued, which ended in a declaration on
+the King's part that he would consent to Tortona
+being retained by the Duchess for her life, and afterwards
+held by her son-in-law and daughter, the Duke
+and Duchess of Brunswick.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dec., 1584</span>] DUKE ERIC'S DEATH</div>
+
+<p>Dorothea and her husband were, in fact, the only
+members of Christina's family for whom Philip showed
+any regard. In 1578 Duke Eric was summoned to
+Spain to join in the contemplated invasion of Portugal,
+and served in the campaign led by Alva two years
+later. Dorothea accompanied her husband, and spent
+most of her time at Court. The King evidently liked
+her, and when, after the successful termination of the
+war, the Duke and Duchess came to take leave of
+him at Madrid, Granvelle was desired to draw up a
+secret convention by which Tortona and the revenues
+were assigned to Eric in lieu of the yearly pension
+allowed him. But Dorothea was not to be outwitted
+by the Cardinal. She insisted, on the arrears
+due to her husband being paid in full, and Philip
+himself told Granvelle to see that two or three thousand
+crowns of the Duke's salary were given to the
+Duchess, since she was short of money, and this seemed
+to him only reasonable. He also gave Dorothea two
+fine horses, which she wished to send to her brother-in-law,
+the Duke of Bavaria, and granted her a patent
+for working certain gold-mines, which the Cardinal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[Pg 503]</a></span>promised to forward either to her mother at Tortona,
+or else to the care of the Prince of Orange in Germany.<a name="FNanchor_656" id="FNanchor_656"></a><a href="#Footnote_656" class="fnanchor">[656]</a>
+This last direction sounds strange, considering that
+the famous ban against the Prince, setting a price of
+30,000 crowns on his head, had already been issued
+at Granvelle's suggestion.<a name="FNanchor_657" id="FNanchor_657"></a><a href="#Footnote_657" class="fnanchor">[657]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Duke and Duchess now returned to G&ouml;ttingen,
+after visiting Christina at Tortona, and remained in
+their own dominions for the next few years, among
+their long-neglected subjects. But Eric soon became
+restless, and in April, 1582, Dorothea wrote to beg
+Granvelle's help in obtaining the Viceroyalty of Milan
+or Naples for her husband. The Cardinal promised
+to do his best, and two years later actually recommended
+the Duke for the Viceroyalty of Sicily. But
+a few weeks afterwards, on the 15th of December,
+1584, Eric of Brunswick died at Pavia, and was buried
+in the crypt of Bramante's church of S. Maria
+Canepanova, where his tomb is still to be seen.<a name="FNanchor_658" id="FNanchor_658"></a><a href="#Footnote_658" class="fnanchor">[658]</a>
+The Duke's death released Philip from his promise
+regarding the succession of Tortona. But he had
+already taken the law into his own hands.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1584, when Christina and her ladies were
+enjoying the delights of the Marchese Stampa's
+beautiful villa at Montecastello, the Viceroy suddenly
+appeared on the scene, and presented her with two
+letters from His Catholic Majesty. These were to
+inform her that, after long and mature deliberation,
+the King and his Council had come to the conclusion
+that her rights to the sovereignty of Tortona were
+extinct, and reverted to him as Duke of Milan. But
+since Madame de Lorraine was closely bound to him
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[Pg 504]</a></span>by ties of blood, and still more by the singular affection
+which he had always borne her, His Majesty
+was pleased to allow her to retain the enjoyment of
+Tortona and its revenues for the remainder of her
+life, which he hoped would be long and prosperous.
+In vain Christina protested that her dowry had never
+been paid, and that this city was granted to her in its
+stead by the terms of her marriage contract. The
+Viceroy replied in the most courteous language that
+Madame was no doubt right, but that this was not
+his affair, and he could only recommend that on this
+point her claims should be referred to the Treasury.<a name="FNanchor_659" id="FNanchor_659"></a><a href="#Footnote_659" class="fnanchor">[659]</a>
+He then proceeded to take possession of Tortona in
+the King's name, and hoisted the Spanish standard
+on the citadel and the Duchess's palace. Christina
+could only bow to superior force, but she forwarded
+a protest to the Catholic King and his Council, both
+of whom refused to receive it, on the flimsy pretext
+that the writer assumed the title of Queen of Denmark,
+which they could not recognize. Certainly,
+as Brant&ocirc;me remarked, and as Polweiler and Silliers
+often complained, Philip showed his great affection
+for his cousin in a strange manner.<a name="FNanchor_660" id="FNanchor_660"></a><a href="#Footnote_660" class="fnanchor">[660]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sept., 1586</span>] DEATH OF GRANVELLE</div>
+
+<p>Before the Duchess left Montecastello, she received
+the news of the Prince of Orange's assassination at
+Delft on the 10th of July, 1584. The hero and patriot
+had fallen a victim to the plots of Philip and Granvelle,
+and had paid the price with his life. Three
+years afterwards Christina shared in the thrill of horror
+that ran through Europe when Mary, Queen of Scots,
+died on the scaffold. In that hour she could only be
+thankful that the good old Duchess Antoinette was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[Pg 505]</a></span>spared this terrible blow, and had died four years
+before, at the advanced age of eighty-nine. To the
+last Antoinette kept up friendly relations with her
+niece, and in a letter written with her own hand in
+November, 1575, the venerable lady expressed her
+sincere regret that owing to her great age she was
+unable to welcome Christina in person on her return
+to Nancy, but that in the spring she quite hoped to
+come and see her once more before she died.<a name="FNanchor_661" id="FNanchor_661"></a><a href="#Footnote_661" class="fnanchor">[661]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1586 Christina's old rival, Margaret of Parma,
+and this Princess's stanch supporter, Cardinal Granvelle,
+both died. Friends and foes were falling all
+around, and young and old alike were passing out of
+sight. But the Duchess still enjoyed fair health and
+was so happy at Tortona that she often said she never
+wished to leave home. As a rule, however, she spent
+the summer months at the Rocca di Sparaviera, in
+the mountains of Monferrato, "more," writes the
+chronicler, "to please others than herself."<a name="FNanchor_662" id="FNanchor_662"></a><a href="#Footnote_662" class="fnanchor">[662]</a> Each
+year she obtained permission from the Viceroy to
+send 250 sacks of wheat, free of duty, for the use of
+her household to the Rocca, and her <i>maggiordomo</i>
+went beforehand to prepare the rooms for her arrival.<a name="FNanchor_663" id="FNanchor_663"></a><a href="#Footnote_663" class="fnanchor">[663]</a>
+The presence of the Duchess Dorothea, who joined
+her mother at Tortona after the Duke of Brunswick's
+death, was a great solace in these last
+years, and consoled Christina for many losses and
+sorrows.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the war of the League had broken out in
+France, and the three Henries were contending for
+the mastery. Since Henry III. was childless, Catherine
+now tried to put forward the claims of a fourth
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[Pg 506]</a></span>Henry, the eldest son of her daughter Claude and the
+Duke of Lorraine, and a party in France maintained
+his claims to be at least as valid as those which
+Philip II. advanced in virtue of his wife Elizabeth.
+Christina's heart was moved at the thought of her
+grandson succeeding to the throne of France, and in
+1587 she sent a Lorraine gentleman, De Villers, to
+Rome to beg the Pope for his support in this holy
+cause. The Pope, however, merely replied that he
+advised the Duke to live at peace with his neighbours.
+The Duchess, nothing daunted, sent De Villers to
+Nancy with letters bidding her son be of good cheer
+and persevere in his great enterprise. Unfortunately,
+the messenger fell into the hands of Huguenot soldiers,
+who took him into the King of Navarre's camp. All
+that could be found on him was an almost illegible
+letter from Her Highness the Duke's mother, containing
+these words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I am very glad to hear of the present state of your
+affairs, and hope that you will go on and prosper, for
+never was there so fine a chance of placing the crown
+upon your head and the sceptre in your hand."<a name="FNanchor_664" id="FNanchor_664"></a><a href="#Footnote_664" class="fnanchor">[664]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The B&eacute;arnais smiled as he read this characteristic
+effusion, and bade his soldiers let the man go free.
+Charles, on his part, expressed considerable annoyance
+at his mother's intervention, which only aroused
+the suspicions of King Henry III., and made him
+look coldly on his brother-in-law. The Duchess's
+last illusion, however, was soon dispelled, and after the
+murder of the Guise brothers at Blois, and the assassination
+of the last Valois, Henry of Navarre was recognized
+as King by the greater part of France.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Feb., 1589</span>] AN INTERESTING MARRIAGE</div>
+
+<p>Christina did not live to see the end of the civil war,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[Pg 507]</a></span>and the union of Henri Quatre's sister with her own
+grandson. But the last year of her life was cheered
+by the marriage of her granddaughter Christina with
+the Grand-Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany. Several
+alliances had been proposed for this Princess since
+she had gone to live at the French Court with her
+grandmother. Catherine was very anxious to marry
+her to Charles Emanuel, who in 1580 succeeded his
+father as Duke of Savoy; but Spanish influences prevailed,
+and the young Prince took the Infanta
+Catherine for his wife.<a name="FNanchor_665" id="FNanchor_665"></a><a href="#Footnote_665" class="fnanchor">[665]</a> In 1583 the Queen-mother
+planned another marriage for her granddaughter, with
+her youngest son, the Duke of Alen&ccedil;on, who had left
+the Netherlands and lost all hope of winning Queen
+Elizabeth's hand; but, fortunately for Christina, the
+death of this worthless Prince in the following June
+put an end to the scheme.<a name="FNanchor_666" id="FNanchor_666"></a><a href="#Footnote_666" class="fnanchor">[666]</a> When, in October, 1586,
+the King of Navarre divorced his wife Margot, Catherine
+proposed that her son-in-law should marry her
+granddaughter; but this plan fell through, as Henry
+refused to abjure the Huguenot religion. On the
+death of the Grand-Duke Francis in 1587, his brother
+Ferdinand exchanged a Cardinal's hat for the ducal
+crown, and made proposals of marriage to the Princess
+of Lorraine. Catherine was overjoyed at the
+thought of her beloved Christina reigning in Florence,
+the home of her ancestors, and promised her granddaughter
+a dowry of 600,000 crowns, with all her
+rights on the Medici estates in Florence, including the
+palace of the Via Larga. Orazio Rucellai was sent to
+France to draw up the contract, which Bassompierre
+signed on the Duke of Lorraine's part, on the 20th of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[Pg 508]</a></span>October, 1588.<a name="FNanchor_667" id="FNanchor_667"></a><a href="#Footnote_667" class="fnanchor">[667]</a> But the state of the country was so
+unsettled that the Queen would not allow her granddaughter
+to travel, and the fleet which sailed to fetch
+the bride was detained for months in the port of
+Marseilles. The murder of the Duke of Guise at Blois
+in December threw the whole Court into confusion,
+and a fortnight later Catherine herself died, on the
+5th of January, 1589. It was not till the 25th of
+February that the marriage was finally celebrated at
+Blois. In March the bride set out on her journey,
+attended by a brilliant company of French and
+Florentine courtiers. Dorothea of Brunswick came
+to meet her niece at Lyons, and accompanied her to
+Marseilles, where Don Pietro de' Medici awaited her
+with his Tuscan galleys, and on the 23rd of April
+Christina at length landed at Leghorn. Ferdinand
+met his bride at the villa of Poggio a Caiano, and conducted
+her in triumph to Florence.<a name="FNanchor_668" id="FNanchor_668"></a><a href="#Footnote_668" class="fnanchor">[668]</a> When the prolonged
+festivities were over, Monsieur de Lenoncourt,
+whom Charles of Lorraine had sent to escort his
+daughter to Florence, went on, by his master's orders,
+to Tortona, "to kiss the hands of the Duke's mother,
+the Queen of Denmark, and receive her commands."<a name="FNanchor_669" id="FNanchor_669"></a><a href="#Footnote_669" class="fnanchor">[669]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 620px;">
+<img src="images/facing508.jpg" width="620" height="430" alt="" />
+<div class="caption">
+
+
+
+<table border="0" class="tdc" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+  <tr>
+    <td>CHRISTINA OF DENMARK</td>
+    <td>CLAUDE OF FRANCE</td>
+    <td>CHRISTINE OF LORRAINE</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>DUCHESS OF LORRAINE</td>
+    <td>DUCHESS OF LORRAINE</td>
+    <td>GRAND DUCHESS OF TUSCANY</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>(Madrid)</p>
+
+<p>To face p. <a href="#Page_508">508</a></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">[Pg 509]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Aug., 1590</span>] DEATH OF CHRISTINA</div>
+
+<p>Unlike her mother and grandmother, the Grand-Duchess
+Christina enjoyed a long and prosperous
+married life, and after her husband's death was
+Regent during the minority of both her son and
+grandson. There is an interesting triptych in the
+Prado at Madrid, with portraits of the bride, her
+mother and grandmother, painted by some Burgundian
+artist at the time of the wedding. The
+young Grand-Duchess, a tall, handsome girl of four-and-twenty,
+wears a high lace ruff, with ropes of pearls
+round her neck and a jewelled girdle at her waist.
+She carries a fan in her hand, and the Medici <i>palle</i>
+are emblazoned on her shield with the lilies of France
+and the eagles of Lorraine. Her mother, the shortlived
+Duchess Claude, bears a marked resemblance to
+Catherine de' Medici, but is smaller and slighter in
+build, and altogether of a gentler and feebler type.
+She too holds a fan, and wears a gown of rich brocade
+with bodice and sleeves thickly sown with pearls.
+Christina, on the contrary, is clad in mourning robes,
+and her white frilled cap and veil and plain cambric
+ruff are without a single jewel. But the fine features
+and noble presence reveal her high lineage. Instead
+of a fan, she holds a parchment deed in her hand, and
+on her shield the arms of Austria and Denmark are
+quartered with those of Milan and Lorraine, while
+above we read the proud list of her titles&mdash;Queen of
+Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, Duchess of Milan,
+Lorraine, Bar, and Calabria, and Lady of Tortona.</p>
+
+<p>This was the last portrait of Christina that was
+ever painted. In the following summer she went as
+usual to the Rocca of Sparaviera with her daughter
+Dorothea, to spend the hot days of August in the
+hills. But she had not been there long before she
+fell dangerously ill. In her anxiety to return home,
+she took boat and travelled by water as far as Alessandria.
+There she became too ill to go any farther,
+and died on the 10th of August, 1590, in the house of
+her friend Maddalena Guasco.<a name="FNanchor_670" id="FNanchor_670"></a><a href="#Footnote_670" class="fnanchor">[670]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Duchess's corpse was borne by night to Tortona,
+where a funeral service was held in the new Duomo,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">[Pg 510]</a></span>
+after which the body was embalmed and taken by her
+daughter Dorothea to Nancy. The news was sent to
+King Philip in Spain, and he and his greedy Ministers
+lost no time in laying hands on her city and revenues.
+"We are informed," wrote the Viceroy to the
+President of the Senate, two days after Christina's
+death, "that Her Most Serene Highness Madame de
+Lorraine has passed to a better life, and accordingly
+we claim the pension of 4,000 crowns assigned to Her
+late Highness, on the quarter of the Castello, and
+enclose a list of the revenues of Tortona, which now
+revert to the Duchy of Milan."<a name="FNanchor_671" id="FNanchor_671"></a><a href="#Footnote_671" class="fnanchor">[671]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">May, 1608</span>] DEATH OF CHARLES III.</div>
+
+<p>The good citizens of Tortona were sorely distressed
+when they learnt that the remains of their beloved
+liege Lady were not to rest among them. But Christina's
+heart was in Lorraine, and her children laid
+her body in the crypt of the Cordeliers' church, in the
+grave of the husband whom she had loved so faithfully
+and so long. Twenty-one years later her ashes were
+removed with those of Duke Francis and his parents,
+Antoine and Ren&eacute;e, to the sumptuous chapel begun
+by her son Charles in 1607, and completed by his successors.
+The Rotonde, as it was called in Lorraine,
+was built on the model of the Cappella dei Principi,
+which the Duke's son-in-law, Ferdinand de' Medici,
+had lately reared in Florence, and was dedicated to
+Our Lady of Loreto. It was the work of a Tuscan
+architect, Gianbattista Stabili, and of Jean Ligier
+Richier, the son of the famous Lorraine sculptor, and
+was lined throughout with rich marbles and adorned
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">[Pg 511]</a></span>with a mass of carving.<a name="FNanchor_672" id="FNanchor_672"></a><a href="#Footnote_672" class="fnanchor">[672]</a> The cupola was added in
+1632 by Simon Drouin, and the internal decorations
+were only completed in 1743, by order of the
+husband of Maria Theresa, afterwards the Emperor
+Francis I. By this Prince's pious care Latin inscriptions
+were placed over each sarcophagus, and the
+following words were carved on the tomb of Christina
+and her husband:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Francisco I. Lotharingi&aelig;. Duci. Bari. Calabri&aelig;. virtuti
+bellic&aelig;. natus. quas. ei. mors. immatura. pr&aelig;ripuit. laurus
+reddidit. nativa. benignitas. senilis. prudentia. semper. sibi
+similis. sapientia. mortuus. anno. <span class="smcap">MDXLV</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Christian&aelig;. a. Dania. Ducis. memorati. thoro. sociat&aelig;
+pupilli. Caroli. Ducis. rebus. regendis. strenua. existimatione
+supra. famam. maxima. fata. subiit. anno. <span class="smcap">MDXC</span>.<a name="FNanchor_673" id="FNanchor_673"></a><a href="#Footnote_673" class="fnanchor">[673]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Christina's son, Charles III., died, after a long and
+prosperous reign, on the 14th of May, 1608, and was
+tenderly nursed during his last illness by his youngest
+daughter, Catherine, and his sister Dorothea. After
+her mother's death, the Duchess of Brunswick never
+left Lorraine again, and became the wife of a Burgundian
+noble, Marc de Rye, Marquis of Varembon.<a name="FNanchor_674" id="FNanchor_674"></a><a href="#Footnote_674" class="fnanchor">[674]</a>
+She only survived her brother four years, and was
+buried in the Jesuit church of St. Stanilas at Nancy.
+Her remains and the heart of Duke Charles, which had
+been interred in the same chapel, were removed to the
+ducal mausoleum in 1772, when some fresh improvements
+were made in the Rotonde, by order of Marie
+Antoinette, the daughter of the last Duke of Lorraine
+and of the Empress Maria Theresa.<a name="FNanchor_675" id="FNanchor_675"></a><a href="#Footnote_675" class="fnanchor">[675]</a> At the
+Revolution, in 1793, these tombs were destroyed and
+their contents rifled by the mob, and the ashes of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[Pg 512]</a></span>dead Princes were flung into a common grave. In
+1818 they were replaced in their original tombs, the
+sarcophagi were restored, and the old inscriptions
+once more carved in the marble.</p>
+
+<p>Charles III.'s second daughter, Elizabeth, married
+her first cousin, Maximilian, who succeeded his father
+in 1598, as Duke of Bavaria, and played a memorable
+part in the Thirty Years' War. Her next sister,
+Antoinette, became Duchess of Cleves, while Catherine,
+the youngest and most interesting of the whole
+family, took the veil after her father's death. This
+beautiful and accomplished Princess refused all the
+suitors who sought her hand, among them the scholar-Emperor,
+Rudolf II., who found in her a kindred
+spirit. A mystic by nature, Catherine assumed the
+grey Capucin habit while she lived at her father's
+Court, and, after he died, founded a Capucin convent
+in Nancy. The Pope appointed her Abbess of
+Remiremont, a Benedictine community of high-born
+ladies, which she endeavoured to reform. She was
+much attached to her aunt Dorothea, and after her
+death spent most of her time at the Court of France
+with her niece Margaret, the wife of Gaston, Duke of
+Orleans. Catherine took an active part in French
+politics in the stormy days of Louis XIII., and died
+in Paris in 1648, at the age of seventy-five.<a name="FNanchor_676" id="FNanchor_676"></a><a href="#Footnote_676" class="fnanchor">[676]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1736] THE LAST DUKE OF LORRAINE</div>
+
+<p>The seventeenth century witnessed the gradual dismemberment
+of the duchy of Lorraine, and in Richelieu's
+days Nancy was again occupied by French
+invaders. At length, in 1736, the last Duke,
+Francis III., was compelled to surrender Lorraine
+in exchange for the grand-duchy of Tuscany, on his
+marriage with Maria Theresa, the only child of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[Pg 513]</a></span>Emperor Charles VI. From that time Lorraine
+ceased to exist as an independent State, and became
+a province of France, while the ex-King Stanislas
+of Poland fixed his residence at Nancy and transformed
+the ancient capital into a modern city. By
+this marriage the House of Lorraine became merged
+in the imperial line of Habsburg, and the blood of
+King Ren&eacute; still flows in the veins of the Austrian
+Emperor and of the royal families of Savoy and Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Christina would have rejoiced to know that this
+union&mdash;a love-match like her own&mdash;was followed
+shortly by the elevation of Maria Theresa's husband
+to the imperial throne, and that by this means the
+House of Habsburg was raised to a height of power
+and splendour which it had never attained since the
+days of Charles V. For although she married twice
+into princely houses, and was much attached both to
+Milan and Lorraine, Christina was before all else
+a Habsburg, and the glory and welfare of the imperial
+race remained throughout her life the first object
+of her thoughts. Like Mary of Hungary and Eleanor
+of France, she grew up in absolute obedience to the
+Emperor's will, and wherever she went in after-years
+his word was still her law. In the darkest hours of
+her life, when she lost son and State at one blow,
+it was her greatest sorrow to feel that she could no
+longer be of service to the Emperor and his house.
+After the abdication of Charles V., this love and
+loyalty were transferred to Philip II., and her one
+fear was lest her son should be drawn into the opposite
+camp, and become French in his sympathies.
+And to the end she was always quick to obey the call
+of blood and respond to any appeal from a member of
+the House of Austria.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514">[Pg 514]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This strong family affection gave an added bitterness
+to the neglect and injustice which she suffered
+at Philip's hands during the last thirty years of her
+existence. One reason for his persistently harsh
+usage was, there can be no doubt, that Christina
+represented the national feeling and aspirations after
+freedom, which Philip and his ministers, Alva and
+Granvelle, did all in their power to crush. Both in
+the Netherlands, where the popularity of the great
+Emperor's niece made her dangerous in their eyes,
+and in Lombardy, where she filled an important
+position as Lady of Tortona, she came into collision
+with the same all-reaching arm. To the last she
+strove valiantly to resist the tyranny of Spanish
+officials and to protect her subjects from the rapacity
+of foreign soldiers, and a century after her death the
+citizens of Tortona still cherished the memory of the
+noble lady who, as long as she lived, had preserved
+them from the yoke of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Christina's lot was cast in troubled times, when
+crime and bloodshed were rife, and religious convictions
+only served to heighten the violence of men's
+passions; but her name shines pure and unsullied
+on these dark pages of history. She was naturally
+hasty and impulsive, she made some mistakes and
+met with many failures, but she was always generous
+and high-minded, faithful and affectionate to her
+friends, and full of ardent charity for the poor and
+downtrodden. Above all, her unceasing labours in
+the cause of peace justly earned the gratitude of her
+contemporaries, and deserve to be remembered by
+posterity.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1590] CHRISTINA'S RARE CHARM</div>
+
+<p>At the close of this long and eventful life we turn
+back once more to Holbein's portrait of the youthful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">[Pg 515]</a></span>
+Duchess. As we look at the grave eyes and innocent
+face, we ask ourselves what was the secret of this
+woman's power, of the strange fascination which she
+possessed for men and leaders of men. What made
+heroes like Ren&eacute; of Orange, and daredevils like
+Albert of Brandenburg, count the world well lost
+for love of her? Why were brave captains and
+brilliant courtiers&mdash;Stampa, Vend&ocirc;me, De Courri&egrave;res,
+Polweiler, Adolf of Holstein&mdash;all of them her willing
+slaves from the moment that they saw her face and
+heard the sound of her voice? What drew thoughtful
+men like William of Orange and Emanuel Philibert
+into the circle of her intimate friends, and brought
+even the cold-hearted Philip under her spell? It
+was hardly her beauty, for she had many rivals, or
+her superior intellect and exalted birth. Rather was
+it the rare and indefinable quality that we call charm,
+the sweet womanliness of nature, the gentle sympathy
+and quick response of heart and eye, ready at
+any moment to listen and to help, to comfort and to
+cheer. This, if we mistake not, was the secret of
+Christina's wonderful influence, of the attraction
+which she possessed for men and women alike, an
+attraction which outlived the days of youth and
+endured to the last hour of her life. Ever loving, she
+was therefore ever beloved.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_647" id="Footnote_647"></a><a href="#FNanchor_647"><span class="label">[647]</span></a> Granvelle, "Correspondance," vii. 149.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_648" id="Footnote_648"></a><a href="#FNanchor_648"><span class="label">[648]</span></a> A. Villamont, "Voyages," 70 (1589).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_649" id="Footnote_649"></a><a href="#FNanchor_649"><span class="label">[649]</span></a> Niccol&ograve; Montemerlo, "Nuove Historie di Tortona" (1618),
+247-253.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_650" id="Footnote_650"></a><a href="#FNanchor_650"><span class="label">[650]</span></a> A. Campo, "Storia di Cremona," 107; C. Ghilino, "Annali di
+Alessandria," 166; Hilarion de Coste, "Les &Eacute;loges," etc., i. 406.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_651" id="Footnote_651"></a><a href="#FNanchor_651"><span class="label">[651]</span></a> Montemerlo, 260; N. Viola, "Il Santuario di Tortona," 5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_652" id="Footnote_652"></a><a href="#FNanchor_652"><span class="label">[652]</span></a> Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_653" id="Footnote_653"></a><a href="#FNanchor_653"><span class="label">[653]</span></a> Autografi di Principi: Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano;
+G. Porta, "Alessandria Descritta," 161; Merli e Belgrano, "Pal.
+d'Oria," 55.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_654" id="Footnote_654"></a><a href="#FNanchor_654"><span class="label">[654]</span></a> Brant&ocirc;me, xii. 120.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_655" id="Footnote_655"></a><a href="#FNanchor_655"><span class="label">[655]</span></a> Granvelle, "Correspondance," x. 65.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_656" id="Footnote_656"></a><a href="#FNanchor_656"><span class="label">[656]</span></a> Granvelle, vii. 225, xii. 581.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_657" id="Footnote_657"></a><a href="#FNanchor_657"><span class="label">[657]</span></a> Groen, vii. 165.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_658" id="Footnote_658"></a><a href="#FNanchor_658"><span class="label">[658]</span></a> Granvelle, ix. 141, xi. 338.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_659" id="Footnote_659"></a><a href="#FNanchor_659"><span class="label">[659]</span></a> Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_660" id="Footnote_660"></a><a href="#FNanchor_660"><span class="label">[660]</span></a> Granvelle, x. 551; Brant&ocirc;me, xii. 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_661" id="Footnote_661"></a><a href="#FNanchor_661"><span class="label">[661]</span></a> Pimodan, 322.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_662" id="Footnote_662"></a><a href="#FNanchor_662"><span class="label">[662]</span></a> Montemerlo, 250.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_663" id="Footnote_663"></a><a href="#FNanchor_663"><span class="label">[663]</span></a> Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_664" id="Footnote_664"></a><a href="#FNanchor_664"><span class="label">[664]</span></a> S. Goulart, "M&eacute;moires de la Ligue," ii. 213</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_665" id="Footnote_665"></a><a href="#FNanchor_665"><span class="label">[665]</span></a> Ed. Armstrong, "Cambridge Modern History," iii. 413.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_666" id="Footnote_666"></a><a href="#FNanchor_666"><span class="label">[666]</span></a> Granvelle, "Correspondance," x. 411.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_667" id="Footnote_667"></a><a href="#FNanchor_667"><span class="label">[667]</span></a> A. J. Butler, "Cambridge Modern History," iii. 42.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_668" id="Footnote_668"></a><a href="#FNanchor_668"><span class="label">[668]</span></a> A. v. Reumont, "Geschichte Toscana's," i. 327-329.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_669" id="Footnote_669"></a><a href="#FNanchor_669"><span class="label">[669]</span></a> H. Lepage, "Lettres de Charles III.," 93.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_670" id="Footnote_670"></a><a href="#FNanchor_670"><span class="label">[670]</span></a> Montemerlo, 250.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_671" id="Footnote_671"></a><a href="#FNanchor_671"><span class="label">[671]</span></a> Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_672" id="Footnote_672"></a><a href="#FNanchor_672"><span class="label">[672]</span></a> Calmet, iii. 153.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_673" id="Footnote_673"></a><a href="#FNanchor_673"><span class="label">[673]</span></a> Pfister, i. 640-647; Calmet, ii. 87.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_674" id="Footnote_674"></a><a href="#FNanchor_674"><span class="label">[674]</span></a> Granvelle, "Papiers d'&Eacute;tat," vii. 619.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_675" id="Footnote_675"></a><a href="#FNanchor_675"><span class="label">[675]</span></a> Pfister, i. 652.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_676" id="Footnote_676"></a><a href="#FNanchor_676"><span class="label">[676]</span></a> Calmet, ii. 153; Pfister, ii. 734.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">[Pg 516]</a></span></p></div></div>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>APPENDIX<br />
+
+A SELECTION OF UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS</h2>
+
+
+<h3>I.<br />
+
+<i>Christina, Duchess of Milan, to Francesco II., Duke of Milan.</i></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Monsignore mio cordialissimo marito: Ho bene veduto voluntieri,
+come sempre sono accostumata, le sue care littere del
+20, ma di molto megliora voglia haveria voluto veder la presentia
+sua, come speranza mi fu data di breve esser, et per
+dire la vera verita ormai quelli Signori com&#772;inciano haver pu&igrave;
+che torto. Pur mi voglio contentar di quello che la ragione
+consiglia che si faci, et quella dimora che V. S. judicara esser
+bene per tutti, lo havero anche io per accepto, ringratiandola
+de le sue cortese excusationi per la tardezza del ritorno, ma
+non savendogli gratia di quello che la mi scrive, ch'io n&#333;
+prende pena di scriverli di mia mano, perch&egrave; questo e solo
+ben speso tempo, et a me agredable quanto c&#363; V. S. parla,
+almeno per scriptura di propria mano, non potendo la per hora
+partialmente goder. In bona gratia sua senza fine riccoman<sup>mi</sup>
+cum ricordo del presto e sano ritorno, cosi N. S. Dio degni di
+conservarlo longamente. Mlo. li 7. Zugno. 1535.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Vostra tr&egrave;s humble consorte,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Cristierna</span>.</p>
+<p>
+A Monsignore cordiall<sup>mo</sup> mio consorte<br />
+le Duca de Millano.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>II.<br />
+
+<i>Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Milan, to Cardinal Caracciolo,
+Governor of Milan.</i></h3>
+
+<p>Quello affettione chio conosco V. R<sup>ma</sup> S<sup>ria</sup> portarmi, et il
+buon conto che la tene di me fa ch'io non possi cessar de
+desiderar' ogn' hora la salute et comodo lei: Ver ho la prego<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">[Pg 517]</a></span>
+esser contento darmi nova come la si &egrave; p&#772;ortata in questa sua
+andata et di pr&#275;ste si trova. Che di resto maggior consolatione
+no' potre&icirc; havere che saper di sua bona valetudine.
+Appresso: bench&egrave; sappia non essere bisogno, nondimeno no'
+cessero di' ricordar &agrave; V. R<sup>ma</sup> Sig<sup>ria</sup> el caso mio. Per il quale
+pregola a far presso la C&aelig;s<sup>rea</sup> M<sup>t&agrave;</sup> mio supremo S<sup>ro</sup> quello che
+de la singulari bont&agrave; sua sum&#772;amento mi prometto; Et perch&egrave;
+tra tutte l'altre cose molto desidero il ben et honor della S<sup>ra</sup>
+Dorothea. Perho la sara contenta per il particolar sua
+operar con Sia M<sup>t&agrave;</sup> tanto efficamente quanto glie sia poss<sup>le</sup>,
+acci&ograve; che col bon meggio lei me venghi essere esauditi; assicurando
+V. R<sup>ma</sup> S<sup>ra</sup> chio stimavo il comodo dessa S<sup>ra</sup> Dorothea
+mio proprio. Parmi anchora non solamente ragionevole ma
+ex debito, che essendo compito il corso del integro anno che'l
+Ill<sup>mo</sup> et Ex<sup>mo</sup> di felicissima memoria, S<sup>re</sup> Duca, gi&agrave; mio Consorte
+passeva di questa vita, si ne debbi anch'io tener memoria et
+fargli far il debito anniversario. Perho prego V. R<sup>ma</sup> Sig<sup>ra</sup>
+esser contenta supplicar Sua M<sup>t&agrave;</sup> in mio nome, che commetti
+et ordino acci&ograve; che detto anniversario sia fatto nel modo che
+debitamente si conviene e son certiss<sup>na</sup> che Sua M<sup>t&agrave;</sup> nomo
+negar di fare cosi exequire. Non me occorrendo per hora altro,
+a V. R<sup>ma</sup> S<sup>ra</sup> molte me ricom<sup>o</sup> et offero. Pregando N. S. Dio
+che gli doni presto et bon ritorno. Di Mlo. el xiiii. de' Ottobre,
+MDXXXVI.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 19em;">Vostra buona figliola,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;"><span class="smcap">Chrestienne</span>.</span></p>
+<p>
+Al R<sup>mo</sup> et Ill<sup>m</sup> S<sup>ro</sup> Car<sup>le</sup> Caracciolo,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Locoten<sup>te</sup> generale di Sua M<sup>t&agrave;</sup> nel</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stato de Mlo. come Patre osser<sup>sso</sup>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In Corte di Sua M<sup>ta</sup> a Genoa.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>III.<br />
+
+<i>Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Milan, to Cardinal Caracciolo,
+Governor of Milan.</i></h3>
+
+<p>R<sup>mo</sup> et mio quanto Patre honorando: Ho presentito per
+certo che in la hosteria de la Fontana se gli ritrova una bellissima
+chinea learda, manco bona che di apparenza bella, et
+perch&egrave; me ritrova haverne bisogno de una per la Persona mia,
+ho voluto c&#363; ogni confidenza indrizzar' questa et el presente
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">[Pg 518]</a></span>mio lachayo a V. S. R<sup>ma</sup> pregandola che se consensi di contentarme
+che l' habia; et cometti el pagamento fuori di la spesa
+ordinario del rollo stabilito, perch&egrave; se potea mettere nel
+numero de li debiti ch' andarano pagati per altro conto, et
+questo recevero per singular piacer da V. S. R<sup>ma</sup>, in bona
+gratia de la quelli me reco<sup>do</sup>. Dal Castello de Pavia, al 3<sup>o</sup> di
+Genaro, nel 1537. De V. S. R{ma] comme bonne fille,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25.5em;"><span class="smcap">Crestienne</span>.</span></p>
+<p>
+Al R<sup>mo</sup> Car<sup>le</sup> Caracciolo, Governator<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Mlo. quanto p<sup>re</sup> honor<sup>do</sup>. <i>Cito,</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>cito</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>IV.<br />
+
+<i>Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of
+Scotland.</i></h3>
+
+<p>. . .La sant&eacute; de votre petit fils est aussi bonne que lui fut
+onques. Il mange fort bien, et l'on le m&egrave;ne souvent a les
+&eacute;bats que me semble lui fait grant bien. Il me semble vous
+trouverez cru et devenu gras. Quant au reste de n're m&eacute;nage,
+v're s&#339;ur est toujours malade de sa fi&egrave;vre et a &eacute;t&eacute; cette semaine
+pass&eacute;e bien mal d'un flux de ventre qui l'a fort affoiblie. Il
+y a bien huit jours qu'elle ne bouge point du lit. Depuis
+hier le flux com&#772;&agrave;se a passer, de la fi&egrave;vre je ne vois pas grant
+amendement. . . . V<sup>re</sup> fr&egrave;re Claude a &eacute;t&eacute; aussy malade
+jusqu'&agrave; la mort. . . . V<sup>re</sup> s&#339;ur Anthoinette est aussy malade
+d'une fi&egrave;vre et d'un rhume. . . . Je vous avise quo Madame
+v<sup>re</sup> tante est mand&eacute;e pour aller &agrave; la cour &agrave; la venue de la
+Reyne de Hongrie, qui doit bientost estre &agrave; Compi&egrave;gne, ou le
+Roy et toute la Court doit estre en peu de jours. Je m'en
+suis excus&eacute;e pour l'amour de mes malades. Il n'y a que deux
+jours que le gentilhomme du Roy d'Angleterre qui f&ucirc;t au
+Havre et le paintre, a &eacute;t&eacute; ici. Le gentilhomme vint vers moi,
+faisant semblant venir de trouver l'Empereur, et que ayant su
+Louise malade, il n'avait voullu passer sans la voir, afin d'en
+savoir dire de nouvelles au Roy son maistre, me priant qu'il
+la peut voir, ce qu'il fit, et c'estait le jour de sa fi&egrave;vre. Il lui
+tint pareil propos qu'a moi, puis me dit qu'estant si pr&egrave;s
+de Lorrayne, il avait envye d'aller jusques &agrave; Nancy, voir le
+pays. Je ne me donte incontyment il y allait voir la demoyselle
+peur la tirer comme les aultres et pour cela j'ai envoy&eacute;
+&agrave; leur logis, voir qui y &eacute;tait, et j'ai trouv&eacute; le dit paintre y<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</a></span>
+&eacute;tait, et de la ils ont est&eacute; &agrave; Nancy et y ont rest&eacute; un jour, et ont
+&eacute;t&eacute; fort fest&eacute;s, et le Maistre d'h&ocirc;tel venait &agrave; tous les repas
+manger avec eux, avec force pr&eacute;sents, et ils etaient tr&egrave;s bien
+trait&eacute;s. Voil&agrave; ce que j'ay entendu, donc au pis aller, si vous
+n'avez pour voisine v<sup>re</sup> s&#339;ur, ce pourrait estre v<sup>re</sup> cousine.
+Il se tient quelque propos que l'Empereur offre r&eacute;compense
+pour le duch&eacute; de Gueldres, et que ce faisant, se pourrait faire
+quelque mariage de la fille de Hongrie et de Mons<sup>r</sup> le Marquys.
+Mons<sup>r</sup> v<sup>re</sup> p&egrave;re entend bien, ce faisant, avoir sa part en la dite
+r&eacute;compense. Je voudrais qu'il en fust bien r&eacute;compens&eacute;.
+Voil&agrave; tout ce que j'ay de nouveau . . . je me doute que vous
+ne ferez de si bonne diligence que moi, car je sais bien que
+vous tenez de Mons<sup>r</sup> v'tre p&egrave;re, et qu'estes paresseuse &agrave; ecrire,
+si l'air d'Ecosse ne vous a chang&eacute;. Je n'ai encore eu que
+vos premy&egrave;res. Il me tarde bien savoir comme depuis vous
+vous serez port&eacute;, cela me sera grant joye quand je pourrait
+ouir de vos nouvelles. Ce sera toujours quant N<sup>tre</sup> Seigneur
+le veuille, et je prie, Madame, qu'il vous donne longue et bonne
+vie. Ce premier de Septembre, de v'tre humble et bonne
+m&egrave;re,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;"><span class="smcap">Anthoinette de Bourbon</span>.</span></p>
+<p>
+&Agrave; la Reyne d'&Eacute;cosse.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Balcarres MSS., ii. 20. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>V.<br />
+
+<i>Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of
+Scotland.</i></h3>
+
+<p>Madame: J'ay tard&eacute; plus longuement que je ne pensais &agrave;
+vous escrire, mais les noces de Mademoiselle de Lorraine nous
+ont tant ameus&eacute;es que jusque &agrave; cette heure on a peut avoir
+le loisir. Nous departismes hier de la compaignye qui a est&eacute;
+bien grosse. Les noces furent Mardy pass&eacute;. Mons<sup>r</sup> le Prince
+y est venu bien accompaign&eacute; et je vous assure c'est un bien
+honeste Prince et de bonne gr&acirc;ce. Il se contente fort de sa
+mye, et aussi elle de lui. Ils s'entendent aller chez eux dans
+xv. jours. La feste a est&eacute; &agrave; Bar, il n'y a eu gu&egrave;res d'estrangers,
+fors la Marquise de Baulde et Madame de Ba&ccedil;in, et des Comtesses
+et dames voisines. Vous en saurez quelque jour plus
+au long. Nous sommes en chemin pour aller &agrave; Guise, pensant
+en estre de retour pour la Toussaint. Nous laissons n'tre petit
+fils &agrave; Roche. Il court tant de maladie que nous n'avons os&eacute;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">[Pg 520]</a></span>
+le mettre en chemin, mais je vous assure il se porte bien. . . .
+Je vous avais escrit par Saint-Genould, du mariage de v're
+fr&egrave;re, mais j'entens qu'il ne part pas si tost comme il m'avait
+dit, pourquoi je veulx vous dire ce qui en est et co<sup>me</sup> le Roy
+veult faire le mariage de luy et de la ny&egrave;ce du Pape, fille du
+Duc de &mdash;&mdash; je ne puis retrouver son nom, mais elle est belle
+et honeste et a bonne gr&acirc;ce, et est d'ancienne maison, de
+l'age de xv. ans. L'on luy donne trois cent mille francs en
+mariage, elle n'a que ung fr&egrave;re, s'il meurt elle serait heriti&egrave;re de
+quarante mille livres et d'un Duch&eacute; et aultre terres. Je pense
+entre ceci et la Toussaint il en sera fait ou failli. Je prends
+grand plaisir entendre par vos lettres le bon portement du Roy,
+de vous et du petit prince. . . . Nous sommes pr&ecirc;ts &agrave;
+monter &agrave; cheval, pourquoi ferais fin. . . . Ce penulti&egrave;me
+d'Aoust.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 16em;">V<sup>re</sup> humble et bo<sup>ne</sup> m&egrave;re,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;"><span class="smcap">Anthoinette de Bourbon</span>.</span></p>
+<p>
+&Agrave; la Reyne d'&Eacute;cosse.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Balcarres MSS., ii. 15. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>VI.<br />
+
+<i>Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of
+Scotland.</i></h3>
+
+<p>Madame: L'on m'a tant assur&eacute; qu'on envoye les lettres
+s&ucirc;rement par le moyen des Marchands d'Anvers, que je les
+ai mis &agrave; l'entr&eacute;e pour en apprendre le chemin. Vostre s&#339;ur
+en doit estre la messag&egrave;re. Je vous ai escrit la conclusion de
+son mariage et envoy&eacute; les articles et depuis ses noces par
+vostre brodeur. Je viens de la mener en m&eacute;nage, en une
+belle et honneste maison et aultant bien meubl&eacute;e qu'il est
+possible, nomm&eacute; Beaumoult. Son beau-p&egrave;re la receuillit tant
+honorablement et avec tant de gens de bien et grosse compaignye
+que l'on ne sait plus souhaiter; la Reyne de Hongrerie
+entre les aultres s'y trouvait et la Duchesse de Myllan, aussi
+Mons<sup>r</sup> et Madame la Princesse d'Orange, qui l'on tient grosse,
+toute fois la chose n'est pas fort sure, et pour ma part j'en
+doute. Il me semble v're dite s&#339;ur est bien log&eacute;e. L'on luy
+a fait de beau pr&eacute;sens, et elle a de belles basques. Son Mary
+est jeune, mais il a bon vouloir d'estre du nombre des gens de
+bien. Il ne paraissait point qu'il f&ucirc;t Caresme, car les armes et
+les tambours ne cessaient point; il s'y est fait de beaux joustes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521">[Pg 521]</a></span>
+l&agrave; bas. A la fin il a fallu departir, qui n'a pas est&eacute; sans
+larmes. Je regagne ce lieu de Guyse, o&ugrave; je ne reste qu'une
+nuit, et demain &agrave; la F&egrave;re, o&ugrave; Mons<sup>r</sup> le Cardinal mon fr&egrave;re et
+mon p&egrave;re et ma s&#339;ur de S<sup>t</sup> Pol seront mercredy, et vendredy
+recommencerai me mettre en chemin pour gagner Joinvylle
+le plus tost que je pourrais. Je pense trouver encore Mons<sup>r</sup>
+v<sup>re</sup> p&egrave;re, et nos enfans, savoir les petits et les pr&egrave;tres. . . .
+Ce xiiii Mars, &agrave; Guise. . . .</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;"><span class="smcap">Anthoinette de Bourbon.</span></span></p>
+<p>
+&Agrave; la Reyne d'&Eacute;cosse,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Balcarres MSS., ii. 5. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>VII.<br />
+
+<i>Louise de Lorraine, Princesse de Chimay, to Mary, Queen of
+Scotland.</i></h3>
+
+<p>Madame: Depuys que Dieu a tant faict pour moi que de me
+donner un bon Mary, je n'ai point eu loisir de vous en faire la
+part. Vous pouvez estre assur&eacute;e que je me tiens en ce monde
+heureuse d'estre en la maison ou je suis, car avec la grandeur
+qu'il y a en tout, j'ai un seigneur et beau-p&egrave;re que je vous puis
+nommer bon, car il me faict un bien bon traitement, accompagn&eacute;
+de tant de beaux pr&eacute;sents, qu'il me faudroy employer
+trois feuilles de papier avant que je vous pourrais en rendre
+bon conte et qui sera, s'il vous plait, occasion de prendre
+contentement du bien de votre s&#339;ur, qui a commandement de
+vous offrir les tr&egrave;s humble services des maistres et seigneurs
+de cette maison, vous suppliant a tout endroit les employer.
+Nous avons une tr&egrave;s sage et vertueuse Reyne, et je ne puis
+vous dire l'honneur qu'elle me faict, car estant venue expr&eacute;s
+&agrave; cette maison&mdash;la sienne et n&ocirc;tre&mdash;elle m'a voulu prendre
+pour sa tr&egrave;s humble fille et servante, et veulst que pour
+l'avenyr je dois estre toujours en sa compagnye, o&ugrave; pour le
+peu que j'y ai este m'a fayct fort grant ch&#277;re. Madame la
+Duchesse de Mylan m'a dit le semblable, qui est la meilleure,
+et nous &eacute;sperons bient&ocirc;t la voir en Lorayne, car le maryage
+de Mons<sup>r</sup> le Marquys et d'elle, est en tr&egrave;s bon train. Depuis
+que Madame ma m&egrave;re est retourn&egrave;e, elle m'a envoy&eacute;e une
+lettre pour essayer si le chemin de &ccedil;a luy sera plus aise que
+l'autre, et si'il vous plait de m'apprendre de vos nouvelles, je
+serai merveilleusement aise. Mais il faudra, Madame que a
+la lettre que vous m'enverrez, vous mettiez sur le paquet,
+"<i>Au Duc d'Aerschot</i>," et par les marchands qui viennent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522">[Pg 522]</a></span>
+d'Ecosse, il vous sera ais&eacute;, car en les laissant &agrave; Anvers ou &agrave;
+Bruges, ou autre endroit du Pays, ne failleront point, en
+s'adressant a Mons<sup>r</sup> mon beau-p&egrave;re, de tomber entre mes
+mains, car il est grandement craint et aim&eacute; par de&ccedil;a, qui sera
+l'endroit o&ugrave; je supplye Dieu qu'il vous donne tr&egrave;s bonne vie
+et longue. De Beaumont, ce xxv. jour de Mars.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">V're tr&egrave;s humble et tr&egrave;s obeissante s&#339;ur,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 21.5em;"><span class="smcap">Louise de Lorrayne</span>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Balcarres MSS., ii. 153. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>VIII.<br />
+
+<i>Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of
+Scotland.</i></h3>
+
+<p>Madame: Je suis tr&egrave;s aise que ce porteur soit venu par ici,
+pour s'en retourner vers vous, car je vous voullais escrire et
+envoyer un paquet. . . . Je desire bien fort savoir comme
+vous vous serez port&eacute; en v're couche et aussi comme le Roy et
+v're petit prince se portent. Je prie a N. S. &agrave; tous donner
+bonne sant&eacute; et longue vie. Quant &agrave; notre cost&eacute;, tout se porte
+bien, Dieu mercy! Mon<sup>r</sup> v're p&egrave;re est revenu depuis huit
+jours pour quelques bastyments et fortifications que le Roy
+lui a ordonn&eacute; faire en cette fronti&egrave;re. J'ay est&eacute; tr&egrave;s aise il
+ait cette charge, afin de l'avoir plus tost de retour. Quant
+&agrave; v're petit fils, il se porte bien et devient grand; il commence
+tr&egrave;s bien apprendre, et sait quasi son Pater noster, il est joli et
+bon enfant. J'ai est&eacute; cause qu'il n'est venu en ce lien, dans
+la pour des Rougeolles, qui r&eacute;gnent si fort, et je crains il les
+prends par les champs, ou il ne peut estre si bien traist&eacute; qu'&agrave;
+Joinvylle, et aussi que ne devons demeurer dans ce lieu que
+huit jours. . . . Nous attendons M. le Cardinal de Lorraine
+le iii. d'Ao&ucirc;t. Il vient pour nous tous ensemble trouver au
+Pont-&agrave;-Mousson le huiti&egrave;me du dit mois, on se doit faire le
+premyer recueil de n'tre nouvelle Dame, pour la mener &agrave; Nancy.
+V're fr&egrave;re aussi vient avec M. le Cardinal, l'on doit faire grande
+chere a cette bien venue, et force tournois. Les noces furent
+il y a Dimanche huit jours. S'il s'y fait rien digne de vous
+faire part vous en serez avertie. J'ai bonne envye de voir si
+Mons<sup>r</sup> le Marquis sera bon Mary! L'on se jouit fort au pays
+recevoir une si honneste Princesse . . . ce xx. Juillet de . . . ec.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;"><span class="smcap">Anthoinette de Bourbon.</span></span></p>
+<p>
+&Agrave; la Reyne d'&Eacute;cosse.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Balcarres MSS., ii. 4. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523">[Pg 523]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>IX.<br />
+
+<i>Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to Mary, Queen of
+Hungary.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="right">18 Avril, 1552.</p>
+
+<p>Madame: J'ay escrit une letter &agrave; votre Majest&eacute; pour avoir
+moyen d'avertir celle-ci et la Reine vostre s&#339;ur de la m&eacute;chancet&egrave;
+que le Roy de France m'a faict, que sur ombre de
+bonne foy me emm&egrave;ne mon filz avecque grande rudesse, comme
+Vostre Majest&eacute; entendra par ce pr&eacute;sent porteur plus au long.
+Suppliant Vostre Majest&eacute; ne prendra de mauvaise part sy
+je ne faict ceste lettre plus longue, car la grande f&acirc;cherie que
+j'ay, m'en garde. Sy est&eacute;, Madame, que je supplie &agrave; Vostre
+Majest&eacute; avoir piti&eacute; de moy, et m'assister de quelque conseil, et
+je n'oublyerai &agrave; jamais luy faire tr&egrave;s humble service et vous
+ob&egrave;ir toute ma vie, comme celle quy desire demeurer &agrave; jamais,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 13em;">Vostre tr&egrave;s humble et tr&egrave;s obeissante</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">ni&egrave;ce et servante,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;"><span class="smcap">Chrestienne</span>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Lettres des Seigneurs, 101, f. 332. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>X.<br />
+
+<i>Anne, Duchess-Dowager of Aerschot, to Mary, Queen of
+Hungary.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="right">18 Avril, 1552.</p>
+
+<p>Madame: Je ne saurais vous escrire la grande d&eacute;solation en
+laquelle est present&eacute;ment Madame ma s&#339;ur, constitu&eacute; par la
+grande rudesse et cruaut&eacute; que le jour du grand Vendredy luy
+a est&eacute; faicte par le Roy de France, qui est qu'il est&eacute; venu icy
+sous ombre de bonne foy et vrai amiti&eacute;, comme derni&egrave;rement
+il nous avoit fait entendre. &Agrave; son arriv&eacute;e, il a est&eacute; re&ccedil;u
+avecque tous les honneurs possible, et le meilleur traistement,
+et le dit jour du grand Vendredy il fit entendre &agrave; Madame
+comme pour satisfaire au capitulations de la Ligue, il falloit
+qu'il s'assurait de Monseigneur le duc de Lorraine, et de ses
+places, et que pour ce faire il falloit qu'il fust transport&eacute; &agrave;
+Bar, pour &agrave; quoy obvier, Ma dicte dame, Monseigneur de
+Vaudemont et moy, et tous ceux de son conseil, luy fust faicte
+une r&eacute;monstrance la plus humble qu'il estoit possible. A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524">[Pg 524]</a></span>
+quoy il e r&eacute;pondit aultre chose sinon qu'il h&acirc;teroit sa resolution
+par escrit, ce qu'il a faict, comme votre Majest&eacute; pourra
+voire par les articles que je vous envoye. Ce voyant, elle et
+moy l'all&acirc;mes trouver en la Grande Galerie o&ugrave; ma dite dame
+parla encore a luy, jusqu'&agrave; se mettre &agrave; genoux, luy requ&eacute;rant
+pour l'amour de Dieu ne transporter son filz, et ne le luy &ocirc;ter.
+A quoi ne fit response, et pour conclusion, Madame, le lendemain
+Samedy, veille de P&acirc;ques, il l'ont emmen&eacute;, accompagn&eacute;
+de force gens de guerre, sous la charge du S<sup>r</sup> de Bourdillon,
+mais le Mar&eacute;chal de Saint Andr&eacute; n'a boug&eacute; qu'il ne l'ait
+mis hors de la ville, et c'&eacute;toit piti&eacute; voire Madame sa m&egrave;re,
+Monseigneur de Vaudement et toute la noblesse et le pauvre
+peuple faire leur lamentation. Et voyant Madame ma s&#339;ur
+en telle piti&eacute;, etant en telle douleur, Madame, que votre
+Majest&eacute; peult estimer pour ly avoir faict une telle outrage que
+de luy oter son filz, et la voyant porter tel desplaisir, moy que
+m'estait deliber&eacute; m'en partir, ne la puis delaisser. Le Roy luy
+laisse Mesdames ses filles et l'administration des biens, comme
+elle avait auparavant, reserv&eacute; les places fortes, qui demeurent
+&agrave; la charge de Monseigneur de Vaudemont, &agrave; condition que
+Votre Majest&eacute; pourra voire, toutefois n'y demeurra que
+Lorrains. Et par ce que Madame j'ai toujours envie de faire
+service &agrave; Votre Majest&eacute; tel que j'ai toute ma vie desir&eacute;, il luy
+plaira me commander ce que je fasse, et vous serez ob&eacute;y
+comme la plus affection&eacute;e servante que Votre Majest&eacute; aura
+jamais. Suppliant Notre Seigneur donner &agrave; celle tr&egrave;s bonne
+et longue vie, me recommandant toujours tr&egrave;s humblement,
+en sa bonne gr&acirc;ce. De Nancy, ce lendemain de P&acirc;ques.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Anne de Lorraine.</span></p>
+
+<p>Madame: Depuis avoir escrit &agrave; Votre Majest&eacute;, le Roy de
+France a escrit une lettre &agrave; Madame ma s&#339;ur comme il a eu
+avertissement que les Bourgnignons faisaient une entreprise
+pour aller &agrave; Bar, afin d'y surprendre Monsieur de Lorraine, et
+que pour obvier &agrave; cela, il a ordonn&eacute; au S<sup>r</sup> de Bourdillon le
+mener &agrave; Joinville, o&ugrave; la Royne de France est encor l&agrave;.</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Lettres des Seigneurs, 101, f. 330. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[Pg 525]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>XI.<br />
+
+<i>Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to the Emperor
+Charles V.</i></h3>
+
+<p><i>A l'Empereur.</i> Monseigneur: A la pri&egrave;re de Monseigneur de
+Vaudemont mon fr&egrave;re et de la Duchesse d'Aerschot ma s&#339;ur,
+j'ay pris la hardiesse de demeurer, encore que Vostre Majest&eacute;
+m'avait escript et command&eacute; que je me retirasse vers les
+Roynes, ce que j'&eacute;sp&egrave;re que Vostre Majest&eacute; n'aures pas pris
+de mauvaise part. Car la grande instance et pri&egrave;re que
+mon dit fr&egrave;re et s&#339;ur m'ont faict, ont est&eacute; la cause, non pas
+pour aller contre son commandement, le voulant ob&eacute;ir toute
+ma vie, et je vous supplie, de toujours le croire, et avoir mon
+filz et son pa&iuml;s pour recommand&eacute;, et je supplieray le Cr&eacute;ateur,
+Monseigneur, de donner &agrave; Vostre Majest&eacute; bonne sant&eacute; et tr&egrave;s
+longue vie. De Den&#339;uvre, ce 26<sup>e</sup> May, 1552.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">Vostre tr&egrave;s humble et tr&egrave;s ob&eacute;issante</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">ni&egrave;ce et servante,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;"><span class="smcap">Chrestienne</span>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Lettres des Seigneurs, 102, f. 127. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>XII.<br />
+
+<i>Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to the Emperor
+Charles V.</i></h3>
+
+<p><i>A l'Empereur.</i> Monseigneur: J'ay re&ccedil;u la lettre qu'il a plu
+&agrave; Vostre Majest&eacute; m'&egrave;scrire par le Seigneur de Carondelet, et
+par luy ay entendu la bonne souvenance qu'il a plu &agrave; Vostre
+Majest&eacute; avoir de moy et mes filles, de la bonne visitation, dont
+tr&egrave;s humblement la remercie, et aussi de la charge que Vostre
+Majest&eacute; luy a donn&eacute; pour me dire ce qu'il me faudra ensuivre.
+Votre Majest&eacute; m'oblige tant de l'honneur qu'elle me faict,
+que toute ma vie je seray preste &agrave; ob&eacute;ir &agrave; ses commandements,
+comme celle entendra s'il luy plait plus au long par le dit
+Seigneur de Carondelet, et aussi d'autres choses que luy ay
+donn&eacute; charge de dire &agrave; Vostre Majest&eacute;, pour ne pas la f&acirc;cher
+de longue lettre. Et toute ma vie je suppliray le Cr&eacute;ateur de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">[Pg 526]</a></span>
+donner &agrave; Vostre Majest&eacute; tr&egrave;s bonne sant&eacute;, et longue vie et de
+demeurer toujours &agrave; la bonne gr&acirc;ce d'icelle. De Hoh-K&ouml;nigsberg,
+ce 4<sup>e</sup> Septembre, 1552.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">Vostre tr&egrave;s humble ni&egrave;ce et servante,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;"><span class="smcap">Chrestienne</span>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[Lettres des Seigneurs, 103, f. 518. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>XIII.<br />
+
+<i>Dejanira Commena Contessa Trivulzio to Messer Innocenzio
+Gadio.</i></h3>
+
+<p>Magnifico Signore, Innocenzio: Ho ricevuto un altra vostra,
+inteso la morte del Magnifico Signor Belloni, che certo mi ha
+dato molto fastidio. Io sono certa che la Signora mia madre
+me haver&agrave; havuto grandissimo dispiacere, come risentir&agrave; la
+morte e privatione di tale amico. Per&ograve; non si pu&ograve; resistere
+al Divino volere. Mi maraviglia molto non habbiati avuto
+la littera mia qual mandai alli di passati, in mane di Barile,
+per&ograve; di novo vi dico che ho ricevuto la corona ed altre cose
+per Andronica, et le littere della Signore Madre, et cos&igrave; vi
+rimand&ograve; la risposta. Sareti contenti basare le mane in mio
+nome a Sua Excellentia, dicendoli che mi duole fino all' anima,
+dalle travaglie che patisse Sua Excellentia in quelle bande, et
+che siamo sempre apparentiati come servitori che li giurano
+esponere la vita et quanto tenemo in suo serviggio. Non mi
+occorrente altro a Vostra Signoria mi raccomando. De
+Codogno all. 29. Sett, 1552. Di Vostra Sig. Dejanira,
+Contessa Trivultia.</p>
+
+<p>
+A Messer Inn. Gadio, amico carissimo.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[MS. No. 18, Biblioteca di Zelada, Pavia.]
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>XIV.<br />
+
+<i>Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to Mary, Queen of
+England.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="right">April, 1555.</p>
+
+<p>Madame: Je supplie V<sup>tre</sup> Maj<sup>t&egrave;</sup> me pardonner si je prends
+tant d'audace que d'escrire &agrave; icelle, mais tant d'honneur et de
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527">[Pg 527]</a></span>faveur que je recois de V<sup>tre</sup> Maj<sup>t&egrave;</sup> en est cause. Car je ne puis
+laisser d'avertir que le Capitaine de mon vaisseau qui me m&egrave;ne
+a si bien faict son devoyr, sans nul hasart, comme V<sup>tre</sup> Maj<sup>t&egrave;</sup>
+lui a faict commande, que je ne puis laisser d'en avertir V<sup>tre</sup>
+Maj<sup>t&egrave;</sup> et la supplier de l'avoyr en souvenance. Et puis
+j'assure V<sup>tre</sup> Maj<sup>t&egrave;</sup>, que je n'en ai re&ccedil;u que d'entier bon service,
+et connaissant cela, n'ay su laisser de le recommander &agrave; V<sup>tre</sup>
+Maj<sup>t&egrave;</sup> et pensant que le Capitaine Bont vous fera entendre ce
+qui s'est pass&eacute; &agrave; mon passage, je n'en ferai plus propos, si non
+de vous assurer combien je regrette de ne plus estre dans la
+pr&egrave;sence de V<sup>re</sup> Maj<sup>t&egrave;</sup> et que je ne puis estre aupr&egrave;s d'icelle,
+pour luy pouvoir faire quelque service, pour la satisfaction
+que je me ferais a tant de mercis que j'ay re&ccedil;u, dont je demeure
+sans espoir d'y satisfaire. Et cependant je supplie tr&egrave;s humblement
+&agrave; V<sup>re</sup> Maj<sup>t&egrave;</sup> me tenir en sa bonne gr&acirc;ce, a la quelle
+humblement me recommande, et baisant ses mains, priant
+Dieu, Madame, vous donner bonne sant&eacute;, tr&egrave;s longue vie et
+un beau filz, comme le d&eacute;sire.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">V<sup>re</sup> tr&egrave;s humble et tr&egrave;s obeissante</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 16em;">cousine et servante,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;"><span class="smcap">Chrestienne</span>.</span></p>
+<p>
+&Agrave; la Reyne.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">[MS. State Papers, Foreign, Mary, vol. vi., 351. Public Record Office.]
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">[Pg 528]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2>
+
+
+<h3>MANUSCRIPT SOURCES</h3>
+
+<div class="hangindent">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Archivio di Stato, Milano</span>: Autografi di Principi; Carteggio
+Diplomatico, 1533-1535; Carteggio con Montmorency, Conte
+di Corea, 1537-1538; Feudi Camerali, Tortona; Potenze
+Sovrane, 1533-1534.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Biblioteca Ambrosiana</span>: Continuazione della Storia di Corio,
+O. 240.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Museo Civico di Storia Patria, Pavia</span>: No. 426, Lettere dell'
+Oratore, 1535; No. 546, di B. d. Corte, 1536.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Biblioteca del Conte Antonio Cavagna Sangiuliani a Zelada,
+presso Pavia</span>: Archivio Sezione Storico, Diplomatico. Mazzo
+n. 127, Tortona; Lettere di Niccol&ograve; Belloni, etc., i.-xviii.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles</span>: Lettres des Seigneurs, iii.-vii.;
+Papiers d'&Eacute;tat de l'Audience, No. 82; Correspondance
+de Charles V. avec Jean de Montmorency, Seigneur de Courri&egrave;res,
+1537; No. 8, 26, 1178, etc., Lettres de Marie de Hongrie,
+Charles Quint, etc.; R&eacute;gistre des Revenus et D&eacute;penses de
+Charles V.; R&eacute;gistre de Marguerite d'Autriche, 1799, 1800,
+1803.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale, Paris</span>: Affaires d'Angleterre, xix.;
+F.F. 123, 20,467, 20,468; Oudin, Histoire des Guises; MS.
+Gaigni&egrave;res 349; Marillac MS. 8,625; Coll. de Lorraine, 27-33,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Advocates' Library, Edinburgh</span>: The Balcarres Manuscripts,
+ii., iii.; Correspondance de Madame de Guise, etc., avec la
+Reine d'&Eacute;cosse.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">British Museum</span>: Additional Manuscripts, 5,498; Harleian Manuscripts,
+3,310, 3,311; F. Roddi, Annali di Ferrara.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Public Record Office</span>: State Papers, Foreign, Mary, vi. 351;
+Venetian Despatches, 1553-1558; Brussels Transcripts, 1553-1558.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>PRINTED SOURCES</h3>
+
+<div class="hangindent">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alberi, E.</span>: Le Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti nel Secolo
+XVI. Serie 2. 5 vols. Florence, 1839-1863.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Altmeyer, J.</span>: Isabelle d'Autriche. Brussels, 1842.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Altmeyer, J.</span>: Relations Commerciales des Pays-Bas. 1840.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arch&aelig;ologia</span>, vols. xxxix., xl. (Society of Antiquaries). Brussels
+1865.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">[Pg 529]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arch&aelig;ologia Cambrensis</span>, xxiii. 1877.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aretino, P.</span>: Lettere. 6 vols. Paris, 1609.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Armstrong, E.</span>: The Emperor Charles V. 2 vols. 1902.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ascham, R.</span>: Works, ed. Giles. 1864.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ashmole, E.</span>: The Order of the Garter. 1672.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Avenati, P.</span>: Entrata Solemne di Cristina di Spagna, 1534.
+Milan, 1903.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Barack, K.</span>: Zimmerische Chronik. 4 vols. Freiburg, 1881.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Baumgarten, H.</span>: Geschichte Karl V. 3 vols. Stuttgart, 1885-1892.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Beltrami, L.</span>: Il Castello di Milano, 1450-1535. Milan, 1894.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bergh, L.</span> v. d.: Correspondance de Marguerite d'Autriche,
+Gouvernante des Pays-Bas, 1506-1528. Leyden, 1845.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bouill&eacute;, R. de</span>: Histoire des Ducs de Guise. 4 vols. Paris,
+1849.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bradford, W.</span>: Correspondence of Charles V. and his Ambassadors,
+with Itinerary, 1519-1551. 1850.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brant&ocirc;me, P. de</span>: &#338;uvres Compl&egrave;tes, ed. M&eacute;rim&eacute;e et Lacour.
+13 vols. Paris, 1895.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bucholtz, F. v.</span>: Geschichte der Regierung Ferdinand I. 9 vols.
+Vienna, 1831-1838.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bulletins</span> de la Commission d'Histoire, Series ii., v., vii., xi., xii.
+Brussels, 1852.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Burgon, J. W.</span>: Life and Times of Sir T. Gresham. 2 vols.
+1839.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Burigozzo, G.</span>: Cronaca Milanese, 1500-1544. Arch. Stor. Italiano,
+vol. iii. Florence, 1842.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calendar</span> of Letters and State Papers, Foreign and Domestic,
+of the Reign of Henry VIII., 1509-1547. 21 vols. 1862-1912.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calendar</span> of State Papers during the Reign of Henry VIII.
+Record Office Commission. 11 vols. 1831-1852.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calendar</span> of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Edward
+VI., 1547-1553. 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calendar</span> of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Mary,
+1553-1558. 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calendar</span> of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth,
+1558-1577. 11 vols. 1863-1901.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calendar</span> of State Papers in the Archives of Simancas, Series 1.
+1485-1544. 7 vols. 1862-1899.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calendar</span> of State Papers in the Archives of Simancas, Series 2,
+1558-1580. 3 vols. 1892-1899.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calendar</span> of State Papers in the Archives of Venice, 1202-1607.
+10 vols. 1864-1900.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calendar</span> of Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury, vol. i.
+Historical Manuscripts Commission. 1883-1899.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calmet, A.</span>: Histoire Eccl&eacute;siastique et Civile de Lorraine. 3 vols.
+Nancy, 1728.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cambridge</span> Modern History, The, Vol. II.: The Reformation;
+Vol. III.: The Wars of Religion. 1903-1904.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Campo, A.</span>: Storia di Cremona. Cremona, 1585.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Churchill, A.</span>: Collection of Voyages and Travels. 6 vols.
+1744-1746.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530">[Pg 530]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cimber, L., et Danjou, F.</span>: Archives Curieuses de l'Histoire de
+France. III. Histoire Particuli&egrave;re de la Cour du Roi Henri II.
+Paris, 1835.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Conway, Sir Martin</span>: The Literary Remains of A. D&uuml;rer.
+1889.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cortile, L.</span>: Ragionamenti. Venice, 1552.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Coryat, T.</span>: Crudities. 3 vols. 1611.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cournault, C.</span>: Ligier-Richier. Paris, 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Crowe, J. A., and Cavalcaselle, G. B.</span>: Titian&mdash;his Life and
+Times. 2 vols. 1877.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cust, L.</span>: Burlington Magazine, xix. August, 1911.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cust, Mrs. Henry</span>: Gentlemen Errant. 1909.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dahlmann, F.</span>: Geschichte der Europ&auml;ischen Staaten: D&auml;nemark.
+3 vols. Hamburg, 1840-1843.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Decrue, F.</span>: Anne de Montmorency &agrave; la Cour de Fran&ccedil;ois I.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Decrue, F.</span>: Anne de Montmorency &agrave; la Cour de Henri II.,
+Fran&ccedil;ois II., et Charles IX. 2 vols. Paris, 1885-1889.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Du Bellay, M. et G.</span>: M&eacute;moires (Petitot Coll., S&eacute;rie i., 17-19).
+Paris, 1819.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F&ouml;rsteman, C.</span>: Neues Urkundenbuch z. Gesch. d. Reformation.
+Hamburg, 1842.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Friedmann, P.</span>: Les Dep&ecirc;ches de G. Michieli, 1554-1557. Venice,
+1869.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frizzi, A.</span>: M&eacute;morie per la Storia di Ferrara, iv. Ferrara, 1791.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gachard, L.</span>: Analecta Belgica. Brussels, 1855.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gachard, L.</span>: Collection des Documents In&eacute;dits conc. l'Histoire de la Belgique.
+3 vols. Brussels, 1853.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gachard, L.</span>: Collection des Voyages des Souverains des Pays-Bas.
+4 vols. 1876-1882.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gachard, L.</span>: Relations des Ambassadeurs V&eacute;nitiens sur Charles V.
+et Philippe II. 1855.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gachard, L.</span>: Relation des Troubles de Gand sous Charles V.
+1846.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gachard, L.</span>: Retraite et Mort de Charles V. 2 vols. 1855.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gardner, E.</span>: The King of Court Poets. 1906.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gaye, G.</span>: Carteggio Inedito di Artisti dei Secoli XV., XVI., e
+XVII. 3 vols. Florence, 1840.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ghilino, C.</span>: Annali di Alessandria. Milan, 1666.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Goulart, S.</span>: M&eacute;moires de la Ligue. 6 vols. Amsterdam, 1758.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Granvelle, Cardinal de</span>: Correspondance, 1565-1586, publi&eacute;
+par E. Poullet et C. Piot. 12 vols. Brussels, 1896.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Granvelle, Cardinal de</span> M&eacute;moires pour servir &agrave; l'Histoire du
+Par P. Levesque. Brussels, 1753.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Granvelle, Cardinal de</span>: M&eacute;moires du. L. d'Esnans, Brussels,
+1761.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Granvelle, Cardinal de</span>: Papiers d'&Eacute;tat, publi&eacute; par C. Weiss.
+9 vols. 1852.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Groen van Prinsterer, G.</span>: Archives de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau.
+S&eacute;rie i. 8 vols. Leyden, 1847.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Guazzo, M.</span>: Historie, 1524-1552. Milan, 1552.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Guicciardini, L.</span>: Descrittione di Tutti i Paesi-Bassi. Antwerp,
+1588.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Haile, M.</span>: Life of Reginald Pole. 1910.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531">[Pg 531]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hardwicke Papers</span>, The, 1501-1726. 2 vols. 1778.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ha&uuml;sser, L.</span>: Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz. 2 vols. Heidelberg,
+1856.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henne, A.</span>: Histoire du R&egrave;gne de Charles V. en Belgique. 10
+vols. Brussels, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hoby, T.</span>: The Travail and Life of, 1547-1564. Camden Miscellany,
+x. 1902.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hugo, L.</span>: Trait&eacute; de l'Origine de la Maison de Lorraine. Berlin,
+1711.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Juste, T.</span>: Les Pays-Bas sous Charles V. Brussels, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Juste, T.</span>: Les Pays-Bas sous Philippe II. Brussels, 1884.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Juste, T.</span>: Marie de Hongrie. 1867.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kaulek, J.</span>: Correspondance Politique de Castillon et de Marillac.
+Paris, 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kervyn de Lettenhove, J. de</span>: Relations Politiques des Pays-Bas
+et de l'Angleterre sous le R&egrave;gne de Philippe II. 10 vols.
+Brussels, 1892.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">K&ouml;stlin, J.</span>: Leben Luthers. T&uuml;bingen, 1882.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lanz, K.</span>: Correspondenz des Kaisers Karl aus d. K. Archiv.
+3 vols. Leipzig, 1844.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">L'Aubespine, S. de</span>: N&eacute;gociations au R&egrave;gne de Fran&ccedil;ois II.
+Paris, 1841.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lavisse, E.</span>: Histoire de France, vol. v. Paris, 1903.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Le Glay, E.</span>: Correspondance de Maximilien I. et de Marguerite
+d'Autriche. 2 vols. Brussels, 1839.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lepage, H.</span>: Les Archives de Nancy, Le Palais Ducal, La Galerie
+des Cerfs, La Ville de Nancy; Lettres de Charles III., Duc
+de Lorraine. Nancy, 1844-1865.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Le Petit, J.</span>: La Grande Chronique de Hollande, etc., jusqu'&agrave;
+1600. Dordrecht, 1601.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Leva, G. de</span>: Storia Documentata di Karl V. in Italia. 5 vols.
+Venice, 1863.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Litta, P.</span>: Famiglie Celebri, vol. ii. Milan, 1839.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lodge, E.</span>: Illustrations of British History, Henry VIII. to
+James I., in Papers of the Families of Howard, Talbot, and
+Cecil. 3 vols. 1830.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Machyn, H.</span>: Diary of a Citizen of London, 1550-1563, ed. J. S.
+Nicholls. Camden Society, No. 42. 1848.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Magenta, C.</span>: I Visconti e gli Sforza nel Castello di Pavia. 2 vols.
+Milan, 1883.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maitland Miscellany</span>, i: Maitland Club. Edinburgh, 1834.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Merriman, R. B.</span>: Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell. 2 vols.
+1902.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mignet, F.</span>: Charles Quint&mdash;son Abdication et S&eacute;jour &agrave; Yuste.
+Paris, 1857.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mignet, F.</span>: Rivalit&eacute; de Fran&ccedil;ois I. et de Charles V. Paris, 1875.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Moeller, C.</span>: El&eacute;onore d'Autriche, Reine de France. Paris, 1893.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montemerlo, N.</span>: Nuove Historie di Antica Citt&agrave;. Tortona,
+1618.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nott, G.</span>: The Works of Surrey and Sir T. Wyatt. 2 vols. 1815.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nubilonia</span>: Cronaca di Vigevano.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pimodan, G. de</span>: La M&egrave;re des Guises. Paris, 1889.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Porta, G.</span>: Alessandria Descritta, Illustrata, Celebrata. Milan,
+1670.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_532" id="Page_532">[Pg 532]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Putman, R.</span>: William the Silent, Prince of Orange. 2 vols.
+New York, 1895.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rabutin, F. de</span>: Commentaires des Derni&egrave;res Guerres. Petitot
+Coll., No. 37. Paris, 1819-1829.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ratti, N.</span>: Delia Famiglia Sforza. 2 vols. Rome, 1794.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ravold, J. B.</span>: Histoire D&eacute;mocratique de Lorraine. 4 vols.
+Paris, 1890.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Reiffenberg, F. de</span>: Histoire de la Toison d'Or. 2 vols.
+Brussels, 1835.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Reumont, A. v.</span>: Geschichte Toscanas. 2 vols. Gotha, 1876.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ribier, G.</span>: Lettres et M&eacute;moires d'&Eacute;tat. Paris, 1666.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ruble, A. de</span>: Antoine de Bourbon et Jeanne d'Albret. 4 vols.
+Paris, 1881.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ruble, A. de</span>: La Jeunesse de Marie Stuart; 1891. Le Trait&eacute; de
+C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis; 1887.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Saint-G&eacute;nis, V. de</span>: Histoire de Savoie. 3 vols. Chamb&eacute;ry,
+1869.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sanuto, M.</span>: Diarii, 1496-1533, vols. liii., liv., lv., lvi., lvii.
+Venice, 1879-1902.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sch&auml;fer, D.</span>: Geschichte v. D&auml;nemark. 4 vols. Gotha, 1893.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Schlegel, J. H.</span>: Geschichte d. K&ouml;nige v. D&auml;nemark aus d.
+Oldenburg Stamme. 2 vols., folio. Kopenhagen, 1769-1777.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas, H.</span>: Annalium de Vita et Rebus Gestis Illustrissimi
+Principis Frederici II., Elect. Pal. Frankfort, 1624.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas, H.</span>: Spiegel d. Humors Grosser Potentaten. Leipzig,
+1629.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tytler, P. F.</span>: England under Edward VI. and Mary. 2 vols.
+1839.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ulmann, H.</span>: Kaiser Maximilian I. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1884-1891.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vaissi&egrave;re, P. de</span>: Charles de Marillac, 1510-1560. Paris, 1896.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Verri, P.</span>: Storia di Milano. 2 vols. Florence, 1851.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vertot, R. de</span>: Ambassades de MM. de Noailles en Angleterre.
+5 vols. Paris, 1762.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vieilleville, F. de Sc&eacute;peaux, Mar&eacute;chal de</span>: M&eacute;moires. Coll.
+Petitot, S&eacute;rie i., 26-28. Paris, 1819-1829.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Villamont, A.</span>: Voyages. Urbino, 1589.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Viola, N.</span>: Il Santuario di Tortona. Tortona, 1675.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Voigt, J.</span>: Albert-Alcibiades, Markgraf von Brandenburg.
+2 vols. Berlin, 1852.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Walpole, H.</span>: Anecdotes of Painting, vol. i. 1826-1828.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wornum, R.</span>: Life and Works of Holbein. 1867.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Young, Colonel G.</span>: The Medici. 2 vols. 1909.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_533" id="Page_533">[Pg 533]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>GENEALOGICAL TABLES</h2>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li>I. HABSBURG.</li>
+
+<li>II. DENMARK.</li>
+
+<li>III. SFORZA.</li>
+
+<li>IV. LORRAINE.</li>
+
+<li>V. GUISE.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534">[Pg 534]</a><br /><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535">[Pg 535]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536">[Pg 536]</a><br /><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537">[Pg 537]</a><br /><a name="Page_538" id="Page_538">[Pg 538]</a><br /><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539">[Pg 539]</a><br /><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">[Pg 540]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>I. HABSBURG.</h3>
+
+<pre>
+Maximilian I, d. 1519.
+=(1)Mary of Burgundy.
+=(2)Bianca Sforza.
++-- Philip, d. 1506.
+|   =Juana of Spain, d. 1555.
+|   +-- Eleanor, d. 1558.
+|   |   =(1)Emanuel of Portugal.
+|   |   =(2)Francis I. of France.
+|   +-- Charles V, 1500-1558.
+|   |   =Isabella of Portugal, d. 1539.
+|   |   +-- Margaret, d. 1586.
+|   |   |   =(1)Alessandro de' Medici.
+|   |   |   =(2)Ottavio Farnese.
+|   |   |   +-- Alessandro, Duke of Parma, d. 1592
+|   |   |       =Mary of Portugal.
+|   |   +-- Don John, d. 1578.
+|   |   +-- Philip II. of Spain, 1527-1598.
+|   |   |   =(1)Mary of Portugal, d. 1539.
+|   |   |   =(2)Mary of England.
+|   |   |   =(3)Elizabeth of France.
+|   |   |   =(4)Anne of Austria.
+|   |   |   +-- Don Carlos, d. 1568.
+|   |   |   +-- Philip III, d. 1621.
+|   |   |   |   =Margaret of Austria.
+|   |   |   +-- Katherine.
+|   |   |   |   =Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy.
+|   |   |   +-- Isabella, d. 1633.
+|   |   |       =Albert of Austria, d. 1621.
+|   |   +-- Juana of Spain.
+|   |   |   =John of Portugal, d. 1554.
+|   |   |   +-- Sebastian of Portugal, d. 1578.
+|   |   +-- Mary. (<i>a</i>)
+|   |       =Maximilian II, d. 1576. (<i>a</i>)
+|   |       +-- Rudolf II, d. 1612.
+|   |       +-- Anne of Austria.
+|   |       |   =Philip II. of Spain, 1527-1598.
+|   |       +-- Albert of Austria, d. 1621. (<i>b</i>)
+|   |       |   =Isabella, d. 1633.
+|   |       +-- Elizabeth.
+|   |       |   =Charles IX., King of France.
+|   |       +-- Matthias, d. 1619.
+|   |           =Anne.
+|   +-- Isabella of Austria, 1501-1526. (See II)
+|   |   =Christian II. of Denmark, dep. 1523, 1481-1559.
+|   +-- Mary, d. 1558.
+|   |   =Louis of Hungary, d. 1526.
+|   +-- Ferdinand I, d. 1564.
+|   |   =Anne of Bohemia, d. 1547.
+|   |   +-- Maximilian II, d. 1576. (<i>a</i>)
+|   |   |   =Mary. (<i>a</i>)
+|   |   |   +-- Rudolf II. (see above)
+|   |   |   +-- Anne of Austria. (see above)
+|   |   |   +-- Albert of Austria. (see above) (<i>b</i>)
+|   |   |   +-- Elizabeth. (see above)
+|   |   |   +-- Matthias. (see above)
+|   |   +-- Mary.
+|   |   |   =William of Cleves.
+|   |   +-- Ferdinand, d. 1595.
+|   |   |   =Philippina Welser.
+|   |   |   +-- Anne.
+|   |   |       =Matthias, d. 1619.
+|   |   +-- Charles.
+|   |       =Anne.
+|   |       +-- Ferdinand II, d. 1637.
+|   |           =Maria Anna.
+|   |           +-- Ferdinand III, d. 1657.
+|   |               =Mary of Spain.
+|   |               +-- Philip IV. of Spain.
+|   |               |   =Mary.
+|   |               +-- Leopold I, d. 1705.
+|   |               |   =(1)Margaret of Spain.
+|   |               |   =(2)Claude of Tyrol.
+|   |               |   =(3)Eleanor, d. of Elector Palatine.
+|   |               |   +-- Joseph I, d. 1711.
+|   |               |   |   =Wilhelmina of Hanover.
+|   |               |   +-- Charles VI, d. 1740.
+|   |               |       =Eliz. Christina of Brunswick.
+|   |               |       +-- Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and daughter of the Emperor Charles VI, d. 1780.
+|   |               |           =Francis III., Duke of Lorraine; exchanged Lorraine for Tuscany; el. Emperor 1745, m. 1736, d. 1765.
+|   |               +-- Eleanor.
+|   |                   =Charles Leopold of Lorraine.
+|   +-- Katherine.
+|       =John III. of Portugal, d. 1557.
+|       +-- John of Portugal, d. 1554.
+|       |   =Juana of Spain.
+|       |   +-- Sebastian of Portugal. (see above)
+|       +-- Mary of Portugal, d. 1539.
+|           =Philip II. of Spain, 1527-1598.
++-- Margaret, d. 1530.
+    =(1)John, son of Ferdinand and Isabella.
+    =(2)Philibert II. of Savoy.
+</pre>
+
+
+<h3>II. DENMARK, 1481-1588.</h3>
+
+<pre>
+Christian I., King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, d. 1481.
+=Dorothea of Brandenburg, widow of Christopher, King of Denmark, d. 1448.
++-- John, d. 1513.
+|   =Christina of Saxony.
+|   +-- Christian II. of Denmark, dep. 1523, 1481-1559.
+|   |   =Isabella of Austria, 1501-1526.
+|   |   +-- John, 1516-1531.
+|   |   +-- Dorothea, 1520-1562.
+|   |   |   =Frederic II., Elector Palatine, 1483-1556.
+|   |   +-- Christina of Denmark, 1522-1590.
+|   |       =(1)Francesco II., last Duke of Milan, 1495-1535.
+|   |       =(2)Francis I., Duke of Lorraine, 1517-1545.
+|   +-- Elizabeth.
+|       =Joachim of Brandenburg, d. 1535.
++-- Margaret.
+|   =James III. of Scotland, d. 1488.
++-- Frederick I.
+    =(1)Anne of Brandenburg.
+    =(2)Sophia of Pomerania.
+    +-- Dorothea.
+    |   =Albert, Duke of Prussia, d. 1568.
+    +-- Christian III, d. 1558.
+    |   +-- Frederic II, d. 1588.
+    |   +-- Anna.
+    |   |   =Augustus, Elector of Saxony.
+    |   +-- John, (branch of Gl&uuml;cksburg Augustenburg).
+    +-- Adolf, Duke of Holstein.
+        =Christina of Hesse.
+        +-- John Adolf, (branch of Holstein-Gottorp).
+        |   =Amelia of Denmark.
+        +-- Christina.
+            =Charles IX. of Sweden.
+            +-- Gustavus Adolphus, d. 1632.
+                +-- Christina, d. 1689.
+</pre>
+
+
+<h3>III. SFORZA.</h3>
+
+<pre>
+Francesco, Duke of Milan, 1450, 1401-1466.
+=Bianca Maria Visconti, d. 1468.
++-- Galeazzo Maria, 1444-1476.
+|   =Bona of Savoy.
+|   +-- Gian Galeazzo, 1469-1494.
+|   |   =Isabella of Aragon, d. 1524.
+|   |   +-- Francesco, Abbot of Noirmoutiers, 1490-1512.
+|   |   +-- Ippolita, d. 1501.
+|   |   +-- Bona, d. 1557.
+|   |       =Sigismund I., King of Poland, d. 1548.
+|   +-- Ermes, 1470-1504.
+|   +-- Caterina, d. 1509.
+|   |   =(1)Girolamo Riario.
+|   |   =(2)Giacomo Feo.
+|   |   =(3)Giovanni de' Medici.
+|   +-- Ottaviano, Bishop of Lodi.
+|   +-- Carlo.
+|   |   =Bianca Simonetta.
+|   |   +-- Ippolita.
+|   |       =Alessandro Bentivoglio.
+|   +-- Anna, 1473-1497.
+|       =Alfonso d'Este.
++-- Ippolita, 1446-1484.
+|   =Alfonso of Calabria, afterwards King of Naples.
++-- Filippo, 1448-1492.
+|   =Costanza Sforza.
++-- Sforza, Duke of Bari, 1449-1479.
++-- Lodovico Maria, 1451-1480.
+|   =Beatrice d'Este, 1475-1497.
+|   +-- Massimiliano abd. 1515, 1493-1530.
+|   +-- Francesco II., last Duke of Milan, 1495-1535.
+|   |   =Christina of Denmark, 1522-1590.
+|   +-- Cesare.
+|   +-- Leone, Protonotary.
+|   +-- Bianca, d. 1497.
+|   |   =Galeazzo di Sanseverino, d. 1525.
+|   +-- Gian Paolo, 1497-1535.
+|       +-- Line of Caravaggio extinct 1697.
++-- Ascanio, Cardinal, 1455-1505.
++-- Tristano, d. 1477.
+    =Beatrice d'Este da Correggio.
+</pre>
+
+
+<h3>IV. LORRAINE, 1300-1736.</h3>
+
+<pre>
+Frederic IV, d. 1328.
+=Elizabeth, daughter of the Emperor Albert I.
++-- Raoul, killed at Cr&eacute;cy, d. 1346.
+    +-- John, d. 1391.
+        +-- Charles II, d. 1431.
+        |   =Margaret, daughter of the Emperor Rupert III.
+        |   +-- Isabella, d. 1453.
+        |       =Ren&eacute; I. of Anjou, d. 1480.
+        |       +-- John, d. 1470.
+        |       +-- Margaret.
+        |       |   =Henry, VI. of England.
+        |       +-- Yolande, 1428-1483.
+        |           =Frederic, Count of Vaudemont, d. 1472.
+        |           +-- Ren&eacute; II., Duke of Lorraine and Bar, King of Sicily, etc, d. 1508.
+        |               =Philippa of Guelders, d. 1547.
+        |               +-- Anthony, 1489-1544.
+        |               |   =Ren&eacute; de Bourbon, d. 1539.
+        |               |   +-- Francis I., Duke of Lorraine, 1517-1545.
+        |               |   |   =Christina of Denmark, 1522-1590.
+        |               |   |   +-- Charles III, 1543-1608.
+        |               |   |       =Claude, de France, 1548-1575.
+        |               |   |       +-- Henry, 1563-1624.
+        |               |   |       |   =(1)Catherine, de Bourbon, d. 1604.
+        |               |   |       |   =(2)Margaret Gonzaga.
+        |               |   |       |   +-- Claude of Lorraine, d. 1648.
+        |               |   |       |   |   =Nicolas-Francis, Duke of Lorraine, d. 1670.
+        |               |   |       |   |   +-- Charles-Leopold, 1643-1690.
+        |               |   |       |   |       =Eleanor of Austria.
+        |               |   |       |   |       +-- Leopold-Joseph, 1679-1729.
+        |               |   |       |   |           =Charlotte-Elizabeth of Orleans.
+        |               |   |       |   |           +-- Francis III., Duke of Lorraine; exchanged Lorraine for Tuscany; el. Emperor 1745, d. 1765.
+        |               |   |       |   |               =Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and daughter of the Emperor Charles VI., m. 1736, d. 1780.
+        |               |   |       |   +-- Nicole, d. 1657.
+        |               |   |       |       =Charles IV., abd. 1634, d. 1675.
+        |               |   |       +-- Francis II, 1571-1632.
+        |               |   |       |   =Christina of Salm.
+        |               |   |       |   +-- Nicolas-Francis, Duke of Lorraine, d. 1670.
+        |               |   |       |   |   =Claude of Lorraine, d. 1648.
+        |               |   |       |   |   +-- Charles-Leopold. (see above)
+        |               |   |       |   +-- Henrietta, 1606-1660.
+        |               |   |       |   |   =(1)Count of Phalsburg.
+        |               |   |       |   |   =(2)Count Carlo Guasco.
+        |               |   |       |   +-- Margaret.
+        |               |   |       |       =Gaston, Duke of Orleans.
+        |               |   |       +-- Christina, 1565-1636.
+        |               |   |       |   =Ferdinand, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
+        |               |   |       +-- Antoinette, 1568-1610.
+        |               |   |       |   =William, Duke of Cleves.
+        |               |   |       +-- Elizabeth, 1573-1633.
+        |               |   |       |   =Maximilian II., Duke of Bavaria.
+        |               |   |       +-- Catherine, Abbess of Remiremont, 1570-1648.
+        |               |   +-- Anne, 1522-1568.
+        |               |   |   =(1)Ren&eacute; Prince of Orange.
+        |               |   |   =(2)Philip, Duke of Aerschot.
+        |               |   |   +-- Charles, de Croy, Marquis of Havre, b. 1549.
+        |               |   +-- Nicolas, Count of Vaudemont, 1524-1577.
+        |               |       =(1)Margaret of Egmont.
+        |               |       =(2)Joanna of Savoy.
+        |               |       =(3)Catherine of Aumale, m. 1569.
+        |               |       +-- Louise.
+        |               |       |   +Henri III. of France.
+        |               |       +-- Philip, d. 1612.
+        |               |       +-- Charles, Cardinal, d. 1587.
+        |               +-- Claude, Duke of Guise. (See Table V.)
+        |               +-- John, Cardinal, 1498-1550.
+        |               +-- Francis, Count of Lambesque, 1503-1525.
+        |               +-- Louis, Count of Vaudemon, 1506-1527.
+        +-- Frederic, killed at Agincourt, d. 1415.
+            =Margaret, heiress of Joinville and Vaudemont.
+            +-- Anthony.
+                =heiress of Aumale and Mayenne.
+                +-- Frederic, Count of Vaudemont, d. 1472.
+                    =Yolande, 1428-1483.
+                    +-- Ren&eacute; II., Duke of Lorraine, etc. (see above)
+</pre>
+
+
+<h3>V. GUISE, 1500-1600.</h3>
+
+<pre>
+Ren&eacute; II., Duke of Lorraine and Bar, King of Sicily, etc, d. 1508.
+=Philippa of Guelders, d. 1547.
++-- Claude, Duke of Guise, 1496-1550.
+    =Antoinette of Bourbon, 1494-1583.
+    +-- Mary, 1515-1560.
+    |   =(1)Louis, Duke of Longueville, d. 1537.
+    |   =(2)James, V., King of Scotland, d. 1542.
+    |   +-- Louis, Duke of Longueville, 1536-1551.
+    |   +-- Mary, Queen of Scots, 1542-1587.
+    |       =(1)Francis II., King of France, d. 1560.
+    |       =(2)Henry, Lord Darnley, d. 1567.
+    |       +-- James, VI. of Scotland and I. of England (1603), 1567-1623.
+    |           =Anne of Denmark, d. 1619.
+    +-- Francis, Duke of Guise, 1520-1563.
+    |   =Anna d'Este, 1531-1607.
+    |   +-- Henri le Balafr&eacute; Prince of Joinville, etc., Duke of Guise, 1549-1588.
+    |       =Catherine of Cleves.
+    |       +-- Charles, Duke of Guise, 1571-1640.
+    |       |   =Henriette de Joyeuse, Duchess of Montpensier, d. 1656.
+    |       +-- Louis, Cardinal and Archbishop of Reims, b. 1575.
+    |       +-- Claude, Duke of Chevreuse, b. 1578.
+    |       |   =Marie de Rohan.
+    |       +-- Louise.
+    |           =Francis, Prince of Conti, m. July 24, 1605.
+    +-- Louise, 1521-1542.
+    |   =Charles, Prince of Chimay.
+    +-- Ren&eacute; Abbess of S. Pierre, Reims, 1522-1586.
+    +-- Charles, Cardinal, 1523-1574.
+    +-- Claude, Duke of Aumale, 1526-1573.
+    |   =Louise, de Br&eacute;ze, m. 1545.
+    |   +-- Catherine of Aumale.
+    |   |   =Nicolas, Count of Vaudemont, b. 1524, m. 1569, d. 1577.
+    |   +-- Charles, Duke of Aumale, b. 1556.
+    |   |   =Marie d'Elb&#339;uf m. 1576.
+    |   +-- Claude, Abbot of Bec, b. 1563.
+    |   +-- Diana, m. 1576.
+    |       =Francis, Duke of Piney.
+    +-- Louis, Cardinal, 1527-1578.
+    +-- Antoinette, Abbess of Farmoustiers, 1531-1561.
+    +-- Francis, Prior of Malta, 1534-1563.
+    +-- Ren&eacute; Marquis of Elb&#339;uf, 1535-1576.
+        =Louise, de Rieux.
+        +-- Charles, Marquis of Elb&#339;uf; created Duke 1581.
+        +-- Marie d'Elb&#339;uf, m. 1576.
+            =Charles, Duke of Aumale, b. 1556.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[Pg 541]</a></span></pre>
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+Adige, the, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br />
+<br />
+Aerschot, Anne, Duchess of, death of her husband, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of a son, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her letters to Mary, Queen of Hungary, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Joinville, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Lorraine, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retires to Diest, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her death, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Aerschot, Duke of, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives the Ambassadors, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his defeat at Sittard, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third marriage, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_329">329</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Aerschot, Philip of, <a href="#Page_484">484</a><br />
+<br />
+Agincourt, Battle of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br />
+<br />
+Agrippa, Cornelius, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Aigues-Mortes, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br />
+<br />
+Aix-la-Chapelle, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+<br />
+Aix, siege of, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+<br />
+Alberi, E., "Le Relazioni degli Ambasciatori," <a href="#Page_528">528</a><br />
+<br />
+Albret, Jeanne d', <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Navarre, Princess of</span><br />
+<br />
+Alen&ccedil;on, Duke of, <a href="#Page_507">507</a><br />
+<br />
+Alen&ccedil;on, Margaret, Duchess of, Queen of Navarre, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Alessandria, <a href="#Page_509">509</a><br />
+<br />
+Algiers, expedition to, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br />
+<br />
+Alsace, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br />
+<br />
+Alsace, Gerard d', <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br />
+<br />
+Alsener Sound, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+<br />
+Altmeyer, J., "Isabelle d'Autriche," <a href="#Page_13">13</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a> <i>note</i>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Relations Commerciales du Danemark et les Pays-Bas," <a href="#Page_34">34</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a> <i>note</i>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Alva, Duchess of, in London, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br />
+<br />
+Alva, Duke of, Commander-in-Chief, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in London, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">war with Pope Paul IV., <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed Captain-General of the Netherlands, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Alzei, <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br />
+<br />
+Amager, island of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Amboise, <a href="#Page_463">463</a><br />
+<br />
+Amigone, Mario, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br />
+<br />
+Andr&eacute;, St., Marshal, taken prisoner at St. Quentin, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Conference of Cercamp, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Angoul&ecirc;me, Duke of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br />
+<br />
+Anjou, Henry, Duke of, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">succeeds to the throne, <a href="#Page_490">490</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Anjou, Margaret of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br />
+<br />
+Annebaut, Admiral l', <a href="#Page_291">291</a><br />
+<br />
+Anne of Cleves, her appearance, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her marriage pronounced null and void, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Annonville, <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br />
+<br />
+Antwerp, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">riots at, <a href="#Page_485">485</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Apennines, the, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+<br />
+Aragon, Don Carlos of, Duke of Terranuova, Viceroy of Milan, <a href="#Page_499">499</a><br />
+<br />
+Aragon, Ferdinand of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Aremberg, Count d', <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed in battle, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Aremberg, Jacques d', at Frankfurt, <a href="#Page_470">470</a><br />
+<br />
+Aremberg, Margaret, Countess of, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Nancy, <a href="#Page_485">485</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Arena, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+<br />
+Aretino, Pietro, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his tribute to the Duke, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Lettere," <a href="#Page_529">529</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Armstrong, Ed., "Cambridge Modern History," <a href="#Page_507">507</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Arras, Antoine Perrenot, Bishop of, at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his portrait, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Imperial Chancellor, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Conference of Cercamp, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the rivalry between Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, and the Duchess of Parma, <a href="#Page_459">459</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_542" id="Page_542">[Pg 542]</a></span>Arras, Bishop of, proclaims Charles V. Archduke of Austria and Prince of Castille, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+<br />
+Arundel, Fitzalan, Earl of, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Arundel, Thomas Howard, Earl of, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Arundel, Lord, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Conference of Cercamp, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ascham, Roger, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Works," <a href="#Page_319">319</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his journey up the Rhine, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of royal personages, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ashmole, E., "The Order of the Garter," <a href="#Page_392">392</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Asti, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+<br />
+Aubespine, Sebastien de l', at the Conference of Cercamp, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Ghent, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"N&eacute;gociations au R&egrave;gne de Fran&ccedil;ois II.," <a href="#Page_457">457</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Audley, Chancellor, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br />
+<br />
+Augsburg, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Diet of, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prorogued, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">festivities at, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Aumale, Count, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Joinville, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">failure of his negotiations of marriage, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his wish to marry Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Anna d'Este, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">created a Duke Governor of Savoy, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his capture, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Austria, Don John of, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed Governor of the Netherlands, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Luxembourg, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his letter to Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">victory of Gembloux, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_495">495</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Austria, Elizabeth of, at Nancy, <a href="#Page_490">490</a><br />
+<br />
+Austria, Philip, Archduke of, his death, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">funeral, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Avenati, P., "Entrata Solemne di Cristina di Spagna," <a href="#Page_92">92</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Avignano, Count, <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br />
+<br />
+Avignon, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+<br />
+Axe, Torben, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Ayamonte, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_497">497</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Badoer, Venetian Ambassador, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a><br />
+<br />
+Bar, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a><br />
+<br />
+Bar, Duke and Duchess of, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Lorraine</span><br />
+<br />
+Barack, K., "Zimmerische Chronik," <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Barbarossa, his flight, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+<br />
+Barcelona, contract signed at, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+<br />
+Bari, duchy of, <a href="#Page_453">453</a><br />
+<br />
+Barlow, John, Dean of Westbury, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br />
+<br />
+Barres, Guillaume des, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+Bassompierre, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Den&#339;uvre, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Baumgarten, H., "Geschichte Karl V.," <a href="#Page_23">23</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Bavaria, Maximilian, Duke of, his marriage, <a href="#Page_512">512</a><br />
+<br />
+Bavaria, William, Duke of, his marriage with Ren&eacute;e of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_488">488</a><br />
+<br />
+Bavon's Abbey, St., demolition of, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br />
+<br />
+Bayonne, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br />
+<br />
+Beard, Mr., <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br />
+<br />
+Beaumont, Castle of, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a><br />
+<br />
+Beaumont, Dame Anne de, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+<br />
+Bellay, M. du, "M&eacute;moires," <a href="#Page_250">250</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Belloni, Niccol&ograve;, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his letters to Gadio, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>-350;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent to Brussels, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his disappearance, <a href="#Page_375">375</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Beltrami, L., "Il Castello di Milano," <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Bergh, L. van, "Correspondance de M. d'Autriche," <a href="#Page_21">21</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Berghen, Madame de, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br />
+<br />
+Berghen, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br />
+<br />
+Berlin, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Bianca, Empress, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+<br />
+Binche, destruction of the Palace of, <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br />
+<br />
+Bisignano, Prince of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+Blamont, <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br />
+<br />
+Blois, <a href="#Page_462">462</a><br />
+<br />
+Bohemia, Anna of, her death, <a href="#Page_320">320</a><br />
+<br />
+Bohemia, King and Queen of, at Brussels, <a href="#Page_405">405</a><br />
+<br />
+Bois-le-Duc, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br />
+<br />
+Boleyn, Anne, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+Bologna, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+<br />
+Bonner, Bishop, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br />
+<br />
+Bonvalot, Fran&ccedil;ois, Abbot of Luxeuil, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his letter on the Regency of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present at the funeral of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Bomy, truce at, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+<br />
+Borromeo, Carlo, Archbishop of Milan, <a href="#Page_500">500</a><br />
+<br />
+Bottigella, Councillor Pier Francesco, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his instructions on the reception of Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543">[Pg 543]</a></span>Bouill&eacute;, R. de, "Histoire des Ducs de Guise," <a href="#Page_222">222</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Bouillon, Godfrey of, <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br />
+<br />
+Boullay, &Eacute;dmond du, <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br />
+<br />
+Boulogne, siege of, <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br />
+<br />
+Bourbon, Antoinette de, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Guise</span><br />
+<br />
+Bourbon, Ren&eacute;e de, her marriage, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br />
+<br />
+Boussu, Grand Equerry, in London, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br />
+<br />
+Bradford, W., "Itinerary of Charles V.," <a href="#Page_244">244</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Bragadin, Lorenzo, Venetian Envoy, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+<br />
+Brandenburg, Albert, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his career, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appearance, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">admiration for Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declines to take part in the tournament at Brussels, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his departure, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secret intrigues with France, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his plundering, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers a refuge to Christina, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captures Aumale, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with Charles V., <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his courtship of Christina, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">routed at the Battle of Sievershausen, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Brandenburg, Elizabeth of, embraces the Lutheran faith, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her flight with her brother, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Brandenburg, Joachim, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the marriage of King Christian II., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Brant&ocirc;me, P. de, his sketch of Christina of Denmark, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"&#338;uvres Compl&egrave;tes," <a href="#Page_529">529</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Breda, Castle of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br />
+<br />
+Brederode, Count, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br />
+<br />
+Br&eacute;gilles, M. de, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+<br />
+Brenner Pass, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br />
+<br />
+Brian, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_281">281</a><br />
+<br />
+Brittany, Anne of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; her death, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+<br />
+Brousse, Jean de la, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br />
+<br />
+Browne, Sir Anthony, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br />
+<br />
+Bruges, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br />
+<br />
+Brunswick, Dorothea, Duchess of, at the Court of Spain, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to G&ouml;ttingen, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her husband, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins her mother at Tortona, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her second marriage, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_511">511</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Brunswick, Eric, Duke of, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriage with Dorothea of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summoned to Spain, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to G&ouml;ttingen, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_503">503</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Brunswick, Henry, Duke of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Brusquet, the jester, <a href="#Page_404">404</a><br />
+<br />
+Brussels, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">festivities at, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tournament at, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Bucholtz, F. von, "Geschichte d. Kaiser Ferdinand I.," <a href="#Page_264">264</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+"Bulletins de la Commission Royale d'Histoire," <a href="#Page_2">2</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+B&uuml;ren, Anna, Countess, her death, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+B&uuml;ren, Count, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entertained by Wriothesley, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Burgon, J. W., "Life of Sir Thomas Gresham," <a href="#Page_396">396</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Burgos, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br />
+<br />
+Burgundy, Adolf of, Admiral of the Dutch fleet, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+Burgundy, Mary of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+<br />
+Burigozzo, G. M., "Cronaca Milanese," <a href="#Page_82">82</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Busch, Count Jacob von, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br />
+<br />
+Busseto, Bartolommeo, <a href="#Page_498">498</a><br />
+<br />
+Butler, A. J., "Cambridge Modern History," <a href="#Page_508">508</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Calabria, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br />
+<br />
+Calais, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">capture of, by the French, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">question of the restoration to England, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Calmet, A., "Histoire de Lorraine," <a href="#Page_246">246</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Cambray, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peace of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cambray, Archbishop of, performs the nuptial rites of King Christian II., <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+<br />
+Cambre, La, Convent of, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a><br />
+<br />
+Campeggio, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+<br />
+Campo, A., "Storia di Cremona," <a href="#Page_75">75</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a><br />
+<br />
+Caracciolo, Cardinal, Papal Nuncio, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed Viceroy of Milan, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cardon, M. Leon, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br />
+<br />
+Carvajal, Cardinal, at Malines, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+<br />
+Carne, Dr. Edward, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br />
+<br />
+Carondelet, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br />
+<br />
+Carondelet, Ferry de, <a href="#Page_377">377</a><br />
+<br />
+Cartagena, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br />
+<br />
+Castellani, Madame, <a href="#Page_500">500</a><br />
+<br />
+Castillon, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_544" id="Page_544">[Pg 544]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">recalled to France, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></span><br />
+<br />
+C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis, Conference for peace at, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>-447;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commissioners, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty ratified, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Catherine, Queen of France, her state entry into Paris, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">flight from Reims, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cenis, Mont, ascent of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+<br />
+Cercamp, Conference for peace at, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>-430;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commissioners, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second session, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">adjourned, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chaloner, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a><br />
+<br />
+Ch&acirc;lons, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">camp at, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ch&acirc;lons, Philibert of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+<br />
+Chamberlain, A. B., <a href="#Page_168">168</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Chamb&eacute;ry, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+<br />
+Champagne, attack on, <a href="#Page_373">373</a><br />
+<br />
+Champier, Antoine, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br />
+<br />
+Chantilly, <a href="#Page_181">181</a><br />
+<br />
+Chapuys, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entertained by Thomas Cromwell, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Henry VIII.'s negotiations of marriage, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Calais, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the illness of Henry VIII., <a href="#Page_315">315</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Charlemont, citadel of, <a href="#Page_398">398</a><br />
+<br />
+Charles V., Emperor, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proclaimed Archduke of Austria and Prince of Castille, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Malines, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack of smallpox, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his education, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">confirmation, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taste for sport, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the wedding of his sister Isabella, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack of fever, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">festivities on his coming of age, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assumes the title of King of Spain, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his first Chapter of the Golden Fleece, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">elected King of the Romans, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coronation, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with King Christian II. of Denmark, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriage, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his sister Isabella, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives the imperial crown, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his aunt, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with Prince John, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appoints his sister Mary Regent of the Netherlands, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his progress to Brussels, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">festivities, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Regensburg, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his illness, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter on the death of his nephew, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Milan, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arranges the marriage of his niece Christina, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-78;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sails for Africa, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his victory at Tunis, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">march to Asti, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with Christina, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invasion of Provence, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">siege of Aix, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signs a truce, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">places a Spanish garrison to defend Milan, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his reconciliation with the King of France, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty with him, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">views on Henry VIII.'s proposed marriage, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crusade against the Turks, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his wife, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception in France, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>-223;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with King Francis, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Paris, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Valenciennes, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">paper of instructions, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters Ghent, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his sentence of condemnation, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the death of Cromwell, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arranges the second marriage of Christina, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his expedition to Algiers, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign against King Francis, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secret treaty with King Henry VIII., <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">success at D&uuml;ren, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lays siege to Landr&eacute;cy, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declines proposals of peace, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his treaty with Christian III., <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visit to the convent, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at St. Dizier, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his wish for peace, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signs a treaty, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Brussels, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign against the League of Schmalkalde, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">victory of M&uuml;hlberg, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his portrait, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">difficulties in obtaining the recognition of his son Philip as his successor, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>-347;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appearance, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intrigues against, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes refuge at Innsbruck, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Villach, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters Strasburg, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with Albert, Marquis of Brandenburg, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">raises the siege of Metz, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the union of Queen Mary with his son, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his intention to abdicate, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">abdication, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>-402;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resigns the kingdoms of Spain and Sicily, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">departure for Ghent, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">embarks at Flushing, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his retreat at St. Yuste, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">funeral, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>-435;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from Christina, <a href="#Page_525">525</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Charles VI., Emperor, <a href="#Page_513">513</a><br />
+<br />
+Charles VIII. of France, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+<br />
+Charles IX. of France, proclaimed King, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_545" id="Page_545">[Pg 545]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">his coronation, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Charles the Bold of Burgundy, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defeated at Nancy, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removal of his bones to Bruges, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ch&acirc;telh&eacute;rault, <a href="#Page_250">250</a><br />
+<br />
+Cheyney, Sir Thomas, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_308">308</a><br />
+<br />
+Chimay, Charles, Prince of, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his affection for Louise de Guise, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chimay, Louise, Princess of, her letter on her happy marriage, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Christian II., King of Denmark, his proposals of marriage, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coronation, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage by proxy, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of Queen Isabella, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wedding, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">characteristics, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appearance, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations with Dyveke, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treatment of his wife, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">misconduct, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">elected Knight of the Golden Fleece, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crowned in the Cathedral of Upsala, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sympathy with the Lutheran faith, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his title of Nero of the North, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reforms, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">journey through Germany, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portraits, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with Charles V., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Ghent, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview with Cardinal Wolsey, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appeals for help, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">deposed, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his flight, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Malines, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrival in England, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with Henry VIII., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">infatuation for Sigebritt, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">raises a force in Germany, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intimacy with Luther, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Lierre, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">extravagance, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his wife, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intention to invade Denmark, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plunderings and ravages, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">picture of his children, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his public recantation, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Malines, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invasion of Holland, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sails to Norway, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his reception, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disbands his forces, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">imprisonment, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removed to Kallundborg Castle, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_449">449</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Christian III., King of Denmark, his succession disputed, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secret treaty with France, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his treaty with Charles V., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Christina of Denmark, her birth, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">life at Malines, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-53;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portraits, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present at the festivities at Brussels, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposal of marriage from the Duke of Milan, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">love of riding, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appearance, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wedding, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters to her husband, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dowry, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her journey to Milan, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>-90;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cussago, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first sight of her husband, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">state entry into Milan, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-93;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">popularity, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lessons in Italian, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her husband, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers of marriage, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-115, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with her uncle Charles V., <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">petitions to Cardinal Caracciolo, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception at Pavia, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack of fever, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">departure from Pavia, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">journey to Brussels, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-135;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with her sister Dorothea, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Heidelberg, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her life at Brussels, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Castle of Breda, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Brussels, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her interview with Wriothesley, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>-194;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of marriage with Henry VIII. broken off, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her suitors, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of her sister Dorothea, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">affection for Prince Ren&eacute; of Orange, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Valenciennes, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her betrothal to Francis, Duke of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">journey to Pont-&agrave;-Mousson, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception at Nancy, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the love of her husband, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Fontainebleau, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her letters to Granvelle on the cession of Stenay, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception at Joinville, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her reason for rejecting Henry VIII., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Esclaron, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of a son, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Spires, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her efforts for peace, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of a daughter, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Nancy, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her husband, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed Regent of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of a second daughter, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her friendship with the Princess of Orange, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to Abbot Bonvalot, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of Francis I., <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546">[Pg 546]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">refusal to</span><br />
+marry, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>-339;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">measures for the defence of Nancy, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">departure from Brussels, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the funeral of the Duke of Guise, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her retinue, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entertainment of Frederic and Dorothea, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fear of the invasion of Lorraine by the French, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Joinville, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her interview with Henry II., <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of him at Nancy, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">deprived of the Regency, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appeal to Henry II., <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distress at parting with her son, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appeal to Queen Mary, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retires to Blamont, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her illness, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Den&#339;uvre, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ordered to leave, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes refuge in Alsace, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Hoh-K&ouml;nigsberg, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visits to England, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>-416;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present at the abdication of Charles V., <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Ghent, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with her son, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>-423, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">affection for William, Prince of Orange, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">presides at the Conference of Cercamp, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>-432;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refusal to attend the wedding of her son, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">presides at the Conference of C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>-447;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her father, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her sorrow at not being appointed Regent of the Netherlands, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">request for the duchy of Bari, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses the Castle of Lecce, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations with the Duchess of Parma, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Lorraine, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with King Francis II. and Queen Mary of Scots, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">acts as Regent of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of Mary, Queen of Scots, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Reims, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Frankfurt, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">agreement with the Bishop of Toul, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rebuilds the salt-works of Les Rosi&egrave;res, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of a grandson, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview with Cardinal Granvelle, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her wish to recover Denmark, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the christening of her grandson, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pilgrimage to Brussels, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her medal and motto, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage of her daughter, Ren&eacute;e, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her grandchildren, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage of her daughter Dorothea, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of welcome to Don John of Austria, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pilgrimage to Loreto, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">state entry into Tortona, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of her rule, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her illustrious guests, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">works of mercy, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quarrels with Philip of Spain, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joined by her daughter Dorothea, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">funeral at Nancy, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inscription on her tomb, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charm, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters to Cardinal Caracciolo, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to Mary, Queen of Hungary, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to Charles V., <a href="#Page_525">525</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to Mary, Queen of England, <a href="#Page_526">526</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Churchill, A., "Travels," <a href="#Page_47">47</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Claude, Princess, of France, her christening, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed marriage with Charles, Duke of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wedding, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Lorraine</span><br />
+<br />
+Clement VII., Pope, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+<br />
+Cl&egrave;s, Cardinal-Bishop Bernhard von, at Verona, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br />
+<br />
+Cleves, State of, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+<br />
+Cleves, Anne of, her appearance, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Henry VIII., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cleves, William, Duke of, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">chosen to succeed to the dukedom of Guelders, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his courtship of the Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes possession of Guelders, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Ghent, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his claim on the succession of Guelders, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his treaty with France, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriage with Princess Jeanne of Navarre, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>-251;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrender to Charles V., <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriage annulled, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Clouet, his portrait of Mary, Queen of Scots, <a href="#Page_465">465</a><br />
+<br />
+Clough, Richard, present at the funeral of Charles V., <a href="#Page_435">435</a><br />
+<br />
+Coblenz, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br />
+<br />
+Codogno, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br />
+<br />
+Cognac, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br />
+<br />
+Coligny, Admiral, at Brussels, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken prisoner at St. Quentin, <a href="#Page_417">417</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cologne, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+<br />
+Colonna, Fabrizio, <a href="#Page_380">380</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547">[Pg 547]</a></span>Compi&egrave;gne, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br />
+<br />
+Cond&eacute;, leader of the Huguenots, <a href="#Page_471">471</a><br />
+<br />
+Constantyne, George, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">imprisonment, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Contarini, Francesco, Venetian Ambassador, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br />
+<br />
+Contarini, Gaspare, his impressions of King Christian II., <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+<br />
+Conway, Sir Martin, "Literary Remains of Albert D&uuml;rer," <a href="#Page_27">27</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Copenhagen, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">siege of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">capitulation, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Corbetta, Gualtiero di, his oration at the funeral of the Duke of Milan, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br />
+<br />
+Corte, Benedetto da, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his account of the journey to Mantua, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his views on the proposed marriage of Henry VIII. with Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cortile, L., "Ragionamenti," <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Coryat, T., "Crudities," <a href="#Page_86">86</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Coste, Hilarion de, "Les &Eacute;loges," <a href="#Page_498">498</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Cournault, C., "Ligier-Richier," <a href="#Page_289">289</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Courri&egrave;res, Jean de Montmorency, Sieur de, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in charge of Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his career, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter on the proposed Cleves marriage, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed Bailiff of Alost, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his letters to Charles V., <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-128</span><br />
+<br />
+Courteville, Jean de, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br />
+<br />
+Cranach, Lucas, his portrait of King Christian II. of Denmark, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br />
+<br />
+Cranmer, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br />
+<br />
+Cremona, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br />
+<br />
+Cr&eacute;py-en-Laonnois, peace signed at, <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br />
+<br />
+Cromwell, Thomas, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his portrait, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entertains Gian Battista Ferrari, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entertains the Ambassadors, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Henry VIII.'s negotiations of marriage, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entertains Frederic, Count Palatine, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrested and sent to the Tower, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">beheaded, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Croy, Anne de, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+<br />
+Croy, Charles de, Marquis of Havr&eacute;, <a href="#Page_492">492</a><br />
+<br />
+Cussago, villa of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br />
+<br />
+Cust, L., <a href="#Page_159">159</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Dahlmann, F., "Geschichte von D&auml;nemark," <a href="#Page_27">27</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Dalecarlia, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+<br />
+Darnley, Henry, Lord, his marriage with Mary, Queen of Scots, <a href="#Page_485">485</a><br />
+<br />
+Decrue, F., "Anne de Montmorency," <a href="#Page_181">181</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Denis, St., Battle of, <a href="#Page_487">487</a><br />
+<br />
+Denmark, outbreak of war with Sweden, <a href="#Page_475">475</a><br />
+<br />
+Denmark, Queen Christina of, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>. See Christina<br />
+<br />
+Den&#339;uvre, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; Treaty of, <a href="#Page_302">302</a><br />
+<br />
+Devonshire, Edward Courtenay, Lord, <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br />
+<br />
+Diego, Don, his return to Flanders, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br />
+<br />
+Diest, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a><br />
+<br />
+Dizier, St., camp at, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrender of, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Dodgson, Campbell, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br />
+<br />
+Dordrecht, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br />
+<br />
+Dormer, Jane, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+Dorothea, Princess, of Denmark, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her portrait, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers of marriage, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her appearance, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Frederic, Count Palatine, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her love of adventure, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with her sister Christina at Heidelberg, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Toledo, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visit to her aunt Eleanor, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Hague, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her appeal on behalf of her father, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her visit to Nancy, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>-353;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her husband, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at J&uuml;lich, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neuburg, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inscription on her monument, <a href="#Page_469">469</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Doulans, M. de, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br />
+<br />
+Dover, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br />
+<br />
+Dreux, Battle of, <a href="#Page_471">471</a><br />
+<br />
+Drondtheim, Archbishop of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+<br />
+Drouin, Simon, <a href="#Page_511">511</a><br />
+<br />
+D&uuml;ren, surrender of, <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br />
+<br />
+D&uuml;rer, Albert, extract from his Journal, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his portraits of King Christian II. of Denmark, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Edward VI., King, his birth, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_548" id="Page_548">[Pg 548]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Effingham, Lord Howard of, at the Conference of C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the marriage of Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_440">440</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Egmont, Anne of, <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br />
+<br />
+Egmont, Count Lamoral d', his wedding, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">christening of his daughter, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his victory at Gravelines, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Frankfurt, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">result of his mission to Philip of Spain, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrested, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">execution, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Egmont, Floris d', at Brussels, <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br />
+<br />
+Egmont, Margaret of, her marriage, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Vaudemont</span><br />
+<br />
+Egmont, Mary Christina, her christening, <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br />
+<br />
+Egmont, Philippa of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br />
+<br />
+Elbe, the, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+Elb&#339;uf, Marquis of, at Mon Soulas, <a href="#Page_440">440</a><br />
+<br />
+Eleanor, Archduchess, of Austria, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack of smallpox, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">education, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers of marriage, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her affection for Frederic, Count Palatine, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Portugal, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Compi&egrave;gne, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with her sister Mary, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her appearance, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of her brother Charles V., <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Brussels, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her death, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Elizabeth, Princess, of France, her christening, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposals of marriage, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Philip of Spain, <a href="#Page_456">456</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Elizabeth, Queen of England, her accession, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invitation to Christina, <a href="#Page_457">457</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ely, Bishop of, at the Conference of Cercamp, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Emanuel, King of Portugal, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his second wife, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third marriage, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></span><br />
+<br />
+England, war declared with France, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br />
+<br />
+&Eacute;pernay, <a href="#Page_291">291</a><br />
+<br />
+Erasmus of Rotterdam, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Eric, King of Sweden, his negotiations with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposal of marriage with Ren&eacute;e of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his unstable character, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">deposed, <a href="#Page_483">483</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Esclaron, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a><br />
+<br />
+Esslingen, <a href="#Page_339">339</a><br />
+<br />
+Este, Anna d', her marriage with Count Aumale, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appearance, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Este, Duchess Beatrice d', <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her death, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">country-house of Cussago, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Este, Francesco d', <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br />
+<br />
+&Eacute;tampes, Madame d', <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br />
+<br />
+Exeter, Lord, imprisoned in the Tower, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his execution, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Farnese, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br />
+<br />
+Farnese, Cecilia, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Farnese, Ottavio, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br />
+<br />
+Farnese, Vittoria, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her marriage, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Faye, Hugues de la, his decoration of the Palace of Nancy, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br />
+<br />
+Ferdinand, King, his marriage, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Nuremberg, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his treatment of his sister Isabella, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of the Romans, at Ghent, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">departure from, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his wife, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">love of music, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his portrait, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refusal to accept Philip of Spain as coadjutor, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>-345;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his character, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_478">478</a></span><br />
+<br />
+F&egrave;re, La, <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br />
+<br />
+Feria, Count, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a><br />
+<br />
+Ferrara, Alfonso d' Este, Duke of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the wedding of the Duke of Milan, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">will, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ferrari, Gian Battista, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his impressions of England, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Henry VIII., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fiennes, Madame de, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+<br />
+Florence, <a href="#Page_508">508</a><br />
+<br />
+Florence, Alexander, Duke of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Flushing, <a href="#Page_406">406</a><br />
+<br />
+Foix, Germaine de, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Fontaine, M. de, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br />
+<br />
+Fontainebleau, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br />
+<br />
+F&ouml;rstemann, C., "Neues Urkundenbuch," <a href="#Page_41">41</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+France, war declared with England, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">outbreak of civil war, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Francis I., King of France, on Henry VIII.'s proposed marriage, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">his reconciliation with Charles V., <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">meeting with Queen Mary of Hungary, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">treaty with Charles V., <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_549" id="Page_549">[Pg 549]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">reception of Frederic,</span><br />
+Count Palatine, and Dorothea, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of Charles V., <a href="#Page_221">221</a>-223;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the death of Cromwell, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treatment of the Duke of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">demands the cession of Stenay, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his secret treaty with Christian III., <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Esclaron, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign against Charles V., <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disbands his forces, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">terms of peace, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his son, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Joinville, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Bar, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Francis II., King of France, his protest against the treaty, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Mary, Queen of Scots, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accession, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coronation, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Lorraine, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Blois, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Frankfurt, <a href="#Page_470">470</a><br />
+<br />
+Frederic II., Elector Palatine, his affection for Eleanor of Austria, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">banished from Court, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his negotiations of marriage, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-104;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Toledo, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his visit to the King of France, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Hague, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visit to England, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>-217;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception at Windsor, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Brussels, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his designs against Denmark, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">efforts to raise a loan, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his claim to Denmark, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">succeeds to the Palatinate, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins the League of Schmalkalde, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his loyalty to Charles V., <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">love of travel, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">journey to Nancy, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>-353;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his influence in Germany, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">welcome to Christina, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">burial, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Frederic, King of Denmark, recognition of his title, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Frederic III., King of Denmark, his unpopularity, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of marriage with Ren&eacute;e of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_475">475</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Frederic of Zimmern, Elector Palatine, <a href="#Page_469">469</a><br />
+<br />
+French, the, threaten to invade Milan, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+<br />
+Friedberg, Castle of, <a href="#Page_488">488</a><br />
+<br />
+Friedewald, treaty at, <a href="#Page_354">354</a><br />
+<br />
+Friedmann, P., "Les D&eacute;p&ecirc;ches de Michieli," <a href="#Page_398">398</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Frizzi, A., "M&eacute;morie per la Storia di Ferrara," <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Gachard, L., "Relation des Troubles de Gand," <a href="#Page_220">220</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Retraite et Mort de Charles V.," <a href="#Page_62">62</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Voyages de Charles V.," <a href="#Page_283">283</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Voyages des Souverains des Pays-Bas," <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gadio, Innocenzo, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter from Contessa Trivulzio, <a href="#Page_526">526</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gaillard, M., Director of the Brussels Archives, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br />
+<br />
+Gallerati, Count Tommaso, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+<br />
+Gambara, Cesare, Bishop of Tortona, <a href="#Page_500">500</a><br />
+<br />
+Gardner, E., "A King of Court Poets," <a href="#Page_95">95</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Garonne, the, <a href="#Page_250">250</a><br />
+<br />
+Gaye, G., "Carteggio Inedito di Artisti dei Secoli XV.," <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Gemappes, Castle of, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+<br />
+Gembloux, victory of, <a href="#Page_494">494</a><br />
+<br />
+Genoa, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+Ghent, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">revolt at, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">royal procession into, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sentence of condemnation, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">riots at, <a href="#Page_485">485</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gheynst, Margaret van, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br />
+<br />
+Ghilino, Camillo, Ambassador to Milan, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Annali di Alessandria," <a href="#Page_107">107</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his illness and death, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gi&#339;, Court-Marshal Magnus, Danish Ambassador, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">representative of King Christian II. at his marriage, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Giussani, Signor Achille, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br />
+<br />
+Glay, E. Le, "Correspondance l'Empereur Maximilian I. et de Marguerite d'Autriche," <a href="#Page_5">5</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Gomez, Ruy, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in London, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Conference of Cercamp, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gonzaga, Chiara, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br />
+<br />
+Gonzaga, Cardinal Ercole, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br />
+<br />
+Gonzaga, Ferrante, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recovers Luxembourg, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at St. Dizier, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in London, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gorzes, Abbey of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a><br />
+<br />
+G&ouml;ttingen, <a href="#Page_503">503</a><br />
+<br />
+Goulart. S., "M&eacute;moires de la Ligue," <a href="#Page_506">506</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Granado, Sir Jacques de, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br />
+<br />
+Granvelle, Imperial Chancellor, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_550" id="Page_550">[Pg 550]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, on the cession of Stenay, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his portrait, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">created Cardinal, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">compelled to retire, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his reception at Nancy, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the efforts of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, to recover Denmark, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Papiers d'&Eacute;tat," <a href="#Page_114">114</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gravelines, victory at, <a href="#Page_424">424</a><br />
+<br />
+Gravelines, Captain of, <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br />
+<br />
+Gravesend, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Great Mary</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+<br />
+Greenwich, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a><br />
+<br />
+Gregory XIII., Pope, <a href="#Page_499">499</a><br />
+<br />
+Gresham, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present at the abdication of Charles V., <a href="#Page_401">401</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Grey, Lady Katherine, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Groenendal, Abbey of, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br />
+<br />
+Gr&uuml;mbach, Willem von, <a href="#Page_475">475</a><br />
+<br />
+Guasco, Maddalena, <a href="#Page_509">509</a><br />
+<br />
+Guazzo, Giorgio, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Historie d'Italia," <a href="#Page_92">92</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Guelders, Charles of Egmont, Duke of;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his proposal of marriage, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conflict with the Regent of the Netherlands, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his illness, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">choice of a successor, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Guelders, Philippa of. See Philippa, Duchess of Lorraine<br />
+<br />
+Guicciardini, L., "Paesi-Bassi," <a href="#Page_141">141</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Guise, Anna d' Este, Duchess of, birth of a son, <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br />
+<br />
+Guise, Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her letters to her daughter, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the marriage of the Prince of Orange, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her daughter Louise's marriage, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">account of the festivities at Guise, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Pont-&agrave;-Mousson, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her sons and daughters, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Joinville, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her husband, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of her grandson, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the wedding of Henry III. of France, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her death, <a href="#Page_505">505</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Guise, Antoinette de, goes to the convent at Reims, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br />
+<br />
+Guise, Claude, Duke of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Pont-&agrave;-Mousson, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Joinville, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his illness, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">funeral, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">monument, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Guise, Francis, Duke of,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">christening of his daughter, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his capture of Calais, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the coronation of Charles IX., <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">murdered, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Guise, Louise de,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her appearance, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portrait, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack of fever, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposal of marriage, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wedding, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Chimay</span><br />
+<br />
+Guise, Mary, Queen of Scotland. See Mary<br />
+<br />
+Guise, Ren&eacute;e de, her appearance, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Convent of Reims, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abbess of the Convent of St. Pierre, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Guzman, Don Gabriel de, <a href="#Page_291">291</a><br />
+<br />
+Gyldenstern, Knut, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Hackett, John, Ambassador at Brussels, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+<br />
+Hagberg-Wright, Dr., <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br />
+<br />
+Haile, M., "Life of Reginald Pole," <a href="#Page_389">389</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Hainault, invasion of the French, <a href="#Page_389">389</a><br />
+<br />
+Hall, Hubert, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br />
+<br />
+Hallays, A., "Nancy," <a href="#Page_258">258</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Halle, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br />
+<br />
+Hamburg, Congress at, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+<br />
+Hampton Court, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br />
+<br />
+Hannart, his opinion of the King and Queen of Denmark, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Hans, King of Denmark, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+<br />
+Ha&uuml;sser, L., "Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz," <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Haussonville, Baron d', Governor of Nancy, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a><br />
+<br />
+Hawkins, on the marriage of the Duke of Milan, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+<br />
+Heidelberg, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">castle at, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Heinrich, Otto, Elector Palatine, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_469">469</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Held, Dr. Matthias, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br />
+<br />
+Helsingfors, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+<br />
+Henne, A., "Histoire du R&egrave;gne de Charles V.," <a href="#Page_11">11</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Henri le Balafr&eacute;, his birth, <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br />
+<br />
+Henry II., King of France, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his state entry into Paris, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares war, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his advance on Reims, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>; <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551">[Pg 551]</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Joinville, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters Nancy, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arbitrary conditions, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">deprives Christina of her son, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>-370;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Strasburg, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retreat, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders Christina to leave Lorraine, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invasion of Hainault, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">destruction of the Palace of Binche, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his threat to occupy Nancy, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wish for peace, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_457">457</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Henry III., King of France, his marriage with Louise of Vaudemont, <a href="#Page_490">490</a><br />
+<br />
+Henry VII., King of England, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br />
+<br />
+Henry VIII., King of England, his reception of King Christian II. of Denmark, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his wives, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposals of marriage, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of marriage with Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-164, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portrait, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wish to see the French Princesses, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">excommunicated by Pope Paul III., <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of marriage broken off, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his reception of Frederic, Count Palatine, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Anne of Cleves, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his opinion of her, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annuls his marriage, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vexation at the marriage of Christina, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trial and execution of his fifth wife, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his secret treaty with Charles V., <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invasion of Picardy, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes possession of Boulogne, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack of fever, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Herbesteiner, Sigismund, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+<br />
+Hesdin, fort of, razed, <a href="#Page_385">385</a><br />
+<br />
+Hesse, Christina of, her marriage, <a href="#Page_479">479</a><br />
+<br />
+Hesse, Landgrave Philip of, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken prisoner, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the journey of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, to Brussels, <a href="#Page_481">481</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Heverl&eacute;, <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br />
+<br />
+Hill, G. F., <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br />
+<br />
+Hoby, Sir Philip, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his interview with Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his mission to Joinville, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ambassador, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hoby, Thomas, at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Memoirs," <a href="#Page_323">323</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his translation of "Cortegiano," <a href="#Page_385">385</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hoh-K&ouml;nigsberg, fortress of, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a><br />
+<br />
+Holbein, Hans, his portrait of Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">other portraits, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Holland, invasion of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+<br />
+Holstein, Adolf, Duke of, at Brussels, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">breaks off his engagement with Fr&auml;ulein Kunigunde, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">courtship of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes leave of Charles V., <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriage with Christina of Hesse, <a href="#Page_479">479</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Holstein, Frederic, Duke of, his hostile attitude to King Christian II. of Denmark, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">elected King of Denmark, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hoogstraaten, Commissioner, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br />
+<br />
+Horn, Count, arrested, <a href="#Page_486">486</a><br />
+<br />
+Howard, Lord William, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recalled and sent to the Tower, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">created a peer, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Effingham</span><br />
+<br />
+Howard, Queen Catherine, her trial and execution, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br />
+<br />
+Hubert, his Chronicle of Charles V., <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br />
+<br />
+Hugo, L., "Trait&eacute; sur l'Origine de la Maison de Lorraine," <a href="#Page_238">238</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Huguenot conspiracy, discovery of a, <a href="#Page_463">463</a><br />
+<br />
+Hungary, Ladislaus, King of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+<br />
+Hungary, Mary, Queen of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Mary</span><br />
+<br />
+Hutton, John, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his opinion of Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his method of ingratiating himself with Mary, Queen of Hungary, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness and death, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hvidore, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Innsbruck, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a><br />
+<br />
+Isabella, Empress, birth of a son, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Isabella of Aragon, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br />
+<br />
+Isabella of Austria, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her birth, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack of smallpox, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">education, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers of marriage, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dowry, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage ceremony, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">journey to Copenhagen, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to her aunt, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">state entry, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_552" id="Page_552">[Pg 552]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">her wedding
+with King Christian II. of Denmark, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coronation, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her miserable life, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of a son, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth and death of twin sons, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of her daughters, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">flight from Denmark, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Malines, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrival in England, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">noble qualities, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">loyalty to her husband, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">embraces the Lutheran faith, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Lierre, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her straits for money, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">burial, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">monument, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">destruction of her tomb, <a href="#Page_485">485</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Isabella of Portugal, her marriage, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+Is&egrave;re, gorge of the, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+James V., King of Scotland, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his fickle character, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriages, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Jean de Maurienne, S., <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+<br />
+John, Prince, of Denmark, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">under the care of the Regent, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his education, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">life at Malines, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-53;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portrait, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with his uncle, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">journey to Brussels, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Regensburg, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness and death, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Joinville, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">destruction of, averted, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Joinville, Henri, Prince of, <a href="#Page_421">421</a><br />
+<br />
+Juana, Queen, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her husband, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her children, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></span><br />
+<br />
+J&uuml;lich, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br />
+<br />
+Julius II., Pope, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+Juste, T., "Les Pays-Bas sous Charles V.," <a href="#Page_62">62</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Marie de Hongrie," <a href="#Page_294">294</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Jutland, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rising in, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invasion of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Kallundborg Castle, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a><br />
+<br />
+Katherine, Queen of England, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her death, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Katherine, Queen of Portugal, birth of a son, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+Kaulek. J., "Correspondance Politique de M. de Castillon," <a href="#Page_147">147</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Kildare, Lady, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br />
+<br />
+K&ouml;stlin, J., "Leben Luthers," <a href="#Page_41">41</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Kunigunde, von Brandenburg, Fr&auml;ulein, <a href="#Page_328">328</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ladislaus, King of Hungary, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+<br />
+Lalaing, Count, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Landau, <a href="#Page_377">377</a><br />
+<br />
+Landr&eacute;cy, siege of, <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br />
+<br />
+Lanz, K., "Correspondenz Karls V.," <a href="#Page_42">42</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Lavisse, E., "Histoire de France," <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Laxou, <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br />
+<br />
+Lecce, Castle of, <a href="#Page_455">455</a><br />
+<br />
+Leghorn, <a href="#Page_508">508</a><br />
+<br />
+Leigh, John, <a href="#Page_459">459</a><br />
+<br />
+Lennox, Lady, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br />
+<br />
+Lenoncourt, M. de, <a href="#Page_508">508</a><br />
+<br />
+Leo X., Pope, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+<br />
+Leonardo, his picture the "Cenacolo," <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br />
+<br />
+Lepage, H., "Le Palais Ducal de Nancy," <a href="#Page_260">260</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Lettres de Charles III.," <a href="#Page_508">508</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Leva, G. de, "Storia Documentata di Carlo V.," <a href="#Page_113">113</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Leyden, Lucas van, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Leyva, Antonio de, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed Governor-General of Milan, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Li&eacute;ge, Bishop of, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br />
+<br />
+Lierre, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+<br />
+Ligier-Richier, fils, Jean, <a href="#Page_510">510</a><br />
+<br />
+Ligier-Richier, Jean, his effigy of Ren&eacute;, Prince of Orange, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Queen Philippa, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ligny, <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br />
+<br />
+Lille, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; military operations at, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+<br />
+Linz, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+<br />
+Lisle, Lady, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br />
+<br />
+Lisle, Lord, Deputy Governor of Calais, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br />
+<br />
+Litta, P., "Famiglie Celebri," <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Llan Hawaden, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br />
+<br />
+Loches, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br />
+<br />
+Lodge, E., "Illustrations," <a href="#Page_328">328</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Lomboni, Don Antonio, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br />
+<br />
+Longueval, De, <a href="#Page_304">304</a><br />
+<br />
+Longueville, Duke of, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Esclaron, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Longueville, Mary, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_553" id="Page_553">[Pg 553]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers of marriage, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with James V., King of Scotland, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Longwy, Castle of, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br />
+<br />
+Loreto, pilgrimage to the shrine of, <a href="#Page_497">497</a><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, surrender of, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a province of France, <a href="#Page_513">513</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Anne de, her appearance, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Prince Ren&eacute; of Orange, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Orange and Aerschot</span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Antoine, Duke of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriage, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of his administration, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his wife, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Fontainebleau, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">yields the fortress of Stenay, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his mediation for peace between Charles V. and King Francis, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness and death, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">funeral, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Antoinette de, Duchess of Cleves, <a href="#Page_512">512</a><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Cardinal of, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Conference for peace at Cercamp, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Catherine of, takes the veil, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founds a Capucin convent, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed Abbess of Remiremont, <a href="#Page_512">512</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Charles III., Duke of, his birth, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appearance, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of Henry II., <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">parting with his mother, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Joinville, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his proposed marriage with Princess Claude, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portrait, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with his mother, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>-423, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his feats of horsemanship, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Compi&egrave;gne, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lavish generosity, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his wedding, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with Philip of Spain, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Brussels, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Amboise, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the coronation of Charles IX., <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">state entry into Nancy, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enlarges the ducal palace, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his sons and daughters, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his wife, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">love of learning, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage of his daughter Christina, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_511">511</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Christina, Duchess of. See Christina<br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Christine de, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the French Court, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her marriage with the Grand-Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">festivities at Florence, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her portrait, <a href="#Page_509">509</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Claude, Duchess of, at Mon Soulas, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of a son, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack of smallpox, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her sons and daughters, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portrait, <a href="#Page_509">509</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Dorothea of, her birth, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appearance, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Duke Eric of Brunswick, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her husband, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her second marriage, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Brunswick</span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Elizabeth of, her marriage, <a href="#Page_512">512</a><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Francis I., Duke of, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his betrothal to Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assumes the title of Duke of Bar, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives the Order of St. Michel, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his grief at the cession of Stenay, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">succeeds to the dukedom, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his efforts for peace, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">love of music, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his entry into Nancy, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">funeral, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Francis III., Duke of, his marriage with Maria Theresa, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders Lorraine, <a href="#Page_512">512</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Henry, Duke of, his birth, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">christening, <a href="#Page_476">476</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, John of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Louise de, Princesse de Chimay, her letter to Mary, Queen of Scots, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Chimay</span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Philippa, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her sons, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Raoul of, <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Ren&eacute; II., Duke of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his sons, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Ren&eacute;e de Bourbon, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her character, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence on art, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her children, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Ren&eacute;e de, her birth, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appearance, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offer of marriage from Eric, King of Sweden, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her suitors, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Duke William of Bavaria, <a href="#Page_488">488</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lorraine, Yolande, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_554" id="Page_554">[Pg 554]</a></span>Louis, King of Hungary, his death at the Battle of Mohacz, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+<br />
+Louis XII. of France, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriage, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Louis XIII. of France, <a href="#Page_512">512</a><br />
+<br />
+Louvain, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+<br />
+Luna, Captain Alvarez de, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br />
+<br />
+Lunden, Archbishop of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br />
+<br />
+Lun&eacute;ville, <a href="#Page_353">353</a><br />
+<br />
+Luther, Martin, his friendship with King Christian II. of Denmark, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute to the memory of Queen Isabella, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his appeal to King Frederic of Denmark, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Luxembourg, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">siege of, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Mabuse, Jehan, designs the monument of Queen Isabella of Denmark, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his picture of the King of Denmark's children, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Macedonia, Constantine Comnenus, Prince of, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+<br />
+Macedonia, Francesca Paleologa, Princess of, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her attachment to the Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Codogno, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Reims, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Machyn, H., "Diary of a Citizen of London," <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Mackenzie, Sir Kenneth, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br />
+<br />
+Maestricht, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rising at, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Magdeburg, siege of, <a href="#Page_341">341</a><br />
+<br />
+Magenta, C., "I Visconti e gli Sforza nel Castello di Pavia," <a href="#Page_93">93</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Maiocchi, Monsignor Rodolfo, Rector of the Borromeo College at Pavia, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br />
+<br />
+Maire, Jehan Le, "Les Fun&eacute;raux de Feu Don Philippe," <a href="#Page_2">2</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his elegy of "L'Amant Vert," <a href="#Page_52">52</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Malines, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+<br />
+Mansfeldt, Count, <a href="#Page_477">477</a><br />
+<br />
+Mantua, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br />
+<br />
+Mantua, Federico, Duke of, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+<br />
+Marck, <a href="#Page_397">397</a><br />
+<br />
+Marck, Margaret la, <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br />
+<br />
+Marcoing, <a href="#Page_421">421</a><br />
+<br />
+Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her two husbands, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">undertakes the care of her nephew and nieces, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with King Christian II. of Denmark, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of the King and Queen of Denmark, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conflict with Charles of Guelders, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">concludes a treaty with King Frederic of Denmark, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">obtains possession of Isabella's children, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her tapestries and family portraits, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pets, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">amusements, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to her nephew, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Margaret, Princess, of France, her appearance, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations for her marriage, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed union with the Duke of Savoy, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage, <a href="#Page_456">456</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Maria, Empress-Dowager, her visit to Tortona, <a href="#Page_500">500</a><br />
+<br />
+Maria, Infanta, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br />
+<br />
+Maria Theresa, Empress, <a href="#Page_511">511</a><br />
+<br />
+Marienburg, <a href="#Page_389">389</a><br />
+<br />
+Marignano, Battle of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br />
+<br />
+Marignano, Marquis of, at St. Dizier, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br />
+<br />
+Marillac, French Ambassador, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br />
+<br />
+Marne River, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br />
+<br />
+Marnol, Nicholas de, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; at Milan, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+<br />
+Mary, Archduchess of Austria, her birth, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack of smallpox, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Hungary, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her husband, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers of marriage, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her fondness for riding, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her powers of mind, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sympathy with the reformers, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accepts the Regency of the Low Countries, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters Louvain, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Malines, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her reforms, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">care of her nieces, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">protest against the proposed marriage of her niece Christina, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">efforts to delay the marriage, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her welcome to her niece Christina, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">superintends the military operations at Lille, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anxiety for peace, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her opinion of Henry VIII., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Castle of Breda, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her meeting with King Francis at Compi&egrave;gne, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with her sister Eleanor, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Brussels, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">difficulties of her position with the English Ambassadors, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-191;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interviews with Wriothesley, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entertained by him, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her measures to suppress the insurrection, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of Charles V., <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_555" id="Page_555">[Pg 555]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">protest against
+the cession of Stenay, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">grief at the death of the Prince of Orange, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">protest against Henry II.'s treatment of Christina, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her banquet on the accession of Queen Mary, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the destruction of her palace of Binche, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resigns the Regency, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present at the abdication of Charles V., <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retires to Turnhout, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her death, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">funeral, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter from Christina, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Anne, Duchess of Aerschot, <a href="#Page_523">523</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mary of Castille, Queen of Portugal, her death, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+<br />
+Mary, Princess, of England, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her marriage, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mary, Queen of England, her proposed marriage with the Infant Don Louis of Portugal, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her accession, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed union with Philip of Spain, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her wedding, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supposed birth of a son, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ill-temper at the absence of her husband, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter from Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_526">526</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mary, Dowager-Queen of Scotland, letters from her mother, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her children, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of a daughter, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her husband, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of her father, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of her son, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter from the Princess de Chimay, <a href="#Page_521">521</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mary, Queen of Scots, her arrival in France, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Francis II. of France, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Lorraine, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Blois, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her husband, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Joinville, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Nancy, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her appearance, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portrait, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers of marriage, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack of fever, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her marriage with Darnley, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">compelled to abdicate, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death on the scaffold, <a href="#Page_504">504</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Masone, Sir John, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br />
+<br />
+Mauris, St., Ambassador, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a><br />
+<br />
+Maximilian I., Emperor, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his grandchildren, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Brussels, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">war against Venice, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his letter on the misconduct of King Christian II., <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Maximilian, King of Bohemia, at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his character, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rivalry with Philip of Spain, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Brussels, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crowned King of the Romans, <a href="#Page_470">470</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mayenne, Louise, Marchioness of, <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br />
+<br />
+Mazzenta, Guido, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br />
+<br />
+Medemblik, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+<br />
+Medici, Alessandro de', Duke of Florence, murdered, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br />
+<br />
+Medici, Catherine de', <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her reception of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">jealousy of her influence, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_508">508</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Medici, Don Pietro de', <a href="#Page_508">508</a><br />
+<br />
+Melanchthon, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br />
+<br />
+Mendoza, Don Diego, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+<br />
+Mendoza, Don Luis de, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a><br />
+<br />
+Merriman, R. B., "Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell," <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Messina, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br />
+<br />
+Metz, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">siege of, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Metz, Anton de, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+Metz, M. de, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Vaudemont</span><br />
+<br />
+Mewtas, Sir Peter, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+<br />
+Michieli, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br />
+<br />
+Middelburg, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+Mignet, L., "Retraite de Charles V.," <a href="#Page_388">388</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Rivalit&eacute; de Francis I. et Charles V.," <a href="#Page_23">23</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mikkelsen, Hans, Burgomaster of Malmo&euml;, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Milan, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken by the French, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">threatened French invasion, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defence of, by a Spanish garrison, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Milan, Christina, Duchess of. See Christina<br />
+<br />
+Milan, Francesco Sforza, Duke of, his career, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">deprived of his State, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sufferings caused by a wound, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposal of marriage with Christina of Denmark, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wedding by proxy, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surprise visit to his bride, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception of her, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portraits, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treatment of his wife, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_556" id="Page_556">[Pg 556]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness,
+<a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">funeral rites, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-110;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">will, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inscription on his tomb, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter from his wife, <a href="#Page_516">516</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Milan, Lodovico Sforza, Duke of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his character, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">imprisonment, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Milan, Maximilian Sforza, Duke of, at Malines, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters Milan, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Missaglia, Alessandro, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br />
+<br />
+Moeller, E., "El&eacute;onore d'Autriche," <a href="#Page_22">22</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Mohacz, Battle of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+<br />
+Molembais, M. de, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br />
+<br />
+Mon Soulas, <a href="#Page_440">440</a><br />
+<br />
+Monbo&euml;, Hans, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Mons, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a><br />
+<br />
+Mont, Christopher, Envoy to Frankfort, <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br />
+<br />
+Montague, Lord, imprisoned in the Tower, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his execution, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Montbardon, M. de, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br />
+<br />
+Montecastello, villa at, <a href="#Page_503">503</a><br />
+<br />
+Montemerlo, Niccol&ograve;, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Nuove Historie di Tortona," <a href="#Page_498">498</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Montm&eacute;lian, fortress of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Montmorency, Anne de, Constable of France, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his home at Chantilly, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken prisoner at St. Quentin, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Conference of Cercamp, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken prisoner at the Battle of Dreux, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed at the Battle of St. Denis, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Montmorency, Floris de, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Montmorency, Jean de. See Courri&egrave;res<br />
+<br />
+Montpensier, Duchess of, her christening, <a href="#Page_356">356</a><br />
+<br />
+Montpensier, Gilbert de, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br />
+<br />
+Montreuil, Madame de, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br />
+<br />
+Monzone, Imperial Council at, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br />
+<br />
+Morillon, Provost, <a href="#Page_485">485</a><br />
+<br />
+Mornay, Charles de, <a href="#Page_478">478</a><br />
+<br />
+Morosyne, Sir Richard, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Charles V.'s reserve, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Marquis of Brandenburg's courtship of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Moselle, the, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br />
+<br />
+M&uuml;hlberg, victory of, <a href="#Page_318">318</a><br />
+<br />
+Muscovy, Czar of, Envoy from, in England, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>-415<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Namur, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br />
+<br />
+Nancy, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Battle of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">measures for the defence of, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entered by the French, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">festivities at, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Nassau, Henry, Count of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his third wife, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sudden death, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Nassau, Ren&eacute; of, Prince of Orange, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+<br />
+Nassau, William of, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br />
+<br />
+Nassau-Dillenburg, William of, <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br />
+<br />
+Nassau-le-Grand, <a href="#Page_285">285</a><br />
+<br />
+Navarre, Antoine, King of, mortally wounded, <a href="#Page_471">471</a><br />
+<br />
+Navarre, Henri d'Albret of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriage, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Navarre, Henry, King of, his proposal of marriage with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_383">383</a><br />
+<br />
+Navarre, Isabel of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br />
+<br />
+Navarre, Jeanne d'Albret, Princess of, proposal of marriage with the Duke of Cleves, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her resistance to the marriage, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wedding, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annulment of her marriage, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with the Duke of Vend&ocirc;me, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Navarre, Margaret, Queen of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Neckar, the, <a href="#Page_339">339</a><br />
+<br />
+Negriolo, Girolamo, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br />
+<br />
+Netherlands, choice of a Regent, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discontent of the people at the appointment of the Duchess of Parma, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Netherlands, Margaret, Regent of 4.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Margaret</span><br />
+<br />
+Neuburg, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a><br />
+<br />
+Neumarkt, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+Nevill, Sir Edward, his execution, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br />
+<br />
+Nice, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+Nicole, Madame, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a><br />
+<br />
+Nimeguen, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+<br />
+Noailles, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br />
+<br />
+Nom&eacute;ny, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>; castle at, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br />
+<br />
+Norfolk, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br />
+<br />
+Norfolk, Henry Howard, sixth Duke of, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Norway, reception of King Christian II. in, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+<br />
+Nott, G., "Life of Wyatt," <a href="#Page_169">169</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Novara, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Nubilonio, "Cronaca di Vigevano," <a href="#Page_93">93</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_557" id="Page_557">[Pg 557]</a></span>Nuremberg, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Ochsenthal, vale of the, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br />
+<br />
+Odensee, Palace of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br />
+<br />
+Oglio, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br />
+<br />
+Oise, the, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br />
+<br />
+Oldenburg, Christopher of, his invasion of Jutland, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br />
+<br />
+Olisleger, Chancellor, <a href="#Page_249">249</a><br />
+<br />
+Oppenheimer, Henry, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br />
+<br />
+Orange, Anne, Princess of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of her husband, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Nancy, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her friendship with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her character, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her letter to the Queen of Scotland, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with the Duke of Aerschot, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Aerschot</span><br />
+<br />
+Orange, Ren&eacute;, Prince of, at Brussels, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Castle of Breda, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his affection for Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">popularity, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Anne of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at St. Dizier, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">will, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tomb, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lines on, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Orange, William, Prince of, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in London, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present at the abdication of Charles V., <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his wife, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his appearance, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">affection for Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Conference of Cercamp, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the funeral of Charles V., <a href="#Page_434">434</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Conference of C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his proposed marriage with Ren&eacute;e of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">debts, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his treatment of Christina, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Anna of Saxony, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Frankfurt, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retires to Germany, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ban against, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assassination, <a href="#Page_504">504</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Orleans, Charles, Duke of, his character, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Brussels, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Orleans, Gaston, Duke of, <a href="#Page_512">512</a><br />
+<br />
+Orleans, Henry, Duke of, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+<br />
+Orleans, Margaret of, <a href="#Page_512">512</a><br />
+<br />
+Orley, Bernhard van, his portrait of Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Osiander, the Lutheran doctor, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br />
+<br />
+Oslo, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+<br />
+Oxe, Peder, exiled from Denmark, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his return to Copenhagen, <a href="#Page_483">483</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Paget, Ambassador, at Fontainebleau, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br />
+<br />
+Paleologa, Francisca, Princess of Macedonia, her attachment to the Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Macedonia</span><br />
+<br />
+Paleologa, Margherita, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of Mantua, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Palermo, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+<br />
+Panigarola, Gabriele, appointed Governor of Tortona, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Panizone, Guglielmo, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Paris, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br />
+<br />
+Parma, War of, <a href="#Page_355">355</a><br />
+<br />
+Parma, Alexander of, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br />
+<br />
+Parma, Margaret, Duchess of, her marriages, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">son, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Brussels, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her character, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visit to England, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>-415;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed Regent of the Netherlands, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her relations with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unpopularity, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her treatment of Anne, Duchess of Aerschot, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her death, <a href="#Page_505">505</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Parroy, Sieur de, in charge of Stenay, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a><br />
+<br />
+Passau, Conference at, <a href="#Page_376">376</a><br />
+<br />
+Pastor, L., "Geschichte d. Papste," <a href="#Page_132">132</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Reise des Kardinal Luigi d'Aragona," <a href="#Page_141">141</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Pate, Archdeacon Richard, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br />
+<br />
+Paul III., Pope, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his excommunication of Henry VIII., <a href="#Page_195">195</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Paul IV., Pope, his war with Alva, Viceroy of Naples, <a href="#Page_409">409</a><br />
+<br />
+Pavia, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castello of, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pellizone, Lodovico, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+Pembroke, Lord, <a href="#Page_415">415</a><br />
+<br />
+Pero, Massimo del, <a href="#Page_347">347</a><br />
+<br />
+P&eacute;ronne, <a href="#Page_423">423</a><br />
+<br />
+Petit, J. F. Le, "Grande Chronique de Hollande," <a href="#Page_445">445</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Petre, Dr., <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br />
+<br />
+Petri, Nicolas, Canon of Lunden, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Pfister, C., "Histoire de Nancy," <a href="#Page_253">253</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Philip I., King of Castille and Archduke of Austria, his death, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">funeral, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">children, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Philip II. of Spain, invested with the Duchy of Milan, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558">[Pg 558]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriage settled with the Infanta
+of Portugal, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his wife, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">state entry into Brussels, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appearance, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attentions to Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">f&ecirc;tes in his honour, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his tournament, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rivalry with Maximilian, King of Bohemia, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to Spain, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed union with Mary, Queen of England, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portrait, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wedding, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves London, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Brussels, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present at the abdication of Charles V., <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">investiture, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his first Chapter of the Fleece, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signs the treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his affection for Christina, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delay in returning to England, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Greenwich, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">capture of St. Quentin, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his wife, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the funeral of Charles V., <a href="#Page_434">434</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his meeting with Charles, Duke of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposal of marriage with Princess Elizabeth of France, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appoints his sister Margaret Regent of the Netherlands, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriage, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Ghent, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his indifference to the illness of Christina, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his treatment of her, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Philippa, Queen, her home in the convent, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">funeral, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">monument, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Lorraine</span><br />
+<br />
+Philippeville, citadel of, <a href="#Page_398">398</a><br />
+<br />
+Piacenza, citadel of, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br />
+<br />
+Picardy, invasion of, <a href="#Page_284">284</a><br />
+<br />
+Piedmont, Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Milan, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in command of the Imperial Army, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his courtship of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">succeeds to the title of Duke of Savoy, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Whitehall, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Piedmont, Prince Louis of, his death, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+<br />
+Pimodan, G., "La M&egrave;re des Guises," <a href="#Page_147">147</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Po, the, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br />
+<br />
+Pois, Nicolas le, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br />
+<br />
+Poitiers, Diane de, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Pol, S., capture of, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br />
+<br />
+Poland, Bona Sforza, Queen of, her letter to the Duke of Milan on his marriage, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br />
+<br />
+Poland, Sigismund, King of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br />
+<br />
+Pole, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Toledo, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his aversion to Queen Mary's marriage with Philip of Spain, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">received at Whitehall, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Polweiler, Baron de, Bailiff of Hagenau, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a><br />
+<br />
+Pont-&agrave;-Mousson, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">University at, <a href="#Page_491">491</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pont-&agrave;-Mousson, Francis, Marquis of, his courtship of the Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives the title of Duke of Bar, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his birth, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">studious tastes, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed marriages, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his choice of Christina, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Lorraine</span><br />
+<br />
+Poor Clares, Order of the, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br />
+<br />
+Porta, G., "Alessandria Descritta," <a href="#Page_500">500</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a><br />
+<br />
+Portugal, Eleanor, Queen of. See Eleanor<br />
+<br />
+Portugal, Emanuel, King of. See Emanuel<br />
+<br />
+Portugal, Infant Don Louis of, his proposed union with Princess Mary of England, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br />
+<br />
+Portugal, Infanta of, her marriage with Philip of Spain, <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br />
+<br />
+Portugal, invasion of, <a href="#Page_502">502</a><br />
+<br />
+Poynings, Sir Edward, Ambassador at Brussels, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br />
+<br />
+Praet, Louis de, Imperial Ambassador, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his admiration for Isabella, Queen of Denmark, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Ghent, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his oration at the marriage of the Duke and Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Prinsterer, Groen van, "Archives de la Maison d'Orange et de Nassau," <a href="#Page_425">425</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a><br />
+<br />
+Putnam, R., "William the Silent, Prince of Orange," <a href="#Page_289">289</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Pyl, Lieven, chief magistrate at Ghent, <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Quentin, St., victory of, <a href="#Page_417">417</a><br />
+<br />
+Quievrain, Castle of, <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Rabutin, Fran&ccedil;ois de, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Nancy, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559">[Pg 559]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Collections de M&eacute;moires," <a href="#Page_361">361</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Rambouillet, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br />
+<br />
+Ratti, N., "La Famiglia Sforza," <a href="#Page_313">313</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Ravold, J. B., "Histoire de Lorraine," <a href="#Page_253">253</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Regensburg, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Diet of, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Reiffenberg, F. de, "Histoire de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or," <a href="#Page_20">20</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Reims, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a><br />
+<br />
+Reims, Charles, Archbishop of, <a href="#Page_247">247</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his consecration, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Remiremont, <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br />
+<br />
+Renard, Simon, <a href="#Page_407">407</a><br />
+<br />
+Renty, Battle of, <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br />
+<br />
+Reumont, A. von, "Geschichte Toscana," <a href="#Page_508">508</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Rhine, the, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br />
+<br />
+Ribier, G., "Lettres et M&eacute;moires d'&Eacute;tat," <a href="#Page_405">405</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Richardot, Abb&eacute;, his oration at the funeral of Charles V., <a href="#Page_434">434</a><br />
+<br />
+Richmond, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+<br />
+Richmond, Duke of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+<br />
+Ripalta, <a href="#Page_497">497</a><br />
+<br />
+Rivoli, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Rocca di Sparaviera, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>, <a href="#Page_509">509</a><br />
+<br />
+Roddi, F., "Annali di Ferrara," <a href="#Page_95">95</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Rombaut, S., Church of, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br />
+<br />
+Rosi&egrave;res, Les, salt-works at, <a href="#Page_472">472</a><br />
+<br />
+Roskild, Dean of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+<br />
+Rossem, Martin van, <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br />
+<br />
+Rostain, M. de, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br />
+<br />
+Rotterdam, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br />
+<br />
+Rouen, Siege of, <a href="#Page_471">471</a><br />
+<br />
+Ruble, A. de, "Le Mariage de Jeanne d'Albret," <a href="#Page_222">222</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Trait&eacute; de C&acirc;teau-Cambr&eacute;sis," <a href="#Page_429">429</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Rucellai, Orazio, <a href="#Page_507">507</a><br />
+<br />
+Rudolf II., Emperor, <a href="#Page_512">512</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Saint-Hilaire, M. de, <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br />
+<br />
+Salis, Friar Jehan de, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+<br />
+Salm, Count Jean de, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br />
+<br />
+Sandrart, J., "Deutsche Akademie," <a href="#Page_274">274</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Sangiuliani, Count Antonio Cavagna, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Sanuto, Marino, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Diarii," <a href="#Page_63">63</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Saragossa, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+<br />
+Savorgnano, Mario, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+Savoy, Beatrix of Portugal, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes refuge at Vercelli, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">flight to Milan, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting with Charles V., <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Nice, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Savoy, Charles III., Duke of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">forced to evacuate Turin, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Savoy, Charles Emanuel, Duke of, <a href="#Page_507">507</a><br />
+<br />
+Savoy, Emanuel Philibert, Duke of, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Whitehall, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his negotiations of marriage with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>-398;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Low Countries, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present at the abdication of Charles V., <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of marriage with Princess Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his victory of St. Quentin, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed marriage with Marguerite of France, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage, <a href="#Page_456">456</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Savoy, Margaret, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+<br />
+Savoy, Duke Philibert of, his marriage and death, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+<br />
+Saxe-Lauenburg, Duke of, at the marriage ceremony of King Christian II., <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+<br />
+Saxony, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Saxony, Anna of, her marriage with William, Prince of Orange, <a href="#Page_460">460</a><br />
+<br />
+Saxony, Elector John Frederick of, taken prisoner, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his portrait, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Saxony, Elector Maurice of, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his siege of Magdeburg, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secret intrigues with France, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed at the battle of Sievershausen, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Scepperus, Cornelius, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Private Secretary to the King of Denmark, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his inscription on the tomb of Queen Isabella of Denmark, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Sch&auml;fer, D., "Geschichte von D&auml;nemark," <a href="#Page_38">38</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Scharf, Sir George, <a href="#Page_54">54</a> note, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Schauwenbourg, Captain, <a href="#Page_305">305</a><br />
+<br />
+Scheldt, River, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>; frozen over, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_560" id="Page_560">[Pg 560]</a></span>Schlegel, J. H., "Geschichte der K&ouml;nige v. D&auml;nemark," <a href="#Page_45">45</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Schleswig, Bishop of, Danish Ambassador, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+<br />
+Schlettstadt, <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br />
+<br />
+Schmalkalde, League of, campaign against, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dissolved, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Schoren, Dr., Chancellor of Brabant, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br />
+<br />
+Scotland, Mary, Queen of. See Mary<br />
+<br />
+Selve, Odet de, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+<br />
+Serclaes, Mademoiselle Rolande de, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+<br />
+Seymour, Jane, Queen of England, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her portrait, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Sfondrati, Count Francesco, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br />
+<br />
+Sforza, Count Bosio, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan, at Innsbruck, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Milan</span><br />
+<br />
+Sforza, Giovanni Paolo, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his illness and death, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Sforza, Lodovico, Duke of Milan. See Milan<br />
+<br />
+Sforza, Maximilian, Duke of Milan, at Malines, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See Milan</span><br />
+<br />
+Shelley, Sir Richard, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br />
+<br />
+Sievershausen, Battle of, <a href="#Page_384">384</a><br />
+<br />
+Sigismund, King of Poland, <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br />
+<br />
+Silliers, Baron de, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the illness of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#Page_489">489</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Simonet, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+<br />
+Sittard, defeat at, <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br />
+<br />
+Skelton, Mary, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+<br />
+Skippon, Philip, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+<br />
+Slagb&ouml;k, Archbishop of Lunden, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">put to death, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Soignies, Forest of, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br />
+<br />
+Sonderburg, island fortress of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+<br />
+Soranzo, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br />
+<br />
+Southampton, Lord High Admiral, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br />
+<br />
+Souvastre, Madame de, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br />
+<br />
+Souvastre, M. de, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Spain, Charles V. of. See Charles V.<br />
+<br />
+Spain, Infant Don Carlos of, his birth, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br />
+<br />
+Spain, Philip II. of. See Philip<br />
+<br />
+Spinelli, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+Spires, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br />
+<br />
+Stabili, Gianbattista, <a href="#Page_510">510</a><br />
+<br />
+Stampa, Count Massimiliano, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Ghent, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Lille, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">received by Queen Mary of Hungary, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">representative of the Duke of Milan at his marriage, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his house at Cussago, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entertains the Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the funeral of the Duke of Milan, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retains his post of Castellan of Milan, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his gifts from Charles V., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives up the keys, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Stanislas, ex-King of Poland, at Nancy, <a href="#Page_513">513</a><br />
+<br />
+Stenay, fortress of, ceded to the French, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">restitution, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evacuated by the French, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Stockholm, siege of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrender of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Strasburg, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a><br />
+<br />
+Stroppiana, Count, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Henry II.'s treatment of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Windsor, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Conference of Cercamp, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Suffolk, Mary, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+<br />
+Suffolk, Duke of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br />
+<br />
+Surrey, Lord, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a><br />
+<br />
+Susa, towers of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Sweden, outbreak of war with Denmark, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a><br />
+<br />
+Sweden, Eric, King of. See Eric<br />
+<br />
+Swynaerde, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Tarbes, Bishop of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Tassigny, Sieur de, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br />
+<br />
+Taverna, Count, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br />
+<br />
+Tencajoli, Signor O. F., <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br />
+<br />
+Th&eacute;rouenne, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; fort of, razed, <a href="#Page_385">385</a><br />
+<br />
+Thionville, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">capture of, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Thomas, H. L., "Spiegel des Humors grosser Potentaten," <a href="#Page_22">22</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Throckmorton, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_461">461</a><br />
+<br />
+Tiepolo, the Venetian, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the marriage of Philip of Spain with Princess Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the appointment of the Duchess of Parma to the Regency of the Netherlands, <a href="#Page_452">452</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Tiloye, La, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br />
+<br />
+Titian, his portraits, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Augsburg, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Toledo, treaty at, <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br />
+<br />
+Tongres, <a href="#Page_340">340</a><br />
+<br />
+Tortona, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a><br />
+<br />
+Toul, <a href="#Page_362">362</a><br />
+<br />
+Toul, Bishop of, his agreement with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_472">472</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561">[Pg 561]</a></span>Tournay, Bishop of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+<br />
+Trent, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br />
+<br />
+Treves, <a href="#Page_435">435</a><br />
+<br />
+Triboulet the jester, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br />
+<br />
+Trivulzio, Contessa Dejanira, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the loss of Belloni, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her letter to Messer Innocenzio Gadio, <a href="#Page_526">526</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Trivulzio, Count Gaspare, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his reception of Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Troyes, Louis, Bishop of, <a href="#Page_247">247</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br />
+<br />
+Tuke, Sir Brian, <a href="#Page_168">168</a> <i>note</i><br />
+<br />
+Tunis, capture of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+<br />
+Turin, evacuation of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+<br />
+Tuscany, Grand-Duke Ferdinand of, his marriage with Christina of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a><br />
+<br />
+Tytler, P. F., "England under Edward VI.," <a href="#Page_380">380</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ulmann, H., "Kaiser Maximilian," <a href="#Page_11">11</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Upsala, Cathedral of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+<br />
+Urbino, Duke of, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Vaissi&egrave;re, P. de, "Vie de Charles de Marillac," <a href="#Page_344">344</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Valenciennes, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br />
+<br />
+Valladolid, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+<br />
+Valois, Madeleine de, her proposed marriage with James V. of Scotland, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her marriage, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Varembon, Marc de Rye, Marquis of, his marriage with the Duchess of Brunswick, <a href="#Page_511">511</a><br />
+<br />
+Vaucelles, Abbey of, truce signed at, <a href="#Page_403">403</a><br />
+<br />
+Vaudemont, Louise, Countess of, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">christening of her daughter, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Vaudemont, Nicholas, Count de, Bishop of Metz, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his birth, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed joint Regent of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriage, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Blois, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">loyalty to Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed sole Regent, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his second marriage, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retires from public life, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">christening of his daughter, <a href="#Page_482">482</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Vaudemont and Joinville, Ferry, Count of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br />
+<br />
+Vaughan, Stephen, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his interview with Queen Mary of Hungary, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Antwerp, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Veeren, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+V&eacute;ly, M. de, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br />
+<br />
+Vend&ocirc;me, Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his courtship of the Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage with Jeanne d'Albret, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Vend&ocirc;me, Mademoiselle de, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Vercelli, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+<br />
+Vercelli, Bishop of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Verona, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br />
+<br />
+Verri, P., "Storia di Milano," <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Vertot, R. de, "Ambassades de MM. de Noailles en Angleterre," <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Viborg, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+Vieilleville, Governor of Verdun, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M&eacute;moires, <a href="#Page_532">532</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Vigevano, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a><br />
+<br />
+Villach, <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br />
+<br />
+Villamont, A., "Voyages," <a href="#Page_497">497</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Viola, N., "Il Santuario di Tortona," <a href="#Page_499">499</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Vives, Louis, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+<br />
+Voigt, G., "Albert von Brandenburg," <a href="#Page_318">318</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Vueren, Castle of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Waldrevange, <a href="#Page_305">305</a><br />
+<br />
+Wallop, Sir John, <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br />
+<br />
+Walpole, Horace, "Anecdotes of Painting," <a href="#Page_274">274</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Wasa, Gustavus, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his revolt at Dalecarlia, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lays siege to Stockholm, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wassy, massacre at, <a href="#Page_471">471</a><br />
+<br />
+Willems, Dyveke, her relations with King Christian II. of Denmark, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her sudden death, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Willems, Hermann, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+<br />
+Willems, Sigebritt, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed mistress of the Queen of Denmark's household, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her influence over King Christian II., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrested and burnt, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Windsor, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br />
+<br />
+Wingfield, Sir Robert, Ambassador at Ghent, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the conduct of King Christian II., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wolsey, Cardinal, at Bruges, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his retinue, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview with King Christian II., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_562" id="Page_562">[Pg 562]</a></span>Wornum, R., "Life of Holbein," <a href="#Page_159">159</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+Wotton, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the surrender of St. Dizier, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Conference of Cercamp, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of C&acirc;teau Cambr&eacute;sis, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wriothesley, Thomas, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cambray, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the terms of Henry VIII.'s negotiation of marriage, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his interviews with Queen Mary of Hungary, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with Christina, Duchess of Milan, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>-194;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his entertainments at Brussels, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>-201;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">detained at Brussels, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treatment, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to England, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></span><br />
+<br />
+W&uuml;rtemberg, Duchy of, <a href="#Page_339">339</a><br />
+<br />
+Wyatt, Sir Thomas, Ambassador, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his interviews with Charles V., <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his efforts to prevent an alliance between Christina, Duchess of Milan, and the Duke of Cleves, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Young, Colonel G., "The Medici," <a href="#Page_532">532</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Zeeland, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a><br />
+<br />
+Zeneta, Marchioness of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD
+</p>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>Transcriber's Notes:</h2>
+
+
+<p>Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were silently corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.</p>
+
+<p>P. <a href="#Page_530">530</a> changed two instances of "<span class="smcap">Granvelle</span>, Cardinal de," to "<span class="smcap">Granvelle, Cardinal de</span>:" to be consistent with other entries in this section.</p>
+
+<p>P. <a href="#Page_532">532</a> changed "<span class="smcap">Reiffenberg, F. de</span>: Histoire de la Toison d'Or. 2 vols.
+Brussels, 183_." to "<span class="smcap">Reiffenberg, F. de</span>: Histoire de la Toison d'Or. 2 vols.
+Brussels, 183<b>5</b>." Complete date is from Wikipedia.</p>
+
+<p>P. <a href="#Page_533">533</a> changed layout of GENEALOGICAL TABLES from horizontal to
+vertical due to column width considerations.</p>
+
+<p>P. <a href="#Page_538">538</a> added connector in family tree diagram between "Ren&eacute; II., d. 1508 = Philippa of Guelders," and their children.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan
+and Lorraine, 1522-1590, by Julia Cartwright
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTINA OF DENMARK ***
+
+***** This file should be named 48191-h.htm or 48191-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/8/1/9/48191/
+
+Produced by Richard Tonsing, Charlene Taylor and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
+be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
+law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
+so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
+States without permission and without paying copyright
+royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
+of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
+and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
+specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
+eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
+for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
+performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
+away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
+not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
+trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
+
+START: FULL LICENSE
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
+Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+
+1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
+destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
+possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
+Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
+by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
+person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
+1.E.8.
+
+1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
+paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
+agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
+Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
+of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
+works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
+States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
+United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
+claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
+displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
+all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
+that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
+free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
+works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
+Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
+comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
+same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
+you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
+in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
+check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
+agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
+distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
+other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
+representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
+country outside the United States.
+
+1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
+immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
+prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
+on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
+performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
+
+  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
+  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
+  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
+  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
+  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
+  are located before using this ebook.
+
+1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
+derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
+contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
+copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
+the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
+redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
+either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
+obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
+trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
+additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
+will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
+posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
+beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
+any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
+to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
+other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
+version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
+(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
+to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
+of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
+Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
+full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+provided that
+
+* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
+  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
+  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
+  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
+  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
+  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
+  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
+  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
+  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
+  Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
+  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
+  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
+  works.
+
+* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
+  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
+  receipt of the work.
+
+* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
+are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
+from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
+Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
+Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
+contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
+or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
+other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
+cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
+with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
+with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
+lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
+or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
+opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
+the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
+without further opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
+OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
+damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
+violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
+agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
+limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
+unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
+remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
+accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
+production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
+including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
+the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
+or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
+additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
+Defect you cause.
+
+Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
+computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
+exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
+from people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
+generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
+Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
+www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
+U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
+mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
+volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
+locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
+Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
+date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
+official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+
+    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+    Chief Executive and Director
+    gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
+DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
+state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
+donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
+freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
+distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
+volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
+the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
+necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
+edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
+facility: www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/cover.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..948e91b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/cover.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing004.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing004.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf5206d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing004.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing006.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing006.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6073791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing006.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing012.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing012.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29d6f2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing012.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing030.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing030.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02d84a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing030.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing054.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing054.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a64c62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing054.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing092a.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing092a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24b65c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing092a.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing092b.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing092b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88e2a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing092b.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing106.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing106.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7624442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing106.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing188.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing188.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b40e94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing188.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing260.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing260.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5d180c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing260.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing322.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing322.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9670e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing322.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing332a.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing332a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f5ae7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing332a.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing332b.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing332b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daeb014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing332b.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing364.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing364.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ae3546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing364.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing412a.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing412a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03f1e05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing412a.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing412b.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing412b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6db32c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing412b.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing412c.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing412c.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30a1b29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing412c.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing412d.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing412d.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8906d19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing412d.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing456.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing456.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c3963c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing456.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing466.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing466.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72e2853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing466.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing472.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing472.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3152336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing472.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/facing508.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/facing508.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9252fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/facing508.jpg
diff --git a/old/48191-h/images/frontis.jpg b/old/48191-h/images/frontis.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84e58f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/48191-h/images/frontis.jpg