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diff --git a/old/50321-8.txt b/old/50321-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 434ce45..0000000 --- a/old/50321-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1795 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fifty Birds of Town and City, by Bob Hines - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Fifty Birds of Town and City - -Author: Bob Hines - -Illustrator: Peter A. Anastasi - -Release Date: October 27, 2015 [EBook #50321] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIFTY BIRDS OF TOWN AND CITY *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - -_As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the -Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, -land, park, and recreational resources. Indian and Territorial affairs -are other major concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources." -The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our -resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United -States--now and in the future._ - - [Illustration] - - - For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, - U.S. Government Printing Office - Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $4 cloth; $1.05 paper - Stock Number 2410-0332 - - - - - FIFTY BIRDS - of Town and City - - - [Illustration] - - by - BOB HINES - Illustrator-Editor - and - PETER A. ANASTASI - Associate Editor - - - U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - Fish and Wildlife Service - Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife - - - - - Foreword - - -Early in this century, the old Bureau of Biological Survey put out a -booklet called "Fifty Common Birds of Farm and Orchard," with paintings -by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. - -In 1962, a former Fish and Wildlife Service staffer named Rachael Carson -wrote "Silent Spring," a book that changed American thinking about -birds--and pesticides. - -That first volume is out of date because of our great population shifts -in six decades. And I hope that "Silent Spring" will be out of date some -day; that our birds will live with us in an unpoisoned environment of -cities and towns that are cleaner, healthier, greener. - -So here is a new "bird book" from the Department of the Interior, geared -to the 50 birds you might see in _your_ city, with paintings done by a -man who picked up the fallen Fuertes brush, Bob Hines. These are not -endangered birds, except as all living things are endangered; some of -them are living in or passing through your backyard or city park right -now. Look well at Bob's art; he is not commemorating the passenger -pigeon but trying to open your eyes to the world about you. - -And he is trying to suggest that these birds can live in our towns and -cities so long as you help provide the healthy habitat they need, -habitat that is healthy not just for them but for you. - -Enjoy this little book, learn from it, and take a vow that our springs -will _not_ be silent of bird calls--and will be more silent of human -clatter. - - [Illustration] - - _Secretary of the Interior_ - - - - - Contents - - - _Page_ - 1 Baltimore Oriole - 2 Barn Swallow - 3 Black-capped Chickadee - 4 Bluebird - 5 Blue Jay - 6 Bobwhite - 7 Brown Creeper - 8 Brown Thrasher - 9 Canada Goose - 10 Cardinal - 11 Catbird - 12 Cedar Waxwing - 13 Chimney Swift - 14 Chipping Sparrow - 15 Cowbird - 16 Crow - 17 Downy Woodpecker - 18 Flicker - 19 Goldfinch - 20 Grackle - 21 Green Heron - 22 Herring Gull - 23 House Sparrow - 24 House Wren - 25 Junco - 26 Killdeer - 27 Mallard - 28 Mockingbird - 29 Mourning Dove - 30 Myrtle Warbler - 31 Nighthawk - 32 Pigeon - 33 Purple Martin - 34 Red-eyed Vireo - 35 Red-headed Woodpecker - 36 Red-winged Blackbird - 37 Robin - 38 Ruby-throated Hummingbird - 39 Song Sparrow - 40 Sparrow Hawk - 41 Starling - 42 Towhee - 43 Tufted Titmouse - 44 Turkey Vulture - 45 White-breasted Nuthatch - 46 White-crowned Sparrow - 47 Wood Pewee - 48 Wood Thrush - 49 Yellowthroat - 50 Yellow Warbler - - [Illustration] - - - - - BALTIMORE ORIOLE - (Icterus galbula) - - - [Illustration] - -Look for this bird in groves and shade trees in residential areas of -towns and suburbs. Smaller than a robin, the male's fiery orange and -black is easy to spot. As he wings by, his bright colors add a flick of -glory to the urban scene. - -The song is a rich series of whistled notes. Wintering to South America, -the oriole's summer breeding range stretches from Nova Scotia to north -Texas. This is the architect of the graceful pendulent nests usually -seen only after the leaves have fallen, and the birds have gone. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BARN SWALLOW - (Hirundo rustica) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 7 inches; distinguished among our swallows by deeply forked -tail. While they breed throughout the United States, they winter to -South America. - -This is one of the most familiar farm birds and a great insect -destroyer, seeking prey from daylight to dark on tireless wings. Its -favorite nesting site was barn rafters, upon which it stuck mud baskets -to hold its eggs. But modern barns are fewer and so tightly constructed -that swallows can not gain entrance, and in much of this country they -have turned to boat docks, commercial buildings, summer homes, and the -out buildings of rural suburbs to keep the species going. Like other -rural birds, they have to adjust to changing land-use patterns. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CHICKADEE - (Parus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 5 inches. Resident in most of North America. - -Because of its delightful notes, its flitting ways, and its -fearlessness, the chickadee is one of our best known birds. It responds -to human encouragement, and by hanging a constant supply of suet this -black-capped visitor can be made a regular feeder in suburban gardens or -city yards. Though small in size, these cousins of the titmice are -highly useful against insects, gleaned mostly from the twigs and -branches of trees. The chickadee's food is made up of insects and seeds, -largely seeds of pines, with a few of the poison ivy, some weeds, and -sunflowers. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BLUEBIRD - (Sialia sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -About 6 inches long, bluebirds breed in the United States, southern -Canada, Mexico, and Guatemala, wintering in the southern half of the -Eastern United States and south to Guatemala. - -The bluebird was once a familiar tenant of towns, hailed as the herald -of a new vernal season, and decidedly domestic in its habits. About the -time that starlings became so very numerous, it declined in numbers. No -one is sure why its numbers fell but competition for nest sites by -starlings and house sparrows is certainly partly responsible. Recently -it has begun to reappear in many places. - -Its favorite nesting sites are natural cavities in old trees, boxes made -for its use or crannies in buildings. Nesting boxes may be restoring the -species, whose occupants pay rent by destroying insects. The bluebird's -diet consists of 68 percent insects and 32 percent vegetable matter. The -commonest items of insect food are grasshoppers first and beetles next, -while caterpillars stand third. Small flocks sometime invade yards for -the red fruits of flowering dogwood trees. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BLUE JAY - (Cyanocitta cristata) - - - [Illustration] - -You either admire or hate this arrogant, foot-long hustler, easily -identified by its brilliant colors. The blue jay is resident in the -eastern United States and southern Canada, west into the Dakotas, -Colorado, and Texas. - -Like most insolent creatures, this jay has a dual nature. Cautious and -silent in the vicinity of its nest, it is bold and noisy away from it. -Sly in the commission of mischief, it is ever ready to scream "thief" at -anything poaching on its domain. As usual in such cases, its epithet is -applicable to none more than itself, as neighboring nest holders know to -their sorrow; for during the breeding season the jay lays heavy toll -upon the eggs and young of other birds. But with all its sins of pride -and lust, back yards are enlivened by the presence of blue jays. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BOBWHITE - (Colinus virginianus) - - - [Illustration] - -This quail, about 10 inches long, is known by the clear call that -suggests its name. It is native in the United States east of the Rockies -and has been introduced many places in the West. - -The bobwhite, and its call, is loved by every countryside visitor. It is -one of the most popular game birds and appreciated as a gourmet's -delight. Quail have moved into our suburbs, although its numbers have -diminished in many States through loss of habitat. About half the food -of bobwhites consists of weed seeds, a tenth of wild fruits, and a -fourth grain. Most of the grain it consumes is picked up from stubble. -Fifteen percent of the bobwhite's food is composed of insects, including -several of the most serious pests, but its greatest value is aesthetic. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BROWN CREEPER - (Certhia familiaris) - - - [Illustration] - -Length 5 inches. Breeds from Alaska and Canada south to the Great Lakes -States and Connecticut; also in the mountains south to Nicaragua; -winters over most of its range. - -Rarely indeed is the creeper seen at rest. It appears to spend its life -in an incessant scramble over the trunks and branches of trees, gleaning -its insect food. It is so protectively colored as to be practically -invisible to its enemies and though delicately built possesses strong -feet and claws. Its tiny eyes are sharp enough to detect insects so -small that most other species pass them by. The creeper fills a unique -place in the ranks of our insect destroyers: minute insects, their eggs -and larvae, moths, caterpillars, small wasps, scales and plant lice are -items of its diet. - -It does not appear in flocks. Single birds or pairs will feed -infrequently on beef suet at bird stations, but it's seldom a regular -visitor. - - [Illustration] - - - - - BROWN THRASHER - (Toxostoma rufum) - - - [Illustration] - -About 11 inches. Breeds from the Gulf to southern Canada and west to -Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana; winters in the southern half of the -eastern United States. - -The brown thrasher is more retiring than either the mockingbird or -catbird, but like them is a splendid singer. Not frequently, indeed, its -song is taken for that of its more famed cousin, the mockingbird. It is -partial to thickets and gets much of its food from the ground. Its -search for this is usually accompanied by much scratching and scattering -of leaves; whence its common name. Its call note is a sharp sound like -the smacking of lips, useful in identifying this long-tailed, -thicket-haunting bird, which does not relish close scrutiny. The brown -thrasher is not so fond of wild fruit as the catbird and mocker, but -devours a much larger percentage of animal food. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CANADA GOOSE - (Branta canadensis) - - - [Illustration] - -This most familiar and most common of the wild geese is best known in -urban areas as a visitor in spring and fall. - -Sizes vary, but the head and neck markings make this goose easily -identifiable. The Canadas breed on lake shores and coastal marshes, -primarily in Canada, and migrate in organized units utilizing the well -known V-formation, although sometimes flying in long strings of birds. -Flying by day and night, Canadas have set down in flocks on city -squares, apparently mistaking a pool of light for a water surface. They -seldom live in cities or towns, although visiting urban parks on -occasions. Their honking cries in migration have stirred the blood of -many an urbanite on a fall night when traffic noises let the wild cry -from the skies leak through. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CARDINAL - (Richmondena cardinalis) - - - [Illustration] - -Color alone would make cardinals favored birds. Their striking plumage -is easily seen and long remembered. Though mild mannered, they will -sometimes chase each other from a feeding station in early winter, but -by late winter and spring they eat side by side. - -Preferring vines, shrubbery, and thickets, they will live comfortably in -city yards and parks. Since cardinals do not migrate, they will remain -in one yard the year round, as long as food is available. Often nesting -in bushes beside busy sidewalks, or near enough to homes that their -every move can be watched, they often have several broods a year. - -Their usual song is a clear and ringing whistle. While no two birds seem -identical in sound, their songs are distinctive, and once learned, will -always bring pleasure. - -These fine birds are now found in most states, and range north as far as -southern Canada. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CATBIRD - (Dumetella carolinensis) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 9 inches; the slaty gray plumage and black cap and tail are -distinctive. Breeds throughout the United States west to New Mexico, -Utah, Oregon, and Washington, and in southern Canada; winters from the -Gulf States to Panama. - -In some localities the catbird is fairly common. Tangled growths are its -favorite nesting places and retreats, and ornamental shrubbery around -houses will attract and keep them inside a town. The bird has a fine -song, frequently broken by mewing like a cat. Its habits are somewhat -similar to those of its cousin, the mockingbird, with song almost as -varied, but it is more secretive and usually sings while hidden in the -bushes. It feeds on fruit and insects, and can be lured to shelves and -windows by raisins, cherries, or chopped apples. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CEDAR WAXWING - (Bombycilla cedrorum) - - - [Illustration] - -Found in open or bushy woodlands or along the margins of agricultural -and residential areas, this sleek, crested brown bird is between the -size of a sparrow and a robin. The broad yellow band at the tip of the -tail is conspicuous and its voice is a high, thin lisp or zeee. It is -the only sleek brown bird with a long crest. - -Breeding from Canada to north Georgia and west to Kansas, its nests can -be fairly common in suburban areas, and it winters in irregular patterns -throughout the United States. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CHIMNEY SWIFT - (Chaetura pelagica) - - - [Illustration] - -It's hard to figure out how these birds ever existed without urban -areas, since they literally earn their first name by nesting and -roosting in chimneys, propping themselves against the inside surface -with short, spiny tails. - -This swift is normally found only east of the great plains. Small birds -at about 5 inches long, they are aloft all day long, and almost always -in groups. They migrate in large flocks and nest from Canada to the Gulf -of Mexico. Watching a flock of swifts flow funnel-like into a chimney is -a startling evening experience. The birds express themselves with a -chatter of chipping cries, one of the easiest identifications of the -species. Their only food is insects, and they are highly beneficial. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CHIPPING SPARROW - (Spizella passerina) - - - [Illustration] - -This slim bird is only about 5 inches long. You can spot it by a -chestnut brown crown, black line through the eye, and a black bill. -Chippies nest throughout the United States; they even breed as far south -as Nicaragua and as far north as southern Canada, and winter in the -southern United States and Mexico. - -Chipping sparrows are domestic birds that show little fear of humans. -They often build nests in gardens, cemeteries or golf courses, where -mowed lawns provide feeding areas. Among the most insectivorous of all -sparrows, their diet consists mainly of insects, supplemented by weed -seeds. - -Adjectives are dangerous in describing wildlife, but chippies are just -plain lovable. - - [Illustration] - - - - - COWBIRD - (Molothrus ater) - - - [Illustration] - -Cowbirds are the only native American birds to always lay their eggs in -nests of other species, and have the young raised by foster parents. -Warblers, finches, and sparrows, all smaller than cowbirds, are the -chief victims of this practice, the fast growing foster chick -monopolizing food and space to the detriment of the legitimate -offspring. - -This is the smallest blackbird, flocking in small groups, or mixing with -grackles and red-wings. They are usually quiet, their only song a faint -whistle. They range north into Canada and winter in the southeastern -States. Grasshoppers, beetles, and a number of insects are eaten, and -like other blackbirds, they do some damage to grain. - - [Illustration] - - - - - CROW - (Corvus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -Smart enough to adapt quickly to urban life, crows nest in such unlikely -places as alongside the Pentagon, and feed in the White House grounds in -Washington. - -Typically, they feed in the early hours before many people are out, -retreating to parks or fields when disturbed. Their nest-robbing, crop -destroying habits are often exaggerated, and less attention paid to -their diet of grubs, beetles, mice, and other pests. - -Grackles, martins, flycatchers, and other smaller birds, recognizing -them as marauders, will chase crows in the spring and summer. Watching -the little feathered dive-bombers attack the lumbering crow is quite a -show, the larger bird always retreating as best he can, sometimes losing -a few feathers, but seldom his dignity. - - [Illustration] - - - - - DOWNY WOODPECKER - (Dendrocopos pubescens) - - - [Illustration] - -Our smallest woodpecker at 6 inches; spotted with black and white. Dark -bars on the outer tail feathers distinguish it from the similar but -larger hairy woodpecker. Resident in the United States and the forested -parts of Canada and Alaska. - -This woodpecker is widely distributed, living in woodlands, orchards and -gardens. Like the hairy woodpecker, it beats a tattoo on a dry resonant -tree branch. To appreciative ears it has the quality of forest music. In -a hole excavated in a dead branch the downy woodpecker lays four to six -eggs. This and the hairy woodpecker are valuable human allies, their -food consisting of some of the worst insect foes of orchard and shade -trees. Beef suet, fastened too high for dogs to pirate, will attract -Downies to a feeding station. - - [Illustration] - - - - - FLICKER - (Colaptes auratus) - - - [Illustration] - -Length 13 inches; the yellow (salmon in western birds) under surfaces of -the wing and tail, and white rump are characteristic. It breeds -throughout the United States and in forested parts of Canada; winters in -most of the southern United States. - -The flicker inhabits open country and delights in parklike regions where -trees are numerous but well-spaced. It is possible to insure the -presence of this useful bird about the home and to increase its numbers. -It nests in any large cavity in a tree and readily appropriates an -artificial nesting box. The most terrestrial of our woodpeckers, it -procures much of its food from the ground. The largest item of animal -food is ants, of which it eats more than any other common bird. The -flicker is more adapted to suburbs than to the larger cities. - - [Illustration] - - - - - GOLDFINCH - (Spinus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -The male is the only small, yellow bird with black wings and tail, with -flight that is extremely undulating. In winter the species concentrate -in areas where seed-laden plants are common. - -They breed from Canada to Mexico and winter in the same range, nesting -in July and August, after most birds have finished. The song is -long-sustained, clear, light, and canary-like. In its flight, each dip -is often punctuated by a simple cry of _ti-dee-di-di_. - -Goldfinches are found along hedgerows, wood margins, brushy fields, and -flower gardens, especially where cosmos are growing. - - [Illustration] - - - - - GRACKLE - (Quiscalus quiscula) - - - [Illustration] - -Length 12 inches. It breeds throughout the United States west to Texas, -Colorado, and Montana and in southern Canada and winters in the southern -half of its breeding range. - -This is a beautiful blackbird that is well known from its habit of -congregating in city parks and nesting there year after year. Like other -species which habitually assemble in large flocks, it is capable of -inflicting damage on farm crops. It shares with crows and blue jays a -habit of pillaging the nests of small birds, but it does much good by -destroying garden pests, especially white grubs, weevils, grasshoppers, -and caterpillars. - - [Illustration] - - - - - GREEN HERON - (Butorides virescens) - - - [Illustration] - -A small, dark heron common to all water areas, breeding in a combination -of wooded or brush habitats and marshes. It is also found along the -wooded margins of lakes and ponds. It often shows more blue than green -and is easily confused with the little blue heron. Its flight appears -crowlike at a distance, moving with slow, arched wing beats. - -The most generously distributed of small herons, its series of "kucks" -or its loud skyow can often be heard in areas near urban settlements. - -It breeds from the Gulf of Mexico north to southern Canada and winters -from Florida south. - - [Illustration] - - - - - HERRING GULL - (Larus argentatus) - - - [Illustration] - -This is the common large sea gull of much of our interior and coasts and -a familiar urban bird; a gray mantled, black wing tipped gull seen in -garbage dumps and harbors in all U.S. coastal cities. Oceans, bays, -estuaries, beaches, fields, inland lakes, reservoirs and large streams -... all provide habitat for this inspirer of "Jonathan Livingstone -Seagull." - -His free wheeling grace in the sky and his raucous yet lonely _kee-ow, -ke-ow_ manage to bring beauty to even the most odoriferous city dump. - -It breeds from the Arctic to the northern states and winters from the -Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. - - [Illustration] - - - - - HOUSE SPARROW - (Passer domesticus) - - - [Illustration] - -Perhaps the most citified of birds, this import's incessant chattering, -quarrelsome disposition, and abundance about human habitations -distinguish it from our native sparrows. Actually, it is not a sparrow -at all, but a weaver finch. - -Almost universally condemned after its introduction into the United -States, the house sparrow not only held its own, but increased in -numbers and extended its range. It now occupies its own niche and is -regarded with amusement and considerable affection in our inner cities. - -In rural areas it does some damage to fruit, vegetables, and grain. On -the other hand, it also eats a number of insects that damage those same -crops. - - [Illustration] - - - - - HOUSE WREN - (Troglodytes aedon) - - - [Illustration] - -Less than 5 inches long, this tiny bird seems to live right at home with -a man-made house. It breeds throughout the United States, except for the -South Atlantic and Gulf areas, and also nests in southern Canada. It -winters in the southern United States and Mexico. - -The rich, bubbling song of the familiar little house wren is one of the -sweetest associations connected with town or suburban life. Its tiny -body allows it to creep into all sorts of nooks and crannies for its -insect food. A cavity in a fence post or porch roof, a wren box, a hole -in a tree, will be welcomed as a nesting site. Their food is -grasshoppers, beetles, bugs, spiders, cutworms, ticks, and plant lice. - -Recognized universally as Johnny and Jenny wren, welcome neighbors, they -still show peculiarities in their behavior. Jealous of their home areas, -wrens sometimes puncture the eggs of other small species nesting nearby, -and Johnny may have two, possibly three mates at one time. - - [Illustration] - - - - - JUNCO - (Junco hyemalis) - - - [Illustration] - -A dark, slate-gray sparrow with conspicuous white outer tail feathers -and a white belly. An abundant species, it breeds in brushy, cutover -forests and is usually seen by urban dwellers when transient or -wintering flocks come into residential areas. Juncos often winter at -feeding stations in cities, suburbs, or towns. - -It breeds from the tree line south to the northern states, farther south -in the mountains. It winters in most of the U.S. - - [Illustration] - - - - - KILLDEER - (Charadrius vociferus) - - - [Illustration] - -These birds are commonplace in appearance and not very large at a length -of 10 inches, but are distinguished by piercing and oft-repeated cries -of "kildee." They breed throughout the United States and most of Canada, -and winter from the central United States to South America. - -The killdeer is probably the best known of the shorebirds, perhaps -because of its contrasting colors and startling cry. It is noisy and -restless, like people, but most of its activities are beneficial to man. -Its food is harmful insects, particularly weevils and beetles, flies, -ticks, and wondrously enough, mosquitoes and their larvae. - -The four pointed eggs are marked like pebbles, and laid in an unlined -depression on the ground. Such dangerous sites as gravel roads, -quarries, or even potato patches have been used. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MALLARD - (Anas platyrhynchos) - - - [Illustration] - -One of the largest ducks, mallards range across the entire northern -hemisphere, and are probably the best known of all waterfowl, likely to -set down in migration on small pools in city parks. It has also been -widely domesticated or semidomesticated. - -Its coloration makes identification easy, and the loud quack helps -identify it. The birds breed in prairie waterholes in Canada, the -Dakotas, Minnesota, and, to a minor extent, in other northern States. -They move with the great spring and fall migrations and, adjusting -easily to the presence of man, are likely to be seen in town or city. -Add the domesticated mallards that swim about in so many parks and you -have the most urbanized of the ducks that can still claim a wild -heritage. They are most abundant in the Mississippi Valley. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MOCKINGBIRD - (Mimus polyglottos) - - - [Illustration] - -Ten inches long and neatly but soberly feathered, this was the bird of -the Old South, but it is resident now from southern Mexico north to -Michigan, Maine, even up to Wyoming, and seems to be spreading farther. - -Because of its incomparable medleys and ability to mimic other birds, -whistles, clocks, and bells, the mockingbird is the most renowned singer -of the Western Hemisphere. Even in confinement it is a masterly -performer, and in the nineteenth century, many were trapped and sold for -cage birds. This practice ceased long ago, under law and close scrutiny. -Mockers will feed on cultivated fruits, but they have so won human -affection that this is rarely charged against them--principally because -of that reputation as a songster and the fact that they eat a variety of -destructive insects. - -Raisins, oranges, or apples will bring them to a feeding station. To -prevent them driving all other birds away from your tray, it helps to -put the mocker's rations at a distance, preferably across the yard, or -on the opposite side of the house. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MOURNING DOVE - (Zenaida macroura) - - - [Illustration] - -A dark spot on the side of the neck distinguishes this bird from other -native doves and pigeons except for the white-wing of the southwest. -Also known as turtle dove, the "mourner" frequently nests in suburban -and city shrubbery throughout the United States, Mexico, and southern -Canada; it winters from the central United States to Panama--and is part -of folklore in all those countries. - -Mourning doves eat the seeds of plants, including grain, plus berries -and the small wild fruits of any region through which they pass. Despite -that melancholy but peaceful "coo," they are restless migratory -creatures. Doves live in the large cities, small towns, villages, and -countryside; songs are sung and poems written about them; they are -esteemed game birds that may nest in trees in your yard. - - [Illustration] - - - - - MYRTLE WARBLER - (Dendroica coronata) - - - [Illustration] - -Myrtle warblers are tiny mites that liven up the trees and shrubs in the -spring migration. Traveling in small flocks, they seem to be constantly -in motion, flitting from branch to branch searching for small insects -and their eggs. Like flycatchers, they snap up larger bugs on the wing. -To a quiet observer, they seem trusting birds, often singing at close -range. - -Some winter as far north as the New England coast, wherever bayberry -thickets offer fruit and shelter, and others move on to the southern -states. From these wintering grounds they migrate to nesting grounds in -the evergreen forest of the northern states and Canada. In their fall -flight south, they seem subdued, the bright yellow on the crown and -flanks having disappeared, and the lemon colored rump the only remaining -brilliant. - - [Illustration] - - - - - NIGHTHAWK - (Chordeiles minor) - - - [Illustration] - -Often seen on dull days as well as dawn or dusk, the long slender wings -of nighthawks exaggerate their size. They are 10 inches long, but seem -bigger. - -At rest, they perch lengthwise on branches, crossarms, or logs, or on -the ground. In the air, their flight is a series of fluttering spurts, -followed by long glides. Before aviators broke the sound barrier, -nighthawks had their own 'sonic boom,' created by diving vertically from -considerable height and flaring sharply upward near the ground. - -Flying insects, from mosquitoes to beetles and moths, are their only -food. Nighthawks build no nest, the two young being raised on the bare -ground, or flat roofs. - -Nighthawks nest in all states except Hawaii and winter in South America. - - [Illustration] - - - - - PIGEON - (Columba livia) - - - [Illustration] - -The common pigeon found in all U.S. cities is a descendant of the wild -European rock dove that was introduced domestically in this country -early in our history. Living and breeding in cities and suburbs, it is a -permanent year-round resident and often is so populous as to be a -nuisance, fouling building ledges, park benches, statues, and -occasionally people. - -Feeding the pigeons in city parks is an old custom, particularly for the -young and old. This bird is probably the one most familiar and -recognizable to the urban dwellers and may be their closest contact with -the world of birds. - - [Illustration] - - - - - PURPLE MARTIN - (Progne subis) - - - [Illustration] - -These birds breed throughout the United States and southern Canada, and -down to central Mexico. They winter in South America. - -This is the largest (8 inches long) of the swallow tribe. It formerly -built its nest in cavities of trees and still does in wild districts, -but having learned to live close to humans, it soon adopted domestic -habits. The best way to have martins around is to erect apartment houses -for them at suitable nesting sites--and protect that housing from use by -other birds. The nest boxes should be about 15 feet from the ground and -made inaccessible to cats. A colony of martins makes great inroads upon -the insect population, as the birds not only feed upon insects but rear -their young on the same diet. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RED-EYED VIREO - (Vireo olivaceus) - - - [Illustration] - -The red eye of this small olive-green and white bird, although giving it -a name, is of little help in identifying it. Abundant in eastern forests -in its breeding season, it winters in South America. This bird is seen -in deciduous trees in city parks during migration. - -Its call is a monotonous series of short, abrupt phrases similar to a -robin's. It is repeated as often as 40 times a minute, all through the -day. It is lucky for suburban sleepers that the vireo doesn't sing at -night. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RED-HEADED WOODPECKER - (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) - - - [Illustration] - -At 9 inches or so in length, this is a medium-sized woodpecker which -occurs in the eastern states. - -The red-head isn't really common even in its announced range, although -it's easy to spot when it is working the neighborhood. It likes open, -deciduous woods, parklike spaces, and is fond of cities where old trees -line the streets. Like all its clan, its diet of harmful grubs, beetles, -and other insects makes it a desirable bird, and the small amounts of -fruit and acorns it eats are never missed. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD - (Agelaius phoeniceus) - - - [Illustration] - -About 9½ inches long, the red-wing breeds in most of North America; it -winters in the southern half of United States and down clear to Costa -Rica. - -The prairies of the upper Mississippi Valley, with their numerous -sloughs and ponds, furnish ideal nesting places for red-wings, and this -region has become the great breeding ground for the species, pouring -forth the vast flocks that sometimes play havoc with grainfields. -Red-wings are gregarious, living in flocks and breeding in communities. -Their food is about one-fourth insects and three-fourths vegetable. - - [Illustration] - - - - - ROBIN - (Turdus migratorius) - - - [Illustration] - -Probably the best known of the United States birds, and widely believed -a harbinger of spring, adults are 10 inches long. They breed in the -United States and Canada, and winter in most of the United States, -ranging south to Guatemala. - -One of the most cherished of our native birds, the robin is an -omnivorous feeder. While its food includes many worms and insects, it is -especially fond of fruit, particularly cherries, mulberries, and -strawberries. Like the bluebird, it is a thrush. - -Highly adaptable, it is friendly and trusting in cities and towns, and -wild and distrustful of man when living in wilderness areas. - - [Illustration] - - - - - RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD - (Archilochus colubris) - - - [Illustration] - -A widely seen hummingbird east of the Great Plains, the ruby-throats are -exquisite bits, capable of incredible flight, moving in any direction on -wings vibrating faster than sight or able to hover motionless while -spectators are breathless. They are plentiful--one just shouldn't use -the word "common" about this lovely pulse of bright energy. - -They sup on nectar from garden flowers or blossoming "weeds" and are -attracted to yards or gardens by tubes of sugar water properly hung. And -they eat insects. Several other varieties of hummingbirds live in the -West and all are tiny--smallest of American birds--and beat their wings -so rapidly that the feathers produce a hum. All hover while feeding, -mostly by dipping their long beaks in flowers, and all of them are -incredibly pugnacious for so tiny a creature. Most migrate long -distances, incredible as that seems. - - [Illustration] - - - - - SONG SPARROW - (Melospiza melodia) - - - [Illustration] - -This is the most widely distributed of all our native sparrows, -appearing in one form or another from Florida to Alaska and range in -color from pale to dark brown. - -They love water and are most numerous where streams, ponds, or marshes -offer dense cover, but yards with shrubs and vines will attract them. - -Their space requirements are small. A pair will live and nest in 1½ -acres or less. They nest on or near the ground, both parents help raise -the young, and they raise up to four broods a year. Cowbirds often lay -eggs in their nests, and are considered with dogs, cats, and rats as -their greatest enemies. - -There are many sparrows with spotted breasts, but the heavy dot in the -center of the chest and the streaks on breast and flanks distinguish -this bird from others. - - [Illustration] - - - - - SPARROW HAWK - (Falco sparverius) - - - [Illustration] - -Length about 10 inches; one of the best known and handsomest, as well as -smallest, of North American hawks. Breeds throughout the United States, -Canada, and northern Mexico; winters in the United States and south to -Guatemala. - -The sparrow hawk, a true falcon, lives in the more open areas and builds -its nest in hollow trees. It is often found where telephone and power -poles afford it convenient perching and feeding places, and may be seen -hovering high over its intended prey. Its food consists of insects, -small mammals, birds, spiders, and reptiles. Grasshoppers, crickets, -terrestrial beetles, and caterpillars make up considerably more than -half its subsistence, while field mice, house mice, and shrews cover -fully 25 percent of its annual supply. - - [Illustration] - - - - - STARLING - (Sturnus vulgaris) - - - [Illustration] - -There are few people in the United States who have not seen starlings, -even though the viewers might not know the label. Introduced into this -country in the 1880's, they took hold rapidly and became permanent -residents everywhere in the Nation, plus southern Canada and northern -Mexico. They live in city parks and crevices of buildings, using large -communal roosts in winter; you can hear the tribe gathering on cold -nights along the face of many a downtown office building. - -Frequently characterized as pests, they are certainly abundant. Their -own call is a jittery squeak, but they imitate many birds, and sunlight -brings out a shimmer of colors in their plumage. They eat almost -anything, but that includes a lot of insects like Japanese beetles. -Don't scoff at starlings; they're aggressive, quarrelsome, and -determined, and they are surely here to stay. - - [Illustration] - - - - - TOWHEE - (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) - - - [Illustration] - -The bird remotely resembles the robin, although smaller and more -slender. It frequents bushy places and is often detected by noisy -rummaging among dead leaves. - -It breeds in open brushy places, barrens, slashings, and forest edges -from Canada to the gulf coast, and often ventures into landscaped yards. - -Its call is a loud _chewink_, and the southern birds have a proper -southern drawl, a slurred _shrink_. - - [Illustration] - - - - - TUFTED TITMOUSE - (Parus bicolor) - - - [Illustration] - -This sparrow-sized, active mite is often heard before it is seen. Its -spring call of _peter, peter, peter_ is a clear whistle, audible at some -distance. - -Insects are a large part of its food, but it takes seeds and nuts from a -station quite readily, and is quick to scold if your feeder is empty. It -also responds to "squeaking," the technique bird watchers use to attract -many species. - -Preferring wooded areas, it appears in small groups in winter. It nests -in cavities and bird boxes, and being non-migratory, often uses these -same shelters for winter roosts. - -The tufted titmouse is restricted to the eastern half of the country, -but it has close relatives in the west. - - [Illustration] - - - - - TURKEY VULTURE - (Cathartes aura) - - - [Illustration] - -"What a lovely child of God it is, soarin' up there," said Fr. Hogan in -the novel "Children of Hunger." And he added, "Of course, down on the -ground it's a buzzard. Lots of things in the world seem to be like -that." - -Thus, a fictional view of the turkey vulture and the less widespread -black vulture. The turkey vulture summers up into Canada and permanently -ranges the southern United States. It is a common sight along roadsides -and sometimes above cities. These common carrion eaters are natural -scavengers, and highly useful ones, but they are a little hard to admire -except at a distance. A large bird, often more than 30 inches long and -with great wingspread, they don't need to be fed. Our driving habits and -our careless disposal of garbage generally provide plenty of food for -them. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH - (Sitta carolinensis) - - - [Illustration] - -With a length of 6 inches, this resident of the United States, southern -Canada and Mexico might readily be mistaken by a casual observer for a -small woodpecker. But its call--an oft-repeated "yank"--is very -unwoodpecker-like. Also unlike either woodpeckers or creepers, it climbs -downward head first as easily as upward, seeming to defy the laws of -gravity. "Nuthatch" was suggested by its habit of wedging nuts in -crevices of bark so as to break them open by blows from a sharp, strong -bill. The white-breast gets its living from the trunks and branches of -trees, over which it walks from daylight to dark. Insects and spiders -constitute about half of its food. More than half of its vegetable food -consists of acorns and other nuts or large seeds. It's a bird of the -wooded suburbs, and will feed at sheltered stations offering suet, -sunflower seeds, or nuts. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW - (Zonotrichia leucophrys) - - - [Illustration] - -From tail-tip to beak, this perky flyer is 7 inches long and looks like -the white-throated sparrow, but the latter has a yellow spot beside its -eyes. White-crown breeds in the high country of New Mexico, Colorado, -Wyoming, Montana, and the Pacific coast; it winters in the southern half -of the United States and in northern Mexico. - -This beautiful sparrow is numerous in the West, but rather rare -elsewhere, so watch for it carefully if you're in the East, for it is -shy and retiring there. But the white-crown is bolder and more -conspicuous in the Far West, often frequenting gardens, parks, and -yards. Like most sparrows, it is a seed eater by preference--it appears -readily at sheltered feeding stations. Insects comprise less than 10 -percent of its diet. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WOOD PEWEE - (Contopus sp.) - - - [Illustration] - -The bird of this painting ranges from the east coast through the -Mississippi Valley, where its range meets that of the western wood -pewee. They are hard to tell apart visually, although the songs are -quite different. Both species also look like eastern phoebes, so -spotting this bird with assurance requires some study. The names of all -these birds are based upon their calls, and all are flycatchers. - -The pewees like groves of mixed trees, and at twilight the eastern -species sings a plaintive whistled song that is longer and more varied -than its daylight song. You are much more likely to see or hear these -birds in outer suburbia housing areas than in the inner city or on -shopping center parking lots, since they require tall trees and cannot -be heard above traffic noises. - - [Illustration] - - - - - WOOD THRUSH - (Hylocichla mustelina) - - - [Illustration] - -This bird is at least fairly common in suburban groves all over the -eastern United States. Adults are a bit over 7 inches long and their -song is like a flute phrase followed by a soft trill, heard usually at -dawn or dusk. - -There are a number of other common thrushes. The hermit has a wide -range, summering up into mid-Canada and wintering in the southern United -States and Mexico. Veery, Swainson's, and gray-cheeked thrushes are also -widespread. The wood thrush is the largest and probably the most -citified, at least in terms of living in woody areas near cities. It is -also the only one with a heavily spotted breast. - -The nest is similar to a robin's, but without so much mud, and is -usually twenty-five feet or less from the ground in a tree or shrub. - - [Illustration] - - - - - YELLOWTHROAT - (Geothlypis trichas) - - - [Illustration] - -This is a gay little warbler that is abundant, at least in summer, -across the United States and most of Canada wherever there are moist -shrubby areas. It's a permanent resident in southernmost United States -and northern Mexico--and north up the Pacific coast to San Francisco. -The yellowthroat lives in shrubs in moist areas, showing its distinctive -markings to passersby. The female doesn't have a black mask, but -otherwise looks much like the male. - -These warblers nest on or near the ground in moist areas and eat mainly -insects, including plant lice; don't look for them in the tops of tall -trees. Adults are about 5 inches long. There are, of course, a lot of -warblers over the continent, but the yellowthroat is widely distributed -and widely admired. Keep your wet areas if you want to keep -yellowthroats around. - - [Illustration] - - - - - YELLOW WARBLER - (Dendroica petechia) - - - [Illustration] - -Although similar to the goldfinch, this warbler lacks the black wings -and tail. Its cheerful, bright call can be heard by urban dwellers from -willows, small trees, and shrubs growing on wet grounds and in -residential areas that contain an open growth of small ornamental trees. - -A tropic winterer, he breeds from the tree limit in Canada to the -southern states. When plagued by cowbirds laying eggs in its nest, this -warbler builds a second nest on top of the first, completely covering -the cowbird's eggs, and any of its own in the bottom layer. - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Publication information provided as in the original--this e-text is - public domain in the country of publication. - ---Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and - dialect unchanged. - ---In the text versions only, delimited italicized text with - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Fifty Birds of Town and City, by Bob Hines - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIFTY BIRDS OF TOWN AND CITY *** - -***** This file should be named 50321-8.txt or 50321-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/3/2/50321/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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