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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f5f28d --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50321 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50321) diff --git a/old/50321-0.txt b/old/50321-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index addb472..0000000 --- a/old/50321-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1795 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fifty Birds of Town and City, by Bob Hines - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Fifty Birds of Town and City - -Author: Bob Hines - -Illustrator: Peter A. Anastasi - -Release Date: October 27, 2015 [EBook #50321] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIFTY BIRDS OF TOWN AND CITY *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - -_As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the -Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, -land, park, and recreational resources. Indian and Territorial affairs -are other major concerns of America’s “Department of Natural Resources.” -The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our -resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United -States—now and in the future._ - - [Illustration] - - - For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, - U.S. Government Printing Office - Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $4 cloth; $1.05 paper - Stock Number 2410-0332 - - - - - FIFTY BIRDS - of Town and City - - - [Illustration] - - by - BOB HINES - Illustrator-Editor - and - PETER A. ANASTASI - Associate Editor - - - U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - Fish and Wildlife Service - Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife - - - - - Foreword - - -Early in this century, the old Bureau of Biological Survey put out a -booklet called “Fifty Common Birds of Farm and Orchard,” with paintings -by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. - -In 1962, a former Fish and Wildlife Service staffer named Rachael Carson -wrote “Silent Spring,” a book that changed American thinking about -birds—and pesticides. - -That first volume is out of date because of our great population shifts -in six decades. And I hope that “Silent Spring” will be out of date some -day; that our birds will live with us in an unpoisoned environment of -cities and towns that are cleaner, healthier, greener. - -So here is a new “bird book” from the Department of the Interior, geared -to the 50 birds you might see in _your_ city, with paintings done by a -man who picked up the fallen Fuertes brush, Bob Hines. These are not -endangered birds, except as all living things are endangered; some of -them are living in or passing through your backyard or city park right -now. Look well at Bob’s art; he is not commemorating the passenger -pigeon but trying to open your eyes to the world about you. - -And he is trying to suggest that these birds can live in our towns and -cities so long as you help provide the healthy habitat they need, -habitat that is healthy not just for them but for you. - -Enjoy this little book, learn from it, and take a vow that our springs -will _not_ be silent of bird calls—and will be more silent of human -clatter. - - [Illustration] - - _Secretary of the Interior_ - - - - - Contents - - - _Page_ - 1 Baltimore Oriole - 2 Barn Swallow - 3 Black-capped Chickadee - 4 Bluebird - 5 Blue Jay - 6 Bobwhite - 7 Brown Creeper - 8 Brown Thrasher - 9 Canada Goose - 10 Cardinal - 11 Catbird - 12 Cedar Waxwing - 13 Chimney Swift - 14 Chipping Sparrow - 15 Cowbird - 16 Crow - 17 Downy Woodpecker - 18 Flicker - 19 Goldfinch - 20 Grackle - 21 Green Heron - 22 Herring Gull - 23 House Sparrow - 24 House Wren - 25 Junco - 26 Killdeer - 27 Mallard - 28 Mockingbird - 29 Mourning Dove - 30 Myrtle Warbler - 31 Nighthawk - 32 Pigeon - 33 Purple Martin - 34 Red-eyed Vireo - 35 Red-headed Woodpecker - 36 Red-winged Blackbird - 37 Robin - 38 Ruby-throated Hummingbird - 39 Song Sparrow - 40 Sparrow Hawk - 41 Starling - 42 Towhee - 43 Tufted Titmouse - 44 Turkey Vulture - 45 White-breasted Nuthatch - 46 White-crowned Sparrow - 47 Wood Pewee - 48 Wood Thrush - 49 Yellowthroat - 50 Yellow Warbler - - [Illustration] - - - - - BALTIMORE ORIOLE - (Icterus galbula) - - - [Illustration] - -Look for this bird in groves and shade trees in residential areas of -towns and suburbs. Smaller than a robin, the male’s fiery orange and -black is easy to spot. As he wings by, his bright colors add a flick of -glory to the urban scene. - -The song is a rich series of whistled notes. Wintering to South America, -the oriole’s summer breeding range stretches from Nova Scotia to north -Texas. This is the architect of the graceful pendulent nests usually -seen only after the leaves have fallen, and the birds have gone. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BARN SWALLOW - (Hirundo rustica) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 7 inches; distinguished among our swallows by deeply forked -tail. While they breed throughout the United States, they winter to -South America. - -This is one of the most familiar farm birds and a great insect -destroyer, seeking prey from daylight to dark on tireless wings. Its -favorite nesting site was barn rafters, upon which it stuck mud baskets -to hold its eggs. But modern barns are fewer and so tightly constructed -that swallows can not gain entrance, and in much of this country they -have turned to boat docks, commercial buildings, summer homes, and the -out buildings of rural suburbs to keep the species going. Like other -rural birds, they have to adjust to changing land-use patterns. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CHICKADEE - (Parus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 5 inches. Resident in most of North America. - -Because of its delightful notes, its flitting ways, and its -fearlessness, the chickadee is one of our best known birds. It responds -to human encouragement, and by hanging a constant supply of suet this -black-capped visitor can be made a regular feeder in suburban gardens or -city yards. Though small in size, these cousins of the titmice are -highly useful against insects, gleaned mostly from the twigs and -branches of trees. The chickadee’s food is made up of insects and seeds, -largely seeds of pines, with a few of the poison ivy, some weeds, and -sunflowers. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BLUEBIRD - (Sialia sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -About 6 inches long, bluebirds breed in the United States, southern -Canada, Mexico, and Guatemala, wintering in the southern half of the -Eastern United States and south to Guatemala. - -The bluebird was once a familiar tenant of towns, hailed as the herald -of a new vernal season, and decidedly domestic in its habits. About the -time that starlings became so very numerous, it declined in numbers. No -one is sure why its numbers fell but competition for nest sites by -starlings and house sparrows is certainly partly responsible. Recently -it has begun to reappear in many places. - -Its favorite nesting sites are natural cavities in old trees, boxes made -for its use or crannies in buildings. Nesting boxes may be restoring the -species, whose occupants pay rent by destroying insects. The bluebird’s -diet consists of 68 percent insects and 32 percent vegetable matter. The -commonest items of insect food are grasshoppers first and beetles next, -while caterpillars stand third. Small flocks sometime invade yards for -the red fruits of flowering dogwood trees. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BLUE JAY - (Cyanocitta cristata) - - - [Illustration] - -You either admire or hate this arrogant, foot-long hustler, easily -identified by its brilliant colors. The blue jay is resident in the -eastern United States and southern Canada, west into the Dakotas, -Colorado, and Texas. - -Like most insolent creatures, this jay has a dual nature. Cautious and -silent in the vicinity of its nest, it is bold and noisy away from it. -Sly in the commission of mischief, it is ever ready to scream “thief” at -anything poaching on its domain. As usual in such cases, its epithet is -applicable to none more than itself, as neighboring nest holders know to -their sorrow; for during the breeding season the jay lays heavy toll -upon the eggs and young of other birds. But with all its sins of pride -and lust, back yards are enlivened by the presence of blue jays. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BOBWHITE - (Colinus virginianus) - - - [Illustration] - -This quail, about 10 inches long, is known by the clear call that -suggests its name. It is native in the United States east of the Rockies -and has been introduced many places in the West. - -The bobwhite, and its call, is loved by every countryside visitor. It is -one of the most popular game birds and appreciated as a gourmet’s -delight. Quail have moved into our suburbs, although its numbers have -diminished in many States through loss of habitat. About half the food -of bobwhites consists of weed seeds, a tenth of wild fruits, and a -fourth grain. Most of the grain it consumes is picked up from stubble. -Fifteen percent of the bobwhite’s food is composed of insects, including -several of the most serious pests, but its greatest value is aesthetic. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BROWN CREEPER - (Certhia familiaris) - - - [Illustration] - -Length 5 inches. Breeds from Alaska and Canada south to the Great Lakes -States and Connecticut; also in the mountains south to Nicaragua; -winters over most of its range. - -Rarely indeed is the creeper seen at rest. It appears to spend its life -in an incessant scramble over the trunks and branches of trees, gleaning -its insect food. It is so protectively colored as to be practically -invisible to its enemies and though delicately built possesses strong -feet and claws. Its tiny eyes are sharp enough to detect insects so -small that most other species pass them by. The creeper fills a unique -place in the ranks of our insect destroyers: minute insects, their eggs -and larvae, moths, caterpillars, small wasps, scales and plant lice are -items of its diet. - -It does not appear in flocks. Single birds or pairs will feed -infrequently on beef suet at bird stations, but it’s seldom a regular -visitor. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BROWN THRASHER - (Toxostoma rufum) - - - [Illustration] - -About 11 inches. Breeds from the Gulf to southern Canada and west to -Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana; winters in the southern half of the -eastern United States. - -The brown thrasher is more retiring than either the mockingbird or -catbird, but like them is a splendid singer. Not frequently, indeed, its -song is taken for that of its more famed cousin, the mockingbird. It is -partial to thickets and gets much of its food from the ground. Its -search for this is usually accompanied by much scratching and scattering -of leaves; whence its common name. Its call note is a sharp sound like -the smacking of lips, useful in identifying this long-tailed, -thicket-haunting bird, which does not relish close scrutiny. The brown -thrasher is not so fond of wild fruit as the catbird and mocker, but -devours a much larger percentage of animal food. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CANADA GOOSE - (Branta canadensis) - - - [Illustration] - -This most familiar and most common of the wild geese is best known in -urban areas as a visitor in spring and fall. - -Sizes vary, but the head and neck markings make this goose easily -identifiable. The Canadas breed on lake shores and coastal marshes, -primarily in Canada, and migrate in organized units utilizing the well -known V-formation, although sometimes flying in long strings of birds. -Flying by day and night, Canadas have set down in flocks on city -squares, apparently mistaking a pool of light for a water surface. They -seldom live in cities or towns, although visiting urban parks on -occasions. Their honking cries in migration have stirred the blood of -many an urbanite on a fall night when traffic noises let the wild cry -from the skies leak through. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CARDINAL - (Richmondena cardinalis) - - - [Illustration] - -Color alone would make cardinals favored birds. Their striking plumage -is easily seen and long remembered. Though mild mannered, they will -sometimes chase each other from a feeding station in early winter, but -by late winter and spring they eat side by side. - -Preferring vines, shrubbery, and thickets, they will live comfortably in -city yards and parks. Since cardinals do not migrate, they will remain -in one yard the year round, as long as food is available. Often nesting -in bushes beside busy sidewalks, or near enough to homes that their -every move can be watched, they often have several broods a year. - -Their usual song is a clear and ringing whistle. While no two birds seem -identical in sound, their songs are distinctive, and once learned, will -always bring pleasure. - -These fine birds are now found in most states, and range north as far as -southern Canada. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CATBIRD - (Dumetella carolinensis) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 9 inches; the slaty gray plumage and black cap and tail are -distinctive. Breeds throughout the United States west to New Mexico, -Utah, Oregon, and Washington, and in southern Canada; winters from the -Gulf States to Panama. - -In some localities the catbird is fairly common. Tangled growths are its -favorite nesting places and retreats, and ornamental shrubbery around -houses will attract and keep them inside a town. The bird has a fine -song, frequently broken by mewing like a cat. Its habits are somewhat -similar to those of its cousin, the mockingbird, with song almost as -varied, but it is more secretive and usually sings while hidden in the -bushes. It feeds on fruit and insects, and can be lured to shelves and -windows by raisins, cherries, or chopped apples. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CEDAR WAXWING - (Bombycilla cedrorum) - - - [Illustration] - -Found in open or bushy woodlands or along the margins of agricultural -and residential areas, this sleek, crested brown bird is between the -size of a sparrow and a robin. The broad yellow band at the tip of the -tail is conspicuous and its voice is a high, thin lisp or zeee. It is -the only sleek brown bird with a long crest. - -Breeding from Canada to north Georgia and west to Kansas, its nests can -be fairly common in suburban areas, and it winters in irregular patterns -throughout the United States. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CHIMNEY SWIFT - (Chaetura pelagica) - - - [Illustration] - -It’s hard to figure out how these birds ever existed without urban -areas, since they literally earn their first name by nesting and -roosting in chimneys, propping themselves against the inside surface -with short, spiny tails. - -This swift is normally found only east of the great plains. Small birds -at about 5 inches long, they are aloft all day long, and almost always -in groups. They migrate in large flocks and nest from Canada to the Gulf -of Mexico. Watching a flock of swifts flow funnel-like into a chimney is -a startling evening experience. The birds express themselves with a -chatter of chipping cries, one of the easiest identifications of the -species. Their only food is insects, and they are highly beneficial. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CHIPPING SPARROW - (Spizella passerina) - - - [Illustration] - -This slim bird is only about 5 inches long. You can spot it by a -chestnut brown crown, black line through the eye, and a black bill. -Chippies nest throughout the United States; they even breed as far south -as Nicaragua and as far north as southern Canada, and winter in the -southern United States and Mexico. - -Chipping sparrows are domestic birds that show little fear of humans. -They often build nests in gardens, cemeteries or golf courses, where -mowed lawns provide feeding areas. Among the most insectivorous of all -sparrows, their diet consists mainly of insects, supplemented by weed -seeds. - -Adjectives are dangerous in describing wildlife, but chippies are just -plain lovable. - - [Illustration] - - - - - COWBIRD - (Molothrus ater) - - - [Illustration] - -Cowbirds are the only native American birds to always lay their eggs in -nests of other species, and have the young raised by foster parents. -Warblers, finches, and sparrows, all smaller than cowbirds, are the -chief victims of this practice, the fast growing foster chick -monopolizing food and space to the detriment of the legitimate -offspring. - -This is the smallest blackbird, flocking in small groups, or mixing with -grackles and red-wings. They are usually quiet, their only song a faint -whistle. They range north into Canada and winter in the southeastern -States. Grasshoppers, beetles, and a number of insects are eaten, and -like other blackbirds, they do some damage to grain. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CROW - (Corvus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -Smart enough to adapt quickly to urban life, crows nest in such unlikely -places as alongside the Pentagon, and feed in the White House grounds in -Washington. - -Typically, they feed in the early hours before many people are out, -retreating to parks or fields when disturbed. Their nest-robbing, crop -destroying habits are often exaggerated, and less attention paid to -their diet of grubs, beetles, mice, and other pests. - -Grackles, martins, flycatchers, and other smaller birds, recognizing -them as marauders, will chase crows in the spring and summer. Watching -the little feathered dive-bombers attack the lumbering crow is quite a -show, the larger bird always retreating as best he can, sometimes losing -a few feathers, but seldom his dignity. - - [Illustration] - - - - - DOWNY WOODPECKER - (Dendrocopos pubescens) - - - [Illustration] - -Our smallest woodpecker at 6 inches; spotted with black and white. Dark -bars on the outer tail feathers distinguish it from the similar but -larger hairy woodpecker. Resident in the United States and the forested -parts of Canada and Alaska. - -This woodpecker is widely distributed, living in woodlands, orchards and -gardens. Like the hairy woodpecker, it beats a tattoo on a dry resonant -tree branch. To appreciative ears it has the quality of forest music. In -a hole excavated in a dead branch the downy woodpecker lays four to six -eggs. This and the hairy woodpecker are valuable human allies, their -food consisting of some of the worst insect foes of orchard and shade -trees. Beef suet, fastened too high for dogs to pirate, will attract -Downies to a feeding station. - - [Illustration] - - - - - FLICKER - (Colaptes auratus) - - - [Illustration] - -Length 13 inches; the yellow (salmon in western birds) under surfaces of -the wing and tail, and white rump are characteristic. It breeds -throughout the United States and in forested parts of Canada; winters in -most of the southern United States. - -The flicker inhabits open country and delights in parklike regions where -trees are numerous but well-spaced. It is possible to insure the -presence of this useful bird about the home and to increase its numbers. -It nests in any large cavity in a tree and readily appropriates an -artificial nesting box. The most terrestrial of our woodpeckers, it -procures much of its food from the ground. The largest item of animal -food is ants, of which it eats more than any other common bird. The -flicker is more adapted to suburbs than to the larger cities. - - [Illustration] - - - - - GOLDFINCH - (Spinus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -The male is the only small, yellow bird with black wings and tail, with -flight that is extremely undulating. In winter the species concentrate -in areas where seed-laden plants are common. - -They breed from Canada to Mexico and winter in the same range, nesting -in July and August, after most birds have finished. The song is -long-sustained, clear, light, and canary-like. In its flight, each dip -is often punctuated by a simple cry of _ti-dee-di-di_. - -Goldfinches are found along hedgerows, wood margins, brushy fields, and -flower gardens, especially where cosmos are growing. - - [Illustration] - - - - - GRACKLE - (Quiscalus quiscula) - - - [Illustration] - -Length 12 inches. It breeds throughout the United States west to Texas, -Colorado, and Montana and in southern Canada and winters in the southern -half of its breeding range. - -This is a beautiful blackbird that is well known from its habit of -congregating in city parks and nesting there year after year. Like other -species which habitually assemble in large flocks, it is capable of -inflicting damage on farm crops. It shares with crows and blue jays a -habit of pillaging the nests of small birds, but it does much good by -destroying garden pests, especially white grubs, weevils, grasshoppers, -and caterpillars. - - [Illustration] - - - - - GREEN HERON - (Butorides virescens) - - - [Illustration] - -A small, dark heron common to all water areas, breeding in a combination -of wooded or brush habitats and marshes. It is also found along the -wooded margins of lakes and ponds. It often shows more blue than green -and is easily confused with the little blue heron. Its flight appears -crowlike at a distance, moving with slow, arched wing beats. - -The most generously distributed of small herons, its series of “kucks” -or its loud skyow can often be heard in areas near urban settlements. - -It breeds from the Gulf of Mexico north to southern Canada and winters -from Florida south. - - [Illustration] - - - - - HERRING GULL - (Larus argentatus) - - - [Illustration] - -This is the common large sea gull of much of our interior and coasts and -a familiar urban bird; a gray mantled, black wing tipped gull seen in -garbage dumps and harbors in all U.S. coastal cities. Oceans, bays, -estuaries, beaches, fields, inland lakes, reservoirs and large streams -... all provide habitat for this inspirer of “Jonathan Livingstone -Seagull.” - -His free wheeling grace in the sky and his raucous yet lonely _kee-ow, -ke-ow_ manage to bring beauty to even the most odoriferous city dump. - -It breeds from the Arctic to the northern states and winters from the -Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. - - [Illustration] - - - - - HOUSE SPARROW - (Passer domesticus) - - - [Illustration] - -Perhaps the most citified of birds, this import’s incessant chattering, -quarrelsome disposition, and abundance about human habitations -distinguish it from our native sparrows. Actually, it is not a sparrow -at all, but a weaver finch. - -Almost universally condemned after its introduction into the United -States, the house sparrow not only held its own, but increased in -numbers and extended its range. It now occupies its own niche and is -regarded with amusement and considerable affection in our inner cities. - -In rural areas it does some damage to fruit, vegetables, and grain. On -the other hand, it also eats a number of insects that damage those same -crops. - - [Illustration] - - - - - HOUSE WREN - (Troglodytes aedon) - - - [Illustration] - -Less than 5 inches long, this tiny bird seems to live right at home with -a man-made house. It breeds throughout the United States, except for the -South Atlantic and Gulf areas, and also nests in southern Canada. It -winters in the southern United States and Mexico. - -The rich, bubbling song of the familiar little house wren is one of the -sweetest associations connected with town or suburban life. Its tiny -body allows it to creep into all sorts of nooks and crannies for its -insect food. A cavity in a fence post or porch roof, a wren box, a hole -in a tree, will be welcomed as a nesting site. Their food is -grasshoppers, beetles, bugs, spiders, cutworms, ticks, and plant lice. - -Recognized universally as Johnny and Jenny wren, welcome neighbors, they -still show peculiarities in their behavior. Jealous of their home areas, -wrens sometimes puncture the eggs of other small species nesting nearby, -and Johnny may have two, possibly three mates at one time. - - [Illustration] - - - - - JUNCO - (Junco hyemalis) - - - [Illustration] - -A dark, slate-gray sparrow with conspicuous white outer tail feathers -and a white belly. An abundant species, it breeds in brushy, cutover -forests and is usually seen by urban dwellers when transient or -wintering flocks come into residential areas. Juncos often winter at -feeding stations in cities, suburbs, or towns. - -It breeds from the tree line south to the northern states, farther south -in the mountains. It winters in most of the U.S. - - [Illustration] - - - - - KILLDEER - (Charadrius vociferus) - - - [Illustration] - -These birds are commonplace in appearance and not very large at a length -of 10 inches, but are distinguished by piercing and oft-repeated cries -of “kildee.” They breed throughout the United States and most of Canada, -and winter from the central United States to South America. - -The killdeer is probably the best known of the shorebirds, perhaps -because of its contrasting colors and startling cry. It is noisy and -restless, like people, but most of its activities are beneficial to man. -Its food is harmful insects, particularly weevils and beetles, flies, -ticks, and wondrously enough, mosquitoes and their larvae. - -The four pointed eggs are marked like pebbles, and laid in an unlined -depression on the ground. Such dangerous sites as gravel roads, -quarries, or even potato patches have been used. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MALLARD - (Anas platyrhynchos) - - - [Illustration] - -One of the largest ducks, mallards range across the entire northern -hemisphere, and are probably the best known of all waterfowl, likely to -set down in migration on small pools in city parks. It has also been -widely domesticated or semidomesticated. - -Its coloration makes identification easy, and the loud quack helps -identify it. The birds breed in prairie waterholes in Canada, the -Dakotas, Minnesota, and, to a minor extent, in other northern States. -They move with the great spring and fall migrations and, adjusting -easily to the presence of man, are likely to be seen in town or city. -Add the domesticated mallards that swim about in so many parks and you -have the most urbanized of the ducks that can still claim a wild -heritage. They are most abundant in the Mississippi Valley. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MOCKINGBIRD - (Mimus polyglottos) - - - [Illustration] - -Ten inches long and neatly but soberly feathered, this was the bird of -the Old South, but it is resident now from southern Mexico north to -Michigan, Maine, even up to Wyoming, and seems to be spreading farther. - -Because of its incomparable medleys and ability to mimic other birds, -whistles, clocks, and bells, the mockingbird is the most renowned singer -of the Western Hemisphere. Even in confinement it is a masterly -performer, and in the nineteenth century, many were trapped and sold for -cage birds. This practice ceased long ago, under law and close scrutiny. -Mockers will feed on cultivated fruits, but they have so won human -affection that this is rarely charged against them—principally because -of that reputation as a songster and the fact that they eat a variety of -destructive insects. - -Raisins, oranges, or apples will bring them to a feeding station. To -prevent them driving all other birds away from your tray, it helps to -put the mocker’s rations at a distance, preferably across the yard, or -on the opposite side of the house. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MOURNING DOVE - (Zenaida macroura) - - - [Illustration] - -A dark spot on the side of the neck distinguishes this bird from other -native doves and pigeons except for the white-wing of the southwest. -Also known as turtle dove, the “mourner” frequently nests in suburban -and city shrubbery throughout the United States, Mexico, and southern -Canada; it winters from the central United States to Panama—and is part -of folklore in all those countries. - -Mourning doves eat the seeds of plants, including grain, plus berries -and the small wild fruits of any region through which they pass. Despite -that melancholy but peaceful “coo,” they are restless migratory -creatures. Doves live in the large cities, small towns, villages, and -countryside; songs are sung and poems written about them; they are -esteemed game birds that may nest in trees in your yard. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MYRTLE WARBLER - (Dendroica coronata) - - - [Illustration] - -Myrtle warblers are tiny mites that liven up the trees and shrubs in the -spring migration. Traveling in small flocks, they seem to be constantly -in motion, flitting from branch to branch searching for small insects -and their eggs. Like flycatchers, they snap up larger bugs on the wing. -To a quiet observer, they seem trusting birds, often singing at close -range. - -Some winter as far north as the New England coast, wherever bayberry -thickets offer fruit and shelter, and others move on to the southern -states. From these wintering grounds they migrate to nesting grounds in -the evergreen forest of the northern states and Canada. In their fall -flight south, they seem subdued, the bright yellow on the crown and -flanks having disappeared, and the lemon colored rump the only remaining -brilliant. - - [Illustration] - - - - - NIGHTHAWK - (Chordeiles minor) - - - [Illustration] - -Often seen on dull days as well as dawn or dusk, the long slender wings -of nighthawks exaggerate their size. They are 10 inches long, but seem -bigger. - -At rest, they perch lengthwise on branches, crossarms, or logs, or on -the ground. In the air, their flight is a series of fluttering spurts, -followed by long glides. Before aviators broke the sound barrier, -nighthawks had their own ‘sonic boom,’ created by diving vertically from -considerable height and flaring sharply upward near the ground. - -Flying insects, from mosquitoes to beetles and moths, are their only -food. Nighthawks build no nest, the two young being raised on the bare -ground, or flat roofs. - -Nighthawks nest in all states except Hawaii and winter in South America. - - [Illustration] - - - - - PIGEON - (Columba livia) - - - [Illustration] - -The common pigeon found in all U.S. cities is a descendant of the wild -European rock dove that was introduced domestically in this country -early in our history. Living and breeding in cities and suburbs, it is a -permanent year-round resident and often is so populous as to be a -nuisance, fouling building ledges, park benches, statues, and -occasionally people. - -Feeding the pigeons in city parks is an old custom, particularly for the -young and old. This bird is probably the one most familiar and -recognizable to the urban dwellers and may be their closest contact with -the world of birds. - - [Illustration] - - - - - PURPLE MARTIN - (Progne subis) - - - [Illustration] - -These birds breed throughout the United States and southern Canada, and -down to central Mexico. They winter in South America. - -This is the largest (8 inches long) of the swallow tribe. It formerly -built its nest in cavities of trees and still does in wild districts, -but having learned to live close to humans, it soon adopted domestic -habits. The best way to have martins around is to erect apartment houses -for them at suitable nesting sites—and protect that housing from use by -other birds. The nest boxes should be about 15 feet from the ground and -made inaccessible to cats. A colony of martins makes great inroads upon -the insect population, as the birds not only feed upon insects but rear -their young on the same diet. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RED-EYED VIREO - (Vireo olivaceus) - - - [Illustration] - -The red eye of this small olive-green and white bird, although giving it -a name, is of little help in identifying it. Abundant in eastern forests -in its breeding season, it winters in South America. This bird is seen -in deciduous trees in city parks during migration. - -Its call is a monotonous series of short, abrupt phrases similar to a -robin’s. It is repeated as often as 40 times a minute, all through the -day. It is lucky for suburban sleepers that the vireo doesn’t sing at -night. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RED-HEADED WOODPECKER - (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) - - - [Illustration] - -At 9 inches or so in length, this is a medium-sized woodpecker which -occurs in the eastern states. - -The red-head isn’t really common even in its announced range, although -it’s easy to spot when it is working the neighborhood. It likes open, -deciduous woods, parklike spaces, and is fond of cities where old trees -line the streets. Like all its clan, its diet of harmful grubs, beetles, -and other insects makes it a desirable bird, and the small amounts of -fruit and acorns it eats are never missed. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD - (Agelaius phoeniceus) - - - [Illustration] - -About 9½ inches long, the red-wing breeds in most of North America; it -winters in the southern half of United States and down clear to Costa -Rica. - -The prairies of the upper Mississippi Valley, with their numerous -sloughs and ponds, furnish ideal nesting places for red-wings, and this -region has become the great breeding ground for the species, pouring -forth the vast flocks that sometimes play havoc with grainfields. -Red-wings are gregarious, living in flocks and breeding in communities. -Their food is about one-fourth insects and three-fourths vegetable. - - [Illustration] - - - - - ROBIN - (Turdus migratorius) - - - [Illustration] - -Probably the best known of the United States birds, and widely believed -a harbinger of spring, adults are 10 inches long. They breed in the -United States and Canada, and winter in most of the United States, -ranging south to Guatemala. - -One of the most cherished of our native birds, the robin is an -omnivorous feeder. While its food includes many worms and insects, it is -especially fond of fruit, particularly cherries, mulberries, and -strawberries. Like the bluebird, it is a thrush. - -Highly adaptable, it is friendly and trusting in cities and towns, and -wild and distrustful of man when living in wilderness areas. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD - (Archilochus colubris) - - - [Illustration] - -A widely seen hummingbird east of the Great Plains, the ruby-throats are -exquisite bits, capable of incredible flight, moving in any direction on -wings vibrating faster than sight or able to hover motionless while -spectators are breathless. They are plentiful—one just shouldn’t use the -word “common” about this lovely pulse of bright energy. - -They sup on nectar from garden flowers or blossoming “weeds” and are -attracted to yards or gardens by tubes of sugar water properly hung. And -they eat insects. Several other varieties of hummingbirds live in the -West and all are tiny—smallest of American birds—and beat their wings so -rapidly that the feathers produce a hum. All hover while feeding, mostly -by dipping their long beaks in flowers, and all of them are incredibly -pugnacious for so tiny a creature. Most migrate long distances, -incredible as that seems. - - [Illustration] - - - - - SONG SPARROW - (Melospiza melodia) - - - [Illustration] - -This is the most widely distributed of all our native sparrows, -appearing in one form or another from Florida to Alaska and range in -color from pale to dark brown. - -They love water and are most numerous where streams, ponds, or marshes -offer dense cover, but yards with shrubs and vines will attract them. - -Their space requirements are small. A pair will live and nest in 1½ -acres or less. They nest on or near the ground, both parents help raise -the young, and they raise up to four broods a year. Cowbirds often lay -eggs in their nests, and are considered with dogs, cats, and rats as -their greatest enemies. - -There are many sparrows with spotted breasts, but the heavy dot in the -center of the chest and the streaks on breast and flanks distinguish -this bird from others. - - [Illustration] - - - - - SPARROW HAWK - (Falco sparverius) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 10 inches; one of the best known and handsomest, as well as -smallest, of North American hawks. Breeds throughout the United States, -Canada, and northern Mexico; winters in the United States and south to -Guatemala. - -The sparrow hawk, a true falcon, lives in the more open areas and builds -its nest in hollow trees. It is often found where telephone and power -poles afford it convenient perching and feeding places, and may be seen -hovering high over its intended prey. Its food consists of insects, -small mammals, birds, spiders, and reptiles. Grasshoppers, crickets, -terrestrial beetles, and caterpillars make up considerably more than -half its subsistence, while field mice, house mice, and shrews cover -fully 25 percent of its annual supply. - - [Illustration] - - - - - STARLING - (Sturnus vulgaris) - - - [Illustration] - -There are few people in the United States who have not seen starlings, -even though the viewers might not know the label. Introduced into this -country in the 1880’s, they took hold rapidly and became permanent -residents everywhere in the Nation, plus southern Canada and northern -Mexico. They live in city parks and crevices of buildings, using large -communal roosts in winter; you can hear the tribe gathering on cold -nights along the face of many a downtown office building. - -Frequently characterized as pests, they are certainly abundant. Their -own call is a jittery squeak, but they imitate many birds, and sunlight -brings out a shimmer of colors in their plumage. They eat almost -anything, but that includes a lot of insects like Japanese beetles. -Don’t scoff at starlings; they’re aggressive, quarrelsome, and -determined, and they are surely here to stay. - - [Illustration] - - - - - TOWHEE - (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) - - - [Illustration] - -The bird remotely resembles the robin, although smaller and more -slender. It frequents bushy places and is often detected by noisy -rummaging among dead leaves. - -It breeds in open brushy places, barrens, slashings, and forest edges -from Canada to the gulf coast, and often ventures into landscaped yards. - -Its call is a loud _chewink_, and the southern birds have a proper -southern drawl, a slurred _shrink_. - - [Illustration] - - - - - TUFTED TITMOUSE - (Parus bicolor) - - - [Illustration] - -This sparrow-sized, active mite is often heard before it is seen. Its -spring call of _peter, peter, peter_ is a clear whistle, audible at some -distance. - -Insects are a large part of its food, but it takes seeds and nuts from a -station quite readily, and is quick to scold if your feeder is empty. It -also responds to “squeaking,” the technique bird watchers use to attract -many species. - -Preferring wooded areas, it appears in small groups in winter. It nests -in cavities and bird boxes, and being non-migratory, often uses these -same shelters for winter roosts. - -The tufted titmouse is restricted to the eastern half of the country, -but it has close relatives in the west. - - [Illustration] - - - - - TURKEY VULTURE - (Cathartes aura) - - - [Illustration] - -“What a lovely child of God it is, soarin’ up there,” said Fr. Hogan in -the novel “Children of Hunger.” And he added, “Of course, down on the -ground it’s a buzzard. Lots of things in the world seem to be like -that.” - -Thus, a fictional view of the turkey vulture and the less widespread -black vulture. The turkey vulture summers up into Canada and permanently -ranges the southern United States. It is a common sight along roadsides -and sometimes above cities. These common carrion eaters are natural -scavengers, and highly useful ones, but they are a little hard to admire -except at a distance. A large bird, often more than 30 inches long and -with great wingspread, they don’t need to be fed. Our driving habits and -our careless disposal of garbage generally provide plenty of food for -them. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH - (Sitta carolinensis) - - - [Illustration] - -With a length of 6 inches, this resident of the United States, southern -Canada and Mexico might readily be mistaken by a casual observer for a -small woodpecker. But its call—an oft-repeated “yank”—is very -unwoodpecker-like. Also unlike either woodpeckers or creepers, it climbs -downward head first as easily as upward, seeming to defy the laws of -gravity. “Nuthatch” was suggested by its habit of wedging nuts in -crevices of bark so as to break them open by blows from a sharp, strong -bill. The white-breast gets its living from the trunks and branches of -trees, over which it walks from daylight to dark. Insects and spiders -constitute about half of its food. More than half of its vegetable food -consists of acorns and other nuts or large seeds. It’s a bird of the -wooded suburbs, and will feed at sheltered stations offering suet, -sunflower seeds, or nuts. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW - (Zonotrichia leucophrys) - - - [Illustration] - -From tail-tip to beak, this perky flyer is 7 inches long and looks like -the white-throated sparrow, but the latter has a yellow spot beside its -eyes. White-crown breeds in the high country of New Mexico, Colorado, -Wyoming, Montana, and the Pacific coast; it winters in the southern half -of the United States and in northern Mexico. - -This beautiful sparrow is numerous in the West, but rather rare -elsewhere, so watch for it carefully if you’re in the East, for it is -shy and retiring there. But the white-crown is bolder and more -conspicuous in the Far West, often frequenting gardens, parks, and -yards. Like most sparrows, it is a seed eater by preference—it appears -readily at sheltered feeding stations. Insects comprise less than 10 -percent of its diet. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WOOD PEWEE - (Contopus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -The bird of this painting ranges from the east coast through the -Mississippi Valley, where its range meets that of the western wood -pewee. They are hard to tell apart visually, although the songs are -quite different. Both species also look like eastern phoebes, so -spotting this bird with assurance requires some study. The names of all -these birds are based upon their calls, and all are flycatchers. - -The pewees like groves of mixed trees, and at twilight the eastern -species sings a plaintive whistled song that is longer and more varied -than its daylight song. You are much more likely to see or hear these -birds in outer suburbia housing areas than in the inner city or on -shopping center parking lots, since they require tall trees and cannot -be heard above traffic noises. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WOOD THRUSH - (Hylocichla mustelina) - - - [Illustration] - -This bird is at least fairly common in suburban groves all over the -eastern United States. Adults are a bit over 7 inches long and their -song is like a flute phrase followed by a soft trill, heard usually at -dawn or dusk. - -There are a number of other common thrushes. The hermit has a wide -range, summering up into mid-Canada and wintering in the southern United -States and Mexico. Veery, Swainson’s, and gray-cheeked thrushes are also -widespread. The wood thrush is the largest and probably the most -citified, at least in terms of living in woody areas near cities. It is -also the only one with a heavily spotted breast. - -The nest is similar to a robin’s, but without so much mud, and is -usually twenty-five feet or less from the ground in a tree or shrub. - - [Illustration] - - - - - YELLOWTHROAT - (Geothlypis trichas) - - - [Illustration] - -This is a gay little warbler that is abundant, at least in summer, -across the United States and most of Canada wherever there are moist -shrubby areas. It’s a permanent resident in southernmost United States -and northern Mexico—and north up the Pacific coast to San Francisco. The -yellowthroat lives in shrubs in moist areas, showing its distinctive -markings to passersby. The female doesn’t have a black mask, but -otherwise looks much like the male. - -These warblers nest on or near the ground in moist areas and eat mainly -insects, including plant lice; don’t look for them in the tops of tall -trees. Adults are about 5 inches long. There are, of course, a lot of -warblers over the continent, but the yellowthroat is widely distributed -and widely admired. Keep your wet areas if you want to keep -yellowthroats around. - - [Illustration] - - - - - YELLOW WARBLER - (Dendroica petechia) - - - [Illustration] - -Although similar to the goldfinch, this warbler lacks the black wings -and tail. Its cheerful, bright call can be heard by urban dwellers from -willows, small trees, and shrubs growing on wet grounds and in -residential areas that contain an open growth of small ornamental trees. - -A tropic winterer, he breeds from the tree limit in Canada to the -southern states. When plagued by cowbirds laying eggs in its nest, this -warbler builds a second nest on top of the first, completely covering -the cowbird’s eggs, and any of its own in the bottom layer. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - ---Publication information provided as in the original—this e-text is - public domain in the country of publication. - ---Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and - dialect unchanged. - ---In the text versions only, delimited italicized text with - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Fifty Birds of Town and City, by Bob Hines - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIFTY BIRDS OF TOWN AND CITY *** - -***** This file should be named 50321-0.txt or 50321-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/3/2/50321/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/50321-0.zip b/old/50321-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 441ac12..0000000 --- a/old/50321-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50321-8.txt b/old/50321-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 434ce45..0000000 --- a/old/50321-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1795 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fifty Birds of Town and City, by Bob Hines - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Fifty Birds of Town and City - -Author: Bob Hines - -Illustrator: Peter A. Anastasi - -Release Date: October 27, 2015 [EBook #50321] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIFTY BIRDS OF TOWN AND CITY *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - -_As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the -Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, -land, park, and recreational resources. Indian and Territorial affairs -are other major concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources." -The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our -resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United -States--now and in the future._ - - [Illustration] - - - For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, - U.S. Government Printing Office - Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $4 cloth; $1.05 paper - Stock Number 2410-0332 - - - - - FIFTY BIRDS - of Town and City - - - [Illustration] - - by - BOB HINES - Illustrator-Editor - and - PETER A. ANASTASI - Associate Editor - - - U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - Fish and Wildlife Service - Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife - - - - - Foreword - - -Early in this century, the old Bureau of Biological Survey put out a -booklet called "Fifty Common Birds of Farm and Orchard," with paintings -by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. - -In 1962, a former Fish and Wildlife Service staffer named Rachael Carson -wrote "Silent Spring," a book that changed American thinking about -birds--and pesticides. - -That first volume is out of date because of our great population shifts -in six decades. And I hope that "Silent Spring" will be out of date some -day; that our birds will live with us in an unpoisoned environment of -cities and towns that are cleaner, healthier, greener. - -So here is a new "bird book" from the Department of the Interior, geared -to the 50 birds you might see in _your_ city, with paintings done by a -man who picked up the fallen Fuertes brush, Bob Hines. These are not -endangered birds, except as all living things are endangered; some of -them are living in or passing through your backyard or city park right -now. Look well at Bob's art; he is not commemorating the passenger -pigeon but trying to open your eyes to the world about you. - -And he is trying to suggest that these birds can live in our towns and -cities so long as you help provide the healthy habitat they need, -habitat that is healthy not just for them but for you. - -Enjoy this little book, learn from it, and take a vow that our springs -will _not_ be silent of bird calls--and will be more silent of human -clatter. - - [Illustration] - - _Secretary of the Interior_ - - - - - Contents - - - _Page_ - 1 Baltimore Oriole - 2 Barn Swallow - 3 Black-capped Chickadee - 4 Bluebird - 5 Blue Jay - 6 Bobwhite - 7 Brown Creeper - 8 Brown Thrasher - 9 Canada Goose - 10 Cardinal - 11 Catbird - 12 Cedar Waxwing - 13 Chimney Swift - 14 Chipping Sparrow - 15 Cowbird - 16 Crow - 17 Downy Woodpecker - 18 Flicker - 19 Goldfinch - 20 Grackle - 21 Green Heron - 22 Herring Gull - 23 House Sparrow - 24 House Wren - 25 Junco - 26 Killdeer - 27 Mallard - 28 Mockingbird - 29 Mourning Dove - 30 Myrtle Warbler - 31 Nighthawk - 32 Pigeon - 33 Purple Martin - 34 Red-eyed Vireo - 35 Red-headed Woodpecker - 36 Red-winged Blackbird - 37 Robin - 38 Ruby-throated Hummingbird - 39 Song Sparrow - 40 Sparrow Hawk - 41 Starling - 42 Towhee - 43 Tufted Titmouse - 44 Turkey Vulture - 45 White-breasted Nuthatch - 46 White-crowned Sparrow - 47 Wood Pewee - 48 Wood Thrush - 49 Yellowthroat - 50 Yellow Warbler - - [Illustration] - - - - - BALTIMORE ORIOLE - (Icterus galbula) - - - [Illustration] - -Look for this bird in groves and shade trees in residential areas of -towns and suburbs. Smaller than a robin, the male's fiery orange and -black is easy to spot. As he wings by, his bright colors add a flick of -glory to the urban scene. - -The song is a rich series of whistled notes. Wintering to South America, -the oriole's summer breeding range stretches from Nova Scotia to north -Texas. This is the architect of the graceful pendulent nests usually -seen only after the leaves have fallen, and the birds have gone. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BARN SWALLOW - (Hirundo rustica) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 7 inches; distinguished among our swallows by deeply forked -tail. While they breed throughout the United States, they winter to -South America. - -This is one of the most familiar farm birds and a great insect -destroyer, seeking prey from daylight to dark on tireless wings. Its -favorite nesting site was barn rafters, upon which it stuck mud baskets -to hold its eggs. But modern barns are fewer and so tightly constructed -that swallows can not gain entrance, and in much of this country they -have turned to boat docks, commercial buildings, summer homes, and the -out buildings of rural suburbs to keep the species going. Like other -rural birds, they have to adjust to changing land-use patterns. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CHICKADEE - (Parus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 5 inches. Resident in most of North America. - -Because of its delightful notes, its flitting ways, and its -fearlessness, the chickadee is one of our best known birds. It responds -to human encouragement, and by hanging a constant supply of suet this -black-capped visitor can be made a regular feeder in suburban gardens or -city yards. Though small in size, these cousins of the titmice are -highly useful against insects, gleaned mostly from the twigs and -branches of trees. The chickadee's food is made up of insects and seeds, -largely seeds of pines, with a few of the poison ivy, some weeds, and -sunflowers. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BLUEBIRD - (Sialia sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -About 6 inches long, bluebirds breed in the United States, southern -Canada, Mexico, and Guatemala, wintering in the southern half of the -Eastern United States and south to Guatemala. - -The bluebird was once a familiar tenant of towns, hailed as the herald -of a new vernal season, and decidedly domestic in its habits. About the -time that starlings became so very numerous, it declined in numbers. No -one is sure why its numbers fell but competition for nest sites by -starlings and house sparrows is certainly partly responsible. Recently -it has begun to reappear in many places. - -Its favorite nesting sites are natural cavities in old trees, boxes made -for its use or crannies in buildings. Nesting boxes may be restoring the -species, whose occupants pay rent by destroying insects. The bluebird's -diet consists of 68 percent insects and 32 percent vegetable matter. The -commonest items of insect food are grasshoppers first and beetles next, -while caterpillars stand third. Small flocks sometime invade yards for -the red fruits of flowering dogwood trees. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BLUE JAY - (Cyanocitta cristata) - - - [Illustration] - -You either admire or hate this arrogant, foot-long hustler, easily -identified by its brilliant colors. The blue jay is resident in the -eastern United States and southern Canada, west into the Dakotas, -Colorado, and Texas. - -Like most insolent creatures, this jay has a dual nature. Cautious and -silent in the vicinity of its nest, it is bold and noisy away from it. -Sly in the commission of mischief, it is ever ready to scream "thief" at -anything poaching on its domain. As usual in such cases, its epithet is -applicable to none more than itself, as neighboring nest holders know to -their sorrow; for during the breeding season the jay lays heavy toll -upon the eggs and young of other birds. But with all its sins of pride -and lust, back yards are enlivened by the presence of blue jays. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BOBWHITE - (Colinus virginianus) - - - [Illustration] - -This quail, about 10 inches long, is known by the clear call that -suggests its name. It is native in the United States east of the Rockies -and has been introduced many places in the West. - -The bobwhite, and its call, is loved by every countryside visitor. It is -one of the most popular game birds and appreciated as a gourmet's -delight. Quail have moved into our suburbs, although its numbers have -diminished in many States through loss of habitat. About half the food -of bobwhites consists of weed seeds, a tenth of wild fruits, and a -fourth grain. Most of the grain it consumes is picked up from stubble. -Fifteen percent of the bobwhite's food is composed of insects, including -several of the most serious pests, but its greatest value is aesthetic. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BROWN CREEPER - (Certhia familiaris) - - - [Illustration] - -Length 5 inches. Breeds from Alaska and Canada south to the Great Lakes -States and Connecticut; also in the mountains south to Nicaragua; -winters over most of its range. - -Rarely indeed is the creeper seen at rest. It appears to spend its life -in an incessant scramble over the trunks and branches of trees, gleaning -its insect food. It is so protectively colored as to be practically -invisible to its enemies and though delicately built possesses strong -feet and claws. Its tiny eyes are sharp enough to detect insects so -small that most other species pass them by. The creeper fills a unique -place in the ranks of our insect destroyers: minute insects, their eggs -and larvae, moths, caterpillars, small wasps, scales and plant lice are -items of its diet. - -It does not appear in flocks. Single birds or pairs will feed -infrequently on beef suet at bird stations, but it's seldom a regular -visitor. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BROWN THRASHER - (Toxostoma rufum) - - - [Illustration] - -About 11 inches. Breeds from the Gulf to southern Canada and west to -Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana; winters in the southern half of the -eastern United States. - -The brown thrasher is more retiring than either the mockingbird or -catbird, but like them is a splendid singer. Not frequently, indeed, its -song is taken for that of its more famed cousin, the mockingbird. It is -partial to thickets and gets much of its food from the ground. Its -search for this is usually accompanied by much scratching and scattering -of leaves; whence its common name. Its call note is a sharp sound like -the smacking of lips, useful in identifying this long-tailed, -thicket-haunting bird, which does not relish close scrutiny. The brown -thrasher is not so fond of wild fruit as the catbird and mocker, but -devours a much larger percentage of animal food. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CANADA GOOSE - (Branta canadensis) - - - [Illustration] - -This most familiar and most common of the wild geese is best known in -urban areas as a visitor in spring and fall. - -Sizes vary, but the head and neck markings make this goose easily -identifiable. The Canadas breed on lake shores and coastal marshes, -primarily in Canada, and migrate in organized units utilizing the well -known V-formation, although sometimes flying in long strings of birds. -Flying by day and night, Canadas have set down in flocks on city -squares, apparently mistaking a pool of light for a water surface. They -seldom live in cities or towns, although visiting urban parks on -occasions. Their honking cries in migration have stirred the blood of -many an urbanite on a fall night when traffic noises let the wild cry -from the skies leak through. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CARDINAL - (Richmondena cardinalis) - - - [Illustration] - -Color alone would make cardinals favored birds. Their striking plumage -is easily seen and long remembered. Though mild mannered, they will -sometimes chase each other from a feeding station in early winter, but -by late winter and spring they eat side by side. - -Preferring vines, shrubbery, and thickets, they will live comfortably in -city yards and parks. Since cardinals do not migrate, they will remain -in one yard the year round, as long as food is available. Often nesting -in bushes beside busy sidewalks, or near enough to homes that their -every move can be watched, they often have several broods a year. - -Their usual song is a clear and ringing whistle. While no two birds seem -identical in sound, their songs are distinctive, and once learned, will -always bring pleasure. - -These fine birds are now found in most states, and range north as far as -southern Canada. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CATBIRD - (Dumetella carolinensis) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 9 inches; the slaty gray plumage and black cap and tail are -distinctive. Breeds throughout the United States west to New Mexico, -Utah, Oregon, and Washington, and in southern Canada; winters from the -Gulf States to Panama. - -In some localities the catbird is fairly common. Tangled growths are its -favorite nesting places and retreats, and ornamental shrubbery around -houses will attract and keep them inside a town. The bird has a fine -song, frequently broken by mewing like a cat. Its habits are somewhat -similar to those of its cousin, the mockingbird, with song almost as -varied, but it is more secretive and usually sings while hidden in the -bushes. It feeds on fruit and insects, and can be lured to shelves and -windows by raisins, cherries, or chopped apples. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CEDAR WAXWING - (Bombycilla cedrorum) - - - [Illustration] - -Found in open or bushy woodlands or along the margins of agricultural -and residential areas, this sleek, crested brown bird is between the -size of a sparrow and a robin. The broad yellow band at the tip of the -tail is conspicuous and its voice is a high, thin lisp or zeee. It is -the only sleek brown bird with a long crest. - -Breeding from Canada to north Georgia and west to Kansas, its nests can -be fairly common in suburban areas, and it winters in irregular patterns -throughout the United States. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CHIMNEY SWIFT - (Chaetura pelagica) - - - [Illustration] - -It's hard to figure out how these birds ever existed without urban -areas, since they literally earn their first name by nesting and -roosting in chimneys, propping themselves against the inside surface -with short, spiny tails. - -This swift is normally found only east of the great plains. Small birds -at about 5 inches long, they are aloft all day long, and almost always -in groups. They migrate in large flocks and nest from Canada to the Gulf -of Mexico. Watching a flock of swifts flow funnel-like into a chimney is -a startling evening experience. The birds express themselves with a -chatter of chipping cries, one of the easiest identifications of the -species. Their only food is insects, and they are highly beneficial. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CHIPPING SPARROW - (Spizella passerina) - - - [Illustration] - -This slim bird is only about 5 inches long. You can spot it by a -chestnut brown crown, black line through the eye, and a black bill. -Chippies nest throughout the United States; they even breed as far south -as Nicaragua and as far north as southern Canada, and winter in the -southern United States and Mexico. - -Chipping sparrows are domestic birds that show little fear of humans. -They often build nests in gardens, cemeteries or golf courses, where -mowed lawns provide feeding areas. Among the most insectivorous of all -sparrows, their diet consists mainly of insects, supplemented by weed -seeds. - -Adjectives are dangerous in describing wildlife, but chippies are just -plain lovable. - - [Illustration] - - - - - COWBIRD - (Molothrus ater) - - - [Illustration] - -Cowbirds are the only native American birds to always lay their eggs in -nests of other species, and have the young raised by foster parents. -Warblers, finches, and sparrows, all smaller than cowbirds, are the -chief victims of this practice, the fast growing foster chick -monopolizing food and space to the detriment of the legitimate -offspring. - -This is the smallest blackbird, flocking in small groups, or mixing with -grackles and red-wings. They are usually quiet, their only song a faint -whistle. They range north into Canada and winter in the southeastern -States. Grasshoppers, beetles, and a number of insects are eaten, and -like other blackbirds, they do some damage to grain. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CROW - (Corvus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -Smart enough to adapt quickly to urban life, crows nest in such unlikely -places as alongside the Pentagon, and feed in the White House grounds in -Washington. - -Typically, they feed in the early hours before many people are out, -retreating to parks or fields when disturbed. Their nest-robbing, crop -destroying habits are often exaggerated, and less attention paid to -their diet of grubs, beetles, mice, and other pests. - -Grackles, martins, flycatchers, and other smaller birds, recognizing -them as marauders, will chase crows in the spring and summer. Watching -the little feathered dive-bombers attack the lumbering crow is quite a -show, the larger bird always retreating as best he can, sometimes losing -a few feathers, but seldom his dignity. - - [Illustration] - - - - - DOWNY WOODPECKER - (Dendrocopos pubescens) - - - [Illustration] - -Our smallest woodpecker at 6 inches; spotted with black and white. Dark -bars on the outer tail feathers distinguish it from the similar but -larger hairy woodpecker. Resident in the United States and the forested -parts of Canada and Alaska. - -This woodpecker is widely distributed, living in woodlands, orchards and -gardens. Like the hairy woodpecker, it beats a tattoo on a dry resonant -tree branch. To appreciative ears it has the quality of forest music. In -a hole excavated in a dead branch the downy woodpecker lays four to six -eggs. This and the hairy woodpecker are valuable human allies, their -food consisting of some of the worst insect foes of orchard and shade -trees. Beef suet, fastened too high for dogs to pirate, will attract -Downies to a feeding station. - - [Illustration] - - - - - FLICKER - (Colaptes auratus) - - - [Illustration] - -Length 13 inches; the yellow (salmon in western birds) under surfaces of -the wing and tail, and white rump are characteristic. It breeds -throughout the United States and in forested parts of Canada; winters in -most of the southern United States. - -The flicker inhabits open country and delights in parklike regions where -trees are numerous but well-spaced. It is possible to insure the -presence of this useful bird about the home and to increase its numbers. -It nests in any large cavity in a tree and readily appropriates an -artificial nesting box. The most terrestrial of our woodpeckers, it -procures much of its food from the ground. The largest item of animal -food is ants, of which it eats more than any other common bird. The -flicker is more adapted to suburbs than to the larger cities. - - [Illustration] - - - - - GOLDFINCH - (Spinus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -The male is the only small, yellow bird with black wings and tail, with -flight that is extremely undulating. In winter the species concentrate -in areas where seed-laden plants are common. - -They breed from Canada to Mexico and winter in the same range, nesting -in July and August, after most birds have finished. The song is -long-sustained, clear, light, and canary-like. In its flight, each dip -is often punctuated by a simple cry of _ti-dee-di-di_. - -Goldfinches are found along hedgerows, wood margins, brushy fields, and -flower gardens, especially where cosmos are growing. - - [Illustration] - - - - - GRACKLE - (Quiscalus quiscula) - - - [Illustration] - -Length 12 inches. It breeds throughout the United States west to Texas, -Colorado, and Montana and in southern Canada and winters in the southern -half of its breeding range. - -This is a beautiful blackbird that is well known from its habit of -congregating in city parks and nesting there year after year. Like other -species which habitually assemble in large flocks, it is capable of -inflicting damage on farm crops. It shares with crows and blue jays a -habit of pillaging the nests of small birds, but it does much good by -destroying garden pests, especially white grubs, weevils, grasshoppers, -and caterpillars. - - [Illustration] - - - - - GREEN HERON - (Butorides virescens) - - - [Illustration] - -A small, dark heron common to all water areas, breeding in a combination -of wooded or brush habitats and marshes. It is also found along the -wooded margins of lakes and ponds. It often shows more blue than green -and is easily confused with the little blue heron. Its flight appears -crowlike at a distance, moving with slow, arched wing beats. - -The most generously distributed of small herons, its series of "kucks" -or its loud skyow can often be heard in areas near urban settlements. - -It breeds from the Gulf of Mexico north to southern Canada and winters -from Florida south. - - [Illustration] - - - - - HERRING GULL - (Larus argentatus) - - - [Illustration] - -This is the common large sea gull of much of our interior and coasts and -a familiar urban bird; a gray mantled, black wing tipped gull seen in -garbage dumps and harbors in all U.S. coastal cities. Oceans, bays, -estuaries, beaches, fields, inland lakes, reservoirs and large streams -... all provide habitat for this inspirer of "Jonathan Livingstone -Seagull." - -His free wheeling grace in the sky and his raucous yet lonely _kee-ow, -ke-ow_ manage to bring beauty to even the most odoriferous city dump. - -It breeds from the Arctic to the northern states and winters from the -Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. - - [Illustration] - - - - - HOUSE SPARROW - (Passer domesticus) - - - [Illustration] - -Perhaps the most citified of birds, this import's incessant chattering, -quarrelsome disposition, and abundance about human habitations -distinguish it from our native sparrows. Actually, it is not a sparrow -at all, but a weaver finch. - -Almost universally condemned after its introduction into the United -States, the house sparrow not only held its own, but increased in -numbers and extended its range. It now occupies its own niche and is -regarded with amusement and considerable affection in our inner cities. - -In rural areas it does some damage to fruit, vegetables, and grain. On -the other hand, it also eats a number of insects that damage those same -crops. - - [Illustration] - - - - - HOUSE WREN - (Troglodytes aedon) - - - [Illustration] - -Less than 5 inches long, this tiny bird seems to live right at home with -a man-made house. It breeds throughout the United States, except for the -South Atlantic and Gulf areas, and also nests in southern Canada. It -winters in the southern United States and Mexico. - -The rich, bubbling song of the familiar little house wren is one of the -sweetest associations connected with town or suburban life. Its tiny -body allows it to creep into all sorts of nooks and crannies for its -insect food. A cavity in a fence post or porch roof, a wren box, a hole -in a tree, will be welcomed as a nesting site. Their food is -grasshoppers, beetles, bugs, spiders, cutworms, ticks, and plant lice. - -Recognized universally as Johnny and Jenny wren, welcome neighbors, they -still show peculiarities in their behavior. Jealous of their home areas, -wrens sometimes puncture the eggs of other small species nesting nearby, -and Johnny may have two, possibly three mates at one time. - - [Illustration] - - - - - JUNCO - (Junco hyemalis) - - - [Illustration] - -A dark, slate-gray sparrow with conspicuous white outer tail feathers -and a white belly. An abundant species, it breeds in brushy, cutover -forests and is usually seen by urban dwellers when transient or -wintering flocks come into residential areas. Juncos often winter at -feeding stations in cities, suburbs, or towns. - -It breeds from the tree line south to the northern states, farther south -in the mountains. It winters in most of the U.S. - - [Illustration] - - - - - KILLDEER - (Charadrius vociferus) - - - [Illustration] - -These birds are commonplace in appearance and not very large at a length -of 10 inches, but are distinguished by piercing and oft-repeated cries -of "kildee." They breed throughout the United States and most of Canada, -and winter from the central United States to South America. - -The killdeer is probably the best known of the shorebirds, perhaps -because of its contrasting colors and startling cry. It is noisy and -restless, like people, but most of its activities are beneficial to man. -Its food is harmful insects, particularly weevils and beetles, flies, -ticks, and wondrously enough, mosquitoes and their larvae. - -The four pointed eggs are marked like pebbles, and laid in an unlined -depression on the ground. Such dangerous sites as gravel roads, -quarries, or even potato patches have been used. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MALLARD - (Anas platyrhynchos) - - - [Illustration] - -One of the largest ducks, mallards range across the entire northern -hemisphere, and are probably the best known of all waterfowl, likely to -set down in migration on small pools in city parks. It has also been -widely domesticated or semidomesticated. - -Its coloration makes identification easy, and the loud quack helps -identify it. The birds breed in prairie waterholes in Canada, the -Dakotas, Minnesota, and, to a minor extent, in other northern States. -They move with the great spring and fall migrations and, adjusting -easily to the presence of man, are likely to be seen in town or city. -Add the domesticated mallards that swim about in so many parks and you -have the most urbanized of the ducks that can still claim a wild -heritage. They are most abundant in the Mississippi Valley. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MOCKINGBIRD - (Mimus polyglottos) - - - [Illustration] - -Ten inches long and neatly but soberly feathered, this was the bird of -the Old South, but it is resident now from southern Mexico north to -Michigan, Maine, even up to Wyoming, and seems to be spreading farther. - -Because of its incomparable medleys and ability to mimic other birds, -whistles, clocks, and bells, the mockingbird is the most renowned singer -of the Western Hemisphere. Even in confinement it is a masterly -performer, and in the nineteenth century, many were trapped and sold for -cage birds. This practice ceased long ago, under law and close scrutiny. -Mockers will feed on cultivated fruits, but they have so won human -affection that this is rarely charged against them--principally because -of that reputation as a songster and the fact that they eat a variety of -destructive insects. - -Raisins, oranges, or apples will bring them to a feeding station. To -prevent them driving all other birds away from your tray, it helps to -put the mocker's rations at a distance, preferably across the yard, or -on the opposite side of the house. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MOURNING DOVE - (Zenaida macroura) - - - [Illustration] - -A dark spot on the side of the neck distinguishes this bird from other -native doves and pigeons except for the white-wing of the southwest. -Also known as turtle dove, the "mourner" frequently nests in suburban -and city shrubbery throughout the United States, Mexico, and southern -Canada; it winters from the central United States to Panama--and is part -of folklore in all those countries. - -Mourning doves eat the seeds of plants, including grain, plus berries -and the small wild fruits of any region through which they pass. Despite -that melancholy but peaceful "coo," they are restless migratory -creatures. Doves live in the large cities, small towns, villages, and -countryside; songs are sung and poems written about them; they are -esteemed game birds that may nest in trees in your yard. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MYRTLE WARBLER - (Dendroica coronata) - - - [Illustration] - -Myrtle warblers are tiny mites that liven up the trees and shrubs in the -spring migration. Traveling in small flocks, they seem to be constantly -in motion, flitting from branch to branch searching for small insects -and their eggs. Like flycatchers, they snap up larger bugs on the wing. -To a quiet observer, they seem trusting birds, often singing at close -range. - -Some winter as far north as the New England coast, wherever bayberry -thickets offer fruit and shelter, and others move on to the southern -states. From these wintering grounds they migrate to nesting grounds in -the evergreen forest of the northern states and Canada. In their fall -flight south, they seem subdued, the bright yellow on the crown and -flanks having disappeared, and the lemon colored rump the only remaining -brilliant. - - [Illustration] - - - - - NIGHTHAWK - (Chordeiles minor) - - - [Illustration] - -Often seen on dull days as well as dawn or dusk, the long slender wings -of nighthawks exaggerate their size. They are 10 inches long, but seem -bigger. - -At rest, they perch lengthwise on branches, crossarms, or logs, or on -the ground. In the air, their flight is a series of fluttering spurts, -followed by long glides. Before aviators broke the sound barrier, -nighthawks had their own 'sonic boom,' created by diving vertically from -considerable height and flaring sharply upward near the ground. - -Flying insects, from mosquitoes to beetles and moths, are their only -food. Nighthawks build no nest, the two young being raised on the bare -ground, or flat roofs. - -Nighthawks nest in all states except Hawaii and winter in South America. - - [Illustration] - - - - - PIGEON - (Columba livia) - - - [Illustration] - -The common pigeon found in all U.S. cities is a descendant of the wild -European rock dove that was introduced domestically in this country -early in our history. Living and breeding in cities and suburbs, it is a -permanent year-round resident and often is so populous as to be a -nuisance, fouling building ledges, park benches, statues, and -occasionally people. - -Feeding the pigeons in city parks is an old custom, particularly for the -young and old. This bird is probably the one most familiar and -recognizable to the urban dwellers and may be their closest contact with -the world of birds. - - [Illustration] - - - - - PURPLE MARTIN - (Progne subis) - - - [Illustration] - -These birds breed throughout the United States and southern Canada, and -down to central Mexico. They winter in South America. - -This is the largest (8 inches long) of the swallow tribe. It formerly -built its nest in cavities of trees and still does in wild districts, -but having learned to live close to humans, it soon adopted domestic -habits. The best way to have martins around is to erect apartment houses -for them at suitable nesting sites--and protect that housing from use by -other birds. The nest boxes should be about 15 feet from the ground and -made inaccessible to cats. A colony of martins makes great inroads upon -the insect population, as the birds not only feed upon insects but rear -their young on the same diet. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RED-EYED VIREO - (Vireo olivaceus) - - - [Illustration] - -The red eye of this small olive-green and white bird, although giving it -a name, is of little help in identifying it. Abundant in eastern forests -in its breeding season, it winters in South America. This bird is seen -in deciduous trees in city parks during migration. - -Its call is a monotonous series of short, abrupt phrases similar to a -robin's. It is repeated as often as 40 times a minute, all through the -day. It is lucky for suburban sleepers that the vireo doesn't sing at -night. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RED-HEADED WOODPECKER - (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) - - - [Illustration] - -At 9 inches or so in length, this is a medium-sized woodpecker which -occurs in the eastern states. - -The red-head isn't really common even in its announced range, although -it's easy to spot when it is working the neighborhood. It likes open, -deciduous woods, parklike spaces, and is fond of cities where old trees -line the streets. Like all its clan, its diet of harmful grubs, beetles, -and other insects makes it a desirable bird, and the small amounts of -fruit and acorns it eats are never missed. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD - (Agelaius phoeniceus) - - - [Illustration] - -About 9 inches long, the red-wing breeds in most of North America; it -winters in the southern half of United States and down clear to Costa -Rica. - -The prairies of the upper Mississippi Valley, with their numerous -sloughs and ponds, furnish ideal nesting places for red-wings, and this -region has become the great breeding ground for the species, pouring -forth the vast flocks that sometimes play havoc with grainfields. -Red-wings are gregarious, living in flocks and breeding in communities. -Their food is about one-fourth insects and three-fourths vegetable. - - [Illustration] - - - - - ROBIN - (Turdus migratorius) - - - [Illustration] - -Probably the best known of the United States birds, and widely believed -a harbinger of spring, adults are 10 inches long. They breed in the -United States and Canada, and winter in most of the United States, -ranging south to Guatemala. - -One of the most cherished of our native birds, the robin is an -omnivorous feeder. While its food includes many worms and insects, it is -especially fond of fruit, particularly cherries, mulberries, and -strawberries. Like the bluebird, it is a thrush. - -Highly adaptable, it is friendly and trusting in cities and towns, and -wild and distrustful of man when living in wilderness areas. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD - (Archilochus colubris) - - - [Illustration] - -A widely seen hummingbird east of the Great Plains, the ruby-throats are -exquisite bits, capable of incredible flight, moving in any direction on -wings vibrating faster than sight or able to hover motionless while -spectators are breathless. They are plentiful--one just shouldn't use -the word "common" about this lovely pulse of bright energy. - -They sup on nectar from garden flowers or blossoming "weeds" and are -attracted to yards or gardens by tubes of sugar water properly hung. And -they eat insects. Several other varieties of hummingbirds live in the -West and all are tiny--smallest of American birds--and beat their wings -so rapidly that the feathers produce a hum. All hover while feeding, -mostly by dipping their long beaks in flowers, and all of them are -incredibly pugnacious for so tiny a creature. Most migrate long -distances, incredible as that seems. - - [Illustration] - - - - - SONG SPARROW - (Melospiza melodia) - - - [Illustration] - -This is the most widely distributed of all our native sparrows, -appearing in one form or another from Florida to Alaska and range in -color from pale to dark brown. - -They love water and are most numerous where streams, ponds, or marshes -offer dense cover, but yards with shrubs and vines will attract them. - -Their space requirements are small. A pair will live and nest in 1 -acres or less. They nest on or near the ground, both parents help raise -the young, and they raise up to four broods a year. Cowbirds often lay -eggs in their nests, and are considered with dogs, cats, and rats as -their greatest enemies. - -There are many sparrows with spotted breasts, but the heavy dot in the -center of the chest and the streaks on breast and flanks distinguish -this bird from others. - - [Illustration] - - - - - SPARROW HAWK - (Falco sparverius) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 10 inches; one of the best known and handsomest, as well as -smallest, of North American hawks. Breeds throughout the United States, -Canada, and northern Mexico; winters in the United States and south to -Guatemala. - -The sparrow hawk, a true falcon, lives in the more open areas and builds -its nest in hollow trees. It is often found where telephone and power -poles afford it convenient perching and feeding places, and may be seen -hovering high over its intended prey. Its food consists of insects, -small mammals, birds, spiders, and reptiles. Grasshoppers, crickets, -terrestrial beetles, and caterpillars make up considerably more than -half its subsistence, while field mice, house mice, and shrews cover -fully 25 percent of its annual supply. - - [Illustration] - - - - - STARLING - (Sturnus vulgaris) - - - [Illustration] - -There are few people in the United States who have not seen starlings, -even though the viewers might not know the label. Introduced into this -country in the 1880's, they took hold rapidly and became permanent -residents everywhere in the Nation, plus southern Canada and northern -Mexico. They live in city parks and crevices of buildings, using large -communal roosts in winter; you can hear the tribe gathering on cold -nights along the face of many a downtown office building. - -Frequently characterized as pests, they are certainly abundant. Their -own call is a jittery squeak, but they imitate many birds, and sunlight -brings out a shimmer of colors in their plumage. They eat almost -anything, but that includes a lot of insects like Japanese beetles. -Don't scoff at starlings; they're aggressive, quarrelsome, and -determined, and they are surely here to stay. - - [Illustration] - - - - - TOWHEE - (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) - - - [Illustration] - -The bird remotely resembles the robin, although smaller and more -slender. It frequents bushy places and is often detected by noisy -rummaging among dead leaves. - -It breeds in open brushy places, barrens, slashings, and forest edges -from Canada to the gulf coast, and often ventures into landscaped yards. - -Its call is a loud _chewink_, and the southern birds have a proper -southern drawl, a slurred _shrink_. - - [Illustration] - - - - - TUFTED TITMOUSE - (Parus bicolor) - - - [Illustration] - -This sparrow-sized, active mite is often heard before it is seen. Its -spring call of _peter, peter, peter_ is a clear whistle, audible at some -distance. - -Insects are a large part of its food, but it takes seeds and nuts from a -station quite readily, and is quick to scold if your feeder is empty. It -also responds to "squeaking," the technique bird watchers use to attract -many species. - -Preferring wooded areas, it appears in small groups in winter. It nests -in cavities and bird boxes, and being non-migratory, often uses these -same shelters for winter roosts. - -The tufted titmouse is restricted to the eastern half of the country, -but it has close relatives in the west. - - [Illustration] - - - - - TURKEY VULTURE - (Cathartes aura) - - - [Illustration] - -"What a lovely child of God it is, soarin' up there," said Fr. Hogan in -the novel "Children of Hunger." And he added, "Of course, down on the -ground it's a buzzard. Lots of things in the world seem to be like -that." - -Thus, a fictional view of the turkey vulture and the less widespread -black vulture. The turkey vulture summers up into Canada and permanently -ranges the southern United States. It is a common sight along roadsides -and sometimes above cities. These common carrion eaters are natural -scavengers, and highly useful ones, but they are a little hard to admire -except at a distance. A large bird, often more than 30 inches long and -with great wingspread, they don't need to be fed. Our driving habits and -our careless disposal of garbage generally provide plenty of food for -them. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH - (Sitta carolinensis) - - - [Illustration] - -With a length of 6 inches, this resident of the United States, southern -Canada and Mexico might readily be mistaken by a casual observer for a -small woodpecker. But its call--an oft-repeated "yank"--is very -unwoodpecker-like. Also unlike either woodpeckers or creepers, it climbs -downward head first as easily as upward, seeming to defy the laws of -gravity. "Nuthatch" was suggested by its habit of wedging nuts in -crevices of bark so as to break them open by blows from a sharp, strong -bill. The white-breast gets its living from the trunks and branches of -trees, over which it walks from daylight to dark. Insects and spiders -constitute about half of its food. More than half of its vegetable food -consists of acorns and other nuts or large seeds. It's a bird of the -wooded suburbs, and will feed at sheltered stations offering suet, -sunflower seeds, or nuts. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW - (Zonotrichia leucophrys) - - - [Illustration] - -From tail-tip to beak, this perky flyer is 7 inches long and looks like -the white-throated sparrow, but the latter has a yellow spot beside its -eyes. White-crown breeds in the high country of New Mexico, Colorado, -Wyoming, Montana, and the Pacific coast; it winters in the southern half -of the United States and in northern Mexico. - -This beautiful sparrow is numerous in the West, but rather rare -elsewhere, so watch for it carefully if you're in the East, for it is -shy and retiring there. But the white-crown is bolder and more -conspicuous in the Far West, often frequenting gardens, parks, and -yards. Like most sparrows, it is a seed eater by preference--it appears -readily at sheltered feeding stations. Insects comprise less than 10 -percent of its diet. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WOOD PEWEE - (Contopus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -The bird of this painting ranges from the east coast through the -Mississippi Valley, where its range meets that of the western wood -pewee. They are hard to tell apart visually, although the songs are -quite different. Both species also look like eastern phoebes, so -spotting this bird with assurance requires some study. The names of all -these birds are based upon their calls, and all are flycatchers. - -The pewees like groves of mixed trees, and at twilight the eastern -species sings a plaintive whistled song that is longer and more varied -than its daylight song. You are much more likely to see or hear these -birds in outer suburbia housing areas than in the inner city or on -shopping center parking lots, since they require tall trees and cannot -be heard above traffic noises. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WOOD THRUSH - (Hylocichla mustelina) - - - [Illustration] - -This bird is at least fairly common in suburban groves all over the -eastern United States. Adults are a bit over 7 inches long and their -song is like a flute phrase followed by a soft trill, heard usually at -dawn or dusk. - -There are a number of other common thrushes. The hermit has a wide -range, summering up into mid-Canada and wintering in the southern United -States and Mexico. Veery, Swainson's, and gray-cheeked thrushes are also -widespread. The wood thrush is the largest and probably the most -citified, at least in terms of living in woody areas near cities. It is -also the only one with a heavily spotted breast. - -The nest is similar to a robin's, but without so much mud, and is -usually twenty-five feet or less from the ground in a tree or shrub. - - [Illustration] - - - - - YELLOWTHROAT - (Geothlypis trichas) - - - [Illustration] - -This is a gay little warbler that is abundant, at least in summer, -across the United States and most of Canada wherever there are moist -shrubby areas. It's a permanent resident in southernmost United States -and northern Mexico--and north up the Pacific coast to San Francisco. -The yellowthroat lives in shrubs in moist areas, showing its distinctive -markings to passersby. The female doesn't have a black mask, but -otherwise looks much like the male. - -These warblers nest on or near the ground in moist areas and eat mainly -insects, including plant lice; don't look for them in the tops of tall -trees. Adults are about 5 inches long. There are, of course, a lot of -warblers over the continent, but the yellowthroat is widely distributed -and widely admired. Keep your wet areas if you want to keep -yellowthroats around. - - [Illustration] - - - - - YELLOW WARBLER - (Dendroica petechia) - - - [Illustration] - -Although similar to the goldfinch, this warbler lacks the black wings -and tail. Its cheerful, bright call can be heard by urban dwellers from -willows, small trees, and shrubs growing on wet grounds and in -residential areas that contain an open growth of small ornamental trees. - -A tropic winterer, he breeds from the tree limit in Canada to the -southern states. When plagued by cowbirds laying eggs in its nest, this -warbler builds a second nest on top of the first, completely covering -the cowbird's eggs, and any of its own in the bottom layer. - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Publication information provided as in the original--this e-text is - public domain in the country of publication. - ---Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and - dialect unchanged. - ---In the text versions only, delimited italicized text with - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Fifty Birds of Town and City, by Bob Hines - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIFTY BIRDS OF TOWN AND CITY *** - -***** This file should be named 50321-8.txt or 50321-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/3/2/50321/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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} -.key dt.t9 { margin-left:11em; } -.key dt.t10 { margin-left:12em; } -.key dt.t11 { margin-left:13em; } -.key dd { text-align:right; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fifty Birds of Town and City, by Bob Hines - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Fifty Birds of Town and City - -Author: Bob Hines - -Illustrator: Peter A. Anastasi - -Release Date: October 27, 2015 [EBook #50321] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIFTY BIRDS OF TOWN AND CITY *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Fifty Birds of Town and City" width="500" height="774" /> -</div> -<p class="center">U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR</p> -<p><i>As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the -Department of the Interior has basic -responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, -land, park, and recreational resources. Indian -and Territorial affairs are other major concerns -of America’s “Department of Natural Resources.” -The Department works to assure the wisest choice -in managing all our resources so each will make -its full contribution to a better United States—now -and in the future.</i></p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/img000.png" alt="Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service emblems" width="400" height="190" /> -</div> -<dl class="undent"><dt>For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,</dt> -<dt>U.S. Government Printing Office</dt> -<dt>Washington, D.C. 20402</dt> -<dt>Price $4 cloth; $1.05 paper</dt> -<dt>Stock Number 2410-0332</dt></dl> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="large">FIFTY BIRDS</span> -<br />of Town and City</h1> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/img000a.jpg" alt="Blue Jay" width="400" height="401" /> -</div> -<p class="center"><span class="smaller">by</span> -<br />BOB HINES -<br /><span class="smaller">Illustrator-Editor -<br />and</span> -<br />PETER A. ANASTASI -<br /><span class="smaller">Associate Editor</span></p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="large">U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR</span> -<br /><span class="small">Fish and Wildlife Service -<br />Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife</span></p> -</div> -<h2>Foreword</h2> -<p>Early in this century, the old Bureau of Biological Survey -put out a booklet called “Fifty Common Birds of Farm -and Orchard,” with paintings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes.</p> -<p>In 1962, a former Fish and Wildlife Service staffer named -Rachael Carson wrote “Silent Spring,” a book that changed -American thinking about birds—and pesticides.</p> -<p>That first volume is out of date because of our great -population shifts in six decades. And I hope that “Silent -Spring” will be out of date some day; that our birds will -live with us in an unpoisoned environment of cities and -towns that are cleaner, healthier, greener.</p> -<p>So here is a new “bird book” from the Department of the -Interior, geared to the 50 birds you might see in <i>your</i> city, -with paintings done by a man who picked up the fallen -Fuertes brush, Bob Hines. These are not endangered birds, -except as all living things are endangered; some of them -are living in or passing through your backyard or city park -right now. Look well at Bob’s art; he is not commemorating -the passenger pigeon but trying to open your eyes to the -world about you.</p> -<p>And he is trying to suggest that these birds can live in -our towns and cities so long as you help provide the healthy -habitat they need, habitat that is healthy not just for them -but for you.</p> -<p>Enjoy this little book, learn from it, and take a vow that -our springs will <i>not</i> be silent of bird calls—and will be -more silent of human clatter.</p> -<div class="jr"><img class="jr" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="Rogers CB Morton" width="200" height="59" /></div> -<p><span class="lr"><i>Secretary of the Interior</i></span></p> -<h2>Contents</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt><i><span class="small">Page</span></i></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">1 </span><a href="#c1">Baltimore Oriole</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">2 </span><a href="#c2">Barn Swallow</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">3 </span><a href="#c3">Black-capped Chickadee</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">4 </span><a href="#c4">Bluebird</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">5 </span><a href="#c5">Blue Jay</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">6 </span><a href="#c6">Bobwhite</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">7 </span><a href="#c7">Brown Creeper</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">8 </span><a href="#c8">Brown Thrasher</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">9 </span><a href="#c9">Canada Goose</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">10 </span><a href="#c10">Cardinal</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">11 </span><a href="#c11">Catbird</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">12 </span><a href="#c12">Cedar Waxwing</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">13 </span><a href="#c13">Chimney Swift</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">14 </span><a href="#c14">Chipping Sparrow</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">15 </span><a href="#c15">Cowbird</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">16 </span><a href="#c16">Crow</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">17 </span><a href="#c17">Downy Woodpecker</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">18 </span><a href="#c18">Flicker</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">19 </span><a href="#c19">Goldfinch</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">20 </span><a href="#c20">Grackle</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">21 </span><a href="#c21">Green Heron</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">22 </span><a href="#c22">Herring Gull</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">23 </span><a href="#c23">House Sparrow</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">24 </span><a href="#c24">House Wren</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">25 </span><a href="#c25">Junco</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">26 </span><a href="#c26">Killdeer</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">27 </span><a href="#c27">Mallard</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">28 </span><a href="#c28">Mockingbird</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">29 </span><a href="#c29">Mourning Dove</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">30 </span><a href="#c30">Myrtle Warbler</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">31 </span><a href="#c31">Nighthawk</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">32 </span><a href="#c32">Pigeon</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">33 </span><a href="#c33">Purple Martin</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">34 </span><a href="#c34">Red-eyed Vireo</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">35 </span><a href="#c35">Red-headed Woodpecker</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">36 </span><a href="#c36">Red-winged Blackbird</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">37 </span><a href="#c37">Robin</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">38 </span><a href="#c38">Ruby-throated Hummingbird</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">39 </span><a href="#c39">Song Sparrow</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">40 </span><a href="#c40">Sparrow Hawk</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">41 </span><a href="#c41">Starling</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">42 </span><a href="#c42">Towhee</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">43 </span><a href="#c43">Tufted Titmouse</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">44 </span><a href="#c44">Turkey Vulture</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">45 </span><a href="#c45">White-breasted Nuthatch</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">46 </span><a href="#c46">White-crowned Sparrow</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">47 </span><a href="#c47">Wood Pewee</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">48 </span><a href="#c48">Wood Thrush</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">49 </span><a href="#c49">Yellowthroat</a></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">50 </span><a href="#c50">Yellow Warbler</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img001z.png" alt="" width="137" height="112" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c1">BALTIMORE ORIOLE -<br /><span class="small">(Icterus galbula)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo1"> -<img src="images/img002.jpg" alt="" width="466" height="632" /> -</div> -<p>Look for this bird in groves and shade trees in residential -areas of towns and suburbs. Smaller than a robin, the male’s fiery -orange and black is easy to spot. As he wings by, his bright colors -add a flick of glory to the urban scene.</p> -<p>The song is a rich series of whistled notes. Wintering to South -America, the oriole’s summer breeding range stretches from -Nova Scotia to north Texas. This is the architect of the graceful -pendulent nests usually seen only after the leaves have fallen, -and the birds have gone.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img003.png" alt="" width="112" height="135" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c2">BARN SWALLOW -<br /><span class="small">(Hirundo rustica)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo2"> -<img src="images/img003b.jpg" alt="" width="587" height="459" /> -</div> -<p>Length about 7 inches; distinguished among our swallows by -deeply forked tail. While they breed throughout the United -States, they winter to South America.</p> -<p>This is one of the most familiar farm birds and a great insect -destroyer, seeking prey from daylight to dark on tireless wings. -Its favorite nesting site was barn rafters, upon which it stuck -mud baskets to hold its eggs. But modern barns are fewer and so -tightly constructed that swallows can not gain entrance, and in -much of this country they have turned to boat docks, commercial -buildings, summer homes, and the out buildings of rural -suburbs to keep the species going. Like other rural birds, they -have to adjust to changing land-use patterns.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img003c.png" alt="" width="120" height="118" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c3">CHICKADEE -<br /><span class="small">(Parus sp.)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo3"> -<img src="images/img003d.jpg" alt="" width="597" height="633" /> -</div> -<p>Length about 5 inches. Resident in most of North America.</p> -<p>Because of its delightful notes, its flitting ways, and its fearlessness, -the chickadee is one of our best known birds. It responds -to human encouragement, and by hanging a constant supply of -suet this black-capped visitor can be made a regular feeder in -suburban gardens or city yards. Though small in size, these -cousins of the titmice are highly useful against insects, gleaned -mostly from the twigs and branches of trees. The chickadee’s -food is made up of insects and seeds, largely seeds of pines, with -a few of the poison ivy, some weeds, and sunflowers.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img004.png" alt="" width="114" height="116" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c4">BLUEBIRD -<br /><span class="small">(Sialia sp.)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo4"> -<img src="images/img004a.jpg" alt="" width="587" height="471" /> -</div> -<p>About 6 inches long, bluebirds breed in the United States, -southern Canada, Mexico, and Guatemala, wintering in the southern -half of the Eastern United States and south to Guatemala.</p> -<p>The bluebird was once a familiar tenant of towns, hailed as the -herald of a new vernal season, and decidedly domestic in its -habits. About the time that starlings became so very numerous, -it declined in numbers. No one is sure why its numbers fell but -competition for nest sites by starlings and house sparrows is certainly -partly responsible. Recently it has begun to reappear in -many places.</p> -<p>Its favorite nesting sites are natural cavities in old trees, boxes -made for its use or crannies in buildings. Nesting boxes may be -restoring the species, whose occupants pay rent by destroying -insects. The bluebird’s diet consists of 68 percent insects and 32 -percent vegetable matter. The commonest items of insect food are -grasshoppers first and beetles next, while caterpillars stand third. -Small flocks sometime invade yards for the red fruits of flowering -dogwood trees.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img004b.png" alt="" width="124" height="111" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c5">BLUE JAY -<br /><span class="small">(Cyanocitta cristata)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo5"> -<img src="images/img004c.jpg" alt="" width="595" height="422" /> -</div> -<p>You either admire or hate this arrogant, foot-long hustler, -easily identified by its brilliant colors. The blue jay is resident -in the eastern United States and southern Canada, west into the -Dakotas, Colorado, and Texas.</p> -<p>Like most insolent creatures, this jay has a dual nature. Cautious -and silent in the vicinity of its nest, it is bold and noisy -away from it. Sly in the commission of mischief, it is ever ready -to scream “thief” at anything poaching on its domain. As usual -in such cases, its epithet is applicable to none more than itself, -as neighboring nest holders know to their sorrow; for during the -breeding season the jay lays heavy toll upon the eggs and young -of other birds. But with all its sins of pride and lust, back yards -are enlivened by the presence of blue jays.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img005.png" alt="" width="114" height="122" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c6">BOBWHITE -<br /><span class="small">(Colinus virginianus)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo6"> -<img src="images/img005a.jpg" alt="" width="582" height="501" /> -</div> -<p>This quail, about 10 inches long, is known by the clear call that -suggests its name. It is native in the United States east of the -Rockies and has been introduced many places in the West.</p> -<p>The bobwhite, and its call, is loved by every countryside visitor. -It is one of the most popular game birds and appreciated as a -gourmet’s delight. Quail have moved into our suburbs, although -its numbers have diminished in many States through loss of habitat. -About half the food of bobwhites consists of weed seeds, a -tenth of wild fruits, and a fourth grain. Most of the grain it consumes -is picked up from stubble. Fifteen percent of the bobwhite’s -food is composed of insects, including several of the most serious -pests, but its greatest value is aesthetic.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img005b.png" alt="" width="137" height="126" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c7">BROWN CREEPER -<br /><span class="small">(Certhia familiaris)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo7"> -<img src="images/img005c.jpg" alt="" width="490" height="500" /> -</div> -<p>Length 5 inches. Breeds from Alaska and Canada south to the -Great Lakes States and Connecticut; also in the mountains south -to Nicaragua; winters over most of its range.</p> -<p>Rarely indeed is the creeper seen at rest. It appears to spend -its life in an incessant scramble over the trunks and branches of -trees, gleaning its insect food. It is so protectively colored as to -be practically invisible to its enemies and though delicately built -possesses strong feet and claws. Its tiny eyes are sharp enough -to detect insects so small that most other species pass them by. -The creeper fills a unique place in the ranks of our insect destroyers: -minute insects, their eggs and larvae, moths, caterpillars, -small wasps, scales and plant lice are items of its diet.</p> -<p>It does not appear in flocks. Single birds or pairs will feed -infrequently on beef suet at bird stations, but it’s seldom a regular -visitor.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img006.png" alt="" width="131" height="121" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c8">BROWN THRASHER -<br /><span class="small">(Toxostoma rufum)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo8"> -<img src="images/img006a.jpg" alt="" width="588" height="456" /> -</div> -<p>About 11 inches. Breeds from the Gulf to southern Canada and -west to Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana; winters in the southern -half of the eastern United States.</p> -<p>The brown thrasher is more retiring than either the mockingbird -or catbird, but like them is a splendid singer. Not frequently, -indeed, its song is taken for that of its more famed -cousin, the mockingbird. It is partial to thickets and gets much -of its food from the ground. Its search for this is usually accompanied -by much scratching and scattering of leaves; whence its -common name. Its call note is a sharp sound like the smacking -of lips, useful in identifying this long-tailed, thicket-haunting -bird, which does not relish close scrutiny. The brown thrasher is -not so fond of wild fruit as the catbird and mocker, but devours -a much larger percentage of animal food.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img006b.png" alt="" width="132" height="118" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c9">CANADA GOOSE -<br /><span class="small">(Branta canadensis)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo9"> -<img src="images/img006c.jpg" alt="" width="587" height="414" /> -</div> -<p>This most familiar and most common of the wild geese is best -known in urban areas as a visitor in spring and fall.</p> -<p>Sizes vary, but the head and neck markings make this goose -easily identifiable. The Canadas breed on lake shores and coastal -marshes, primarily in Canada, and migrate in organized units -utilizing the well known V-formation, although sometimes flying -in long strings of birds. Flying by day and night, Canadas have -set down in flocks on city squares, apparently mistaking a pool of -light for a water surface. They seldom live in cities or towns, although -visiting urban parks on occasions. Their honking cries in -migration have stirred the blood of many an urbanite on a fall -night when traffic noises let the wild cry from the skies leak -through.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img007.png" alt="" width="115" height="125" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c10">CARDINAL -<br /><span class="small">(Richmondena cardinalis)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo10"> -<img src="images/img007a.jpg" alt="" width="540" height="506" /> -</div> -<p>Color alone would make cardinals favored birds. Their striking -plumage is easily seen and long remembered. Though mild -mannered, they will sometimes chase each other from a feeding -station in early winter, but by late winter and spring they -eat side by side.</p> -<p>Preferring vines, shrubbery, and thickets, they will live comfortably -in city yards and parks. Since cardinals do not migrate, -they will remain in one yard the year round, as long as food is -available. Often nesting in bushes beside busy sidewalks, or near -enough to homes that their every move can be watched, they often -have several broods a year.</p> -<p>Their usual song is a clear and ringing whistle. While no two -birds seem identical in sound, their songs are distinctive, and -once learned, will always bring pleasure.</p> -<p>These fine birds are now found in most states, and range north -as far as southern Canada.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img007c.png" alt="" width="131" height="124" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c11">CATBIRD -<br /><span class="small">(Dumetella carolinensis)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo11"> -<img src="images/img007d.jpg" alt="" width="578" height="503" /> -</div> -<p>Length about 9 inches; the slaty gray plumage and black cap -and tail are distinctive. Breeds throughout the United States west -to New Mexico, Utah, Oregon, and Washington, and in southern -Canada; winters from the Gulf States to Panama.</p> -<p>In some localities the catbird is fairly common. Tangled growths -are its favorite nesting places and retreats, and ornamental shrubbery -around houses will attract and keep them inside a town. The -bird has a fine song, frequently broken by mewing like a cat. Its -habits are somewhat similar to those of its cousin, the mockingbird, -with song almost as varied, but it is more secretive and usually -sings while hidden in the bushes. It feeds on fruit and insects, -and can be lured to shelves and windows by raisins, cherries, or -chopped apples.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img008.png" alt="" width="124" height="114" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c12">CEDAR WAXWING -<br /><span class="small">(Bombycilla cedrorum)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo12"> -<img src="images/img008a.jpg" alt="" width="586" height="503" /> -</div> -<p>Found in open or bushy woodlands or along the margins of agricultural -and residential areas, this sleek, crested brown bird is -between the size of a sparrow and a robin. The broad yellow band -at the tip of the tail is conspicuous and its voice is a high, thin lisp -or zeee. It is the only sleek brown bird with a long crest.</p> -<p>Breeding from Canada to north Georgia and west to Kansas, its -nests can be fairly common in suburban areas, and it winters in -irregular patterns throughout the United States.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img008b.png" alt="" width="122" height="115" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c13">CHIMNEY SWIFT -<br /><span class="small">(Chaetura pelagica)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo13"> -<img src="images/img008c.jpg" alt="" width="586" height="552" /> -</div> -<p>It’s hard to figure out how these birds ever existed without urban -areas, since they literally earn their first name by nesting and -roosting in chimneys, propping themselves against the inside surface -with short, spiny tails.</p> -<p>This swift is normally found only east of the great plains. Small -birds at about 5 inches long, they are aloft all day long, and almost -always in groups. They migrate in large flocks and nest from -Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Watching a flock of swifts -flow funnel-like into a chimney is a startling evening experience. -The birds express themselves with a chatter of chipping cries, -one of the easiest identifications of the species. Their only food is -insects, and they are highly beneficial.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img009.png" alt="" width="114" height="124" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c14">CHIPPING SPARROW -<br /><span class="small">(Spizella passerina)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo14"> -<img src="images/img009a.jpg" alt="" width="601" height="467" /> -</div> -<p>This slim bird is only about 5 inches long. You can spot it by a -chestnut brown crown, black line through the eye, and a black bill. -Chippies nest throughout the United States; they even breed as -far south as Nicaragua and as far north as southern Canada, and -winter in the southern United States and Mexico.</p> -<p>Chipping sparrows are domestic birds that show little fear of -humans. They often build nests in gardens, cemeteries or golf -courses, where mowed lawns provide feeding areas. Among the -most insectivorous of all sparrows, their diet consists mainly of -insects, supplemented by weed seeds.</p> -<p>Adjectives are dangerous in describing wildlife, but chippies -are just plain lovable.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img009b.png" alt="" width="133" height="118" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c15">COWBIRD -<br /><span class="small">(Molothrus ater)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo15"> -<img src="images/img009c.jpg" alt="" width="446" height="565" /> -</div> -<p>Cowbirds are the only native American birds to always lay their -eggs in nests of other species, and have the young raised by foster -parents. Warblers, finches, and sparrows, all smaller than cowbirds, -are the chief victims of this practice, the fast growing foster chick -monopolizing food and space to the detriment of the legitimate -offspring.</p> -<p>This is the smallest blackbird, flocking in small groups, or mixing -with grackles and red-wings. They are usually quiet, their only -song a faint whistle. They range north into Canada and winter in -the southeastern States. Grasshoppers, beetles, and a number of -insects are eaten, and like other blackbirds, they do some damage -to grain.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img010.png" alt="" width="125" height="143" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c16">CROW -<br /><span class="small">(Corvus sp.)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo16"> -<img src="images/img010a.jpg" alt="" width="588" height="482" /> -</div> -<p>Smart enough to adapt quickly to urban life, crows nest in such -unlikely places as alongside the Pentagon, and feed in the White -House grounds in Washington.</p> -<p>Typically, they feed in the early hours before many people are -out, retreating to parks or fields when disturbed. Their nest-robbing, -crop destroying habits are often exaggerated, and less -attention paid to their diet of grubs, beetles, mice, and other pests.</p> -<p>Grackles, martins, flycatchers, and other smaller birds, recognizing -them as marauders, will chase crows in the spring and summer. -Watching the little feathered dive-bombers attack the lumbering -crow is quite a show, the larger bird always retreating as -best he can, sometimes losing a few feathers, but seldom his -dignity.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img010b.png" alt="" width="118" height="134" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c17">DOWNY WOODPECKER -<br /><span class="small">(Dendrocopos pubescens)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo17"> -<img src="images/img010c.jpg" alt="" width="568" height="461" /> -</div> -<p>Our smallest woodpecker at 6 inches; spotted with black and -white. Dark bars on the outer tail feathers distinguish it from the -similar but larger hairy woodpecker. Resident in the United States -and the forested parts of Canada and Alaska.</p> -<p>This woodpecker is widely distributed, living in woodlands, -orchards and gardens. Like the hairy woodpecker, it beats a tattoo -on a dry resonant tree branch. To appreciative ears it has the quality -of forest music. In a hole excavated in a dead branch the downy -woodpecker lays four to six eggs. This and the hairy woodpecker -are valuable human allies, their food consisting of some of the -worst insect foes of orchard and shade trees. Beef suet, fastened -too high for dogs to pirate, will attract Downies to a feeding -station.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img011.png" alt="" width="118" height="122" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c18">FLICKER -<br /><span class="small">(Colaptes auratus)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo18"> -<img src="images/img011a.jpg" alt="" width="581" height="540" /> -</div> -<p>Length 13 inches; the yellow (salmon in western birds) under -surfaces of the wing and tail, and white rump are characteristic. -It breeds throughout the United States and in forested parts of -Canada; winters in most of the southern United States.</p> -<p>The flicker inhabits open country and delights in parklike regions -where trees are numerous but well-spaced. It is possible to -insure the presence of this useful bird about the home and to -increase its numbers. It nests in any large cavity in a tree and -readily appropriates an artificial nesting box. The most terrestrial -of our woodpeckers, it procures much of its food from the ground. -The largest item of animal food is ants, of which it eats more than -any other common bird. The flicker is more adapted to suburbs -than to the larger cities.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img011b.png" alt="" width="113" height="116" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c19">GOLDFINCH -<br /><span class="small">(Spinus sp.)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo19"> -<img src="images/img011c.jpg" alt="" width="537" height="618" /> -</div> -<p>The male is the only small, yellow bird with black wings and -tail, with flight that is extremely undulating. In winter the species -concentrate in areas where seed-laden plants are common.</p> -<p>They breed from Canada to Mexico and winter in the same -range, nesting in July and August, after most birds have finished. -The song is long-sustained, clear, light, and canary-like. In its -flight, each dip is often punctuated by a simple cry of <i>ti-dee-di-di</i>.</p> -<p>Goldfinches are found along hedgerows, wood margins, brushy -fields, and flower gardens, especially where cosmos are growing.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img012.png" alt="" width="122" height="127" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c20">GRACKLE -<br /><span class="small">(Quiscalus quiscula)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo20"> -<img src="images/img012a.jpg" alt="" width="579" height="581" /> -</div> -<p>Length 12 inches. It breeds throughout the United States west -to Texas, Colorado, and Montana and in southern Canada and -winters in the southern half of its breeding range.</p> -<p>This is a beautiful blackbird that is well known from its habit -of congregating in city parks and nesting there year after year. -Like other species which habitually assemble in large flocks, it is -capable of inflicting damage on farm crops. It shares with crows -and blue jays a habit of pillaging the nests of small birds, but it -does much good by destroying garden pests, especially white grubs, -weevils, grasshoppers, and caterpillars.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img012b.png" alt="" width="116" height="135" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c21">GREEN HERON -<br /><span class="small">(Butorides virescens)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo21"> -<img src="images/img012c.jpg" alt="" width="572" height="562" /> -</div> -<p>A small, dark heron common to all water areas, breeding in a -combination of wooded or brush habitats and marshes. It is also -found along the wooded margins of lakes and ponds. It often shows -more blue than green and is easily confused with the little blue -heron. Its flight appears crowlike at a distance, moving with slow, -arched wing beats.</p> -<p>The most generously distributed of small herons, its series of -“kucks” or its loud skyow can often be heard in areas near urban -settlements.</p> -<p>It breeds from the Gulf of Mexico north to southern Canada -and winters from Florida south.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img013.png" alt="" width="149" height="113" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c22">HERRING GULL -<br /><span class="small">(Larus argentatus)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo22"> -<img src="images/img013a.jpg" alt="" width="587" height="626" /> -</div> -<p>This is the common large sea gull of much of our interior and -coasts and a familiar urban bird; a gray mantled, black wing tipped -gull seen in garbage dumps and harbors in all U.S. coastal -cities. Oceans, bays, estuaries, beaches, fields, inland lakes, reservoirs -and large streams ... all provide habitat for this inspirer of -“Jonathan Livingstone Seagull.”</p> -<p>His free wheeling grace in the sky and his raucous yet lonely -<i>kee-ow, ke-ow</i> manage to bring beauty to even the most odoriferous -city dump.</p> -<p>It breeds from the Arctic to the northern states and winters -from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img013b.png" alt="" width="130" height="105" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c23">HOUSE SPARROW -<br /><span class="small">(Passer domesticus)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo23"> -<img src="images/img013c.jpg" alt="" width="549" height="545" /> -</div> -<p>Perhaps the most citified of birds, this import’s incessant chattering, -quarrelsome disposition, and abundance about human habitations -distinguish it from our native sparrows. Actually, it is not -a sparrow at all, but a weaver finch.</p> -<p>Almost universally condemned after its introduction into the -United States, the house sparrow not only held its own, but increased -in numbers and extended its range. It now occupies its -own niche and is regarded with amusement and considerable affection -in our inner cities.</p> -<p>In rural areas it does some damage to fruit, vegetables, and -grain. On the other hand, it also eats a number of insects that -damage those same crops.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img014.png" alt="" width="130" height="99" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c24">HOUSE WREN -<br /><span class="small">(Troglodytes aedon)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo24"> -<img src="images/img014a.jpg" alt="" width="512" height="492" /> -</div> -<p>Less than 5 inches long, this tiny bird seems to live right at -home with a man-made house. It breeds throughout the United -States, except for the South Atlantic and Gulf areas, and also nests -in southern Canada. It winters in the southern United States and -Mexico.</p> -<p>The rich, bubbling song of the familiar little house wren is one -of the sweetest associations connected with town or suburban -life. Its tiny body allows it to creep into all sorts of nooks and crannies -for its insect food. A cavity in a fence post or porch roof, a -wren box, a hole in a tree, will be welcomed as a nesting site. -Their food is grasshoppers, beetles, bugs, spiders, cutworms, ticks, -and plant lice.</p> -<p>Recognized universally as Johnny and Jenny wren, welcome -neighbors, they still show peculiarities in their behavior. Jealous -of their home areas, wrens sometimes puncture the eggs of other -small species nesting nearby, and Johnny may have two, possibly -three mates at one time.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img014b.png" alt="" width="124" height="106" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c25">JUNCO -<br /><span class="small">(Junco hyemalis)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo25"> -<img src="images/img014c.jpg" alt="" width="582" height="447" /> -</div> -<p>A dark, slate-gray sparrow with conspicuous white outer tail -feathers and a white belly. An abundant species, it breeds in -brushy, cutover forests and is usually seen by urban dwellers when -transient or wintering flocks come into residential areas. Juncos -often winter at feeding stations in cities, suburbs, or towns.</p> -<p>It breeds from the tree line south to the northern states, farther -south in the mountains. It winters in most of the U.S.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img015.png" alt="" width="119" height="112" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c26">KILLDEER -<br /><span class="small">(Charadrius vociferus)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo26"> -<img src="images/img015a.jpg" alt="" width="565" height="396" /> -</div> -<p>These birds are commonplace in appearance and not very large -at a length of 10 inches, but are distinguished by piercing and -oft-repeated cries of “kildee.” They breed throughout the United -States and most of Canada, and winter from the central United -States to South America.</p> -<p>The killdeer is probably the best known of the shorebirds, perhaps -because of its contrasting colors and startling cry. It is noisy -and restless, like people, but most of its activities are beneficial to -man. Its food is harmful insects, particularly weevils and beetles, -flies, ticks, and wondrously enough, mosquitoes and their larvae.</p> -<p>The four pointed eggs are marked like pebbles, and laid in an -unlined depression on the ground. Such dangerous sites as gravel -roads, quarries, or even potato patches have been used.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img015b.png" alt="" width="128" height="141" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c27">MALLARD -<br /><span class="small">(Anas platyrhynchos)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo27"> -<img src="images/img015c.jpg" alt="" width="586" height="253" /> -</div> -<p>One of the largest ducks, mallards range across the entire -northern hemisphere, and are probably the best known of all -waterfowl, likely to set down in migration on small pools in city -parks. It has also been widely domesticated or semidomesticated.</p> -<p>Its coloration makes identification easy, and the loud quack -helps identify it. The birds breed in prairie waterholes in Canada, -the Dakotas, Minnesota, and, to a minor extent, in other northern -States. They move with the great spring and fall migrations and, -adjusting easily to the presence of man, are likely to be seen in -town or city. Add the domesticated mallards that swim about in -so many parks and you have the most urbanized of the ducks that -can still claim a wild heritage. They are most abundant in the -Mississippi Valley.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img016.png" alt="" width="141" height="104" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c28">MOCKINGBIRD -<br /><span class="small">(Mimus polyglottos)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo28"> -<img src="images/img016a.jpg" alt="" width="519" height="455" /> -</div> -<p>Ten inches long and neatly but soberly feathered, this was the -bird of the Old South, but it is resident now from southern Mexico -north to Michigan, Maine, even up to Wyoming, and seems to be -spreading farther.</p> -<p>Because of its incomparable medleys and ability to mimic other -birds, whistles, clocks, and bells, the mockingbird is the most -renowned singer of the Western Hemisphere. Even in confinement -it is a masterly performer, and in the nineteenth century, -many were trapped and sold for cage birds. This practice ceased -long ago, under law and close scrutiny. Mockers will feed on cultivated -fruits, but they have so won human affection that this is -rarely charged against them—principally because of that reputation -as a songster and the fact that they eat a variety of destructive -insects.</p> -<p>Raisins, oranges, or apples will bring them to a feeding station. -To prevent them driving all other birds away from your tray, it -helps to put the mocker’s rations at a distance, preferably across -the yard, or on the opposite side of the house.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img016b.png" alt="" width="94" height="133" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c29">MOURNING DOVE -<br /><span class="small">(Zenaida macroura)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo29"> -<img src="images/img016c.jpg" alt="" width="596" height="495" /> -</div> -<p>A dark spot on the side of the neck distinguishes this bird from -other native doves and pigeons except for the white-wing of the -southwest. Also known as turtle dove, the “mourner” frequently -nests in suburban and city shrubbery throughout the United -States, Mexico, and southern Canada; it winters from the central -United States to Panama—and is part of folklore in all those -countries.</p> -<p>Mourning doves eat the seeds of plants, including grain, plus -berries and the small wild fruits of any region through which -they pass. Despite that melancholy but peaceful “coo,” they are -restless migratory creatures. Doves live in the large cities, small -towns, villages, and countryside; songs are sung and poems written -about them; they are esteemed game birds that may nest in -trees in your yard.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img017.png" alt="" width="118" height="101" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c30">MYRTLE WARBLER -<br /><span class="small">(Dendroica coronata)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo30"> -<img src="images/img017a.jpg" alt="" width="560" height="346" /> -</div> -<p>Myrtle warblers are tiny mites that liven up the trees and -shrubs in the spring migration. Traveling in small flocks, they -seem to be constantly in motion, flitting from branch to branch -searching for small insects and their eggs. Like flycatchers, they -snap up larger bugs on the wing. To a quiet observer, they seem -trusting birds, often singing at close range.</p> -<p>Some winter as far north as the New England coast, wherever -bayberry thickets offer fruit and shelter, and others move on to -the southern states. From these wintering grounds they migrate -to nesting grounds in the evergreen forest of the northern states -and Canada. In their fall flight south, they seem subdued, the -bright yellow on the crown and flanks having disappeared, and -the lemon colored rump the only remaining brilliant.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img017b.png" alt="" width="129" height="83" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c31">NIGHTHAWK -<br /><span class="small">(Chordeiles minor)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo31"> -<img src="images/img017c.jpg" alt="" width="541" height="518" /> -</div> -<p>Often seen on dull days as well as dawn or dusk, the long -slender wings of nighthawks exaggerate their size. They are 10 -inches long, but seem bigger.</p> -<p>At rest, they perch lengthwise on branches, crossarms, or logs, -or on the ground. In the air, their flight is a series of fluttering -spurts, followed by long glides. Before aviators broke the sound -barrier, nighthawks had their own ‘sonic boom,’ created by diving -vertically from considerable height and flaring sharply upward -near the ground.</p> -<p>Flying insects, from mosquitoes to beetles and moths, are their -only food. Nighthawks build no nest, the two young being raised -on the bare ground, or flat roofs.</p> -<p>Nighthawks nest in all states except Hawaii and winter in South -America.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img018.png" alt="" width="128" height="132" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c32">PIGEON -<br /><span class="small">(Columba livia)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo32"> -<img src="images/img018a.jpg" alt="" width="562" height="382" /> -</div> -<p>The common pigeon found in all U.S. cities is a descendant of -the wild European rock dove that was introduced domestically in -this country early in our history. Living and breeding in cities and -suburbs, it is a permanent year-round resident and often is so -populous as to be a nuisance, fouling building ledges, park benches, -statues, and occasionally people.</p> -<p>Feeding the pigeons in city parks is an old custom, particularly -for the young and old. This bird is probably the one most familiar -and recognizable to the urban dwellers and may be their closest -contact with the world of birds.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img018b.png" alt="" width="122" height="102" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c33">PURPLE MARTIN -<br /><span class="small">(Progne subis)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo33"> -<img src="images/img018c.jpg" alt="" width="573" height="439" /> -</div> -<p>These birds breed throughout the United States and southern -Canada, and down to central Mexico. They winter in South -America.</p> -<p>This is the largest (8 inches long) of the swallow tribe. It -formerly built its nest in cavities of trees and still does in wild -districts, but having learned to live close to humans, it soon -adopted domestic habits. The best way to have martins around is -to erect apartment houses for them at suitable nesting sites—and -protect that housing from use by other birds. The nest boxes -should be about 15 feet from the ground and made inaccessible to -cats. A colony of martins makes great inroads upon the insect -population, as the birds not only feed upon insects but rear their -young on the same diet.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img019.png" alt="" width="109" height="121" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c34">RED-EYED VIREO -<br /><span class="small">(Vireo olivaceus)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo34"> -<img src="images/img019a.jpg" alt="" width="591" height="582" /> -</div> -<p>The red eye of this small olive-green and white bird, although -giving it a name, is of little help in identifying it. Abundant in -eastern forests in its breeding season, it winters in South America. -This bird is seen in deciduous trees in city parks during migration.</p> -<p>Its call is a monotonous series of short, abrupt phrases similar -to a robin’s. It is repeated as often as 40 times a minute, all through -the day. It is lucky for suburban sleepers that the vireo doesn’t -sing at night.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img019b.png" alt="" width="75" height="130" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c35">RED-HEADED WOODPECKER -<br /><span class="small">(Melanerpes erythrocephalus)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo35"> -<img src="images/img019c.jpg" alt="" width="580" height="401" /> -</div> -<p>At 9 inches or so in length, this is a medium-sized woodpecker -which occurs in the eastern states.</p> -<p>The red-head isn’t really common even in its announced range, -although it’s easy to spot when it is working the neighborhood. -It likes open, deciduous woods, parklike spaces, and is fond of -cities where old trees line the streets. Like all its clan, its diet of -harmful grubs, beetles, and other insects makes it a desirable bird, -and the small amounts of fruit and acorns it eats are never missed.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img020.png" alt="" width="125" height="127" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c36">RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD -<br /><span class="small">(Agelaius phoeniceus)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo36"> -<img src="images/img020a.jpg" alt="" width="577" height="649" /> -</div> -<p>About 9½ inches long, the red-wing breeds in most of North -America; it winters in the southern half of United States and -down clear to Costa Rica.</p> -<p>The prairies of the upper Mississippi Valley, with their numerous -sloughs and ponds, furnish ideal nesting places for red-wings, -and this region has become the great breeding ground for the -species, pouring forth the vast flocks that sometimes play havoc -with grainfields. Red-wings are gregarious, living in flocks and -breeding in communities. Their food is about one-fourth insects -and three-fourths vegetable.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img020b.png" alt="" width="127" height="122" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c37">ROBIN -<br /><span class="small">(Turdus migratorius)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo37"> -<img src="images/img020c.jpg" alt="" width="579" height="549" /> -</div> -<p>Probably the best known of the United States birds, and widely -believed a harbinger of spring, adults are 10 inches long. They -breed in the United States and Canada, and winter in most of the -United States, ranging south to Guatemala.</p> -<p>One of the most cherished of our native birds, the robin is an -omnivorous feeder. While its food includes many worms and insects, -it is especially fond of fruit, particularly cherries, mulberries, -and strawberries. Like the bluebird, it is a thrush.</p> -<p>Highly adaptable, it is friendly and trusting in cities and towns, -and wild and distrustful of man when living in wilderness areas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img021.png" alt="" width="118" height="116" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c38">RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD -<br /><span class="small">(Archilochus colubris)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo38"> -<img src="images/img021a.jpg" alt="" width="571" height="355" /> -</div> -<p>A widely seen hummingbird east of the Great Plains, the ruby-throats -are exquisite bits, capable of incredible flight, moving in -any direction on wings vibrating faster than sight or able to hover -motionless while spectators are breathless. They are plentiful—one -just shouldn’t use the word “common” about this lovely pulse -of bright energy.</p> -<p>They sup on nectar from garden flowers or blossoming “weeds” -and are attracted to yards or gardens by tubes of sugar water -properly hung. And they eat insects. Several other varieties of -hummingbirds live in the West and all are tiny—smallest of -American birds—and beat their wings so rapidly that the feathers -produce a hum. All hover while feeding, mostly by dipping their -long beaks in flowers, and all of them are incredibly pugnacious -for so tiny a creature. Most migrate long distances, incredible as -that seems.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img021b.png" alt="" width="130" height="128" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c39">SONG SPARROW -<br /><span class="small">(Melospiza melodia)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo39"> -<img src="images/img021c.jpg" alt="" width="593" height="408" /> -</div> -<p>This is the most widely distributed of all our native sparrows, -appearing in one form or another from Florida to Alaska and -range in color from pale to dark brown.</p> -<p>They love water and are most numerous where streams, ponds, -or marshes offer dense cover, but yards with shrubs and vines will -attract them.</p> -<p>Their space requirements are small. A pair will live and nest in -1½ acres or less. They nest on or near the ground, both parents -help raise the young, and they raise up to four broods a year. -Cowbirds often lay eggs in their nests, and are considered with -dogs, cats, and rats as their greatest enemies.</p> -<p>There are many sparrows with spotted breasts, but the heavy -dot in the center of the chest and the streaks on breast and flanks -distinguish this bird from others.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img022.png" alt="" width="113" height="120" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c40">SPARROW HAWK -<br /><span class="small">(Falco sparverius)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo40"> -<img src="images/img022a.jpg" alt="" width="597" height="484" /> -</div> -<p>Length about 10 inches; one of the best known and handsomest, -as well as smallest, of North American hawks. Breeds throughout -the United States, Canada, and northern Mexico; winters in the -United States and south to Guatemala.</p> -<p>The sparrow hawk, a true falcon, lives in the more open areas -and builds its nest in hollow trees. It is often found where telephone -and power poles afford it convenient perching and feeding -places, and may be seen hovering high over its intended prey. Its -food consists of insects, small mammals, birds, spiders, and reptiles. -Grasshoppers, crickets, terrestrial beetles, and caterpillars -make up considerably more than half its subsistence, while field -mice, house mice, and shrews cover fully 25 percent of its annual -supply.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img022b.png" alt="" width="105" height="118" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c41">STARLING -<br /><span class="small">(Sturnus vulgaris)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo41"> -<img src="images/img022c.jpg" alt="" width="596" height="360" /> -</div> -<p>There are few people in the United States who have not seen -starlings, even though the viewers might not know the label. Introduced -into this country in the 1880’s, they took hold rapidly and -became permanent residents everywhere in the Nation, plus -southern Canada and northern Mexico. They live in city parks and -crevices of buildings, using large communal roosts in winter; you -can hear the tribe gathering on cold nights along the face of many -a downtown office building.</p> -<p>Frequently characterized as pests, they are certainly abundant. -Their own call is a jittery squeak, but they imitate many birds, and -sunlight brings out a shimmer of colors in their plumage. They eat -almost anything, but that includes a lot of insects like Japanese -beetles. Don’t scoff at starlings; they’re aggressive, quarrelsome, -and determined, and they are surely here to stay.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img023.png" alt="" width="122" height="121" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c42">TOWHEE -<br /><span class="small">(Pipilo erythrophthalmus)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo42"> -<img src="images/img023a.jpg" alt="" width="546" height="496" /> -</div> -<p>The bird remotely resembles the robin, although smaller and -more slender. It frequents bushy places and is often detected by -noisy rummaging among dead leaves.</p> -<p>It breeds in open brushy places, barrens, slashings, and forest -edges from Canada to the gulf coast, and often ventures into landscaped -yards.</p> -<p>Its call is a loud <i>chewink</i>, and the southern birds have a proper -southern drawl, a slurred <i>shrink</i>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img023b.png" alt="" width="120" height="109" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c43">TUFTED TITMOUSE -<br /><span class="small">(Parus bicolor)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo43"> -<img src="images/img023c.jpg" alt="" width="588" height="483" /> -</div> -<p>This sparrow-sized, active mite is often heard before it is seen. -Its spring call of <i>peter, peter, peter</i> is a clear whistle, audible at -some distance.</p> -<p>Insects are a large part of its food, but it takes seeds and nuts -from a station quite readily, and is quick to scold if your feeder is -empty. It also responds to “squeaking,” the technique bird watchers -use to attract many species.</p> -<p>Preferring wooded areas, it appears in small groups in winter. -It nests in cavities and bird boxes, and being non-migratory, often -uses these same shelters for winter roosts.</p> -<p>The tufted titmouse is restricted to the eastern half of the -country, but it has close relatives in the west.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img024.png" alt="" width="85" height="120" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c44">TURKEY VULTURE -<br /><span class="small">(Cathartes aura)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo44"> -<img src="images/img024a.jpg" alt="" width="524" height="547" /> -</div> -<p>“What a lovely child of God it is, soarin’ up there,” said Fr. -Hogan in the novel “Children of Hunger.” And he added, “Of -course, down on the ground it’s a buzzard. Lots of things in the -world seem to be like that.”</p> -<p>Thus, a fictional view of the turkey vulture and the less widespread -black vulture. The turkey vulture summers up into Canada -and permanently ranges the southern United States. It is a common -sight along roadsides and sometimes above cities. These common -carrion eaters are natural scavengers, and highly useful ones, -but they are a little hard to admire except at a distance. A large -bird, often more than 30 inches long and with great wingspread, -they don’t need to be fed. Our driving habits and our careless disposal -of garbage generally provide plenty of food for them.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img024b.png" alt="" width="134" height="121" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c45">WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH -<br /><span class="small">(Sitta carolinensis)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo45"> -<img src="images/img024c.jpg" alt="" width="581" height="406" /> -</div> -<p>With a length of 6 inches, this resident of the United States, -southern Canada and Mexico might readily be mistaken by a -casual observer for a small woodpecker. But its call—an oft-repeated -“yank”—is very unwoodpecker-like. Also unlike either -woodpeckers or creepers, it climbs downward head first as easily -as upward, seeming to defy the laws of gravity. “Nuthatch” -was suggested by its habit of wedging nuts in crevices of bark so -as to break them open by blows from a sharp, strong bill. The -white-breast gets its living from the trunks and branches of trees, -over which it walks from daylight to dark. Insects and spiders -constitute about half of its food. More than half of its vegetable -food consists of acorns and other nuts or large seeds. It’s a bird -of the wooded suburbs, and will feed at sheltered stations offering -suet, sunflower seeds, or nuts.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img025.png" alt="" width="123" height="116" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c46">WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW -<br /><span class="small">(Zonotrichia leucophrys)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo46"> -<img src="images/img025a.jpg" alt="" width="428" height="510" /> -</div> -<p>From tail-tip to beak, this perky flyer is 7 inches long and looks -like the white-throated sparrow, but the latter has a yellow spot -beside its eyes. White-crown breeds in the high country of New -Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the Pacific coast; it -winters in the southern half of the United States and in northern -Mexico.</p> -<p>This beautiful sparrow is numerous in the West, but rather -rare elsewhere, so watch for it carefully if you’re in the East, for -it is shy and retiring there. But the white-crown is bolder and -more conspicuous in the Far West, often frequenting gardens, -parks, and yards. Like most sparrows, it is a seed eater by preference—it -appears readily at sheltered feeding stations. Insects -comprise less than 10 percent of its diet.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img025b.png" alt="" width="104" height="119" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c47">WOOD PEWEE -<br /><span class="small">(Contopus sp.)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo47"> -<img src="images/img025c.jpg" alt="" width="582" height="417" /> -</div> -<p>The bird of this painting ranges from the east coast through -the Mississippi Valley, where its range meets that of the western -wood pewee. They are hard to tell apart visually, although the -songs are quite different. Both species also look like eastern phoebes, -so spotting this bird with assurance requires some study. The -names of all these birds are based upon their calls, and all are -flycatchers.</p> -<p>The pewees like groves of mixed trees, and at twilight the eastern -species sings a plaintive whistled song that is longer and more -varied than its daylight song. You are much more likely to see or -hear these birds in outer suburbia housing areas than in the inner -city or on shopping center parking lots, since they require tall -trees and cannot be heard above traffic noises.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img026.png" alt="" width="107" height="120" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c48">WOOD THRUSH -<br /><span class="small">(Hylocichla mustelina)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo48"> -<img src="images/img026a.jpg" alt="" width="586" height="369" /> -</div> -<p>This bird is at least fairly common in suburban groves all over -the eastern United States. Adults are a bit over 7 inches long and -their song is like a flute phrase followed by a soft trill, heard -usually at dawn or dusk.</p> -<p>There are a number of other common thrushes. The hermit has -a wide range, summering up into mid-Canada and wintering in -the southern United States and Mexico. Veery, Swainson’s, and -gray-cheeked thrushes are also widespread. The wood thrush is -the largest and probably the most citified, at least in terms of living -in woody areas near cities. It is also the only one with a -heavily spotted breast.</p> -<p>The nest is similar to a robin’s, but without so much mud, and -is usually twenty-five feet or less from the ground in a tree or -shrub.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img026b.png" alt="" width="98" height="117" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c49">YELLOWTHROAT -<br /><span class="small">(Geothlypis trichas)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo49"> -<img src="images/img026c.jpg" alt="" width="556" height="505" /> -</div> -<p>This is a gay little warbler that is abundant, at least in summer, -across the United States and most of Canada wherever there -are moist shrubby areas. It’s a permanent resident in southernmost -United States and northern Mexico—and north up the -Pacific coast to San Francisco. The yellowthroat lives in shrubs in -moist areas, showing its distinctive markings to passersby. The -female doesn’t have a black mask, but otherwise looks much like -the male.</p> -<p>These warblers nest on or near the ground in moist areas and -eat mainly insects, including plant lice; don’t look for them in the -tops of tall trees. Adults are about 5 inches long. There are, of -course, a lot of warblers over the continent, but the yellowthroat -is widely distributed and widely admired. Keep your wet areas if -you want to keep yellowthroats around.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div> -<div><img class="tn" src="images/img027.png" alt="" width="107" height="114" /></div> -<h2 class="bird" id="c50">YELLOW WARBLER -<br /><span class="small">(Dendroica petechia)</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="photo50"> -<img src="images/img027a.jpg" alt="" width="423" height="627" /> -</div> -<p>Although similar to the goldfinch, this warbler lacks the black -wings and tail. Its cheerful, bright call can be heard by urban -dwellers from willows, small trees, and shrubs growing on wet -grounds and in residential areas that contain an open growth of -small ornamental trees.</p> -<p>A tropic winterer, he breeds from the tree limit in Canada to -the southern states. When plagued by cowbirds laying eggs in its -nest, this warbler builds a second nest on top of the first, completely -covering the cowbird’s eggs, and any of its own in the -bottom layer.</p> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul><li>Publication information provided as in the original—this e-text is public domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and dialect unchanged.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, delimited italicized text with _underscores_.</li></ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Fifty Birds of Town and City, by Bob Hines - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIFTY BIRDS OF TOWN AND CITY *** - -***** This file should be named 50321-h.htm or 50321-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/3/2/50321/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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