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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50c7544 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50542 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50542) diff --git a/old/50542-0.txt b/old/50542-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1177f50..0000000 --- a/old/50542-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2696 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The women Who Came in the Mayflower, by -Annie Russell Marble - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The women Who Came in the Mayflower - -Author: Annie Russell Marble - -Release Date: November 23, 2015 [EBook #50542] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMEN WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER *** - - - - -Produced by WebRover, Lisa Anne Hatfield, Chris Curnow and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -Italic text enclosed with _underscores_. - -Small-caps replaced by ALL CAPS. - -Superscripted text indicated with ^. - -More notes appear at the end of the file. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - THE WOMEN WHO - CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - The Women Who Came - in the Mayflower - - - BY - - ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE - - - - - - -[Illustration: colophon] - - - - - THE PILGRIM PRESS - - BOSTON CHICAGO - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - COPYRIGHT 1920 - BY A. W. FELL - - - - - THE PILGRIM PRESS - BOSTON - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - Foreword - - -This little book is intended as a memorial to the women who came in _The -Mayflower_, and their comrades who came later in _The Ann_ and _The -Fortune_, who maintained the high standards of home life in early -Plymouth Colony. There is no attempt to make a genealogical study of any -family. The effort is to reveal glimpses of the communal life during -1621-1623. This is supplemented by a few silhouettes of individual -matrons and maidens to whose influence we may trace increased resources -in domestic life and education. - -One must regret the lack of proof regarding many facts, about which are -conflicting statements, both of the general conditions and the -individual men and women. In some instances, both points of view have -been given here; at other times, the more probable surmises have been -mentioned. - -The author feels deep gratitude, and would here express it, to the -librarians of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the New England -Genealogic-Historical Register, the American Antiquarian Society, the -Register of Deeds, Pilgrim Hall, and the Russell Library of Plymouth, -private and public libraries of Duxbury and Marshfield, and to Mr. -Arthur Lord and all other individuals who have assisted in this -research. The publications of the Society of Mayflower Descendants, and -the remarkable researches of its editor, Mr. George E. Bowman, call for -special appreciation. - - ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE. - -_Worcester, Massachusetts._ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONTENTS - - - FOREWORD v - - I ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING 3 - - II COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LIFE IN PLYMOUTH 1621-1623 21 - - III MATRONS AND MAIDENS WHO CAME IN “THE MAYFLOWER” 53 - - IV COMPANIONS WHO ARRIVED IN “THE FORTUNE” AND “THE ANN” 93 - - INDEX 109 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ERRATA - - - Page - - 49 (And foot-notes elsewhere) read _The Mayflower Descendant_ - for Mayflower Descendants. - - 49 Foot-note, read _53 Mt. Vernon St._ for 9 Ashburton Pl. - - 78 Line 21, read _two hundred and seventy_ for seventy. - - 79 Line 12, read _inventory_ for will. - - 82 Line 12, omit Revolutionary. - - 84 Lines 4 and 5, read _Edward Winslow and Peregrine White_ for - William Mullins and Miles Standish. - - 84 Line 21, read _Petty coate with silke Lace_ for Pretty, etc. - - 86 Line 25, read _step-mother_ for mother. - - 88 Line 10, read _eighty_ for ninety years. - - 98 Line 14, read _Abraham_ for Alexander. - - 102 Line 9, read _Mercy_ for Mary. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - I - - ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING - - -“_So they left ye goodly and pleasante citie, which had been ther -resting-place near 12. years; but they knew they were pilgrimes, & -looked not much on those things, but lift up their eyes to ye heavens, -their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits._” - -—_Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantations. Chap. VII._ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CHAPTER I - - ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING - - -December weather in New England, even at its best, is a test of physical -endurance. With warm clothes and sheltering homes today, we find -compensations for the cold winds and storms in the exhilarating winter -sports and the good cheer of the holiday season. - -The passengers of _The Mayflower_ anchored in Plymouth harbor, three -hundred years ago, lacked compensations of sports or fireside warmth. -One hundred and two in number when they sailed,—of whom twenty-nine were -women,—they had been crowded for ten weeks into a vessel that was -intended to carry about half the number of passengers. In low spaces -between decks, with some fine weather when the open hatchways allowed -air to enter and more stormy days when they were shut in amid -discomforts of all kinds, they had come at last within sight of the -place where, contrary to their plans, they were destined to make their -settlement. - -At Plymouth, England, their last port in September, they had “been -kindly entertained and courteously used by divers friends there -dwelling,”[1] but they were homeless now, facing a new country with -frozen shores, menaced by wild animals and yet more fearsome savages. -Whatever trials of their good sense and sturdy faith came later, those -days of waiting until shelter could be raised on shore, after the weeks -of confinement, must have challenged their physical and spiritual -fortitude. - -There must have been exciting days for the women on shipboard and in -landing. There must have been hours of distress for the older and the -delight in adventure which is an unchanging trait of the young of every -race. Wild winds carried away some clothes and cooking-dishes from the -ship; there was a birth and a death, and occasional illness, besides the -dire seasickness. John Howland, “the lustie young man,” fell overboard -but he caught hold of the topsail halyard which hung extended and so -held on “though he was sundry fathoms under water,” until he was pulled -up by a rope and rescued by a boat-hook.[2] - -Recent research[3] has argued that the captain of _The Mayflower_ was -probably not _Thomas_ Jones, with reputation for severity, but a Master -Christopher Jones of kindlier temper. The former captain was in -Virginia, in September, 1620, according to this account. With the most -generous treatment which the captain and crew could give to the women, -they must have been sorely tried. There were sick to be nursed, children -to be cared for, including some lively boys who played with powder and -nearly caused an explosion at Cape Cod; nourishment must be found for -all from a store of provisions that had been much reduced by the delays -and necessary sales to satisfy their “merchant adventurers” before they -left England. They slept on damp bedding and wore musty clothes; they -lacked exercise and water for drink or cleanliness. Joyful for them must -have been the day recorded by Winslow and Bradford,[4]—“On Monday the -thirteenth of November our people went on shore to refresh themselves -and our women to wash, as they had great need.” - -During the anxious days when the abler men were searching on land for a -site for the settlement, first on Cape Cod and later at Plymouth, there -were events of excitement on the ship left in the harbor. Peregrine -White was born and his father’s servant, Edward Thompson, died. Dorothy -May Bradford, the girl-wife of the later Governor of the colony, was -drowned during his absence. There were murmurings and threats against -the leaders by some of the crew and others who were impatient at the -long voyage, scant comforts and uncertain future. Possibly some of the -complaints came from women, but in the hearts of most of them, although -no women signed their names, was the resolution that inspired the men -who signed that compact in the cabin of _The Mayflower_,—“to promise all -due submission and obedience.” They had pledged their “great hope and -inward zeal of laying good foundation for ye propagating and advancing -ye gospell of ye kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of ye world; -yea, though they should be but as stepping-stones unto others for ye -performing of so great a work”; with such spirit they had been impelled -to leave Holland and such faith sustained them on their long journey. - -Many of the women who were pioneers at Plymouth had suffered severe -hardships in previous years. They could sustain their own hearts and -encourage the younger ones by remembrance of the passage from England to -Holland, twelve years before, when they were searched most cruelly, even -deprived of their clothes and belongings by the ship’s master at Boston. -Later they were abandoned by the Dutchman at Hull, to wait for fourteen -days of frightful storm while their husbands and protectors were carried -far away in a ship towards the coast of Norway, “their little ones -hanging about them and quaking with cold.”[5] - -There were women with frail bodies, like Rose Standish and Katherine -Carver, but there were strong physiques and dauntless hearts sustained -to great old age, matrons like Susanna White and Elizabeth Hopkins and -young women like Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton, Elizabeth Tilley and -Constance Hopkins. In our imaginations today, few women correspond to -the clinging, fainting figures portrayed by some of the painters of “The -Departure” or “The Landing of the Pilgrims.” We may more readily believe -that most of the women were upright and alert, peering anxiously but -courageously into the future. Writing in 1910, John Masefield said:[6] -“A generation fond of pleasure, disinclined towards serious thought, and -shrinking from hardship, even if it may be swiftly reached, will find it -difficult to imagine the temper, courage and manliness of the emigrants -who made the first Christian settlement of New England.” Ten years ago -it would have been as difficult for women of our day to understand -adequately the womanliness of the Pilgrim matrons and girls. The -anxieties and self-denials experienced by women of all lands during the -last five years may help us to “imagine” better the dauntless spirit of -these women of New-Plymouth. During those critical months of 1621-1623 -they sustained their households and assisted the men in establishing an -orderly and religious colony. We may justly affirm that some of “the -wisdom, prudence and patience and just and equall carriage of things by -the better part”[7] was manifested among the women as well as the men. - -In spite of the spiritual zeal which comes from devotion to a good -cause, and the inspiration of steady work, the women must have suffered -from homesickness, as well as from anxiety and illness. They had left in -Holland not alone their loved pastor, John Robinson, and their valiant -friend, Robert Cushman, but many fathers, mothers, brothers and sisters -besides their “dear gossips.” Mistress Brewster yearned for her elder -son and her daughters, Fear and Patience; Priscilla Mullins and Mary -Chilton, soon to be left orphans, had been separated from older brothers -and sisters. Disease stalked among them on land and on shipboard like a -demon. Before the completion of more than two or three of the one-room, -thatched houses, the deaths were multiplying. Possibly this disease was -typhus fever; more probably it was a form of infectious pneumonia, due -to enervated conditions of the body and to exposures at Cape Cod. -Winslow declared, in his account of the expedition on shore, “It blowed -and did snow all that day and night and froze withal. Some of our people -that are dead took the original of their death there.” Had the disease -been “galloping consumption,” as has been suggested sometimes, it is not -probable that many of those “sick unto death” would have recovered and -have lived to be octogenarians. - -The toll of deaths increased and the illness spread until, at one time, -there were only “six or seven sound persons” to minister to the sick and -to bury the dead. Fifteen of the twenty-nine women who sailed from -England and Holland were buried on Plymouth hillside during the winter -and spring. They were: Rose Standish; Elizabeth, wife of Edward Winslow; -Mary, wife of Isaac Allerton; Sarah, wife of Francis Eaton; Katherine, -wife of Governor John Carver; Alice, wife of John Rigdale; Ann, wife of -Edward Fuller; Bridget and Ann Tilley, wives of John and Edward; Alice, -wife of John Mullins or Molines; Mrs. James Chilton; Mrs. Christopher -Martin; Mrs. Thomas Tinker; possibly Mrs. John Turner, and Ellen More, -the orphan ward of Edward Winslow. Nearly twice as many men as women -died during those fateful months of 1621. Can we “imagine” the courage -required by the few women who remained after this devastation, as the -wolves were heard howling in the night, the food supplies were fast -disappearing, and the houses of shelter were delayed in completion by -“frost and much foul weather,” and by the very few men in physical -condition to rive timber or to thatch roofs? The common house, twenty -foot square, was crowded with the sick, among them Carver and Bradford, -who were obliged “to rise in good speed” when the roof caught on fire, -and their loaded muskets in rows beside the beds threatened an -explosion.[8] - -Although the women’s strength of body and soul must have been sapped yet -their fidelity stood well the test; when _The Mayflower_ was to return -to England in April and the captain offered free passage to the women as -well as to any men who wished to go, if the women “would cook and nurse -such of the crew as were ill,” not a man or a woman accepted the offer. -Intrepid in bravery and faith, the women did their part in making this -lonely, impoverished settlement into a home. This required adjustments -of many kinds. Few in number, the women represented distinctive classes -of society in birth and education. In Leyden, for seven years, they had -chosen their friends and there they formed a happy community, in spite -of some poverty and more anxiety about the education and morals of their -children, because of “the manifold temptations”[9] of the Dutch city. - -Many of the men, on leaving England, had renounced their more leisurely -occupations and professions to practise trades in Leyden,—Brewster and -Winslow as printers, Allerton as tailor, Dr. Samuel Fuller as say-weaver -and others as carpenters, wool-combers, masons, cobblers, pewterers and -in other crafts. A few owned residences near the famous University of -Leyden, where Robinson and Brewster taught. Some educational influences -would thus fall upon their families.[10] On the other hand, others were -recorded as “too poor to be taxed.” Until July, 1620, there were two -hundred and ninety-eight known members of this church in Leyden with -nearly three hundred more associated with them. Such economic and social -conditions gave to the women certain privileges and pleasures in -addition to the interesting events in this picturesque city. - -In _The Mayflower_ and at Plymouth, on the other hand, the women were -thrust into a small company with widely differing tastes and -backgrounds. One of the first demands made upon them was for a -democratic spirit,—tolerance and patience, adaptability to varied -natures. The old joke that “the Pilgrim Mothers had to endure not alone -their hardships but the Pilgrim Fathers also” has been overworked. These -women would never have accepted pity as martyrs. They came to this new -country with devotion to the men of their families and, in those days, -such a call was supreme in a woman’s life. They sorrowed for the women -friends who had been left behind,—the wives of Dr. Fuller, Richard -Warren, Francis Cooke and Degory Priest, who were to come later after -months of anxious waiting for a message from New-Plymouth. - -The family, not the individual, characterized the life of that -community. The father was always regarded as the “head” of the family. -Evidence of this is found when we try to trace the posterity of some of -the pioneer women from the Old Plymouth Colony Records. A child is there -recorded as “the son of Nicholas Snow,” “the son of John Winslow” or -“the daughter of Thomas Cushman” with no hint that the mothers of these -children were, respectively, Constance Hopkins, Mary Chilton and Mary -Allerton, all of whom came in _The Mayflower_, although the fathers -arrived at Plymouth later on _The Fortune_ and _The Ann_. - -It would be unjust to assume that these women were conscious heroines. -They wrought with courage and purpose equal to these traits in the men, -but probably none of the Pilgrims had a definite vision of the future. -With words of appreciation that are applicable to both sexes, -ex-President Charles W. Eliot has said:[11] “The Pilgrims did not know -the issue and they had no vision of it. They just loved liberty and -toleration and truth, and hoped for more of it, for more liberty, for a -more perfect toleration, for more truth, and they put their lives, their -labors, at the disposition of those loves without the least vision of -this republic, or of what was going to come out of their industry, their -devotion, their dangerous and exposed lives.” - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - Relation or Journal of a Plantation Settled at Plymouth in New-England - and Proceedings Thereof; London, 1622 (Bradford and Winslow) - Abbreviated in Purchas’ Pilgrim, X; iv; London, 1625. - -Footnote 2: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; ch. 9. - -Footnote 3: - - “The Mayflower,” by R. G. Marsden; Eng. Historical Review, Oct., 1904; - The Mayflower Descendant, Jan., 1916. - -Footnote 4: - - Relation or Journal, etc. (1622). - -Footnote 5: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; ch. 2. - -Footnote 6: - - Introduction to Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers (Everyman’s - Library). - -Footnote 7: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Bk. II. - -Footnote 8: - - Mourt’s Relation. - -Footnote 9: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, ch. 3. - -Footnote 10: - - The England and Holland of the Pilgrims, Henry M. Dexter and Morton - Dexter, Boston, 1905. - -Footnote 11: - - Eighteenth Annual Dinner of Mayflower Society, Nov. 20, 1913. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CHAPTER II - - COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LIFE IN PLYMOUTH 1621-1623 - - -Spring and summer came to bless them for their endurance and unconscious -heroism. Then they could appreciate the verdict of their leaders, who -chose the site of Plymouth as a “hopeful place,” with running brooks, -vines of sassafras and strawberry, fruit trees, fish and wild fowl and -“clay excellent for pots and will wash like soap.”[12] So early was the -spring in 1621 that on March the third there was a thunder storm and -“the birds sang in the woods most pleasantly.” On March the sixteenth, -Samoset came with Indian greeting. This visit must have been one of -mixed sentiments for the women and we can read more than the mere words -in the sentence, “We lodged him that night at Stephen Hopkins’ house and -watched him.”[13] Perhaps it was in deference to the women that the men -gave Samoset a hat, a pair of stockings, shoes, a shirt and a piece of -cloth to tie about his waist. Samoset returned soon with Squanto or -Tisquantum, the only survivor of the Patuxet tribe of Indians which had -perished of a pestilence at Plymouth three years before. He shared with -Hobomok the friendship of the settlers for many years and both Indians -gave excellent service. Through the influence of Squanto the treaty was -made in the spring of 1621 with Massasoit, the first League of Nations -to preserve peace in the new world. - -Squanto showed the men how to plant alewives or herring as fertilizer -for the Indian corn. He taught the boys and girls how to gather clams -and mussels on the shore and to “tread eels” in the water that is still -called Eel River. He gathered wild strawberries and sassafras for the -women and they prepared a “brew” which almost equalled their ale of old -England. The friendly Indians assisted the men, as the seasons opened, -in hunting wild turkeys, ducks and an occasional deer, welcome additions -to the store of fish, sea-biscuits and cheese. We are told[14] that -Squanto brought also a dog from his Indian friends as a gift to the -settlement. Already there were, at least, two dogs, probably brought -from Holland or England, a mastiff and a spaniel[15] to give comfort and -companionship to the women and children, and to go with the men into the -woods for timber and game. - -It seems paradoxical to speak of child-life in this hard-pressed, -serious-minded colony, but it was there and, doubtless, it was normal in -its joyous and adventuresome impulses. Under eighteen years of age were -the girls, Remember and Mary Allerton, Constance and Damaris Hopkins, -Elizabeth Tilley and, possibly, Desire Minter and Humility Cooper. The -boys were Bartholomew Allerton, who “learned to sound the drum,” John -Crakston, William Latham, Giles Hopkins, John and Francis Billington, -Richard More, Henry Sampson, John Cooke, Resolved White, Samuel Fuller, -Love and Wrestling Brewster and the babies, Oceanus Hopkins and -Peregrine White. With the exception of Wrestling Brewster and Oceanus -Hopkins, all these children lived to ripe old age,—a credit not alone to -their hardy constitutions, but also to the care which the Plymouth women -bestowed upon their households. - -The flowers that grew in abundance about the settlement must have given -them joy,—arbutus or “mayflowers,” wild roses, blue chicory, Queen -Anne’s lace, purple asters, golden-rod and the beautiful sabbatia or -“sentry” which is still found on the banks of the fresh ponds near the -town and is called “the Plymouth rose.” Edward Winslow tells[16] of the -drastic use of this bitter plant in developing hardihood among Indian -boys. Early in the first year one of these fresh-water ponds, known as -Billington Sea, was discovered by Francis Billington when he had climbed -a high hill and had reported from it “a smaller sea.” Blackberries, -blueberries, plums and cherries must have been delights to the women and -children. Medicinal herbs were found and used by advice of the Indian -friends; the bayberry’s virtues as salve, if not as candle-light, were -early applied to the comforts of the households. Robins, bluebirds, “Bob -Whites” and other birds sang for the pioneers as they sing for the -tourist and resident in Plymouth today. The mosquito had a sting,—for -Bradford gave a droll and pungent answer to the discontented colonists -who had reported, in 1624, that “the people are much annoyed with -musquetoes.” He wrote:[17] “_They_ are too delicate and unfitte to begin -new plantations and colonies that cannot enduer the biting of a muskeet. -We would wish such to keep at home till at least they be muskeeto proof. -Yet this place is as free as any and experience teacheth that ye land is -tild and ye woods cut downe, the fewer there will be and in the end -scarce any at all.” The _end_ has not yet come! - -Good harvests and some thrilling incidents varied the hard conditions of -life for the women during 1621-2. Indian corn and barley furnished a new -foundation for many “a savory dish” prepared by the housewives in the -mortar and pestles, kettles and skillets which they had brought from -Holland. Nuts were used for food, giving piquant flavor both to “cakes” -baked in the fire and to the stuffing of wild turkeys. The fare was -simple, but it must have seemed a feast to the Pilgrims after the months -of self-denials and extremity. - -Before the winter of 1621-2 was ended, seven log houses had been built -and four “common buildings” for storage, meetings and workshops. Already -clapboards and furs were stored to be sent back to England to the -merchant adventurers in the first ship. The seven huts, with thatched -roofs and chimneys on the outside, probably in cob-house style, were of -hewn planks, not of round logs.[18] The fireplaces were of stones laid -in clay from the abundant sand. In 1628 thatched roofs were condemned -because of the danger of fire,[19] and boards or palings were -substituted. During the first two years or longer, light came into the -houses through oiled paper in the windows. From the plans left by -Governor Bradford and the record of the visit of De Rassieres to -Plymouth, in 1627, one can visualize this first street in New England, -leading from Plymouth harbor up the hill to the cannon and stockade -where, later, was the fort. At the intersection of the first street and -a cross-highway stood the Governor’s house. It was fitting that the lot -nearest to the fort hill should be assigned to Miles Standish and John -Alden. All had free access to the brook where flagons were filled for -drink and where the clothes were washed. - -A few events that have been recorded by Winslow, Bradford and Morton -were significant and must have relieved the monotony of life. On January -fourth an eagle was shot, cooked and proved “to be excellent meat; it -was hardly to be discerned from mutton.”[20] Four days later three seals -and a cod were caught; we may assume that they furnished oil, meat and -skins for the household. About the same time, John Goodman and Peter -Brown lost their way in the woods, remained out all night, thinking they -heard lions roar (mistaking wolves for lions), and on their return the -next day John Goodman’s feet were so badly frozen “that it was a long -time before he was able to go.”[21] Wild geese were shot and used for -broth on the ninth of February; the same day the Common House was set -ablaze, but was saved from destruction. It is easy to imagine the -exciting effects of such incidents upon the band of thirteen boys and -seven girls, already enumerated. In July, the cry of “a lost child” -aroused the settlement to a search for that “unwhipt rascal,” John -Billington, who had run away to the Nauset Indians at Eastham, but he -was found unharmed by a posse of men led by Captain Standish. - -To the women one of the most exciting events must have been the marriage -on May 22, 1621, of Edward Winslow and Mistress Susanna White. Her -husband and two men-servants had died since _The Mayflower_ left England -and she was alone to care for two young boys, one a baby a few weeks -old. Elizabeth Barker Winslow had died seven weeks before the wedding -day. Perhaps the Plymouth women gossiped a little over the brief -interval of mourning, but the exigencies of the times easily explained -the marriage, which was performed by a magistrate, presumably the -Governor. - -Even more disturbing to the peaceful life was the first duel on June 18, -between Edward Lister and Edward Dotey, both servants of Stephen -Hopkins. Tradition ascribed the cause to a quarrel over the attractive -elder daughter of their master, Constance Hopkins. The duel was fought -with swords and daggers; both youths were slightly wounded in hand and -thigh and both were sentenced, as punishment, to have their hands and -feet tied together and to fast for twenty-four hours but, says a -record,[22] “within an hour, because of their great pains, at their own -and their master’s humble request, upon promise of better carriage, they -were released by the Governor.” It is easy to imagine this scene: -Stephen Hopkins and his wife appealing to the Governor and Captain -Standish for leniency, although the settlement was seriously troubled -over the occurrence; Elder Brewster and his wife deploring the lack of -Christian affection which caused the duel; Edward Winslow and his wife, -dignified yet tolerant; Goodwife Helen Billington scolding as usual; -Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton and Elizabeth Tilley condoling with the -tearful and frightened Constance Hopkins, while the children stand -about, excited and somewhat awed by the punishment and the distress of -the offenders. - -Another day of unusual interest and industry for the householders was -the Thanksgiving Day when peace with the Indians and assured prosperity -seemed to follow the ample harvests. To this feast, which lasted for -three days or more, came ninety-one Indians bringing five deer which -they had killed and dressed. These were a great boon to the women who -must prepare meals for one hundred and forty people. Wild turkeys, -ducks, fish and clams were procured by the colonists and cooked, perhaps -with some marchpanes also, by the more expert cooks. The serious prayers -and psalms of the Pilgrims were as amazing to the Indians as were the -strange whoops, dances, beads and feathers of the savages marvellous to -the women and children of Plymouth Colony. - -In spite of these peaceable incidents there were occasional threats of -Indian treachery, like the theft of tools from two woodsmen and the -later bold challenge in the form of a headless arrow wrapped in a -snake’s skin; the latter was returned promptly and decisively with the -skin filled with bullets, and the danger was over for a time. The -stockade was strengthened and, soon after, a palisade was built about -the houses with gates that were locked at night. After the fort of heavy -timber was completed, this was used also as a meeting-house and “was -fitted accordingly for that use.” It is to be hoped that warming-pans -and foot-stoves were a part of the “fittings” so that the women might -not be benumbed as, with dread of possible Indian attacks, they limned -from the old Ainsworth’s Psalm Book: - - “In the Lord do I trust, how then to my soule doe ye say, - As doth a little bird unto your mountaine fly away? - For loe, the wicked bend their bow, their arrows they prepare - On string; to shoot at dark at them - In heart that upright are.” - (_Psalm xi._) - -Even more exciting than the days already mentioned was the great event -of surprise and rejoicing, November 19, 1621, when _The Fortune_ arrived -with thirty-five more Pilgrims. Some of these were soon to wed -_Mayflower_ passengers. Widow Martha Ford, recently bereft, giving birth -on the night of her arrival to a fourth child, was wed to Peter Brown; -Mary Becket (sometimes written Bucket) became the wife of George Soule; -John Winslow later married Mary Chilton, and Thomas Cushman, then a lad -of fourteen, became the husband, in manhood, of Mary Allerton. His -father, Robert Cushman, remained in the settlement while _The Fortune_ -was at anchor and left his son as ward for Governor Bradford. The -notable sermon which was preached at Plymouth by Robert Cushman at this -time (preserved in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth) was from the text, “Let no -man seek his own; but every man another’s wealth.” Some of the -admonitions against swelling pride and fleshly-minded hypocrites seem to -us rather paradoxical when we consider the poverty and self-sacrificing -spirit of these pioneers; perhaps, there were selfish and slothful -malcontents even in that company of devoted, industrious men and women, -for human nature was the same three hundred years ago, in large and -small communities, as it is today, with some relative changes. - -Among the passengers brought by _The Fortune_ were some of great -helpfulness. William Wright, with his wife Priscilla (the sister of -Governor Bradford’s second wife), was an expert carpenter, and Stephen -Dean, who came with his wife, was able to erect a small mill and grind -corn. Robert Hicks (or Heeks) was another addition to the colony, whose -wife was later the teacher of some of the children. Philip De La Noye, -progenitor of the Delano family in America, John and Kenelm Winslow and -Jonathan Brewster were eligible men to join the group of younger -men,—John Alden, John Howland and others. - -The great joy in the arrival of these friends was succeeded by an -agitating fear regarding the food supply, for _The Fortune_ had suffered -from bad weather and its colonists had scarcely any extra food or -clothing. By careful allotments the winter was endured and when spring -came there were hopes of a large harvest from more abundant sowing, but -the hopes were killed by the fearful drought which lasted from May to -the middle of July. Some lawless and selfish youths frequently stole -corn before it was ripe and, although public whipping was the -punishment, the evil persisted. These conditions were met with the same -courage and determination which ever characterized the leaders; a -rationing of the colony was made which would have done credit to a -“Hoover.” They escaped famine, but the worn, thin faces and “the low -condition, both in respect of food and clothing” was a shock to the -sixty more colonists who arrived in _The Ann_ and _The James_ in 1623. - -The friends who came in these later ships included some women from -Leyden, “dear gossips” of _Mayflower_ colonists, women whose resources -and characters gave them prominence in the later history of Plymouth. -Notable among them was Mrs. Alice Southworth, soon to wed Governor -Bradford. With her came Barbara, whose surname is surmised to have been -Standish, soon to become the wife of Captain Standish. Bridget Fuller -joined her husband, the noble doctor of Plymouth; Elizabeth Warren, with -her five daughters, came to make a home for her husband, Richard; -Mistress Hester Cooke came with three children, and Fear and Patience -Brewster, despite their names, brought joy and cheer to their mother and -girlhood friends; they were later wed to Isaac Allerton and Thomas -Prence, the Governor. - -Fortunately, _The Ann_ and _The James_ brought supplies in liberal -measure and also carpenters, weavers and cobblers, for their need was -great. _The James_ was to remain for the use of the colony. Rations had -been as low as one-quarter pound of bread a day and sometimes their fare -was only “a bit of fish or lobster without any bread or relish but a cup -of fair spring water.”[23] It is not strange that Bradford added: “ye -long continuance of this diete and their labors abroad had somewhat -abated ye freshness of their former complexion.” - -An important change in the policy of the colony, which affected the -women as well as men, was made at this time. Formerly the administration -of affairs had been upon the communal basis. All the men and grown boys -were expected to plant and harvest, fish and hunt for the common use of -all the households. The women also did their tasks in common. The -results had been unsatisfactory and, in 1623, a new division of land was -made, allotting to each householder an acre for each member of his -family. This arrangement, which was called “every man for his owne -particuler,” was told by Bradford with a comment which shows that the -women were human beings, not saints nor martyrs. He wrote: “The women -now went willingly into ye field, and tooke their little-ones with them -to set corne, which before would aledge weaknes and inabilitie; whom to -have compelled would have bene thought great tiranie and oppression.” -After further comment upon the failure of communism as “breeding -confusion and discontent” he added this significant comment: “For ye -yong-men that were most able and fitte for labour and service did repine -that they should spend their time and strength to work for other men’s -wives and children without any recompense.... And for men’s wives to be -commanded to doe servise for other men, as dresing their meate, washing -their cloathes, etc., they deemed it a kind of slaverie, neither could -many husbands well brooke it.” - -If food was scarce, even a worse condition existed as to clothing in the -summer of 1623. Tradition has ascribed several spinning-wheels and looms -to the women who came in _The Mayflower_, but we can scarcely believe -that such comforts were generously bestowed. There could have been -little material or time for their use. Much skilful weaving and spinning -of linen, flax, and wool came in later Colonial history. The women must -have been taxed to keep the clothes mended for their families as -protection against the cold and storms. The quantity on hand, after the -stress of the two years, would vary according to the supplies which each -brought from Holland or England; in some families there were sheets and -“pillow-beeres” with “clothes of substance and comeliness,” but other -households were scantily supplied. A somewhat crude but interesting -ballad, called “Our Forefathers’ Song,” is given by tradition from the -lips of an old lady, aged ninety-four years, in 1767. If the suggestion -is accurate that she learned this from her mother or grandmother, its -date would approximate the early days of Plymouth history. More probably -it was written much later, but it has a reminiscent flavor of those days -of poverty and brave spirit: - - “The place where we live is a wilderness wood, - Where grass is much wanted that’s fruitful and good; - Our mountains and hills and our valleys below, - Are commonly covered with frost and with snow. - - “Our clothes we brought with us are apt to be torn, - They need to be clouted soon after they are worn, - But clouting our garments they hinder us nothing, - Clouts _double_ are warmer than _single_ whole clothing. - - “If fresh meate be wanted to fill up our dish, - We have carrots and turnips whenever we wish, - And if we’ve a mind for a delicate dish, - We go to the clam-bank and there we catch fish. - - “For pottage and puddings and custards and pies, - Our pumpkins and parsnips are common supplies! - We have pumpkin at morning and pumpkin at noon, - If it was not for pumpkin we should be undoon.”[24] - -What did these Pilgrim women wear? The manifest answer is,—what they had -in stock. No more absurd idea was ever invented than the picture of -these Pilgrims “in uniform,” gray gowns with dainty white collars and -cuffs, with stiff caps and dark capes. They wore the typical garments of -the period for men and women in England. There is no evidence that they -adopted, to any extent, Dutch dress, for they were proud of their -English birth; they left Holland partly for fear that their young people -might be educated or enticed away from English standards of conduct.[25] -Mrs. Alice Morse Earle has emphasized wisely[26] that the “sad-colored” -gowns and coats mentioned in wills were not “dismal”; the list of colors -so described in England included (1638) “russet, purple, green, tawny, -deere colour, orange colour, buffs and scarlet.” The men wore doublets -and jerkins of browns and greens, and cloaks with red and purple -linings. The women wore full skirts of say, paduasoy or silk of varied -colors, long, pointed stomachers,—often with bright tone,—full, -sometimes puffed or slashed sleeves, and lace collars or “whisks” -resting upon the shoulders. Sometimes the gowns were plaited or -silk-laced; they often opened in front showing petticoats that were -quilted or embroidered in brighter colours. Broadcloth gowns of russet -tones were worn by those who could not afford silks and satins; -sometimes women wore doublets and jerkins of black and browns. For dress -occasions the men wore black velvet jerkins with white ruffs, like those -in the authentic portrait of Edward Winslow. Velvet and quilted hoods of -all colors and sometimes caps, flat on the head and meeting below the -chin with fullness, are shown in existent portraits of English women and -early colonists. - -Among relics that are dated back to this early period are the -slipper[27] belonging to Mistress Susanna White Winslow, narrow, -pointed, with lace trimmings, and an embroidered lace cap that has been -assigned to Rose Standish.[28] Sometimes the high ruffs were worn above -the shoulders instead of “whisks.” The children were dressed like -miniature men and women; often the girls wore aprons, as did the women -on occasions; these were narrow and edged with lace. “Petty coats” are -mentioned in wills among the garments of the women. We would not assume -that in 1621-2 _all_ the women in Plymouth colony wore silken or even -home-spun clothes of prevailing English fashion. Many of these that are -mentioned in inventories and retained as heirlooms, with rich laces and -embroideries, were brought later from England; probably Winslow, -Allerton and even Standish brought back such gifts to the women when -they made their trips to England in 1624 and later. If the pioneer women -had laces and embroideries of gold they probably hoarded them as -precious heirlooms during those early years of want, for they were too -sensible to wear and to waste them. As prosperity came, however, and new -elements entered the colony they were, doubtless, affected by the law of -the General Court, in 1634, which forbade further acquisition of laces, -threads of silver and gold, needle-work caps, bands and rails, and -silver girdles and belts. This law was enacted _not_ by the Pilgrims of -Plymouth, but by the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Colony. - -When Edward Winslow returned in _The Charity_, in 1624, he brought not -alone a “goodly supply of clothing”[29] but,—far more important,—the -first bull and heifers that were in Plymouth. The old tradition of the -white bull on which Priscilla Alden rode home from her marriage, in 1622 -or early 1623, must be rejected. This valuable addition of “neat cattle” -to the resources of the colony caused a redistribution of land and -shares in the “stock.” By 1627 a partnership or “purchas” had been -arranged, for assuming the debts and maintenance of the Plymouth colony, -freed from further responsibility to “the adventurers” in London. The -new division of lots included also some of the cattle. It was specified, -for instance, that Captain Standish and Edward Winslow were to share -jointly “the Red Cow which belongeth to the poor of the colony to which -they must keep her Calfe of this yeare being a Bull for the Companie, -Also two shee goats.”[30] Elder Brewster was granted “one of the four -Heifers came in _The Jacob_ called the Blind Heifer.” - -Among interesting sidelights upon the economic and social results of -this extension of land and cattle is the remark of Bradford:[31] “Some -looked for building great houses, and such pleasant situations for them -as themselves had fancied, as if they would be great men and rich all of -a suddaine; but they proved castles in air.” Within a short time, -however, with the rapid increase of children and the need of more -pasturage for the cattle, many of the leading men and women drifted away -from the original confines of Plymouth towards Duxbury, Marshfield, -Scituate, Bridgewater and Eastham. Agriculture became their primal -concern, with the allied pursuits of fishing, hunting and trading with -the Indians and white settlements that were made on Cape Cod and along -the Kennebec. - -Soon after 1630 the families of Captain Standish, John Alden, and -Jonathan Brewster (who had married the sister of John Oldham), Thomas -Prence and Edward Winslow were settled on large farms in Duxbury and -Marshfield. This loss to the Plymouth settlement was deplored by -Bradford both for its social and religious results. April 2, 1632,[32] a -pledge was taken by Alden, Standish, Prence, and Jonathan Brewster that -they would “remove their families to live in the towne in the -winter-time that they may the better repair to the service of God.” Such -arrangement did not long continue, however, for in 1633 a church was -established at Duxbury and the Plymouth members who lived there “were -dismiste though very unwillingly.”[33] Later the families of Francis -Eaton, Peter Brown and George Soule joined the Duxbury colony. Hobomok, -ever faithful to Captain Standish had a wigwam near his master’s home -until, in his old age, he was removed to the Standish house, where he -died in 1642. - -The women who had come in the earlier ships and had lived close to -neighbors at Plymouth must have had lonely hours on their farms in spite -of large families and many tasks. Wolves and other wild animals were -sometimes near, for traps for them were decreed and allotted. Chance -Indians prowled about and the stoutest hearts must have quailed when -some of the recorded hurricanes and storms of 1635 and 1638 uncovered -houses, felled trees and corn. In the main, however, there was peace and -many of the families became prosperous; we find evidence in their wills, -several of which have been deciphered from the original records by -George Ernest Bowman, editor of the “Mayflower Descendant,”[34] issued -quarterly. By the aid of such records and a few family heirlooms of -unquestioned genuineness, it is possible to suggest some individual -silhouettes of the women of early Plymouth, in addition to the glimpses -of their communal life. - ------ - -Footnote 12: - - Mourt’s Relation. - -Footnote 13: - - Mourt’s Relation. - -Footnote 14: - - Mourt’s Relation. - -Footnote 15: - - Winslow’s Narration. - -Footnote 16: - - Relation of the Manners, Customs, etc., of the Indians. - -Footnote 17: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. II. - -Footnote 18: - - The Pilgrim Republic, John A. Goodwin, p. 582. - -Footnote 19: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 20: - - Mourt’s Relation. - -Footnote 21: - - _Ibid._ - -Footnote 22: - - A Chronological History of New England, by Thomas Prence. - -Footnote 23: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Bk. II. - -Footnote 24: - - The Pilgrim Fathers; W. H. Bartlett, London, 1852. - -Footnote 25: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, ch. 4. - -Footnote 26: - - Two Centuries of Costume in America; N. Y., 1903. - -Footnote 27: - - In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. - -Footnote 28: - - Two Centuries of Costume in America; Earle. - -Footnote 29: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2. - -Footnote 30: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England, edited by David - Pulsifer, 1861. - -Footnote 31: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2. - -Footnote 32: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England, edited by David - Pulsifer, 1861. - -Footnote 33: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2. - -Footnote 34: - - Editorial rooms at 53 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CHAPTER III - - MATRONS AND MAIDENS WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER - - -It has been said, with some justice, that the Pilgrims were not -remarkable men, that they lacked genius or distinctive personalities. -The same statement may be made about the women. They did possess, as men -and women, fine qualities for the work which they were destined to -accomplish;—remarkable energy, faith, purpose, courage and patience. -These traits were prominent in the leaders, Carver and Bradford. -Standish and Winslow, Brewster and Dr. Fuller. As assistants to the men -in the civic life of the colony, there were a few women who influenced -the domestic and social affairs of their own and later generations. From -chance records, wills, inventories and traditions their individual -traits must be discerned, for there is scarcely any sequential, historic -record. - -Death claimed some of these brave-hearted women before the life at -Plymouth really began. Dorothy May Bradford, the daughter of Deacon May -of the Leyden church, came from Wisbeach, Cambridge; she was married to -William Bradford when she was about sixteen years old and was only -twenty when she was drowned at Cape Cod. Her only child, a son, John, -was left with her father and mother in Holland and there was long a -tradition that she mourned grievously at the separation. This son came -later to Plymouth, about 1627, and lived in Marshfield and Norwich, -Connecticut. - -The tiny pieces of a padded quilt with faded threads of silver and gold, -which belonged to Rose Standish,[35] are fitting relics of this -mystical, delicate wife of “the doughty Captain.” She died January 29, -1621. She is portrayed in fiction and poetry as proud of her husband’s -bravery and his record as a Lieutenant of Queen Elizabeth’s forces in -aid of the Dutch. She was also proud of his reputed, and disputed, -inheritance among the titled families of Standish of Standish and -Standish of Duxbury Hall.[36] There has been a persistent tradition that -Rose was born or lived on the Isle of Man and was married there, but no -records have been found as proofs. - -In the painting of “The Embarkation,” by Robert Weir, Elizabeth Barker, -the young wife of Edward Winslow, is attired in gay colors and extreme -fashion, while beside her stands a boy of about eight years with a -canteen strapped over his shoulders. It has been stated that this is the -silver canteen, marked “E. W.,” now in the cabinet of the Massachusetts -Historical Society. The only record _there_ is[37] “presentation, June, -1870, by James Warren, Senr., of a silver canteen and pewter plate which -once belonged to Gov. Edward Winslow with his arms and initials.” As -Elizabeth Barker, who came from Chatsun or Chester, England, to Holland, -was married April 3, 1618, to Winslow,[38] and as she was his first -wife, the son must have been a baby when _The Mayflower_ sailed. -Moreover, there is no record by Bradford of any child that came with the -Winslows, except the orphan, Ellen More. It has been suggested that the -latter was of noble lineage.[39] - -Mary Norris, of Newbury in England, wife of one of the wealthiest and -most prominent of the Pilgrims in early years, Isaac Allerton, died in -February of the first winter, leaving two young girls, Remember and -Mary, and a son, Bartholomew or “Bart.” The daughters married well, -Remember to Moses Maverick of Salem, and Mary to Thomas Cushman. Mrs. -Allerton gave birth to a child that was still-born while on _The -Mayflower_ and thus she had less strength to endure the hardships which -followed.[40] - -When Bradford, recording the death of Katherine Carver, called her a -“weak woman,” he referred to her health which was delicate while she -lived at Plymouth and could not withstand the grief and shock of her -husband’s death in April. She died the next month. She has been called -“a gracious woman” in another record of her death.[41] She was the -sister or sister-in-law of John Robinson, their pastor in England and -Holland. Recent investigation has claimed that she was first married to -George Legatt and later to Carver.[42] Two children died and were buried -in Holland in 1609 and 1617 and, apparently, these were the only -children born to the Carvers. The maid, Lois, who came with them on _The -Mayflower_, is supposed to have married Francis Eaton, but she did not -live long after 1622. Desire Minter, who was also of the Carver -household, has been the victim of much speculation. Mrs. Jane G. Austin, -in her novel, “Standish of Standish,” makes her the female scapegrace of -the colony, jealous, discontented and quarrelsome. On the other hand, -and still speculatively, she is portrayed as the elder sister and -housekeeper for John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley, after the death of -Mistress Carver; this is assumed because the first girl born to the -Howlands was named Desire.[43] The only known facts about Desire Minter -are those given by Bradford, “she returned to friends and proved not -well, and dyed in England.”[44] By research among the Leyden records, -collated by H. M. Dexter,[45] the name, Minter, occurs a few times. -William Minter, the husband of Sarah, was associated with the Carvers -and Chiltons in marriage betrothals. William Minter was purchaser of a -house from William Jeppson, in Leyden, in 1614. Another record is of a -student at the University of Leyden who lived at the house of John -Minter. Another reference to Thomas Minter of Sandwich, Kent, may -furnish a clue.[46] Evidently, to some of these relatives, with -property, near or distant of kin, Desire Minter returned before 1626. - -Another unmarried woman, who survived the hardships of the first winter, -but returned to England and died there, was Humility Cooper. We know -almost nothing about her except that she and Henry Sampson were cousins -of Edward Tilley and his wife. She is also mentioned as a relative of -Richard Clopton, one of the early religious leaders in England.[47] - -The “mother” of this group of matrons and maidens, who survived the -winters of 1621-2, was undoubtedly Mistress Mary Brewster. Wife of the -Elder, she shared his religious faith and zeal, and exercised a strong -moral influence upon the women and children. Pastor John Robinson, in a -letter to Governor Bradford, in 1623, refers to “her weake and decayed -state of body,” but she lived until April 17, 1627, according to records -in “the Brewster Book.” She was only fifty-seven years at her death but, -as Bradford said with tender appreciation, “her great and continuall -labours, with other crosses and sorrows, hastened it before y^e time.” -As Elder Brewster “could fight as well as he could pray,” could build -his own house and till his own land,[48] so, we may believe, his wife -was efficient in all domestic ways. When her strength failed, it is -pleasant to think that she accepted graciously the loving assistance of -the younger women to whom she must have seemed, in her presence, like a -benediction. Her married life was fruitful; five children lived to -maturity and two or more had died in Holland. The Elder was “wise and -discreet and well-spoken—of a cheerful spirit, sociable and pleasant -among his friends, undervaluing himself and his abilities and sometimes -overvaluing others.”[49] Such a person is sure to be a delightful -companion. To these attractive qualities the Elder added another proof -of tact and wisdom: “He always thought it were better for ministers to -pray oftener and divide their prayers, than be long and tedious in the -same.” - -While Mistress Brewster did not excel the women of her day, probably, in -education,—for to read easily and to write were not considered necessary -graces for even the better-bred classes,—she could appreciate the -thirty-eight copies of the Scriptures which were found among her -husband’s four hundred volumes; _these_ would be familiar to her, but -the sixty-four books in Latin would not be read by the women of her day. -Fortunately, she did not survive, as did her husband, to endure grief -from the deaths of the daughters, Fear and Patience, both of whom died -before 1635; nor yet did she realize the bitterness of feeling between -the sons, Jonathan and Love, and their differences of opinion in the -settlement of the Elder’s estate.[50] - -A traditional picture has been given[51] of Captain Peregrine White of -Marshfield, “riding a black horse and wearing a coat with buttons the -size of a silver dollar, vigorous and of a comely aspect to the -last,”[52] paying daily visits to his mother, Mistress Susanna White -Winslow. We may imagine this elderly matron, sitting in the Winslow -arm-chair, with its mark, “Cheapside, 1614,”[53] perhaps wearing the -white silk shoulder-cape with its trimmings of embossed velvet which has -been preserved, proud that she was privileged to be the mother of this -son, the first child born of white parents in New England, proud that -she had been the wife of a Governor and Commissioner of eminence, and -also the mother of Josiah Winslow, the first native-born Governor of any -North American commonwealth. Hers was a record of which any woman of any -century might well be proud![54] - -In social position and worldly comforts her life was pre-eminent among -the colonists. Although Edward Winslow had renounced some of his English -wealth, possibly, when he went to Holland and adopted the trade of -printer, he “came into his own” again and was in high favor with English -courts and statesmen. His services as agent and commissioner, both for -the Plymouth colony and later for Cromwell, must have necessitated long -absences from home, while his wife remained at Careswell, the estate at -Green Harbor, Marshfield, caring for her younger children, Elizabeth and -Josiah Winslow. By family tradition, Mistress Susanna was a woman of -graceful, aristocratic bearing and of strong character. Sometimes called -Anna, as in her marriage record to William White at Leyden, February 11, -1612,[55] she was the sister of Dr. Samuel Fuller. Two children by her -first marriage died in 1615 and 1616; with her boy, Resolved, about five -or six years old, she came with her husband on _The Mayflower_ and, at -the end of the voyage, bore her son, Peregrine White. - -The tact, courtesy and practical sagacity of Edward Winslow fitted him -for the many demands that were made upon his diplomacy. One of the most -amusing stories of his experiences as agent for Plymouth colony has been -related by himself[56] when, at the request of the Indians, he visited -Massasoit, who was ill, and brought about the recovery of this chief by -common sense methods of treatment and by a “savory broth” made from -Indian corn, sassafras and strawberry leaves, “strained through his -handkerchief.” The skill with which Winslow cooked the broth and the -“relish” of ducks reflected credit upon the household methods of -Mistress Winslow. - -After 1646, Edward Winslow did not return to Plymouth for any long -sojourn, for Cromwell and his advisers had recognized the worth of such -a man as commissioner.[57] In 1655 he was sent as one of three -commissioners against the Spaniards in the West Indies to attack St. -Domingo. Because of lack of supplies and harmony among the troops, the -attack was a failure. To atone for this the fleet started towards -Jamaica, but on the way, near Hispaniola, Winslow was taken ill of fever -and died, May 8, 1655; he was buried at sea with a military salute from -forty-two guns. The salary paid to Winslow during these years was £1000, -which was large for those times. On April 18, 1656, a “representation” -from his widow, Susanna, and son was presented to the Lord Protector and -council, asking that, although Winslow’s death occurred the previous -May, the remaining £500 of his year’s salary might be paid to satisfy -his creditors. - -To his wife and family Winslow, doubtless, wrote letters as graceful and -interesting as are the few business epistles that are preserved in the -Winthrop Papers.[58] That he was anxious to return to his family is -evident from a letter by President Steele of the Society for Propagating -the Gospel in New England (in 1650), which Winslow was also serving;[59] -“Winslow was unwilling to be longer kept from his family, but his great -acquaintance and influence were of service to the cause so great that it -was hoped he would remain for a time longer.” In his will, which is now -in Somerset House, London, dated 1654, he left his estate at Marshfield -to his son, Josiah, with the stipulation that his wife, Susanna, should -be allowed a full third part thereof through her life.[60] She lived -twenty-five years longer, dying in October, 1680, at the estate, -Careswell. It is supposed that she was buried on the hillside cemetery -of the Daniel Webster estate in Marshfield, where, amid tangles and -flowers, may be located the grave-stones of her children and -grandchildren. - -Sharing with Mistress Susanna White Winslow the distinction of being -mother of a child born on _The Mayflower_ was Mistress Elizabeth -Hopkins, whose son, Oceanus, was named for his birthplace. She was the -second wife of Stephen Hopkins, who was one of the leaders with Winslow -and Standish on early expeditions. With her stepchildren, Constance and -Giles, and her little daughter, Damaris, she bore the rigors of those -first years, bore other children,—Caleb, Ruth, Deborah and -Elizabeth,—and cared for a large estate, including servants and many -cattle. The inventory of the Hopkins estate revealed an abundance of -beds and bedding, yellow and green rugs, curtains and spinning-wheels, -and much wearing apparel. The home-life surely had incidents of -excitement, as is shown by the accusations and fines against Stephen -Hopkins for “suffering excessive drinking at his house, 1637, when -William Reynolds was drunk and lay under the table,” and again for -“suffering men to drink in his house on the Lord’s Day, both before and -after the meeting—and allowing his servant and others to drink more than -for ordinary refreshing and to play shovell board and such like -misdemeanors.”[61] Such lapses in conduct at the Hopkins house were -atoned for by the services which Stephen Hopkins rendered to the colony -as explorer, assistant to the governor and other offices which suited -his reliable and fearless disposition. - -These occasional “misdemeanors” in the Hopkins household were slight -compared with the records against “the black sheep” of the colony, the -family of Billingtons from London. The mother, Helen or Ellen, did not -seem to redeem the reputation of husband and sons; traditionally she was -called “the scold.” After her husband had been executed in 1630, for the -first murder in the colony, for he had waylaid and killed John Newcomen, -she married Gregory Armstrong. She had various controversies in court -with her son and others. In 1636, she was accused of slander by “Deacon” -John Doane,—she had charged him with unfairness in mowing her pasture -lot,—and she was sentenced to a fine of five pounds and “to sit in the -stocks and be publickly whipt.”[62] Her second husband died in 1650 and -she lived several years longer, occupying a “tenement” granted to her in -her son’s house at North Plymouth. Apparently her son, John, after his -fractious youth, died; Francis married Christian Penn, the widow of -Francis Eaton. Their children seem to have “been bound out” for service -while the parents were convicted of trying to entice the children away -from their work and, consequently, they were punished by sitting in the -stocks on “lecture days.”[63] In his later life, Francis Billington -became more stable in character and served on committees. His last -offense was the mild one “of drinking tobacco on the highway.” -Apparently, Helen Billington had many troubles and little sympathy in -the Plymouth colony. - -As companions to these matrons of the pioneer days were four maidens who -must have been valuable as assistants in housework and care of the -children,—Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton, Elizabeth Tilley and -Constance Hopkins. The first three had been orphaned during that first -winter; probably, they became members of the households of Elder -Brewster and Governor Carver. All have left names that are most -honorably cherished by their many descendants. Priscilla Mullins has -been celebrated in romance and poetry. Very little real knowledge exists -about her and many of the surmises would be more interesting if they -could be proved. She was well-born, for her father, at his death, was -mentioned with regret[64] as “a man pious and well-deserving, endowed -also with considerable outward estate; and had it been the will of God -that he had survived, might have proved an useful instrument in his -place.” There was a family tradition of a castle, Molyneux or Molines, -in Normandy. The title of _Mr._ indicated that he was a man of standing -and he was a counsellor in state and church. Perhaps he died on -shipboard at Plymouth, because his will, dated April 2, 1621, was -witnessed by John Carver, Christopher Jones and Giles Heald, probably -the captain and surgeon of the ship, _Mayflower_. - -This will, which has been recently found in Dorking, Surrey, England, -has had important influence upon research. We learn that an older -sister, Sarah Blunden, living in Surrey, was named as administratrix, -and that a son, William (who came to Plymouth before 1637) was to have -money, bonds and stocks in England. Goods in Virginia and more -money,—ten pounds each,—were bequeathed equally to his wife Alice, his -daughter Priscilla and the younger son, Joseph. Interesting also is the -item of “xxj dozen shoes and thirteene paire of boots wch I give unto -the Companie’s hands for forty pounds at seaven yeares.” If the Company -would not accept the rate, these shoes and boots were to be for the -equal benefit of his wife and son, William. To his friend, John Carver, -he commits his wife and children and also asks for a “special eye to my -man Robert wch hath not so approved himself as I would he should have -done.”[65] Before this will was probated, July 23, 1621, John Carver, -Mistress Alice Mullins, the son, Joseph, and the man, Robert Carter (or -Cartier) were all dead, leaving Priscilla to carry on the work to which -they had pledged their lives. Perhaps the brother and sister in England -were children of an earlier marriage,[66] as Alice Mullins has been -spoken of as a second wife. - -Priscilla was about twenty years old when she came to Plymouth. By -tradition she was handsome, witty, deft and skilful as spinner and cook. -Into her life came John Alden, a cooper of unknown family, who joined -the Pilgrims at Southampton, under promise to stay a year. Probably he -was not the first suitor for Priscilla’s hand, for tradition affirmed -that she had been sought in Leyden. The single sentence by Bradford -tells the story of their romance: “being a hop[e]full yong man was much -desired, but left to his owne liking to go or stay when he came here; -but he stayed, and maryed here.” With him he brought a Bible, printed -1620,[67] probably a farewell gift or purchase as he left England. When -the grant of land and cattle was made in 1627, he was twenty-eight years -old, and had in his family, Priscilla, his wife, a daughter, Elizabeth, -aged three, and a son, John, aged one.[68] - -The poet, Longfellow, was a descendant of Priscilla Alden, and he had -often heard the story of the courtship of Priscilla by Miles Standish, -through John Alden as his proxy. It was said to date back to a poem, -“Courtship,” by Moses Mullins, 1672. In detail it was given by Timothy -Alden in “American Epitaphs,” 1814,[69] but there are here some -deflections from facts as later research has revealed them. The magic -words of romance, “Why don’t you speak for yourself, John?” are found in -this early narrative. - -There was more than romance in the lives of John and Priscilla Alden as -the “vital facts” indicate. Their first home was at Town Square, -Plymouth, on the site of the first school-house but, by 1633, they lived -upon a farm of one hundred and sixty-nine acres in Duxbury. Their first -house here was about three hundred feet from the present Alden house, -which was built by the son, Jonathan, and is now occupied by the eighth -John Alden. It must have been a lonely farmstead for Priscilla, although -she made rare visits, doubtless on an ox or a mare, or in an ox-cart -with her children, to see Barbara Standish at Captain’s Hill, or to the -home of Jonathan Brewster, a few miles distant. As farmer, John Alden -was not so successful as he would have been at his trade of cooper. -Moreover, he gave much of his time to the service of the colony -throughout his manhood, acting as assistant to the Governor, treasurer, -surveyor, agent and military recruit. Like many another public servant -of his day and later, he “became low in his estate” and was allowed a -small gratuity of ten pounds because “he hath been occationed to spend -time at the Courts on the Countryes occasion and soe hath done this many -yeares.”[70] He had also been one of the eight “undertakers” who, in -1627, assumed the debts and financial support of the Plymouth colony. - -Eleven children had been born to John and Priscilla Alden, five sons and -six daughters. Sarah married Alexander Standish and so cemented the two -families in blood as well as in friendship. Ruth, who married John Bass, -became the ancestress of John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Elizabeth, -who married William Pabodie, had thirteen children, eleven of them -girls, and lived to be ninety-three years; at her death the _Boston News -Letter_[71] extolled her as “exemplary, virtuous and pious and her -memory is blessed.” Possibly with all her piety she had a good share of -the independence of spirit which was accredited to her mother; in her -husband’s will[72] she is given her “third at Little Compton” and an -abundance of household stuff, but with this reservation,—“If she will -not be contented with her thirds at Little Compton, but shall claim her -thirds in both Compton and Duxbury or marry again, I do hereby make -voyde all my bequest unto her and she shall share only the parte as if -her husband died intestate.” A portrait of her shows dress of rich -materials. - -Captain John Alden seems to have been more adventuresome than the other -boys in Priscilla’s family. He was master of a merchantman in Boston and -commander of armed vessels which supplied marine posts with provisions. -Like his sister, Elizabeth, he had thirteen children. He was once -accused of witchcraft, when he was present at a trial, and was -imprisoned fifteen weeks without being allowed bail.[73] He escaped and -hurried to Duxbury, where he must have astonished his mother by the -recital of his adventures. He left an estate of £2059, in his will, two -houses, one of wood worth four hundred pounds, and another of brick -worth two hundred and seventy pounds, besides much plate, brass and -money and debts amounting to £1259, “the most of which are desperite.” A -tablet in the wall of the Old South Church at Copley Square, Boston, -records his death at the age of seventy-five, March, 1701. He was an -original member of this church. Perhaps Priscilla varied her peaceful -life by visits to this affluent son in Boston. - -There is no evidence of the date of Priscilla Alden’s death or the place -of her burial. She was living and present, with her husband, at Josiah -Winslow’s funeral in 1680. She must have died before her husband, for in -his inventory, 1686, he makes no mention of her. He left a small estate -of only a little over forty pounds, although he had given to his sons -land in Duxbury, Taunton, Middleboro and Bridgewater.[74] - -Probably Priscilla also bestowed some of her treasures upon her children -before she died. Some of her spoons, pewter and candle-sticks have been -traced by inheritance. It is not likely that she was “rich in this -world’s goods” through her marriage, but she had a husband whose -fidelity to state and religion have ever been respected. To his memory -Rev. John Cotton wrote some elegiac verses; Justin Winsor has emphasized -the honor which is still paid to the name of John Alden in Duxbury and -Plymouth:[75] “He was possessed of a sound judgment and of talents -which, though not brilliant, were by no means ordinary—decided, ardent, -resolute, and persevering, indifferent to danger, a bold and hardy man, -stern, austere and unyielding and of incorruptible integrity.” - -The name of Mary Chilton is pleasant to the ear and imagination. Chilton -Street and Chiltonville in Plymouth, and the Chilton Club in Boston, -keep alive memories of this girl who was, by persistent tradition, the -first woman who stepped upon the rock of landing at Plymouth harbor. -This tradition was given in writing, in 1773, by Ann Taylor, the -grandchild of Mary Chilton and John Winslow.[76] Her father, James -Chilton, sometimes with the Dutch spelling, Tgiltron, was a man of -influence among the early leaders, but he died at Cape Cod, December 8, -1620. He came from Canterbury, England, to Holland. By the records on -the Roll of Freemen of the City of Canterbury,[77] he is named as James -Chylton, tailor, “Freeman by Gift, 1583.” Earlier Chiltons,—William, -spicer, and Nicholas, clerk,—are classified as “Freemen by Redemption.” -Three children were baptized in St. Paul’s Church, Canterbury,—Isabella, -1586; Jane, 1589; and Ingle, 1599. Isabella was married in Leyden to -Roger Chandler five years before _The Mayflower_ sailed. Evidently, Mary -bore the same name as an older sister whose burial is recorded at St. -Martin’s, Canterbury, in 1593. Isaac Chilton, a glass-maker, may have -been brother or cousin of James. Of Mary’s mother almost nothing has -been found except mention of her death during the infection of 1621.[78] - -When _The Fortune_ arrived in November, 1621, it brought Mary Chilton’s -future husband among the passengers,—John Winslow, younger brother of -Edward. Not later than 1627 they were married and lived at first in the -central settlement, and later in Plain Dealing, North Plymouth. They had -ten children. The son, John, was Brigadier-General in the Army. John -Winslow, Sr., seemed to show a spirit of enterprise by the exchange and -sale of his “lots” in Plymouth and afterwards in Boston where he moved -his family, and became a successful owner and master of merchant ships. -Here he acquired land on Devonshire Street and Spring Lane and also on -Marshall Lane and Hanover Street. From Plans and Deeds, prepared by -Annie Haven Thwing,[79] one may locate a home of Mary Chilton Winslow in -Boston, a lot 72 and 85, 55 and 88, in the rear of the first Old South -Church, at the south-west corner of Joyliffe’s Lane, now Devonshire -Street, and Spring Lane. It was adjacent to land owned by John Winthrop -and Richard Parker. By John Winslow’s will, probated May 21, 1674, he -bequeathed this house, land, gardens and a goodly sum of money and -shares of stock to his wife and children. The house and stable, with -land, was inventoried for £490 and the entire estate for £2946-14-10. He -had a Katch _Speedwell_, with cargoes of pork, sugar and tobacco, and a -Barke _Mary_, whose produce was worth £209; these were to be divided -among his children. His money was also to be divided, including 133 -“peeces of eight.”[80] - -Interesting as are the items of this will, which afford proofs that Mary -Chilton as matron had luxuries undreamed of in the days of 1621, _her_ -will is even more important for us. It is one of the three _original_ -known wills of _Mayflower_ passengers, the others being those of Edward -Winslow and Peregrine White. Mary Chilton’s will is in the Suffolk -Registry of Probate,[81] Boston, in good condition, on paper 18 by 14 -inches. The will was made July 31, 1676. Among other interesting -bequests are: to my daughter Sarah (Middlecot) “my Best gowne and -Pettecoat and my silver beare bowl” and to each of her children “a -silver cup with a handle.” To her grandchild, William Payne, was left -her “great silver Tankard” and to her granddaughter, Ann Gray, “a trunk -of Linning” (linen) with bed, bolsters and ten pounds in money. Many -silver spoons and “ruggs” were to be divided. To her grandchild, Susanna -Latham, was definite allotment of “my Petty coate with silke Lace.” In -the inventory one may find commentary upon the valuation of these -goods—“silk gowns and pettecoats” for £6-10, twenty-two napkins at seven -shillings, and three “great pewter dishes” and twenty small pieces of -pewter for two pounds, six shillings. She had gowns, mantles, head -bands, fourteen in number, seventeen linen caps, six white aprons, -pocket-handkerchiefs and all other articles of dress. Mary Chilton -Winslow could not write her name, but she made a very neat mark, _M._ -She was buried beneath the Winslow coat of arms at the front of King’s -Chapel Burial-ground in Boston. She closely rivalled, if she did not -surpass in wealth and social position, her sister-in-law, Susanna White -Winslow. - -Elizabeth Tilley had a more quiet life, but she excelled her associates -among these girls of Plymouth in one way,—she could write her name very -well. Possibly she was taught by her husband, John Howland who left, in -his inventory, an ink-horn, and who wrote records and letters often for -the colonists. For many years, until the discovery and printing of -Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation in 1856, it was assumed that -Elizabeth Tilley was either the daughter or granddaughter of Governor -Carver; such misstatement even appears upon the Howland tombstone in the -old burying-ground at Plymouth. Efforts to explain by assuming a second -marriage of Carver or a first marriage of Howland fail to convince, for, -surely, such relationships would have been mentioned by Bradford, -Winslow, Morton or Prence. After the death of her parents, during the -first winter, Elizabeth remained with the Carver household until that -was broken by death; afterwards she was included in the family over -which John Howland was considered “head”; according to the grant of 1624 -he was given an acre each for himself, Elizabeth Tilley, Desire Minter, -and the boy, William Latham. - -The step-mother of Elizabeth Tilley bore a Dutch name, Bridget Van De -Veldt.[82] Elizabeth was ten or twelve years younger than her husband, -at least, for he was twenty-eight years old in 1620. They were married, -probably, by 1623-4, for the second child, John, was born in 1626. It is -not known how long Howland had been with the Pilgrims at Leyden; he may -have come there with Cushman in 1620 or, possibly, he joined the company -at Southampton. His ancestry is still in some doubt in spite of the -efforts to trace it to one John Howland, “gentleman and citizen and -salter” of London.[83] Probably the outfit necessary for the voyage was -furnished to him by Carver, and the debt was to be paid in some service, -clerical or other; in no other sense was he a “servant.” He signed the -compact of _The Mayflower_ and was one of the “ten principal men” chosen -to select a site for the colony. For many years he was prominent in -civic affairs of the state and church. He was among the liberals towards -Quakers as were his brothers who came later to Marshfield,—Arthur and -Henry. At Rocky Neck, near the Jones River in Kingston, as it is now -called, the Howland household was prosperous, with nine children to keep -Elizabeth Tilley’s hands occupied. She lived until past eighty years, -and died at the home of her daughter, Lydia Howland Brown, in Swanzey, -in 1687. Among the articles mentioned in her will are many books of -religious type. Her husband’s estate as inventoried was not large, but -mentioned such useful articles as silk neckcloths, four dozen buttons -and many skeins of silk.[84] - -Constance or Constanta Hopkins was probably about the same age as -Elizabeth Tilley, for she was married before 1627 to Nicholas Snow, who -came in _The Ann_. They had twelve children, and among the names one -recognizes such familiar patronymics of the two families as Mark, -Stephen, Ruth and Elizabeth. Family tradition has ascribed beauty and -patience to this maiden who, doubtless, served well both in her father’s -large family and in the community. Her step-sister, Damaris, married -Jacob Cooke, son of the Pilgrim, Francis Cooke. - ------ - -Footnote 35: - - Now in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. - -Footnote 36: - - For discussion of the ancestry of Standish, see “Some Recent - Investigations of the Ancestry of Capt. Myles Standish,” by Thomas - Cruddas Porteus of Coppell, Lancashire; N. E. Gen. Hist. Register, 68; - 339-370; also in edition, Boston, 1914. - -Footnote 37: - - Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, iv, 322. - -Footnote 38: - - England and Holland of the Pilgrims, Dexter. - -Footnote 39: - - The Mayflower Descendant, v. 256. - -Footnote 40: - - History of the Allerton Family; W. S. Allerton, N. Y., 1888. - -Footnote 41: - - New England Memorial; Morton. - -Footnote 42: - - The Colonial, I, 46; also Gen. Hist. Reg., 67; 382, note. - -Footnote 43: - - Life of Pilgrim Alden; Augustus E. Alden; Boston, 1902. - -Footnote 44: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Appendix. - -Footnote 45: - - The England and Holland of the Pilgrims. - -Footnote 46: - - N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., 45, 56. - -Footnote 47: - - N. E. Gen. Hist.; iv, 108. - -Footnote 48: - - The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin. - -Footnote 49: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation. - -Footnote 50: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 51: - - The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin; foot-note, p. 181. - -Footnote 52: - - Account of his death in _Boston News Letter_, July 31, 1704. - -Footnote 53: - - This chair and the cape are now in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth; here also - are portraits of Edward Winslow and Josiah Winslow and the latter’s - wife, Penelope. - -Footnote 54: - - More material may be found in Winslow Memorial; Family Record, Holton, - N. Y., 1877, and in Ancestral Chronological Record of the William - White Family, 1607-1895, Concord, 1895. - -Footnote 55: - - The Mayflower Descendant, vii, 193. - -Footnote 56: - - Winslow’s Relation. - -Footnote 57: - - State Papers, Colonial Service, 1574-1660. Winthrop Papers, ii, 283. - -Footnote 58: - - Hutchinson Collections, 110, 153, etc. - -Footnote 59: - - The Pilgrim Republic; Goodwin, 444. - -Footnote 60: - - The Mayflower Descendant, iv, 1. - -Footnote 61: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 62: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 63: - - The Pilgrim Republic; Goodwin. - -Footnote 64: - - New England Memorial; Morton. - -Footnote 65: - - Pilgrim Alden, by Augustus E. Alden, Boston, 1902. - -Footnote 66: - - Gen. Hist. Register, 40; 62-3. - -Footnote 67: - - Now in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. - -Footnote 68: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 69: - - American Epitaphs, 1814; 111, 139. - -Footnote 70: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 71: - - June 17, 1717. - -Footnote 72: - - The Mayflower Descendant, vi, 129. - -Footnote 73: - - History of Witchcraft; Upham. - -Footnote 74: - - The Mayflower Descendant, iii, 10. The Story of a Pilgrim Family; Rev. - John Alden; Boston, 1890. - -Footnote 75: - - History of Duxbury; Winsor. - -Footnote 76: - - History of Plymouth; James Thatcher. - -Footnote 77: - - Probably this freedom was given by the city or some board therein, as - mark of respect. N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., 63, 201. - -Footnote 78: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Appendix. - -Footnote 79: - - Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston. Also dimensions in Bowditch - Title Books: 26: 315. - -Footnote 80: - - The Mayflower Descendant, iii, 129 (1901). - -Footnote 81: - - This will is reprinted in The Mayflower Descendant, 1: 65. - -Footnote 82: - - N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., i, 34. - -Footnote 83: - - Recollections of John Howland, etc. E. H. Stone, Providence, 1857. - -Footnote 84: - - The Mayflower Descendant, ii, 70. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CHAPTER IV - - COMPANIONS WHO ARRIVED IN THE FORTUNE AND THE ANN - - -After the arrival of _The Ann_, in the summer of 1623, the women who -came in _The Mayflower_ had more companions of good breeding and -efficiency. Elizabeth Warren, wife of Richard, came with her five -daughters; it is safe to assume the latter were attractive for, in a few -years, all were well married. Two sons were born after Elizabeth arrived -at Plymouth, Nathaniel and Joseph. For forty-five years she survived her -husband, who had been a man of strength of character and usefulness as -well as some wealth. When she died at the age of ninety-three leaving -seventy-five great grandchildren, the old Plymouth Colony Records paid -her tribute,—“Mistress Elizabeth Warren, haveing lived a Godly life came -to her Grave as a Shock of corn full Ripe. She was honourably buried on -the 24th of October (1673).” - -Evidently, Mistress Warren was a woman of independent means and -efficiency,—else she would have remarried, as was the custom of the -times. She became one of the “purchasers” of the colony and conveyed -land, at different times, near Eel River and what is now Warren’s Cove, -in Plymouth, to her sons-in-law. An interesting sidelight upon her -character and home is found in the Court Records;[85] her servant, -Thomas Williams, was prosecuted for “speaking profane and blasphemous -speeches against ye majestie of God. There being some dissension between -him and his dame she, after other things, exhorted him to fear God and -doe his duty.” - -Bridget Fuller followed her husband, Dr. Samuel, and came in _The Ann_. -She also long survived her husband and did not remarry. She carried on -his household and probably also his teaching for many years after he -fell victim to the epidemic of infectious fever in 1633. She was his -third wife, but only two children are known to have used the Fuller -cradle, now preserved in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. It has been stated -that, in addition to these two, Samuel and Mercy, another young child -came with its mother in _The Ann_, but did not live long.[86] The son, -Samuel, born about 1625, was minister for many years at Middleboro; he -married Elizabeth Brewster, thus preserving two friendly families in -kinship. - -Evidently, Bridget Fuller was very ill and not expected to recover when -her husband was dying, for in his will, made at that time, he arranged -for the education of his children by his brother-in-law, William Wright, -unless it “shall please God to recover my wife out of her weake estate -of sickness.” It is interesting also that, in this will, provision was -made for the education of his daughter, Mercy, as well as his son, -Samuel, by Mrs. Heeks or Hicks, the wife of Robert Hicks who came in -_The Ann_.[87] Not alone for his own children did this good physician -provide education, but also for others “put to him for schooling,”—with -special mention of Sarah Converse “left to me by her sick father.” This -kind, generous doctor left a considerable estate, in spite of the many -“debts for physicke,” including that of “Mr. Roger Williams which was -freely given.” One specific gift was for the good of the church and this -forms the nucleus of a fund which is still known as the Fuller -Ministerial Fund of the Plymouth Congregational Church. Its source was -“the first cow calfe that his Brown Cow should have.”[88] - -Mrs. Alice Morse Earle says that gloves were gifts of sentiment;[89] -they were generously bestowed by this physician of old Plymouth. Money -to buy gloves, or gloves, were bequeathed to Mistress Alice Bradford and -Governor Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; also to John Winslow, -John Jenny and Rebecca Prence. The price allowed for a pair of gloves -was from two to five shillings. Probably these may have been the fringed -leather gloves or the knit gloves described by Mrs. Earle. Another -bequest was his “best hat and band never worn to old Mr. William -Brewster.” To his wife was left not alone two houses, “one at Smeltriver -and another in town,” but also a fine supply of furnishings and clothes, -including stuffe gown, red pettecoate, stomachers, aprons, shoes and -kerchiefs. Mistress Fuller lived until after 1667, and exerted a strong -influence upon the educational life of Plymouth. - -Is it heresy to question whether the sampler,[90] accredited to Lora or -Lorea Standish, the daughter of Captain Miles and Barbara Standish, was -not more probably the work of the granddaughter, Lorea, the child of -Alexander Standish and Sarah Alden? The style and motto are more in -accord with the work of the later generation and, surely, the necessary -time and materials for such work would be more probable after the -pioneer days. This later Lora married Abraham Sampson, son of the Henry -who came as a boy in _The Mayflower_.[91] The embroidered cap[92] and -bib, supposed to have been made by Mistress Barbara for her daughter, -would prove that she had - - “hands with such convenient skill - As to conduce to vertu void of shame” - -which were the aspiration of the girl who embroidered, or “wrought,” the -sampler. It is a pleasant commentary upon the tastes and industry of -Mistress Barbara Standish that, amid the cares of a large family and -farm, she found time for such dainty embroideries as we find in the cap -and bib. - -Probably two young sons of Captain and Barbara Standish, Charles and -John, died in the infectious fever epidemic of 1633. A second Charles -with his brothers, Alexander, Miles and Josiah, and his sister, Lorea, -gladdened the hearth of the Standish home on Captain’s Hill, Duxbury. A -goodly estate was left at the death of Captain Miles, including a -well-equipped house, cattle, mault mill, swords (as one would expect), -sixteen pewter pieces and several books of classic literature,—Homer, -Cæsar’s Commentaries, histories of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, military -histories, and three Bibles with commentaries upon religious matters. -There were also medical books, for Standish was reputed to have been a -student and practitioner in times of emergency in Duxbury. He suffered a -painful illness at the close of his vigorous, adventuresome life. -Perhaps Barbara needed, at times, grace to endure that “warm temper” -which Pastor Robinson deplored in Miles Standish, a comment which the -intrepid Captain forgave and answered by a bequest to the granddaughter -of this loved pastor. We may be sure Barbara was proud of the mighty -share which her husband had in saving Plymouth Colony from severe -disaster, if not from extinction. It is surmised that Barbara Standish -was buried in Connecticut where she lived during the last of her life -with her son, Josiah. Possibly, however, she may have been buried beside -her husband, sons, daughter and daughter-in-law, Mary Dingley, in -Duxbury.[93] - -The Colonial Governor and his Lady ever held priority of rank. Such came -to Mrs. Alice Southworth when she married Governor William Bradford a -few days after her arrival on _The Ann_. Tradition has said persistently -that this was the consummation of an earlier romance which was broken -off by the marriage of Alice Carpenter to Edward Southworth in Leyden. -The death of her first husband left her with two sons, Thomas and -Constant Southworth, who came to Plymouth before 1628. She had sisters -in the Colony: Priscilla, the wife of William Wright, came in _The -Fortune_; Dr. Fuller’s first wife had been another sister; Juliana, wife -of George Morton, was a third who came also in _The Ann_. Still another -sister, Mary Carpenter, came later and lived in the Governor’s family -for many years. At her death in her ninety-first year, she was mourned -as “a Godly old maid, never married.”[94] - -The first home of the Bradfords in Plymouth was at Town Square where now -stands the Bradford block. About 1627-8 they moved, for a part of the -year, to the banks of the Jones River, now Kingston, a place which had -strongly appealed to Bradford as a good site for the original settlement -when the men were making their explorations in December, 1620. William, -Joseph and Mercy were born to inherit from their parents the fine -characters of both Governor and Alice Bradford, and also to pass on to -their children the carved chests, wrought and carved chairs, case and -knives, desk, silver spoons, fifty-one pewter dishes, five dozen -napkins, three striped carpets, four Venice glasses, besides cattle and -cooking utensils and many books. That the Governor had a proper “dress -suit” was proved by the inventory of “stuffe suit with silver buttons -and cloaks of violet, light colour and faced with taffety and linen -throw.” - -As Mistress Bradford could only “make her mark,” she probably did not -appreciate the remarkable collection, for the times, of Latin, Greek, -Hebrew, Dutch and French books as well as the studies in philosophy and -theology which were in her husband’s library. There is no doubt that the -first and second generations of girls and boys in Plymouth Colony had -elementary instruction, at least, under Dr. Fuller and Mrs. Hicks as -well as by other teachers. Bradford, probably, would also attend to the -education of his own family. The Governor’s wife has been accredited -with “labouring diligently for the improvement of the young women of -Plymouth and to have been eminently worthy of her high position.”[95] -She was the sole executrix of her husband’s estate of £1005,—a proof of -her ability. - -Sometimes her cheerfulness must have been taxed to comfort her husband, -as old age came upon him and he fell into the gloomy mood reflected in -such lines as these:[96] - - “In fears and wants, through weal and woe, - A pilgrim passed I to and fro; - Oft left of them whom I did trust, - How vain it is to rest in dust! - A man of sorrows I have been, - And many changes I have seen, - Wars, wants, peace, plenty I have known, - And some advanc’d, others thrown down.” - -When Mistress Alice Bradford died she was “mourned, though aged” by -many. To her memory, Nathaniel Morton, her nephew, wrote some lines -which were more biographic than poetical, recalling her early life as an -exile with her father from England for the truth’s sake, her first -marriage - - “To one whose grace and virtue did surpasse, - I mean good Edward Southworth whoe not long - Continued in this world the saints amonge.” - -With extravagant words he extols the name of Bradford,—“fresh in memory -Which smeles with odoriferous fragrancye.” - -This elegist records also that, after her second widowhood, she lived a - - “life of holynes and faith, - In reading of God’s word and contemplation - Which healped her to assurance of salvation.” - -This is not a very lively, graphic description of the woman most -honored, perhaps, of all the pioneer women of Plymouth, but we may add, -by imagination, a few sure traits of human kindliness and grace. She was -typical of those women who came in _The Mayflower_ and her sister ships. -Although she escaped the tragic struggles and illness of that first -winter, yet she revealed the same qualities of courage, good sense, -fidelity and vision which were the watchwords of that group of women in -Plymouth colony. Yes,—they had vision to see their part in the sincere -purpose to establish a new standard of liberty in state and church, to -serve God and mankind with all their integrity and resources. - -As the leaders among the men were self-sacrificing and honorable in -their dealings with their financiers, with the Indians and with each -other, so the women were faithful and true in their homes and communal -life. They took scarcely any part in the civic administration, for such -responsibility did not come into the lives of seventeenth century women. -They were actively interested in the educational and religious life of -the colony. Their moral standards were high and inflexible; they -extolled, and practised, the virtues of thrift and industry. It may be -well for women in America today, who were querulous at the restrictions -upon sugar and electric lights, to consider the good sense, and good -cheer, with which these women of Plymouth Colony directed their thrifty -households. - -We would not assume that they were free from the whims and foibles of -womankind,—and sometimes of mankind,—of all ages. They were, doubtless, -contradictory and impulsive at times; they could scold and they could -gossip. We believe that they laughed sometimes, in the midst of dire -want and anxiety, and we know that they prayed with sincerity and trust. -They bore children gladly and they trained them “in the fear and -admonition of the Lord.” They were the progenitors of thousands of fine -men and women in all parts of America today who honor the _women_ as -well as the _men_ of the old Plymouth Colony,—the women who faithfully -performed, without any serious discontent, - - “that whole sweet round - Of littles that large life compound.” - ------ - -Footnote 85: - - I, 35, July 5, 1635. - -Footnote 86: - - Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth; W. T. Davis. - -Footnote 87: - - Plymouth Colony Wills and Inventories; also in Mayflower Descendants, - 1, 245. - -Footnote 88: - - Genealogy of Some Descendants of Dr. Samuel Fuller of _The Mayflower_, - compiled by William Hyslop Fuller, Palmer. - -Footnote 89: - - Two Centuries of Costume in America; Alice Morse Earle; N. Y., 1903. - -Footnote 90: - - In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. - -Footnote 91: - - Notes to Bradford’s History, edition 1912. - -Footnote 92: - - In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. - -Footnote 93: - - Interesting facts on this subject may be found in “The Grave of Miles - Standish and other Pilgrims,” by E. V. J. Huiginn; Beverly, 1914. - -Footnote 94: - - Hunter’s Collections, 1854. - -Footnote 95: - - The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin, p. 460. - -Footnote 96: - - New England Memorial; Morton. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - INDEX TO PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT - - - ALDEN, Augustus E., 58 - Elizabeth, 74, 77 - John, 28, 35, 47, 74-80 - Captain John, 78, 79 - Priscilla, 46 - Ruth, 77 - Sarah, 77 - Timothy, 75 - - ALLERTON, Bartholomew, 24 - Isaac, 12, 14, 37 - Mary Norton, 12, 56 - Mary, 17, 34, 56 - Remember, 23, 56 - - ARMSTRONG, Gregory, 70 - - AUSTIN, Jane G., 58 - - - BARTLETT, W. H., 42 - - BASS, Ruth Alden, 77 - - BECKET, Mary, 33 - - BILLINGTON, Francis, 24, 25, 70 - Helen, 31, 69-70 - John, 70 - John, Jr., 24, 29, 70 - - BOWMAN, George Ernest, VI, 49 - - BRADFORD, Alice, 101-5 - Dorothy May, 7, 54 - John, 54 - Mary, 102 - Joseph, 102 - Gov. William, 13, 25, 48, 53, 101-4 - William, Jr., 102 - - BREWSTER, Fear, 11, 37, 62 - Jonathan, 47, 48, 62 - Love, 24, 62 - Mary, 16, 60-61, 62 - Patience, 11, 37, 62 - William, Elder, 14, 15, 31, 46, 53, 60-2 - Wrestling, 24 - - BROWN, Lydia Howland, 88 - Peter, 28, 33, 48 - - - CARPENTER, Juliana, 101 - Mary, 101 - Priscilla, 101 - - CARTER, Robert, 73 - - CARVER, Catherine, 12, 57 - Gov. John, 12, 13, 53, 72, 86 - - CHANDLER, Isabella Chilton, 81 - Roger, 81 - - CHILTON, Ingle, 81 - Isabella, 81 - Isaac, 81 - - CHILTON, James, 12, 80, 81 - Jane, 81 - Mary, 9, 11, 16, 31, 34, 71, 80-85 - Mrs. James, 12, 80 - Nicolas, 81 - - CONVERSE, Sarah, 96 - - COOKE, Francis, 16, 89 - Hester, 16, 36 - Jacob, 89 - John, 24 - Sarah - - COOPER, Humility, 24, 59 - - CRAKSTON, John, 24 - - CROMWELL, 65 - - CUSHMAN, Robert, 10, 34 - Thomas, 16, 34 - - - DAVIS, W. T., 95 - - DE LA NOYE, Philip, 35 - - DE RASSIERES, 27 - - DEAN, Stephen, 35 - - DEXTER, Henry M., 15 - Morton, 15 - - DOANE, Deacon John, 70 - - DOTEY, Edward, 30 - - - EARLE, Alice Morse, 42, 97 - - EATON, Francis, 12, 48, 58 - Sarah, 12, 16 - - ELIOT, Charles W., 17 - - - FORD, Widow Martha, 33 - - FULLER, Ann, 12 - Bridget, 16, 37, 94-96 - Edward, 12 - Mercy, 95 - Samuel, Dr., 14, 16, 37, 53, 95, 96 - Samuel, 24 - William Hyslop, 96 - - - GOODMAN, John, 28 - - GOODWIN, John A., 27, 60, 62, 70, 103 - - - HEALD, Giles, 72 - - HICKS, Robert, 35, 96 - Mrs. Robert, 96 - - HOBOMOK, 22, 48 - - HOPKINS, Caleb, 68 - Constance, or Constanta, 9, 16, 23, 30, 31, 68, 71, 88-9 - Damaris, 23, 68, 89 - - HOPKINS, Elizabeth, 9, 68-9 - Giles, 24, 68 - Oceanus, 24, 68 - Ruth, 68 - Stephen, 22, 30, 69 - - HOWLAND, Elizabeth Tilley, 85-88 - Lydia (Brown), 88 - John, 5, 35, 58, 85-88 - - HUIGINN, E. V. J., 100 - - - JENNY, John, 97 - - JEPPSON, William, 59 - William, 59 - - JONES, Christopher, Capt., 5, 72 - Thomas, Capt., 5 - - - LATHAM, William, 24, 86 - - LISTER, Edward, 30 - - LONGFELLOW, Henry W., 74-5 - - LORD, Arthur, VI - - - MARTIN, Mrs. Christopher, 12 - - MASEFIELD, John, 9 - - MASSASOIT, 22 - - MINTER, Desire, 24, 58, 59, 86 - John, 59 - Thomas, 59 - William, 59 - - MORE, Ellen, 12, 56 - Richard, 24 - - MORTON, George, 101 - Juliana Carpenter, 101 - - MULLINS, Alice, Mrs., 12, 73 - Joseph, 73 - Moses, 74 - Priscilla, 9, 11, 31, 71-7 - Sarah (Blunden), 72 - William, 72, 73, 84 - William, Jr., 72 - - - NEWCOMEN, John, 69 - - - OLDHAM, John, 47 - - - PABODIE, Elizabeth Alden, 77, 78 - William, 77, 78 - - PARKER, Richard, 83 - - PENN, Christian, 70 - - PRENCE, Thomas, 30, 37, 47 - - PRIEST, Degory, 16 - - - REYNOLDS, William, 68 - - RIGDALE, Alice, 12 - - ROBINSON, Pastor John, 10, 14, 57, 100 - - - SAMPSON, Alexander, 98 - Henry, 24, 59, 98 - - SAMOSET, 21, 22, 24, 59 - - SNOW, Nicholas, 16, 88 - - SOULE, George, 34, 48 - - SOUTHWORTH, Alice, 34, 36, 101 - Constant, 101 - Thomas, 101 - - SQUANTO, 22 - - STANDISH, Alexander, 98 - Barbara, 37, 98-100 - Charles, 99 - John, 99 - Josiah, 99 - Lora or Lorea, 98, 99 - Mary Dingley, 100 - Miles, 12, 28, 29, 37, 45, 46, 48, 55, 98-100 - Miles, Jr., 99 - Rose, 8, 12, 44, 54 - - - TAYLOR, Ann, 80 - - THOMPSON, Edward, 7 - - THWING, Annie M., 82 - - TILLEY, Ann, 12 - Bridget, 12 - Edward, 12, 59 - Elizabeth, 9, 24, 31, 58, 71, 85-88 - John, 12 - - TINKER, Mrs. Thomas, 12 - - TURNER, John, 12 - - - WARREN, Elizabeth, 16, 37, 93-94 - Richard, 16, 36, 93 - - WHITE, Peregrine, 7, 24, 62 - Resolved, 24, 64 - Susanna, 9, 29 - William, 64 - - WILLIAMS, Roger, 94 - Thomas, 96 - - WINSLOW, Edward, 11, 12, 14, 24, 29, 43, 45, 46, 47, 53, 55, 63-67 - Elizabeth Barker, 12, 29, 55 - Elizabeth, 64 - John, 16, 34, 35, 82-5 - John, Brig. Gen., 82 - Josiah, 63, 67, 79 - Kenelm, 35 - Mary Chilton, 82-85 - Susanna, 44, 62, 63-67 - - WINTHROP, John, 66, 83 - - WRIGHT, Priscilla Carpenter, 35, 101 - William, 35, 95, 101 - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -Corrections from the errata have been applied. The corrections to the -footnotes occur on Pages 6, 56, 65, 67, 78, 79, 83, 85, and 88. - -In the Index under COOKE on Page 109, the name Sara has no page number. - -Footnotes have been moved to the end of each chapter. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The women Who Came in the Mayflower, by -Annie Russell Marble - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMEN WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER *** - -***** This file should be named 50542-0.txt or 50542-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/5/4/50542/ - -Produced by WebRover, Lisa Anne Hatfield, Chris Curnow and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The women Who Came in the Mayflower - -Author: Annie Russell Marble - -Release Date: November 23, 2015 [EBook #50542] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMEN WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER *** - - - - -Produced by WebRover, Lisa Anne Hatfield, Chris Curnow and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div> - <h1 class='c000' title='The'></h1> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>THE WOMEN WHO</div> - <div>CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c003'> </p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><span class='c005'>The Women Who Came</span></div> - <div><span class='c005'>in the Mayflower</span></div> - <div class='c006'><span class='c007'>BY</span></div> - <div class='c001'><span class='c008'>ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c009'> </p> -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/colophon.png' alt='colophon' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><span class='c008'>THE PILGRIM PRESS</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>BOSTON</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c011'>CHICAGO</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><span class='sc'>Copyright 1920</span></div> - <div><span class='sc'>By A. W. FELL</span></div> - <div class='c012'>THE PILGRIM PRESS</div> - <div>BOSTON</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' title='v' id='Page_v'></span> - <h2 id='fwd' class='c013'>Foreword</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>This little book is intended as a -memorial to the women who came in -<i>The Mayflower</i>, and their comrades who -came later in <i>The Ann</i> and <i>The Fortune</i>, -who maintained the high standards of -home life in early Plymouth Colony. -There is no attempt to make a genealogical -study of any family. The effort is -to reveal glimpses of the communal life -during 1621-1623. This is supplemented -by a few silhouettes of individual matrons -and maidens to whose influence we -may trace increased resources in domestic -life and education.</p> - -<p class='c015'>One must regret the lack of proof regarding -many facts, about which are -conflicting statements, both of the general -conditions and the individual men -and women. In some instances, both -points of view have been given here; at -other times, the more probable surmises -have been mentioned.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' title='vi' id='Page_vi'></span>The author feels deep gratitude, and -would here express it, to the librarians -of the Massachusetts Historical Society, -the New England Genealogic-Historical -Register, the American Antiquarian Society, -the Register of Deeds, Pilgrim -Hall, and the Russell Library of Plymouth, -private and public libraries of -Duxbury and Marshfield, and to Mr. -Arthur Lord and all other individuals -who have assisted in this research. The -publications of the Society of Mayflower -Descendants, and the remarkable researches -of its editor, Mr. George E. -Bowman, call for special appreciation.</p> - -<div class='c016'><span class='sc'>Annie Russell Marble.</span></div> - -<p class='c015'><span class='small'><i>Worcester, Massachusetts.</i></span></p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' title='vii' id='Page_vii'></span> - <h2 class='c013'>CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c017'></td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Foreword</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#fwd'>v</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'>I</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Endurance and Adventure: The Voyage and Landing</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#ch1'>3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'>II</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Communal and Family Life in Plymouth 1621-1623</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#ch2'>21</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'>III</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Matrons and Maidens Who Came in “The Mayflower”</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#ch3'>53</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'>IV</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Companions Who Arrived in “The Fortune” and “The Ann”</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#ch4'>93</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'></td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Index</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#idx'>109</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='err' class='c013'>ERRATA</h2> -</div> - -<table class='table2' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c017'><span class='small'>Page</span></th> - <th class='c018'></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'><a href='#err059'>49</a></td> - <td class='c018'>(And foot-notes elsewhere) read <i>The Mayflower Descendant</i> for Mayflower Descendants.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'><a href='#err059-2'>49</a></td> - <td class='c018'>Foot-note, read <i>53 Mt. Vernon St.</i> for 9 Ashburton Pl.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'><a href='#err088'>78</a></td> - <td class='c018'>Line 21, read <i>two hundred and seventy</i> for seventy.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'><a href='#err089'>79</a></td> - <td class='c018'>Line 12, read <i>inventory</i> for will.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'><a href='#err092'>82</a></td> - <td class='c018'>Line 12, omit Revolutionary.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'><a href='#err094'>84</a></td> - <td class='c018'>Lines 4 and 5, read <i>Edward Winslow and Peregrine White</i> for William Mullins and Miles Standish.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'><a href='#err094-2'>84</a></td> - <td class='c018'>Line 21, read <i>Petty coate with silke Lace</i> for Pretty, etc.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'><a href='#err096'>86</a></td> - <td class='c018'>Line 25, read <i>step-mother</i> for mother.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'><a href='#err098'>88</a></td> - <td class='c018'>Line 10, read <i>eighty</i> for ninety years.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'><a href='#err108'>98</a></td> - <td class='c018'>Line 14, read <i>Abraham</i> for Alexander.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'><a href='#err112'>102</a></td> - <td class='c018'>Line 9, read <i>Mercy</i> for Mary.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><span class='pageno' title='1' id='Page_1'></span><span class='c019'>I</span></div> - <div class='c001'><span class='c020'>ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' title='2' id='Page_2'></span>“<i>So they left ye goodly and pleasante -citie, which had been ther resting-place -near 12. years; but they knew they -were pilgrimes, & looked not much on -those things, but lift up their eyes to -ye heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and -quieted their spirits.</i>”</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='small'>—<i>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantations. Chap. VII.</i></span></p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' title='3' id='Page_3'></span> - <h2 id='ch1' class='c013'><span class='sc'>Chapter I</span></h2> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c021'> - <div><span class='c020'>ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>December weather in New England, -even at its best, is a test of physical -endurance. With warm clothes and -sheltering homes today, we find compensations -for the cold winds and storms -in the exhilarating winter sports and -the good cheer of the holiday season.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The passengers of <i>The Mayflower</i> -anchored in Plymouth harbor, three -hundred years ago, lacked compensations -of sports or fireside warmth. -One hundred and two in number when -they sailed,—of whom twenty-nine were -women,—they had been crowded for ten -weeks into a vessel that was intended to -carry about half the number of passengers. -In low spaces between decks, -<span class='pageno' title='4' id='Page_4'></span>with some fine weather when the open -hatchways allowed air to enter and more -stormy days when they were shut in amid -discomforts of all kinds, they had come -at last within sight of the place where, -contrary to their plans, they were destined -to make their settlement.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At Plymouth, England, their last port -in September, they had “been kindly -entertained and courteously used by -divers friends there dwelling,”<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c022'><sup>[1]</sup></a> but they -were homeless now, facing a new country -with frozen shores, menaced by wild -animals and yet more fearsome savages. -Whatever trials of their good sense and -sturdy faith came later, those days of -waiting until shelter could be raised on -shore, after the weeks of confinement, -must have challenged their physical and -spiritual fortitude.</p> - -<p class='c015'>There must have been exciting days -for the women on shipboard and in landing. -<span class='pageno' title='5' id='Page_5'></span>There must have been hours of -distress for the older and the delight in -adventure which is an unchanging trait -of the young of every race. Wild winds -carried away some clothes and cooking-dishes -from the ship; there was a birth -and a death, and occasional illness, besides -the dire seasickness. John Howland, -“the lustie young man,” fell overboard -but he caught hold of the topsail -halyard which hung extended and so -held on “though he was sundry fathoms -under water,” until he was pulled up by -a rope and rescued by a boat-hook.<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c022'><sup>[2]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>Recent research<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c022'><sup>[3]</sup></a> has argued that the -captain of <i>The Mayflower</i> was probably -not <i>Thomas</i> Jones, with reputation for -severity, but a Master Christopher Jones -of kindlier temper. The former captain -was in Virginia, in September, 1620, -according to this account. With the -most generous treatment which the captain -and crew could give to the women, -<span class='pageno' title='6' id='Page_6'></span>they must have been sorely tried. There -were sick to be nursed, children to be -cared for, including some lively boys -who played with powder and nearly -caused an explosion at Cape Cod; nourishment -must be found for all from a -store of provisions that had been much -reduced by the delays and necessary -sales to satisfy their “merchant adventurers” -before they left England. They -slept on damp bedding and wore musty -clothes; they lacked exercise and water -for drink or cleanliness. Joyful for -them must have been the day recorded -by Winslow and Bradford,<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c022'><sup>[4]</sup></a>—“On Monday -the thirteenth of November our -people went on shore to refresh themselves -and our women to wash, as they -had great need.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>During the anxious days when the -abler men were searching on land for a -site for the settlement, first on Cape Cod -and later at Plymouth, there were events -of excitement on the ship left in the -<span class='pageno' title='7' id='Page_7'></span>harbor. Peregrine White was born and -his father’s servant, Edward Thompson, -died. Dorothy May Bradford, the girl-wife -of the later Governor of the colony, -was drowned during his absence. There -were murmurings and threats against the -leaders by some of the crew and others -who were impatient at the long voyage, -scant comforts and uncertain future. -Possibly some of the complaints came -from women, but in the hearts of most -of them, although no women signed their -names, was the resolution that inspired -the men who signed that compact in the -cabin of <i>The Mayflower</i>,—“to promise -all due submission and obedience.” They -had pledged their “great hope and inward -zeal of laying good foundation for -ye propagating and advancing ye gospell -of ye kingdom of Christ in those -remote parts of ye world; yea, though -they should be but as stepping-stones -unto others for ye performing of so -great a work”; with such spirit they had -been impelled to leave Holland and such -<span class='pageno' title='8' id='Page_8'></span>faith sustained them on their long -journey.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Many of the women who were -pioneers at Plymouth had suffered -severe hardships in previous years. -They could sustain their own hearts -and encourage the younger ones by remembrance -of the passage from England -to Holland, twelve years before, -when they were searched most cruelly, -even deprived of their clothes and belongings -by the ship’s master at Boston. -Later they were abandoned by the -Dutchman at Hull, to wait for fourteen -days of frightful storm while their husbands -and protectors were carried far -away in a ship towards the coast of -Norway, “their little ones hanging about -them and quaking with cold.”<a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c022'><sup>[5]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>There were women with frail bodies, -like Rose Standish and Katherine Carver, -but there were strong physiques -and dauntless hearts sustained to great -old age, matrons like Susanna White -<span class='pageno' title='9' id='Page_9'></span>and Elizabeth Hopkins and young -women like Priscilla Mullins, Mary -Chilton, Elizabeth Tilley and Constance -Hopkins. In our imaginations today, -few women correspond to the clinging, -fainting figures portrayed by some of -the painters of “The Departure” or -“The Landing of the Pilgrims.” We -may more readily believe that most of -the women were upright and alert, peering -anxiously but courageously into the -future. Writing in 1910, John Masefield -said:<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c022'><sup>[6]</sup></a> “A generation fond of -pleasure, disinclined towards serious -thought, and shrinking from hardship, -even if it may be swiftly reached, will -find it difficult to imagine the temper, -courage and manliness of the emigrants -who made the first Christian settlement -of New England.” Ten years ago it -would have been as difficult for women -of our day to understand adequately -the womanliness of the Pilgrim matrons -<span class='pageno' title='10' id='Page_10'></span>and girls. The anxieties and self-denials -experienced by women of all lands during -the last five years may help us to -“imagine” better the dauntless spirit of -these women of New-Plymouth. During -those critical months of 1621-1623 -they sustained their households and -assisted the men in establishing an orderly -and religious colony. We may -justly affirm that some of “the wisdom, -prudence and patience and just and -equall carriage of things by the better -part”<a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c022'><sup>[7]</sup></a> was manifested among the women -as well as the men.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In spite of the spiritual zeal which -comes from devotion to a good cause, -and the inspiration of steady work, the -women must have suffered from homesickness, -as well as from anxiety and -illness. They had left in Holland not -alone their loved pastor, John Robinson, -and their valiant friend, Robert Cushman, -but many fathers, mothers, brothers -and sisters besides their “dear gossips.” -<span class='pageno' title='11' id='Page_11'></span>Mistress Brewster yearned for her elder -son and her daughters, Fear and Patience; -Priscilla Mullins and Mary Chilton, -soon to be left orphans, had been -separated from older brothers and sisters. -Disease stalked among them on -land and on shipboard like a demon. -Before the completion of more than -two or three of the one-room, thatched -houses, the deaths were multiplying. -Possibly this disease was typhus fever; -more probably it was a form of infectious -pneumonia, due to enervated conditions -of the body and to exposures at -Cape Cod. Winslow declared, in his -account of the expedition on shore, “It -blowed and did snow all that day and -night and froze withal. Some of our -people that are dead took the original -of their death there.” Had the disease -been “galloping consumption,” as has -been suggested sometimes, it is not probable -that many of those “sick unto -death” would have recovered and have -lived to be octogenarians.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' title='12' id='Page_12'></span>The toll of deaths increased and the -illness spread until, at one time, there -were only “six or seven sound persons” -to minister to the sick and to bury the -dead. Fifteen of the twenty-nine women -who sailed from England and Holland -were buried on Plymouth hillside during -the winter and spring. They were: -Rose Standish; Elizabeth, wife of Edward -Winslow; Mary, wife of Isaac -Allerton; Sarah, wife of Francis Eaton; -Katherine, wife of Governor John Carver; -Alice, wife of John Rigdale; Ann, -wife of Edward Fuller; Bridget and -Ann Tilley, wives of John and Edward; -Alice, wife of John Mullins or Molines; -Mrs. James Chilton; Mrs. Christopher -Martin; Mrs. Thomas Tinker; possibly -Mrs. John Turner, and Ellen More, -the orphan ward of Edward Winslow. -Nearly twice as many men as women -died during those fateful months of -1621. Can we “imagine” the courage -required by the few women who remained -after this devastation, as the -<span class='pageno' title='13' id='Page_13'></span>wolves were heard howling in the night, -the food supplies were fast disappearing, -and the houses of shelter were delayed -in completion by “frost and much foul -weather,” and by the very few men in -physical condition to rive timber or -to thatch roofs? The common house, -twenty foot square, was crowded with -the sick, among them Carver and Bradford, -who were obliged “to rise in good -speed” when the roof caught on fire, -and their loaded muskets in rows beside -the beds threatened an explosion.<a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c022'><sup>[8]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>Although the women’s strength of -body and soul must have been sapped -yet their fidelity stood well the test; -when <i>The Mayflower</i> was to return to -England in April and the captain offered -free passage to the women as well -as to any men who wished to go, if the -women “would cook and nurse such of -the crew as were ill,” not a man or a -woman accepted the offer. Intrepid in -bravery and faith, the women did their -<span class='pageno' title='14' id='Page_14'></span>part in making this lonely, impoverished -settlement into a home. This required -adjustments of many kinds. Few in -number, the women represented distinctive -classes of society in birth and -education. In Leyden, for seven years, -they had chosen their friends and there -they formed a happy community, in -spite of some poverty and more anxiety -about the education and morals of their -children, because of “the manifold -temptations”<a id='r9' /><a href='#f9' class='c022'><sup>[9]</sup></a> of the Dutch city.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Many of the men, on leaving England, -had renounced their more leisurely -occupations and professions to practise -trades in Leyden,—Brewster and Winslow -as printers, Allerton as tailor, Dr. -Samuel Fuller as say-weaver and others -as carpenters, wool-combers, masons, -cobblers, pewterers and in other crafts. -A few owned residences near the famous -University of Leyden, where Robinson -and Brewster taught. Some educational -influences would thus fall upon their -<span class='pageno' title='15' id='Page_15'></span>families.<a id='r10' /><a href='#f10' class='c022'><sup>[10]</sup></a> On the other hand, others -were recorded as “too poor to be taxed.” -Until July, 1620, there were two hundred -and ninety-eight known members -of this church in Leyden with nearly -three hundred more associated with -them. Such economic and social conditions -gave to the women certain privileges -and pleasures in addition to the -interesting events in this picturesque -city.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In <i>The Mayflower</i> and at Plymouth, -on the other hand, the women were -thrust into a small company with widely -differing tastes and backgrounds. One -of the first demands made upon them -was for a democratic spirit,—tolerance -and patience, adaptability to varied natures. -The old joke that “the Pilgrim -Mothers had to endure not alone their -hardships but the Pilgrim Fathers also” -has been overworked. These women -would never have accepted pity as martyrs. -<span class='pageno' title='16' id='Page_16'></span>They came to this new country -with devotion to the men of their families -and, in those days, such a call was supreme -in a woman’s life. They sorrowed -for the women friends who had been left -behind,—the wives of Dr. Fuller, Richard -Warren, Francis Cooke and Degory -Priest, who were to come later after -months of anxious waiting for a message -from New-Plymouth.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The family, not the individual, characterized -the life of that community. -The father was always regarded as the -“head” of the family. Evidence of this -is found when we try to trace the posterity -of some of the pioneer women -from the Old Plymouth Colony Records. -A child is there recorded as “the son -of Nicholas Snow,” “the son of John -Winslow” or “the daughter of Thomas -Cushman” with no hint that the mothers -of these children were, respectively, -Constance Hopkins, Mary Chilton and -Mary Allerton, all of whom came in -<i>The Mayflower</i>, although the fathers -<span class='pageno' title='17' id='Page_17'></span>arrived at Plymouth later on <i>The Fortune</i> -and <i>The Ann</i>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It would be unjust to assume that -these women were conscious heroines. -They wrought with courage and purpose -equal to these traits in the men, but -probably none of the Pilgrims had -a definite vision of the future. With -words of appreciation that are applicable -to both sexes, ex-President Charles W. -Eliot has said:<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c022'><sup>[11]</sup></a> “The Pilgrims did not -know the issue and they had no vision of -it. They just loved liberty and toleration -and truth, and hoped for more of it, -for more liberty, for a more perfect -toleration, for more truth, and they put -their lives, their labors, at the disposition -of those loves without the least vision of -this republic, or of what was going to -come out of their industry, their devotion, -their dangerous and exposed lives.”</p> - -<hr class='c023' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. </span>Relation or Journal of a Plantation Settled at Plymouth -in New-England and Proceedings Thereof; London, 1622 -(Bradford and Winslow) Abbreviated in Purchas’ Pilgrim, -X; iv; London, 1625.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; ch. 9.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. </span>“The Mayflower,” by R. G. Marsden; Eng. Historical -Review, Oct., 1904; <a id='err016'></a>The Mayflower Descendant, Jan., 1916.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. </span>Relation or Journal, etc. (1622).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; ch. 2.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. </span>Introduction to Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers -(Everyman’s Library).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Bk. II.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. </span>Mourt’s Relation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f9'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, ch. 3.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f10'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. </span>The England and Holland of the Pilgrims, Henry M. -Dexter and Morton Dexter, Boston, 1905.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f11'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. </span>Eighteenth Annual Dinner of Mayflower Society, Nov. -20, 1913.</p> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' title='21' id='Page_21'></span> - <h2 id='ch2' class='c013'><span class='sc'>Chapter II</span></h2> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c021'> - <div><span class='c020'>COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LIFE IN PLYMOUTH 1621-1623</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Spring and summer came to bless -them for their endurance and unconscious -heroism. Then they could appreciate -the verdict of their leaders, who -chose the site of Plymouth as a “hopeful -place,” with running brooks, vines of -sassafras and strawberry, fruit trees, -fish and wild fowl and “clay excellent -for pots and will wash like soap.”<a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c022'><sup>[12]</sup></a> So -early was the spring in 1621 that on -March the third there was a thunder -storm and “the birds sang in the woods -most pleasantly.” On March the sixteenth, -Samoset came with Indian greeting. -This visit must have been one of -mixed sentiments for the women and we -can read more than the mere words in -the sentence, “We lodged him that night -<span class='pageno' title='22' id='Page_22'></span>at Stephen Hopkins’ house and watched -him.”<a id='r13' /><a href='#f13' class='c022'><sup>[13]</sup></a> Perhaps it was in deference to -the women that the men gave Samoset -a hat, a pair of stockings, shoes, a -shirt and a piece of cloth to tie about -his waist. Samoset returned soon with -Squanto or Tisquantum, the only survivor -of the Patuxet tribe of Indians -which had perished of a pestilence at -Plymouth three years before. He -shared with Hobomok the friendship of -the settlers for many years and both -Indians gave excellent service. Through -the influence of Squanto the treaty was -made in the spring of 1621 with Massasoit, -the first League of Nations to -preserve peace in the new world.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Squanto showed the men how to plant -alewives or herring as fertilizer for the -Indian corn. He taught the boys and -girls how to gather clams and mussels -on the shore and to “tread eels” in the -water that is still called Eel River. He -gathered wild strawberries and sassafras -<span class='pageno' title='23' id='Page_23'></span>for the women and they prepared a -“brew” which almost equalled their ale -of old England. The friendly Indians -assisted the men, as the seasons opened, -in hunting wild turkeys, ducks and an -occasional deer, welcome additions to the -store of fish, sea-biscuits and cheese. -We are told<a id='r14' /><a href='#f14' class='c022'><sup>[14]</sup></a> that Squanto brought also -a dog from his Indian friends as a gift -to the settlement. Already there were, -at least, two dogs, probably brought -from Holland or England, a mastiff -and a spaniel<a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c022'><sup>[15]</sup></a> to give comfort and companionship -to the women and children, -and to go with the men into the woods -for timber and game.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It seems paradoxical to speak of -child-life in this hard-pressed, serious-minded -colony, but it was there and, -doubtless, it was normal in its joyous -and adventuresome impulses. Under -eighteen years of age were the girls, -Remember and Mary Allerton, Constance -and Damaris Hopkins, Elizabeth -<span class='pageno' title='24' id='Page_24'></span>Tilley and, possibly, Desire Minter and -Humility Cooper. The boys were Bartholomew -Allerton, who “learned to -sound the drum,” John Crakston, -William Latham, Giles Hopkins, John -and Francis Billington, Richard More, -Henry Sampson, John Cooke, Resolved -White, Samuel Fuller, Love and Wrestling -Brewster and the babies, Oceanus -Hopkins and Peregrine White. With -the exception of Wrestling Brewster -and Oceanus Hopkins, all these children -lived to ripe old age,—a credit not alone -to their hardy constitutions, but also to -the care which the Plymouth women -bestowed upon their households.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The flowers that grew in abundance -about the settlement must have given -them joy,—arbutus or “mayflowers,” -wild roses, blue chicory, Queen Anne’s -lace, purple asters, golden-rod and the -beautiful sabbatia or “sentry” which is -still found on the banks of the fresh -ponds near the town and is called -“the Plymouth rose.” Edward Winslow -<span class='pageno' title='25' id='Page_25'></span>tells<a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c022'><sup>[16]</sup></a> of the drastic use of this bitter -plant in developing hardihood among -Indian boys. Early in the first year -one of these fresh-water ponds, known -as Billington Sea, was discovered by -Francis Billington when he had climbed -a high hill and had reported from it “a -smaller sea.” Blackberries, blueberries, -plums and cherries must have been delights -to the women and children. -Medicinal herbs were found and used -by advice of the Indian friends; the -bayberry’s virtues as salve, if not as -candle-light, were early applied to the -comforts of the households. Robins, -bluebirds, “Bob Whites” and other birds -sang for the pioneers as they sing for -the tourist and resident in Plymouth -today. The mosquito had a sting,—for -Bradford gave a droll and pungent answer -to the discontented colonists who -had reported, in 1624, that “the people -are much annoyed with musquetoes.” -He wrote:<a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c022'><sup>[17]</sup></a> “<i>They</i> are too delicate and -<span class='pageno' title='26' id='Page_26'></span>unfitte to begin new plantations and -colonies that cannot enduer the biting -of a muskeet. We would wish such to -keep at home till at least they be muskeeto -proof. Yet this place is as free as -any and experience teacheth that ye land -is tild and ye woods cut downe, the -fewer there will be and in the end scarce -any at all.” The <i>end</i> has not yet come!</p> - -<p class='c015'>Good harvests and some thrilling incidents -varied the hard conditions of life -for the women during 1621-2. Indian -corn and barley furnished a new foundation -for many “a savory dish” prepared -by the housewives in the mortar and -pestles, kettles and skillets which they -had brought from Holland. Nuts were -used for food, giving piquant flavor both -to “cakes” baked in the fire and to the -stuffing of wild turkeys. The fare was -simple, but it must have seemed a feast -to the Pilgrims after the months of self-denials -and extremity.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Before the winter of 1621-2 was -ended, seven log houses had been built -<span class='pageno' title='27' id='Page_27'></span>and four “common buildings” for storage, -meetings and workshops. Already -clapboards and furs were stored to be -sent back to England to the merchant -adventurers in the first ship. The seven -huts, with thatched roofs and chimneys -on the outside, probably in cob-house -style, were of hewn planks, not of round -logs.<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c022'><sup>[18]</sup></a> The fireplaces were of stones laid -in clay from the abundant sand. In -1628 thatched roofs were condemned -because of the danger of fire,<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c022'><sup>[19]</sup></a> and -boards or palings were substituted. -During the first two years or longer, -light came into the houses through oiled -paper in the windows. From the plans -left by Governor Bradford and the -record of the visit of De Rassieres to -Plymouth, in 1627, one can visualize this -first street in New England, leading -from Plymouth harbor up the hill to the -cannon and stockade where, later, was -the fort. At the intersection of the first -street and a cross-highway stood the -<span class='pageno' title='28' id='Page_28'></span>Governor’s house. It was fitting that -the lot nearest to the fort hill should be -assigned to Miles Standish and John -Alden. All had free access to the brook -where flagons were filled for drink and -where the clothes were washed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>A few events that have been recorded -by Winslow, Bradford and Morton were -significant and must have relieved the -monotony of life. On January fourth -an eagle was shot, cooked and proved -“to be excellent meat; it was hardly -to be discerned from mutton.”<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c022'><sup>[20]</sup></a> Four -days later three seals and a cod were -caught; we may assume that they furnished -oil, meat and skins for the household. -About the same time, John Goodman -and Peter Brown lost their way in -the woods, remained out all night, thinking -they heard lions roar (mistaking -wolves for lions), and on their return -the next day John Goodman’s feet were -so badly frozen “that it was a long time -before he was able to go.”<a id='r21' /><a href='#f21' class='c022'><sup>[21]</sup></a> Wild geese -<span class='pageno' title='29' id='Page_29'></span>were shot and used for broth on the -ninth of February; the same day the -Common House was set ablaze, but was -saved from destruction. It is easy to -imagine the exciting effects of such incidents -upon the band of thirteen boys -and seven girls, already enumerated. In -July, the cry of “a lost child” aroused -the settlement to a search for that “unwhipt -rascal,” John Billington, who had -run away to the Nauset Indians at Eastham, -but he was found unharmed by a -posse of men led by Captain Standish.</p> - -<p class='c015'>To the women one of the most exciting -events must have been the marriage -on May 22, 1621, of Edward Winslow -and Mistress Susanna White. Her husband -and two men-servants had died -since <i>The Mayflower</i> left England and -she was alone to care for two young -boys, one a baby a few weeks old. -Elizabeth Barker Winslow had died -seven weeks before the wedding day. -Perhaps the Plymouth women gossiped -a little over the brief interval of mourning, -<span class='pageno' title='30' id='Page_30'></span>but the exigencies of the times easily -explained the marriage, which was performed -by a magistrate, presumably the -Governor.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Even more disturbing to the peaceful -life was the first duel on June 18, -between Edward Lister and Edward -Dotey, both servants of Stephen Hopkins. -Tradition ascribed the cause to -a quarrel over the attractive elder -daughter of their master, Constance -Hopkins. The duel was fought with -swords and daggers; both youths were -slightly wounded in hand and thigh and -both were sentenced, as punishment, to -have their hands and feet tied together -and to fast for twenty-four hours but, -says a record,<a id='r22' /><a href='#f22' class='c022'><sup>[22]</sup></a> “within an hour, because -of their great pains, at their own and -their master’s humble request, upon -promise of better carriage, they were -released by the Governor.” It is easy -to imagine this scene: Stephen Hopkins -and his wife appealing to the Governor -<span class='pageno' title='31' id='Page_31'></span>and Captain Standish for leniency, although -the settlement was seriously -troubled over the occurrence; Elder -Brewster and his wife deploring the -lack of Christian affection which caused -the duel; Edward Winslow and his -wife, dignified yet tolerant; Goodwife -Helen Billington scolding as usual; -Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton and -Elizabeth Tilley condoling with the tearful -and frightened Constance Hopkins, -while the children stand about, excited -and somewhat awed by the punishment -and the distress of the offenders.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Another day of unusual interest and -industry for the householders was the -Thanksgiving Day when peace with the -Indians and assured prosperity seemed -to follow the ample harvests. To this -feast, which lasted for three days or -more, came ninety-one Indians bringing -five deer which they had killed and -dressed. These were a great boon to the -women who must prepare meals for -one hundred and forty people. Wild -<span class='pageno' title='32' id='Page_32'></span>turkeys, ducks, fish and clams were -procured by the colonists and cooked, -perhaps with some marchpanes also, by -the more expert cooks. The serious -prayers and psalms of the Pilgrims were -as amazing to the Indians as were -the strange whoops, dances, beads and -feathers of the savages marvellous to -the women and children of Plymouth -Colony.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In spite of these peaceable incidents -there were occasional threats of Indian -treachery, like the theft of tools from -two woodsmen and the later bold challenge -in the form of a headless arrow -wrapped in a snake’s skin; the latter -was returned promptly and decisively -with the skin filled with bullets, and the -danger was over for a time. The stockade -was strengthened and, soon after, -a palisade was built about the houses -with gates that were locked at night. -After the fort of heavy timber was -completed, this was used also as a meeting-house -and “was fitted accordingly -<span class='pageno' title='33' id='Page_33'></span>for that use.” It is to be hoped that -warming-pans and foot-stoves were a -part of the “fittings” so that the women -might not be benumbed as, with dread -of possible Indian attacks, they limned -from the old Ainsworth’s Psalm Book:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c024'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“In the Lord do I trust, how then to my soule doe ye say,</div> - <div class='line'>As doth a little bird unto your mountaine fly away?</div> - <div class='line'>For loe, the wicked bend their bow, their arrows they prepare</div> - <div class='line'>On string; to shoot at dark at them</div> - <div class='line'>In heart that upright are.”</div> - <div class='c025'>(<i>Psalm xi.</i>)</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>Even more exciting than the days already -mentioned was the great event of -surprise and rejoicing, November 19, -1621, when <i>The Fortune</i> arrived with -thirty-five more Pilgrims. Some of -these were soon to wed <i>Mayflower</i> passengers. -Widow Martha Ford, recently -bereft, giving birth on the night of her -arrival to a fourth child, was wed to -Peter Brown; Mary Becket (sometimes -<span class='pageno' title='34' id='Page_34'></span>written Bucket) became the wife of -George Soule; John Winslow later married -Mary Chilton, and Thomas Cushman, -then a lad of fourteen, became the -husband, in manhood, of Mary Allerton. -His father, Robert Cushman, remained -in the settlement while <i>The Fortune</i> was -at anchor and left his son as ward for -Governor Bradford. The notable sermon -which was preached at Plymouth -by Robert Cushman at this time (preserved -in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth) was -from the text, “Let no man seek his -own; but every man another’s wealth.” -Some of the admonitions against swelling -pride and fleshly-minded hypocrites -seem to us rather paradoxical when we -consider the poverty and self-sacrificing -spirit of these pioneers; perhaps, there -were selfish and slothful malcontents -even in that company of devoted, industrious -men and women, for human nature -was the same three hundred years -ago, in large and small communities, as -it is today, with some relative changes.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' title='35' id='Page_35'></span>Among the passengers brought by -<i>The Fortune</i> were some of great helpfulness. -William Wright, with his wife -Priscilla (the sister of Governor Bradford’s -second wife), was an expert carpenter, -and Stephen Dean, who came -with his wife, was able to erect a small -mill and grind corn. Robert Hicks (or -Heeks) was another addition to the -colony, whose wife was later the teacher -of some of the children. Philip De La -Noye, progenitor of the Delano family -in America, John and Kenelm Winslow -and Jonathan Brewster were eligible -men to join the group of younger -men,—John Alden, John Howland and -others.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The great joy in the arrival of these -friends was succeeded by an agitating -fear regarding the food supply, for <i>The -Fortune</i> had suffered from bad weather -and its colonists had scarcely any extra -food or clothing. By careful allotments -the winter was endured and when spring -came there were hopes of a large harvest -<span class='pageno' title='36' id='Page_36'></span>from more abundant sowing, but the -hopes were killed by the fearful drought -which lasted from May to the middle of -July. Some lawless and selfish youths -frequently stole corn before it was ripe -and, although public whipping was the -punishment, the evil persisted. These -conditions were met with the same courage -and determination which ever characterized -the leaders; a rationing of the -colony was made which would have done -credit to a “Hoover.” They escaped -famine, but the worn, thin faces and -“the low condition, both in respect of -food and clothing” was a shock to the -sixty more colonists who arrived in <i>The -Ann</i> and <i>The James</i> in 1623.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The friends who came in these later -ships included some women from Leyden, -“dear gossips” of <i>Mayflower</i> -colonists, women whose resources and -characters gave them prominence in the -later history of Plymouth. Notable -among them was Mrs. Alice Southworth, -soon to wed Governor Bradford. With -<span class='pageno' title='37' id='Page_37'></span>her came Barbara, whose surname is -surmised to have been Standish, soon to -become the wife of Captain Standish. -Bridget Fuller joined her husband, the -noble doctor of Plymouth; Elizabeth -Warren, with her five daughters, came -to make a home for her husband, Richard; -Mistress Hester Cooke came with -three children, and Fear and Patience -Brewster, despite their names, brought -joy and cheer to their mother and girlhood -friends; they were later wed to -Isaac Allerton and Thomas Prence, the -Governor.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Fortunately, <i>The Ann</i> and <i>The James</i> -brought supplies in liberal measure and -also carpenters, weavers and cobblers, -for their need was great. <i>The James</i> -was to remain for the use of the colony. -Rations had been as low as one-quarter -pound of bread a day and sometimes -their fare was only “a bit of fish or -lobster without any bread or relish but -a cup of fair spring water.”<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c022'><sup>[23]</sup></a> It is -<span class='pageno' title='38' id='Page_38'></span>not strange that Bradford added: “ye -long continuance of this diete and -their labors abroad had somewhat -abated ye freshness of their former -complexion.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>An important change in the policy -of the colony, which affected the women -as well as men, was made at this time. -Formerly the administration of affairs -had been upon the communal basis. All -the men and grown boys were expected -to plant and harvest, fish and -hunt for the common use of all the -households. The women also did their -tasks in common. The results had been -unsatisfactory and, in 1623, a new division -of land was made, allotting to each -householder an acre for each member -of his family. This arrangement, which -was called “every man for his owne particuler,” -was told by Bradford with a -comment which shows that the women -were human beings, not saints nor martyrs. -He wrote: “The women now -went willingly into ye field, and tooke -<span class='pageno' title='39' id='Page_39'></span>their little-ones with them to set corne, -which before would aledge weaknes -and inabilitie; whom to have compelled -would have bene thought great tiranie -and oppression.” After further comment -upon the failure of communism -as “breeding confusion and discontent” -he added this significant comment: “For -ye yong-men that were most able and -fitte for labour and service did repine -that they should spend their time and -strength to work for other men’s wives -and children without any recompense.... -And for men’s wives to be commanded -to doe servise for other men, -as dresing their meate, washing their -cloathes, etc., they deemed it a kind of -slaverie, neither could many husbands -well brooke it.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>If food was scarce, even a worse condition -existed as to clothing in the summer -of 1623. Tradition has ascribed -several spinning-wheels and looms to -the women who came in <i>The Mayflower</i>, -but we can scarcely believe that such -<span class='pageno' title='40' id='Page_40'></span>comforts were generously bestowed. -There could have been little material -or time for their use. Much skilful weaving -and spinning of linen, flax, and -wool came in later Colonial history. The -women must have been taxed to keep -the clothes mended for their families -as protection against the cold and -storms. The quantity on hand, after -the stress of the two years, would vary -according to the supplies which each -brought from Holland or England; in -some families there were sheets and -“pillow-beeres” with “clothes of substance -and comeliness,” but other households -were scantily supplied. A somewhat -crude but interesting ballad, called -“Our Forefathers’ Song,” is given by -tradition from the lips of an old lady, -aged ninety-four years, in 1767. If the -suggestion is accurate that she learned -this from her mother or grandmother, -its date would approximate the early -days of Plymouth history. More probably -it was written much later, but it -<span class='pageno' title='41' id='Page_41'></span>has a reminiscent flavor of those days -of poverty and brave spirit:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c024'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“The place where we live is a wilderness wood,</div> - <div class='line'>Where grass is much wanted that’s fruitful and good;</div> - <div class='line'>Our mountains and hills and our valleys below,</div> - <div class='line'>Are commonly covered with frost and with snow.</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Our clothes we brought with us are apt to be torn,</div> - <div class='line'>They need to be clouted soon after they are worn,</div> - <div class='line'>But clouting our garments they hinder us nothing,</div> - <div class='line'>Clouts <i>double</i> are warmer than <i>single</i> whole clothing.</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“If fresh meate be wanted to fill up our dish,</div> - <div class='line'>We have carrots and turnips whenever we wish,</div> - <div class='line'>And if we’ve a mind for a delicate dish,</div> - <div class='line'>We go to the clam-bank and there we catch fish.</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“For pottage and puddings and custards and pies,</div> - <div class='line'>Our pumpkins and parsnips are common supplies!</div> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' title='42' id='Page_42'></span>We have pumpkin at morning and pumpkin at noon,</div> - <div class='line'>If it was not for pumpkin we should be undoon.”<a id='r24' /><a href='#f24' class='c022'><sup>[24]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>What did these Pilgrim women wear? -The manifest answer is,—what they had -in stock. No more absurd idea was ever -invented than the picture of these Pilgrims -“in uniform,” gray gowns with -dainty white collars and cuffs, with stiff -caps and dark capes. They wore the -typical garments of the period for men -and women in England. There is no -evidence that they adopted, to any extent, -Dutch dress, for they were proud -of their English birth; they left Holland -partly for fear that their young people -might be educated or enticed away from -English standards of conduct.<a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c022'><sup>[25]</sup></a> Mrs. -Alice Morse Earle has emphasized -wisely<a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' class='c022'><sup>[26]</sup></a> that the “sad-colored” gowns -and coats mentioned in wills were not -“dismal”; the list of colors so described -<span class='pageno' title='43' id='Page_43'></span>in England included (1638) “russet, -purple, green, tawny, deere colour, -orange colour, buffs and scarlet.” The -men wore doublets and jerkins of -browns and greens, and cloaks with red -and purple linings. The women wore -full skirts of say, paduasoy or silk of -varied colors, long, pointed stomachers,—often -with bright tone,—full, sometimes -puffed or slashed sleeves, and lace -collars or “whisks” resting upon the -shoulders. Sometimes the gowns were -plaited or silk-laced; they often opened -in front showing petticoats that were -quilted or embroidered in brighter -colours. Broadcloth gowns of russet -tones were worn by those who could not -afford silks and satins; sometimes -women wore doublets and jerkins of -black and browns. For dress occasions -the men wore black velvet jerkins with -white ruffs, like those in the authentic -portrait of Edward Winslow. Velvet -and quilted hoods of all colors and sometimes -caps, flat on the head and meeting -<span class='pageno' title='44' id='Page_44'></span>below the chin with fullness, are shown -in existent portraits of English women -and early colonists.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Among relics that are dated back to -this early period are the slipper<a id='r27' /><a href='#f27' class='c022'><sup>[27]</sup></a> belonging -to Mistress Susanna White -Winslow, narrow, pointed, with lace -trimmings, and an embroidered lace cap -that has been assigned to Rose Standish.<a id='r28' /><a href='#f28' class='c022'><sup>[28]</sup></a> -Sometimes the high ruffs were -worn above the shoulders instead of -“whisks.” The children were dressed -like miniature men and women; often -the girls wore aprons, as did the women -on occasions; these were narrow and -edged with lace. “Petty coats” are -mentioned in wills among the garments -of the women. We would not assume -that in 1621-2 <i>all</i> the women in Plymouth -colony wore silken or even home-spun -clothes of prevailing English -fashion. Many of these that are mentioned -in inventories and retained as -heirlooms, with rich laces and embroideries, -<span class='pageno' title='45' id='Page_45'></span>were brought later from England; -probably Winslow, Allerton and even -Standish brought back such gifts to the -women when they made their trips -to England in 1624 and later. If the -pioneer women had laces and embroideries -of gold they probably hoarded them -as precious heirlooms during those early -years of want, for they were too sensible -to wear and to waste them. As prosperity -came, however, and new elements -entered the colony they were, doubtless, -affected by the law of the General -Court, in 1634, which forbade further -acquisition of laces, threads of silver and -gold, needle-work caps, bands and rails, -and silver girdles and belts. This law -was enacted <i>not</i> by the Pilgrims of -Plymouth, but by the Puritans of Massachusetts -Bay Colony.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When Edward Winslow returned in -<i>The Charity</i>, in 1624, he brought not -alone a “goodly supply of clothing”<a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c022'><sup>[29]</sup></a> -but,—far more important,—the first bull -<span class='pageno' title='46' id='Page_46'></span>and heifers that were in Plymouth. -The old tradition of the white bull on -which Priscilla Alden rode home from -her marriage, in 1622 or early 1623, -must be rejected. This valuable addition -of “neat cattle” to the resources of -the colony caused a redistribution of -land and shares in the “stock.” By 1627 -a partnership or “purchas” had been -arranged, for assuming the debts and -maintenance of the Plymouth colony, -freed from further responsibility to “the -adventurers” in London. The new -division of lots included also some of -the cattle. It was specified, for instance, -that Captain Standish and Edward -Winslow were to share jointly “the Red -Cow which belongeth to the poor of the -colony to which they must keep her -Calfe of this yeare being a Bull for the -Companie, Also two shee goats.”<a id='r30' /><a href='#f30' class='c022'><sup>[30]</sup></a> -Elder Brewster was granted “one of -the four Heifers came in <i>The Jacob</i> -called the Blind Heifer.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Among interesting sidelights upon the -<span class='pageno' title='47' id='Page_47'></span>economic and social results of this extension -of land and cattle is the remark -of Bradford:<a id='r31' /><a href='#f31' class='c022'><sup>[31]</sup></a> “Some looked for building -great houses, and such pleasant -situations for them as themselves had -fancied, as if they would be great men -and rich all of a suddaine; but they -proved castles in air.” Within a short -time, however, with the rapid increase -of children and the need of more pasturage -for the cattle, many of the leading -men and women drifted away from -the original confines of Plymouth towards -Duxbury, Marshfield, Scituate, -Bridgewater and Eastham. Agriculture -became their primal concern, with the -allied pursuits of fishing, hunting and -trading with the Indians and white settlements -that were made on Cape Cod -and along the Kennebec.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Soon after 1630 the families of -Captain Standish, John Alden, and -Jonathan Brewster (who had married -the sister of John Oldham), Thomas -Prence and Edward Winslow were settled -<span class='pageno' title='48' id='Page_48'></span>on large farms in Duxbury and -Marshfield. This loss to the Plymouth -settlement was deplored by Bradford -both for its social and religious results. -April 2, 1632,<a id='r32' /><a href='#f32' class='c022'><sup>[32]</sup></a> a pledge was taken by -Alden, Standish, Prence, and Jonathan -Brewster that they would “remove their -families to live in the towne in the -winter-time that they may the better -repair to the service of God.” Such -arrangement did not long continue, however, -for in 1633 a church was established -at Duxbury and the Plymouth -members who lived there “were dismiste -though very unwillingly.”<a id='r33' /><a href='#f33' class='c022'><sup>[33]</sup></a> Later the -families of Francis Eaton, Peter Brown -and George Soule joined the Duxbury -colony. Hobomok, ever faithful to Captain -Standish had a wigwam near his -master’s home until, in his old age, he -was removed to the Standish house, -where he died in 1642.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The women who had come in the -<span class='pageno' title='49' id='Page_49'></span>earlier ships and had lived close to -neighbors at Plymouth must have had -lonely hours on their farms in spite of -large families and many tasks. Wolves -and other wild animals were sometimes -near, for traps for them were decreed -and allotted. Chance Indians prowled -about and the stoutest hearts must have -quailed when some of the recorded hurricanes -and storms of 1635 and 1638 -uncovered houses, felled trees and corn. -In the main, however, there was peace -and many of the families became prosperous; -we find evidence in their wills, -several of which have been deciphered -from the original records by George -Ernest Bowman, editor of the <a id='err059'></a>“Mayflower -Descendant,”<a id='r34' /><a href='#f34' class='c022'><sup>[34]</sup></a> issued quarterly. -By the aid of such records and a few -family heirlooms of unquestioned genuineness, -it is possible to suggest some individual -silhouettes of the women of early -Plymouth, in addition to the glimpses of -their communal life.</p> - -<hr class='c023' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f12'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. </span>Mourt’s Relation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f13'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. </span>Mourt’s Relation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f14'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. </span>Mourt’s Relation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f15'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. </span>Winslow’s Narration.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f16'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. </span>Relation of the Manners, Customs, etc., of the Indians.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f17'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. II.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f18'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. </span>The Pilgrim Republic, John A. Goodwin, p. 582.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f19'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. </span>Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f20'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. </span>Mourt’s Relation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f21'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. </span><i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f22'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. </span>A Chronological History of New England, by Thomas -Prence.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f23'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Bk. II.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f24'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. </span>The Pilgrim Fathers; W. H. Bartlett, London, 1852.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f25'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, ch. 4.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f26'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. </span>Two Centuries of Costume in America; N. Y., 1903.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f27'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. </span>In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f28'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. </span>Two Centuries of Costume in America; Earle.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f29'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f30'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r30'>30</a>. </span>Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New -England, edited by David Pulsifer, 1861.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f31'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r31'>31</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f32'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. </span>Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New -England, edited by David Pulsifer, 1861.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f33'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f34'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. </span>Editorial rooms at <a id='err059-2'></a>53 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston.</p> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' title='53' id='Page_53'></span> - <h2 id='ch3' class='c013'><span class='sc'>Chapter III</span></h2> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c021'> - <div><span class='c020'>MATRONS AND MAIDENS WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>It has been said, with some justice, -that the Pilgrims were not remarkable -men, that they lacked genius or distinctive -personalities. The same statement -may be made about the women. -They did possess, as men and women, -fine qualities for the work which they -were destined to accomplish;—remarkable -energy, faith, purpose, courage and -patience. These traits were prominent -in the leaders, Carver and Bradford. -Standish and Winslow, Brewster and -Dr. Fuller. As assistants to the men -in the civic life of the colony, there were -a few women who influenced the domestic -and social affairs of their own and -later generations. From chance records, -wills, inventories and traditions their -<span class='pageno' title='54' id='Page_54'></span>individual traits must be discerned, for -there is scarcely any sequential, historic -record.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Death claimed some of these brave-hearted -women before the life at Plymouth -really began. Dorothy May Bradford, -the daughter of Deacon May of -the Leyden church, came from Wisbeach, -Cambridge; she was married to -William Bradford when she was about -sixteen years old and was only twenty -when she was drowned at Cape Cod. -Her only child, a son, John, was left -with her father and mother in Holland -and there was long a tradition that she -mourned grievously at the separation. -This son came later to Plymouth, about -1627, and lived in Marshfield and -Norwich, Connecticut.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The tiny pieces of a padded quilt with -faded threads of silver and gold, which -belonged to Rose Standish,<a id='r35' /><a href='#f35' class='c022'><sup>[35]</sup></a> are fitting -relics of this mystical, delicate wife of -“the doughty Captain.” She died January -<span class='pageno' title='55' id='Page_55'></span>29, 1621. She is portrayed in fiction -and poetry as proud of her husband’s -bravery and his record as a -Lieutenant of Queen Elizabeth’s forces -in aid of the Dutch. She was also proud -of his reputed, and disputed, inheritance -among the titled families of Standish -of Standish and Standish of Duxbury -Hall.<a id='r36' /><a href='#f36' class='c022'><sup>[36]</sup></a> There has been a persistent -tradition that Rose was born or lived on -the Isle of Man and was married there, -but no records have been found as -proofs.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the painting of “The Embarkation,” -by Robert Weir, Elizabeth -Barker, the young wife of Edward -Winslow, is attired in gay colors and -extreme fashion, while beside her stands -a boy of about eight years with a canteen -strapped over his shoulders. It has -been stated that this is the silver canteen, -marked “E. W.,” now in the cabinet of -<span class='pageno' title='56' id='Page_56'></span>the Massachusetts Historical Society. -The only record <i>there</i> is<a id='r37' /><a href='#f37' class='c022'><sup>[37]</sup></a> “presentation, -June, 1870, by James Warren, Senr., -of a silver canteen and pewter plate -which once belonged to Gov. Edward -Winslow with his arms and initials.” -As Elizabeth Barker, who came from -Chatsun or Chester, England, to Holland, -was married April 3, 1618, to -Winslow,<a id='r38' /><a href='#f38' class='c022'><sup>[38]</sup></a> and as she was his first wife, -the son must have been a baby when -<i>The Mayflower</i> sailed. Moreover, there -is no record by Bradford of any child -that came with the Winslows, except the -orphan, Ellen More. It has been suggested -that the latter was of noble -lineage.<a id='r39' /><a href='#f39' class='c022'><sup>[39]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>Mary Norris, of Newbury in England, -wife of one of the wealthiest and -most prominent of the Pilgrims in -early years, Isaac Allerton, died in February -of the first winter, leaving two -young girls, Remember and Mary, and -<span class='pageno' title='57' id='Page_57'></span>a son, Bartholomew or “Bart.” The -daughters married well, Remember to -Moses Maverick of Salem, and Mary -to Thomas Cushman. Mrs. Allerton -gave birth to a child that was still-born -while on <i>The Mayflower</i> and thus she -had less strength to endure the hardships -which followed.<a id='r40' /><a href='#f40' class='c022'><sup>[40]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>When Bradford, recording the death -of Katherine Carver, called her a “weak -woman,” he referred to her health which -was delicate while she lived at Plymouth -and could not withstand the grief and -shock of her husband’s death in April. -She died the next month. She has been -called “a gracious woman” in another -record of her death.<a id='r41' /><a href='#f41' class='c022'><sup>[41]</sup></a> She was the sister -or sister-in-law of John Robinson, their -pastor in England and Holland. Recent -investigation has claimed that she -was first married to George Legatt and -later to Carver.<a id='r42' /><a href='#f42' class='c022'><sup>[42]</sup></a> Two children died and -<span class='pageno' title='58' id='Page_58'></span>were buried in Holland in 1609 and 1617 -and, apparently, these were the only -children born to the Carvers. The maid, -Lois, who came with them on <i>The Mayflower</i>, -is supposed to have married -Francis Eaton, but she did not live long -after 1622. Desire Minter, who was -also of the Carver household, has been -the victim of much speculation. Mrs. -Jane G. Austin, in her novel, “Standish -of Standish,” makes her the female -scapegrace of the colony, jealous, discontented -and quarrelsome. On the -other hand, and still speculatively, she is -portrayed as the elder sister and housekeeper -for John Howland and Elizabeth -Tilley, after the death of Mistress -Carver; this is assumed because the first -girl born to the Howlands was named -Desire.<a id='r43' /><a href='#f43' class='c022'><sup>[43]</sup></a> The only known facts about -Desire Minter are those given by Bradford, -“she returned to friends and proved -not well, and dyed in England.”<a id='r44' /><a href='#f44' class='c022'><sup>[44]</sup></a> By -research among the Leyden records, -<span class='pageno' title='59' id='Page_59'></span>collated by H. M. Dexter,<a id='r45' /><a href='#f45' class='c022'><sup>[45]</sup></a> the name, -Minter, occurs a few times. William -Minter, the husband of Sarah, was associated -with the Carvers and Chiltons in -marriage betrothals. William Minter -was purchaser of a house from William -Jeppson, in Leyden, in 1614. Another -record is of a student at the University -of Leyden who lived at the house of -John Minter. Another reference to -Thomas Minter of Sandwich, Kent, may -furnish a clue.<a id='r46' /><a href='#f46' class='c022'><sup>[46]</sup></a> Evidently, to some of -these relatives, with property, near or -distant of kin, Desire Minter returned -before 1626.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Another unmarried woman, who survived -the hardships of the first winter, -but returned to England and died there, -was Humility Cooper. We know almost -nothing about her except that she -and Henry Sampson were cousins of -Edward Tilley and his wife. She is also -mentioned as a relative of Richard Clopton, -<span class='pageno' title='60' id='Page_60'></span>one of the early religious leaders in -England.<a id='r47' /><a href='#f47' class='c022'><sup>[47]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>The “mother” of this group of matrons -and maidens, who survived the -winters of 1621-2, was undoubtedly -Mistress Mary Brewster. Wife of the -Elder, she shared his religious faith and -zeal, and exercised a strong moral influence -upon the women and children. -Pastor John Robinson, in a letter to -Governor Bradford, in 1623, refers to -“her weake and decayed state of body,” -but she lived until April 17, 1627, according -to records in “the Brewster -Book.” She was only fifty-seven years -at her death but, as Bradford said with -tender appreciation, “her great and continuall -labours, with other crosses and -sorrows, hastened it before y<sup>e</sup> time.” As -Elder Brewster “could fight as well as -he could pray,” could build his own -house and till his own land,<a id='r48' /><a href='#f48' class='c022'><sup>[48]</sup></a> so, we may -believe, his wife was efficient in all -domestic ways. When her strength -<span class='pageno' title='61' id='Page_61'></span>failed, it is pleasant to think that she -accepted graciously the loving assistance -of the younger women to whom she -must have seemed, in her presence, like -a benediction. Her married life was -fruitful; five children lived to maturity -and two or more had died in Holland. -The Elder was “wise and discreet and -well-spoken—of a cheerful spirit, sociable -and pleasant among his friends, -undervaluing himself and his abilities -and sometimes overvaluing others.”<a id='r49' /><a href='#f49' class='c022'><sup>[49]</sup></a> -Such a person is sure to be a delightful -companion. To these attractive qualities -the Elder added another proof of tact -and wisdom: “He always thought it -were better for ministers to pray oftener -and divide their prayers, than be long -and tedious in the same.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>While Mistress Brewster did not excel -the women of her day, probably, in education,—for -to read easily and to write -were not considered necessary graces for -even the better-bred classes,—she could -<span class='pageno' title='62' id='Page_62'></span>appreciate the thirty-eight copies of the -Scriptures which were found among her -husband’s four hundred volumes; <i>these</i> -would be familiar to her, but the sixty-four -books in Latin would not be read -by the women of her day. Fortunately, -she did not survive, as did her husband, -to endure grief from the deaths of -the daughters, Fear and Patience, both -of whom died before 1635; nor yet did -she realize the bitterness of feeling between -the sons, Jonathan and Love, and -their differences of opinion in the settlement -of the Elder’s estate.<a id='r50' /><a href='#f50' class='c022'><sup>[50]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>A traditional picture has been given<a id='r51' /><a href='#f51' class='c022'><sup>[51]</sup></a> -of Captain Peregrine White of Marshfield, -“riding a black horse and wearing -a coat with buttons the size of a silver -dollar, vigorous and of a comely aspect -to the last,”<a id='r52' /><a href='#f52' class='c022'><sup>[52]</sup></a> paying daily visits to his -mother, Mistress Susanna White Winslow. -We may imagine this elderly matron, -<span class='pageno' title='63' id='Page_63'></span>sitting in the Winslow arm-chair, -with its mark, “Cheapside, 1614,”<a id='r53' /><a href='#f53' class='c022'><sup>[53]</sup></a> perhaps -wearing the white silk shoulder-cape -with its trimmings of embossed -velvet which has been preserved, proud -that she was privileged to be the mother -of this son, the first child born of white -parents in New England, proud that she -had been the wife of a Governor and -Commissioner of eminence, and also the -mother of Josiah Winslow, the first native-born -Governor of any North American -commonwealth. Hers was a record -of which any woman of any century -might well be proud!<a id='r54' /><a href='#f54' class='c022'><sup>[54]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>In social position and worldly comforts -her life was pre-eminent among the -colonists. Although Edward Winslow -had renounced some of his English -wealth, possibly, when he went to Holland -and adopted the trade of printer, -<span class='pageno' title='64' id='Page_64'></span>he “came into his own” again and was -in high favor with English courts and -statesmen. His services as agent and -commissioner, both for the Plymouth -colony and later for Cromwell, must -have necessitated long absences from -home, while his wife remained at Careswell, -the estate at Green Harbor, -Marshfield, caring for her younger -children, Elizabeth and Josiah Winslow. -By family tradition, Mistress Susanna -was a woman of graceful, aristocratic -bearing and of strong character. Sometimes -called Anna, as in her marriage -record to William White at Leyden, -February 11, 1612,<a id='r55' /><a href='#f55' class='c022'><sup>[55]</sup></a> she was the sister -of Dr. Samuel Fuller. Two children by -her first marriage died in 1615 and 1616; -with her boy, Resolved, about five or six -years old, she came with her husband -on <i>The Mayflower</i> and, at the end of -the voyage, bore her son, Peregrine -White.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The tact, courtesy and practical sagacity -<span class='pageno' title='65' id='Page_65'></span>of Edward Winslow fitted him -for the many demands that were made -upon his diplomacy. One of the most -amusing stories of his experiences as -agent for Plymouth colony has been related -by himself<a id='r56' /><a href='#f56' class='c022'><sup>[56]</sup></a> when, at the request -of the Indians, he visited Massasoit, who -was ill, and brought about the recovery -of this chief by common sense methods -of treatment and by a “savory broth” -made from Indian corn, sassafras and -strawberry leaves, “strained through his -handkerchief.” The skill with which -Winslow cooked the broth and the -“relish” of ducks reflected credit upon -the household methods of Mistress -Winslow.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After 1646, Edward Winslow did not -return to Plymouth for any long sojourn, -for Cromwell and his advisers -had recognized the worth of such a man -as commissioner.<a id='r57' /><a href='#f57' class='c022'><sup>[57]</sup></a> In 1655 he was sent -as one of three commissioners against -<span class='pageno' title='66' id='Page_66'></span>the Spaniards in the West Indies to -attack St. Domingo. Because of lack -of supplies and harmony among the -troops, the attack was a failure. To -atone for this the fleet started towards -Jamaica, but on the way, near Hispaniola, -Winslow was taken ill of fever and -died, May 8, 1655; he was buried at sea -with a military salute from forty-two -guns. The salary paid to Winslow -during these years was £1000, which was -large for those times. On April 18, -1656, a “representation” from his widow, -Susanna, and son was presented to the -Lord Protector and council, asking that, -although Winslow’s death occurred the -previous May, the remaining £500 of his -year’s salary might be paid to satisfy -his creditors.</p> - -<p class='c015'>To his wife and family Winslow, -doubtless, wrote letters as graceful and -interesting as are the few business -epistles that are preserved in the Winthrop -Papers.<a id='r58' /><a href='#f58' class='c022'><sup>[58]</sup></a> That he was anxious -<span class='pageno' title='67' id='Page_67'></span>to return to his family is evident from -a letter by President Steele of the Society -for Propagating the Gospel in -New England (in 1650), which Winslow -was also serving;<a id='r59' /><a href='#f59' class='c022'><sup>[59]</sup></a> “Winslow was -unwilling to be longer kept from his -family, but his great acquaintance and -influence were of service to the cause so -great that it was hoped he would remain -for a time longer.” In his will, which -is now in Somerset House, London, -dated 1654, he left his estate at Marshfield -to his son, Josiah, with the stipulation -that his wife, Susanna, should be -allowed a full third part thereof through -her life.<a id='r60' /><a href='#f60' class='c022'><sup>[60]</sup></a> She lived twenty-five years -longer, dying in October, 1680, at the -estate, Careswell. It is supposed that -she was buried on the hillside cemetery -of the Daniel Webster estate in Marshfield, -where, amid tangles and flowers, -may be located the grave-stones of her -children and grandchildren.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Sharing with Mistress Susanna White -<span class='pageno' title='68' id='Page_68'></span>Winslow the distinction of being mother -of a child born on <i>The Mayflower</i> was -Mistress Elizabeth Hopkins, whose son, -Oceanus, was named for his birthplace. -She was the second wife of Stephen -Hopkins, who was one of the leaders -with Winslow and Standish on early -expeditions. With her stepchildren, Constance -and Giles, and her little daughter, -Damaris, she bore the rigors of -those first years, bore other children,—Caleb, -Ruth, Deborah and Elizabeth,—and -cared for a large estate, including -servants and many cattle. The inventory -of the Hopkins estate revealed an -abundance of beds and bedding, yellow -and green rugs, curtains and spinning-wheels, -and much wearing apparel. The -home-life surely had incidents of excitement, -as is shown by the accusations -and fines against Stephen Hopkins -for “suffering excessive drinking at his -house, 1637, when William Reynolds -was drunk and lay under the table,” -and again for “suffering men to drink -<span class='pageno' title='69' id='Page_69'></span>in his house on the Lord’s Day, both -before and after the meeting—and -allowing his servant and others to drink -more than for ordinary refreshing and -to play shovell board and such like misdemeanors.”<a id='r61' /><a href='#f61' class='c022'><sup>[61]</sup></a> -Such lapses in conduct -at the Hopkins house were atoned for -by the services which Stephen Hopkins -rendered to the colony as explorer, -assistant to the governor and other -offices which suited his reliable and fearless -disposition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>These occasional “misdemeanors” in -the Hopkins household were slight compared -with the records against “the black -sheep” of the colony, the family of Billingtons -from London. The mother, -Helen or Ellen, did not seem to redeem -the reputation of husband and -sons; traditionally she was called “the -scold.” After her husband had been -executed in 1630, for the first murder -in the colony, for he had waylaid -and killed John Newcomen, she married -<span class='pageno' title='70' id='Page_70'></span>Gregory Armstrong. She had various -controversies in court with her son -and others. In 1636, she was accused -of slander by “Deacon” John Doane,—she -had charged him with unfairness in -mowing her pasture lot,—and she was -sentenced to a fine of five pounds and -“to sit in the stocks and be publickly -whipt.”<a id='r62' /><a href='#f62' class='c022'><sup>[62]</sup></a> Her second husband died in -1650 and she lived several years longer, -occupying a “tenement” granted to her -in her son’s house at North Plymouth. -Apparently her son, John, after his fractious -youth, died; Francis married Christian -Penn, the widow of Francis Eaton. -Their children seem to have “been bound -out” for service while the parents were -convicted of trying to entice the children -away from their work and, consequently, -they were punished by sitting in the -stocks on “lecture days.”<a id='r63' /><a href='#f63' class='c022'><sup>[63]</sup></a> In his later -life, Francis Billington became more -stable in character and served on committees. -His last offense was the mild -<span class='pageno' title='71' id='Page_71'></span>one “of drinking tobacco on the highway.” -Apparently, Helen Billington had -many troubles and little sympathy in the -Plymouth colony.</p> - -<p class='c015'>As companions to these matrons of -the pioneer days were four maidens who -must have been valuable as assistants in -housework and care of the children,—Priscilla -Mullins, Mary Chilton, Elizabeth -Tilley and Constance Hopkins. -The first three had been orphaned during -that first winter; probably, they -became members of the households of -Elder Brewster and Governor Carver. -All have left names that are most -honorably cherished by their many -descendants. Priscilla Mullins has been -celebrated in romance and poetry. -Very little real knowledge exists about -her and many of the surmises would be -more interesting if they could be proved. -She was well-born, for her father, at his -death, was mentioned with regret<a id='r64' /><a href='#f64' class='c022'><sup>[64]</sup></a> as -“a man pious and well-deserving, endowed -<span class='pageno' title='72' id='Page_72'></span>also with considerable outward -estate; and had it been the will of God -that he had survived, might have proved -an useful instrument in his place.” -There was a family tradition of a castle, -Molyneux or Molines, in Normandy. -The title of <i>Mr.</i> indicated that he was a -man of standing and he was a counsellor -in state and church. Perhaps he died -on shipboard at Plymouth, because his -will, dated April 2, 1621, was witnessed -by John Carver, Christopher Jones and -Giles Heald, probably the captain and -surgeon of the ship, <i>Mayflower</i>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>This will, which has been recently -found in Dorking, Surrey, England, has -had important influence upon research. -We learn that an older sister, Sarah -Blunden, living in Surrey, was named -as administratrix, and that a son, William -(who came to Plymouth before -1637) was to have money, bonds and -stocks in England. Goods in Virginia -and more money,—ten pounds each,—were -bequeathed equally to his wife -<span class='pageno' title='73' id='Page_73'></span>Alice, his daughter Priscilla and the -younger son, Joseph. Interesting also -is the item of “xxj dozen shoes and -thirteene paire of boots wch I give unto -the Companie’s hands for forty pounds -at seaven yeares.” If the Company -would not accept the rate, these shoes -and boots were to be for the equal -benefit of his wife and son, William. -To his friend, John Carver, he commits -his wife and children and also asks for -a “special eye to my man Robert wch -hath not so approved himself as I would -he should have done.”<a id='r65' /><a href='#f65' class='c022'><sup>[65]</sup></a> Before this will -was probated, July 23, 1621, John -Carver, Mistress Alice Mullins, the son, -Joseph, and the man, Robert Carter (or -Cartier) were all dead, leaving Priscilla -to carry on the work to which they had -pledged their lives. Perhaps the brother -and sister in England were children of -an earlier marriage,<a id='r66' /><a href='#f66' class='c022'><sup>[66]</sup></a> as Alice Mullins -has been spoken of as a second wife.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Priscilla was about twenty years old -<span class='pageno' title='74' id='Page_74'></span>when she came to Plymouth. By tradition -she was handsome, witty, deft and -skilful as spinner and cook. Into her -life came John Alden, a cooper of unknown -family, who joined the Pilgrims -at Southampton, under promise to stay -a year. Probably he was not the first -suitor for Priscilla’s hand, for tradition -affirmed that she had been sought in -Leyden. The single sentence by Bradford -tells the story of their romance: -“being a hop[e]full yong man was much -desired, but left to his owne liking to go -or stay when he came here; but he -stayed, and maryed here.” With him he -brought a Bible, printed 1620,<a id='r67' /><a href='#f67' class='c022'><sup>[67]</sup></a> probably -a farewell gift or purchase as he left -England. When the grant of land and -cattle was made in 1627, he was twenty-eight -years old, and had in his family, -Priscilla, his wife, a daughter, Elizabeth, -aged three, and a son, John, aged one.<a id='r68' /><a href='#f68' class='c022'><sup>[68]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>The poet, Longfellow, was a descendant -<span class='pageno' title='75' id='Page_75'></span>of Priscilla Alden, and he had often -heard the story of the courtship of Priscilla -by Miles Standish, through John -Alden as his proxy. It was said to date -back to a poem, “Courtship,” by Moses -Mullins, 1672. In detail it was given -by Timothy Alden in “American Epitaphs,” -1814,<a id='r69' /><a href='#f69' class='c022'><sup>[69]</sup></a> but there are here some -deflections from facts as later research -has revealed them. The magic words of -romance, “Why don’t you speak for -yourself, John?” are found in this early -narrative.</p> - -<p class='c015'>There was more than romance in the -lives of John and Priscilla Alden as the -“vital facts” indicate. Their first home -was at Town Square, Plymouth, on the -site of the first school-house but, by -1633, they lived upon a farm of one -hundred and sixty-nine acres in Duxbury. -Their first house here was about -three hundred feet from the present -Alden house, which was built by the son, -Jonathan, and is now occupied by the -<span class='pageno' title='76' id='Page_76'></span>eighth John Alden. It must have been a -lonely farmstead for Priscilla, although -she made rare visits, doubtless on an ox -or a mare, or in an ox-cart with her children, -to see Barbara Standish at Captain’s -Hill, or to the home of Jonathan -Brewster, a few miles distant. As farmer, -John Alden was not so successful -as he would have been at his trade -of cooper. Moreover, he gave much of -his time to the service of the colony -throughout his manhood, acting as assistant -to the Governor, treasurer, surveyor, -agent and military recruit. Like -many another public servant of his day -and later, he “became low in his estate” -and was allowed a small gratuity of ten -pounds because “he hath been occationed -to spend time at the Courts on the -Countryes occasion and soe hath done -this many yeares.”<a id='r70' /><a href='#f70' class='c022'><sup>[70]</sup></a> He had also been -one of the eight “undertakers” who, in -1627, assumed the debts and financial -support of the Plymouth colony.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' title='77' id='Page_77'></span>Eleven children had been born to -John and Priscilla Alden, five sons and -six daughters. Sarah married Alexander -Standish and so cemented the two -families in blood as well as in friendship. -Ruth, who married John Bass, became -the ancestress of John Adams and John -Quincy Adams. Elizabeth, who married -William Pabodie, had thirteen children, -eleven of them girls, and lived to be -ninety-three years; at her death the -<i>Boston News Letter</i><a id='r71' /><a href='#f71' class='c022'><sup>[71]</sup></a> extolled her as -“exemplary, virtuous and pious and her -memory is blessed.” Possibly with all -her piety she had a good share of the -independence of spirit which was accredited -to her mother; in her husband’s -will<a id='r72' /><a href='#f72' class='c022'><sup>[72]</sup></a> she is given her “third at Little -Compton” and an abundance of household -stuff, but with this reservation,—“If -she will not be contented with her -thirds at Little Compton, but shall claim -her thirds in both Compton and Duxbury -or marry again, I do hereby make -<span class='pageno' title='78' id='Page_78'></span>voyde all my bequest unto her and she -shall share only the parte as if her husband -died intestate.” A portrait of her -shows dress of rich materials.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Captain John Alden seems to have -been more adventuresome than the other -boys in Priscilla’s family. He was -master of a merchantman in Boston and -commander of armed vessels which supplied -marine posts with provisions. Like -his sister, Elizabeth, he had thirteen -children. He was once accused of witchcraft, -when he was present at a trial, -and was imprisoned fifteen weeks without -being allowed bail.<a id='r73' /><a href='#f73' class='c022'><sup>[73]</sup></a> He escaped -and hurried to Duxbury, where he must -have astonished his mother by the recital -of his adventures. He left an estate of -£2059, in his will, two houses, one of -wood worth four hundred pounds, and -another of brick worth <a id='err088'></a>two hundred and seventy pounds, -besides much plate, brass and money and -debts amounting to £1259, “the most of -which are desperite.” A tablet in the -<span class='pageno' title='79' id='Page_79'></span>wall of the Old South Church at Copley -Square, Boston, records his death at the -age of seventy-five, March, 1701. He -was an original member of this church. -Perhaps Priscilla varied her peaceful life -by visits to this affluent son in Boston.</p> - -<p class='c015'>There is no evidence of the date of -Priscilla Alden’s death or the place of -her burial. She was living and present, -with her husband, at Josiah Winslow’s -funeral in 1680. She must have died -before her husband, for in his <a id='err089'></a>inventory, -1686, he makes no mention of her. He -left a small estate of only a little over -forty pounds, although he had given to -his sons land in Duxbury, Taunton, -Middleboro and Bridgewater.<a id='r74' /><a href='#f74' class='c022'><sup>[74]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>Probably Priscilla also bestowed some -of her treasures upon her children before -she died. Some of her spoons, pewter -and candle-sticks have been traced by -inheritance. It is not likely that she was -“rich in this world’s goods” through her -marriage, but she had a husband whose -<span class='pageno' title='80' id='Page_80'></span>fidelity to state and religion have ever -been respected. To his memory Rev. -John Cotton wrote some elegiac verses; -Justin Winsor has emphasized the honor -which is still paid to the name of John -Alden in Duxbury and Plymouth:<a id='r75' /><a href='#f75' class='c022'><sup>[75]</sup></a> -“He was possessed of a sound judgment -and of talents which, though not brilliant, -were by no means ordinary—decided, -ardent, resolute, and persevering, -indifferent to danger, a bold and -hardy man, stern, austere and unyielding -and of incorruptible integrity.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>The name of Mary Chilton is pleasant -to the ear and imagination. Chilton -Street and Chiltonville in Plymouth, and -the Chilton Club in Boston, keep alive -memories of this girl who was, by persistent -tradition, the first woman who -stepped upon the rock of landing at -Plymouth harbor. This tradition was -given in writing, in 1773, by Ann Taylor, -the grandchild of Mary Chilton -and John Winslow.<a id='r76' /><a href='#f76' class='c022'><sup>[76]</sup></a> Her father, James -<span class='pageno' title='81' id='Page_81'></span>Chilton, sometimes with the Dutch spelling, -Tgiltron, was a man of influence -among the early leaders, but he died at -Cape Cod, December 8, 1620. He came -from Canterbury, England, to Holland. -By the records on the Roll of Freemen -of the City of Canterbury,<a id='r77' /><a href='#f77' class='c022'><sup>[77]</sup></a> he is named -as James Chylton, tailor, “Freeman by -Gift, 1583.” Earlier Chiltons,—William, -spicer, and Nicholas, clerk,—are -classified as “Freemen by Redemption.” -Three children were baptized in St. -Paul’s Church, Canterbury,—Isabella, -1586; Jane, 1589; and Ingle, 1599. -Isabella was married in Leyden to -Roger Chandler five years before <i>The -Mayflower</i> sailed. Evidently, Mary bore -the same name as an older sister -whose burial is recorded at St. Martin’s, -Canterbury, in 1593. Isaac Chilton, a -glass-maker, may have been brother or -cousin of James. Of Mary’s mother -almost nothing has been found except -<span class='pageno' title='82' id='Page_82'></span>mention of her death during the infection -of 1621.<a id='r78' /><a href='#f78' class='c022'><sup>[78]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>When <i>The Fortune</i> arrived in November, -1621, it brought Mary Chilton’s -future husband among the passengers,—John -Winslow, younger brother of Edward. -Not later than 1627 they were -married and lived at first in the central -settlement, and later in Plain Dealing, -North Plymouth. They had ten children. -The son, John, was Brigadier-General -in the <a id='err092'></a>Army. -John Winslow, Sr., seemed to show a -spirit of enterprise by the exchange and -sale of his “lots” in Plymouth and afterwards -in Boston where he moved his -family, and became a successful owner -and master of merchant ships. Here he -acquired land on Devonshire Street and -Spring Lane and also on Marshall -Lane and Hanover Street. From -Plans and Deeds, prepared by Annie -Haven Thwing,<a id='r79' /><a href='#f79' class='c022'><sup>[79]</sup></a> one may locate a home -<span class='pageno' title='83' id='Page_83'></span>of Mary Chilton Winslow in Boston, a -lot 72 and 85, 55 and 88, in the rear of -the first Old South Church, at the south-west -corner of Joyliffe’s Lane, now -Devonshire Street, and Spring Lane. -It was adjacent to land owned by John -Winthrop and Richard Parker. By -John Winslow’s will, probated May 21, -1674, he bequeathed this house, land, -gardens and a goodly sum of money and -shares of stock to his wife and children. -The house and stable, with land, was inventoried -for £490 and the entire estate -for £2946-14-10. He had a Katch -<i>Speedwell</i>, with cargoes of pork, sugar -and tobacco, and a Barke <i>Mary</i>, whose -produce was worth £209; these were to -be divided among his children. His -money was also to be divided, including -133 “peeces of eight.”<a id='r80' /><a href='#f80' class='c022'><sup>[80]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>Interesting as are the items of this -will, which afford proofs that Mary -Chilton as matron had luxuries undreamed -of in the days of 1621, <i>her</i> will -<span class='pageno' title='84' id='Page_84'></span>is even more important for us. It is -one of the three <i>original</i> known wills of -<i>Mayflower</i> passengers, the others being -those of <a id='err094'></a>Edward Winslow and Peregrine White. -Mary Chilton’s will is in the -Suffolk Registry of Probate,<a id='r81' /><a href='#f81' class='c022'><sup>[81]</sup></a> Boston, -in good condition, on paper 18 by 14 -inches. The will was made July 31, -1676. Among other interesting bequests -are: to my daughter Sarah (Middlecot) -“my Best gowne and Pettecoat and my -silver beare bowl” and to each of her -children “a silver cup with a handle.” -To her grandchild, William Payne, was -left her “great silver Tankard” and to -her granddaughter, Ann Gray, “a trunk -of Linning” (linen) with bed, bolsters -and ten pounds in money. Many silver -spoons and “ruggs” were to be divided. -To her grandchild, Susanna Latham, -was definite allotment of “my <a id='err094-2'></a>Petty -coate with silke Lace.” In the -inventory one may find commentary -upon the valuation of these goods—“silk -<span class='pageno' title='85' id='Page_85'></span>gowns and pettecoats” for £6-10, -twenty-two napkins at seven shillings, -and three “great pewter dishes” and -twenty small pieces of pewter for two -pounds, six shillings. She had gowns, -mantles, head bands, fourteen in number, -seventeen linen caps, six white aprons, -pocket-handkerchiefs and all other articles -of dress. Mary Chilton Winslow -could not write her name, but -she made a very neat mark, <i>M.</i> She -was buried beneath the Winslow coat of -arms at the front of King’s Chapel -Burial-ground in Boston. She closely -rivalled, if she did not surpass in wealth -and social position, her sister-in-law, -Susanna White Winslow.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Elizabeth Tilley had a more quiet life, -but she excelled her associates among -these girls of Plymouth in one way,—she -could write her name very well. -Possibly she was taught by her husband, -John Howland who left, in his inventory, -an ink-horn, and who wrote -records and letters often for the colonists. -<span class='pageno' title='86' id='Page_86'></span>For many years, until the discovery -and printing of Bradford’s -History of Plymouth Plantation in -1856, it was assumed that Elizabeth -Tilley was either the daughter or granddaughter -of Governor Carver; such -misstatement even appears upon the -Howland tombstone in the old burying-ground -at Plymouth. Efforts to explain -by assuming a second marriage of -Carver or a first marriage of Howland -fail to convince, for, surely, such relationships -would have been mentioned -by Bradford, Winslow, Morton or -Prence. After the death of her parents, -during the first winter, Elizabeth remained -with the Carver household until -that was broken by death; afterwards -she was included in the family over -which John Howland was considered -“head”; according to the grant of 1624 -he was given an acre each for himself, -Elizabeth Tilley, Desire Minter, and -the boy, William Latham.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The <a id='err096'></a>step-mother of Elizabeth Tilley bore -<span class='pageno' title='87' id='Page_87'></span>a Dutch name, Bridget Van De Veldt.<a id='r82' /><a href='#f82' class='c022'><sup>[82]</sup></a> -Elizabeth was ten or twelve years -younger than her husband, at least, for -he was twenty-eight years old in 1620. -They were married, probably, by 1623-4, -for the second child, John, was born in -1626. It is not known how long Howland -had been with the Pilgrims at -Leyden; he may have come there with -Cushman in 1620 or, possibly, he joined -the company at Southampton. His ancestry -is still in some doubt in spite of -the efforts to trace it to one John Howland, -“gentleman and citizen and salter” -of London.<a id='r83' /><a href='#f83' class='c022'><sup>[83]</sup></a> Probably the outfit necessary -for the voyage was furnished to -him by Carver, and the debt was to be -paid in some service, clerical or other; -in no other sense was he a “servant.” -He signed the compact of <i>The Mayflower</i> -and was one of the “ten principal -men” chosen to select a site for the -colony. For many years he was prominent -<span class='pageno' title='88' id='Page_88'></span>in civic affairs of the state and -church. He was among the liberals -towards Quakers as were his brothers -who came later to Marshfield,—Arthur -and Henry. At Rocky Neck, near the -Jones River in Kingston, as it is now -called, the Howland household was prosperous, -with nine children to keep Elizabeth -Tilley’s hands occupied. She -lived until past <a id='err098'></a>eighty years, and died -at the home of her daughter, Lydia -Howland Brown, in Swanzey, in 1687. -Among the articles mentioned in her -will are many books of religious type. -Her husband’s estate as inventoried was -not large, but mentioned such useful -articles as silk neckcloths, four dozen -buttons and many skeins of silk.<a id='r84' /><a href='#f84' class='c022'><sup>[84]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>Constance or Constanta Hopkins was -probably about the same age as Elizabeth -Tilley, for she was married before -1627 to Nicholas Snow, who came in -<i>The Ann</i>. They had twelve children, and -among the names one recognizes such -<span class='pageno' title='89' id='Page_89'></span>familiar patronymics of the two families -as Mark, Stephen, Ruth and Elizabeth. -Family tradition has ascribed -beauty and patience to this maiden -who, doubtless, served well both in her -father’s large family and in the community. -Her step-sister, Damaris, married -Jacob Cooke, son of the Pilgrim, -Francis Cooke.</p> - -<hr class='c023' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f35'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. </span>Now in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f36'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. </span>For discussion of the ancestry of Standish, see “Some -Recent Investigations of the Ancestry of Capt. Myles -Standish,” by Thomas Cruddas Porteus of Coppell, Lancashire; -N. E. Gen. Hist. Register, 68; 339-370; also in -edition, Boston, 1914.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f37'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. </span>Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, iv, 322.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f38'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r38'>38</a>. </span>England and Holland of the Pilgrims, Dexter.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f39'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. </span><a id='err066'></a>The Mayflower Descendant, v. 256.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f40'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. </span>History of the Allerton Family; W. S. Allerton, N. Y., -1888.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f41'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r41'>41</a>. </span>New England Memorial; Morton.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f42'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. </span>The Colonial, I, 46; also Gen. Hist. Reg., 67; 382, note.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f43'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r43'>43</a>. </span>Life of Pilgrim Alden; Augustus E. Alden; Boston, 1902.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f44'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r44'>44</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Appendix.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f45'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r45'>45</a>. </span>The England and Holland of the Pilgrims.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f46'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r46'>46</a>. </span>N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., 45, 56.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f47'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r47'>47</a>. </span>N. E. Gen. Hist.; iv, 108.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f48'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r48'>48</a>. </span>The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f49'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r49'>49</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f50'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r50'>50</a>. </span>Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f51'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r51'>51</a>. </span>The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin; foot-note, p. -181.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f52'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r52'>52</a>. </span>Account of his death in <i>Boston News Letter</i>, July 31, -1704.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f53'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r53'>53</a>. </span>This chair and the cape are now in Pilgrim Hall, -Plymouth; here also are portraits of Edward Winslow and -Josiah Winslow and the latter’s wife, Penelope.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f54'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r54'>54</a>. </span>More material may be found in Winslow Memorial; -Family Record, Holton, N. Y., 1877, and in Ancestral -Chronological Record of the William White Family, 1607-1895, -Concord, 1895.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f55'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r55'>55</a>. </span><a id='err075'></a>The Mayflower Descendant, vii, 193.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f56'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r56'>56</a>. </span>Winslow’s Relation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f57'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r57'>57</a>. </span>State Papers, Colonial Service, 1574-1660. Winthrop -Papers, ii, 283.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f58'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r58'>58</a>. </span>Hutchinson Collections, 110, 153, etc.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f59'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r59'>59</a>. </span>The Pilgrim Republic; Goodwin, 444.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f60'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r60'>60</a>. </span><a id='err077'></a>The Mayflower Descendant, iv, 1.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f61'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r61'>61</a>. </span>Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f62'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r62'>62</a>. </span>Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f63'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. </span>The Pilgrim Republic; Goodwin.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f64'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. </span>New England Memorial; Morton.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f65'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. </span>Pilgrim Alden, by Augustus E. Alden, Boston, 1902.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f66'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. </span>Gen. Hist. Register, 40; 62-3.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f67'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r67'>67</a>. </span>Now in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f68'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. </span>Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f69'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r69'>69</a>. </span>American Epitaphs, 1814; 111, 139.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f70'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. </span>Records of the Colony of New Plymouth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f71'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r71'>71</a>. </span>June 17, 1717.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f72'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. </span><a id='err088-2'></a>The Mayflower Descendant, vi, 129.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f73'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. </span>History of Witchcraft; Upham.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f74'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r74'>74</a>. </span><a id='err089-2'></a>The Mayflower Descendant, iii, 10. The Story of a Pilgrim -Family; Rev. John Alden; Boston, 1890.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f75'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. </span>History of Duxbury; Winsor.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f76'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. </span>History of Plymouth; James Thatcher.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f77'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. </span>Probably this freedom was given by the city or some -board therein, as mark of respect. N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., -63, 201.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f78'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. </span>Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Appendix.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f79'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. </span>Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston. Also dimensions -in Bowditch Title Books: 26: 315.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f80'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r80'>80</a>. </span><a id='err093'></a>The Mayflower Descendant, iii, 129 (1901).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f81'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r81'>81</a>. </span>This will is reprinted in <a id='err095'></a>The Mayflower Descendant, 1: 65.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f82'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r82'>82</a>. </span>N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., i, 34.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f83'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r83'>83</a>. </span>Recollections of John Howland, etc. E. H. Stone, -Providence, 1857.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f84'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r84'>84</a>. </span><a id='err098-2'></a>The Mayflower Descendant, ii, 70.</p> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' title='93' id='Page_93'></span> - <h2 id='ch4' class='c013'><span class='sc'>Chapter IV</span></h2> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c021'> - <div><span class='c020'>COMPANIONS WHO ARRIVED IN THE FORTUNE AND THE ANN</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>After the arrival of <i>The Ann</i>, in the -summer of 1623, the women who came -in <i>The Mayflower</i> had more companions -of good breeding and efficiency. Elizabeth -Warren, wife of Richard, came -with her five daughters; it is safe to -assume the latter were attractive for, in -a few years, all were well married. Two -sons were born after Elizabeth arrived -at Plymouth, Nathaniel and Joseph. -For forty-five years she survived her -husband, who had been a man of -strength of character and usefulness as -well as some wealth. When she died -at the age of ninety-three leaving -seventy-five great grandchildren, the -old Plymouth Colony Records paid her -tribute,—“Mistress Elizabeth Warren, -<span class='pageno' title='94' id='Page_94'></span>haveing lived a Godly life came to her -Grave as a Shock of corn full Ripe. -She was honourably buried on the 24th -of October (1673).”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Evidently, Mistress Warren was a -woman of independent means and efficiency,—else -she would have remarried, -as was the custom of the times. She -became one of the “purchasers” of the -colony and conveyed land, at different -times, near Eel River and what is now -Warren’s Cove, in Plymouth, to her -sons-in-law. An interesting sidelight -upon her character and home is found -in the Court Records;<a id='r85' /><a href='#f85' class='c022'><sup>[85]</sup></a> her servant, -Thomas Williams, was prosecuted for -“speaking profane and blasphemous -speeches against ye majestie of God. -There being some dissension between -him and his dame she, after other things, -exhorted him to fear God and doe his -duty.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Bridget Fuller followed her husband, -Dr. Samuel, and came in <i>The Ann</i>. She -<span class='pageno' title='95' id='Page_95'></span>also long survived her husband and did -not remarry. She carried on his household -and probably also his teaching for -many years after he fell victim to the -epidemic of infectious fever in 1633. -She was his third wife, but only two -children are known to have used the -Fuller cradle, now preserved in Pilgrim -Hall, Plymouth. It has been stated -that, in addition to these two, Samuel -and Mercy, another young child came -with its mother in <i>The Ann</i>, but did not -live long.<a id='r86' /><a href='#f86' class='c022'><sup>[86]</sup></a> The son, Samuel, born about -1625, was minister for many years -at Middleboro; he married Elizabeth -Brewster, thus preserving two friendly -families in kinship.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Evidently, Bridget Fuller was very -ill and not expected to recover when her -husband was dying, for in his will, made -at that time, he arranged for the education -of his children by his brother-in-law, -William Wright, unless it “shall please -God to recover my wife out of her weake -<span class='pageno' title='96' id='Page_96'></span>estate of sickness.” It is interesting also -that, in this will, provision was made for -the education of his daughter, Mercy, -as well as his son, Samuel, by Mrs. -Heeks or Hicks, the wife of Robert -Hicks who came in <i>The Ann</i>.<a id='r87' /><a href='#f87' class='c022'><sup>[87]</sup></a> Not -alone for his own children did this good -physician provide education, but also for -others “put to him for schooling,”—with -special mention of Sarah Converse “left -to me by her sick father.” This kind, -generous doctor left a considerable estate, -in spite of the many “debts for -physicke,” including that of “Mr. Roger -Williams which was freely given.” One -specific gift was for the good of the -church and this forms the nucleus of a -fund which is still known as the Fuller -Ministerial Fund of the Plymouth Congregational -Church. Its source was “the -first cow calfe that his Brown Cow -should have.”<a id='r88' /><a href='#f88' class='c022'><sup>[88]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' title='97' id='Page_97'></span>Mrs. Alice Morse Earle says that -gloves were gifts of sentiment;<a id='r89' /><a href='#f89' class='c022'><sup>[89]</sup></a> they -were generously bestowed by this physician -of old Plymouth. Money to buy -gloves, or gloves, were bequeathed to -Mistress Alice Bradford and Governor -Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay -Colony; also to John Winslow, John -Jenny and Rebecca Prence. The price -allowed for a pair of gloves was from -two to five shillings. Probably these -may have been the fringed leather -gloves or the knit gloves described -by Mrs. Earle. Another bequest -was his “best hat and band never -worn to old Mr. William Brewster.” -To his wife was left not alone two -houses, “one at Smeltriver and another -in town,” but also a fine supply of furnishings -and clothes, including stuffe -gown, red pettecoate, stomachers, -aprons, shoes and kerchiefs. Mistress -Fuller lived until after 1667, and exerted -<span class='pageno' title='98' id='Page_98'></span>a strong influence upon the educational -life of Plymouth.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Is it heresy to question whether the -sampler,<a id='r90' /><a href='#f90' class='c022'><sup>[90]</sup></a> accredited to Lora or Lorea -Standish, the daughter of Captain Miles -and Barbara Standish, was not more -probably the work of the granddaughter, -Lorea, the child of Alexander Standish -and Sarah Alden? The style and motto -are more in accord with the work of the -later generation and, surely, the necessary -time and materials for such work -would be more probable after the pioneer -days. This later Lora married <a id='err108'></a>Abraham -Sampson, son of the Henry who came -as a boy in <i>The Mayflower</i>.<a id='r91' /><a href='#f91' class='c022'><sup>[91]</sup></a> The embroidered -cap<a id='r92' /><a href='#f92' class='c022'><sup>[92]</sup></a> and bib, supposed to -have been made by Mistress Barbara for -her daughter, would prove that she had</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c024'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“hands with such convenient skill</div> - <div class='line'>As to conduce to vertu void of shame”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>which were the aspiration of the girl -who embroidered, or “wrought,” the -<span class='pageno' title='99' id='Page_99'></span>sampler. It is a pleasant commentary -upon the tastes and industry of Mistress -Barbara Standish that, amid the -cares of a large family and farm, she -found time for such dainty embroideries -as we find in the cap and bib.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Probably two young sons of Captain -and Barbara Standish, Charles and -John, died in the infectious fever epidemic -of 1633. A second Charles with -his brothers, Alexander, Miles and -Josiah, and his sister, Lorea, gladdened -the hearth of the Standish home on Captain’s -Hill, Duxbury. A goodly estate -was left at the death of Captain Miles, -including a well-equipped house, cattle, -mault mill, swords (as one would expect), -sixteen pewter pieces and several -books of classic literature,—Homer, -Cæsar’s Commentaries, histories of -Queen Elizabeth’s reign, military histories, -and three Bibles with commentaries -upon religious matters. There were -also medical books, for Standish was reputed -to have been a student and -<span class='pageno' title='100' id='Page_100'></span>practitioner in times of emergency in -Duxbury. He suffered a painful illness -at the close of his vigorous, adventuresome -life. Perhaps Barbara needed, at -times, grace to endure that “warm -temper” which Pastor Robinson deplored -in Miles Standish, a comment -which the intrepid Captain forgave and -answered by a bequest to the granddaughter -of this loved pastor. We may -be sure Barbara was proud of the -mighty share which her husband had in -saving Plymouth Colony from severe -disaster, if not from extinction. It is -surmised that Barbara Standish was -buried in Connecticut where she lived -during the last of her life with her son, -Josiah. Possibly, however, she may -have been buried beside her husband, -sons, daughter and daughter-in-law, -Mary Dingley, in Duxbury.<a id='r93' /><a href='#f93' class='c022'><sup>[93]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>The Colonial Governor and his Lady -ever held priority of rank. Such came -<span class='pageno' title='101' id='Page_101'></span>to Mrs. Alice Southworth when she -married Governor William Bradford a -few days after her arrival on <i>The Ann</i>. -Tradition has said persistently that this -was the consummation of an earlier -romance which was broken off by the -marriage of Alice Carpenter to Edward -Southworth in Leyden. The death of -her first husband left her with two sons, -Thomas and Constant Southworth, who -came to Plymouth before 1628. She -had sisters in the Colony: Priscilla, -the wife of William Wright, came in -<i>The Fortune</i>; Dr. Fuller’s first wife had -been another sister; Juliana, wife of -George Morton, was a third who came -also in <i>The Ann</i>. Still another sister, -Mary Carpenter, came later and lived -in the Governor’s family for many years. -At her death in her ninety-first year, -she was mourned as “a Godly old maid, -never married.”<a id='r94' /><a href='#f94' class='c022'><sup>[94]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>The first home of the Bradfords in -Plymouth was at Town Square where -<span class='pageno' title='102' id='Page_102'></span>now stands the Bradford block. About -1627-8 they moved, for a part of the -year, to the banks of the Jones River, -now Kingston, a place which had -strongly appealed to Bradford as a good -site for the original settlement when the -men were making their explorations in -December, 1620. William, Joseph and -<a id='err112'></a>Mercy were born to inherit from their -parents the fine characters of both Governor -and Alice Bradford, and also to -pass on to their children the carved -chests, wrought and carved chairs, case -and knives, desk, silver spoons, fifty-one -pewter dishes, five dozen napkins, three -striped carpets, four Venice glasses, besides -cattle and cooking utensils and -many books. That the Governor had a -proper “dress suit” was proved by the -inventory of “stuffe suit with silver buttons -and cloaks of violet, light colour -and faced with taffety and linen throw.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>As Mistress Bradford could only -“make her mark,” she probably did not -appreciate the remarkable collection, for -<span class='pageno' title='103' id='Page_103'></span>the times, of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, -Dutch and French books as well as the -studies in philosophy and theology which -were in her husband’s library. There is -no doubt that the first and second generations -of girls and boys in Plymouth -Colony had elementary instruction, at -least, under Dr. Fuller and Mrs. Hicks -as well as by other teachers. Bradford, -probably, would also attend to the education -of his own family. The Governor’s -wife has been accredited with -“labouring diligently for the improvement -of the young women of Plymouth -and to have been eminently worthy of -her high position.”<a id='r95' /><a href='#f95' class='c022'><sup>[95]</sup></a> She was the sole -executrix of her husband’s estate of -£1005,—a proof of her ability.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Sometimes her cheerfulness must have -been taxed to comfort her husband, as -old age came upon him and he fell into -the gloomy mood reflected in such lines -as these:<a id='r96' /><a href='#f96' class='c022'><sup>[96]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c024'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' title='104' id='Page_104'></span>“In fears and wants, through weal and woe,</div> - <div class='line'>A pilgrim passed I to and fro;</div> - <div class='line'>Oft left of them whom I did trust,</div> - <div class='line'>How vain it is to rest in dust!</div> - <div class='line'>A man of sorrows I have been,</div> - <div class='line'>And many changes I have seen,</div> - <div class='line'>Wars, wants, peace, plenty I have known,</div> - <div class='line'>And some advanc’d, others thrown down.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>When Mistress Alice Bradford died -she was “mourned, though aged” by -many. To her memory, Nathaniel Morton, -her nephew, wrote some lines which -were more biographic than poetical, recalling -her early life as an exile with her -father from England for the truth’s sake, -her first marriage</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c024'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“To one whose grace and virtue did surpasse,</div> - <div class='line'>I mean good Edward Southworth whoe not long</div> - <div class='line'>Continued in this world the saints amonge.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>With extravagant words he extols -the name of Bradford,—“fresh in memory -Which smeles with odoriferous fragrancye.”</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' title='105' id='Page_105'></span>This elegist records also that, after her -second widowhood, she lived a</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c024'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in8'>“life of holynes and faith,</div> - <div class='line'>In reading of God’s word and contemplation</div> - <div class='line'>Which healped her to assurance of salvation.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>This is not a very lively, graphic description -of the woman most honored, -perhaps, of all the pioneer women of -Plymouth, but we may add, by imagination, -a few sure traits of human kindliness -and grace. She was typical of -those women who came in <i>The Mayflower</i> -and her sister ships. Although -she escaped the tragic struggles and -illness of that first winter, yet she revealed -the same qualities of courage, -good sense, fidelity and vision which -were the watchwords of that group of -women in Plymouth colony. Yes,—they -had vision to see their part in the -sincere purpose to establish a new -standard of liberty in state and church, -to serve God and mankind with all their -integrity and resources.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' title='106' id='Page_106'></span>As the leaders among the men were -self-sacrificing and honorable in their -dealings with their financiers, with the -Indians and with each other, so the -women were faithful and true in their -homes and communal life. They took -scarcely any part in the civic administration, -for such responsibility did not -come into the lives of seventeenth century -women. They were actively interested -in the educational and religious life -of the colony. Their moral standards -were high and inflexible; they extolled, -and practised, the virtues of thrift and -industry. It may be well for women in -America today, who were querulous at -the restrictions upon sugar and electric -lights, to consider the good sense, and -good cheer, with which these women of -Plymouth Colony directed their thrifty -households.</p> - -<p class='c015'>We would not assume that they were -free from the whims and foibles of -womankind,—and sometimes of mankind,—of -all ages. They were, doubtless, -<span class='pageno' title='107' id='Page_107'></span>contradictory and impulsive at -times; they could scold and they could -gossip. We believe that they laughed -sometimes, in the midst of dire want and -anxiety, and we know that they prayed -with sincerity and trust. They bore -children gladly and they trained them -“in the fear and admonition of the -Lord.” They were the progenitors of -thousands of fine men and women in all -parts of America today who honor the -<i>women</i> as well as the <i>men</i> of the old -Plymouth Colony,—the women who -faithfully performed, without any serious -discontent,</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c024'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in10'>“that whole sweet round</div> - <div class='line'>Of littles that large life compound.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c023' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f85'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r85'>85</a>. </span>I, 35, July 5, 1635.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f86'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r86'>86</a>. </span>Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth; W. T. Davis.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f87'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r87'>87</a>. </span>Plymouth Colony Wills and Inventories; also in Mayflower -Descendants, 1, 245.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f88'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r88'>88</a>. </span>Genealogy of Some Descendants of Dr. Samuel Fuller -of <i>The Mayflower</i>, compiled by William Hyslop Fuller, -Palmer.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f89'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r89'>89</a>. </span>Two Centuries of Costume in America; Alice Morse -Earle; N. Y., 1903.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f90'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r90'>90</a>. </span>In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f91'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r91'>91</a>. </span>Notes to Bradford’s History, edition 1912.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f92'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r92'>92</a>. </span>In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f93'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r93'>93</a>. </span>Interesting facts on this subject may be found in “The -Grave of Miles Standish and other Pilgrims,” by E. V. J. -Huiginn; Beverly, 1914.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f94'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r94'>94</a>. </span>Hunter’s Collections, 1854.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f95'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r95'>95</a>. </span>The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin, p. 460.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f96'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r96'>96</a>. </span>New England Memorial; Morton.</p> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' title='109' id='Page_109'></span> - <h2 id='idx' class='c013'>INDEX TO PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT</h2> -</div> - -<ul class='index c021'> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Alden</span>, Augustus E., <a href='#Page_58'>58</a> - <ul> - <li>Elizabeth, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li>John, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74-80</a></li> - <li>Captain John, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li>Priscilla, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li>Ruth, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li>Sarah, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li>Timothy, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Allerton</span>, Bartholomew, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a> - <ul> - <li>Isaac, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li>Mary Norton, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li>Mary, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li>Remember, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Armstrong</span>, Gregory, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Austin</span>, Jane G., <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Bartlett</span>, W. H., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Bass</span>, Ruth Alden, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Becket</span>, Mary, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Billington</span>, Francis, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a> - <ul> - <li>Helen, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69-70</a></li> - <li>John, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li>John, Jr., <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Bowman</span>, George Ernest, <a href='#Page_vi'>VI</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Bradford</span>, Alice, <a href='#Page_101'>101-5</a> - <ul> - <li>Dorothy May, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li>John, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li>Mary, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li>Joseph, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li>Gov. William, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101-4</a></li> - <li>William, Jr., <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Brewster</span>, Fear, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a> - <ul> - <li>Jonathan, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li>Love, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li>Mary, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60-61</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li>Patience, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li>William, Elder, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60-2</a></li> - <li>Wrestling, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Brown</span>, Lydia Howland, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a> - <ul> - <li>Peter, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Carpenter</span>, Juliana, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a> - <ul> - <li>Mary, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - <li>Priscilla, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Carter</span>, Robert, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Carver</span>, Catherine, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a> - <ul> - <li>Gov. John, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Chandler</span>, Isabella Chilton, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a> - <ul> - <li>Roger, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='pageno' title='110' id='Page_110'></span><span class='sc'>Chilton</span>, Ingle, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a> - <ul> - <li>Isabella, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li>Isaac, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Chilton</span>, James, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a> - <ul> - <li>Jane, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li>Mary, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>80-85</a></li> - <li>Mrs. James, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li>Nicolas, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Converse</span>, Sarah, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Cooke</span>, Francis, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a> - <ul> - <li>Hester, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li>Jacob, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li>John, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li><a id='tn120'></a>Sarah</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Cooper</span>, Humility, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Crakston</span>, John, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Cromwell</span>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Cushman</span>, Robert, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a> - <ul> - <li>Thomas, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Davis</span>, W. T., <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>De La Noye</span>, Philip, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>De Rassieres</span>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Dean</span>, Stephen, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Dexter</span>, Henry M., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a> - <ul> - <li>Morton, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Doane</span>, Deacon John, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Dotey</span>, Edward, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Earle</span>, Alice Morse, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Eaton</span>, Francis, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a> - <ul> - <li>Sarah, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Eliot</span>, Charles W., <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Ford</span>, Widow Martha, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Fuller</span>, Ann, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a> - <ul> - <li>Bridget, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94-96</a></li> - <li>Edward, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li>Mercy, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li>Samuel, Dr., <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - <li>Samuel, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li>William Hyslop, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Goodman</span>, John, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Goodwin</span>, John A., <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Heald</span>, Giles, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Hicks</span>, Robert, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a> - <ul> - <li>Mrs. Robert, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='pageno' title='111' id='Page_111'></span><span class='sc'>Hobomok</span>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Hopkins</span>, Caleb, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a> - <ul> - <li>Constance, or Constanta, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88-9</a></li> - <li>Damaris, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Hopkins</span>, Elizabeth, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68-9</a> - <ul> - <li>Giles, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li>Oceanus, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li>Ruth, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li>Stephen, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Howland</span>, Elizabeth Tilley, <a href='#Page_85'>85-88</a> - <ul> - <li>Lydia (Brown), <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li>John, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85-88</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Huiginn</span>, E. V. J., <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Jenny</span>, John, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Jeppson</span>, William, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a> - <ul> - <li>William, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Jones</span>, Christopher, Capt., <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a> - <ul> - <li>Thomas, Capt., <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Latham</span>, William, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Lister</span>, Edward, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Longfellow</span>, Henry W., <a href='#Page_74'>74-5</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Lord</span>, Arthur, <a href='#Page_vi'>VI</a></li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Martin</span>, Mrs. Christopher, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Masefield</span>, John, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Massasoit</span>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Minter</span>, Desire, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a> - <ul> - <li>John, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li>Thomas, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li>William, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>More</span>, Ellen, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a> - <ul> - <li>Richard, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Morton</span>, George, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a> - <ul> - <li>Juliana Carpenter, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Mullins</span>, Alice, Mrs., <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a> - <ul> - <li>Joseph, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - <li>Moses, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li>Priscilla, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71-7</a></li> - <li>Sarah (Blunden), <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li>William, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - <li>William, Jr., <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Newcomen</span>, John, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Oldham</span>, John, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Pabodie</span>, Elizabeth Alden, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a> - <ul> - <li>William, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Parker</span>, Richard, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Penn</span>, Christian, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Prence</span>, Thomas, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Priest</span>, Degory, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Reynolds</span>, William, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Rigdale</span>, Alice, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='pageno' title='112' id='Page_112'></span><span class='sc'>Robinson</span>, Pastor John, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Sampson</span>, Alexander, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a> - <ul> - <li>Henry, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Samoset</span>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Snow</span>, Nicholas, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Soule</span>, George, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Southworth</span>, Alice, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a> - <ul> - <li>Constant, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - <li>Thomas, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Squanto</span>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Standish</span>, Alexander, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a> - <ul> - <li>Barbara, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98-100</a></li> - <li>Charles, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li>John, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li>Josiah, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li>Lora or Lorea, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li>Mary Dingley, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li>Miles, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98-100</a></li> - <li>Miles, Jr., <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li>Rose, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Taylor</span>, Ann, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Thompson</span>, Edward, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Thwing</span>, Annie M., <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Tilley</span>, Ann, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a> - <ul> - <li>Bridget, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li>Edward, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li>Elizabeth, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85-88</a></li> - <li>John, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Tinker</span>, Mrs. Thomas, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Turner</span>, John, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c006'><span class='sc'>Warren</span>, Elizabeth, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93-94</a> - <ul> - <li>Richard, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>White</span>, Peregrine, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a> - <ul> - <li>Resolved, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li>Susanna, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li>William, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Williams</span>, Roger, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a> - <ul> - <li>Thomas, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Winslow</span>, Edward, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63-67</a> - <ul> - <li>Elizabeth Barker, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li>Elizabeth, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li>John, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82-5</a></li> - <li>John, Brig. Gen., <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li>Josiah, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li>Kenelm, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li>Mary Chilton, <a href='#Page_82'>82-85</a></li> - <li>Susanna, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63-67</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Winthrop</span>, John, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - <li class='c026'><span class='sc'>Wright</span>, Priscilla Carpenter, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a> - <ul> - <li>William, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c013'>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Corrections from the <a href='#err'>errata</a> have been applied. The corrections to the footnotes -occur on Pages <a href='#err016'>6</a>, <a href='#err066'>56</a>, <a href='#err075'>65</a>, <a href='#err077'>67</a>, <a href='#err088-2'>78</a>, <a href='#err089-2'>79</a>, -<a href='#err093'>83</a>, <a href='#err095'>85</a>, and <a href='#err098-2'>88</a>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the Index under <span class='sc'>Cooke</span> on Page <a href='#tn120'>109</a>, the name Sara has no page number.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Footnotes have been moved to the end of each chapter.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The women Who Came in the Mayflower, by -Annie Russell Marble - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMEN WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER *** - -***** This file should be named 50542-h.htm or 50542-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/5/4/50542/ - -Produced by WebRover, Lisa Anne Hatfield, Chris Curnow and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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