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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/4875.txt b/4875.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54214fd --- /dev/null +++ b/4875.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1720 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook History of The United Netherlands, 1602-03 +#75 in our series by John Lothrop Motley + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**EBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These EBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers***** + + +Title: History of the United Netherlands, 1602-03 + +Author: John Lothrop Motley + +Release Date: January, 2004 [EBook #4875] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 15, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1602-03 *** + + + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + + + +[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the +file for those who may wish to sample the author's ideas before making an +entire meal of them. D.W.] + + + + + +HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS +From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609 + +By John Lothrop Motley + + +MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 75 + +History of the United Netherlands, 1602-1603 + + + +CHAPTER XL. + + Protraction of the siege of Ostend--Spanish invasion of Ireland-- + Prince Maurice again on the march--Siege of Grave--State of the + archduke's army--Formidable mutiny--State of Europe--Portuguese + expedition to Java--Foundation there of the first Batavian trading + settlement--Exploits of Jacob Heemskerk--Capture of a Lisbon + carrack--Progress of Dutch commerce--Oriental and Germanic republics + --Commercial embassy from the King of Atsgen in Sumatra to the + Netherlands--Surrender of Grave--Privateer work of Frederic Spinola + --Destruction of Spinola's fleet by English and Dutch cruisers-- + Continuation of the siege of Ostend--Fearful hurricane and its + effects--The attack--Capture of external forts--Encounter between + Spinola and a Dutch squadron--Execution of prisoners by the + archduke--Philip Fleming and his diary--Continuation of operations + before Ostend--Spanish veterans still mutinous--Their capital + besieged by Van den Berg--Maurice marches to their relief-- + Convention between the prince and the mutineers--Great commercial + progress of the Dutch--Opposition to international commerce-- + Organization of the Universal East India Company. + +It would be desirable to concentrate the chief events of the siege of +Ostend so that they might be presented to the reader's view in a single +mass. But this is impossible. The siege was essentially the war--as +already observed--and it was bidding fair to protract itself to such an +extent that a respect for chronology requires the attention to be +directed for a moment to other topics. + +The invasion of Ireland under Aquila, so pompously heralded as almost to +suggest another grand armada, had sailed in the beginning of the winter, +and an army of six thousand men had been landed at Kinsale. Rarely had +there been a better opportunity for the Celt to strike for his +independence. Shane Mac Neil had an army on foot with which he felt +confident of exterminating the Saxon oppressor, even without the +assistance of his peninsular allies; while the queen's army, severely +drawn upon as it had been for the exigencies of Vere and the States, +might be supposed unable to cope with so formidable a combination. Yet +Montjoy made short work of Aquila and Tyrone. The invaders, shut up in +their meagre conquest, became the besieged instead of the assailants. +Tyrone made a feeble attempt to relieve his Spanish allies, but was soon +driven into his swamps, the peasants would not rise; in spite of +proclamations and golden mountains of promise, and Aquila was soon glad +enough to sign a capitulation by which he saved a portion of his army. +He then returned, in transports provided by the English general, a much +discomfited man, to Spain instead of converting Ireland into a province +of the universal empire. He had not rescued Hibernia, as he stoutly +proclaimed at the outset his intention of doing, from the jaws of +the evil demon. + +The States, not much wiser after the experience of Nieuport, were again +desirous that Maurice should march into Flanders, relieve Ostend, and +sweep the archduke into the sea. As for Vere, he proposed that a great +army of cavalry and infantry should be sent into Ostend, while another +force equally powerful should take the field as soon as the season +permitted. Where the men were to be levied, and whence the funds for +putting such formidable hosts in motion were to be derived, it was not +easy to say: "'Tis astonishing," said Lewis William, "that the evils +already suffered cannot open his eyes; but after all, 'tis no marvel. An +old and good colonel, as I hold him to be, must go to school before he +can become a general, and we must beware of committing any second folly, +govern ourselves according to our means and the art of war, and leave the +rest to God." + +Prince Maurice, however; yielding as usual to the persuasions or +importunities of those less sagacious than himself; and being also much +influenced by the advice of the English queen and the French king, after +reviewing the most splendid army that even he had ever equipped and set +in the field, crossed the Waal at Nymegen, and the Meuse at Mook, and +then moving leisurely along Meuse--side by way of Sambeck, Blitterswyck, +and Maasyk, came past St. Truyden to the neighbourhood of Thienen, in +Brabant. Here he stood, in the heart of the enemy's country, and within +a day's march of Brussels. The sanguine portion of his countrymen and +the more easily alarmed of the enemy already thought it would be an easy +military promenade for the stadholder to march through Brabant and +Flanders to the coast, defeat the Catholic forces before Ostend, raise +the weary siege of that place, dictate peace to the archduke, and return +in triumph to the Hague, before the end of the summer. + +But the experienced Maurice too well knew the emptiness of such dreams. +He had a splendid army--eighteen thousand foot and five thousand horse-- +of which Lewis William commanded the battalia, Vere the right, and Count +Ernest the left, with a train of two thousand baggage wagons, and a +considerable force of sutlers and camp-followers. He moved so +deliberately, and with such excellent discipline, that his two wings +could with ease be expanded for black-mail or forage over a considerable +extent of country, and again folded together in case of sudden military +necessity. But he had no intention of marching through Brussels, Ghent, +and Bruges, to the Flemish coast. His old antagonist, the Admiral of +Arragon, lay near Thienen in an entrenched camp, with a force of at least +fifteen thousand men, while the archduke, leaving Rivas in command before +Ostend, hovered in the neighbourhood of Brussels, with as many troops as +could be spared from the various Flemish garrisons, ready to support the +admiral. + +But Maurice tempted the admiral in vain with the chances of a general +action. That warrior, remembering perhaps too distinctly his disasters +at Nieuport, or feeling conscious that his military genius was more fitly +displayed in burning towns and villages in neutral territory, robbing the +peasantry, plundering gentlemen's castles and murdering the proprietors, +than it was like to be in a pitched battle with the first general of the +age, remained sullenly within his entrenchments. His position was too +strong and his force far too numerous to warrant an attack by the +stadholder upon his works. After satisfying himself, therefore, that +there was no chance of an encounter in Brabant except at immense +disadvantage, Maurice rapidly counter-marched towards the lower Meuse, +and on the 18th July laid siege to Grave. The position and importance of +this city have been thoroughly set before the reader in a former volumes +It is only necessary, therefore, to recal the fact that, besides being a +vital possession for the republic, the place was in law the private +property of the Orange family, having been a portion of the estate of +Count de Buren, afterwards redeemed on payment of a considerable sum of +money by his son-in-law, William the Silent, confirmed to him at the +pacification of Ghent, and only lost to his children by the disgraceful +conduct of Captain Hamart, which had cost that officer his head. Maurice +was determined at least that the place should not now slip through his +fingers, and that the present siege should be a masterpiece. His forts, +of which he had nearly fifty, were each regularly furnished with moat, +drawbridge, and bulwark. His counterscarp and parapet, his galleries, +covered ways and mines, were as elaborate, massive, and artistically +finished as if he were building a city instead of besieging one. +Buzanval, the French envoy, amazed at the spectacle, protested that his +works "were rather worthy of the grand Emperor of the Turks than of, a +little commonwealth, which only existed through the disorder of its +enemies and the assistance of its friends;" but he admitted the utility +of the stadholder's proceedings to be very obvious. + +While the prince calmly sat before Grave, awaiting the inexorable hour +for burghers and garrison to surrender, the great Francis Mendoza, +Admiral of Arragon, had been completing the arrangements for his +exchange. A prisoner after the Nieuport battle, he had been assigned +by Maurice, as will be recollected, to his cousin, young Lewis Gunther, +whose brilliant services as commander of the cavalry had so much +contributed to the victory. The amount of ransom for so eminent a +captive could not fail to be large, and accordingly the thrifty Lewis +William had congratulated his brother on being able, although so young, +thus to repair the fortunes of the family by his military industry to a +greater extent than had yet been accomplished by any of the race. +Subsequently, the admiral had been released on parole, the sum of his +ransom having been fixed at nearly one hundred thousand Flemish crowns. +By an agreement now made by the States, with consent of the Nassau +family, the prisoner was definitely released, on condition of effecting +the exchange of all prisoners of the republic, now held in durance by +Spain in any part of the world. This was in lieu of the hundred thousand +crowns which were to be put into the impoverished coffers of Lewis +Gunther. It may be imagined, as the hapless prisoners afterwards poured +in--not only from the peninsula, but from more distant regions, whither +they had been sent by their cruel taskmasters, some to relate their +sufferings in the horrible dungeons of Spain, where they had long been +expiating the crime of defending their fatherland, others to relate their +experiences as chained galley-slaves in the naval service of their +bitterest enemies, many with shorn heads and long beards like Turks, many +with crippled limbs, worn out with chains and blows, and the squalor of +disease and filth--that the hatred for Spain and Rome did not glow any +less fiercely within the republic, nor the hereditary love for the +Nassaus, to whose generosity these poor victims were indebted for their +deliverance, become fainter, in consequence of these revelations. It was +at first vehemently disputed by many that the admiral could be exchanged +as a prisoner of war, in respect to the manifold murders and other crimes +which would seem to authorize his trial and chastisement by the tribunals +of the republic. But it was decided by the States that the sacred aegis +of military law must be held to protect even so bloodstained a criminal +as he, and his release was accordingly effected. Not long afterwards he +took his departure for Spain, where his reception was not enthusiastic. + +From this epoch is to be dated a considerable reform in the laws +regulating the exchange of prisoners of war.--[Grotius] + +While Maurice was occupied with the siege of Grave, and thus not only +menacing an important position, but spreading, danger and dismay over all +Brabant and Flanders, it was necessary for the archduke to detach so +large a portion of his armies to observe his indefatigable and scientific +enemy, as to much weaken the vigour of the operations before Ostend. +Moreover, the execrable administration of his finances, and the dismal +delays and sufferings of that siege; had brought about another mutiny--on +the whole, the most extensive, formidable, and methodical of all that had +hitherto occurred in the Spanish armies. + +By midsummer, at least three thousand five hundred veterans, including a +thousand of excellent cavalry, the very best soldiers in the service, had +seized the city of Hoogstraaten. Here they established themselves +securely, and strengthened the fortifications; levying contributions in +corn, cattle, and every other necessary, besides wine, beer, and pocket- +money, from the whole country round with exemplary regularity. As usual, +disorder assumed the forms of absolute order. Anarchy became the best +organized of governments; and it would have been difficult to find in the +world--outside the Dutch commonwealth--a single community where justice +appeared to be so promptly administered as in this temporary republic, +founded upon rebellion and theft. + +For; although a brotherhood of thieves, it rigorously punished such of +its citizens as robbed for their own, not for the public good. The +immense booty swept daily from the granges, castles; and villages of +Flanders was divided with the simplicity of early Christians, while the +success and steadiness of the operations paralyzed their sovereign, and +was of considerable advantage to the States. + +Albert endeavoured in vain to negotiate with the rebels. Nuncius +Frangipani went to them in person, but was received with calm derision. +Pious exhortations might turn the keys of Paradise, but gold alone, he +was informed, would unlock the gates of Hoogstraaten. In an evil hour +the cardinal-archduke was tempted to try the effect of sacerdotal +thunder. The ex-archbishop of Toledo could not doubt that the terrors of +the Church would make those brown veterans tremble who could confront so +tranquilly the spring-tides of the North Sea, and the batteries of Vere +and Nassau. So he launched a manifesto, as highly spiced as a pamphlet +of Marnig, and as severe as a sentence of Torquemada. Entirely against +the advice of the States-General of the obedient provinces, he denounced +the mutineers as outlaws and accursed. He called on persons of every +degree to kill any of them in any way, at any time, or in any place, +promising that the slayer of a private soldier should receive a reward +of "ten crowns for each head" brought in, while for a subaltern officer's +head one hundred crowns were offered; for that of a superior officer two +hundred, and for that of the Eletto or chief magistrate, five hundred +crowns. Should the slayer be himself a member of the mutiny, his crime +of rebellion was to be forgiven, and the price of murder duly paid. All +judges, magistrates, and provost-marshals were ordered to make +inventories of the goods, moveable and immoveable, of the mutineers, and +of the clothing and other articles belonging to their wives and children, +all which property was to be brought in and deposited in the hands of the +proper functionaries of the archduke's camp, in order that it might be +duly incorporated into the domains of his Highness. + +The mutineers were not frightened. The ban was an anachronism. If those +Spaniards and Italians had learned nothing by their much campaigning in +the land of Calvinism, they had at least unlearned their faith in bell, +book, and candle. It happened, too, that among their numbers were to be +found pamphleteers as ready and as unscrupulous as the scribes of the +archduke. + +So there soon came forth and was published to the world, in the name of +the Eletto and council of Hoogstraaten, a formal answer to the ban. + +"If scolding and cursing be payment," said the magistrates of the mutiny, +"then we might give a receipt in full for our wages. The ban is +sufficient in this respect; but as these curses give no food for our +bellies nor clothes for our backs, not preventing us, therefore, who have +been fighting so long for the honour and welfare of the archdukes from +starving with cold and hunger, we think a reply necessary in order to +make manifest how much reason these archdukes have for thundering forth +all this choler and fury, by which women and children may be frightened, +but at which no soldier will feel alarm. + +"When it is stated," continued the mutineers, "that we have deserted our +banners just as an attempt was making by the archduke to relieve Grave, +we can only reply that the assertion proves how impossible it is to +practise arithmetic with disturbed brains. Passion is a bad +schoolmistress for the memory, but, as good friends, we will recal to the +recollection of your Highness that it was not your Highness, but the +Admiral of Arragon, that commanded the relieving force before that city. + +"'Tis very true that we summon your Highnesses, and levy upon your +provinces, in order to obtain means of living; for in what other quarter +should we make application. Your Highnesses give us nothing except +promises; but soldiers are not chameleons, to live on such air. +According to every principle of law, creditors have a lien on the +property of their debtors. + +"As to condemning to death as traitors and scoundrels those who don't +desire to be killed, and who have the means of killing such as attempt to +execute the sentence; this is hardly in accordance with the extraordinary +wisdom which has always characterized your Highnesses. + +"As, to the confiscation of our goods, both moveable and immoveable, we +would simply make this observation: + +"Our moveable goods are our swords alone, and they can only be moved by +ourselves. They are our immoveable goods as well; for should any one but +ourselves undertake to move them, we assure your Highnesses that they +will prove too heavy to be handled. + +"As to the official register and deposit ordained of the money, clothing, +and other property belonging to ourselves, our wives and children, the +work may be done without clerks of inventory. Certainly, if the domains +of your Highnesses have no other sources of revenue than the proceeds of +this confiscation, wherewith to feed the ostrich-like digestions of those +about you, 'tis to be feared that ere long they will be in the same +condition as were ours, when we were obliged to come together in +Hoogstraaten to devise means to keep ourselves, our wives, and children +alive. And at that time we were an unbreeched people, like the Indians-- +saving your Highnesses' reverence--and the climate here is too cold for +such costume. Your Highnesses, and your relatives the Emperor and King +of Spain, will hardly make your royal heads greasy with the fat of such +property as we possess, 'Twill also be a remarkable spectacle after you +have stripped our wives and children stark naked for the benefit of your +treasury, to see them sent in that condition, within three days +afterwards, out of the country, as the ban ordains. + +"You order the ban to be executed against our children and our children's +children, but your Highness never learned this in the Bible, when you +were an archbishop, and when you expounded, or ought to have expounded, +the Holy Scriptures to your flock. What theology teaches your Highness +to vent your wrath upon the innocent? + +"Whenever the cause of discontent is taken away, the soldiers will become +obedient and cheerful. All kings and princes may mirror themselves in +the bad government of your Highness, and may see how they fare who try to +carry on a war, while with their own hands they cut the sinews of war. +The great leaders of old--Cyrus, Alexander, Scipio, Caesar--were +accustomed, not to starve, but to enrich their soldiers. What did +Alexander, when in an arid desert they brought, him a helmet full of +water? He threw it on the sand, saying that there was only enough for +him, but not enough for his army. + +"Your Highnesses have set ten crowns, and one hundred, and five hundred +crowns upon our heads, but never could find five hundred mites nor ten +mites to keep our souls and bodies together. + +"Yet you have found means to live yourselves with pomp and luxury, far +exceeding that of the great Emperor Charles and much surpassing the +magnificence of your Highnesses' brothers, the emperor and the king." + +Thus, and much more, the magistrates of the "Italian republic"--answering +their master's denunciations of vengeance, both in this world and the +next, with a humorous scorn very refreshing in that age of the world to +contemplate. The expanding influence of the Dutch commonwealth was +already making itself felt even in the ranks of its most determined foes. + +The mutineers had also made an agreement with the States-General, by +which they had secured permission, in case of need, to retire within the +territory of the republic. + +Maurice had written to them from his camp before Grave, and at first they +were disposed to treat him with as little courtesy as they had shown the +Nuncius; for they put the prince's letter on a staff, and fired at it as +a mark, assuring the trumpeter who brought it that they would serve +him in the same manner should he venture thither again. Very soon +afterwards, however, the Eletto and council, reproving the folly of their +subordinates, opened negotiations with the stadholder, who, with the +consent of the States, gave them preliminary permission to take refuge +under the guns of Bergenop-Zoom, should they by chance be hard pressed. + +Thus throughout Europe a singular equilibrium of contending forces seemed +established. Before Ostend, where the chief struggle between imperialism +and republicanism had been proceeding for more than a year with equal +vigour, there seemed no possibility of a result. The sands drank up the +blood of the combatants on both sides, month after month, in summer; the +pestilence in town and camp mowed down Catholic and Protestant with +perfect impartiality during the winter, while the remorseless ocean swept +over all in its wrath, obliterating in an hour the patient toil of +months. + +In Spain, in England, and Ireland; in Hungary, Germany, Sweden, and +Poland, men wrought industriously day by day and year by year, to destroy +each other, and to efface the products of human industry, and yet no +progress could fairly be registered. The Turk was in Buda, on the right +bank of the Danube, and the Christian in Pest, on the left, while the +crescent; but lately supplanted by the cross, again waved in triumph over +Stuhlweissenberg, capital city of the Magyars. The great Marshal Biron, +foiled in his stupendous treachery, had laid down his head upon the +block; the catastrophe following hard upon the madcap riot of Lord Essex +in the Strand and his tragic end. The troublesome and restless +favourites of Henry and of Elizabeth had closed their stormy career, but +the designs of the great king and the great queen were growing wider and +wilder, more false and more fantastic than ever, as the evening shadows +of both were lengthening. + +But it was not in Europe nor in Christendom: alone during that twilight +epoch of declining absolutism, regal and sacerdotal, and the coming +glimmer of freedom, religious and commercial, that the contrast between +the old and new civilizations was exhibiting itself. + +The same fishermen and fighting men, whom we have but lately seen sailing +forth from Zeeland and Friesland to confront the dangers of either pole, +were now contending in the Indian seas with the Portuguese monopolists of +the tropics. + +A century long, the generosity of the Roman pontiff in bestowing upon +others what was not his property had guaranteed to the nation of Vasco de +Gama one half at least of the valuable possessions which maritime genius, +unflinching valour, and boundless cruelty had won and kept. But the +spirit of change was abroad in the world. Potentates and merchants +under the equator had been sedulously taught that there were no other +white men on the planet but the Portuguese and their conquerors the +Spaniards, and that the Dutch--of whom they had recently heard, and the +portrait of whose great military chieftain they had seen after the news +of the Nieuport battle had made the circuit of the earth--were a mere mob +of pirates and savages inhabiting the obscurest of dens. They were soon, +however, to be enabled to judge for themselves as to the power and the +merits of the various competitors for their trade. + +Early in this year Andreas Hurtado de Mendoza with a stately fleet of +galleons and smaller vessels, more than five-and-twenty in all, was on +his way towards the island of Java to inflict summary vengeance upon +those oriental rulers who had dared to trade with men forbidden by his +Catholic Majesty and the Pope. + +The city of Bantam was the first spot marked out for destruction, and it +so happened that a Dutch skipper, Wolfert Hermann by name, commanding +five trading vessels, in which were three hundred men, had just arrived +in those seas to continue the illicit commerce which had aroused the ire +of the Portuguese. His whole force both of men and of guns was far +inferior to that of the flag-ship alone of Mendoza. But he resolved to +make manifest to the Indians that the Batavians were not disposed to +relinquish their promising commercial relations with them, nor to turn +their backs upon their newly found friends in the hour of danger. To the +profound astonishment of the Portuguese admiral the Dutchman with his +five little trading ships made an attack on the pompous armada, intending +to avert chastisement from the king of Bantam. It was not possible for +Wolfert to cope at close quarters with his immensely superior adversary, +but his skill and nautical experience enabled him to play at what was +then considered long bowls with extraordinary effect. The greater +lightness and mobility of his vessels made them more than a match, in +this kind of encounter, for the clumsy, top-heavy, and sluggish marine +castles in which Spain and Portugal then went forth to battle on the +ocean. It seems almost like the irony of history, and yet it is the +literal fact, that the Dutch galleot of that day--hardly changed in two +and a half centuries since--"the bull-browed galleot butting through the +stream,"--[Oliver Wendell Holmes]--was then the model clipper, +conspicuous among all ships for its rapid sailing qualities and ease of +handling. So much has the world moved, on sea and shore, since those +simple but heroic days. And thus Wolfert's swift-going galleots circled +round and round the awkward, ponderous, and much-puzzled Portuguese +fleet, until by well-directed shots and skilful manoeuvring they had sunk +several ships, taken two, run others into the shallows, and, at last, put +the whole to confusion. After several days of such fighting, Admiral +Mendoza fairly turned his back upon his insignificant opponent, and +abandoned his projects upon Java. Bearing away for the Island of Amboyna +with the remainder of his fleet, he laid waste several of its villages +and odoriferous spice-fields, while Wolfert and his companions entered +Bantam in triumph, and were hailed as deliverers. And thus on the +extreme western verge of this magnificent island was founded the first +trading settlement of the Batavian republic in the archipelago of the +equator--the foundation-stone of a great commercial empire which was to +encircle the earth. Not many years later, at the distance, of a dozen +leagues from Bantam, a congenial swamp was fortunately discovered in a +land whose volcanic peaks rose two miles into the air, and here a town +duly laid out with canals and bridges, and trim gardens and stagnant +pools, was baptized by the ancient and well-beloved name of Good-Meadow +or Batavia, which it bears to this day. + +Meantime Wolfert Hermann was not the only Hollander cruising in those +seas able to convince the Oriental mind that all Europeans save the +Portuguese were not pirates and savages, and that friendly intercourse +with other foreigners might be as profitable as slavery to the Spanish +crown. + +Captain Nek made treaties of amity and commerce with the potentates of +Ternate, Tydor, and other Molucca islands. The King of Candy on the +Island of Ceylon, lord of the odoriferous fields of cassia which perfume +those tropical seas, was glad to learn how to exchange the spices of the +equator for the thousand fabrics and products of western civilization +which found their great emporium in Holland. Jacob Heemskerk, too, who +had so lately astonished the world by his exploits and discoveries during +his famous winter in Nova Zembla, was now seeking adventures and carrying +the flag and fame of the republic along the Indian and Chinese coasts. +The King of Johor on the Malayan peninsula entered into friendly +relations with him, being well pleased, like so many of those petty +rulers, to obtain protection against the Portuguese whom he had so long +hated and feared. He informed Heemskerk of the arrival in the straits of +Malacca of an immense Lisbon carrack, laden with pearls and spices, +brocades and precious-stones, on its way to Europe, and suggested an +attack. It is true that the roving Hollander merely commanded a couple +of the smallest galleots, with about a hundred and thirty men in the two. +But when was Jacob Heemskerk ever known to shrink from an encounter-- +whether from single-handed combat with a polar bear, or from leading a +forlorn hope against a Spanish fort, or from assailing a Portuguese +armada. The carrack, more than one thousand tons burthen, carried +seventeen guns, and at least eight times as many men as he commanded. +Nevertheless, after a combat of but brief duration Heemskerk was master +of the carrack: He spared the lives of his seven hundred prisoners, and +set them on shore before they should have time to discover to what a +handful of Dutchmen they had surrendered. Then dividing about a million +florins' worth of booty among his men, who doubtless found such cruising +among the spice-islands more attractive than wintering at the North Pole, +he sailed in the carrack for Macao, where he found no difficulty in +convincing the authorities of the celestial empire that the friendship of +the Dutch republic was worth cultivating. There was soon to be work in +other regions for the hardy Hollander--such as was to make the name of +Heemskerk a word to conjure with down to the latest posterity. Meantime +he returned to his own country to take part in the great industrial +movements which were to make this year an epoch in commercial history. + +The conquerors of Mendoza and deliverers of Bantam had however not paused +in their work. From Java they sailed to Banda; and on those volcanic +islands of nutmegs and cloves made, in the name of their commonwealth, +a treaty with its republican antipodes. For there was no king to be +found in that particular archipelago, and the two republics, the Oriental +and the Germanic, dealt with each other with direct and becoming +simplicity. Their convention was in accordance with the commercial +ideas of the day, which assumed monopoly as the true basis of national +prosperity. It was agreed that none but Dutchmen should ever purchase +the nutmegs of Banda, and that neither nation should harbour refugees +from the other. Other articles, however; showed how much farther, the +practice of political and religious liberty had advanced than had any +theory of commercial freedom. It was settled that each nation should +judge its own citizens according to its own laws, that neither should +interfere by force with the other in regard to religious matters, but +that God should be judge over them all. Here at least was progress +beyond the system according to which the Holy Inquisition furnished the +only enginry of civilization. The guardianship assumed by Holland over +these children of the sun was at least an improvement on the tyranny +which roasted them alive if they rejected religious dogmas which they +could not comprehend, and which proclaimed with fire, sword, and gibbet +that the Omnipotent especially forbade the nutmeg trade to all but the +subjects, of the most Catholic king. + +In Atsgen or Achim, chief city of Sumatra, a treaty was likewise made +with the government of the place, and it was arranged that the king of +Atsgen should send over an embassy to the distant but friendly republic. +Thus he might judge whether the Hollanders were enemies of all the world, +as had been represented to him, or only of Spain; whether their knowledge +of the arts and sciences, and their position among the western nations +entitled them to respect, and made their friendship desirable; or whether +they were only worthy of the contempt which their royal and aristocratic +enemies delighted to heap upon their heads. The envoys sailed from +Sumatra on board the same little fleet which, under the command of +Wolfert Hermann, had already done such signal service, and on their way +to Europe they had an opportunity of seeing how these republican sailors +could deal with their enemies on the ocean. + +Off St. Helena an immense Portuguese carrack richly laden and powerfully +armed, was met, attacked, and overpowered by the little merchantmen with +their usual audacity and skill. A magnificent booty was equitably +divided among the captors, the vanquished crew were set safely on shore; +and the Hollanders then pursued their home voyage without further +adventures. + +The ambassadors; with an Arab interpreter, were duly presented to Prince +Maurice in the lines before the city of Grave. Certainly no more +favourable opportunity could have been offered them for contrasting the +reality of military power, science, national vigour; and wealth, which +made the republic eminent among the nations, with the fiction of a horde +of insignificant and bloodthirsty savages which her enemies had made so +familiar at the antipodes. Not only were the intrenchments bastions, +galleries, batteries, the discipline and equipment of the troops, a +miracle in the eyes of these newly arrived Oriental ambassadors, but they +had awakened the astonishment of Europe, already accustomed to such +spectacles. Evidently the amity of the stadholder and his commonwealth +was a jewel of price, and the King of Achim would have been far more +barbarous than he had ever deemed the Dutchmen to be, had he not well +heeded the lesson which he had sent so far to learn. + +The chief of the legation, Abdulzamar, died in Zeeland, and was buried +with honourable obsequies at Middleburg, a monument being raised to his +memory. The other envoys returned to Sumatra, fully determined to +maintain close relations with the republic. + +There had been other visitors in Maurice's lines before Grave at about +the same period. Among others, Gaston Spinola, recently created by the +archduke Count of Bruay, had obtained permission to make a visit to a +wounded relative, then a captive in the republican camp, and was +hospitably entertained at the stadholder's table. Maurice, with +soldierly bluntness, ridiculed the floating batteries, the castles on +wheels, the sausages, and other newly-invented machines, employed before +Ostend, and characterized them as rather fit to catch birds with than to +capture a city, defended by mighty armies and fleets. + +"If the archduke has set his heart upon it, he had far better try to buy +Ostend," he observed. + +"What is your price?" asked the Italian; "will you take 200,000 ducats?" + +"Certainly not less than a million and a half," was the reply; so highly +did Maurice rate the position and advantages of the city. He would +venture to prophesy, he added, that the siege of Ostend would last as +long as the siege of Troy. + +"Ostend is no Troy," said Spinola with a courtly flourish, "although +there are certainly not wanting an Austrian Agamemnon, a Dutch Hector, +and an Italian Achilles." The last allusion was to the speaker's +namesake and kinsman, the Marquis Anibrose Spinola, of whom much was to +be heard in the world from that time forth. + +Meantime, although so little progress had been made at Ostend, Maurice +had thoroughly done his work before Grave. On the 18th September the +place surrendered, after sixty days' siege, upon the terms usually +granted by the stadholder. The garrison was to go out with the honours +of war. Those of the inhabitants who wished to leave were to leave; +those who preferred staying were to stay; rendering due allegiance to the +republic, and abstaining in public from the rites of the Roman Church, +without being exposed, however, to any inquiries as to their religious +opinions, or any interference within their households. + +The work went slowly on before Ostend. Much effect had been produced, +however, by the operations of the archduke's little naval force. The +galley of that day, although a child's toy as compared with the wonders +of naval architecture of our own time, was an effective machine enough to +harass fishing and coasting vessels in creeks and estuaries, and along +the shores of Holland and Zeeland during tranquil weather. + +The locomotive force of these vessels consisted of galley-slaves, +in which respect the Spaniards had an advantage over other nations; +for they had no scruples in putting prisoners of war into chains and upon +the benches of the rowers. Humanity--"the law of Christian piety," in +the words of the noble Grotius--forbade the Hollanders from reducing +their captives to such horrible slavery, and they were obliged to content +themselves with condemned criminals, and with the few other wretches whom +abject poverty and the impossibility of earning other wages could induce +to accept the service. And as in the maritime warfare of our own day, +the machinery--engines, wheels, and boilers--is the especial aim of the +enemy's artillery, so the chain-gang who rowed in the waist of the +galley, the living enginry, without which the vessel became a useless +tub, was as surely marked out for destruction whenever a sea-fight took +place. + +The Hollanders did not very much favour this species of war-craft, both +by reason of the difficulty of procuring the gang, and because to a true +lover of the ocean and of naval warfare the galley was about as clumsy +and amphibious a production as could be hoped of human perverseness. +High where it should be low. Exposed, flat, and fragile, where elevation +and strength were indispensable--encumbered and top-heavy where it should +be level and compact, weak in the waist, broad at stem and stern, awkward +in manoeuvre, helpless in rough weather, sluggish under sail, although +possessing the single advantage of being able to crawl over a smooth sea +when better and faster ships were made stationary by absolute calm, the +galley was no match for the Dutch galleot, either at close quarters or in +a breeze. + +Nevertheless for a long time there had been a certain awe produced by the +possibility of some prodigious but unknown qualities in these outlandish +vessels, and already the Hollanders had tried their hand at constructing +them. On a late occasion a galley of considerable size, built at Dort, +had rowed past the Spanish forts on the Scheld, gone up to Antwerp, and +coolly cut out from the very wharves of the city a Spanish galley of the +first class, besides seven war vessels of lesser dimensions, at first +gaining advantage by surprise, and then breaking down all opposition in a +brilliant little fight. The noise of the encounter summoned the citizens +and garrison to the walls, only to witness the triumph achieved by Dutch +audacity, and to see the victors dropping rapidly down the river, laden +with booty and followed by their prizes. Nor was the mortification of +these unwilling spectators diminished when the clear notes of a bugle on +board the Dutch galley brought to their ears the well-known melody of +"Wilhelmus of Nassau," once so dear to every, patriotic heart in Antwerp, +and perhaps causing many a renegade cheek on this occasion to tingle with +shame. + +Frederic Spinola, a volunteer belonging to the great and wealthy Genoese +family of that name, had been performing a good deal of privateer work +with a small force of galleys which he kept under his command at Sluys. +He had succeeded in inflicting so much damage upon the smaller +merchantmen of the republic, and in maintaining so perpetual a panic in +calm weather among the seafaring multitudes of those regions, that he was +disposed to extend the scale of his operations. On a visit to Spain he +had obtained permission from Government to employ in this service eight +great galleys, recently built on the Guadalquivir for the Royal Navy. +He was to man and equip them at his own expense, and was to be allowed +the whole of the booty that might result from his enterprise. Early in +the autumn he set forth with his eight galleys on the voyage to Flanders, +but, off Cezimbra, on the Portuguese coast, unfortunately fell in with +Sir Robert Mansell, who; with a compact little squadron of English +frigates, was lying in wait for the homeward-bound India fleet on their +entrance to Lisbon. An engagement took place, in which Spinola lost two +of his galleys. His disaster might have been still greater, had not an +immense Indian carrack, laden with the richest merchandize, just then +hove in sight, to attract his conquerors with a hope of better prize- +money than could be expected from the most complete victory over him and +his fleet. + +With the remainder of his vessels Spinola crept out of sight while the +English were ransacking the carrack. On the 3rd of October he had +entered the channel with a force which, according to the ideas of that +day, was still formidable. Each of his galleys was of two hundred and +fifty slave power, and carried, beside the chain-gang, four hundred +fighting men. His flag-ship was called the St. Lewis; the names of the +other vessels being the St. Philip, the Morning Star, the St. John, the +Hyacinth, and the Padilla. The Trinity and the Opportunity had been +destroyed off Cezimbra. Now there happened to be cruising just then in +the channel, Captain Peter Mol, master of the Dutch war-ship Tiger, and +Captain Lubbertson, commanding the Pelican. These two espied the Spanish +squadron, paddling at about dusk towards the English coast, and quickly +gave notice to Vice-Admiral John Kant, who in the States' ship Half-moon, +with three other war-galleots, was keeping watch in that neighbourhood. +It was dead calm as the night fell, and the galleys of Spinola, which had +crept close up to the Dover cliffs, were endeavouring to row their way +across in the darkness towards the Flemish coast, in the hope of putting +unobserved into the Gut of Sluys. All went well with Spinola till the +moon rose; but, with the moon, sprang up a steady breeze, so that the +galleys lost all their advantage. Nearly off Gravelines another States' +ship, the Mackerel, came in sight, which forthwith attacked the St: +Philip, pouring a broadside into her by which fifty men were killed. +Drawing off from this assailant, the galley found herself close to the +Dutch admiral in the Half-moon, who, with all sail set, bore straight +down upon her, struck her amidships with a mighty crash, carrying off her +mainmast and her poop, and then, extricating himself with difficulty from +the wreck, sent a tremendous volley of cannon-shot and lesser missiles +straight into the waist where sat the chain-gang. A howl of pain and +terror rang through the air, while oars and benches, arms, legs, and +mutilated bodies, chained inexorably together, floated on the moonlit +waves. An instant later, and another galleot bore down to complete the +work, striking with her iron prow the doomed St. Philip so straightly and +surely that she went down like a stone, carrying with her galley slaves, +sailors, and soldiers, besides all the treasure brought by Spinola for +the use of his fleet. + +The Morning Star was the next galley attacked, Captain Sael, in a stout +galleot, driving at her under full sail, with the same accuracy and +solidity of shock as had been displayed in the encounter with the St. +Philip and with the same result. The miserable, top-heavy monster galley +was struck between mainmast and stern, with a blow which carried away the +assailant's own bowsprit and fore-bulwarks, but which--completely +demolished the stem of the galley, and crushed out of existence the +greater portion of the live machinery sitting chained and rowing on the +benches. And again, as the first enemy hauled off from its victim, +Admiral pant came up once more in the Half-moon, steered straight at the +floundering galley, and sent her with one crash to the bottom. It was +not very scientific practice perhaps. It was but simple butting, plain +sailing, good steering, and the firing of cannon at short pistol-shot. +But after all, the work of those unsophisticated Dutch skippers was done +very thoroughly, without flinching, and, as usual, at great odds of men +and guns. Two more of the Spanish galleys were chased into the shallows +near Gravelines, where they went to pieces. Another was wrecked near +Calais. The galley which bore Frederic Spinola himself and his fortunes +succeeded in reaching Dunkirk, whence he made his way discomfited, to +tell the tale of his disaster to the archduke at Brussels. During the +fight the Dutch admiral's boats had been active in picking up such of the +drowning crews, whether galley-slaves or soldiers, as it was possible to +save. But not more than two hundred were thus rescued, while by far the +greater proportion of those on board, probably three thousand in number, +perished, and the whole fleet, by which so much injury was to have been +inflicted on Dutch commerce, was, save one damaged galley, destroyed. Yet +scarcely any lives were lost by the Hollanders, and it is certain that +the whole force in their fleet did not equal the crew of a single one of +the enemy's ships. Neither Spinola nor the archduke seemed likely to +make much out of the contract. Meantime, the Genoese volunteer kept +quiet in Sluy's, brooding over schemes to repair his losses and to renew +his forays on the indomitable Zeelanders. + +Another winter had now closed in upon Ostend, while still the siege had +scarcely advanced an inch. During the ten months of Governor Dorp's +administration, four thousand men had died of wounds or malady within the +town, and certainly twice as many in the trenches of the besieging force. +Still the patient Bucquoy went on, day after day, night after night, +month after month, planting his faggots and fascines, creeping forward +almost imperceptibly with his dyke, paying five florins each to the +soldiers who volunteered to bring the materials, and a double ducat to +each man employed in laying them. So close were they under the fire of +the town; that a life was almost laid down for every ducat, but the +Gullet, which it was hoped to close, yawned as wide as ever, and the +problem how to reduce a city, open by sea to the whole world, remained +without solution. On the last day of the year a splendid fleet of +transports arrived in the town, laden with whole droves of beeves and +flocks of sheep, besides wine and bread and beer enough to supply a +considerable city; so that market provisions in the beleaguered town +were cheaper than in any part of Europe. + +Thus skilfully did the States-General and Prince Maurice watch from the +outside over Ostend, while the audacious but phlegmatic sea-captains +brought their cargoes unscathed through the Gullet, although Bucquoy's +batteries had now advanced to within seventy yards of the shore. + +On the west side, the besiegers were slowly eating their way through the +old harbour towards the heart of the place. Subterranean galleries, +patiently drained of their water, were met by counter-galleries leading +out from the town, and many were the desperate hand-to-hand encounters, +by dim lanterns, or in total darkness, beneath the ocean and beneath the +earth; Hollander, Spaniard, German, Englishman, Walloon, digging and +dying in the fatal trenches, as if there had been no graves at home. +Those insatiable sand-banks seemed ready to absorb all the gold and all +the life of Christendom. But the monotony of that misery it is useless +to chronicle. Hardly an event of these dreary days has been left +unrecorded by faithful diarists and industrious soldiers, but time has +swept us far away from them, and the world has rolled on to fresher +fields of carnage and ruin. All winter long those unwearied, +intelligent, fierce, and cruel creatures toiled and fought in the +stagnant waters, and patiently burrowed in the earth. It seemed that +if Ostend were ever lost it would be because at last entirely bitten +away and consumed. When there was no Ostend left, it might be that +the archduke would triumph. + +As there was always danger that the movements on the east side might be +at last successful, it was the command of Maurice that the labours to +construct still another harbour should go on in case the Gullet should +become useless, as the old haven had been since the beginning of the +siege. And the working upon that newest harbour was as dangerous to the +Hollanders as Bucquoy's dike-building to the Spaniards, for the pioneers +and sappers were perpetually under fire from the batteries which the +count had at, last successfully established on the extremity of his work. +It was a piteous sight to see those patient delvers lay down their spades +and die, hour after hour, to be succeeded by their brethren only to share +their fate. Yet still the harbour building progressed; for the republic +was determined that the city should be open to the sea so long as the +States had a stiver, or a ship, or a spade. + +While this deadly industry went on, the more strictly military operations +were not pretermitted day nor night. The Catholics were unwearied in +watching for a chance of attack, and the Hollanders stood on the ramparts +and in the trenches, straining eyes and ears through the perpetual icy +mists of that black winter to catch the sight and sound of a coming foe. +Especially the by-watches, as they were called, were enough to break down +constitutions of iron; for, all day and night, men were stationed in the +inundated regions, bound on pain of death to stand in the water and watch +for a possible movement of the enemy, until the waves should rise so high +as to make it necessary to swim. Then, until the tide fell again, there +was brief repose. + +And so the dreary winter faded away at last into chill and blustering +spring. On the 13th of April a hurricane, such as had not occurred since +the siege began; raged across the ocean, deluging and shattering the +devoted town. The waters rose over dyke and parapet, and the wind swept +from the streets and ramparts every living thing. Not a soldier or +sailor could keep his feet, the chief tower of the church was blown into +the square, chimneys and windows crashed on all sides, and the elements +had their holiday, as if to prove how helpless a thing was man, however +fierce and determined, when the powers of Nature arose in their strength. +It was as if no siege existed, as if no hostile armies had been lying +nearly two years long close to each other, and losing no opportunity to +fly at each other's throats. The strife of wind and ocean gave a respite +to human rage. + +It was but a brief respite. At nightfall there was a lull in the +tempest, and the garrison crept again to the ramparts. Instantly the +departing roar of the winds and waters were succeeded by fainter but +still more threatening sounds, and the sentinels and the drums and +trumpets to rally the garrison, when the attack came. The sleepless +Spaniards were already upon them. In the Porcupine fort, a blaze of +wickerwork and building materials suddenly illuminated the gathering +gloom of night; and the loud cries of the assailants, who had succeeded +in kindling this fire by their missiles, proclaimed the fierceness of the +attack. Governor Dorp was himself in the fort, straining every nerve to +extinguish the flames, and to hold this most important position. He was +successful. After a brief but bloody encounter the Spaniards were +repulsed with heavy loss. All was quiet again, and the garrison in the +Porcupine were congratulating themselves on their victory when suddenly +the ubiquitous Philip Fleeting plunged, with a face of horror, into the +governor's quarters, informing him that the attack on the redoubt had +been a feint, and that the Spaniards were at that very moment swarming +all over the three external forts, called the South Square, the West +Square, and the Polder. These points, which have been already described, +were most essential to the protection of the place, as without them the +whole counterscarp was in danger. It was to save those exposed but vital +positions that Sir Francis Vere had resorted to the slippery device of +the last Christmas Eve but one. + +Dorp refused to believe the intelligence. The squares were well guarded, +the garrison ever alert. Spaniards were not birds of prey to fly up +those perpendicular heights, and for beings without wings the thing was +impossible. He followed Fleming through the darkness, and was soon +convinced that the impossible was true. The precious squares were in the +hands of the enemy. Nimble as monkeys, those yellow jerkined Italians, +Walloons, and Spaniards--stormhats on their heads and swords in their +teeth--had planted rope-ladders, swung themselves up the walls by +hundreds upon hundreds, while the fight had been going on at the +Porcupine, and were now rushing through the forts grinning defiance, +yelling and chattering with fierce triumph, and beating down all +opposition. It was splendidly done. The discomfited Dorp met small +bodies of his men, panic-struck, reeling out from their stronghold, +wounded, bleeding, shrieking for help and for orders. It seemed as if +the Spaniards had dropped from the clouds. The Dutch commandant did his +best to rally the fugitives, and to encourage those who had remained. +All night long the furious battle raged, every inch of ground being +contested; for both Catholics and Hollanders knew full well that this +triumph was worth more than all that had been gained for the archduke in +eighteen months of siege. Pike to pike, breast to breast, they fought +through the dark April night; the last sobs of the hurricane dying +unheard, the red lanterns flitting to and fro, the fireworks hissing in +every direction of earth and air, the great wicker piles, heaped up with +pitch and rosin, flaming over a scene more like a dance of goblins than a +commonplace Christian massacre. At least fifteen hundred were killed-- +besiegers and besieged--during the storming of the forts and the +determined but unsuccessful attempt of the Hollanders to retake them. +And when at last the day had dawned, and the Spaniards could see the full +extent of their victory, they set themselves with--unusual alacrity to +killing such of the wounded and prisoners as were in their hands, while, +at the same time, they turned the guns of their newly acquired works upon +the main counterscarp of the town. + +Yet the besieged--discomfited but undismayed lost not a moment in +strengthening their inner works, and in doing their best, day after day, +by sortie, cannonade, and every possible device, to prevent the foe from +obtaining full advantage of his success. The triumph was merely a local +one, and the patient Hollanders soon proved to the enemy that the town +was not gained by carrying the three squares, but that every inch of the +place was to be contested as hotly as those little redoubts had been. +Ostend, after standing nearly two years of siege, was not to be carried +by storm. A goodly slice of it had been pared off that April night, and +was now in possession of the archduke, but this was all. Meantime the +underground work was resumed on both sides. + +Frederic Spinola, notwithstanding the stunning defeat sustained by him +in the preceding October, had not lost heart while losing all his ships. +On the contrary, he had been busy during the winter in building other +galleys. Accordingly, one fine morning in May, Counsellor Flooswyk, +being on board a war vessel convoying some empty transports from Ostend, +observed signs of mischief brewing as he sailed past the Gut of Sluys; +and forthwith gave notice of what he had seen to Admiral Joost de Moor, +commanding the blockading squadron. The counsellor was right. Frederic +Spinola meant mischief. It was just before sunrise of a beautiful +summer's day. The waves were smooth--not a breath of wind stirring--and +De Moor, who had four little war-ships of Holland, and was supported +besides by a famous vessel called the Black Galley of Zeeland, under +Captain Jacob Michelzoon, soon observed a movement from Sluys. + +Over the flat and glassy surface of the sea, eight galleys of the largest +size were seen crawling slowly, like vast reptiles, towards his .. +position. Four lesser vessels followed in the wake of the great galleys. +The sails of the admiral's little fleet flapped idly against the mast. +He could only placidly await the onset. The Black Galley, however, moved +forward according to her kind; and was soon vigorously attacked by two +galleys of the enemy. With all the force that five hundred rowers could +impart, these two huge vessels ran straight into the Zeeland ship, and +buried their iron prows in her sides. Yet the Black Galley was made of +harder stuff than were those which had gone down in the channel the +previous autumn under the blows of John Kant. Those on board her, at +least, were made of tougher material than were galley-slaves and land- +soldiers. The ramming was certainly not like that of a thousand horse- +power of steam, and there was no very great display of science in the +encounter; yet Captain Jacob Michelzoon, with two enemy's ships thus +stuck to his sides, might well have given himself up for lost. The +disproportion of ships and men was monstrous. Beside the chain-gang, +each of Spinola's ships was manned by two hundred soldiers, while thirty- +six musketeers from the Flushing garrison were the only men-at-arms in De +Moor's whole squadron. But those amphibious Zeelanders and Hollanders, +perfectly at home in the water, expert in handling vessels, and excellent +cannoneers, were more than a match for twenty times their number of +landsmen. It was a very simple-minded, unsophisticated contest. The +attempt to board the Black Galley was met with determined resistance, but +the Zeeland sailors clambered like cats upon the bowsprits of the Spanish +galleys, fighting with cutlass and handspike, while a broadside or two +was delivered with terrible effect into the benches of the chained and +wretched slaves. Captain Michelzoon was killed, but his successor, +Lieutenant Hart, although severely wounded, swore that he would blow up +his ship with his own hands rather than surrender. The decks of all the +vessels ran with blood, but at last the Black Galley succeeded in beating +off her assailants; the Zeelanders, by main force, breaking off the +enemy's bowsprits, so that the two ships of Spinola were glad to sheer +off, leaving their stings buried in the enemy's body. + +Next, four galleys attacked the stout little galleot of Captain Logier, +and with a very similar result. Their prows stuck fast in the bulwarks +of the ship, but the boarders soon found themselves the boarded, and, +after a brief contest, again the iron bowsprits snapped like pipe-stems, +and again the floundering and inexperienced Spaniards shrank away from +the terrible encounter which they had provoked. Soon afterwards, Joost +de Moor was assailed by three galleys. He received them, however, with +cannonade and musketry so warmly that they willingly obeyed a summons +from Spinola, and united with the flag-ship in one more tremendous onset +upon the Black Galley of Zeeland. And it might have gone hard with that +devoted ship, already crippled in the previous encounter, had not Captain +Logier fortunately drifted with the current near enough to give her +assistance, while the other sailing ships lay becalmed and idle +spectators. At last Spinola, conspicuous by his armour, and by +magnificent recklessness of danger, fell upon the deck of his galley, +torn to pieces with twenty-four wounds from a stone gun of the Black +Galley, while at nearly the same, moment a gentle breeze began in the +distance to ruffle the surface of the waters. More than a thousand men +had fallen in Spinola's fleet, inclusive of the miserable slaves, who +were tossed overboard as often as wounds made them a cumbrous part of the +machinery, and the galleys, damaged, discomfited, laden with corpses and +dripping with blood, rowed off into Sluys as speedily as they could move, +without waiting until the coming wind should bring all the sailing ships +into the fight, together with such other vessels under Haultain as might +be cruising in the distance. They succeeded in getting into the Gut of +Sluys, and so up to their harbour of refuge. Meantime, baldheaded, +weather-beaten Joost de Moor--farther pursuit being impossible--piped all +hands on deck, where officers and men fell on their knees, shouting in +pious triumph the 34th Psalm: "I will bless the Lord at all times, His +praise shall continually be in my mouth . . . . . O magnify the Lord +with me, and let us exalt His name together." So rang forth the notes of +humble thanksgiving across the placid sea. And assuredly those hardy +mariners, having gained a victory with their little vessels over twelve +ships and three thousand men--a numerical force of at least ten times +their number,--such as few but Dutchmen could have achieved; had a right +to give thanks to Him from whom all blessings flow. + +Thus ended the career of Frederic Spinola, a wealthy, gallant, high-born, +brilliant youth, who might have earned distinction, and rendered +infinitely better service to the cause of Spain and the archdukes, had he +not persuaded himself that he had a talent for seamanship. Certainly, +never was a more misplaced ambition, a more unlucky career. Not even in +that age of rash adventure, when grandees became admirals and field- +marshals because they were grandees, had such incapacity been shown by +any restless patrician. Frederic Spinola, at the age of thirty-two, a +landsman and a volunteer, thinking to measure himself on blue water with +such veterans as John Rant, Joost de Moor, and the other Dutchmen and +Zeelanders whom it was his fortune to meet, could hardly escape the doom +which so rapidly befel him. + +On board the Black Galley Captain Michelznon, eleven of his officers, and +fifteen of his men were killed; Admiral de Moor was slightly wounded, and +had five of his men killed and twenty wounded; Captain Logier was wounded +in the foot, and lost fifteen killed and twelve wounded. + +The number of those killed in Spinola's fleet has been placed as high +as fourteen hundred, including two hundred officers and gentlemen of +quality, besides the crowds of galley-slaves thrown overboard. This was +perhaps an exaggeration. The losses were, however, sufficient to put a +complete atop to the enterprise out of which the unfortunate Spinola had +conceived such extravagant hopes of fame and fortune. + +The herring-smacks and other coasters, besides the transports passing to +and from Ostend, sailed thenceforth unmolested by any galleys from Sluys. +One unfortunate sloop, however, in moving out from the beleaguered city, +ran upon some shoals before getting out of the Gullet and thus fell a +prize to the besiegers. She was laden with nothing more precious than +twelve wounded soldiers on their way to the hospitals at Flushing. +These prisoners were immediately hanged, at the express command of the +archduke, because they had been taken on the sea where, according to his +highness, there were no laws of war. + +The stadholder, against his will--for Maurice was never cruel--felt +himself obliged to teach the cardinal better jurisprudence and better +humanity for the future. In order to show him that there was but one +belligerent law on sea and on land, he ordered two hundred Spanish +prisoners within his lines to draw lots from an urn in which twelve of +the tickets were inscribed with the fatal word gibbet. Eleven of the +twelve thus marked by ill luck were at once executed. The twelfth, a +comely youth, was pardoned at the intercession of a young girl. It is +not stated whether or not she became his wife. It is also a fact worth +mentioning, as illustrating the recklessness engendered by a soldier's +life, that the man who drew the first blank sold it to one of his +comrades and plunged his hand again into the fatal urn. Whether he +succeeded in drawing the gibbet at his second trial has not been +recorded. When these executions had taken place in full view of the +enemy's camp, Maurice formally announced that for every prisoner +thenceforth put to death by the archduke two captives from his own army +should be hanged. These stern reprisals, as usual, put an end to the +foul system of martial murder. + +Throughout the year the war continued to be exclusively the siege of +Ostend. Yet the fierce operations, recently recorded, having been +succeeded by a period of comparative languor, Governor Dorp at last +obtained permission to depart to repair his broken health. He was +succeeded in command of the forces within the town by Charles Van der +Noot, colonel of the Zeeland regiment which had suffered so much in the +first act of the battle of Nieuport. Previously to this exchange, +however, a day of solemn thanksgiving and prayer was set apart on the +anniversary of the beginning of the siege. Since the 5th of July, 1601, +two years had been spent by the whole power of the enemy in the attempt +to reduce this miserable village, and the whole result thus far had been +the capture of three little external forts. There seemed cause for +thanksgiving. + +Philip Fleming, too, obtained a four weeks' holiday--the first in eleven +years--and went with his family outside the pestiferous and beleaguered +town. He was soon to return to his multifarious duties as auditor, +secretary, and chronicler of the city, and unattached aide-de-camp to +the commander-in-chief, whoever that might be; and to perform his duty +with the same patient courage and sagacity that had marked him from the +beginning. "An unlucky cannon-ball of the enemy," as he observes, +did some damage at this period to his diary, but it happened at a moment +when comparatively little was doing, so that the chasm was of less +consequence. + +"And so I, Philip Fleming, auditor to the Council of War," he says with +homely pathos, "have been so continually employed as not to have obtained +leave in all these years to refresh, for a few days outside this town, +my troubled spirit after such perpetual work, intolerable cares, and +slavery, having had no other pleasure allotted me than with daily +sadness, weeping eyes, and heavy yearnings to tread the ramparts, and, +like a poor slave laden with fetters, to look at so many others sailing +out of the harbour in order to feast their souls in other provinces with +green fields and the goodly works of God. And thus it has been until it +has nearly gone out of my memory how the fruits of the earth, growing +trees, and dumb beasts appear to mortal eye." + +He then, with whimsical indignation, alludes to a certain author who +pleaded in excuse for the shortcomings of the history of the siege the +damage done to his manuscripts by a cannon-ball. "Where the liar dreamt +of or invented his cannon-ball," he says, "I cannot tell, inasmuch as he +never saw the city of Ostend in his life; but the said cannon-ball, to my +great sorrrow, did come one afternoon through my office, shot from the +enemy's great battery, which very much damaged not his memoirs but mine; +taking off the legs and arms at the same time of three poor invalid +soldiers seated in the sun before my door and killing them on the spot, +and just missing my wife, then great with child, who stood by me with +faithfulness through all the sufferings of the bloody siege and presented +me twice during its continuance, by the help of Almighty God, with young +Amazons or daughters of war." + +And so honest Philip Fleming went out for a little time to look at +the green trees and the dumb creatures feeding in the Dutch pastures. +Meantime the two armies--outside and within Ostend--went moiling on +in their monotonous work; steadily returning at intervals, as if by +instinct, to repair the ruin which a superior power would often inflict +in a half-hour on the results of laborious weeks. + +In the open field the military operations were very trifling, the wager +of battle being by common consent fought out on the sands of Ostend, and +the necessities for attack and defence absorbing, the resources of each +combatant. France, England, and Spain were holding a perpetual +diplomatic tournament to which our eyes must presently turn, and the +Sublime Realm of the Ottoman and the holy Roman Empire were in the +customary equilibrium of their eternal strife. + +The mutiny of the veterans continued; the "Italian republic" giving the +archduke almost as much trouble, despite his ban and edicts and outlawry, +as the Dutch commonwealth itself. For more than a twelvemonth the best +troops of the Spanish army had been thus established as a separate +empire, levying black-mail on the obedient provinces, hanging such of +their old officers as dared to remonstrate, and obeying their elected +chief magistrates with exemplary docility. + +They had become a force of five thousand strong, cavalry and infantry +together, all steady, experienced veterans--the best and bravest soldiers +of Europe. The least of them demanded two thousand florins as owed to +him by the King of Spain and the archduke. The burghers of Bois-le-Duc +and other neighbouring towns in the obedient provinces kept watch and +ward, not knowing how soon the Spaniards might be upon them to reward +them for their obedience. Not a peasant with provisions was permitted by +the mutineers to enter Bois-le-Duc, while the priests were summoned to +pay one year's income of all their property on pain of being burned +alive. "Very much amazed are the poor priests at these proceedings," +said Ernest Nassau, "and there is a terrible quantity of the vile race +within and around the city. I hope one day to have the plucking of some +of their feathers myself." + +The mutiny governed itself as a strict military democracy, and had caused +an official seal to be engraved, representing seven snakes entwined in +one, each thrusting forth a dangerous tongue, with the motto-- + + "tutto in ore + E sua Eccelenza in nostro favore." + +"His Excellency" meant Maurice of Nassau, with whom formal articles of +compact had been arranged. It had become necessary for the archduke, +notwithstanding the steady drain of the siege of Ostend, to detach a +considerable army against this republic and to besiege them in their +capital of Hoogstraaten. With seven thousand foot and three thousand +cavalry Frederic Van den Berg took the field against them in the latter +part of July. Maurice, with nine thousand five hundred infantry and +three thousand horse, lay near Gertruydenberg. When united with the +rebel "squadron," two thousand five hundred strong, he would dispose of +a force of fifteen thousand veterans, and he moved at once to relieve +the besieged mutineers. His cousin Frederic, however, had no desire to +measure himself with the stadholder at such odds, and stole away from +him in the dark without beat of drum. Maurice entered Hoogstraaten, was +received with rapture by the Spanish and Italian veterans, and excited +the astonishment of all by the coolness with which he entered into the +cage of these dangerous serpents--as they called themselves--handling +them, caressing them, and being fondled by them in return. But the +veterans knew a soldier when they saw one, and their hearts warmed to +the prince--heretic though he were--more than they had ever done to the +unfrocked bishop who, after starving them for years, had doomed them to +destruction in this world and the next. + +The stadholder was feasted and honoured by the mutineers during his brief +visit to Hoogatraaten, and concluded with them a convention, according to +which that town was to be restored to him, while they were to take +temporary possession of the city of Grave. They were likewise to assist, +with all their strength, in his military operations until they should +make peace on their own terms with the archduke. For two weeks after +such treaty they were not to fight against the States, and meantime, +though fighting on the republican side, they were to act as an +independent corps and in no wise to be merged in the stadholder's +forces. So much and no more had resulted from the archduke's +excommunication of the best part of his army. He had made a present +of those troops to the enemy. He had also been employing a considerable +portion of his remaining forces in campaigning against their own +comrades. While at Grave, the mutineers, or the "squadron" as they were +now called, were to be permitted to practise their own religious rites, +without offering however, any interference with the regular Protestant +worship of the place. When they should give up Grave, Hoogstraaten was +to be restored to them if still in possession of the States and they were +to enter into no negotiations with the archduke except with full +knowledge of the stadholder. + +There were no further military, operations of moment during the rest of +the year. + +Much, more important, however, than siege, battle, or mutiny, to human +civilization, were the steady movements of the Dutch skippers and +merchants at this period. The ears of Europe were stunned with the +clatter of destruction going on all over Christendom, and seeming the +only reasonable occupation of Christians; but the little republic; while +fighting so heroically against the concentrated powers of despotism in +the West, was most industriously building up a great empire in the East. +In the new era just dawning, production was to become almost as +honourable and potent, a principle as destruction. + +The voyages among the spicy regions of the equator--so recently wrested +from their Catholic and Faithful Majesties by Dutch citizens who did not +believe in Borgia--and the little treaties made with petty princes and +commonwealths, who for the first time ware learning that there were +other white men in the world beside the Portuguese, had already led to +considerable results. Before the close of, the previous year that great +commercial corporation had been founded--an empire within an empire; +a republic beneath a republic--a counting-house company which was to +organize armies, conquer kingdoms, build forts and cities, make war +and peace, disseminate and exchange among the nations of the earth the +various products of civilization, more perfectly than any agency hitherto +known, and bring the farthest disjoined branches of the human family +into closer, connection than had ever existed before. That it was a +monopoly, offensive to true commercial principles, illiberal, unjust, +tyrannical; ignorant of the very rudiments of mercantile philosophy; +is plain enough. For the sages of the world were but as clowns, at that +period, in economic science. + +Was not the great financier of the age; Maximilian de Bethune, at that +very moment exhausting his intellect in devices for the prevention of all +international commerce even in Europe? "The kingdom of France," he +groaned, "is stuffed full of the manufactures of our neighbours, and it +is incredible what a curse to us are these wares. The import of all +foreign goods has now been forbidden under very great penalties." As a +necessary corollary to this madhouse legislation an edict was issued, +prohibiting the export of gold and silver from France, on pain, not only +of confiscation of those precious metals, but of the whole fortune of +such as engaged in or winked at the traffic. The king took a public oath +never to exempt the culprits from the punishment thus imposed, and, as +the thrifty Sully had obtained from the great king a private grant of all +those confiscations, and as he judiciously promised twenty-five per cent. +thereof to the informer, no doubt he filled his own purse while +impoverishing the exchequer. + +The United States, not enjoying the blessings, of a paternal government, +against which they had been fighting almost half a century, could not be +expected to rival the stupendous folly of such political economy, +although certainly not emancipated from all the delusions of the age. + +Nor are we to forget how very recently, and even dimly, the idea of +freedom in commerce has dawned upon nations, the freest of all in polity +and religion. Certainly the vices and shortcomings of the commercial +system now inaugurated by the republic may be justly charged in great +part to the epoch, while her vast share in the expanding and upward +movement which civilization, under the auspices of self-government; +self-help, political freedom, free thought, and unshackled science, +was then to undertake--never more perhaps to be permanently checked +--must be justly ascribed to herself. + +It was considered accordingly that the existence of so many private +companies and copartnerships trading to the East was injurious to the +interests of commerce. Merchants arriving at the different Indian ports +would often find that their own countrymen had been too quick for them, +and that other fleets had got the wind out of their sails, that the +eastern markets had been stripped, and that prices had gone up to a +ruinous height, while on the other hand, in the Dutch cities, nutmegs and +cinnamon, brocades and indigo, were as plentiful as red herrings. It was +hardly to be expected at that day to find this very triumph of successful +traffic considered otherwise than as a grave misfortune, demanding +interference on the part of the only free Government then existing in the +world. That already free competition and individual enterprise, had made +such progress in enriching the Hollanders and the Javanese respectively +with a superfluity of useful or agreeable things, brought from the +farthest ends of the earth, seemed to the eyes of that day a condition +of things likely to end in a general catastrophe. With a simplicity, +amazing only to those who are inclined to be vain of a superior wisdom-- +not their own but that of their wisest contemporaries--one of the chief +reasons for establishing the East India Company was stated to be the +necessity of providing against low prices of Oriental productions in +Europe. + +But national instinct is often wiser than what is supposed to be high +national statesmanship, and there can be no doubt that the true +foundation of the East India Company was the simple recognition of an +iron necessity. Every merchant in Holland knew full well that the +Portuguese and Spaniards could never be driven out of their commercial +strongholds under the equator, except by a concentration of the private +strength and wealth, of the mercantile community. The Government had +enough on its hands in disputing, inch by inch, at so prodigious an +expenditure of blood and treasure, the meagre territory with which nature +had endowed the little commonwealth. Private organisation, self-help; +union of individual purses and individual brains, were to conquer an +empire at the antipodes if it were to be won at all. By so doing, the +wealth of the nation and its power to maintain the great conflict with +the spirit of the past might be indefinitely increased, and the resources +of Spanish despotism proportionally diminished. It was not to be +expected of Jacob Heemskerk, Wolfert Hermann, or Joris van Spilberg, +indomitable skippers though they were, that each, acting on his own +responsibility or on that of his supercargo, would succeed every day in +conquering a whole Spanish fleet and dividing a million or two of prize- +money among a few dozen sailors. Better things even than this might be +done by wholesome and practical concentration on a more extended scale. + +So the States-General granted a patent or charter to one great company +with what, for the time, was an enormous paid-up capital, in order that +the India trade might be made secure and the Spaniards steadily +confronted in what they had considered their most impregnable +possessions. All former trading companies were invited to merge +themselves in the Universal East India Company, which, for twenty-one +years, should alone have the right to trade to the east of the Cape of +Good Hope and to sail through the Straits of Magellan. + +The charter had been signed on 20th March, 1602, and was mainly to the +following effect. + +The company was to pay twenty-five thousand florins to the States-General +for its privilege. The whole capital was to be six million six hundred +thousand florins. The chamber of Amsterdam was to have one half of the +whole interest, the chamber of Zeeland one fourth; the chambers of the +Meuse, namely, Delft, Rotterdam, and the north quarter; that is to say, +Hoorn and Enkhuizen, each a sixteenth. All the chambers were to be +governed by the directors then serving, who however were to be allowed +to die out, down to the number of twenty for Amsterdam, twelve for +Zeeland, and seven for each of the other chambers. To fill a vacancy +occurring among the directors, the remaining members of the board were +to nominate three candidates, from whom the estates of the province +should choose one. Each director was obliged, to have an interest in the +company amounting to at least six thousand florins, except the directors +for Hoorn and Enkhuizen, of whom only three thousand should be required. +The general assembly of these chambers should consist of seventeen +directors, eight for Amsterdam, four for Zeeland, two for the Meuse, and +two for the north quarter; the seventeenth being added by turns from the +chambers of Zeeland, the Meuse, and the north quarter. This assembly was +to be held six years at Amsterdam, and then two years in Zeeland. The +ships were always to return to the port from which they had sailed. All +the inhabitants of the provinces had the right, within a certain time, to +take shares in the company. Any province or city subscribing for forty +thousand florins or upwards might appoint an agent to look after its +affairs. + +The Company might make treaties with the Indian powers, in the name of +the States-General of the United Netherlands or of the supreme +authorities of the same, might build fortresses; appoint generals, and +levy troops, provided such troops took oaths of fidelity to the States, +or to the supreme authority, and to the Company. No ships, artillery, +or other munitions of war belonging to the Company were to be used in +service of the country without permission of the Company. The admiralty +was to have a certain proportion of the prizes conquered from the enemy. + +The directors should not be liable in property or person for the debts +of the Company. The generals of fleets returning home were to make +reports on the state of India to the States. + +Notification; of the union of all India companies with this great +corporation was duly sent to the fleets cruising in those regions, where +it arrived in the course of the year 1603. + +Meantime the first fleet of the Company, consisting of fourteen vessels +under command of Admiral Wybrand van Warwyk, sailed before the end of +1602, and was followed towards the close of 1603 by thirteen other ships, +under Stephen van der Hagen? + +The equipment of these two fleets cost two million two hundred thousand +florins. + + + + +ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS: + +Bestowing upon others what was not his property +Four weeks' holiday--the first in eleven years +Idea of freedom in commerce has dawned upon nations +Impossible it is to practise arithmetic with disturbed brains +Passion is a bad schoolmistress for the memory +Prisoners were immediately hanged +Unlearned their faith in bell, book, and candle +World has rolled on to fresher fields of carnage and ruin + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1602-03 *** + +************ This file should be named 4875.txt or 4875.zip ************ + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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