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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 19:06:30 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 19:06:30 -0700 |
| commit | c33d73a27faaf89c60adacaf898ebb8134e86565 (patch) | |
| tree | c90c9b8baaf4bb9dfe8582e1585fb73d88d7fe4e /48208-h | |
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You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a>. If you are + not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws + of the country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +Title: Convict Life at the Minnesota State Prison, Stillwater, Minnesota + +Author: William Heilbron + +Release Date: February 8, 2015 [Ebook #48208] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONVICT LIFE AT THE MINNESOTA STATE PRISON, STILLWATER, MINNESOTA*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-titlePage" style="text-align: center"> + <span class="tei tei-docTitle" style= + "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-titlePart" style= + "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 144%">CONVICT LIFE AT + THE MINNESOTA STATE PRISON</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 144%">STILLWATER, MINNESOTA</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Profusely Illustrated</span><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /></span></span> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/titledec.jpg"><img src="images/titledec.jpg" alt= + "title page decoration" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-byline" style="text-align: center"> + By <span class="tei tei-docAuthor" style="text-align: center">W. C. + Heilbron<br /></span> + </div><span class="tei tei-docEdition" style= + "text-align: center">Second Edition 1,000 Copies<br /> + <br /></span> <span class="tei tei-docImprint" style= + "text-align: center">W. C. HEILBRON<br /> + 104 Dispatch Bldg.<br /> + ST. PAUL, MINN.<br /> + PRESS OF MURPHY-TRAVIS CO., MINNEAPOLIS<br /></span> <span class= + "tei tei-docDate" style="text-align: center">1909</span> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Preparer's Note</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Typographical + errors have been retained in this text.</p> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">PREFACE</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Few people have a + comprehensive idea of a penitentiary, especially the daily life of + the inmates and the routine work in connection therewith. We will + endeavor to give an accurate account of the prisoner's mode of + occupation, his ideals, hopes and aspirations and follow him from the + day he entered the prison, from his initiation into the various + departments, to the day of his final discharge. One of our celebrated + poets has truly said:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A prison is a house of + care,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A place where few can + thrive,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">A touchstone true to try a + friend,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">But a grave to one alive.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This stanza sums + up the situation very nicely, although prison life is not the + horrible nightmare that many authors have depicted. Most writers seem + to get their ideas from the comic papers, wherein the prisoner is + absurdly cartooned with close-cropped hair, low-browed and villainous + looks, dressed in striped clothing of grotesque fit, and in many + cases he is pictured chained to the floor by a huge ball and chain. + This may have been an authentic description of the average prisoner + years ago, but is not true today. It is a far cry from the time when + Diogenes walked the streets of ancient Athens with a lighted lantern + in the day time looking for an honest man. There were no prisons at + that period of the world's history. If a man committed a serious + crime against the state or <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page4">[pg + 4]</span> an individual the authorities ordered the lictor to strike + off his head. If the offense was a minor one the offender was sold + into slavery. This mode of procedure required only a few moments to + execute, for in those days there were no protracted trials or clever + attorneys to seek technicalities through which to free their clients. + This condition of affairs prevailed for many centuries, and it often + happened that a greater injustice was done the wrongdoer than he had + committed against the state.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fortunately, + however, it remained for Victor Hugo to cry a halt against the then + inhuman treatment accorded prisoners. In <span class="tei tei-q">“Les + Miserables”</span> he paints a vivid picture that profoundly awakened + public conscience, which still causes the world to shudder as it + thinks of the injustice society did to poor Jean Valjean for stealing + two loaves of bread to keep from starving.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is today a + more broad, more tolerant and a decidedly more civilized sentiment + towards the inmates of penal institutions. It is universally + recognized that the prisoner of today becomes the citizen of + tomorrow; this fact must be conceded. Every effort is, therefore, + made to assist them who have a keen desire to lead an honest life. + However, if one is inclined to go around with a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“chip on his shoulder,”</span> so to speak, he will + undoubtedly find as much trouble inside as he will outside of a + prison. If he behaves himself, complies with the rules and performs + his work in a conscientious manner he will have no more difficulty + than he would anywhere else.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Modern penology + has many bright laurels to its credit. What is meant by <span class= + "tei tei-q">“modern penology”</span> is that era which ushered in the + good-time law, whereby a prisoner is enabled by meritorious conduct + to reduce his original <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page5">[pg + 5]</span> sentence to a marked degree; the parole and grading system, + which permits the release of a first offender at the expiration of + half his sentence; the establishing of prison night schools, enabling + him to learn a trade during imprisonment and permitting him to have + books, papers, magazines, etc. In fact our modern penology, of which + a striking example can be seen in the Minnesota State Prison, that + has the reputation of being one of the best-managed institutions in + the country, aims to develop the good in the prisoner instead of + continually keeping at a white heat all his coarse and brutal + instincts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many years ago + (and in some prisons at the present time), harsh measures were + employed to punish an inmate for the slightest violation of a prison + rule. But experience vividly impressed upon the public mind that such + policy was a vicious one. It returned the prisoner to society a + hundred fold more dangerous than he was previous to his commitment. + Moral suasion has now supplanted the loaded cane, the dungeon and all + other drastic, coercive measures which, instead of improving, had a + decided tendency to make idiots of prisoners, morally, mentally and + physically. It is dangerous to permit a mad dog to roam at large, and + the same is true of the prisoner whom the custodians of the state + turn loose on the community, whose every fibre beats stridently for + revenge upon those who have subjected him to brutal treatment. + Roughly speaking, we feel safe in saying that seventy-five per cent + of the prisoners are susceptible to moral suasion and any appeal made + to them is taken seriously.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Our modern + penology is not the effervescent dream of unbalanced minds, but the + result of exhaustive research by many of the best prison authorities + in America and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page6">[pg 6]</span> + Europe. Long experience has proven its value, and the present century + will assuredly witness as many wonderful improvements as took place + in the past.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For various + reasons I have refrained from mentioning the names of prisoners with + sensational reputations who have been inmates of the Minnesota State + Prison in the past.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I am sincerely + indebted to Warden Wolfer, his employees, and many inmates of the + prison, for their cooperation in assisting me to present the + following pages to the public, without which this book would be + impossible.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right"> + W. C. Heilbron. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-dateline"> + St. Paul, June 20, 1909. + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">MINNESOTA STATE PRISON</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE PRISONER'S RECEPTION AT THE + PENITENTIARY</span></h2><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page7">[pg + 7]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An incoming + prisoner is designated by the inmates as a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“fresh fish.”</span> He enters the administration + building, and, as a rule, if he has the reputation of being a + <span class="tei tei-q">“slippery chap”</span> is handcuffed to the + sheriff or one of his deputies. Handcuffs, in the vernacular of the + underground world, are called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“come-a-longs.”</span> He now enters a room known as + <span class="tei tei-q">“between the gates.”</span> (One of these + gates leads to the outer world and the other to the inside of the + prison.) Here the prisoner's commitment papers are examined, the + deputy warden sent for to receive the new arrival, and slips are + immediately made out notifying the several heads of departments of + the man's name, county from which he came, the offense for which he + was committed and the time that he shall serve.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Upon the arrival + of the deputy warden the prisoner is taken in charge and marched + through the officers' barber shop and kitchen. Upon leaving the + latter room the <span class="tei tei-q">“fresh fish”</span> is + commanded to <span class="tei tei-q">“turn to the right,”</span> + and a short distance ahead, about twenty feet, he is told to + '<span class="tei tei-q">“turn to the left.”</span> He now enters + the large cellhouse—his future home, to remain for the number of + years that His Honor, the Judge of the District Court, has + sentenced him to serve. The cellhouse contains 664 cells (referring + to Minnesota's institution, which furnishes the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page8">[pg 8]</span> nucleus for this article) and + is in charge of an officer known as the Captain of the + Cellhouse.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This officer now + takes the new arrival in charge and searches his person thoroughly, + empties his pockets of everything they contain, and takes his coat, + hat and vest. Any valuables found on him, such as money, jewelry, + trinkets, tobacco, etc., are immediately tied up into a bundle and + sent to the deputy warden's office. A duplicate receipt is made out + for all articles of intrinsic value, is signed by the Captain of + the Cellhouse and also by the new arrival so as to insure their + safe keeping until the day of his release.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next move, + and one that is a decisive reminder of his future status in the + world, is to the bath room, where he takes a bath and puts on a + <span class="tei tei-q">“second-grade”</span> uniform, there being + three grades in all. The first is the highest. Its garb consists of + a neat grey suit and cap. First grade prisoners are entitled to + write one letter each week, to draw a ration (four ounces) of + tobacco weekly, and to receive visitors once in four weeks. They + have a dining room to themselves and are served with a greater + variety of food than are the prisoners in the other grades. They + have also such other privileges granted them from time to time as + their general conduct warrants.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Prisoners in the + second grade are clothed in a black and grey check suit and cap. + They are permitted to write one letter a fortnight, to draw a + ration of tobacco weekly and to see visitors once a month. They + also have a dining room of their own, but the food served therein + is not as varied as that served to first grade men. The latter, for + example, are served with butter and other relishes at stated + intervals, but such things are not part of the diet of the second + grade prisoners.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/adminofc.jpg"><img src="images/adminofc.jpg" alt= + "Administration Office" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Administration Office + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/betwgate.jpg"><img src="images/betwgate.jpg" alt= + "Between the Gates" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Between the Gates + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/grades.jpg"><img src="images/grades.jpg" alt= + "Group Showing the Three Grades of Prisoners" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Group Showing the Three Grades of Prisoners + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page9">[pg 9]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page10">[pg 10]</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page11">[pg 11]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Inmates in the + third grade wear black and white striped suits. They are denied + tobacco, writing and visiting privileges and their meals are served + in their cells, which are located in one portion of the cellhouse. + In none of the grades are prisoners required to march with the + <span class="tei tei-q">“lock-step,”</span> and excepting those in + the third grade, all are permitted to wear their hair long enough + to comb during good behavior. The prisoner, after his bath, is + again brought into the cellhouse and the captain has one of the + inmate barbers clip his hair and shave him. If the new arrival + belongs to the respectable class, wearing a mustache and dressed + well he will hardly recognize himself if he should chance to look + into a mirror. In a few moments the proud American citizen has been + supplanted by the convict. Those who belong to the so-called + <span class="tei tei-q">“criminal”</span> class are not affected + upon donning the prison uniform, but it is different with the first + offender. If he is a proud, sensitive man the change is great + enough to almost wrench his heart strings asunder. Many a new + arrival, spending his first night in his cell, with its iron bed, + whitewashed walls, scant furnishings, iron floor and the dimensions + of the room only five by seven feet, has been known to break down + completely. After such an ordeal (not your make-believe + imprisonment, where some author has himself locked up for an hour + or so to gain local coloring for a novel) one gets a clear idea of + what prison life really is and places a higher valuation on the + liberty that he so recklessly trampled under foot in his mad rush + for riches, position and fame.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the + tonsorial artist has completed his task the prisoner is conducted + to the deputy warden's office, where he is weighed, asked + innumerable questions, etc., instructed as to the rules of the + institution, measured according <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page12">[pg 12]</span> to the Bertillon system, which is the + standard adopted in this country and throughout Europe.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">BERTILLON MEASUREMENTS</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To Dr. Alphonse + Bertillon, the celebrated French anthropologist, the world is + indebted for the knowledge of the scientifically demonstrated fact + that no two persons are exactly alike in physical measurements. In + fact any single individual can be identified from thousands of + others by this cleverly thought-out system, which was first adopted + in this country in 1887. The accompanying illustrations are + self-explanatory.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The system + embraces three distinct parts: First, the measurement of certain + unchangeable <span class="tei tei-q">“bony lengths”</span> of the + body; second, a careful description of the features of the face; + third, a careful localization of all scars and marks on the body. + While the face may change, be even mutilated beyond recognition; + while the scars and other marks may be removed, the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“bony lengths”</span> of the body remain unchangeable + in adults. The parts measured of the bony lengths of the body are + the length and width of the head, the cheek width, length of foot, + the middle and little finger and the cubit, i. e., from the elbow + to the tip of the little finger; the height standing, the height + seated, the reach of outstretched arms, right ear length (which + most authorities assert remains the same through life), the median + line in front from the fork or hollow below the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Adam's apple”</span> down, and, in the rear, the + spinal column from the seventh vertebra to the base of the spine, + are the anatomical or <span class="tei tei-q">“guiding <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page13">[pg 13]</span> points”</span> from which + all descriptions of the body are recorded; in the fingers, the + joints and flanges,—the flanges being the portions of the fingers + between the joints. The calipers for measuring the head are + provided with a graduated arch and are similar to a compass. In + taking the length of the head the left point of the caliper is held + at the root of the nose and the right point is brought against the + occipital bone in the back of the head; the thumb screw is then + tightened and the measurement checked by passing the instrument + again over the head. The width of the head over the cheeks is taken + in the same way. The measurement of the foot is taken with a + caliper rule similar to that used by a shoemaker; the prisoner is + posed standing on his left foot and steadying himself as shown in + the illustration. The graduate stem is placed against the inside of + the foot with the fixed arm in contact with the heel and the + sliding arm then brought in tightly against the toe. In measuring + the left middle <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page14">[pg 14]</span> + and little finger the back of the caliper rule is used, two small + projections being provided on the fixed and sliding arms. The + finger is bent at right angles to the back of the hand and the + measurement taken from the tip of the finger to the knuckle.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/headleng.jpg"><img src="images/headleng.jpg" alt= + "Head Length Measurements." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Head Length Measurements. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The registering + and record made of the foregoing, together with an accurate + description of the face and all marks on the body, constitute the + third and complete part of this system. To illustrate this part + briefly,— measurements are all based on the French metric system, + viz: Height, 1 metre, 71 centimetres, 3 millimitres; <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page15">[pg 15]</span> width, 14 centimetres, 5 + millimetres; length of right ear, 6 centimeters, 3 millimetres; + length of foot, 2.62; length of middle finger, 11.7; length of + little finger, 7.1; length of forearm, 46.3. A metre is 39 inches, + a centimetre about 3/8ths of an inch and a millimetre, 1-25th of an + inch.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/armmeas.jpg"><img src="images/armmeas.jpg" alt= + "Measurements of Outstretched Arms and Left Foot." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Measurements of Outstretched Arms and Left Foot. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/fingmeas.jpg"><img src="images/fingmeas.jpg" alt= + "Left Middle Finger Measurement." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Left Middle Finger Measurement. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The description + of heads range in 14 (head) classes, being reckoned from A to Z. + The middle fingers have three classes; forearm, three classes; + height, three classes, and the little finger, three classes. Only + one millimetre or 1-25th of an inch is allowed as the difference + between the measurements of any two operators of the Bertillon + system in the <span class="tei tei-q">“bony lengths”</span> of the + body. This is so infinitesimal that a measurement taken in France, + England, the United States or in Russia by different operators will + discover the prisoner, no matter where he may be, and there is no + escape unless it be the grave.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The technical + terms used in the description of scars or marks are strictly + medical. For instance, if a man has a scar on his left breast it is + described as recitilnal, vertical, horizontal, inal—such a distance + from the median <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page16">[pg 16]</span> + line, and to the right, left, above or below the nipple. Scars on + the fingers are described in the same terms, indicating the flange + and joint, and so on through all parts of the body,—every mark, cut + or bruise being measured in front, from the median line, and in the + rear, from the spinal column, as stated.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With reference + to the ears, there are certain external features by which + scientists assert criminals may be instantly detected. Have you a + criminal ear? Dr. D. S. Lamb, at one time curator in charge of the + Army Medical Museum, says there is such a thing as a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“criminal ear.”</span> Anthropologists have been giving + a great deal of study to this matter of late, and their data points + to the conclusion that the term <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ear-mark”</span> is something more than a mere figure + of speech. No one has two ears just alike; all ears are faulty in + one way or another, that is, as to size, shape or position, and + these organs do not stop growing when the body pauses in its + development. At <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page17">[pg 17]</span> + all events, chronic malefactors are apt to be disfigured by certain + malformations of that organ. It has been proven that abnormalities + in the ear structure are characteristic features of degenerates. + Such abnormalities are commonly found in idiots, imbeciles and + epileptics, and the prisons contain quite a number of inmates with + such ears. The sloping ear is bad; it shows a tendency to reversion + to the primitive animal ear which slopes. The great Napoleon, Lord + Byron, Henry Clay and Alexander Hamilton had sloping ears. Another + objectionable type is the <span class="tei tei-q">“wing + ear,”</span> which projects wing-like from the head. This type of + ear is said to indicate a tendency towards degeneracy; are found in + one individual out of every five among sane persons, in two out of + five among the insane and in three out of every five in criminals, + occurring twice as often among men as among women.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/ears.jpg"><img src="images/ears.jpg" alt= + "Criminal Ear." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Criminal Ear. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/eartrunk.jpg"><img src="images/eartrunk.jpg" alt= + "Right Ear and Trunk Measurements." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Right Ear and Trunk Measurements. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Considering all + available data, it appears that ape-like traits, monkey-ancestry + being commonly exhibited, are found far less frequently in the ears + of women than in men. This fact would seem to prove that our female + race has progressed the farthest from the ancestral type. By + carefully feeling with the thumb inside of the edge <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page18">[pg 18]</span> of the ear and a little + behind the top a very small lump of cartilage will be found, as if + a foreign body had become imbedded in the tissue. This is a remnant + of what was originally the tip of the ear, when hundreds of + thousands of years ago that organ in our remote ancestors had a + point on it. Among men of note,—statesmen, scientists, politicians, + etc., it occurs less frequently by about ten per cent. The + so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“Darwinian tubercle”</span> + appears, as stated, less frequently in women than in men, and is + unmistakably a trait reverting to the ape. Certain it is that no + part of the body can be identified with greater accuracy than by + the ears. Your own, for example, are not matched exactly by any + other pair in the world; there are differences which are shown + beyond the possibility of mistake, by careful measurements, as + applied in the Bertillon system. In nine out of every ten persons + the ear-lobe runs into the flesh of the cheek without any + perceptible division between. Experts term this the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“confluent lobule,”</span> and it also is found more + often in women than in men. It is said to occur in 92 per cent of + the sane and in 47 per cent of the insane. The most remarkable + feature in regard to the criminal ear, if it can be so called, is + the prominence of the raised area just inside the outer edge, the + outer edge being termed the <span class="tei tei-q">“helix”</span> + and the part referred to the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“anti-helix.”</span> It appears that the + overdevelopment of this portion of the aural structure is + particularly characteristic of criminals.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A student of + this subject can tell a person's age more accurately by observation + of the ears than by any other way. Even women, who, in other + respects, preserve the youthfulness of their appearance to an + advanced period are apt to betray their maturity through this + organ, which acquires a sharp definition of contour, a tiny wrinkle + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page19">[pg 19]</span> appearing just + in front of it. Some people are able to wag their ears + slightly,—another indication of primeval animal traits: Our remote + ancestors unquestionably wagged their ears, and every human being + today is provided with ear-wagging muscles. In most individuals, + however, these muscles have become so far rudimentary that they are + useless for wagging purposes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE FINGER PRINT SYSTEM</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Our new arrival + is still in the hands of the record officer; his next introduction + is to what is known as the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“finger-print”</span> system, which method has but + recently been inaugurated at the Minnesota State Prison. All + prisoners are at first compelled to have <span class= + "tei tei-q">“photos”</span> taken of the balls of their fingers, + the procedure being very simple. The recording officer has an + inking-stone and brayer similar to those used in a print shop for + <span class="tei tei-q">“pulling”</span> proofs. He inks the stone, + grasps the outstretched finger of the new arrival, the underside or + ball of his finger rolled a full turn on the stone, and then given + a similar roll on paper blanks provided for that purpose, which are + filed away in a cabinet with the Bertillon records for future + reference. These blanks are frequently consulted for the purpose of + identifying escaped or suspected offenders.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The finger-print + system was invented by the Chinese thousands of years ago, and is + considered to be the safest method yet discovered for correct + identification purposes. Today it is being extensively used in this + country and in Europe. The United States Government has a perfectly + organized bureau in operation in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page20">[pg 20]</span> conjunction with its federal and military + prisons. Hundreds of thousands of thumb prints have been made, but + no two have yet been found exactly alike.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The impetus + given to the system in this country is perhaps due to Mark Twain, + America's famous humorist, author, publisher, printer and lecturer. + In <span class="tei tei-q">“Puddenhead Wilson”</span> Mr. Clemens + has the village dunce riding a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“hobby”</span> at full tilt and that hobby was the + taking of finger impressions. The citizens considered him a + weak-minded fool, but to humor him they allowed impressions of the + balls of their fingers to be taken. The names of their owners were + recorded and then carefully filed away. Finally Puddenhead Wilson + proved himself to be anything but a fool, for when a mysterious + murder was committed in the village he apprehended the perpetrator + of the crime, his sole clue being the bloody imprints of the + murderer's fingers found on the woodwork in the room where the + crime was committed. The finger-print system, since the advent of + Mr. Clemens' book, has sprung into vogue in all parts of the + country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are to + date several authentic cases on record where by means of this new + method of identification prisoners were acquitted, notwithstanding + the fact that circumstantial evidence in the hands of the + prosecuting attorney was overwhelmingly against the accused. One + case was that of a man who had broken his parole from a + penitentiary. While absolutely innocent, he was arrested and + charged with having committed a certain crime. He could offer no + proof without divulging the fact that he had violated his parole, + (he still had about two years to serve), but realizing that he was + about to be sentenced for eight or ten years on the present charge, + he chose the lesser of the two evils and informed the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page21">[pg 21]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page22">[pg 22]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page23">[pg + 23]</span> authorities of his identity. Investigation disclosed the + fact that he had not been released from the penitentiary when the + alleged crime was committed. This incident demonstrates + conclusively that the finger-print system not only detects the + wrongdoer, but greatly assists in preventing a miscarriage of + justice.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/visitors.jpg"><img src="images/visitors.jpg" alt= + "Visitor's Reception Room" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Visitor's Reception Room + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/govenors.jpg"><img src="images/govenors.jpg" alt= + "Governor's Room" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Governor's Room + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/boardrm.jpg"><img src="images/boardrm.jpg" alt= + "Board of Control's Room, where Monthly Meetings are Held" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Board of Control's Room, where Monthly Meetings are Held + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the + operation of taking the new arrival's finger-imprints is completed, + and instructions are given as to prison discipline, etc., the + incoming prisoner is sent to the medical department, where he is + given a thorough physical examination, and if he is affected with + any disease it is noted in a book kept expressly for that purpose. + If he needs medical attention he is told to come up to the + <span class="tei tei-q">“sick-call”</span> in the forenoon at nine + o'clock. All ailing prisoners can attend this call each + morning.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE PRISONER IS ASSIGNED + WORK</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By this time the + new arrival is, in all probability, wondering what will happen + next, but he is soon enlightened. Work in one of the various + departments will be assigned him, for instance, presuming that the + shop where he is to be employed is the twine factory, he is turned + over to the guard of that particular shop. This officer instructs + him very minutely as to shop rules and duties that will devolve + upon him, and usually accompanies his instructions with some good, + sound advice as to how to best get along with the least possible + trouble. The shop foreman now takes him in charge and instructs him + how to perform the duties required of him.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page24">[pg 24]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the noon hour + he must take off his apron, wash his hands and face in a bucket of + water placed conveniently near the shop runner, and when the guard + blows another sharp blast with his whistle form in line with the + other men and prepare to march to the dining room. He is now + assigned a place in the ranks of his shop crew and told to always + <span class="tei tei-q">“fall in”</span> at his place. The guard + stamps his cane twice on the floor and the men begin to march to + dinner.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At first the + <span class="tei tei-q">“fresh fish”</span> makes quite a number of + mistakes: In the dining room he is somewhat bewildered as to how to + make his wants known to the waiters, as he has been told that + talking is strictly forbidden, but upon reading the rules in the + library catalogue he easily comprehends the silent method of asking + for food. If he wishes bread he must hold up his right hand; meat, + his fork; soup, his spoon; vegetables, his table knife; coffee, his + cup, and for water, the rule is to hold up the cup inverted. This + form of the sign language is fully adequate for the situation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE FIRST NIGHT IN HIS + CELL</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the close of + the first day's work the prisoner is marched to his cell. Just + inside the entrance to the cell house he is handed his supper in a + tin dish, goes to his cell, previously assigned to him, and remains + standing with his right hand on the cell door until the evening + count of the number of prisoners in the institution has been + verified by the deputy warden. If the count is correct the + prisoners are notified by the sounding of a gong near the desk of + the cellhouse captain, at which signal they are permitted to sit + down and amuse themselves as they see fit. Immediately after the + ringing of the gong <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page25">[pg 25 + ]</span> the gallery men pass around tea for the prisoner's evening + meal in addition to what he received when he enters the + cellhouse.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Our subject now + has an opportunity to take a glance at the cell wherein he must + spend his <span class="tei tei-q">“little bit”</span> as the + professional crook jocularly terms his sentence. This apartment is + not commodious nor supplied with modern improvements of a + first-class hostelry; its dimensions are five by seven, and + contains: one Bible, two cups, one small mirror, one cuspidor, one + spoon, one face towel, one dish towel, one piece of soap, one comb, + blankets, sheets, pillow cases, matress, bedstead and springs, one + wooden chair (for first and second grade), one earthen water jar + with cover, one electric light, one small shelf, one library + catalogue and all the library and school books desired. If the + occupant is of a philosophical bent of mind he will now realize + that the way of the transgressor is indeed hard. The first month or + two are the most severe upon the new arrival. His environments + force him to dwell continually upon the depths of degradation to + which he has fallen, and he suffers the keenest possible mental + torture; but after passing this period he begins to readjust his + viewpoint and adapt himself to his surroundings and then calmly + awaits the termination of his sentence. Few people have any + conception of what the first offender endures during his first few + months' imprisonment; the thoughts of his jeopardized liberty are + ever before him. In summing up and planning for the future about + the worst obstacle he fears,—the quintessence of human + degradation,—is the baleful word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ex-convict.”</span> That alone hurled at the public + through the medium of the public press expresses the sum total of + moral turpitude and degeneracy. No matter if <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page26">[pg 26]</span> the individual in question + is pure-minded, the symbol of the culture of the age in which he + lives, the hyphenated word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ex-convict”</span> seems to conjure in the minds of + the public a picture that causes them to shudder with fear for + their safety. As a rule this fear is not shared in by prison + officials. Only about ten per cent of the inmates cause them any + anxiety, the rest are orderly, perform their work promptly and + properly, and cause as little trouble as possible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Prisoners + frequently remain at the work first assigned them until their + discharge. However, if it is found too difficult the superintendent + of the respective departments can assign other work. Should this be + impossible a prisoner may put in an application to explain the + situation to the warden. Each prisoner has the privilege of seeing + the warden at least twice a month, who adjusts all differences of + opinion between the guard and prisoner, or between prisoner and + foreman. Every complaint of unjust treatment is investigated + thoroughly by the warden, and equitable measures are employed to + remove the bone of contention. If the guard or foreman is at fault + a dignified but forcible lecture generally produces the desired + result. This is also true where the inmate has been negligent in + his work, causing the trouble.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As previously + stated, if the new arrival remains at the task first assigned him + during his entire imprisonment the routine from day to day is + almost identical. He can attend chapel on Sundays if he wishes to + do so; a Catholic and Lutheran chaplain preach excellent sermons + each alternate Sunday.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sixty days prior + to the expiration of sentence the outgoing prisoner is given a + shaving ticket, or if he desires to grow a beard he can do so, if + not he can get a shave <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page27">[pg + 27]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page28">[pg 28]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page29">[pg 29]</span> each week as + usual. He is given a bath and change of underclothing each week, + and if his clothes and shoes need repairing he is taken to the + tailor department and supplied with a new outfit. A few days before + his time expires he is taken to the tailor shop and fitted to his + outgoing suit of clothes, and upon the day preceding his discharge + is sent to the cellhouse barber shop, where he is given a hair cut + and shave.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/mencell.jpg"><img src="images/mencell.jpg" alt= + "Interior of Men's Cell" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Interior of Men's Cell + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/emplding.jpg"><img src="images/emplding.jpg" alt= + "Employee's Dining Room" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Employee's Dining Room + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/offkitch.jpg"><img src="images/offkitch.jpg" alt= + "Officers' Kitchen" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Officers' Kitchen + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE PRISONER'S RELEASE</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now arrives the + day so anxiously anticipated by those incarcerated in our + penitentiary. A new beginning and a new chapter in their life's + history is before them. It is an event that so greatly excites the + average outgoing prisoner that he hardly knows what he is doing, + and in many cases his nerves are in such a condition that he is + unable to sign the receipt for the money that he receives. The + inmate in the forenoon is notified of his release, and is + immediately taken to the tailor shop, where he dons his discharged + clothing, is given any personal belongings that may have been in + his cell by the captain of the cell-house, who inspects them in + order to ascertain whether or not he is the owner thereof. He is + now conducted to the administration building by the deputy warden, + where he is given his discharge papers and twenty-five dollars in + money, a sum provided by law for each released prisoner. Just + before he walks into the world a free man the former inmate is told + to step into the warden's office, and this gentleman gives his + departing <span class="tei tei-q">“guest”</span> a few words of + helpful advice, bidding him Godspeed on his journey.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page30">[pg 30]</span> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">WHY SOCIETY SHOULD ACCORD HIM A + SQUARE DEAL</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The discharged + prisoner is now in the hands and at the mercy of society. If he is + accorded a square deal he may become a useful citizen. If it is his + misfortune to become associated with bigoted zealots who taunt him + with his past degradation the chances are that he will become a + criminal again and prove a source of great expense to the + state.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In closing this + chapter it would be well to suggest that every ex-convict is not a + dyed-in-the-wool villian, but that persecution may make him such in + the course of events. Is he entitled to a square deal? Most + assuredly so, especially if he is employed at honest work and his + every action shows determination to lead an upright life. He has + sinned against society, it is true, but without question he has + paid the debt of his transgression a hundred fold by his + imprisonment. Still, after all has been said, a bad reputation is a + difficult thing to live down, even that which clings to the free + citizen. The discharged prisoner's chief reliance, therefore, in + the final analysis is to so circumspectly conduct himself as to + place him above the carping criticisms of his new associates. If he + follows this course his neighbors are not likely to keep their eyes + on his <span class="tei tei-q">“cracked”</span> reputation.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/deco_p30.jpg"><img src="images/deco_p30.jpg" alt= + "Cell Door Decorative Illustration" /></a> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page31">[pg 31]</span> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">DEPARTMENTS AND INDUSTRIES OF THE + MINNESOTA STATE PRISON</span></h2> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.00em"> + THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + administration building is directly under the charge of Warden + Wolfer. He has the power to appoint all subordinate officers and + employes and discharge them for inefficiency and insubordination. + As chief executive officer of the prison, under the supervision + of the State Board of Control, the warden is directly responsible + for its successful management, the humane treatment and + reformation of the inmates placed in his care for safe + keeping.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Warden Wolfer + is one of the best prison men in this country and the enviable + reputation Minnesota's penitentiary has attained is due entirely + to his long and successful experience in handling criminals. He + has headed the Stillwater institution for nearly twenty years and + has conducted the affairs of the prison in a sane and + business-like manner. Under his unceasing vigilance the + institution has emerged from a non-paying to a profit-earning + enterprise, and today it is one of the best self-supporting + institutions in the world, for, in our opinion, Europe has + nothing that can compare with it. Mr. Wolfer has received many + flattering offers from other states to take charge of their penal + institutions, but he has declined, preferring to remain at the + head of the institution that he has worked so faithfully to + perfect.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page32">[pg 32]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The position + of warden of the Minnesota state prison is no sinecure, for that + presiding officer is one of the busiest men in the state. The + business connected with the twine plant, conducted almost + entirely on a mail-order basis, is colossal in itself, there + being nearly fifteen million pounds to be disposed of each year. + In addition to this important item the task of maintaining peace + and harmony among the officers, guards, employes and the (at + present) seven hundred prisoners assumes monumental proportions. + However, Mr. Wolfer has succeeded in performing this gigantic + labor for all concerned year in and year out with rare tact and + good judgment.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For + comparative purposes, the expenses ten years ago, with a + population of 504 prisoners, exceeded the earnings by $35,285.04, + whereas the earnings for 1906-7 were $329,735.70, a remarkable + showing indeed and speaking well for the executive ability of the + present management.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Warden Wolfer + is an excellent type of the successful self-made man. From a + guard in his youth at the Joliet (Ill.) penitentiary and later in + charge of the Detroit House of Correction, he was enabled to + accept the wardenship of the Stillwater, Minnesota, + institution.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are + several assistants employed in the executive department, where + the method of conducting the business of the prison is thoroughly + systematized and the organization is as nearly perfect as + possible. The warden is at all times in touch with every detail + of the institution and all correspondence of the prison, of + whatsoever nature, passes through his hands for final + disposition. He makes a trip each day through the various + departments, morning and afternoon, to personally ascertain that + everything is in proper order. This watchfulness produces good + results; for instance, a short time ago he <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page33">[pg 33]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page34">[pg 34]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page35">[pg 35]</span> found a guard in the act of assaulting a + prisoner and immediately discharged him. Again, he overheard a + guard using extremely abusive language toward a prisoner and + reduced his salary in consequence. As all such offenses are + posted on a bulletin board just outside of the warden's office + and in the corridor leading into the prison the officers and + guards are careful in their treatment of inmates under their + charge.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/davis.jpg"><img src="images/davis.jpg" alt= + "Horace W. Davis, Chief Clerk and Accounting Officer." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Horace W. Davis, Chief Clerk and Accounting Officer. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/mainstrt.jpg"><img src="images/mainstrt.jpg" + alt="Main Street Inside Prison Walls" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Main Street Inside Prison Walls + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/sundrill.jpg"><img src="images/sundrill.jpg" + alt="Convicts During Sunday Drill" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Convicts During Sunday Drill + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Minnesota + should rightly feel proud of her penal institution, and + especially of Warden Wolfer, who has advanced the prison to the + high standard of efficiency it occupies in the ranks of modern + penology.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center"> + The Deputy Warden's Headquarters</h3> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The deputy + warden ranks next to the warden in the administration duties of + Minnesota's penal institution; in fact, he is the warden's + right-hand man in conducting the disciplinary affairs of the + institution. Much depends upon his efficiency in promoting + harmony and goodwill among the prisoners.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The deputy + warden's office is located on the ground floor of the hospital + building, and it is here that all the statistical records of + incoming prisoners are preserved, such as the Bertillon + measurements, finger-print system, etc.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The duties + of the deputy warden are many and arduous. Mr. Backland has had + many years experience as a prison man and is very popular among + the officers, guards and employees. He is always courteous to + guards and prisoners alike. The following are the duties + governing the deputy warden:</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page36">[pg 36]</span> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + Duties of the Deputy Warden</h4> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">1. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">The Deputy Warden is the + assistant and agent of the Warden in the government and + management of the inmates of the prison—more particularly + in securing compliance with its rules by the subordinate + officers, employees and inmates.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">2. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall be present daily at the + prison from the hour of unlocking in the morning until + after the inmates shall have been locked up at night, + unless leave of absence has been granted by the Warden, + and he shall visit the prison occasionally at night, and + personally ascertain that the inmates are secure and that + the officers are on duty and alert.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">3. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">In the absence of the Warden, + the Deputy shall perform the duty of that office relating + to the government and management of the inmates of the + prison. His orders shall be respected and obeyed by + subordinate officers, guards, employees and inmates, so + far as relates to discipline and carrying out such rules + and orders of the Board of Control as are not otherwise + delegated.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">4. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Under the order of the Warden, + the Deputy Warden shall have special control and + direction of all officers under his own rank, and all + guards and employees of the prison, and shall be + responsible that everyone performs his respective duties + with intelligence, fidelity and zeal. It shall also be + his duty to promptly report to the Warden every neglect + of duty, impropriety, or misconduct, on the part of any + officer, guard, or employee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">5. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">The Deputy Warden shall be + minute in the inspection of every person when coming on + duty, especially armed guards, and of their arms, and + shall report to the Warden the name of any person who may + come on duty under the influence of intoxicants, or + without being in an appropriate uniform, or whose uniform + is not in good condition; and all who are unworthy or + inefficient from any cause.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">6. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He may grant leave of absence to + any officer, guard, or employee for a period of one day, + but no longer, without consulting the Warden, except on + emergent occasions, and then only in the absence of the + Warden. The Deputy Warden shall enforce obedience to the + rules and regulations, and to all orders given by the + Warden, and shall maintain, generally, the police and + discipline of the prison with the strictest exactness. + For <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page37">[pg 37]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page38">[pg 38]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page39">[pg 39]</span> that + purpose he shall frequently, during the day, but at + irregular intervals and without notice, visit the shops, + towers, yards, guardposts, hospital, kitchen, cells and + all other apartments of the prison, and the different + places where work is being done, and take every + precaution for the security of the place and its inmates. + And he shall see that the officers and guards are + vigilant and attentive to their duty, and that they keep + the inmates in their charge diligently employed during + the hours of labor.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">7. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall not permit any book, + pamphlet or newspaper to be read by, or be in possession + of, any subordinate officer, guard, foreman, or employee, + while on duty in or about the prison. Nor shall he permit + the use of liquor or smoking on the premises by any such + officer, instructor, guard, or employee, while on + duty.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">8. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">When an inmate is received the + Deputy Warden shall see that he is bathed, shaved and has + his hair cut, clothed in the suit of a second grade + inmate, and duly presented to the Physician for + examination, after which he shall measure him according + to the Bertillon system, and also carefully examine into + his past history and character, reporting same on blanks + furnished for that purpose, after which he shall assign + him to work under the direction of the Warden. He shall, + at short intervals, but irregularly examine the gates, + locks, doors, levers and gratings in and about the + prison, and see that they are in a good and safe + condition.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">9. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall exercise due vigilance + to see that there is no unnecessary waste or loss of the + property of the prison, and that there is the strictest + economy in the consumption and the use of supplies. Also + that thorough neatness, cleanliness and good order are + maintained throughout all the buildings and the + grounds.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">10. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall make himself acquainted + with the social habits and conduct of every subordinate + officer, guard or employee of the prison, and + particularly whether, when off duty, such officer, guard + or employee is a frequenter of saloons or other houses of + similar resort, or associates with idle or loose + characters, and report his information to the + Warden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">11. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall see that no material is + allowed to be placed near the enclosing walls, and that + nothing is accessible to inmates which might facilitate + escape. He shall especially see that all ladders are + properly secured.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">12. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">As all business must first be + directed through the office of the institution, he shall + have a vigilant eye over every person who may have + business with the prison, yards and workshops. And also + see that nothing which has not been authorized by + inspection in the office is carried in or out for inmates + or others; and that no communication is held by such + person with any inmate, except by authority granted, and + in the presence of an officer.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">13. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall, every night, before + relieving the officers and guards from duty, verify, by + actual count of inmates to be made by subordinates, the + written daily count report furnished him from the + office.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">14. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">As the prison reformatory law + affords to inmates the privilege of earning diminution of + imprisonment from maximum sentence, affects their grade + standing, and in consequence their chances for parole, it + will be incumbent upon all authorities of the prison to + give the strictest attention to the conduct of each, that + no injustice be done to any inmate or to the state. And + especially it shall be the duty of the Deputy Warden to + satisfy himself as to the behavior of each inmate, and + his industry, alacrity and zeal in the execution of his + work, so that he may be able to advise with the Warden as + to the merits and proper standing of each. For this + purpose he shall, when making his rounds, frequently + communicate with officers, guards and employees.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">15. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">All breaches of discipline, or + other offenses by an inmate, must be immediately reported + in writing by the officer in charge to the Deputy Warden, + who shall, at the earliest opportunity, make full inquiry + into the facts. And if he cannot easily excuse or correct + the offender without the infliction of a penalty, he will + make a full report to the Warden, at the earliest + practical moment, and inflict such punishment as may be + necessary under his direction.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">16. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">The Deputy Warden shall select + from the trusty inmates a sufficient number to compose a + well regulated fire department and assign them to their + respective duties and stations in conjunction and in + harmony with the Chief Engineer. Frequent tests of the + fire apparatus shall be made and frequent false alarms + given and runs made to test the efficiency of the + department.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">17. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall take careful invoice of + all personal property brought in by prisoners, and + deposit it with the Chief Clerk for safe keeping. It + shall also be his duty to store and preserve in as good + condition as possible the clothing worn by a prisoner + when requested to do so by said prisoner.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">18. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">The Deputy Warden will assign + inmates to the several employments and make details of + inmates to act as runners, messengers, or distributors of + material in shops or elsewhere, and will decide how far + such inmates may converse with other inmates, and give + them such permission if any is necessary, through the + officer in charge. He will, each day, make a written + report to the Warden, giving the number of inmates on the + previous day and how many were employed.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/backland.jpg"><img src="images/backland.jpg" + alt= + "Deputy Warden Backland's Office, with Inmate Clerk" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Deputy Warden Backland's Office, with Inmate Clerk + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/bandent.jpg"><img src="images/bandent.jpg" + alt="Prisoner's Band with Convicts Entering Cellhouse" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Prisoner's Band with Convicts Entering Cellhouse + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/womancel.jpg"><img src="images/womancel.jpg" + alt="Interior of Woman's Cell" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Interior of Woman's Cell + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/bandent2.jpg"><img src="images/bandent2.jpg" + alt= + "Band with Convicts Entering Cellhouse After Outing on Holiday" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Band with Convicts Entering Cellhouse After Outing on Holiday + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/bandent3.jpg"><img src="images/bandent3.jpg" + alt="Prisoner Band and Convicts Entering Cellhouse" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Prisoner Band and Convicts Entering Cellhouse + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/citleave.jpg"><img src="images/citleave.jpg" + alt= + "Citizens Who Work in Shoe-Shop Leaving Prison Through Main Gate" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Citizens Who Work in Shoe-Shop Leaving Prison Through Main + Gate + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/barber.jpg"><img src="images/barber.jpg" alt= + "Officer's Barber Shop with Inmate Barber" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Officer's Barber Shop with Inmate Barber + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/coolroom.jpg"><img src="images/coolroom.jpg" + alt="Room where Breads and Pastries are Cooled" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Room where Breads and Pastries are Cooled + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On this + floor are also located the punishment cells, the crank + department and the insane ward. At the present time there are + about twenty insane prisoners there and many are very dangerous + and quite difficult to handle. Mike Brennan has been locked in + this ward for many years. He is a life prisoner, has violent + homicidal tendencies and has attacked several prisoners before + being finally separated from his fellow inmates.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mike + Cunningham, who recently killed another prisoner and received a + life sentence, is confined in the crank department. Cunningham + is very treacherous. He conceals a sharp instrument about his + person to use whenever an opportunity presents itself. He is + guarded with great care by the officer in charge to see that he + obtains nothing of a dangerous nature.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Each + afternoon the deputy warden holds court in his office; at this + time all reports of the various guards are considered and + reprimands administered for violations of prison rules. The + charge is first read to the offender and he is permitted to + reply in his own defense. If he can prove extenuating + circumstances in excuse for his breach of the rules he is + excused; if not, reprimanded <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page41">[pg 41]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page42">[pg 42]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page43">[pg 43]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page44">[pg 44]</span> and perhaps deprived of his tobacco and + writing tickets for three or four weeks; without these tickets + the privilege is withheld.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is well + to state that no high-priced attorneys are retained by the + accused in this <span class="tei tei-q">“court”</span> in order + to locate a full-grown technicality whereby the chances of + escaping censure are greatly enhanced. If the inmate has + committed a serious offense the deputy warden is empowered to + order the culprit put in the solitary for several days on bread + and water.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Corporal + punishment is strictly prohibited, and no guard or officer is + permitted to <span class="tei tei-q">“club”</span> a prisoner + except in self defense or to quell a mutiny. The following are + the principal offenses for which prisoners are reported:</p> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Altering clothing.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Bed not properly made.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Clothing not in proper + order.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Communicating by signs.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Defacing property.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dilatory.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dirty cell or furnishings.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Disobedience.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Disturbance in cellhouse.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Fighting.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Hands in pockets.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Hands or face not clean.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Hair not combed.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Impertinence to visitors.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Insolence to officers.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Insolence to foremen.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Insolence to fellow + prisoners.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Inattentive in line.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Inattentive at work.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Inattentive in school.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Laughing and fooling.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Loud talk in cell.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Loud reading in cell.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Malicious mischief.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Not out of bed promptly.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Not at door for count.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Not wearing outside shirt.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Not promptly out of cell when + brake is drawn.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Out of place in shop or + line.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Profanity.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Quarreling.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Shirking.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Spitting on the floor.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Staring at visitors.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Stealing.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Trading.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Talking in chapel.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Talking in line.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Talking in school.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Talking at work.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Talking from cell to cell.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Talking in corridor.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Throwing away food.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/cellhous.jpg"><img src="images/cellhous.jpg" + alt= + "Cellhouse Looking West. In Front of Desk on Left New Arrival is p" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Cellhouse Looking West. In Front of Desk on Left New Arrival + is Searched + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/sickpark.jpg"><img src="images/sickpark.jpg" + alt= + "The Hospital in Background, and Sick Prisoners in Park" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + The Hospital in Background, and Sick Prisoners in Park + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page45">[pg 45]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page46">[pg 46]</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page47">[pg 47]</span> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.00em"> + THE HOSPITAL.</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This building + is located at the western end of the yard and at the head of the + main thoroughfare of the prison. It is modern, well lighted, + ventilated, has commodious rooms and a physician is always in + attendance. Dr. B. J. Merrill has been at the head of this + department for many years and is considered one of the best + physicians and surgeons in the state. He is assisted by a + resident physician constantly in attendance. The head physician + visits the prison each morning at nine o'clock and prescribes for + those present at <span class="tei tei-q">“sick call.”</span> This + call, as previously stated, takes place every morning, the men + being gathered from the various departments of the prison by the + assistant deputy warden.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Any prisoner + who is not feeling well need only inform his guard that he wishes + to see the doctor and his request is granted. This is obligatory + on the part of the guard, as the physician's orders are final in + such matters.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the + sick-call men arrive at the hospital they form in line just + outside the door and are called into the doctor's office one at a + time. The inmate states his complaint and his name and + prescription is entered on the records. If too sick to work he is + permitted to either stay in the hospital, loaf in the park or + remain in a cell for the day. There are several cells in the + cell-house which are used exclusively for this purpose. After the + chronic cases have been disposed of the chief physician attends + to the more serious ailments. He also prescribes the diet for the + sick prisoners, and if they order anything that is not in the + culinary department it is purchased at once.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The hospital + is well patronized by the inmates. During <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page48">[pg 48]</span> the month of July, 1908, + 2,018 cases were disposed of. But the building used for a + hospital is now altogether inadequate to accommodate the growing + demands of the institution, as the population of the prison has + practically doubled during the past decade.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to + epidemics the prison has been very fortunate and the mortality + list has been exceedingly small. The death rate for 1908 was only + nine, principally due to tuberculosis, a disease which is quite + prevalent in penitentiaries the world over.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the + summer months the convalescent patients are permitted the freedom + of the park all day. Those who are unable to walk are carried + down and given an opportunity to get the beneficial outdoor + air.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + rules give a clear idea of the duties of chief physician:</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + Duties of the Prison Physician</h4> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">1. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">The Physician shall visit the + prison every day, between the hours of seven and ten in + the morning, and examine and prescribe for all sick + inmates, and also at such other times as the condition of + the inmates may demand. He shall also visit all prisoners + in the sick cells who are unable to come to sick call. If + sent for at any time by the Warden or Deputy Warden to + attend an inmate he shall immediately do so to the + exclusion of all other engagements.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">2. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall examine every inmate on + his entering the prison, and record in a book for that + purpose his name, date of entrance, date of examination, + nationality and race of inmate, and of his parents; his + weight, stature and heredity, so far as affects his + criminality or health; also the condition of his heart, + lungs and other organs; the rate of pulse and + respiration; the measurement of the chest and abdomen, + and any existing disease, deformity or other acquired or + inherited disability, and he shall immediately vaccinate + him.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">3. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall keep a record of all + admissions to and discharges <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page49">[pg 49]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page50">[pg 50]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page51">[pg 51]</span> from the hospital, and of all + cases treated by him, with the name, number and the place + of the inmate, and the diagnosis and treatment, with such + observations as may assist in forming a perfect record of + each patient.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">4. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall make a written report + daily to the Warden of the attendance at the sick call in + the morning, and of the disposition made of those + reported sick. And also of all admissions to, and + discharges from the hospital.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">5. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall, every morning, + carefully examine all inmates in the solitary cells, or + in special restraint or punishment elsewhere, and shall + make a written report to the Warden as to the condition + of each. He shall be particular to report to the Warden + in writing any inmate whose health he thinks is being + injured by the punishment or restraint he is being + subjected to, and shall recommend such changes in such + inmate's diet or otherwise as he may think necessary. In + the absence of the Physician the Assistant Physician + shall make similar examinations every evening, and make a + written report to the Warden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">6. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">The Physician shall frequently, + and also whenever requested by the Warden, examine all of + the cells of the inmates, the plumbing and cell + ventilators, for the purpose of ascertaining whether they + are kept in a proper state of cleanliness and ventilation + and in a good sanitary condition and report their + condition to the Warden and to the official who made the + request.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">7. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall, whenever requested by + the Warden, and also whenever he thinks proper, examine + the quality of the provisions and condition of the food + provided for inmates. Whenever he shall find that any + provisions are unwholesome, or that the food is + insufficient, or for any reason prejudicial to their + health, he shall immediately make report thereof to the + Warden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">8. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall have full control over + the patients in the hospital, subject to the rules of the + prison and instructions of the Warden, and shall give + daily instructions as to the treatment of each patient to + the assistant physician and his orders must be + followed.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">9. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">In case an inmate claims to be + unable to labor by reason of sickness or other + disability, the Physician shall examine such inmate. If, + in his opinion, such inmate is unable to labor, or his + occupation should be changed, he shall immediately + certify <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page52">[pg + 52]</span> the fact to the Warden. Such inmate shall + thereupon be released from labor or his occupation be + changed or he be admitted to the hospital or elsewhere + for medical treatment, as the Physician shall direct, + having due regard for the safe keeping of such inmate. + When he certifies that such inmate is sufficiently + recovered to be able to labor the inmate may be required + to do so.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">10. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall, whenever requested to + do so by the Warden, make a careful examination of any + inmate, and make a written report of his physical and + mental condition.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">11. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Whenever an inmate, in the + opinion of the Physician, becomes insane, he shall + certify the fact to the Warden, giving his reasons + therefor, and make a full statement of the mental and + physical condition of the prisoner, together with his + opinion as to what disposition should be made of + him.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">12. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">When an inmate dies the + Physician shall record the cause of death and all the + circumstances connected therewith, and as full a history + of the previous health of the prisoner as he may be able, + and immediately report the information to the + Warden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">13. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">When the Physician considers it + necessary, or when requested by the Warden, to make a + post-morten examination of the body of a deceased inmate, + he shall do so within twenty-four hours thereafter, if + possible, and shall immediately make a written report of + the result of his examination to the Warden as to the + cause of death. He shall also call the coroner of the + county whenever he may deem it proper to do so.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">14. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">The Physician may be assigned an + assistant to be designated as Assistant Physician and + such number of nurses as may be necessary to properly + care for the sick. Such Assistant Physician shall be + selected by the Warden with the approval of the + Physician, and shall carry out in full the Physician's + orders in the care of the sick.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">15. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall keep such books, and in + such form as may be ordered by the Board of Control and + by the Warden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">16. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">He shall report in writing to + the Warden for the information of the Board of Control at + its monthly meeting, the patients received into the + hospital or treated in the cells or elsewhere during the + preceding month, stating their respective ages, diseases, + previous occupations in prison, the time they have + remained <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page53">[pg + 53]</span> in the hospital or cells, the date of + commencement and termination of treatment, and number of + days during which such patients, in consequence of + sickness, have been relieved from labor. Also the death + and cause thereof, transfers to Insane Asylums and such + other facts, with recommendations, as he desires to + submit.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">17. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">At the close of each biennial + period the Physician shall make a report to the Board of + Control as to the sanitary condition of the prison during + the biennial period just passed, in which he shall + present, in summarized form, all information included in + his daily and monthly reports. The Physician will be + responsible for all instruments and supplies in his + department.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/lifer.jpg"><img src="images/lifer.jpg" alt= + "Hospital Cell and Life Prisoner" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Hospital Cell and Life Prisoner + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/exerdril.jpg"><img src="images/exerdril.jpg" + alt="Prisoner's Exercise Drill on Sunday" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Prisoner's Exercise Drill on Sunday + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/celldoc.jpg"><img src="images/celldoc.jpg" + alt="Hospital Cells, Prison Doctor and Inmates" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Hospital Cells, Prison Doctor and Inmates + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.00em"> + HALLUCINATIONS OF A FEW PRISONERS</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Like all other + penitentiaries, the Minnesota State Prison contains its quota of + inmates who are slightly demented, or who have periodical fits of + hallucinations. When these unfortunates give oral demonstrations + in the evening after the prisoners have retired and all is quiet + for the night they furnish considerable amusement. Their mental + state, of course, is deplored by all, and it is only their + language that arouses the risibilities of fellow prisoners.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + THE TELEGRAPH OPERATOR.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of these + men imagined himself to be an operator in St. Paul; that he had + a train going out and one coming in on the same line. He was + vigorously tapping away on one of the walls of his cell when a + night guard asked him what troubled him. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This,”</span> said the prisoner in all + seriousness, <span class="tei tei-q">“is a telegraph station in + St. Paul.”</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page54">[pg + 54]</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Well, you had better cut + this out and go to bed; the prisoners can't sleep with all this + fuss going on.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Fuss + nothing,”</span> angrily retorted the prisoner, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I'm attending strictly to business! The Governor + is on one of those trains and if there is a wreck there will be + trouble!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The captain + of the night watch immediately sent for the deputy warden to + suppress the <span class="tei tei-q">“operator,”</span> who, + when he arrived, and after a sharp command to be quiet, without + glancing up from his <span class="tei tei-q">“key”</span> + ordered the deputy to go away and <span class="tei tei-q">“not + interrupt him.”</span> Of course this rejoinder caused the + other inmates to burst out laughing, and no amount of + discipline could check their merriment. By this time it was + necessary to open the cell door and take the operator bodily + from his <span class="tei tei-q">“key”</span> and transfer him + to the observation ward at the solitary. Just as he was + relieved from <span class="tei tei-q">“duty”</span> he shrieked + at the deputy, <span class="tei tei-q">“You will catch h— if + those two trains come together!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + THE BEDBUG INCIDENT.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For some + unaccountable reason the cellhouse building is infested with + bedbugs, notwithstanding the fact that every effort is made to + exterminate them. An afflicted prisoner one day stepped up to + the deputy warden, respectfully gave the customary military + salute, and, with a solemn face that would do credit to a judge + about to impose the death penalty, remarked: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Say deputy, I have a complaint to make.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“All right, proceed,”</span> said the + deputy. <span class="tei tei-q">“Well,”</span> continued the + prisoner, <span class="tei tei-q">“there are about five hundred + inmates who pass my cell every day going to and from their work + and each man throws a bedbug into my cell. This d— foolishness + has to be stopped or there will be something doing,”</span> and + the man looked as though he meant business. Telling of the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page55">[pg 55]</span> incident + afterwards, the deputy said that the story was so absurd he + could scarcely refrain from laughing.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: left"> + THE X-RAY MACHINE.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There was + also a prisoner whose particular form of dementia was in + imagining that the man in the cell above him persited in + turning an X-ray machine on him, and the imprecations that he + would voice every now and then are unprintable. The incident + had its laughable side, nevertheless, and an outburst from him + was always very amusing.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So, too, + were the demonstrations of the man who imagined that he had a + river on his back that emptied into his left ear. Every now and + then he would exclaim, <span class="tei tei-q">“Boys, the river + is rising,”</span> or that the <span class="tei tei-q">“river + was drying up.”</span> He was absolutely harmless, but a trifle + noisy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: left"> + IMAGINES HIMSELF PRESIDENT.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At present + there is a life prisoner confined in the Minnesota State Prison + who constantly imagines himself the President of the United + States. He is a Russian, was considered quite harmless until a + few years ago, when he threatened to kill the deputy warden, + and was removed to the crank department. His conversations were + very ludicrous, continually promising the boys who talked with + him that <span class="tei tei-q">“as soon as he was pardoned + (which was always soon) he would appoint them”</span> to the + various positions at the disposal of the chief executive. As a + humorist he was on a par with the inmate who imagines that his + cell is full of ghosts. Every now and then this man proceeds to + drive out these unwelcome intruders, and swears at them + roundly. He becomes very noisy during this driving out process + and the night guards <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page56">[pg + 56]</span> frequently command him to desist. When assured that + the ghosts are all out of his cell he remains quiet the rest of + the evening. These spells occur frequently, and there is little + question but that the man really believes that ghosts are in + his cell.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + PRISON HUMOR.</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Several years + ago there was an inmate in the Stillwater penitentiary who + unconsciously perpetrated one of the best jokes that had been + heard at the institution for some time. He was a German and a + hard-working carpenter by trade. He was honest to a fault and led + a model life while on the outside. The crime for which he was + sentenced was assault on a fellow workman, and for this offense + he received a two-year sentence at the Stillwater penitentiary. + He was immediately put to work for the Minnesota Thresher Co., + being assigned work in one of the carpenter shops. One day he + forgot to take his plug of chewing tobacco with him to the shop, + having left it laying on the small table in his cell. That + evening when he came in from work he found the plug of tobacco + missing. He at once began calling for one of the night guards, + and on that gentleman's arrival the prisoner remarked:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Say, Mr. Guard, dere must pe thieves in dis here + blace. Mine tobacco's she was gone, und I harms noboddies. I dink + ve petter send for dere bolicemans und catch sum uf dem + rascals.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The foregoing + story is absolutely authentic, and was told again and again by + the prisoners who appreciate a good joke as keenly as their free + brothers. It also brings out rather forcibly the fact that, + notwithstanding the man was in prison, he was still honest.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page57">[pg 57]</span> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + THE VERSATILE PRISONER.</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is quite + generally known that the prisoners at the Minnesota state prison + are prohibited from talking, and what conversation there is, + generally takes place on a holiday or is permitted in cases where + their work makes talking necessary. One day there was committed + to the prison a man who was proficient in a dozen different + languages. The deputy warden was examining the man as to his + birth, nationality, religion, etc., and when he asked the + prisoner his nationality he replied that he could talk in several + different languages. <span class="tei tei-q">“Hump,”</span> + grunted the deputy, <span class="tei tei-q">“we talk English here + and d— little of that.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center"> + CAPT. <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: center">“JACK”</span> CRAWFORD'S JOKE ON THE + GUARDS.</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Several years + ago the poet-scout, Capt. <span class="tei tei-q">“Jack”</span> + Crawford, delivered a lecture in the prison chapel to the + inmates. In passing it is well to state that this well-known + lecturer makes it a point to visit the various penal and + charitable institutions throughout the country free of charge, + hence his friendly call at the Stillwater prison.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the + course of Mr. Crawford's remarks he paused in his discourse and + said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Men, I heartily sympathize with + you for being in the unfortunate condition you are, but (and the + speaker pointed his hands at each side of the room where the + guards were stationed) if these high-toned gentlemen in blue + uniforms were dressed in the same clothes you are and placed + among you, why I couldn't tell the difference between + you!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This + unintentional joke at the guards caused a great deal of applause, + but when Mr. Crawford's remarks are <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page58">[pg 58]</span> examined by cold, logic, it will be found + that he simply told the truth and that the dissimilarity is a + question of clothes and nothing else.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center"> + FEEDING THE DONKEYS.</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the + prison band was first organized the inmate musicians made a noise + that was something indescribable. It sounded like a sawmill + blowing up, or a handsaw striking a 60-penny spike. One day one + of the highly-strung nervous chaps went up to the deputy warden + and asked permission to buy a bale of hay.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“What do you want hay for?”</span> asked the + deputy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Why,”</span> replied the prisoner, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I would like to present a bale of hay to those + jackasses in the park who are making all that confounded + noise.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + TRICKS OF PRISONERS WHO SHAM ILLNESS</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A prison is + not an admirable place for those disinclined to work. A man + occasionally succeeds in hoodwinking the authorities for a time, + but this rarely occurs. Whenever there is a reasonable doubt the + prisoner is given the benefit of it. A case in particular is that + of one Mr. B., who complained that the entire lower part of his + body was paralyzed and that he was unable to walk. He was given a + pair of crutches and put in the hospital ward, where he lived + well, his wants supplied by the attendants and where he had + absolutely nothing to do. The doctors suspected that he was + faking and secretly applied tests to verify their belief. + Evidently the man was on his guard and fully acquainted with the + various modes of procedure in such cases, for he stood the tests + unflinchingly.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page59">[pg + 59]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Finally Warden + Wolfer took his case under personal charge and evolved a plan + that the clever prisoner had not figured on as one of the + possibilities of detection. The strategy was this: A + newly-appointed guard was dressed in a third-grade suit of + convict clothes on the day when the prisoners in the crank + department were given their weekly shave. Mr. B. was sitting on + the bench waiting to be shaved. The deputy warden stepped into + the room with the alleged third-grade prisoner and gruffly + ordered him to be seated, then turned to the barber and told him + to shave the third-grade man next, as he was in a hurry. Not an + inkling of suspicion flashed across Mr. B.'s brain. In the door + leading into this ward a small peep-hole is arranged, enabling + the guard to look into the room without entering. The warden was + stationed behind this door to observe the results of this scheme. + As the third-grade <span class="tei tei-q">“prisoner”</span> sat + down to be shaved he suddenly seized one of the barber's razors, + and, with a whoop, jumped out of the chair and made for the + <span class="tei tei-q">“helpless”</span> Mr. B., who immediately + cast aside his crutches and rushed down the corridor to escape + from the supposed demented <span class= + "tei tei-q">“prisoner.”</span> The fact that his legs were + paralyzed and that he was acting a part was entirely + forgotten.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At this stage + of the proceedings the warden entered the room and informed the + crestfallen Mr. B. that the comedy was over. At first he was + inclined to continue the paralytic roll, but when informed that + he had the option of going to work or taking an indefinite stay + on a bread-and-water diet he wisely chose the first alternative, + and for the remainder of his term gave no more trouble.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another case + of shirking is that of Mr. M., who is a life prisoner and who has + spent over a quarter of a <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page60">[pg 60]</span> century behind the bars of Minnesota's + famous penal institution. He insisted that something was wrong + with his limbs and that he could not walk; that he needed the + assistance of crutches, but one night one of the nurses observed + him walking back and forth in his cell, evidently taking a needed + constitutional. He was sent to work in a few days and is today + walking as successfully as ever. He employed this deception for + many years.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.00em">A + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“HORSE”</span> + ON THE PRISON PHYSICIAN.</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some time ago + there arrived at the prison a man who appeared to be, as far as + visible appearances were concerned, a chronic sufferer from + epileptic fits. On the day he entered prison he had two of these + fits, and almost every day thereafter they occurred with + surprising frequency. The assistant physician was always called + on these occasions, but could do nothing for the sufferer, he + being thoroughly convinced that the fits were the real article. + The prisoner was given an easy position in the cellhouse, as it + was considered too dangerous to have him working in the shops + alongside of the machines, belting, etc.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Finally, + however, this easy job began to pall on the epileptic prisoner's + nerves; and he asked the deputy warden to be transferred to the + shops. <span class="tei tei-q">“I can't do it,”</span> said the + deputy, <span class="tei tei-q">“as it would be against the + physician's orders to change your work.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Well, if that is the case I will have to cut out the + fit business,”</span> replied the prisoner.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“What do you mean?”</span> asked the deputy + warden.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“These fits are all fakes,”</span> smilingly retorted + the prisoner, <span class="tei tei-q">“and I can cut them out any + time.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page61">[pg + 61]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The only way you can convince me that these + epileptic fits are not genuine is to stop having them. If you do + this for thirty days, I will give you any job you + want.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The prisoner + got the job, greatly to the mystification of the physicians and + the deputy warden.</p> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + ESCAPES FROM PRISON</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There has been + but one successful escape during the eighteen years that Warden + Wolfer has had charge of the prison. A capture was, however, + effected a few days later. The escape was neatly planned, and the + <span class="tei tei-q">“loophole”</span> through which he + crawled could only have been detected by one who was constantly + looking for a chance to <span class="tei tei-q">“fly the + coop,”</span> using a prisoner's expression. Opportunity came to + him in the following manner: It was the custom of the captain of + the cellhouse to unlock the doors immediately after the men had + left their cells. In the fall of the year it is still quite dark + when the prisoners march into the dining room to breakfast. On + the morning that Mr. B. made his escape he simply remained in his + cell, and as soon as the captain of the cell house unlocked the + side doors and went back to his desk came out of his cell, + cautiously made his way out of one of the side doors and made a + beeline for the wall near the railroad gate, negotiating the same + near this point. The wall guard imagined that he saw some one go + over the top of the wall and fired several shots in that + direction, but it was still very dark and he was uncertain just + what it was. The prisoner got away without a scratch, but, as + previously stated, was recaptured a few days later. Shot by a + farmer whom he tried to rob and received a bad bullet wound in + one of his ankles. The farmer, however, was not aware of his + identity,—had ordered <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page62">[pg + 62]</span> him off his premises, but the prisoner acted in a + threatening manner and was thereupon shot.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About + seventeen years ago another attempt to escape was made by a + desperate young fellow and two companions. They evaded the guard, + slipped out of the shop near the wagon gate and then waited where + they were not observed; then a dash for freedom through this big + double gate as it swung open to permit a team to pass out. All + three were apprehended shortly afterwards under the warehouse + building of the Minnesota Thresher Co., where they had sought + temporary refuge. This was just opposite the prison. It is very + improbable that any more attempts will be made through this gate, + a guard now being stationed on the wall above the gate and one + across the street. Formerly there was but one guard in charge of + the gate, which had a tendency to invite attack at this + quarter.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/band.jpg"><img src="images/band.jpg" alt= + "Prison Band" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Prison Band + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/bandpark.jpg"><img src="images/bandpark.jpg" + alt="Prison Band In Park" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Prison Band In Park + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/trainbak.jpg"><img src="images/trainbak.jpg" + alt= + "Prison Train Backing Into Prison Yard to be Loaded with Twine" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Prison Train Backing Into Prison Yard to be Loaded with Twine + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/trainleav.jpg"><img src="images/trainleav.jpg" + alt="Train Leaving Prison Yard After Loading" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Train Leaving Prison Yard After Loading + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About + twenty-five years ago a prisoner, Frank Landis by name, made as + successful an escape as was ever made from any institution. He + sawed the bars on one of the cell house windows, squeezed himself + through and has never been heard from since. Landis had arrived + in St. Paul one day and victimized business men out of nearly + twenty-five thousand dollars. He represented himself to be the + son of a rich merchant of La Crosse, Wis., and, to allay + suspicion, invited one of the merchants to telegraph at his + expense as to his credentials. He evidently had a confederate at + the other end of the line, as word came back that he was O. K. + After getting this merchant to cash his checks he next induced + him to introduce the generous buyer to other merchants, the + aforesaid merchant vouching for his standing in each instance. + One <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page63">[pg 63]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page64">[pg 64]</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page65">[pg 65]</span> man became suspicious, + and early the next morning communicated with La Crosse and + received immediate advice that the name was unknown. Then the + hunt for Landis began, but he had departed for parts unknown, was + later captured and received twenty years in the Stillwater + penitentiary. Here his stay was of short duration, as he soon + made his escape.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On a previous + page we stated that there had been but one escape from the + Minnesota State Prison since Mr. Wolfer has been warden. + Recently, however, a <span class="tei tei-q">“trusty,”</span> who + had been acting as coachman, took advantage of the freedom + allowed him and disappeared. This is not considered by the + officials as an escape in the true sense of the word. Below we + give the <span class="tei tei-q">“trusty's”</span> picture with + the Bertillon Measurements.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/petwray.jpg"><img src="images/petwray.jpg" alt= + "Allus Petwray" /></a> + </div> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Height, 1 m 75 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Height 5 ft. 9 in.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Outs A 1 m 82</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Trunk 90</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Head Length 19.8</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Head Width 15.3</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Cheek Width 13.6</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">R. Ear 7.2</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">L. Foot 27.4d1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">L. Mid F. 11.6</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">L. Lit. F. 9.2</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">L Forearm 48.1</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page66">[pg 66]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Name, Allus + Petwray, No. 2654. Nationality, African; age, 30; color, Negro; + build, muscular; complexion, M. brown; hair, black; eyes, Mar. + deep; weight. 161.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sentenced + March 1, 1909; term, 2½ years. From Polk county, for the crime of + grand larceny, second degree.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Marks and + scars: 1 cut:- hor. rec. 1.5 c at 3 d ph. R. III-Cut:- rec. hor. + 4c at on & sr. of cen. sr. brw. III-Cic;- rec. ob. 1c at slt. + over & sr. out. pt. sr. eye. III-cut:-rec. ver. sit. ob. 3c + at 2.5 to front dx. tragus. III-Cut:-rec. ob. 8c at 3 over dx. + ear.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Occupation, + coachman.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This + photograph and record of Bertillon Measurements has been sent + broadcast to all the police departments in the United States and + Canada, and his recapture will probably be <span class= + "tei tei-q">“only a question of time.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center"> + BREAKING INTO PRISON</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have just + related some cases where men have broken out of prison, and it is + in order to state the facts regarding a robbery that took place + at the prison. A man actually broke into prison for the purpose + of stealing. He had procured a rope ladder and scaled one of the + rear walls, made his way to the Western Shoe company's factory + and selected the finest case of shoes he could find. He then + retraced his way to the wall, tied a rope to the case of shoes, + climbed up and went away as though the act of stealing shoes from + a penitentiary was an every-day accomplishment for him. He was + also captured, and it was then discovered that he had been a + former inmate, accounting for his familiarity with the grounds. + The place is constantly patroled by two night watchmen, and it is + still a mystery how he managed to evade them. This act might have + been performed out of a spirit of reckless bravado to demonstrate + to the other inmates that he was fully capable. His little stunt, + however, cost him another residence of three and one-half years + at the prison.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page67">[pg 67]</span> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center"> + THE PAROLE SYSTEM</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The state of + Minnesota was one of the first to introduce the grading and + parole systems in its prison. Speaking of this feature, Warden + Wolfer says:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“We have paroled 934 prisoners since the parole law + went into effect in 1894. We now have 72 prisoners on parole, + three of whom are females. Of those paroled 716 were committed on + a definite sentence, and 218 on Reformatory Plan.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The grading and parole law continues to work + satisfactorily and gives much promise and encouragement for the + future. We are often disappointed by the failure of promising + parole men to make good, but on the other hand, we are as often + encouraged by the less promising who have made good beyond our + most sanguine expectations. All of which demonstrates the + limitation of human judgment and the difficulty of <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘reading the human heart aright.’</span> Most of + those who break parole are carried over the line by some + weakness, usually intemperance, a weakness that they do not seem + able to control.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“We are glad to be able to say that our expedience + with the grading and parole system gives us growing encouragement + and hope for the future, because we believe we have hopeful and + satisfying evidence that few men break their parole because of + the desire to do wrong. As a rule, the parole breaker heartily + regrets his misstep, and frequently will make good if given + another chance.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The parole embodies those ethical principles of + conduct that make for normal life and good character. Rationally + and constructively applied, it builds up and encourages manhood + and at the same time it discourages a disposition to yield to + weakening impulses that lead to wrongdoing. Every possible effort + should be made to apprehend and return the fugitive parole + breaker, for if allowed to remain at large he is almost sure to + become a confirmed criminal. Therefore, a more thorough + supervision of paroled prisoners is necessary, and a more + accurate system for the apprehension and identification of parole + breakers seems imperative in every state, and throughout the + country, wherever the parole system is in + vogue.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page68">[pg + 68]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Of the 934 prisoners paroled 59 per cent were + finally discharged by reason of expiration of definite sentence; + 13 2-3 per cent, who were committed on the Reformatory Plan, were + discharged by the board after having given satisfactory evidence + of a desire and purpose to live honestly and become good + citizens; 19 2-3 per cent of the whole number paroled violated + their paroles; 17 1-3 per cent of the whole number were returned + to prison to serve unexpired sentences, leaving 2 1-3 per cent + parole violators now at large.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This system + has had a marked tendency to improve the discipline of the + prison, for it impels inmates to bend every effort to merit this + consideration at the hands of the state authorities. The state + law governing the parole of prisoners from the penitentiary is as + follows:</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center"> + THE PAROLE LAW</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-variant: bold">Parole of + Prisoners,</span></em>—The State Board of Control may parole any + prisoner: Provided,</p> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">1. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">No convict shall be paroled who + has been previously convicted of a felony other than the + one for which he is serving sentence, either in this state + or elsewhere.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">2. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">No convict serving a time sentence + shall be paroled until he shall have served at least + one-half of his full term, not reckoning good time.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">3. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">No convict serving a life sentence + shall be paroled until he has served thirty-five years, + less the diminution which would have been allowed for good + conduct had his sentence been for thirty-five years, and + then only by unanimous consent, in writing, of the members + of the Board of Pardons.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">4. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Such convicts while on parole + shall remain in the legal custody and under control of the + Board of Control, subject at any time to be returned to the + prison or reformatory, and the written order of said board, + certified by the Warden, shall be a sufficient warrant to + any officer to retake and return to actual custody any such + convict. Geographical limits wholly within <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page69">[pg 69]</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page70">[pg 70]</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page71">[pg 71]</span> the state may be + fixed in each case, and the same enlarged or reduced + according to the conduct of the prisoners.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">5. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">In considering applications for + parole said board shall not entertain any petition, receive + any written communication, or bear any argument from any + attorney or other person not connected with said prison, in + favor of the parole of any prisoner, but it may institute + inquiries by correspondence or otherwise as to the previous + history or character of such prisoner.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the present + time nearly all the states have inaugurated the parole and + grading system similar to the law in operation in this state, and + some are considering the advisability of introducing the system. + This law is one of the best measures of the so-called modern + penology and one in which the leading authorities on such matters + feel the most pride.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/safeblow.jpg"><img src="images/safeblow.jpg" + alt="Dynamited Safe, Stephen, Minn." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + This cut shows the condition of the safe and office of the + State Bank of Stephen, Minn., after being wrecked by dynamite. + This was done by three men. One escaped, one gave state's + evidence and the other is now serving a term at the Minnesota + State Prison. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/wardenof.jpg"><img src="images/wardenof.jpg" + alt="Warden's Office" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Warden's Office + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center"> + DIMINUTION OF SENTENCE</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + law will give the reader an idea of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“good time”</span> the prisoner earns during + imprisonment, and is another powerful incentive toward good + conduct. Few prisoners permit themselves to commit violations of + rules, the gravity of which subjects them to punishment. A man + may be deprived of good time for refusing to obey an order, + fighting, insolence to guard, foreman or fellow-prisoner.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-variant: bold">Diminution of + Sentence.</span></em>—Every convict sentenced for a definite term + other than life, whether confined in the state prison or on + parole therefrom, may diminish such term as follows:</p> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">1. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">For each month, commencing on the + day of his arrival, during which he has not violated any + prison rule or discipline, and has labored with diligence + and fidelity, five days.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">2. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">After one year of such conduct, + seven days for each month.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">3. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">After two years of such conduct, + nine days for each month.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">4. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">After three years, ten days for + each month for the entire time thereafter.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Said board, in + view of the aggravated nature and frequency of offenses, may take + away any or all of the good time previously gained, and, in + consideration of mitigating circumstances or ignorance on the + part of the convict, may afterwards restore him, in whole or in + part, to the standing he possessed before such good time was + taken away. Whenever a convict shall pass the entire period of + his imprisonment without an unexcused violation of the rules or + discipline, upon his discharge he shall be restored to his rights + and privileges forfeited by conviction, and receive from the + governor a certificate, under the seal of the state, as evidence + of such restoration</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + DISCHARGE ALLOWANCE</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In some states + there is little or no provision for aiding the discharged + prisoner, and in some states when parole is granted his + prospective employer must first send railroad fare before he is + released. In many states the discharged man is given five dollars + in money, while in others he is permitted to earn money during + his imprisonment. The following is the law that governs in the + state of Minnesota:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Upon discharge + the Warden, at the expense of the state, shall furnish each + convict released with one good, serviceable suit of clothing and + underclothing, and, when released between October 1 and March 31 + following, with a good, serviceable overcoat; and he shall pay to + each convict, when released, $25 in money drawn from the current + expense fund.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/decop181.jpg"><img src="images/decop181.jpg" + alt="Decoration: Keys, Ball and Chain" /></a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page73">[pg 73]</span> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center"> + THE CELLHOUSE BUILDING</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Within the + cellhouse building there are 664 cells, ranged tier upon tier, + there being six in all. The building is constructed entirely of + iron and stone, and the walls are nearly three feet thick. It is + safe to say that in this solidly built building more human sorrow + is represented than anywhere else in the state. If an authentic + record could be made of the tragedies that take place behind + these grim, unsympathetic stone walls it would fill volumes. + However, it would require the enviable intellect of a Victor Hugo + or Charles Read to vividly picture the utter despair and blasted + hopes of the many thousands who have been imprisoned within these + cheerless walls since the construction of the building. It is + absolutely fireproof, but quite antiquated, the sanitation and + ventilation being extremely poor. About fifteen prisoners are + employed in the cell house, sweeping cells, galleries, passing + out water, holystoning the flags in the corridor and keeping the + place as clean as possible. Two men are constantly employed in + whitewashing the cells and the interior of the cell house, and + another's time is wholly occupied in exterminating bedbugs, which + are quite plentiful and possess large appetites.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The captain + makes a tour of the galleries each morning and inspects each cell + to see that everything is in order. If a cell floor or other + articles are in a slovenly condition the inmate is reported to + the deputy warden, whose duty it is to administer a reprimand for + negligence. While making this four of inspection he delivers all + incoming letters addressed to prisoners. All incoming and + outgoing mail is carefully scrutinized before delivery. On Sunday + morning material for writing letters <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page74">[pg 74]</span> is issued to all prisoners who are + permitted to write, and the distribution of tobacco is also made + at this time. The upper tiers of the galleries used to be the + rendezvous for inmates possessing suicidal inclinations, not a + few of whom, having lost all courage and lacking the + determination to live, chose this method of ending their woes. We + use the words <span class="tei tei-q">“used to be”</span> + advisedly, for they have ceased to be an attraction to the + death-desiring since the failure to accomplish the result + occurred to an inmate who a short time ago took the plunge from + the upper tier. In an hour or so he was at work as if nothing + unusual had happened. Heretofore a plunge from the upper tiers to + the stone flags always meant a call for the undertaker.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/celleast.jpg"><img src="images/celleast.jpg" + alt="Cellhouse, Looking East" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Cellhouse, Looking East + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/band2.jpg"><img src="images/band2.jpg" alt= + "Prison Band" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Prison Band + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/spinrm1.jpg"><img src="images/spinrm1.jpg" alt= + "Spinning Room In Twine Factory looking West." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Spinning Room In Twine Factory looking West. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/spinrm2.jpg"><img src="images/spinrm2.jpg" alt= + "Spinning Room In Twine Factory looking East." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Spinning Room In Twine Factory looking East. + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page75">[pg 75]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page76">[pg 76]</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page77">[pg 77]</span> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + THE CHAUTAUQUA CIRCLE</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is in + existence in the Minnesota State Prison a Chautauqua circle, + being a branch of the main organization, conducted entirely by + the inmates and the presiding officers elected from the members + thereof.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Election of + officers occurs once a year. Meetings are held fortnightly in the + prison chapel, at which time several papers are read and + discussed by the members. At the conclusion of the meeting a + critic chosen from the circle reviews the program, points out + various errors in composition papers or commends them as the case + may be.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The membership + of this unique organization numbers about thirty, and as old + members withdraw new ones are selected from the better educated + prisoners. Meetings are always conducted in an orderly manner, + not a snigle serious violation of the rules having occurred since + the organization—about twenty years ago. Discussions at times + becomes exceedingly spirited, especially if a paper is read that + attacks the pet hobbies of the several members.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As an + educational feature of the institution the Chautauqua circle is + accomplishing excellent work and deserves the sincere patronage + and commendation of the prison authorities.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center"> + BAND AND ORCHESTRA</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Like the + majority of the better-class prisons, Minnesota's penitentiary + has the honor of having within its walls a well-equipped band and + orchestra. They are in charge of an experienced citizen-music + teacher, and have made <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page78">[pg + 78]</span> remarkable progress since organization. About nineteen + members compose the band, mostly men who have a long time to + serve.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The orchestra + provides music for the services in the prison chapel, and when + entertainments are given provides the musical numbers on the + program. Of late years it has attained a degree of efficiency + that has been commended very highly by prominent visitors to the + institution.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The band gives + a concert each morning during the summer months and also during + drill exercises, which take place in the yard every Sunday + immediately after chapel service. Concerts are also given in the + park on holidays, when the men are enjoying outdoor freedom, + which the inmates appreciate very much, helping wonderfully to + break the dull, routine monotony of prison life. The band and + orchestra cost the state very little, its instruments are paid + for out of the fees received from visitors, who pay a twenty-five + cent admission to see the institution. This amount is donated for + the benefit of the library fund.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.00em"> + PRISON NIGHT SCHOOL</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The prison + that now neglects to provide suitable educational facilities for + the instruction of its inmates is considered behind the times. A + great many inmates of penitentiaries are illiterate, and the + prison night schools afford an excellent opportunity to acquire + the fundamentals of a good education. This department is under + the supervision of the superintendent of public schools of + Stillwater, who is assisted by a corps of teachers chosen from + among the inmates. The course of study <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page79">[pg 79]</span> corresponds to the course pursued in + the state primary and grammar schools. There are fourteen + classes, ranging from a, b, c class to one in advanced + bookkeeping. Three sessions are held weekly, and the school is + popular among the prisoners. Those serving reformatory sentences + are compelled to attend, but the voluntary attendance is always + in excess of the compulsory. During the season of 1907-08 the + average attendance was 164, and of this number 48 were compelled + to attend, while the balance, 116, attended voluntarily.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The prison + night school is in operation eight months during the year, and is + well partronized, many inmates receiving their first instructions + in reading and writing during their period of service. To the + ambitious man there is plenty of opportunity for + self-improvement, so it can readily be seen that no one need + wholly waste the time that he is compelled to serve for + infraction of state laws. When school is not in session inmates + are granted permission to have all the school books they require + in pursuance of studies.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center"> + THE SHOE INDUSTRY.</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This factory + is conducted by the Western Shoe Co., and annually employs about + 225 prisoners. There is an excellent opportunity here for the + inmate to learn a trade at which he can make a good living upon + his release. Few citizens are employed at this work, but a + competent citizen-foreman is in charge of each shop. As far as + possible prisoners are taught the business of making shoes, and + many of them become very proficient at this work.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The company + pays a stated price for each piece of <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page80">[pg 80]</span> work turned out, and the per diem + earnings of the prisoners is larger than in any other prison in + the country. The volume of business of these two industries + amounts annually to more than $2,000,000. Of this total, returns + from the twine factory, operated on state account, amount to + $1,300,000, while the shoe company, operated on the piece-price + system, does a business in excess of $800,000.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.00em"> + THE REPAIR SHOP.</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All the repair + work of the institution is performed in this department, and in + this shop are located the tinner, plumbers, carpenters, painters, + machinists, etc., all under the supervision of a first-class + foreman. The tinner makes all the tinware used in the various + departments of the prison and attends to its repairing. As the + entire institution is heated by steam, the plumbers are kept + constantly employed during the winter repairing radiators and + overhauling wornout steam pipes. As repairs and improvements are + constantly being made and as the prison buildings are quite old, + considerable carpenter work is also necessitated each year.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Perhaps the + busiest men in this shop are the machinists, whose business it is + to see that all machinery, shafting, etc., are kept in repair, + thus reducing breakdowns to the minimum. This shop is run in an + economical manner and annually saves the state thousands of + dollars.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center"> + TAILOR SHOP</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this + department is located the tailor shop, laundry and bath room, + about twenty prisoners being constantly employed in the former, + making and repairing clothing <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page81">[pg 81]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page82">[pg + 82]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page83">[pg 83]</span> + for the inmates; the second and third rooms, of course, are + devoted to washing and drying of clothes and bathing of + prisoners. As there are about 700 prisoners whose clothing must + be mended and washed each week, the employes of this shop find + all the work they wish to do.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/shoeshop.jpg"><img src="images/shoeshop.jpg" + alt="Prisoners at Work in Shoe Shop" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Prisoners at Work in Shoe Shop + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/tailor.jpg"><img src="images/tailor.jpg" alt= + "Tailor Shop" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Tailor Shop + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/laundry.jpg"><img src="images/laundry.jpg" alt= + "Laundry" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Laundry + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.00em"> + BATH ROOM</h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The bath room + is located below the tailor shop in a two-story building. Here + bathing operations are begun each Friday morning under the + supervision of a guard, who marches the prisoners to the bath + room, twenty-eight at a time, there being accommodations for only + twenty-eight men, and each is provided with an overhead shower + bath of hot or cold water.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the guard + marches in with the men the prisoners remain standing in front of + their shower until the attendant registers their numbers, and the + guard then stamps his cane twice on the floor to notify the + prisoners to begin bathing. The registered number slips are sent + upstairs, where the inmates' clothing is kept in pigeon holes + arranged along the walls of the laundry, each pigeon hole being + labeled with the prisoner's register number, and at the + expiration of his bath is hastily sent downstairs and placed on + the small door leading to his stall. Each prisoner is given a + clean handkerchief and pair of socks.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the men + are through bathing and the guard again stamps twice on the floor + with his cane they step out of the bathing booths, and at the + signal the march back to the shop begins. It requires about + fifteen minutes to bathe twenty-eight men.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page84">[pg 84]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Just in the + rear of the tailor shop is a cobler, whose duties are to repair + the shoes of the inmates. All the shoes are bought, including the + discharged clothing worn by the inmates, when they are relieased + from prison.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/chapel.jpg"><img src="images/chapel.jpg" alt= + "Prisoners at Chapel Service on Sunday" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Prisoners at Chapel Service on Sunday + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/bathrm.jpg"><img src="images/bathrm.jpg" alt= + "Bath Room" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Bath Room + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/dining.jpg"><img src="images/dining.jpg" alt= + "Second Grade Dining Room, Accomodating 350 Prisoners, All of Whom are Fed in 15 Minutes" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Second Grade Dining Room, Accomodating 350 Prisoners, All of + Whom are Fed in 15 Minutes + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE PRISON CHAPEL</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Religious + services are conducted in the prison chapel each Sunday, and as + previously stated, a Catholic and Protestant chaplain preach every + alternate Sunday. The attendance, although voluntary, is very + large, taxing the capacity of the chapel. Services are held at nine + a. m., previous to which time each prisoner is asked by his guard + whether or not he wishes to attend.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A great many + people think that, as a rule, prisoners are hardened sinners, not + susceptible to the refining influence of the Gospel. But the facts + do not justify this belief, for there are as many Christians in the + Stillwater penitentiary, per population, as can be found anywhere. + Many of the prisoners attend church every Sunday and are better + inmates for the imbibing of moral instruction.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The law strictly + forbids the teaching of sectarian doctrines and visiting clergymen + are instructed to observe this rule.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The prison + orchestra and choir, consisting of inmates, furnish the + instrumental and vocal music for the services. Any inmate who + wishes to consult the chaplain of the prison or the pastor of his + particular denomination in regard to spiritual matters is always + accorded the utmost liberty to do so. The chaplains also attend the + sick in the prison hospital and conduct the burial services of the + unfortunates who die in prison. Upon entering the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page85">[pg 85]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page86">[pg 86]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page87">[pg + 87]</span> chapel the men take their places on the benches and must + remain seated, with their arms folded and eyes to the front. When + it is necessary to arise the deputy warden gives a signal and also + when to be seated. The benches contain hymn books, and all + prisoners are permitted the privilege of joining in the + singing.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE DINING ROOM</span></h2> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two of the + inmates' dining rooms are located just above the officers' + kitchen and beneath the prison chapel. The population of the + prison, however, has increased so rapidly during the past few + years that it was found necessary to make room for the overflow + in the chapel and mess room opposite the officers' kitchen. One + of the rooms in the main dining hall is devoted to first-grade + prisoners and the other to the second grade.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Entering the + dining room, the prisoner promptly takes his seat and remains + with his arms folded until the signal to eat is given by the + deputy warden. There are six waiters in each dining room, and it + is their business to see that the men are promptly served. Some + pass nothing but bread, others coffee or water, and the rest + attend to distributing the miscellaneous items on the bill of + fare. Talking is forbidden in the dining room at all times. The + food is very plain, but wholesome, and there is always plenty of + it. The following bills of fare, one for the winter months and + the other for summer, will give an idea of the food served. They + were selected from the house steward's records and are authentic + copies for that date:</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page88">[pg 88]</span> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">PRISONERS' BILL OF FARE, WEEK + ENDING JANUARY 4, 1907</span></h3> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + SUNDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Baked pork and + beans, light biscuits, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">syrup</span></em>, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">butter</span></em>, + coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Roast beef, mashed + potatoes, mashed turnips, gravy, bread, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pickles, + cake.</span></em></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: Hot tea.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + MONDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Fried pork + sausage, potatoes, gravy, bread, coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Vegetable soup, + boiled fresh beef, bread, potatoes, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pickled + beets</span></em>.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Stewed Beans</span></em>, + white and graham bread, tea.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + TUESDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Corned beef + hash, syrup, bread, coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Boiled ham, + cabbage, potatoes, gravy, bread, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bread + pudding</span></em>.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apple sauce</span></em>, white + and graham bread, tea.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + WEDNESDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Fried beef + livers, potatoes, gravy, bread, coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Roast pork with + dressing, mashed potatoes, gravy, pickles, + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">macaroni and + tomatoes</span></em>, bread, cake, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">cheese</span></em>, + coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: Hot tea, prunes + and bread.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + THURSDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Vienna sausage, + potatoes, gravy, bread, coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Roast beef, + potatoes, stewed beets, gravy, bread.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Peach sauce</span></em>, white + and graham bread, tea.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + FRIDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Fried bacon, + potatoes, gravy, bread, coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Mutton stew, + (potatoes, turnips and onions), bread.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: Oat meal and milk, + white and graham bread, tea.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + SATURDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Corned beef + hash, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">syrup</span></em>, bread, + coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Boiled salt pork, + potatoes, cabbage, gravy, bread, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bread + pudding.</span></em></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: Hot tea, dried + peaches and bread.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page89">[pg 89]</span> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">WEEK ENDING JULY 4, + 1908.</span></h3> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + SUNDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Baked pork and + beans, light biscuits, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">syrup</span></em>, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">butter</span></em>, + coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Roast beef, mashed + potatoes, gravy, rice and tomatoes, radishes, + bread, cake.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: Hot tea with + sugar.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + MONDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Bologna + sausage, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">green onions</span></em>, + potatoes, bread, coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Boiled ham, + potatoes, hominy, gravy, bread, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bread + pudding</span></em>.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Stewed beans</span></em>, + white and graham bread, tea.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + TUESDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Corned beef + hash, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">syrup</span></em>, bread, + coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Roast beef, + potatoes, gravy, stewed peas, bread.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Prune sauce</span></em>, white + and graham bread, tea.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + WEDNESDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Fried pork + sausage, potatoes, gravy, bread.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Mutton stew, + (potatoes, turnips and onions).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rice and syrup</span></em>, + white and graham bread, tea.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + THURSDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Vienna sausage, + potatoes, gravy, bread, coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Roast beef, + potatoes, baked pork and beans, bread.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Pie + plant sauce</span></em>, white and graham bread, + tea.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + FRIDAY + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Fried bacon, + potatoes, gravy, bread, coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Boiled salt pork, + potatoes, gravy, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">spinach</span></em>, bread + pudding.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Oat + meal and milk</span></em>, white and graham bread, + tea.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + SATURDAY. + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Breakfast: Corned beef + hash, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">syrup</span></em>, bread, + coffee.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Dinner: Roast veal with + dressing, mashed potatoes, beans, gravy, bread, + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">radishes, apple pie, cheese, + cake,</span></em> lemonade.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Supper: Hot tea, stewed + peas and bread.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page90">[pg 90]</span> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The items in + italics are served to first and second grade only. Items in small + caps are served to the first grade only. Third-grade prisoners + are required to eat in their cells and are not allowed in the + dining room while in that grade.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On holidays, + especially Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Years, an excellent + meal is served to every inmate in the institution, and they are + allowed on all legal holidays to spend three hours in the prison + park where they are given the privilege of talking.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE IMPLEMENT FACTORY</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At present, + although still in embryo, there is in the Stillwater penitentiary a + factory devoted exclusively to the manufacture of rakes, mowers and + binders, but this branch is just emerging from the experimental + stage and may require a year or two to reach a scale large enough + to supply the needs of the Minnesota farmers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This factory is + in charge of Supt. Downing, an experienced machine man, with years + of experience in this kind of work. At present all preliminary work + is being carried out and field tasks made with the machines. These + machines had to be constructed along entirely new lines so as not + to infringe patent rights controlled by the harvester trust. An + appropriate name has been chosen for the binders,—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Minnesota.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The legislature + of this state has been very liberal in supplying the farmers with + cheap twine, rakes, mowers and binders, and, it is presumed that as + soon as some trust controls the price of wagons these, too, will be + made by convict labor at greatly reduced prices.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page91">[pg 91]</span> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">PRISON LIBRARY</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The inmates of + the Minnesota State Prison have a fine library of about 6,000 + volumes at their disposal, and it is well patronized. The books + have been carefully selected, and all those of a suggestive nature + or of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Dead-Eye-Dick”</span> variety + have been excluded. Here are many volumes pertaining to history, + biography, science, art and fiction, bound magazines, poetry, + reference books, etc. However, the intellectual pabulum mostly + preferred by the inmates is fiction and bound magazines. The state + subscribes for all the best magazines, and, after they have been + withdrawn from circulation, they are sent to the bindery, bound and + later listed in the catalogue ready for reissue among the + prisoners.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are two + prisoners employed in the library who circulate the books and + papers among the inmates. The prison has what is known as an + <span class="tei tei-q">“exchange box.”</span> All papers and + magazines subscribed for by inmates are permitted to be exchanged + for others. Papers circulate ten days from date of issue, and + magazines thirty days. For instance, a prisoner subscribes for the + Weekly Dial; after he has read it he can place five or six of his + friends' numbers on the margin thereof and then drop it in the + exchange box in the morning as he comes down the main stairway to + work. It is the duty of the librarian to see that such papers and + magazines are delivered to the room numbers indicated. When the + first man has finished the paper he erases his number and again + places it in the exchange box. This procedure is continued until + the last number has been reached or until the prescribed limit that + it has to circulate has expired.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Every inmate in + the institution is given a library <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page92">[pg 92]</span> catalogue and permitted to draw out two + books a week. He is his own free agent in the selection of books, + receiving just what he has ordered on his library slips. These + slips contain the numbers of the books selected by him and are + gathered up by the night guards. If an inmate mutilates a book he + is denied the privilege of the library.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE MIRROR OFFICE</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Prison + Mirror, with the exception of the Summary, published at the Elmira + reformatory, is the oldest institutional paper in the country. It + is also the only paper exclusively managed by prisoners, all other + penal and reformatory periodicals being conducted by a + high-salaried superintendent or else the policy is under the + supervision of the chaplain.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Mirror is + issued each Thursday, has a circulation of about 1,500, and is + distributed free to the inmates of the institution, who are + permitted to send the same to relatives or friends free of charge + The subscription price to the general public is $1.00, and it goes + to nearly every state in the Union.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This publication + is edited and managed by a prisoner, who has full charge of the + printing department. Each Wednesday chase proofs of the following + day's issue are submitted to the warden for approval, but he is + rarely called upon to exercise his censorship, as the editor is + instructed to eliminate all personalities and sensational + topics.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/editor.jpg"><img src="images/editor.jpg" alt= + "Editor's Room, Prison Mirror" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Editor's Room, Prison Mirror + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/composi.jpg"><img src="images/composi.jpg" alt= + "Composing Room, Prison Mirror" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Composing Room, Prison Mirror + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/library.jpg"><img src="images/library.jpg" alt= + "Library" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Library + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/warddini.jpg"><img src="images/warddini.jpg" alt= + "Warden's Dining Room" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Warden's Dining Room + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Any inmate can + contribute articles to the Mirror, which, if found satisfactory + upon being carefully examined by the editor, are published. Quite a + number <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page93">[pg 93]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page94">[pg 94]</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page95">[pg 95]</span> of the inmates are very + competent writers, contributing regularly to the columns of their + home paper.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This bright + little publication was founded in 1887 by the prisoners.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the benefit + of those who have never seen this paper, we select at random the + following extracts written by prisoners:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It makes a batsman hot to have the pitcher fan + him.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The only prisoners in this place who have a pull are + the barbers.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A New Year's resolution will not keep by preserving it + in alcohol.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The wife of a big-mitt politician always wears + imported kid gloves.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When a mouse hoves in sight, a woman acts as if she + had rats in her garret.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sometimes the lady pickpocket will faint in your arms + in order to pull your leg.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It makes a man awful hot under the collar to accuse + him of having cold feet.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A Stillwater girl is so modest that she cannot take + the pajamas off a murphy without blushing.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A boose fighter usually continues to take his little + drop until the big drop of—five feet or more.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In a game of freeze out Thanksgiving afternoon I got + cold feet when some one raised six windows.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When a woman becomes afflicted with St. Vitus dance it + generally goes to her tongue instead of her feet.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Just because a boy can grow a baseball mustache is no + reason why a saloon keeper should sell him a highball.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I do not know whether there are any lady <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘bugs’</span> in here or not, but there are quite a + number of the other sex.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Y is the Fourth of July. J + is the first, u is the second, l is the third and y is the + fourth—of July.’</span> Marvelous!”</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page96">[pg 96]</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Count Boni has taken part in many duels, but the only + thing he ever killed was the goose that laid the golden + egg.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The trial judge hit me so hard that I not only saw + stars, but have been seeing stripes ever since he landed on + me.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A writer says that there is no room in this country + for anarchists. But I think we could find room for a few in + here.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The one who cherishes the picture of his or her mother + is scarcely beyond hope, no matter how far from the narrow + path.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is admitted that the tariff is the mother of + trusts, but their papa, like the father of John D. Rockefeller, is + clouded in mystery.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The people of Pennsylvania are now convinced that the + contractor who built the bootblack stand in the capitol is a + polished rascal.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When the courts register a fine against Standard oil, + John D. chalks it down on a piece of ice and then places the ice + where the sun will strike it.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“With a few expert trainers and Governor Johnson for + jockey the meek-eyed mule is apt to show his heels to all + competitors in the presidential race of 1912.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Throw a few ponies of whiskey into a young man who + does not possess horse sense, then arm him with a Colt pistol, and + he will make an ass out of himself.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A French count, who is not throwing his feet under the + dining room table as often as he would like to, will soon sail for + this country where he expects to cop out another meal + ticket.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In pleading his own case a prisoner in a western state + quoted from Shakespeare and was rapped down by his honor who said + that no eastern boo-gang talk would be tolerated in his + court.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is not near so disgusting to see a man with a + little streamlet of tobacco juice wending its way through his + chinwoodlets, as to see a woman chewing snuff and the rag at the + same time.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When I went to sharpen my knife the other day in the + cutting room I noticed a big mosquito on the frame of the grinding + stone. He was evidently getting his proboscis in shape for the + peek-a-boo season.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Eddie Foy, the famous comedian, used to sing, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘There are <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page97">[pg 97]</span> Moments When One Wants to be Alone.’</span> + This is the place for that Eddie. You need not look any farther or + advertise Morning Telegra(w)ph.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Out of of a total number of one hundred and twenty-six + tramps arrested in Philadelphia the other day, eighty-seven of them + were baby carriage mechanics. The new woman has put this industry + on the bum.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“One of the inmates who is doing time for horse + stealing, had a serious case of nightmare the other evening, + Evidently he imagined he was again handling horses on the range and + sheriff was gaining on him.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘I am pleased to + note,’</span> said Tailor Nelson, <span class="tei tei-q">‘The + Mirror is keeping in touch with the latest sartorial fashions in + this institution through this department. Coats will be worn longer + by some than others is all I can say at this + time.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Uncle Sam is not seeking trouble, but he is something + like the Irishman who threw his bonnet on a barroom floor and + shouted, I am not looking for a fight, but there is going to be one + if there is a man in the house who dares to jump on that old + hat.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A big longshoreman in New Orleans by the name of Tim + O'Keefe has challenged Jack Johnson to a rough and tumble fight. + Tim has a hand as big as a ham and when unloading a vessel he uses + a three hundred pound bale of cotton for a shoulder + pad.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A woman in the east recently made her pet dog a + present of a diamond collar that cost two thousand, five hundred + dollars. Now I have reformed, still if I were hungry and did not + have the price of a meal, I would be tempted to sandbag Fido for + his sparks.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cal, the sorter in shop H, who is an old sea dog + himself, says that the only practical experience Sin Bad and other + local fishermen ever had in the whaling line was throwing the + harpoon into one of these miniature whales that are habitats of + Liver Brown's free lunch counter.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“One of the villagers here who has been accustomed to + having a liquid nightcap before entering upon his nocturnal visits + to Morpheus says he is compelled to have a nightcap here just + before retiring—and therefore he wears one—made up of a towel. His + imagination does the rest.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page98">[pg 98]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are six + men employed in the print shop the year around. This includes the + editor, the pressman, job man and three compositors. At times, when + printers are rather scarce, it is necessary to break in a new man. + Some of the men who learned the printing business in this shop have + followed up and are successful at the trade. The mechanical work is + performed entirely by prisoners, but the printing itself is sent to + a downtown press. It is expected that a first-class press will be + installed in this department in the near future, which will prove + highly economical.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Mirror + department prints all the stationery used at the prison. This item + alone contributes a large saving to the state each year. The job + work is all of a superior quality and in as good form as could be + done in any outside first-class office. All the press work is done + on an eight-by-twelve Gordon press, but it is now entirely too + small for the size and amount of work performed.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE BINDERY</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is a + bindery department in connection with the Mirror office and the + prison library in charge of a life prisoner, who learned the + business while in the institution from a well qualified short-time + inmate. He repairs all the library books, binds the state magazines + and attends to the binding of all the printed books, blank forms, + etc., issued in the print shop. He is frequently called upon to + bind books and magazines for the various state institutions, is a + very competent man and performs his work in a neat and durable + manner.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/bindery.jpg"><img src="images/bindery.jpg" alt= + "The Bindery" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + The Bindery + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/tobacco.jpg"><img src="images/tobacco.jpg" alt= + "Manufacturing Tobacco for Prisoners, Steward Alexander in Background" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Manufacturing Tobacco for Prisoners, Steward Alexander in + Background + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/greenhous.jpg"><img src="images/greenhous.jpg" + alt="Sinbad's Greenhouse" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Sinbad's Greenhouse + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page99">[pg 99]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE STEWARD'S OFFICE</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The steward's + office is in charge of Mr. T. W. Alexander, a man who has had at + least twenty-five years' experience in institutional work, well + qualified to fill the position of chief steward of the prison. All + supplies are ordered for the prison through this department and + upon receipt are carefully checked to ascertain if they comply with + specifications.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Supplies are + issued from this departemnt on the 5th, 15th and 25th of each + month, the heads of the several departments making out requisitions + therefor, countersigned by the warden. Prison supplies are + purchased quarterly through the State Board of Control. Whenever + any articles are issued to a department duplicate vouchers are made + out, one retained by the steward and the other signed by the + recipient and forwarded to the State Board of Control.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The chief + steward has charge of the officers' quarters and the administration + building, and sees that they are kept clean and in proper order. He + is responsible for all the property under his charge.</p> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE FEMALE WARD</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On an average + there are ten females in the matron's ward. This department is + located above the administration quarters, and is entirely + separated from the cell house; it is impossible for the occupants + of the latter to communicate with the former.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The women's ward + is presided over by Miss McKinney, who has been in charge for many + years. The rules governing women prisoners are not nearly as strict + as <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span> those + pertaining to the men. Their food, also, is of a better quality. In + the summer they are permitted to take outdoor exercise each evening + during good behavior. The women prisoners are subject to the + grading system and also receive the benefit of the parole law. If + they wish to do so they can attend chapel service every Sunday + morning. Their work is not very arduous, being mainly confined to + keeping the officers' rooms in a neat and orderly condition.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/matron.jpg"><img src="images/matron.jpg" alt= + "Matron's Apartment" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Matron's Apartment + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/womnouti.jpg"><img src="images/womnouti.jpg" alt= + "Women Inmates Outing on Holiday" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Women Inmates Outing on Holiday + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/sewing.jpg"><img src="images/sewing.jpg" alt= + "Female Department—Sewing Room" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Female Department—Sewing Room + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/womncell.jpg"><img src="images/womncell.jpg" alt= + "Female Department—Women's Cells" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Female Department—Women's Cells + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE GREENHOUSE</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A large + greenhouse is located in the western end of the prison yard, just + opposite the prison hospital, presided over by a life prisoner who + has been there over eighteen years. By the boys of the institution + he is known as <span class="tei tei-q">“Sindbad the Sailor,”</span> + having spent many years on the high seas before the mast in the + merchant marine, on board of whalers and in the old navy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The greenhouse + supplies flowers for decorating the lawns and park, cut flowers for + the hospital inmates, the officers' and guards' mess rooms and the + room used by the members of the State Board of Control on their + monthly visits to the prison. When Sindbad becomes lonely for the + wash of the sea waves his assistant throws a few buckets of water + against the side of the greenhouse and he exercises his imagination + for the rest.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE POWER HOUSE</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The engine room + is located on the main street of the institution, and it is here + that power is generated for driving the immense lines of shafting + that radiate through <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg + 103]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span> the several + departments. The power plant is in charge of a chief engineer and + several inmate assistants, two of whom are life prisoners, one + having charge of the big engine and the other attending to the + electric light plant. Both men are under considerable + responsibility, but they are conscientious workers and have little + difficulty in performing their duties satisfactorily.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The chief + engineer has charge of the automatic sprinkling plant, engine, + steam heating, ventilating, cooking, electric light plant, water + supply and all the machinery pertaining thereto. Each of the cells + contains an eight-candle power lamp, and the shops and streets are + provided with electric lights so that the inmates can see to work + during the winter months. As they are employed from seven in the + morning until six in the evening the year around, lights are often + necessitated.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE PRISON FIRE + DEPARTMENT</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not + generally known, but, nevertheless, the prison maintains a well + organized fire department. This brigade is not a large one, but as + a first aid in case of necessity it is equipped to do efficient + service.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are eight + prisoners on the day shift and the same on the night crew. The fire + alarm system of the prison is as nearly perfect as human ingenuity + can devise. There are two hose carts, and frequent experimental + runs are made in order to keep the department to a high state of + efficiency. At these runs the men go to the fire house, take out + the hose carts and make as quick time as possible to the nearest + hydrant where the supposed fire exists, the hose is attached and + all preparations made as if a real fire were under + way.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Occasionally a + general night alarm is sent in, and when this occurs all the guards + residing at the prison must respond promptly. The warden and deputy + warden also respond to a general night alarm. Since the big fire of + twenty-five years ago, and that which consumed the large paint shop + occupied by the Minnesota Thresher Co., about eighteen years ago, + there have been no conflagrations within the prison grounds. This, + in a great measure, is due to the vigilance exercised in each + department in regard to leaving refuse and inflammable material + lying around.</p> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">RULES GOVERNING + DISCIPLINE.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Your attention + is directed to the following rules. Only by observing and obeying + them can you make a good record as a prisoner and become eligible + for parole and the diminution of your sentence which the law + allows:</p> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">1. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Your first duty is strict obedience + to all rules and regulations and any orders of the officer + under whose charge you may be placed.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">2. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You must observe strict silence in + all departments of the prison and while marching through the + yard.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">3. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You must not speak to, give or + receive from visitors anything except by permission of the + Warden or Deputy Warden. Gazing at visitors or strangers + passing through the prison is strictly forbidden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">4. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You are expected to apply yourself + diligently at whatever labor you are assigned, and, after + reasonable teaching, to perform the same amount of work as + would be required from you as a citizen.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">5. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">At every signal to fall in for + marching take your place in line promptly. March with + military step, attend to and promptly obey the orders of your + officer.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">6. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You will be required to keep your + person clean and your clothing tidy and in good order. You + must not make any alterations in your clothing or cut your + shoes; if they do not fit <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page107">[pg 107]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page108">[pg 108]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page109">[pg 109]</span> or need repairs report the fact to + your officer. You must not carry knives, tools of any kind, + pencil, paper or any material whatever from your shop to your + cell without permission in writing from the Warden or Deputy + Warden. Finding these things in your possession will be + considered proof that you have violated this rule. Tinkering + or writing notes to other convicts or carrying notes from one + convict to another is strictly forbidden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">7. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You are not allowed to have any + money on your person or in your possession, neither are you + permitted to trade or purchase any article whatever. All of + your business must be done through the Warden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">8. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You must approach an officer in a + respectful manner. Always salute him before speaking. You + must confine your conversation with him strictly to the + business in hand. You must not address an officer on matters + outside the prison. Insolence in any form to an officer, + foreman, or even to a fellow convict will not be + tolerated,</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">9. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">On entering the cell house, office + of the Board of Control, Warden or Deputy Warden you must + uncover unless your duties are such that you have special + permission to remain covered.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/decoday.jpg"><img src="images/decoday.jpg" alt= + "Audience Looking Down on Prisoners in Prison Park, Decoration Day, 1909" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Audience Looking Down on Prisoners in Prison Park, Decoration + Day, 1909 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/decoday2.jpg"><img src="images/decoday2.jpg" alt= + "Prisoners in Prison Park, Decoration Day, 1909" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Prisoners in Prison Park, Decoration Day, 1909. On holidays + They Have the Privilege of Talking. + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">PRIVILEGES</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You are not + compelled to attend service, but you are specially requested to do + so, believing that the moral support of religeous instruction is + necessary to all.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You are required + to bathe once a week in summer, once in two weeks in winter, and + oftener if considered necessary by the prison Physician unless + excused by him, the Warden or Warden.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On entering the + prison you will receive three (3) tickets entitling you to the + following privileges as long as you obey strictly all the rules of + the prison:</p> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">First. One ration of tobacco each + week.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Second. Permission to write under + grade rules.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Third. Permission to see friends + once in four weeks.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">NEWSPAPERS. You are permitted to + receive such weekly <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg + 110]</span> papers as the Warden may approve. No daily papers + or sensational publications of any description will be + admitted.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">EXTRA LETTERS. Written permission + must be obtained from the Warden or Deputy Warden in case it + becomes necessary to write special letters.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">MAIL MATTERS. Letters and papers of + every description must be examined at the office under the + direction of the Warden before being mailed or + delivered.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">SHOP RULES</span></h2> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">1. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">On entering the shop you will take + off your coat, put on your apron and get at your work + promptly. If you have any cause for complaint, whether from + keeper, foreman or others you will be allowed to send + application for an interview through your officer at any time + to the Board of Control, Warden or Deputy Warden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">2. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Communications between prisoners is + strictly prohibited and will not be allowed at any time + except by special permission of the officers in charge, and + then only when absolutely necessary.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">3. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">In talking with your foreman you are + required to confine yourself strictly to your shop duties. + You will not be allowed to talk with him upon matters + pertaining to outside news.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">4. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You will be required to approach + your officer in a respectful manner. Always salute him before + addressing him and make your wants known as briefly as + possible.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">5. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You will be required to give your + individual attention to your work. Gazing about at visitors + passing through the shop or at other prisoners will not be + allowed. You must respectfully listen to and faithfully carry + out all instructions given you by your foreman pertaining to + your work.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">6. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You will not be allowed to leave + your place of work except by permission of the officer in + charge.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">7. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You will not be allowed to brush + against a fellow convict in passing, to get in each other's + way or otherwise trespass upon the rights of each other so as + to provoke illfeeling.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">8. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Careless or wilful injury of your + work or tools will be promptly reported.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">9. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You must always salute an officer on + entering or retiring from your shop. You will not be + permitted to leave shop or place of work under any + circumstances without first obtaining special permission of + the officer in charge.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">10. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">If you are sick or unable to work + report the fact to your officer and act as he may direct. If + you desire to see the Physician give your name to your + officer immediately after entering the shop in the + morning.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">11. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">All trading or bartering of + whatsoever kind between prisoners or between citizens and + prisoners is strictly prohibited. You will not be allowed to + give or receive any present or gift from a foreman or citizen + under any condition.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">12. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">If it becomes necesary to use a lead + pencil about your work apply to your officer, who will supply + you. Pencil must invariably be returned to the officer every + evening. You will not be allowed to cut off or appropriate + any part of pencil.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">DINING HALL RULES</span></h2> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">1. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">On entering the dining hall take + your seat promptly—position erect—arms folded, with eyes to + the front until the signal is given to commence eating.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">2. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Strict silence must be observed + during the meal. Staring at visitors, talking and laughing, + fooling or gazing about the room is strictly forbidden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">3. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Eating or drinking before or after + the gong sounds, using vinegar in your drinking water, or + putting meat on the table is prohibited.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">4. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + Should you desire additional food make your wants known to + the waiters in the following manner: + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">1. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">If you want bread hold up + your right hand.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">2. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Coffee or water, hold up + your cup.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">3. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Meat, your fork.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">4. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Soup, hold up your + spoon.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">5. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Vegetables, hold up your + knife.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">6. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">If you desire to speak to an + officer about food or service in dining hall hold up + your left hand.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">5. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Wasting food in any form will not be + tolerated. You must not ask for or allow waiter to place on + your plate more <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg + 112]</span> food than you can eat. When through with meal + leave pieces of bread unmussed on left side of plate. Crusts + and small pieces of bread must not be left on your + plate.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">6. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">After finishing your meal place + knife, fork and spoon on right side of plate. Sit erect with + arms folded. When the signal is given to arise drop hands to + your side. At the second signal of the gong march out and to + your respective places in line in a prompt, quiet and orderly + manner.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">7. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">In passing to and from the dining + hall you must not gaze into cells or loiter on the gallery. + Walk erect with your eyes to the front. It is strictly + against the rules to carry out any of the dining hall + furnishings or to carry food to or from the dining hall at + any time except on Sundays and holidays, when you will be + allowed to carry lunch to your cell for the evening + meal.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPEL RULES</span></h2> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">1. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">On entering the chapel you will + march erect with arms by your side, keeping step with the + music.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">2. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">You will take your seat promptly as + designated by the officers in charge and sit with arms folded + during chapel service.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">3. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">The signal for rising and being + seated will be the sound of the Deputy Warden's gavel. When + this signal is given you will rise promptly and remain + standing until notified to be seated. You will be allowed to + drop arms to your side while standing.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">4. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Strict attention must be given to + the service. You must not gaze about the room at visitors or + at fellow convicts, but must sit erect in your seat facing + the speaker.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">5. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Reading, spitting on the floor, + shuffling of the feet or any other unnecessary noise is + strictly forbidden.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">6. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Should you be taken sick during + service, or if it becomes necessary for you to retire, raise + your right hand to the officer in charge, who will excuse you + if necessary.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">7. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">After service you will sit erect + with arms folded, giving strict attention to your officer + until he gives the signal to rise, when you will be required + to rise promptly and march out of the chapel as directed, + keeping time with the music.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">8. </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">In marching to and from the chapel + you will be required to keep in close order with face to the + front and in as quiet and orderly a manner as possible.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Any wilful + violation of these rules will be promptly reported, and severely + punished if necessary to enforce compliance.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">GRADING RULES</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Board of + Control by virtue of the authority and power conferred upon them by + Section 5 of an act of the Minnesota Legislature, entitled + <span class="tei tei-q">“An Act to regulate the sentencing of + prisoners convicted of felony and their subsequent release on + parole,”</span> hereby establish three (3) grades of prisoners to + be known and designated as the First, Second and Third Grades, + together with a system of marks to be governed by the following + rules and regulations, which shall be in force and have effect from + and after the official notification of the passage of said Act is + certified by the Secretary of State under date of April 5th, + 1893.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All prisoners on + arrival shall be entered in the Second Grade; they may earn nine + credit marks each month and shall be marked on conduct, work and + mental advancement. Promotion from the Second to the First Grade + shall be conditioned upon the earning of fifty (50) out of the + possible fifty-four (54) credit marks, within six (6) consecutive + months. The loss of more than two (2) marks in any one month shall + cause the prisoner so offending to be reduced to the next lower + grade. By a clear record of one (1) month, and the earning of nine + (9) credit marks shall entitle the prisoner to be advanced to the + next upper grade.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Prisoners may + lose their grades:</p> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">First. By such violations of prison + rules as shall necessarily subject them to solitary + confinement.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Second. For general disorderly + conduct.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Third. For habitual laziness, + untidiness or negligence.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/decop113.jpg"><img src="images/decop113.jpg" alt= + "decoration, p. 113" /></a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">LIBRARY RULES</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In ordering + books the following directions must be carefully adhered to:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Write plainly + upon a slip of paper your name and cell number. Underneath place + the numbers of fifteen or twenty books you prefer to read. Always + take your library book with you when moving from one cell to + another. Bear in mind that all books are charged to you and that + you will be held strictly responsible for their preservation and + safe return. The catalogue and all books charged to you must be + accounted for on the day of your parole or discharge from prison. + You will not be allowed to have a library book in your possession + or in your cell except those that have been regularly charged up + and come to you through the regular channels. If you find a stray + book in your cell you must turn it over to the Librarian at once. + Failing to do this, in the event of finding a stray library book in + your cell will be the means of depriving you of all library + privileges.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You are accorded + the utmost liberty in the selection of your reading matter, but it + is hoped and it will be expected by the management that the library + record will show that you have exercised due diligence and regard + for your own best interests in the selection of books. The Warden, + Chaplains, Teachers or other officers will gladly advise you + concerning the selection of proper reading matter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All library + books, excepting books of reference, may be retained two weeks. + Books of reference may be held but one day.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">RULES FOR EXCHANGING + PAPERS</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Any person + wishing to exchange papers or periodicals with other prisoners may + do so by observing the following rules:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mark the numbers + of the cells to which you wish to send the paper or periodical + plainly on the margin thereof and drop it in the exchange box at + the foot of the stairs as you go out with your bucket in the + morning.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/solitary.jpg"><img src="images/solitary.jpg" alt= + "Solitary Confinement Cell, with Crank Cells Opposite" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Solitary Confinement Cell, with Crank Cells Opposite + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/crankcel.jpg"><img src="images/crankcel.jpg" alt= + "Crank Cells and Keeper" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Crank Cells and Keeper + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/solitry2.jpg"><img src="images/solitry2.jpg" alt= + "Solitary Confinement." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Solitary Confinement. The Severest Mode of Punishment at the + Minnesota State Prison. Door to Right is Closed at all Times. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After reading + papers sent to you scratch your number out and replace papers in + the exchange box the following morning, but <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page116">[pg 116]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page117">[pg 117]</span> do not add any numbers to the list nor + erase any but your own.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Weekly and + semi-weekly publications circulate ten days from the date of their + issue; monthly publications circulate the month of their issue.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Writing on, + drawing pictures on, or in any way defacing exchanges is forbidden. + Papers must be kept as clean as possible.</p> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">RESTORATION OF + CITIZENSHIP.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A convict who + shall pass the entire period of his imprisonment without a + violation of the rules and discipline, except such as the Warden or + Board of Control shall excuse, shall upon his discharge from prison + be restored to the rights and privileges forfeited by his + conviction, and shall receive from the Governor a certificate under + the great seal of the state as evidence of such restoration, to be + issued upon presentation to the Governor of a certificate of such + conduct, which shall be furnished to such convict by the + Warden.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">SOLITARY CONFINEMENT.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The mode of + punishing infractions of the prison rules at the Stillwater + penitentiary consists of standing the prisoner on the inside of a + cell door; putting his hands through the bars, and handcuffed on + the outside. He is kept standing in this position ten hours during + the day, and then let down during the night; is allowed only a + single slice of bread and a cup of water each day while undergoing + punishment. There are no beds in these cells, nothing but a plank + on which to sleep.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As a rule, + prisoners are only kept in these punishment cells from four to six + days, and it frequently occurs that he is released in one day, + providing he promises to obey the rules and will try to avoid + getting into trouble in the future. It is not the custom to subject + the inmates of the Stillwater penitentiary to this form of + punishment for trivial offenses, but it is applied to those + prisoners who attempt to escape, who destroy property, or + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span> who indulge + in fights and who display a general negligence in regard to their + work.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On entering the + punishment cell the prisoner is searched thoroughly and given a + third-grade uniform. After the punishment is over he is kept in the + third grade for thirty days, and by good conduct at the end of that + time he is admitted to the second grade. While in the third grade + all his privileges are cut off, such as permission to write + letters, receiving visits from friends, and tobacco and + newspapers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not very many + prisoners are subjected to this form of punishment and it is + resorted to only when all other means of enforcing prison + discipline fails.</p> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">THE TWINE FACTORY</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is a twine + factory in operation in the Minnesota State Prison having a yearly + capacity of nearly eighteen million pounds of binder twine. This + adjunct to the prison's industries was inaugurated about eighteen + years ago, the author of the measure being the brilliant Ignatius + Donnelly, known as the Sage of Nininger. At that time the farmers + of this state were groaning under the iron heel of the trust, being + compelled to pay eighteen cents a pound for their twine, but today + the prison is manufacturing twine of superior quality and selling + it to the farmers at an average price of about seven cents per + pound.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In its infancy + the twine plant was conducted on a very small scale, but the + present management has developed and added to its equipment until + now the factory supplies almost the entire demand of the state. + There is little opposition from labor unions against the employment + of prison labor in this industry, for there is but a small + proportion of the product manufactured in this <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page120">[pg 120]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page121">[pg 121]</span> state outside of the prison, and outside + factories are under the domination of the Cordage Trust.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The successful + operation of Minnesota's twine plant has aroused the keenest + interest among prison officials in other states, and there are now + quite a number of similar factories operating in other + penitentiaries. Delegations of prison officials from other states + are frequent visitors at the Minnesota factory, inspecting the + manufacture of twine, and they are invariably enthusiastic over + results attained.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The twine + factory is what is known to the trade as a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“three-system plant;”</span> that is, it contains three + complete sets of each of the machines necessary to convert the + fibre into twine ready for shipment. The transformation is effected + principally by a series of combings. From the moment the + rush-plaited cover is removed and the bale is opened until the long + strands of fibre reach the spinning machines to be twisted into + cord the material is constantly undergoing combing.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The binder twine + fibre is unloaded from the cars inside the prison yard. It is + weighed and stored in the warehouse until it is used. Adjoining the + fibre warehouse is the opening room in which the bales are opened + and spread out, the kinks shaken out of the long strands by hand + and the fibre put through a machine called a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“breaker.”</span> The breaker subjects it to the first + course of raking, and in order to toughen the material and make it + more pliable distributes a limited amount of oil through it. After + passing through the first breaker, it is sent on to a second, where + it is again cleaned and straightened. Then it is removed from the + opening room to the next shop, where it is passed through first to + a coarse then a fine <span class="tei tei-q">“spreader.”</span> + Like the breaker, the spreader is merely a steel comb on a + belt.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After leaving + the spreaders the fibre is in long, straight and fairly clean + strands, and one would think that it might at once be twisted into + a cord. But the combing process is not through yet, for in the next + room it is sent through first a coarse and then a fine <span class= + "tei tei-q">“draw frame,”</span> and then is given what is + technically known as a <span class="tei tei-q">“third + working”</span> in a still finer one. These draw frames not only + comb the fibre, but they also regulate the sliver—that is, they + determine how many strands of hemp will go to make up the finished + twine.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next the fibre + is run through a <span class="tei tei-q">“finisher,”</span> an + almost human machine, which regulates more precisely than the draw + frames the size of the sliver, and then it is ready for the + spinning rooms. As it comes out of the spinner it is wrapped on + huge spools, which are piled on little carts and distributed among + the men operating the balling machines. These latter wrap the twine + into five-pound balls, tagged and ready for baling. In the balling + shop the twine is weighed, tested and packed in 50-pound bales, + which are sent to the twine warehouses and stored there, roof-high, + until the harvesting commences.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The output of + the twine factory previous to 1903 amounted to about 5,000,000 + pounds, but it turned out about 15,000,000 pounds last season, and + it is anticipated that this enormous increase will reach 18,000,000 + in the near future. About 225 prisoners are employed the year + around in this manufactury. Mr. E. C. Williams is the + superintendent of the twine plant and is an excellent man for the + position, thoroughly understanding the business. Under his capable + management the factory is kept up to its highest capacity and few + breakdowns have been recorded.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/preprm.jpg"><img src="images/preprm.jpg" alt= + "Spinning Room In Twine Factory" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Spinning Room In Twine Factory + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/baling.jpg"><img src="images/baling.jpg" alt= + "Bailing and Sacking Room In Twine Factory" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Bailing and Sacking Room In Twine Factory + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/spinrm3.jpg"><img src="images/spinrm3.jpg" alt= + "Spinning Room In Twine Factory" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Spinning Room In Twine Factory + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/dinnerma.jpg"><img src="images/dinnerma.jpg" alt= + "Convicts Marching In to Dinner" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Convicts Marching In to Dinner + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">REAL FACTS ABOUT THE NORTHFIELD, + MINNESOTA, BANK ROBBERY.</span></h1> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Related by THOMAS COLEMAN + YOUNGER.</span><a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href= + "#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In telling the story of the Northfield bank robbery and + its frightful results I have only to say that there is no heroism in + outlawry, and that the man who sows is sure to reap. After Lee + surrendered I tried my best to live at peace with the world and earn + a livelihood. I'd been made a guerrilla by a provocation that few men + could have resisted. My father had been cruelly murdered, my mother + had been hounded to death, my entire family had been tormented and + all my relatives plundered and imprisoned.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“From the mass of rubbish that has been written about the + guerrilla there is little surprise that the popular conception of him + should be a fiendish, blood-thirsty wretch.”</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/youngers.jpg"><img src="images/youngers.jpg" alt= + "Cole Younger." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Cole Younger. In Prison Garb in Minnesota State Prison, Jan. 10, + 1877 (left). As he looked <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: center">“going out”</span>,July 14, 1901 (right). + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yet he was in many cases, if not in most, a man who had + been born to better things and who was made what he was by such + outrages as Osceola, Palmyra and by a hundred raids in less famous + but not less infamous, that were made by Kansans into Missouri during + the war.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When the war ceased those of the guerrillas who were not + hung or shot or pursued by posses till they found the hand of man + turned against them at every <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page126">[pg 126]</span> step, settled down to become good citizens + in the peaceful walks of life, and the survivors of Quantrell's band + may be pardoned, in view of the black paint that has been devoted to + them, in calling attention to the fact that of the members of + Quantrell's band who have since been intrusted with public place, not + one has ever betrayed his trust.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“As for myself and brothers I wish to emphasize that we + made an honest attempt to return to normal life at the close of the + war, and had we been permitted to do so the name of Younger would + never have been connected with the crimes that were committed in the + period immediately following the war.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“That my life was good or clean I do not assert. But such + as it was, it was forced upon me by conditions over which I had no + control. Before final judgment is passed upon the men of my kind who + were with me in those days I ask that the fact be considered that we + were born in days when hatred was the rule and reared among scenes of + violence.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But I have been accused of many crimes of which I have + not been guilty, and I am willing to take my oath that the crimes + that were charged against me in Missouri were not mine. Never in all + my life had I anything to do with any of the bank robberies in the + state of Missouri which had been charged against myself and + brothers.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In the fall of 1868 my brothers, Jim and Bob, went with + me to Texas. The next two or three years we spent in an honest life, + my sister joining us and keeping house for us at Syene, Dallas + county. In 1870 and 1871 Jim was deputy sheriff in Dallas county. He + and Bob sang in the church choir. At that time Bob, who <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span> was only 17, fell in love + with one of the young ladies in the village.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I went down to Louisiana, and the story was that I + killed five men and shot five others because I had been robbed by a + lot of crooked cattlemen. There is just this much truth about this + incident: There was a crooked race, with me as the victim. After the + race I fought a duel, but not over the race.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The duel was forced upon me by a man named Captain James + White. He circulated a scandalous tale about the young woman Bob was + in love with. I sent word to him that he would have to apologize or + fight. After the race I referred to White and I went to a neighboring + plantation and fought it out. At first shot his right arm was + shattered at the shoulder. When he thought he was dying he apologized + and admitted that he had circulated the story for the purpose of + forcing a fight upon me.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It was about this time that the Kansas City fair was + robbed. This was charged against the Younger brothers, although not + one of us had anything to do with it. Bob felt so keenly the + notoriety that resulted from my duel and from the stories of the + Kansas City robbery that he left Dallas, and later Jim and I followed + him. About this time my brother John, was only 14 years old when the + war closed, was forced into a quarrel and murdered as wantonly as a + man was ever murdered in the history of the west.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When I was on the Pacific slope Missouri adopted the + famous Drake constitution, which prohibited Confederate soldiers and + sympathizers from practicing any profession, preaching the gospel or + doing many other things under a penalty of a fine of not less + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span> than $500 or + imprisonment for not less than six months. One section of this + constitution gave amnesty to Union soldiers for all they had done + after January 1, 1861, but held Confederates responsible for what + they had done either as citizens or soldiers.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The result of this was persecution for all men who were + not friendly with the carpet-bag adminstration following the war, and + there was no mercy shown to any of them. After a few days of seeing + my friends and old comrades hounded and imprisoned I saw there was + nothing left for me to do but gather together with those that were + left and do the best we could.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In passing swiftly over the scenes of violence in which + we took part, I will take up the Northfield case by saying that we + had decided to find a good bank, make a big haul, get away with the + money, leave the country and start life anew in some foreign + land.”</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/entrain.jpg"><img src="images/entrain.jpg" alt= + "Convicts entering train at Stillwater bound for new prison." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Convicts entering train at Stillwater bound for new prison. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/chaperon.jpg"><img src="images/chaperon.jpg" alt= + "Warden Wolfer chaperoning convicts to their new “home”" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Warden Wolfer chaperoning convicts to their new <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“home”</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“We were told that General Benjamin F. Butler had a big + lot of money in the First National bank at Northfield, and that A. A. + Ames, son-in-law of Butler, who had been carpet-bag governor of + Mississippi after the war, had a lot there also. We were not very + friendly to Butler because of his treatment of Southerners during the + war, and accordingly decided to make a raid on the Northfield + bank.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“My brothers, Jim and Bob, Clell Miller, Bill Chadwell + and three men named Pitts, Woods and Howard, were those who decided + to take up the expedition. This was in the middle of August, and we + spent a week in Minneapolis picking up what information we could + about Northfield and the bank and playing poker. Then we passed + another week in St. Paul, also looking for information as to the + amount of money <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span> and the precautions taken + in the bank to take care of it.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Chadwell, Pitts, Bob and myself procured horses at St. + Peter, where we stayed long enough to break them and to train them + for the hard riding to which we knew they would be submitted later + on. It was at St. Peter that I made the acquaintance of a little girl + who afterwards was one of the most earnest workers for our + parole.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A little tot then, she said she could ride a horse, too, + and reaching down, I lifted her up before me, and we rode up and + down. I asked her her name and she said it was <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Horace Greeley Perry,’</span> and I replied:”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘No wonder you're such a little + tot with such a great name.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘I won't always be + little,’</span> she replied. <span class="tei tei-q">‘I'm going to be + a great big girl and be a newspaper man like + papa.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Will you still be my sweetheart then, and be my + friend?”</span> I asked her, and she declared she would, a promise I + was to remind her of years later under circumstances of which I did + not dream then.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Many years afterward with a party of visitors to the + prison came a girl, perhaps 16, who registered in full, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Horace Greeley Perry.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I knew there could not be two women with such a name in + the world, and I reminded her of her promise, a promise which she did + not remember, although she had been told how she had made friends + with the bold, bad man who afterwards robbed the bank at + Northfield.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Very soon afterward, at the age of 18, I believe, she + became, as she had dreamed, in childhood, <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page132">[pg 132]</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘a newspaper + man’</span>, editing the St. Peter Journal, and to the hour of my + pardon she was one of the most indefatigable workers for + us.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A few years ago failing health compelled her removal + from Minnesota to Idaho, and Minnesota lost one of the brightest + newspaper writers and staunchest friends that a man ever knew. Jim + and I had a host of advocates during the latter years of our + imprisonment, but none exceeded in devotion the young woman, who as a + little tot, had ridden unknowingly with the bandit who was soon to be + exiled for life from all his kin and friends.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Preliminary work on the Northfield robbery was got down + to during the last week of August 1876, and while Pitts and I were + waiting for Bob and Chadwell, who had gone up there to look over the + ground, we scouted all over the country thereabouts and around + Madelia in order to get ourselves familiar with the lay of the land. + When the two boys joined us we divided into two parties and started + for Northfield along different routes.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“On Monday night, September 4, the party I was with + reached Le Sueur Center, where we had trouble finding places to + sleep, as court was in session. Tuesday night we put in at Cordova, + and Wednesday we were in Millersburg. At the same time Bob and his + crowd rounded up in Cannon City, which was south of + Northfield.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“On Thursday morning, September 7, we all came together + on the Cannon river, on the outskirts of Northfield. That afternoon I + took a look at the bank, and in camp at dinner I told the gang that + no matter what came off we mustn't shoot anybody. While I was making + this point as strong as I could one of the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page133">[pg 133]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page134">[pg 134]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg + 135]</span> crowd asked what we should do if they began shooting at + us. Bob at once said that if I was so particular about not having any + shooting the best thing for me to do was to stay outside and take my + chances.”</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/entnewpr.jpg"><img src="images/entnewpr.jpg" alt= + "Convicts entering new prison" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"> + Convicts entering new prison + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/entnewpr2.jpg"><img src="images/entnewpr2.jpg" alt= + "Convicts detraining at their new “home.”" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Convicts detraining at their new <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: center">“home.”</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Well, at last the time came. Bob, Pitts and Howard + started for town ahead, the scheme being that they should round up in + the town square and not go into the bank until the rest of the party + joined them. It was fixed that Miller and I should go on guard right + at the bank, while the rest of the gang was to wait at the bridge and + listen for a pistol shot signal in case they were wanted for help. We + had it schemed out that as there were no saddle horses around + anywhere we could get off with a flying start and get away before + they could stop us, wrecking the telegraph office if necessary to + prevent any alarm being sent out by wire.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Whisky spoiled the whole plan. Between the time they + left camp and reached the bridge the men who went ahead got away with + a quart of whisky—the first time I had ever known Bob to drink, and + as a matter of fact, I didn't know he had done so then until the day + and its terrible events were over. The blunder was that when these + three men saw us coming, instead of waiting for us to get up with + them they slammed right on into the bank regardless, leaving the door + open in their excitement.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I was out in the street, pretending I was having trouble + with my saddle. Meantime I had told Miller to close up the bank door. + A man named Allen, who kept a store near by, was then trying to get + into the bank, but Miller foolishly shouted at him and told him to + get away. Allen at once became excited and saw <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span> that something was wrong, + and ran off up the street shouting to every one to get his gun, as + the bank was being robbed.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A Dr. Wheeler, who saw that something was happening out + of the ordinary, began to yell <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Robbery!’</span> Then I saw we were in for it, and would + need all the help we could get. I first called to Miller to come + inside and get out of harm's way and then I fired a signal to the + three men at the bridge for them to come up and help us, as we had + been trapped.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Chadwell, Woods and Jim came galloping up, and at the + same moment that they arrived I heard a shot fired inside the bank. + The three boys were firing their guns as they rode along, shouting to + everybody they saw to get out of the way and get indoors, but I am + quite sure they never killed anybody. My theory always has been that + the man Gustafson, who was shot down in the street, was struck by a + glancing shot from some of the citizen's rifles, as they were out + blazing away at this time.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Miller was then shot by a man named Stacy and his face + filled full of bird shot. A man named Manning killed Pitts' horse, + and, as a matter of fact, the street was full of flying lead, coming + from every direction. It wasn't long before I was wounded in the + thigh by Manning, and the next instant he shot Chadwell through the + heart.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Dr. Wheeler, from an upper floor of a hotel, got a bead + on Miller and brought him down, so that he soon lay dying in the + middle of the street. Every time I saw a man pointing a gun at me I + dropped off my horse and tried to drive the shooter under cover, but + there were so many of them, and I couldn't see in <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page138">[pg 138]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page139">[pg 139]</span> every direction, so I soon found out that, + wounded as I was, I was helpless. Meanwhile there was a tragedy going + on inside the bank.”</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/fingpri2.jpg"><img src="images/fingpri2.jpg" alt= + "Reproduction of finger print system in vogue at the Minnesota state prison" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Reproduction of finger print system in vogue at the Minnesota + state prison + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/fingpri1.jpg"><img src="images/fingpri1.jpg" alt= + "Reproduction of record from files of Minnesota State Prison, showing record of former inmate." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Reproduction of record from files of Minnesota State Prison, + showing record of former inmate. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bob came out in a hurry and started down the street + toward Manning, who ran into a store, hoping he would get a shot at + Bob from under cover. Bob ran on, but didn't notice Dr. Wheeler, who + was upstairs in the hotel, behind him, and Wheeler's third shot + smashed Bob's right arm. Bob switched his gun to his left and got on + Miller's horse, thinking that Miller was dead. By this time Howard + and Pitts had got out of the bank, and I told them that Miller was + still alive and we'd have to save him. I told Pitts to put Miller on + my horse, but when we lifted him I saw he was dead, so I told Pitts + that I would hold off the crowd while he got away, as his horse had + been killed. While Pitts ran, less than ten yards, I stood stood with + my pistol pointed at anyone who showed his head, and then I galloped + off and overtook him and took him up behind me.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Pitts then confessed to me about the drinking, and said + they had made an awful mess of it inside the bank. It had been + arranged that they should hold up Joseph L. Heywood, the acting + cashier, at his window, and after roping him get to the safe without + any trouble. Instead of that, these three drink-crazed lunatics + leaped over the rail and scared Heywood so badly that he immediately + got on the defensive, and in a minute the alarm was out and it was + all over.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It seems that one of the robbers had waved his revolver + at Heywood the minute he entered the bank and asked him if he was the + cashier. Heywood had said he wasn't, and then the same question was + put <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span> to the + other two men who were in the bank. Each of the three said he was not + the cashier, but the robber turned to Heywood, who was sitting at the + cashier's desk, and said:”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘You're the cashier; open that + safe d—n quick or I'll blow your head off.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Heywood jumped back and Pitts ran to the vault and got + inside. Heywood then tried to shut him in, and was seized by the + robbers, who told him to open the safe at once or he would not live + another minute. Heywood told him there was a time lock on it that + positively couldn't be opened, whereupon Howard pulled a knife and + tried to cut Heywood's throat, the cashier having been thrown to the + ground in the scuffle that had taken place. Incidentally, Pitts told + me afterwards that Howard fired a pistol near Heywood's head, but + only with the intention of frightening him.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A. E. Bunker, the teller, by this time had tried to get + hold of a pistol that was near where he was, but Pitts got the gun + first, and it was found on him after he was killed, and consequently + furnished just that much good evidence that we were the men at + Northfield.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The boys saw by this time that the safe could not be + reached, so they asked Bunker about the money that was outside. + Bunker pointed to a little tray full of small coins, and while Bob + was putting them away in a sack Bunker made a dash through a rear + window. Pitts fired at him twice, the bullet going through his right + shoulder.”</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/stpaulpo.jpg"><img src="images/stpaulpo.jpg" alt= + "Group showing St. Paul police department, J.J. Connor, Chief." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Group showing St. Paul police department, J.J. Connor, Chief. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/stpaulpo2.jpg"><img src="images/stpaulpo2.jpg" alt= + "Group showing St. Paul police department, J.J. Connor, Chief." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Group showing St. Paul police department, J.J. Connor, Chief. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“By this time the men in the bank had heard the commotion + and firing outside and started to leave. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page141">[pg 141]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg + 142]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span> + Heywood, who had been on the floor, unfortunately rose at this + instant, and Pitts, still under the influence of liquor, shot him + through the head and killed him.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Meantime we who had escaped slaughter in the terrible + bombardment we had faced were trying to make our way to some safe + place. Not far from Northfield we met a farmer, who lent us a horse + for Pitts to ride, and we got past Dundas ahead of the news of the + raid on the bank. We were also beating it at Millersburg, but at + Shieldsville we ran into a squad of men who knew what had happened + and were after us. These men had, foolishly for themselves, left + their guns outside a house, and we didn't let them get hold of them + until we had a good start, but they overtook us about four miles away + and shots were exchanged without any trouble resulting.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Soon there were a thousand men on our trail and about + $5,000 in rewards for our capture. We tramped and camped and rode and + watched in a strange country and among the lakes. We didn't know the + trails and were afraid to try the fords and bridges, knowing that our + hunters would be sure to keep their eyes on these places. Saturday + morning we abandoned our horses and decided to keep up the fight + afoot. We tramped all night and put in Sunday near Marysburg. Bob's + elbow by this time was in pretty bad shape and we had to go slow. + Finally, on Monday night and Tuesday we couldn't go anywhere, so we + passed the time in a deserted house near Mankato. A man named Dunning + found us there and we took him prisoner. On the theory that the dead + are silent, some of the men wanted to kill him, but I wouldn't stand + for that, so we made him swear by all that was holy that he + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span> wouldn't tell + that he had seen us until we got away. Then we turned him loose. He + lost no time in getting into Mankato and giving the alarm, and in a + few minutes another posse was after us.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“That night Howard and Wood decided that they wouldn't + hold back any longer and that we were losing valuable time because of + Bob's wound, so they left us and went on west. They stole two horses + very soon, and this helped us as well as them, for the posse followed + the trail of the stolen horses, not knowing that we had + divided.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“On Thursday morning, September 21, just two weeks after + the raid, the end came. A party of forty men soon surrounded us and + opened fire. We were cut off from our horses and our case was + hopeless. We were on the open prairie and not ready for our last + flight against such odds, we fell back into the Watonwan river + bottoms and hid in some bushes.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“When the iron doors shut behind us at the Stillwater + prison we all submitted to the prison discipline with the same + unquestioning obedience that I had exacted during my military + service. The result was that we gained friends both in prison and + outside. We had been in prison a little over seven years, when, on + January 25, 1884, the main building was destroyed by fire at night. + George F. Dodd was then connected with the prison, while his wife was + matron. There was danger of a panic and a terrible disaster. Dodd + released Jim and Bob and myself. To me he gave a revolver. Jim had an + axe handle and Bob a small iron bar. We stood guard over the women + prisoners, marched them from the danger of the fire, and the prison + authorities were kind enough to say that had <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page145">[pg 145]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page146">[pg 146]</span> it not been for us there must have been a + tremendous loss of life.”</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/mplscops.jpg"><img src="images/mplscops.jpg" alt= + "Head Officials, Minneapolis, Minnesota Police Department." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Head Officials, Minneapolis, Minnesota Police Department. 1. + Capt. H.L. Getchell, 5th Precinct. 2. Capt. P.J. Quealey, 2nd + Precinct. 3. Capt. Michael Mealey, Asst. Supt. Hdqrtrs. 4. Capt. + Frank T. Corriston, Superintendant. 5. Capt. Nicholas Smith, + Capt. of Detectives. 6. Capt. Geo. Reviere, Night Capt. Hdqtrs. + 7. Capt. Frank Ferm, 3rd Precinct. 8. Capt. Geo. Sinclair, 4th + Precinct. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I can say without fear of contradiction that had it been + in our minds to do so we could have escaped from the prison that + night, but we had determined to pay the penalty that had been + exacted, and if we were ever to return to liberty it would be with + the consent and approval of the authorities and the public. A little + later Jim was put in charge of the mail and library of the prison, + while I was made head nurse in the hospital, where I remained until + the day we were paroled.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“As the years went by the popular feeling against us not + only subsided, but our absolute obedience to the minutest detail of + the prison discipline won us the consideration, and I might even say, + the esteem of the prison officials. In the meantime it had been a + life sentence for Bob, he having died of consumption September 16, + 1889.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Jim and I went out into the world July 14, 1901, after + serving a few months less than twenty-five years. Each of us + immediately found work, and life again took on its normal hues. Poor + Jim, however, was subject to periodical spells of deep depression. + The bullet that shattered his upper jaw in our last fight in Madelia + imbedded itself near the brain and was not removed until long after + we were in the prison at Stillwater. That bullet was the cause of his + occasional gloominess. After our relase from prison Jim's health + continued precarious. He finally gave up the fight, and on October + 19, 1902, took his own life in a hotel in Minnesota.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I am not exactly a dead man, but I have been shot + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span> twenty-eight + times and am now carrying in my body fourteen bullets that physicians + have been unable to extract. Twelve of these wounds I received while + wearing the gray, and I have ever been proud of them, and it has been + one of my keenest regrets that I did not receive the rest of them + during the war with Spain.”</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 30%" /> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is + an authentic copy of Younger's commitment papers.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.88em; margin-bottom: 2.88em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">THOMAS COLEMAN YOUNGER.</span></h2> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">RICE COUNTY DISTRICT + COURT.</span></h2> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Crime</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Murder 1" deg.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Term Life.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sentenced Nov. 20th, 1876.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nativity</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Missouri.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Age</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">32 years.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Height</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">5'—11¼"</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Hair</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Very light brown, very curly, + thin, and bald on crown of head.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Eyes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Blue (light).</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Complexion</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Fair, inclined to be florid.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Occupation</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">None.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Marks</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Two moles on back—Scar on left + shoulder and small scar on left hip caused by gunshot.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Can read and + write—uses tobacco—single—temperate.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 30%" /> + </div> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">RECORD</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Removed to + Washington County Jail, Jan. 26, 1884.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Paroled July + 14, 1901.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pardoned Feb. + 4, 1903, on condition that he leave State of Minnesota and that + he never exhibit himself in public in any way.</p> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE STATE BOARD OF PARDONS</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The members of the + State Board of Pardons, next to the weather man, are the most + severely criticised in the state of Minnesota, and unjustly so. In + the exercise of the authority conferred upon them the Minnesota State + Board of Pardons is the most conservative in the United States. + Notwithstanding the fact that they grant about seventy-five per cent + less pardons than similar bodies in other states, the press, in many + instances, holds that it is too liberal in its disposition of + mercy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The true function + of the Pardon Board has often been exemplified by the daily press of + the twin cities, and they appear to be unanimous in the belief that + where the interest of humanity or reform can be benefited it is + proper for the board to lighten a penalty or grant an outright + rpardon.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Jesus of Nazareth + enunciated the wise doctrine that <span class="tei tei-q">“if you + wish to be forgiven, you must forgive others,”</span> and this + apothegm is the alpha and omega of the Christian religion to day. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Go and sin no more”</span> is often the + basic principal of true reformation.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/pardonbd.jpg"><img src="images/pardonbd.jpg" alt= + "Pardon Board of the State of Minnesota" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Pardon Board of the State of Minnesota + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/govoffce.jpg"><img src="images/govoffce.jpg" alt= + "Governor's private office in State Capitol, St. Paul, Minn." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Governor's private office in State Capitol, St. Paul, Minn. + Pardon Board hold their meetings here. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/govrecrm.jpg"><img src="images/govrecrm.jpg" alt= + "Governor's reception room, State Capitol, St. Paul, Minn." /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Governor's reception room, State Capitol, St. Paul, Minn. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The laws of man + ever since the days of Moses, Confucius, Lycurgus, Solon and Christ + are intended to be just and impartial to all men; but no law yet + created by our wise jurists and statesmen can eradicate from the + individual the brand of Cain placed upon him by society,—that of an + ex-convict. The Pardon Board can enlarge a man's liberty by making + him a free citizen and a tax-payer, but it cannot free his conscience + from the stigma of disgrace that clings to him until the portals of + eternity open to receive him. We believe that the pardoning + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page151">[pg 151]</span> power, judicially applied, is the + greatest aid to true reformation yet discovered.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Minnesota + State Board of Pardons consists of the Governor, Chief Justice of the + Supreme Court and the Attorney General. Its meetings are held + quarterly in the state capitol building, and they meet on the second + Monday in January, April, July and October.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The law governing + the granting of pardons is as follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“Such + board may grant an absolute or a conditional pardon, but every + conditional pardon shall state the terms and conditions on which it + was granted. A reprieve in a case where capital punishment has been + imposed may be granted by any member of the board, but for such time + only as may be reasonably necessary to secure a meeting for the + consideration of an application for pardon or commutation of + sentence. Every pardon or communication of sentence shall be in + writing and shall have no force or effect unless granted by a + unanimous vote of the board duly convened.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A convict in the + prison Mirror writes as follows:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Exercising clemency toward convicted persons is a + subject that arouses many editorial writers. These newspaper men are + creators of public opinion, and it would seem possible for them to + calmly, impartially consider the subject instead of disseminating + personal ideas immature in reasoning and founded on the erroneous + conception that every person in prison has received a fair, impartial + trial and that the sentences must be warranted upon the trial court's + proceedings. In fact, the majority of editorial writers should + refrain from casting reflections upon the pardon power because it + seems too lenient or applaud it for refusing leniency toward + prisoners. Their attitude shows plainly a lack of discernable + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span> ability. Few + prisoners appeal to the pardon power of a state for clemency. + Clemency is a term used for pity. Prisoners, as a rule, detest being + considered seekers after pity. This is the concealed idea of many + editorials, and thereby erroneous. The prisoner appeals to the pardon + power because it is a lawfully created power to entertain his appeal, + which is based upon his opinions concerning the justice of a sentence + as opposed to the injustice of the trial court's imposed sentence. + The appellant is not after pity, but expects justice. He has a right + to the benefits of the law, and has a right, not only to ask for, but + to demand justice. And no class of persons should exploit these facts + more than editorial writers. Today they are greatly responsible for + the necessity of wives, children and mothers practically begging for + pity for some loved one in prison. We need Websters to interpret the + law and demand justice for clients—not wives, mothers and friends to + beg for pity.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">PATHETIC INCIDENTS AT MEETINGS OF + PARDON BOARD.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“My little girl Virginia, only four years old, has been + praying to Santa Claus every night for the past week, instead of to + God. She has asked Santa every night to give her her papa for + Christmas.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It seems all a dream, and I am afraid that I will awake + to find it isn't true. But I felt all day that the pardon would come. + I don't know why it was, but I caught myself singing this morning as + I went about the house. It is the happiest day of my life. It will be + the happiest Christmas that my family has ever spent.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Fred doesn't know that the pardon board meets + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span> today. He + expects that it will meet Thursday. I am going to take the pardon + with me to the prison, present it to Warden Wolfer and take my + husband home with me.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is a young + woman, the wife of a chief of police convicted of grafting, pleading + before the pardon board for his release. She has worked a year + securing evidence. It is just two days before Christmas and the board + is called for a special session. The governor, the chief justice of + the supreme court and the attorney general, who constitute the pardon + board, hear her case with tears in their eyes. Attorneys and others + plead for him also. Then the board goes into session. They decide + that seventeen months in prison has served the ends of justice. They + summon the young wife.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Your husband has been granted a full pardon,”</span> + announces one of the members.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“May he come home with me now?”</span> she asks, + faltering, then she swoons. Soon she recovers. The pardon is signed. + She takes it with her to Stillwater, presents it to the warden and a + moment later husband and wife are in each other's arms. Merry + Christmas it was for them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He's all I've got, judge. I'll take him anywhere, or + I'll keep him right at home in Minneapolis, if you will only let him + out. I want to take care of him, for he'll die if he stays + there.”</span> Tears drop from the mother of a youth of twenty-two + who has been sent to prison for twelve years for larceny. + <span class="tei tei-q">“I've saved $250 in the last five years, and + me doing day work,”</span> she says proudly. Her son is suffering + from tuberculosis. The board believes that it is better for him to be + under <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span> such a + mother's care than die in the prison and he is released.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nowhere else, + unless it be at a hospital, must one gaze at such a seemingly + unending sad procession of pain-torn hearts, the anguished souls of + mothers, fathers, sisters, sweethearts and wives, than at the meeting + of the pardon board every three months. Nowhere else are the grinding + knives of the law more apparent. Few are as fortunate as the two + cited above. Of the two or three dozen cases at each meeting, seldom + are more than two or three persons shown any mercy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here is the case + of a murderer sentenced to hang. An attorney pleads for him; points + out that the evidence was doubtful, says that the spirit of vengeance + guided the jury. But the board has the evidence before it. + <span class="tei tei-q">“It clearly shows that the crime was + premeditated,”</span> remarks one member. There is no hope.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A sweet faced girl + who has journeyed all the way from Seattle to take her brother back + with her, finds that the law could not pardon an offender because his + sister believes in him and loves him. The board must be shown that + the punishment was too severe for the crime or that life at home will + serve better to make the offender a useful citizen than doing penance + at the prison.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To an aged father + and mother of a boy serving a thirty-month sentence for stealing $56 + worth of grain, the sad news is meted out that their son must serve + out his sentence. They had trusted with the blind faith that the + board would release him because they needed him. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The farm is running down and Charlie ought to be home to + help care for things. He had always been a good boy,”</span> they + said.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Scathing lectures + are often given those asking pardon for the undeserving, by the + members of the board. <span class="tei tei-q">“Do you think fifteen + months is too much for a man who shot his wife? It was not his fault + she did not die,”</span> the chief justice recently told some friends + of a man who had hunted up and shot a wife who had left him. + <span class="tei tei-q">“If my sister were outraged by a man, + shooting would be none too good for him,”</span> the governor + recently told a smooth-tongued attorney who was making a plea for a + man serving a long sentence for a heinous crime.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So it goes. There + is mercy for a few; there is the stern and unrelenting law tor the + many.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/decop135.jpg"><img src="images/decop135.jpg" alt= + "decoration, smoking gun" /></a> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">PRESS NOTICES.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.40em; margin-bottom: 2.40em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">MORE LIGHT.</span></h2><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mr. Heilbron's + book on Convict Life at the Minnesota State Prison should obtain a + wide circulation. The world outside regards the world inside much + as it would regard another planet, and is curious accordingly. As a + general rule, the <span class="tei tei-q">“heroes”</span> of this + work of art are saying nothing and spinning twine and when they get + back to Civilization they keep up the habit. While apt to examine + books of this kind in a decidedly critical light, the heroes + aforesaid will find in this one no misstatements of fact and no + flights of fancy. The illustrations too are excellent, the one of + No. 1055's back being a speaking likeness. Another first-class + picture is the one which reproduces the magnificent polish on Mr. + Nelson's counter in the tailor shop. The bindery, too, that + smoothly running one-man department, has quite a palatial + appearance. The <span class="tei tei-q">“chiel amang us + takin'”</span> flashlights is to be congratulated. It may be + doubted whether a copy of this little book will hereafter be found + in every home in the state, but it would not do any harm. Maybe + when Horace was hesitating about signing papa's name in papa's + checkbook, the family copy would strike his eye and induce him + to—go ahead?—</p> + + <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right"> + (Prison Mirror, July 29, 1909.) + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">A NOVEL VOLUME.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Convict Life at the Minnesota State Prison”</span> + Published by Mr. W. C. Heilbron of St. Paul.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Convict Life at the Minnesota State Prison,”</span> of + which Mr. W. C. Heilbron, assistant public examiner, St. Paul, is + the author and publisher, is a neat volume, replete with halftone + illustrations of scenes, views and incidents of this institution, + occupying 134 pages of text, including pictures.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The frontispiece + is a remarkably good likeness of Hon. Henry Wolfer, the warden, + under whose guidance during the past eighteen years the Minnesota + State Prison has made its remarkable penological and financial + success.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To one + unacquainted with the modus operandi of dealing with prisoners in a + penitentiary, <span class="tei tei-q">“Convict Life at the + Minnesota State Prison”</span> affords an accurate and sustained + story from start to finish. In this book is given a detailed + description of the reception of the prisoner, the manner in which + he is handled, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg + 157]</span> clothed, fed, assigned to duty and governed by the + resident officials, with excellent sidelights upon the + situation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + illustrations are numerous and give interior views of buildings, + shops, departments and hospital, together with interesting scenes + of parades, drills and other matters of moment to the reader.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Citizens—even + those who have visited penal institutions—obtain but a very scant + conception of the method and manner in which they are conducted by + a casual observance upon the occasion of a visit. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Convict Life at the Minnesota State Prison,”</span> + however, is written so that all may gain a proper conception by + reading it, and the illustrations materially aid in that respect. + This book will be the means of doing a great deal of good in + removing false notions regarding inmates and it ought to enjoy a + large sale.—(Prison Mirror, July 22, 1909.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.88em; margin-bottom: 2.88em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">EDITORIAL.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the first + page of this issue of The Mirror will be found a brief review of + the volume entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“Convict Life at the + Minnesota State Prison.”</span> Until recently the publication of + matter of that character has been tabooed by managers of penal + institutions. However, there is no harm in such publicity. + Conditions are constantly improving and penologists recognize that + fact. Corporal punishment and the lockstep have been abolished in + many prisons.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The problem + confronting wardens is not <span class="tei tei-q">“how to punish + prisoners,”</span> but rather how to reform them and restore them + to society as good citizens.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Minnesota + State Prison is referred to as a model, and, while the buildings + now occupied are old and antiquated, unfit for prison purposes and + manufacturing, nevertheless the morale of the inmates is of a high + grade and credit is due to those who have brought this condition + about. As the author, Mr. W. C. Heilbron, truly states, the first + two months of incarceration for the average prisoners provide + punishment enough to last a lifetime. Of course this does not apply + to all inmates, but it is certainly true of many of them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is neither + the purpose nor the province of The Mirror to laud any one in + particular regarding the management of the Minnesota State Prison. + The facts speak more eloquently than all the eulogies that could be + uttered. The Mirror, however, desires to direct the attention of + the public to the fact that no harm is done by the publication of + such a volume as <span class="tei tei-q">“Convict Life at the + Minnesota State Prison,”</span> and much good may result from its + compilation and circulation.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page158">[pg 158]</span> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There have been + prisons and dungeons since the earliest days of recorded history + and no doubt such institutions will be in vogue until the end of + the universe. Great advancement has been made in the treatment of + those who have been so unfortunate as to be segregated from society + in general and the publication of facts instead of fancy will be + the means of clarifying the atmosphere considerably as to what is + just and humane and of the greatest earthly benefit to men and + women who have, either through ignorance, accident, design or + viciousness, fallen from grace and become the wards of the + commonwealth in a prison or penitentiary.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the end that + the public may be fully and reliably informed of the facts in + relation to prison life the volume mentioned must prove to be of + great value to all those who peruse its pages with an open mind and + a generous heart—(Prison Mirror, July 22, 1909.)</p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/twinebal.jpg"><img src="images/twinebal.jpg" alt= + "decoration, twine ball" /></a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/statefar.jpg"><img src="images/statefar.jpg" alt= + "Minnesota State Fair advertisement" /></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/newpriso.jpg"><img src="images/newpriso.jpg" alt= + "Minnesota's New $2,250,000 State Prison Now in Course of Construction" /></a> + + <div class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.00em"> + Minnesota's New $2,250,000 State Prison Now in Course of + Construction + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-top: 6.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Editor's + Note.—In the preface we stated that the names of former inmates + of the Minnesota State Prison with sensational reputations would + not appear in this book. However, there has been such an + arbitrary demand from the general public, that we have concluded + to insert the version of an exploit by one of the early inmates + of the institution. Page 49 shows hospital cell occupied by Cole + Younger during the 25 years of his incarceration. This is the + first time this story has been published in book form. It is + surmised the names Howard and Woods indicate Jesse and Frank + James respectively.</p> + </dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONVICT LIFE AT THE MINNESOTA STATE PRISON, STILLWATER, MINNESOTA*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader5" id="rightpageheader5"></a><a name= + "pgtoc6" id="pgtoc6"></a><a name="pdf7" id="pdf7"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">February 8, + 2015 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg edition + 10</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Martin Schub</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader8" id="rightpageheader8"></a><a name= + "pgtoc9" id="pgtoc9"></a><a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project + Gutenberg</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file + should be named 48208-h.html or 48208-h.zip.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all + associated files of various formats will be found in: <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/8/2/0/48208/" class= + "block tei tei-xref" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <span style= + "font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">/dirs/4/8/2/0/48208/</span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated + editions will replace the previous one — the old editions will be + renamed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the + works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law + means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, + so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the + United States without permission and without paying copyright + royalties. 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