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diff --git a/old/50542-0.txt b/old/50542-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1177f50..0000000 --- a/old/50542-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2696 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The women Who Came in the Mayflower, by -Annie Russell Marble - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The women Who Came in the Mayflower - -Author: Annie Russell Marble - -Release Date: November 23, 2015 [EBook #50542] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMEN WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER *** - - - - -Produced by WebRover, Lisa Anne Hatfield, Chris Curnow and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -Italic text enclosed with _underscores_. - -Small-caps replaced by ALL CAPS. - -Superscripted text indicated with ^. - -More notes appear at the end of the file. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - THE WOMEN WHO - CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - The Women Who Came - in the Mayflower - - - BY - - ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE - - - - - - -[Illustration: colophon] - - - - - THE PILGRIM PRESS - - BOSTON CHICAGO - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - COPYRIGHT 1920 - BY A. W. FELL - - - - - THE PILGRIM PRESS - BOSTON - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - Foreword - - -This little book is intended as a memorial to the women who came in _The -Mayflower_, and their comrades who came later in _The Ann_ and _The -Fortune_, who maintained the high standards of home life in early -Plymouth Colony. There is no attempt to make a genealogical study of any -family. The effort is to reveal glimpses of the communal life during -1621-1623. This is supplemented by a few silhouettes of individual -matrons and maidens to whose influence we may trace increased resources -in domestic life and education. - -One must regret the lack of proof regarding many facts, about which are -conflicting statements, both of the general conditions and the -individual men and women. In some instances, both points of view have -been given here; at other times, the more probable surmises have been -mentioned. - -The author feels deep gratitude, and would here express it, to the -librarians of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the New England -Genealogic-Historical Register, the American Antiquarian Society, the -Register of Deeds, Pilgrim Hall, and the Russell Library of Plymouth, -private and public libraries of Duxbury and Marshfield, and to Mr. -Arthur Lord and all other individuals who have assisted in this -research. The publications of the Society of Mayflower Descendants, and -the remarkable researches of its editor, Mr. George E. Bowman, call for -special appreciation. - - ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE. - -_Worcester, Massachusetts._ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONTENTS - - - FOREWORD v - - I ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING 3 - - II COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LIFE IN PLYMOUTH 1621-1623 21 - - III MATRONS AND MAIDENS WHO CAME IN “THE MAYFLOWER” 53 - - IV COMPANIONS WHO ARRIVED IN “THE FORTUNE” AND “THE ANN” 93 - - INDEX 109 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ERRATA - - - Page - - 49 (And foot-notes elsewhere) read _The Mayflower Descendant_ - for Mayflower Descendants. - - 49 Foot-note, read _53 Mt. Vernon St._ for 9 Ashburton Pl. - - 78 Line 21, read _two hundred and seventy_ for seventy. - - 79 Line 12, read _inventory_ for will. - - 82 Line 12, omit Revolutionary. - - 84 Lines 4 and 5, read _Edward Winslow and Peregrine White_ for - William Mullins and Miles Standish. - - 84 Line 21, read _Petty coate with silke Lace_ for Pretty, etc. - - 86 Line 25, read _step-mother_ for mother. - - 88 Line 10, read _eighty_ for ninety years. - - 98 Line 14, read _Abraham_ for Alexander. - - 102 Line 9, read _Mercy_ for Mary. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - I - - ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING - - -“_So they left ye goodly and pleasante citie, which had been ther -resting-place near 12. years; but they knew they were pilgrimes, & -looked not much on those things, but lift up their eyes to ye heavens, -their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits._” - -—_Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantations. Chap. VII._ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CHAPTER I - - ENDURANCE AND ADVENTURE: THE VOYAGE AND LANDING - - -December weather in New England, even at its best, is a test of physical -endurance. With warm clothes and sheltering homes today, we find -compensations for the cold winds and storms in the exhilarating winter -sports and the good cheer of the holiday season. - -The passengers of _The Mayflower_ anchored in Plymouth harbor, three -hundred years ago, lacked compensations of sports or fireside warmth. -One hundred and two in number when they sailed,—of whom twenty-nine were -women,—they had been crowded for ten weeks into a vessel that was -intended to carry about half the number of passengers. In low spaces -between decks, with some fine weather when the open hatchways allowed -air to enter and more stormy days when they were shut in amid -discomforts of all kinds, they had come at last within sight of the -place where, contrary to their plans, they were destined to make their -settlement. - -At Plymouth, England, their last port in September, they had “been -kindly entertained and courteously used by divers friends there -dwelling,”[1] but they were homeless now, facing a new country with -frozen shores, menaced by wild animals and yet more fearsome savages. -Whatever trials of their good sense and sturdy faith came later, those -days of waiting until shelter could be raised on shore, after the weeks -of confinement, must have challenged their physical and spiritual -fortitude. - -There must have been exciting days for the women on shipboard and in -landing. There must have been hours of distress for the older and the -delight in adventure which is an unchanging trait of the young of every -race. Wild winds carried away some clothes and cooking-dishes from the -ship; there was a birth and a death, and occasional illness, besides the -dire seasickness. John Howland, “the lustie young man,” fell overboard -but he caught hold of the topsail halyard which hung extended and so -held on “though he was sundry fathoms under water,” until he was pulled -up by a rope and rescued by a boat-hook.[2] - -Recent research[3] has argued that the captain of _The Mayflower_ was -probably not _Thomas_ Jones, with reputation for severity, but a Master -Christopher Jones of kindlier temper. The former captain was in -Virginia, in September, 1620, according to this account. With the most -generous treatment which the captain and crew could give to the women, -they must have been sorely tried. There were sick to be nursed, children -to be cared for, including some lively boys who played with powder and -nearly caused an explosion at Cape Cod; nourishment must be found for -all from a store of provisions that had been much reduced by the delays -and necessary sales to satisfy their “merchant adventurers” before they -left England. They slept on damp bedding and wore musty clothes; they -lacked exercise and water for drink or cleanliness. Joyful for them must -have been the day recorded by Winslow and Bradford,[4]—“On Monday the -thirteenth of November our people went on shore to refresh themselves -and our women to wash, as they had great need.” - -During the anxious days when the abler men were searching on land for a -site for the settlement, first on Cape Cod and later at Plymouth, there -were events of excitement on the ship left in the harbor. Peregrine -White was born and his father’s servant, Edward Thompson, died. Dorothy -May Bradford, the girl-wife of the later Governor of the colony, was -drowned during his absence. There were murmurings and threats against -the leaders by some of the crew and others who were impatient at the -long voyage, scant comforts and uncertain future. Possibly some of the -complaints came from women, but in the hearts of most of them, although -no women signed their names, was the resolution that inspired the men -who signed that compact in the cabin of _The Mayflower_,—“to promise all -due submission and obedience.” They had pledged their “great hope and -inward zeal of laying good foundation for ye propagating and advancing -ye gospell of ye kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of ye world; -yea, though they should be but as stepping-stones unto others for ye -performing of so great a work”; with such spirit they had been impelled -to leave Holland and such faith sustained them on their long journey. - -Many of the women who were pioneers at Plymouth had suffered severe -hardships in previous years. They could sustain their own hearts and -encourage the younger ones by remembrance of the passage from England to -Holland, twelve years before, when they were searched most cruelly, even -deprived of their clothes and belongings by the ship’s master at Boston. -Later they were abandoned by the Dutchman at Hull, to wait for fourteen -days of frightful storm while their husbands and protectors were carried -far away in a ship towards the coast of Norway, “their little ones -hanging about them and quaking with cold.”[5] - -There were women with frail bodies, like Rose Standish and Katherine -Carver, but there were strong physiques and dauntless hearts sustained -to great old age, matrons like Susanna White and Elizabeth Hopkins and -young women like Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton, Elizabeth Tilley and -Constance Hopkins. In our imaginations today, few women correspond to -the clinging, fainting figures portrayed by some of the painters of “The -Departure” or “The Landing of the Pilgrims.” We may more readily believe -that most of the women were upright and alert, peering anxiously but -courageously into the future. Writing in 1910, John Masefield said:[6] -“A generation fond of pleasure, disinclined towards serious thought, and -shrinking from hardship, even if it may be swiftly reached, will find it -difficult to imagine the temper, courage and manliness of the emigrants -who made the first Christian settlement of New England.” Ten years ago -it would have been as difficult for women of our day to understand -adequately the womanliness of the Pilgrim matrons and girls. The -anxieties and self-denials experienced by women of all lands during the -last five years may help us to “imagine” better the dauntless spirit of -these women of New-Plymouth. During those critical months of 1621-1623 -they sustained their households and assisted the men in establishing an -orderly and religious colony. We may justly affirm that some of “the -wisdom, prudence and patience and just and equall carriage of things by -the better part”[7] was manifested among the women as well as the men. - -In spite of the spiritual zeal which comes from devotion to a good -cause, and the inspiration of steady work, the women must have suffered -from homesickness, as well as from anxiety and illness. They had left in -Holland not alone their loved pastor, John Robinson, and their valiant -friend, Robert Cushman, but many fathers, mothers, brothers and sisters -besides their “dear gossips.” Mistress Brewster yearned for her elder -son and her daughters, Fear and Patience; Priscilla Mullins and Mary -Chilton, soon to be left orphans, had been separated from older brothers -and sisters. Disease stalked among them on land and on shipboard like a -demon. Before the completion of more than two or three of the one-room, -thatched houses, the deaths were multiplying. Possibly this disease was -typhus fever; more probably it was a form of infectious pneumonia, due -to enervated conditions of the body and to exposures at Cape Cod. -Winslow declared, in his account of the expedition on shore, “It blowed -and did snow all that day and night and froze withal. Some of our people -that are dead took the original of their death there.” Had the disease -been “galloping consumption,” as has been suggested sometimes, it is not -probable that many of those “sick unto death” would have recovered and -have lived to be octogenarians. - -The toll of deaths increased and the illness spread until, at one time, -there were only “six or seven sound persons” to minister to the sick and -to bury the dead. Fifteen of the twenty-nine women who sailed from -England and Holland were buried on Plymouth hillside during the winter -and spring. They were: Rose Standish; Elizabeth, wife of Edward Winslow; -Mary, wife of Isaac Allerton; Sarah, wife of Francis Eaton; Katherine, -wife of Governor John Carver; Alice, wife of John Rigdale; Ann, wife of -Edward Fuller; Bridget and Ann Tilley, wives of John and Edward; Alice, -wife of John Mullins or Molines; Mrs. James Chilton; Mrs. Christopher -Martin; Mrs. Thomas Tinker; possibly Mrs. John Turner, and Ellen More, -the orphan ward of Edward Winslow. Nearly twice as many men as women -died during those fateful months of 1621. Can we “imagine” the courage -required by the few women who remained after this devastation, as the -wolves were heard howling in the night, the food supplies were fast -disappearing, and the houses of shelter were delayed in completion by -“frost and much foul weather,” and by the very few men in physical -condition to rive timber or to thatch roofs? The common house, twenty -foot square, was crowded with the sick, among them Carver and Bradford, -who were obliged “to rise in good speed” when the roof caught on fire, -and their loaded muskets in rows beside the beds threatened an -explosion.[8] - -Although the women’s strength of body and soul must have been sapped yet -their fidelity stood well the test; when _The Mayflower_ was to return -to England in April and the captain offered free passage to the women as -well as to any men who wished to go, if the women “would cook and nurse -such of the crew as were ill,” not a man or a woman accepted the offer. -Intrepid in bravery and faith, the women did their part in making this -lonely, impoverished settlement into a home. This required adjustments -of many kinds. Few in number, the women represented distinctive classes -of society in birth and education. In Leyden, for seven years, they had -chosen their friends and there they formed a happy community, in spite -of some poverty and more anxiety about the education and morals of their -children, because of “the manifold temptations”[9] of the Dutch city. - -Many of the men, on leaving England, had renounced their more leisurely -occupations and professions to practise trades in Leyden,—Brewster and -Winslow as printers, Allerton as tailor, Dr. Samuel Fuller as say-weaver -and others as carpenters, wool-combers, masons, cobblers, pewterers and -in other crafts. A few owned residences near the famous University of -Leyden, where Robinson and Brewster taught. Some educational influences -would thus fall upon their families.[10] On the other hand, others were -recorded as “too poor to be taxed.” Until July, 1620, there were two -hundred and ninety-eight known members of this church in Leyden with -nearly three hundred more associated with them. Such economic and social -conditions gave to the women certain privileges and pleasures in -addition to the interesting events in this picturesque city. - -In _The Mayflower_ and at Plymouth, on the other hand, the women were -thrust into a small company with widely differing tastes and -backgrounds. One of the first demands made upon them was for a -democratic spirit,—tolerance and patience, adaptability to varied -natures. The old joke that “the Pilgrim Mothers had to endure not alone -their hardships but the Pilgrim Fathers also” has been overworked. These -women would never have accepted pity as martyrs. They came to this new -country with devotion to the men of their families and, in those days, -such a call was supreme in a woman’s life. They sorrowed for the women -friends who had been left behind,—the wives of Dr. Fuller, Richard -Warren, Francis Cooke and Degory Priest, who were to come later after -months of anxious waiting for a message from New-Plymouth. - -The family, not the individual, characterized the life of that -community. The father was always regarded as the “head” of the family. -Evidence of this is found when we try to trace the posterity of some of -the pioneer women from the Old Plymouth Colony Records. A child is there -recorded as “the son of Nicholas Snow,” “the son of John Winslow” or -“the daughter of Thomas Cushman” with no hint that the mothers of these -children were, respectively, Constance Hopkins, Mary Chilton and Mary -Allerton, all of whom came in _The Mayflower_, although the fathers -arrived at Plymouth later on _The Fortune_ and _The Ann_. - -It would be unjust to assume that these women were conscious heroines. -They wrought with courage and purpose equal to these traits in the men, -but probably none of the Pilgrims had a definite vision of the future. -With words of appreciation that are applicable to both sexes, -ex-President Charles W. Eliot has said:[11] “The Pilgrims did not know -the issue and they had no vision of it. They just loved liberty and -toleration and truth, and hoped for more of it, for more liberty, for a -more perfect toleration, for more truth, and they put their lives, their -labors, at the disposition of those loves without the least vision of -this republic, or of what was going to come out of their industry, their -devotion, their dangerous and exposed lives.” - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - Relation or Journal of a Plantation Settled at Plymouth in New-England - and Proceedings Thereof; London, 1622 (Bradford and Winslow) - Abbreviated in Purchas’ Pilgrim, X; iv; London, 1625. - -Footnote 2: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; ch. 9. - -Footnote 3: - - “The Mayflower,” by R. G. Marsden; Eng. Historical Review, Oct., 1904; - The Mayflower Descendant, Jan., 1916. - -Footnote 4: - - Relation or Journal, etc. (1622). - -Footnote 5: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; ch. 2. - -Footnote 6: - - Introduction to Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers (Everyman’s - Library). - -Footnote 7: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Bk. II. - -Footnote 8: - - Mourt’s Relation. - -Footnote 9: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, ch. 3. - -Footnote 10: - - The England and Holland of the Pilgrims, Henry M. Dexter and Morton - Dexter, Boston, 1905. - -Footnote 11: - - Eighteenth Annual Dinner of Mayflower Society, Nov. 20, 1913. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CHAPTER II - - COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LIFE IN PLYMOUTH 1621-1623 - - -Spring and summer came to bless them for their endurance and unconscious -heroism. Then they could appreciate the verdict of their leaders, who -chose the site of Plymouth as a “hopeful place,” with running brooks, -vines of sassafras and strawberry, fruit trees, fish and wild fowl and -“clay excellent for pots and will wash like soap.”[12] So early was the -spring in 1621 that on March the third there was a thunder storm and -“the birds sang in the woods most pleasantly.” On March the sixteenth, -Samoset came with Indian greeting. This visit must have been one of -mixed sentiments for the women and we can read more than the mere words -in the sentence, “We lodged him that night at Stephen Hopkins’ house and -watched him.”[13] Perhaps it was in deference to the women that the men -gave Samoset a hat, a pair of stockings, shoes, a shirt and a piece of -cloth to tie about his waist. Samoset returned soon with Squanto or -Tisquantum, the only survivor of the Patuxet tribe of Indians which had -perished of a pestilence at Plymouth three years before. He shared with -Hobomok the friendship of the settlers for many years and both Indians -gave excellent service. Through the influence of Squanto the treaty was -made in the spring of 1621 with Massasoit, the first League of Nations -to preserve peace in the new world. - -Squanto showed the men how to plant alewives or herring as fertilizer -for the Indian corn. He taught the boys and girls how to gather clams -and mussels on the shore and to “tread eels” in the water that is still -called Eel River. He gathered wild strawberries and sassafras for the -women and they prepared a “brew” which almost equalled their ale of old -England. The friendly Indians assisted the men, as the seasons opened, -in hunting wild turkeys, ducks and an occasional deer, welcome additions -to the store of fish, sea-biscuits and cheese. We are told[14] that -Squanto brought also a dog from his Indian friends as a gift to the -settlement. Already there were, at least, two dogs, probably brought -from Holland or England, a mastiff and a spaniel[15] to give comfort and -companionship to the women and children, and to go with the men into the -woods for timber and game. - -It seems paradoxical to speak of child-life in this hard-pressed, -serious-minded colony, but it was there and, doubtless, it was normal in -its joyous and adventuresome impulses. Under eighteen years of age were -the girls, Remember and Mary Allerton, Constance and Damaris Hopkins, -Elizabeth Tilley and, possibly, Desire Minter and Humility Cooper. The -boys were Bartholomew Allerton, who “learned to sound the drum,” John -Crakston, William Latham, Giles Hopkins, John and Francis Billington, -Richard More, Henry Sampson, John Cooke, Resolved White, Samuel Fuller, -Love and Wrestling Brewster and the babies, Oceanus Hopkins and -Peregrine White. With the exception of Wrestling Brewster and Oceanus -Hopkins, all these children lived to ripe old age,—a credit not alone to -their hardy constitutions, but also to the care which the Plymouth women -bestowed upon their households. - -The flowers that grew in abundance about the settlement must have given -them joy,—arbutus or “mayflowers,” wild roses, blue chicory, Queen -Anne’s lace, purple asters, golden-rod and the beautiful sabbatia or -“sentry” which is still found on the banks of the fresh ponds near the -town and is called “the Plymouth rose.” Edward Winslow tells[16] of the -drastic use of this bitter plant in developing hardihood among Indian -boys. Early in the first year one of these fresh-water ponds, known as -Billington Sea, was discovered by Francis Billington when he had climbed -a high hill and had reported from it “a smaller sea.” Blackberries, -blueberries, plums and cherries must have been delights to the women and -children. Medicinal herbs were found and used by advice of the Indian -friends; the bayberry’s virtues as salve, if not as candle-light, were -early applied to the comforts of the households. Robins, bluebirds, “Bob -Whites” and other birds sang for the pioneers as they sing for the -tourist and resident in Plymouth today. The mosquito had a sting,—for -Bradford gave a droll and pungent answer to the discontented colonists -who had reported, in 1624, that “the people are much annoyed with -musquetoes.” He wrote:[17] “_They_ are too delicate and unfitte to begin -new plantations and colonies that cannot enduer the biting of a muskeet. -We would wish such to keep at home till at least they be muskeeto proof. -Yet this place is as free as any and experience teacheth that ye land is -tild and ye woods cut downe, the fewer there will be and in the end -scarce any at all.” The _end_ has not yet come! - -Good harvests and some thrilling incidents varied the hard conditions of -life for the women during 1621-2. Indian corn and barley furnished a new -foundation for many “a savory dish” prepared by the housewives in the -mortar and pestles, kettles and skillets which they had brought from -Holland. Nuts were used for food, giving piquant flavor both to “cakes” -baked in the fire and to the stuffing of wild turkeys. The fare was -simple, but it must have seemed a feast to the Pilgrims after the months -of self-denials and extremity. - -Before the winter of 1621-2 was ended, seven log houses had been built -and four “common buildings” for storage, meetings and workshops. Already -clapboards and furs were stored to be sent back to England to the -merchant adventurers in the first ship. The seven huts, with thatched -roofs and chimneys on the outside, probably in cob-house style, were of -hewn planks, not of round logs.[18] The fireplaces were of stones laid -in clay from the abundant sand. In 1628 thatched roofs were condemned -because of the danger of fire,[19] and boards or palings were -substituted. During the first two years or longer, light came into the -houses through oiled paper in the windows. From the plans left by -Governor Bradford and the record of the visit of De Rassieres to -Plymouth, in 1627, one can visualize this first street in New England, -leading from Plymouth harbor up the hill to the cannon and stockade -where, later, was the fort. At the intersection of the first street and -a cross-highway stood the Governor’s house. It was fitting that the lot -nearest to the fort hill should be assigned to Miles Standish and John -Alden. All had free access to the brook where flagons were filled for -drink and where the clothes were washed. - -A few events that have been recorded by Winslow, Bradford and Morton -were significant and must have relieved the monotony of life. On January -fourth an eagle was shot, cooked and proved “to be excellent meat; it -was hardly to be discerned from mutton.”[20] Four days later three seals -and a cod were caught; we may assume that they furnished oil, meat and -skins for the household. About the same time, John Goodman and Peter -Brown lost their way in the woods, remained out all night, thinking they -heard lions roar (mistaking wolves for lions), and on their return the -next day John Goodman’s feet were so badly frozen “that it was a long -time before he was able to go.”[21] Wild geese were shot and used for -broth on the ninth of February; the same day the Common House was set -ablaze, but was saved from destruction. It is easy to imagine the -exciting effects of such incidents upon the band of thirteen boys and -seven girls, already enumerated. In July, the cry of “a lost child” -aroused the settlement to a search for that “unwhipt rascal,” John -Billington, who had run away to the Nauset Indians at Eastham, but he -was found unharmed by a posse of men led by Captain Standish. - -To the women one of the most exciting events must have been the marriage -on May 22, 1621, of Edward Winslow and Mistress Susanna White. Her -husband and two men-servants had died since _The Mayflower_ left England -and she was alone to care for two young boys, one a baby a few weeks -old. Elizabeth Barker Winslow had died seven weeks before the wedding -day. Perhaps the Plymouth women gossiped a little over the brief -interval of mourning, but the exigencies of the times easily explained -the marriage, which was performed by a magistrate, presumably the -Governor. - -Even more disturbing to the peaceful life was the first duel on June 18, -between Edward Lister and Edward Dotey, both servants of Stephen -Hopkins. Tradition ascribed the cause to a quarrel over the attractive -elder daughter of their master, Constance Hopkins. The duel was fought -with swords and daggers; both youths were slightly wounded in hand and -thigh and both were sentenced, as punishment, to have their hands and -feet tied together and to fast for twenty-four hours but, says a -record,[22] “within an hour, because of their great pains, at their own -and their master’s humble request, upon promise of better carriage, they -were released by the Governor.” It is easy to imagine this scene: -Stephen Hopkins and his wife appealing to the Governor and Captain -Standish for leniency, although the settlement was seriously troubled -over the occurrence; Elder Brewster and his wife deploring the lack of -Christian affection which caused the duel; Edward Winslow and his wife, -dignified yet tolerant; Goodwife Helen Billington scolding as usual; -Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton and Elizabeth Tilley condoling with the -tearful and frightened Constance Hopkins, while the children stand -about, excited and somewhat awed by the punishment and the distress of -the offenders. - -Another day of unusual interest and industry for the householders was -the Thanksgiving Day when peace with the Indians and assured prosperity -seemed to follow the ample harvests. To this feast, which lasted for -three days or more, came ninety-one Indians bringing five deer which -they had killed and dressed. These were a great boon to the women who -must prepare meals for one hundred and forty people. Wild turkeys, -ducks, fish and clams were procured by the colonists and cooked, perhaps -with some marchpanes also, by the more expert cooks. The serious prayers -and psalms of the Pilgrims were as amazing to the Indians as were the -strange whoops, dances, beads and feathers of the savages marvellous to -the women and children of Plymouth Colony. - -In spite of these peaceable incidents there were occasional threats of -Indian treachery, like the theft of tools from two woodsmen and the -later bold challenge in the form of a headless arrow wrapped in a -snake’s skin; the latter was returned promptly and decisively with the -skin filled with bullets, and the danger was over for a time. The -stockade was strengthened and, soon after, a palisade was built about -the houses with gates that were locked at night. After the fort of heavy -timber was completed, this was used also as a meeting-house and “was -fitted accordingly for that use.” It is to be hoped that warming-pans -and foot-stoves were a part of the “fittings” so that the women might -not be benumbed as, with dread of possible Indian attacks, they limned -from the old Ainsworth’s Psalm Book: - - “In the Lord do I trust, how then to my soule doe ye say, - As doth a little bird unto your mountaine fly away? - For loe, the wicked bend their bow, their arrows they prepare - On string; to shoot at dark at them - In heart that upright are.” - (_Psalm xi._) - -Even more exciting than the days already mentioned was the great event -of surprise and rejoicing, November 19, 1621, when _The Fortune_ arrived -with thirty-five more Pilgrims. Some of these were soon to wed -_Mayflower_ passengers. Widow Martha Ford, recently bereft, giving birth -on the night of her arrival to a fourth child, was wed to Peter Brown; -Mary Becket (sometimes written Bucket) became the wife of George Soule; -John Winslow later married Mary Chilton, and Thomas Cushman, then a lad -of fourteen, became the husband, in manhood, of Mary Allerton. His -father, Robert Cushman, remained in the settlement while _The Fortune_ -was at anchor and left his son as ward for Governor Bradford. The -notable sermon which was preached at Plymouth by Robert Cushman at this -time (preserved in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth) was from the text, “Let no -man seek his own; but every man another’s wealth.” Some of the -admonitions against swelling pride and fleshly-minded hypocrites seem to -us rather paradoxical when we consider the poverty and self-sacrificing -spirit of these pioneers; perhaps, there were selfish and slothful -malcontents even in that company of devoted, industrious men and women, -for human nature was the same three hundred years ago, in large and -small communities, as it is today, with some relative changes. - -Among the passengers brought by _The Fortune_ were some of great -helpfulness. William Wright, with his wife Priscilla (the sister of -Governor Bradford’s second wife), was an expert carpenter, and Stephen -Dean, who came with his wife, was able to erect a small mill and grind -corn. Robert Hicks (or Heeks) was another addition to the colony, whose -wife was later the teacher of some of the children. Philip De La Noye, -progenitor of the Delano family in America, John and Kenelm Winslow and -Jonathan Brewster were eligible men to join the group of younger -men,—John Alden, John Howland and others. - -The great joy in the arrival of these friends was succeeded by an -agitating fear regarding the food supply, for _The Fortune_ had suffered -from bad weather and its colonists had scarcely any extra food or -clothing. By careful allotments the winter was endured and when spring -came there were hopes of a large harvest from more abundant sowing, but -the hopes were killed by the fearful drought which lasted from May to -the middle of July. Some lawless and selfish youths frequently stole -corn before it was ripe and, although public whipping was the -punishment, the evil persisted. These conditions were met with the same -courage and determination which ever characterized the leaders; a -rationing of the colony was made which would have done credit to a -“Hoover.” They escaped famine, but the worn, thin faces and “the low -condition, both in respect of food and clothing” was a shock to the -sixty more colonists who arrived in _The Ann_ and _The James_ in 1623. - -The friends who came in these later ships included some women from -Leyden, “dear gossips” of _Mayflower_ colonists, women whose resources -and characters gave them prominence in the later history of Plymouth. -Notable among them was Mrs. Alice Southworth, soon to wed Governor -Bradford. With her came Barbara, whose surname is surmised to have been -Standish, soon to become the wife of Captain Standish. Bridget Fuller -joined her husband, the noble doctor of Plymouth; Elizabeth Warren, with -her five daughters, came to make a home for her husband, Richard; -Mistress Hester Cooke came with three children, and Fear and Patience -Brewster, despite their names, brought joy and cheer to their mother and -girlhood friends; they were later wed to Isaac Allerton and Thomas -Prence, the Governor. - -Fortunately, _The Ann_ and _The James_ brought supplies in liberal -measure and also carpenters, weavers and cobblers, for their need was -great. _The James_ was to remain for the use of the colony. Rations had -been as low as one-quarter pound of bread a day and sometimes their fare -was only “a bit of fish or lobster without any bread or relish but a cup -of fair spring water.”[23] It is not strange that Bradford added: “ye -long continuance of this diete and their labors abroad had somewhat -abated ye freshness of their former complexion.” - -An important change in the policy of the colony, which affected the -women as well as men, was made at this time. Formerly the administration -of affairs had been upon the communal basis. All the men and grown boys -were expected to plant and harvest, fish and hunt for the common use of -all the households. The women also did their tasks in common. The -results had been unsatisfactory and, in 1623, a new division of land was -made, allotting to each householder an acre for each member of his -family. This arrangement, which was called “every man for his owne -particuler,” was told by Bradford with a comment which shows that the -women were human beings, not saints nor martyrs. He wrote: “The women -now went willingly into ye field, and tooke their little-ones with them -to set corne, which before would aledge weaknes and inabilitie; whom to -have compelled would have bene thought great tiranie and oppression.” -After further comment upon the failure of communism as “breeding -confusion and discontent” he added this significant comment: “For ye -yong-men that were most able and fitte for labour and service did repine -that they should spend their time and strength to work for other men’s -wives and children without any recompense.... And for men’s wives to be -commanded to doe servise for other men, as dresing their meate, washing -their cloathes, etc., they deemed it a kind of slaverie, neither could -many husbands well brooke it.” - -If food was scarce, even a worse condition existed as to clothing in the -summer of 1623. Tradition has ascribed several spinning-wheels and looms -to the women who came in _The Mayflower_, but we can scarcely believe -that such comforts were generously bestowed. There could have been -little material or time for their use. Much skilful weaving and spinning -of linen, flax, and wool came in later Colonial history. The women must -have been taxed to keep the clothes mended for their families as -protection against the cold and storms. The quantity on hand, after the -stress of the two years, would vary according to the supplies which each -brought from Holland or England; in some families there were sheets and -“pillow-beeres” with “clothes of substance and comeliness,” but other -households were scantily supplied. A somewhat crude but interesting -ballad, called “Our Forefathers’ Song,” is given by tradition from the -lips of an old lady, aged ninety-four years, in 1767. If the suggestion -is accurate that she learned this from her mother or grandmother, its -date would approximate the early days of Plymouth history. More probably -it was written much later, but it has a reminiscent flavor of those days -of poverty and brave spirit: - - “The place where we live is a wilderness wood, - Where grass is much wanted that’s fruitful and good; - Our mountains and hills and our valleys below, - Are commonly covered with frost and with snow. - - “Our clothes we brought with us are apt to be torn, - They need to be clouted soon after they are worn, - But clouting our garments they hinder us nothing, - Clouts _double_ are warmer than _single_ whole clothing. - - “If fresh meate be wanted to fill up our dish, - We have carrots and turnips whenever we wish, - And if we’ve a mind for a delicate dish, - We go to the clam-bank and there we catch fish. - - “For pottage and puddings and custards and pies, - Our pumpkins and parsnips are common supplies! - We have pumpkin at morning and pumpkin at noon, - If it was not for pumpkin we should be undoon.”[24] - -What did these Pilgrim women wear? The manifest answer is,—what they had -in stock. No more absurd idea was ever invented than the picture of -these Pilgrims “in uniform,” gray gowns with dainty white collars and -cuffs, with stiff caps and dark capes. They wore the typical garments of -the period for men and women in England. There is no evidence that they -adopted, to any extent, Dutch dress, for they were proud of their -English birth; they left Holland partly for fear that their young people -might be educated or enticed away from English standards of conduct.[25] -Mrs. Alice Morse Earle has emphasized wisely[26] that the “sad-colored” -gowns and coats mentioned in wills were not “dismal”; the list of colors -so described in England included (1638) “russet, purple, green, tawny, -deere colour, orange colour, buffs and scarlet.” The men wore doublets -and jerkins of browns and greens, and cloaks with red and purple -linings. The women wore full skirts of say, paduasoy or silk of varied -colors, long, pointed stomachers,—often with bright tone,—full, -sometimes puffed or slashed sleeves, and lace collars or “whisks” -resting upon the shoulders. Sometimes the gowns were plaited or -silk-laced; they often opened in front showing petticoats that were -quilted or embroidered in brighter colours. Broadcloth gowns of russet -tones were worn by those who could not afford silks and satins; -sometimes women wore doublets and jerkins of black and browns. For dress -occasions the men wore black velvet jerkins with white ruffs, like those -in the authentic portrait of Edward Winslow. Velvet and quilted hoods of -all colors and sometimes caps, flat on the head and meeting below the -chin with fullness, are shown in existent portraits of English women and -early colonists. - -Among relics that are dated back to this early period are the -slipper[27] belonging to Mistress Susanna White Winslow, narrow, -pointed, with lace trimmings, and an embroidered lace cap that has been -assigned to Rose Standish.[28] Sometimes the high ruffs were worn above -the shoulders instead of “whisks.” The children were dressed like -miniature men and women; often the girls wore aprons, as did the women -on occasions; these were narrow and edged with lace. “Petty coats” are -mentioned in wills among the garments of the women. We would not assume -that in 1621-2 _all_ the women in Plymouth colony wore silken or even -home-spun clothes of prevailing English fashion. Many of these that are -mentioned in inventories and retained as heirlooms, with rich laces and -embroideries, were brought later from England; probably Winslow, -Allerton and even Standish brought back such gifts to the women when -they made their trips to England in 1624 and later. If the pioneer women -had laces and embroideries of gold they probably hoarded them as -precious heirlooms during those early years of want, for they were too -sensible to wear and to waste them. As prosperity came, however, and new -elements entered the colony they were, doubtless, affected by the law of -the General Court, in 1634, which forbade further acquisition of laces, -threads of silver and gold, needle-work caps, bands and rails, and -silver girdles and belts. This law was enacted _not_ by the Pilgrims of -Plymouth, but by the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Colony. - -When Edward Winslow returned in _The Charity_, in 1624, he brought not -alone a “goodly supply of clothing”[29] but,—far more important,—the -first bull and heifers that were in Plymouth. The old tradition of the -white bull on which Priscilla Alden rode home from her marriage, in 1622 -or early 1623, must be rejected. This valuable addition of “neat cattle” -to the resources of the colony caused a redistribution of land and -shares in the “stock.” By 1627 a partnership or “purchas” had been -arranged, for assuming the debts and maintenance of the Plymouth colony, -freed from further responsibility to “the adventurers” in London. The -new division of lots included also some of the cattle. It was specified, -for instance, that Captain Standish and Edward Winslow were to share -jointly “the Red Cow which belongeth to the poor of the colony to which -they must keep her Calfe of this yeare being a Bull for the Companie, -Also two shee goats.”[30] Elder Brewster was granted “one of the four -Heifers came in _The Jacob_ called the Blind Heifer.” - -Among interesting sidelights upon the economic and social results of -this extension of land and cattle is the remark of Bradford:[31] “Some -looked for building great houses, and such pleasant situations for them -as themselves had fancied, as if they would be great men and rich all of -a suddaine; but they proved castles in air.” Within a short time, -however, with the rapid increase of children and the need of more -pasturage for the cattle, many of the leading men and women drifted away -from the original confines of Plymouth towards Duxbury, Marshfield, -Scituate, Bridgewater and Eastham. Agriculture became their primal -concern, with the allied pursuits of fishing, hunting and trading with -the Indians and white settlements that were made on Cape Cod and along -the Kennebec. - -Soon after 1630 the families of Captain Standish, John Alden, and -Jonathan Brewster (who had married the sister of John Oldham), Thomas -Prence and Edward Winslow were settled on large farms in Duxbury and -Marshfield. This loss to the Plymouth settlement was deplored by -Bradford both for its social and religious results. April 2, 1632,[32] a -pledge was taken by Alden, Standish, Prence, and Jonathan Brewster that -they would “remove their families to live in the towne in the -winter-time that they may the better repair to the service of God.” Such -arrangement did not long continue, however, for in 1633 a church was -established at Duxbury and the Plymouth members who lived there “were -dismiste though very unwillingly.”[33] Later the families of Francis -Eaton, Peter Brown and George Soule joined the Duxbury colony. Hobomok, -ever faithful to Captain Standish had a wigwam near his master’s home -until, in his old age, he was removed to the Standish house, where he -died in 1642. - -The women who had come in the earlier ships and had lived close to -neighbors at Plymouth must have had lonely hours on their farms in spite -of large families and many tasks. Wolves and other wild animals were -sometimes near, for traps for them were decreed and allotted. Chance -Indians prowled about and the stoutest hearts must have quailed when -some of the recorded hurricanes and storms of 1635 and 1638 uncovered -houses, felled trees and corn. In the main, however, there was peace and -many of the families became prosperous; we find evidence in their wills, -several of which have been deciphered from the original records by -George Ernest Bowman, editor of the “Mayflower Descendant,”[34] issued -quarterly. By the aid of such records and a few family heirlooms of -unquestioned genuineness, it is possible to suggest some individual -silhouettes of the women of early Plymouth, in addition to the glimpses -of their communal life. - ------ - -Footnote 12: - - Mourt’s Relation. - -Footnote 13: - - Mourt’s Relation. - -Footnote 14: - - Mourt’s Relation. - -Footnote 15: - - Winslow’s Narration. - -Footnote 16: - - Relation of the Manners, Customs, etc., of the Indians. - -Footnote 17: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. II. - -Footnote 18: - - The Pilgrim Republic, John A. Goodwin, p. 582. - -Footnote 19: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 20: - - Mourt’s Relation. - -Footnote 21: - - _Ibid._ - -Footnote 22: - - A Chronological History of New England, by Thomas Prence. - -Footnote 23: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Bk. II. - -Footnote 24: - - The Pilgrim Fathers; W. H. Bartlett, London, 1852. - -Footnote 25: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, ch. 4. - -Footnote 26: - - Two Centuries of Costume in America; N. Y., 1903. - -Footnote 27: - - In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. - -Footnote 28: - - Two Centuries of Costume in America; Earle. - -Footnote 29: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2. - -Footnote 30: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England, edited by David - Pulsifer, 1861. - -Footnote 31: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2. - -Footnote 32: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England, edited by David - Pulsifer, 1861. - -Footnote 33: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, Bk. 2. - -Footnote 34: - - Editorial rooms at 53 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CHAPTER III - - MATRONS AND MAIDENS WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER - - -It has been said, with some justice, that the Pilgrims were not -remarkable men, that they lacked genius or distinctive personalities. -The same statement may be made about the women. They did possess, as men -and women, fine qualities for the work which they were destined to -accomplish;—remarkable energy, faith, purpose, courage and patience. -These traits were prominent in the leaders, Carver and Bradford. -Standish and Winslow, Brewster and Dr. Fuller. As assistants to the men -in the civic life of the colony, there were a few women who influenced -the domestic and social affairs of their own and later generations. From -chance records, wills, inventories and traditions their individual -traits must be discerned, for there is scarcely any sequential, historic -record. - -Death claimed some of these brave-hearted women before the life at -Plymouth really began. Dorothy May Bradford, the daughter of Deacon May -of the Leyden church, came from Wisbeach, Cambridge; she was married to -William Bradford when she was about sixteen years old and was only -twenty when she was drowned at Cape Cod. Her only child, a son, John, -was left with her father and mother in Holland and there was long a -tradition that she mourned grievously at the separation. This son came -later to Plymouth, about 1627, and lived in Marshfield and Norwich, -Connecticut. - -The tiny pieces of a padded quilt with faded threads of silver and gold, -which belonged to Rose Standish,[35] are fitting relics of this -mystical, delicate wife of “the doughty Captain.” She died January 29, -1621. She is portrayed in fiction and poetry as proud of her husband’s -bravery and his record as a Lieutenant of Queen Elizabeth’s forces in -aid of the Dutch. She was also proud of his reputed, and disputed, -inheritance among the titled families of Standish of Standish and -Standish of Duxbury Hall.[36] There has been a persistent tradition that -Rose was born or lived on the Isle of Man and was married there, but no -records have been found as proofs. - -In the painting of “The Embarkation,” by Robert Weir, Elizabeth Barker, -the young wife of Edward Winslow, is attired in gay colors and extreme -fashion, while beside her stands a boy of about eight years with a -canteen strapped over his shoulders. It has been stated that this is the -silver canteen, marked “E. W.,” now in the cabinet of the Massachusetts -Historical Society. The only record _there_ is[37] “presentation, June, -1870, by James Warren, Senr., of a silver canteen and pewter plate which -once belonged to Gov. Edward Winslow with his arms and initials.” As -Elizabeth Barker, who came from Chatsun or Chester, England, to Holland, -was married April 3, 1618, to Winslow,[38] and as she was his first -wife, the son must have been a baby when _The Mayflower_ sailed. -Moreover, there is no record by Bradford of any child that came with the -Winslows, except the orphan, Ellen More. It has been suggested that the -latter was of noble lineage.[39] - -Mary Norris, of Newbury in England, wife of one of the wealthiest and -most prominent of the Pilgrims in early years, Isaac Allerton, died in -February of the first winter, leaving two young girls, Remember and -Mary, and a son, Bartholomew or “Bart.” The daughters married well, -Remember to Moses Maverick of Salem, and Mary to Thomas Cushman. Mrs. -Allerton gave birth to a child that was still-born while on _The -Mayflower_ and thus she had less strength to endure the hardships which -followed.[40] - -When Bradford, recording the death of Katherine Carver, called her a -“weak woman,” he referred to her health which was delicate while she -lived at Plymouth and could not withstand the grief and shock of her -husband’s death in April. She died the next month. She has been called -“a gracious woman” in another record of her death.[41] She was the -sister or sister-in-law of John Robinson, their pastor in England and -Holland. Recent investigation has claimed that she was first married to -George Legatt and later to Carver.[42] Two children died and were buried -in Holland in 1609 and 1617 and, apparently, these were the only -children born to the Carvers. The maid, Lois, who came with them on _The -Mayflower_, is supposed to have married Francis Eaton, but she did not -live long after 1622. Desire Minter, who was also of the Carver -household, has been the victim of much speculation. Mrs. Jane G. Austin, -in her novel, “Standish of Standish,” makes her the female scapegrace of -the colony, jealous, discontented and quarrelsome. On the other hand, -and still speculatively, she is portrayed as the elder sister and -housekeeper for John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley, after the death of -Mistress Carver; this is assumed because the first girl born to the -Howlands was named Desire.[43] The only known facts about Desire Minter -are those given by Bradford, “she returned to friends and proved not -well, and dyed in England.”[44] By research among the Leyden records, -collated by H. M. Dexter,[45] the name, Minter, occurs a few times. -William Minter, the husband of Sarah, was associated with the Carvers -and Chiltons in marriage betrothals. William Minter was purchaser of a -house from William Jeppson, in Leyden, in 1614. Another record is of a -student at the University of Leyden who lived at the house of John -Minter. Another reference to Thomas Minter of Sandwich, Kent, may -furnish a clue.[46] Evidently, to some of these relatives, with -property, near or distant of kin, Desire Minter returned before 1626. - -Another unmarried woman, who survived the hardships of the first winter, -but returned to England and died there, was Humility Cooper. We know -almost nothing about her except that she and Henry Sampson were cousins -of Edward Tilley and his wife. She is also mentioned as a relative of -Richard Clopton, one of the early religious leaders in England.[47] - -The “mother” of this group of matrons and maidens, who survived the -winters of 1621-2, was undoubtedly Mistress Mary Brewster. Wife of the -Elder, she shared his religious faith and zeal, and exercised a strong -moral influence upon the women and children. Pastor John Robinson, in a -letter to Governor Bradford, in 1623, refers to “her weake and decayed -state of body,” but she lived until April 17, 1627, according to records -in “the Brewster Book.” She was only fifty-seven years at her death but, -as Bradford said with tender appreciation, “her great and continuall -labours, with other crosses and sorrows, hastened it before y^e time.” -As Elder Brewster “could fight as well as he could pray,” could build -his own house and till his own land,[48] so, we may believe, his wife -was efficient in all domestic ways. When her strength failed, it is -pleasant to think that she accepted graciously the loving assistance of -the younger women to whom she must have seemed, in her presence, like a -benediction. Her married life was fruitful; five children lived to -maturity and two or more had died in Holland. The Elder was “wise and -discreet and well-spoken—of a cheerful spirit, sociable and pleasant -among his friends, undervaluing himself and his abilities and sometimes -overvaluing others.”[49] Such a person is sure to be a delightful -companion. To these attractive qualities the Elder added another proof -of tact and wisdom: “He always thought it were better for ministers to -pray oftener and divide their prayers, than be long and tedious in the -same.” - -While Mistress Brewster did not excel the women of her day, probably, in -education,—for to read easily and to write were not considered necessary -graces for even the better-bred classes,—she could appreciate the -thirty-eight copies of the Scriptures which were found among her -husband’s four hundred volumes; _these_ would be familiar to her, but -the sixty-four books in Latin would not be read by the women of her day. -Fortunately, she did not survive, as did her husband, to endure grief -from the deaths of the daughters, Fear and Patience, both of whom died -before 1635; nor yet did she realize the bitterness of feeling between -the sons, Jonathan and Love, and their differences of opinion in the -settlement of the Elder’s estate.[50] - -A traditional picture has been given[51] of Captain Peregrine White of -Marshfield, “riding a black horse and wearing a coat with buttons the -size of a silver dollar, vigorous and of a comely aspect to the -last,”[52] paying daily visits to his mother, Mistress Susanna White -Winslow. We may imagine this elderly matron, sitting in the Winslow -arm-chair, with its mark, “Cheapside, 1614,”[53] perhaps wearing the -white silk shoulder-cape with its trimmings of embossed velvet which has -been preserved, proud that she was privileged to be the mother of this -son, the first child born of white parents in New England, proud that -she had been the wife of a Governor and Commissioner of eminence, and -also the mother of Josiah Winslow, the first native-born Governor of any -North American commonwealth. Hers was a record of which any woman of any -century might well be proud![54] - -In social position and worldly comforts her life was pre-eminent among -the colonists. Although Edward Winslow had renounced some of his English -wealth, possibly, when he went to Holland and adopted the trade of -printer, he “came into his own” again and was in high favor with English -courts and statesmen. His services as agent and commissioner, both for -the Plymouth colony and later for Cromwell, must have necessitated long -absences from home, while his wife remained at Careswell, the estate at -Green Harbor, Marshfield, caring for her younger children, Elizabeth and -Josiah Winslow. By family tradition, Mistress Susanna was a woman of -graceful, aristocratic bearing and of strong character. Sometimes called -Anna, as in her marriage record to William White at Leyden, February 11, -1612,[55] she was the sister of Dr. Samuel Fuller. Two children by her -first marriage died in 1615 and 1616; with her boy, Resolved, about five -or six years old, she came with her husband on _The Mayflower_ and, at -the end of the voyage, bore her son, Peregrine White. - -The tact, courtesy and practical sagacity of Edward Winslow fitted him -for the many demands that were made upon his diplomacy. One of the most -amusing stories of his experiences as agent for Plymouth colony has been -related by himself[56] when, at the request of the Indians, he visited -Massasoit, who was ill, and brought about the recovery of this chief by -common sense methods of treatment and by a “savory broth” made from -Indian corn, sassafras and strawberry leaves, “strained through his -handkerchief.” The skill with which Winslow cooked the broth and the -“relish” of ducks reflected credit upon the household methods of -Mistress Winslow. - -After 1646, Edward Winslow did not return to Plymouth for any long -sojourn, for Cromwell and his advisers had recognized the worth of such -a man as commissioner.[57] In 1655 he was sent as one of three -commissioners against the Spaniards in the West Indies to attack St. -Domingo. Because of lack of supplies and harmony among the troops, the -attack was a failure. To atone for this the fleet started towards -Jamaica, but on the way, near Hispaniola, Winslow was taken ill of fever -and died, May 8, 1655; he was buried at sea with a military salute from -forty-two guns. The salary paid to Winslow during these years was £1000, -which was large for those times. On April 18, 1656, a “representation” -from his widow, Susanna, and son was presented to the Lord Protector and -council, asking that, although Winslow’s death occurred the previous -May, the remaining £500 of his year’s salary might be paid to satisfy -his creditors. - -To his wife and family Winslow, doubtless, wrote letters as graceful and -interesting as are the few business epistles that are preserved in the -Winthrop Papers.[58] That he was anxious to return to his family is -evident from a letter by President Steele of the Society for Propagating -the Gospel in New England (in 1650), which Winslow was also serving;[59] -“Winslow was unwilling to be longer kept from his family, but his great -acquaintance and influence were of service to the cause so great that it -was hoped he would remain for a time longer.” In his will, which is now -in Somerset House, London, dated 1654, he left his estate at Marshfield -to his son, Josiah, with the stipulation that his wife, Susanna, should -be allowed a full third part thereof through her life.[60] She lived -twenty-five years longer, dying in October, 1680, at the estate, -Careswell. It is supposed that she was buried on the hillside cemetery -of the Daniel Webster estate in Marshfield, where, amid tangles and -flowers, may be located the grave-stones of her children and -grandchildren. - -Sharing with Mistress Susanna White Winslow the distinction of being -mother of a child born on _The Mayflower_ was Mistress Elizabeth -Hopkins, whose son, Oceanus, was named for his birthplace. She was the -second wife of Stephen Hopkins, who was one of the leaders with Winslow -and Standish on early expeditions. With her stepchildren, Constance and -Giles, and her little daughter, Damaris, she bore the rigors of those -first years, bore other children,—Caleb, Ruth, Deborah and -Elizabeth,—and cared for a large estate, including servants and many -cattle. The inventory of the Hopkins estate revealed an abundance of -beds and bedding, yellow and green rugs, curtains and spinning-wheels, -and much wearing apparel. The home-life surely had incidents of -excitement, as is shown by the accusations and fines against Stephen -Hopkins for “suffering excessive drinking at his house, 1637, when -William Reynolds was drunk and lay under the table,” and again for -“suffering men to drink in his house on the Lord’s Day, both before and -after the meeting—and allowing his servant and others to drink more than -for ordinary refreshing and to play shovell board and such like -misdemeanors.”[61] Such lapses in conduct at the Hopkins house were -atoned for by the services which Stephen Hopkins rendered to the colony -as explorer, assistant to the governor and other offices which suited -his reliable and fearless disposition. - -These occasional “misdemeanors” in the Hopkins household were slight -compared with the records against “the black sheep” of the colony, the -family of Billingtons from London. The mother, Helen or Ellen, did not -seem to redeem the reputation of husband and sons; traditionally she was -called “the scold.” After her husband had been executed in 1630, for the -first murder in the colony, for he had waylaid and killed John Newcomen, -she married Gregory Armstrong. She had various controversies in court -with her son and others. In 1636, she was accused of slander by “Deacon” -John Doane,—she had charged him with unfairness in mowing her pasture -lot,—and she was sentenced to a fine of five pounds and “to sit in the -stocks and be publickly whipt.”[62] Her second husband died in 1650 and -she lived several years longer, occupying a “tenement” granted to her in -her son’s house at North Plymouth. Apparently her son, John, after his -fractious youth, died; Francis married Christian Penn, the widow of -Francis Eaton. Their children seem to have “been bound out” for service -while the parents were convicted of trying to entice the children away -from their work and, consequently, they were punished by sitting in the -stocks on “lecture days.”[63] In his later life, Francis Billington -became more stable in character and served on committees. His last -offense was the mild one “of drinking tobacco on the highway.” -Apparently, Helen Billington had many troubles and little sympathy in -the Plymouth colony. - -As companions to these matrons of the pioneer days were four maidens who -must have been valuable as assistants in housework and care of the -children,—Priscilla Mullins, Mary Chilton, Elizabeth Tilley and -Constance Hopkins. The first three had been orphaned during that first -winter; probably, they became members of the households of Elder -Brewster and Governor Carver. All have left names that are most -honorably cherished by their many descendants. Priscilla Mullins has -been celebrated in romance and poetry. Very little real knowledge exists -about her and many of the surmises would be more interesting if they -could be proved. She was well-born, for her father, at his death, was -mentioned with regret[64] as “a man pious and well-deserving, endowed -also with considerable outward estate; and had it been the will of God -that he had survived, might have proved an useful instrument in his -place.” There was a family tradition of a castle, Molyneux or Molines, -in Normandy. The title of _Mr._ indicated that he was a man of standing -and he was a counsellor in state and church. Perhaps he died on -shipboard at Plymouth, because his will, dated April 2, 1621, was -witnessed by John Carver, Christopher Jones and Giles Heald, probably -the captain and surgeon of the ship, _Mayflower_. - -This will, which has been recently found in Dorking, Surrey, England, -has had important influence upon research. We learn that an older -sister, Sarah Blunden, living in Surrey, was named as administratrix, -and that a son, William (who came to Plymouth before 1637) was to have -money, bonds and stocks in England. Goods in Virginia and more -money,—ten pounds each,—were bequeathed equally to his wife Alice, his -daughter Priscilla and the younger son, Joseph. Interesting also is the -item of “xxj dozen shoes and thirteene paire of boots wch I give unto -the Companie’s hands for forty pounds at seaven yeares.” If the Company -would not accept the rate, these shoes and boots were to be for the -equal benefit of his wife and son, William. To his friend, John Carver, -he commits his wife and children and also asks for a “special eye to my -man Robert wch hath not so approved himself as I would he should have -done.”[65] Before this will was probated, July 23, 1621, John Carver, -Mistress Alice Mullins, the son, Joseph, and the man, Robert Carter (or -Cartier) were all dead, leaving Priscilla to carry on the work to which -they had pledged their lives. Perhaps the brother and sister in England -were children of an earlier marriage,[66] as Alice Mullins has been -spoken of as a second wife. - -Priscilla was about twenty years old when she came to Plymouth. By -tradition she was handsome, witty, deft and skilful as spinner and cook. -Into her life came John Alden, a cooper of unknown family, who joined -the Pilgrims at Southampton, under promise to stay a year. Probably he -was not the first suitor for Priscilla’s hand, for tradition affirmed -that she had been sought in Leyden. The single sentence by Bradford -tells the story of their romance: “being a hop[e]full yong man was much -desired, but left to his owne liking to go or stay when he came here; -but he stayed, and maryed here.” With him he brought a Bible, printed -1620,[67] probably a farewell gift or purchase as he left England. When -the grant of land and cattle was made in 1627, he was twenty-eight years -old, and had in his family, Priscilla, his wife, a daughter, Elizabeth, -aged three, and a son, John, aged one.[68] - -The poet, Longfellow, was a descendant of Priscilla Alden, and he had -often heard the story of the courtship of Priscilla by Miles Standish, -through John Alden as his proxy. It was said to date back to a poem, -“Courtship,” by Moses Mullins, 1672. In detail it was given by Timothy -Alden in “American Epitaphs,” 1814,[69] but there are here some -deflections from facts as later research has revealed them. The magic -words of romance, “Why don’t you speak for yourself, John?” are found in -this early narrative. - -There was more than romance in the lives of John and Priscilla Alden as -the “vital facts” indicate. Their first home was at Town Square, -Plymouth, on the site of the first school-house but, by 1633, they lived -upon a farm of one hundred and sixty-nine acres in Duxbury. Their first -house here was about three hundred feet from the present Alden house, -which was built by the son, Jonathan, and is now occupied by the eighth -John Alden. It must have been a lonely farmstead for Priscilla, although -she made rare visits, doubtless on an ox or a mare, or in an ox-cart -with her children, to see Barbara Standish at Captain’s Hill, or to the -home of Jonathan Brewster, a few miles distant. As farmer, John Alden -was not so successful as he would have been at his trade of cooper. -Moreover, he gave much of his time to the service of the colony -throughout his manhood, acting as assistant to the Governor, treasurer, -surveyor, agent and military recruit. Like many another public servant -of his day and later, he “became low in his estate” and was allowed a -small gratuity of ten pounds because “he hath been occationed to spend -time at the Courts on the Countryes occasion and soe hath done this many -yeares.”[70] He had also been one of the eight “undertakers” who, in -1627, assumed the debts and financial support of the Plymouth colony. - -Eleven children had been born to John and Priscilla Alden, five sons and -six daughters. Sarah married Alexander Standish and so cemented the two -families in blood as well as in friendship. Ruth, who married John Bass, -became the ancestress of John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Elizabeth, -who married William Pabodie, had thirteen children, eleven of them -girls, and lived to be ninety-three years; at her death the _Boston News -Letter_[71] extolled her as “exemplary, virtuous and pious and her -memory is blessed.” Possibly with all her piety she had a good share of -the independence of spirit which was accredited to her mother; in her -husband’s will[72] she is given her “third at Little Compton” and an -abundance of household stuff, but with this reservation,—“If she will -not be contented with her thirds at Little Compton, but shall claim her -thirds in both Compton and Duxbury or marry again, I do hereby make -voyde all my bequest unto her and she shall share only the parte as if -her husband died intestate.” A portrait of her shows dress of rich -materials. - -Captain John Alden seems to have been more adventuresome than the other -boys in Priscilla’s family. He was master of a merchantman in Boston and -commander of armed vessels which supplied marine posts with provisions. -Like his sister, Elizabeth, he had thirteen children. He was once -accused of witchcraft, when he was present at a trial, and was -imprisoned fifteen weeks without being allowed bail.[73] He escaped and -hurried to Duxbury, where he must have astonished his mother by the -recital of his adventures. He left an estate of £2059, in his will, two -houses, one of wood worth four hundred pounds, and another of brick -worth two hundred and seventy pounds, besides much plate, brass and -money and debts amounting to £1259, “the most of which are desperite.” A -tablet in the wall of the Old South Church at Copley Square, Boston, -records his death at the age of seventy-five, March, 1701. He was an -original member of this church. Perhaps Priscilla varied her peaceful -life by visits to this affluent son in Boston. - -There is no evidence of the date of Priscilla Alden’s death or the place -of her burial. She was living and present, with her husband, at Josiah -Winslow’s funeral in 1680. She must have died before her husband, for in -his inventory, 1686, he makes no mention of her. He left a small estate -of only a little over forty pounds, although he had given to his sons -land in Duxbury, Taunton, Middleboro and Bridgewater.[74] - -Probably Priscilla also bestowed some of her treasures upon her children -before she died. Some of her spoons, pewter and candle-sticks have been -traced by inheritance. It is not likely that she was “rich in this -world’s goods” through her marriage, but she had a husband whose -fidelity to state and religion have ever been respected. To his memory -Rev. John Cotton wrote some elegiac verses; Justin Winsor has emphasized -the honor which is still paid to the name of John Alden in Duxbury and -Plymouth:[75] “He was possessed of a sound judgment and of talents -which, though not brilliant, were by no means ordinary—decided, ardent, -resolute, and persevering, indifferent to danger, a bold and hardy man, -stern, austere and unyielding and of incorruptible integrity.” - -The name of Mary Chilton is pleasant to the ear and imagination. Chilton -Street and Chiltonville in Plymouth, and the Chilton Club in Boston, -keep alive memories of this girl who was, by persistent tradition, the -first woman who stepped upon the rock of landing at Plymouth harbor. -This tradition was given in writing, in 1773, by Ann Taylor, the -grandchild of Mary Chilton and John Winslow.[76] Her father, James -Chilton, sometimes with the Dutch spelling, Tgiltron, was a man of -influence among the early leaders, but he died at Cape Cod, December 8, -1620. He came from Canterbury, England, to Holland. By the records on -the Roll of Freemen of the City of Canterbury,[77] he is named as James -Chylton, tailor, “Freeman by Gift, 1583.” Earlier Chiltons,—William, -spicer, and Nicholas, clerk,—are classified as “Freemen by Redemption.” -Three children were baptized in St. Paul’s Church, Canterbury,—Isabella, -1586; Jane, 1589; and Ingle, 1599. Isabella was married in Leyden to -Roger Chandler five years before _The Mayflower_ sailed. Evidently, Mary -bore the same name as an older sister whose burial is recorded at St. -Martin’s, Canterbury, in 1593. Isaac Chilton, a glass-maker, may have -been brother or cousin of James. Of Mary’s mother almost nothing has -been found except mention of her death during the infection of 1621.[78] - -When _The Fortune_ arrived in November, 1621, it brought Mary Chilton’s -future husband among the passengers,—John Winslow, younger brother of -Edward. Not later than 1627 they were married and lived at first in the -central settlement, and later in Plain Dealing, North Plymouth. They had -ten children. The son, John, was Brigadier-General in the Army. John -Winslow, Sr., seemed to show a spirit of enterprise by the exchange and -sale of his “lots” in Plymouth and afterwards in Boston where he moved -his family, and became a successful owner and master of merchant ships. -Here he acquired land on Devonshire Street and Spring Lane and also on -Marshall Lane and Hanover Street. From Plans and Deeds, prepared by -Annie Haven Thwing,[79] one may locate a home of Mary Chilton Winslow in -Boston, a lot 72 and 85, 55 and 88, in the rear of the first Old South -Church, at the south-west corner of Joyliffe’s Lane, now Devonshire -Street, and Spring Lane. It was adjacent to land owned by John Winthrop -and Richard Parker. By John Winslow’s will, probated May 21, 1674, he -bequeathed this house, land, gardens and a goodly sum of money and -shares of stock to his wife and children. The house and stable, with -land, was inventoried for £490 and the entire estate for £2946-14-10. He -had a Katch _Speedwell_, with cargoes of pork, sugar and tobacco, and a -Barke _Mary_, whose produce was worth £209; these were to be divided -among his children. His money was also to be divided, including 133 -“peeces of eight.”[80] - -Interesting as are the items of this will, which afford proofs that Mary -Chilton as matron had luxuries undreamed of in the days of 1621, _her_ -will is even more important for us. It is one of the three _original_ -known wills of _Mayflower_ passengers, the others being those of Edward -Winslow and Peregrine White. Mary Chilton’s will is in the Suffolk -Registry of Probate,[81] Boston, in good condition, on paper 18 by 14 -inches. The will was made July 31, 1676. Among other interesting -bequests are: to my daughter Sarah (Middlecot) “my Best gowne and -Pettecoat and my silver beare bowl” and to each of her children “a -silver cup with a handle.” To her grandchild, William Payne, was left -her “great silver Tankard” and to her granddaughter, Ann Gray, “a trunk -of Linning” (linen) with bed, bolsters and ten pounds in money. Many -silver spoons and “ruggs” were to be divided. To her grandchild, Susanna -Latham, was definite allotment of “my Petty coate with silke Lace.” In -the inventory one may find commentary upon the valuation of these -goods—“silk gowns and pettecoats” for £6-10, twenty-two napkins at seven -shillings, and three “great pewter dishes” and twenty small pieces of -pewter for two pounds, six shillings. She had gowns, mantles, head -bands, fourteen in number, seventeen linen caps, six white aprons, -pocket-handkerchiefs and all other articles of dress. Mary Chilton -Winslow could not write her name, but she made a very neat mark, _M._ -She was buried beneath the Winslow coat of arms at the front of King’s -Chapel Burial-ground in Boston. She closely rivalled, if she did not -surpass in wealth and social position, her sister-in-law, Susanna White -Winslow. - -Elizabeth Tilley had a more quiet life, but she excelled her associates -among these girls of Plymouth in one way,—she could write her name very -well. Possibly she was taught by her husband, John Howland who left, in -his inventory, an ink-horn, and who wrote records and letters often for -the colonists. For many years, until the discovery and printing of -Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation in 1856, it was assumed that -Elizabeth Tilley was either the daughter or granddaughter of Governor -Carver; such misstatement even appears upon the Howland tombstone in the -old burying-ground at Plymouth. Efforts to explain by assuming a second -marriage of Carver or a first marriage of Howland fail to convince, for, -surely, such relationships would have been mentioned by Bradford, -Winslow, Morton or Prence. After the death of her parents, during the -first winter, Elizabeth remained with the Carver household until that -was broken by death; afterwards she was included in the family over -which John Howland was considered “head”; according to the grant of 1624 -he was given an acre each for himself, Elizabeth Tilley, Desire Minter, -and the boy, William Latham. - -The step-mother of Elizabeth Tilley bore a Dutch name, Bridget Van De -Veldt.[82] Elizabeth was ten or twelve years younger than her husband, -at least, for he was twenty-eight years old in 1620. They were married, -probably, by 1623-4, for the second child, John, was born in 1626. It is -not known how long Howland had been with the Pilgrims at Leyden; he may -have come there with Cushman in 1620 or, possibly, he joined the company -at Southampton. His ancestry is still in some doubt in spite of the -efforts to trace it to one John Howland, “gentleman and citizen and -salter” of London.[83] Probably the outfit necessary for the voyage was -furnished to him by Carver, and the debt was to be paid in some service, -clerical or other; in no other sense was he a “servant.” He signed the -compact of _The Mayflower_ and was one of the “ten principal men” chosen -to select a site for the colony. For many years he was prominent in -civic affairs of the state and church. He was among the liberals towards -Quakers as were his brothers who came later to Marshfield,—Arthur and -Henry. At Rocky Neck, near the Jones River in Kingston, as it is now -called, the Howland household was prosperous, with nine children to keep -Elizabeth Tilley’s hands occupied. She lived until past eighty years, -and died at the home of her daughter, Lydia Howland Brown, in Swanzey, -in 1687. Among the articles mentioned in her will are many books of -religious type. Her husband’s estate as inventoried was not large, but -mentioned such useful articles as silk neckcloths, four dozen buttons -and many skeins of silk.[84] - -Constance or Constanta Hopkins was probably about the same age as -Elizabeth Tilley, for she was married before 1627 to Nicholas Snow, who -came in _The Ann_. They had twelve children, and among the names one -recognizes such familiar patronymics of the two families as Mark, -Stephen, Ruth and Elizabeth. Family tradition has ascribed beauty and -patience to this maiden who, doubtless, served well both in her father’s -large family and in the community. Her step-sister, Damaris, married -Jacob Cooke, son of the Pilgrim, Francis Cooke. - ------ - -Footnote 35: - - Now in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. - -Footnote 36: - - For discussion of the ancestry of Standish, see “Some Recent - Investigations of the Ancestry of Capt. Myles Standish,” by Thomas - Cruddas Porteus of Coppell, Lancashire; N. E. Gen. Hist. Register, 68; - 339-370; also in edition, Boston, 1914. - -Footnote 37: - - Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, iv, 322. - -Footnote 38: - - England and Holland of the Pilgrims, Dexter. - -Footnote 39: - - The Mayflower Descendant, v. 256. - -Footnote 40: - - History of the Allerton Family; W. S. Allerton, N. Y., 1888. - -Footnote 41: - - New England Memorial; Morton. - -Footnote 42: - - The Colonial, I, 46; also Gen. Hist. Reg., 67; 382, note. - -Footnote 43: - - Life of Pilgrim Alden; Augustus E. Alden; Boston, 1902. - -Footnote 44: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Appendix. - -Footnote 45: - - The England and Holland of the Pilgrims. - -Footnote 46: - - N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., 45, 56. - -Footnote 47: - - N. E. Gen. Hist.; iv, 108. - -Footnote 48: - - The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin. - -Footnote 49: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation. - -Footnote 50: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 51: - - The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin; foot-note, p. 181. - -Footnote 52: - - Account of his death in _Boston News Letter_, July 31, 1704. - -Footnote 53: - - This chair and the cape are now in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth; here also - are portraits of Edward Winslow and Josiah Winslow and the latter’s - wife, Penelope. - -Footnote 54: - - More material may be found in Winslow Memorial; Family Record, Holton, - N. Y., 1877, and in Ancestral Chronological Record of the William - White Family, 1607-1895, Concord, 1895. - -Footnote 55: - - The Mayflower Descendant, vii, 193. - -Footnote 56: - - Winslow’s Relation. - -Footnote 57: - - State Papers, Colonial Service, 1574-1660. Winthrop Papers, ii, 283. - -Footnote 58: - - Hutchinson Collections, 110, 153, etc. - -Footnote 59: - - The Pilgrim Republic; Goodwin, 444. - -Footnote 60: - - The Mayflower Descendant, iv, 1. - -Footnote 61: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 62: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 63: - - The Pilgrim Republic; Goodwin. - -Footnote 64: - - New England Memorial; Morton. - -Footnote 65: - - Pilgrim Alden, by Augustus E. Alden, Boston, 1902. - -Footnote 66: - - Gen. Hist. Register, 40; 62-3. - -Footnote 67: - - Now in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. - -Footnote 68: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 69: - - American Epitaphs, 1814; 111, 139. - -Footnote 70: - - Records of the Colony of New Plymouth. - -Footnote 71: - - June 17, 1717. - -Footnote 72: - - The Mayflower Descendant, vi, 129. - -Footnote 73: - - History of Witchcraft; Upham. - -Footnote 74: - - The Mayflower Descendant, iii, 10. The Story of a Pilgrim Family; Rev. - John Alden; Boston, 1890. - -Footnote 75: - - History of Duxbury; Winsor. - -Footnote 76: - - History of Plymouth; James Thatcher. - -Footnote 77: - - Probably this freedom was given by the city or some board therein, as - mark of respect. N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., 63, 201. - -Footnote 78: - - Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation; Appendix. - -Footnote 79: - - Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston. Also dimensions in Bowditch - Title Books: 26: 315. - -Footnote 80: - - The Mayflower Descendant, iii, 129 (1901). - -Footnote 81: - - This will is reprinted in The Mayflower Descendant, 1: 65. - -Footnote 82: - - N. E. Gen. Hist. Reg., i, 34. - -Footnote 83: - - Recollections of John Howland, etc. E. H. Stone, Providence, 1857. - -Footnote 84: - - The Mayflower Descendant, ii, 70. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CHAPTER IV - - COMPANIONS WHO ARRIVED IN THE FORTUNE AND THE ANN - - -After the arrival of _The Ann_, in the summer of 1623, the women who -came in _The Mayflower_ had more companions of good breeding and -efficiency. Elizabeth Warren, wife of Richard, came with her five -daughters; it is safe to assume the latter were attractive for, in a few -years, all were well married. Two sons were born after Elizabeth arrived -at Plymouth, Nathaniel and Joseph. For forty-five years she survived her -husband, who had been a man of strength of character and usefulness as -well as some wealth. When she died at the age of ninety-three leaving -seventy-five great grandchildren, the old Plymouth Colony Records paid -her tribute,—“Mistress Elizabeth Warren, haveing lived a Godly life came -to her Grave as a Shock of corn full Ripe. She was honourably buried on -the 24th of October (1673).” - -Evidently, Mistress Warren was a woman of independent means and -efficiency,—else she would have remarried, as was the custom of the -times. She became one of the “purchasers” of the colony and conveyed -land, at different times, near Eel River and what is now Warren’s Cove, -in Plymouth, to her sons-in-law. An interesting sidelight upon her -character and home is found in the Court Records;[85] her servant, -Thomas Williams, was prosecuted for “speaking profane and blasphemous -speeches against ye majestie of God. There being some dissension between -him and his dame she, after other things, exhorted him to fear God and -doe his duty.” - -Bridget Fuller followed her husband, Dr. Samuel, and came in _The Ann_. -She also long survived her husband and did not remarry. She carried on -his household and probably also his teaching for many years after he -fell victim to the epidemic of infectious fever in 1633. She was his -third wife, but only two children are known to have used the Fuller -cradle, now preserved in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. It has been stated -that, in addition to these two, Samuel and Mercy, another young child -came with its mother in _The Ann_, but did not live long.[86] The son, -Samuel, born about 1625, was minister for many years at Middleboro; he -married Elizabeth Brewster, thus preserving two friendly families in -kinship. - -Evidently, Bridget Fuller was very ill and not expected to recover when -her husband was dying, for in his will, made at that time, he arranged -for the education of his children by his brother-in-law, William Wright, -unless it “shall please God to recover my wife out of her weake estate -of sickness.” It is interesting also that, in this will, provision was -made for the education of his daughter, Mercy, as well as his son, -Samuel, by Mrs. Heeks or Hicks, the wife of Robert Hicks who came in -_The Ann_.[87] Not alone for his own children did this good physician -provide education, but also for others “put to him for schooling,”—with -special mention of Sarah Converse “left to me by her sick father.” This -kind, generous doctor left a considerable estate, in spite of the many -“debts for physicke,” including that of “Mr. Roger Williams which was -freely given.” One specific gift was for the good of the church and this -forms the nucleus of a fund which is still known as the Fuller -Ministerial Fund of the Plymouth Congregational Church. Its source was -“the first cow calfe that his Brown Cow should have.”[88] - -Mrs. Alice Morse Earle says that gloves were gifts of sentiment;[89] -they were generously bestowed by this physician of old Plymouth. Money -to buy gloves, or gloves, were bequeathed to Mistress Alice Bradford and -Governor Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; also to John Winslow, -John Jenny and Rebecca Prence. The price allowed for a pair of gloves -was from two to five shillings. Probably these may have been the fringed -leather gloves or the knit gloves described by Mrs. Earle. Another -bequest was his “best hat and band never worn to old Mr. William -Brewster.” To his wife was left not alone two houses, “one at Smeltriver -and another in town,” but also a fine supply of furnishings and clothes, -including stuffe gown, red pettecoate, stomachers, aprons, shoes and -kerchiefs. Mistress Fuller lived until after 1667, and exerted a strong -influence upon the educational life of Plymouth. - -Is it heresy to question whether the sampler,[90] accredited to Lora or -Lorea Standish, the daughter of Captain Miles and Barbara Standish, was -not more probably the work of the granddaughter, Lorea, the child of -Alexander Standish and Sarah Alden? The style and motto are more in -accord with the work of the later generation and, surely, the necessary -time and materials for such work would be more probable after the -pioneer days. This later Lora married Abraham Sampson, son of the Henry -who came as a boy in _The Mayflower_.[91] The embroidered cap[92] and -bib, supposed to have been made by Mistress Barbara for her daughter, -would prove that she had - - “hands with such convenient skill - As to conduce to vertu void of shame” - -which were the aspiration of the girl who embroidered, or “wrought,” the -sampler. It is a pleasant commentary upon the tastes and industry of -Mistress Barbara Standish that, amid the cares of a large family and -farm, she found time for such dainty embroideries as we find in the cap -and bib. - -Probably two young sons of Captain and Barbara Standish, Charles and -John, died in the infectious fever epidemic of 1633. A second Charles -with his brothers, Alexander, Miles and Josiah, and his sister, Lorea, -gladdened the hearth of the Standish home on Captain’s Hill, Duxbury. A -goodly estate was left at the death of Captain Miles, including a -well-equipped house, cattle, mault mill, swords (as one would expect), -sixteen pewter pieces and several books of classic literature,—Homer, -Cæsar’s Commentaries, histories of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, military -histories, and three Bibles with commentaries upon religious matters. -There were also medical books, for Standish was reputed to have been a -student and practitioner in times of emergency in Duxbury. He suffered a -painful illness at the close of his vigorous, adventuresome life. -Perhaps Barbara needed, at times, grace to endure that “warm temper” -which Pastor Robinson deplored in Miles Standish, a comment which the -intrepid Captain forgave and answered by a bequest to the granddaughter -of this loved pastor. We may be sure Barbara was proud of the mighty -share which her husband had in saving Plymouth Colony from severe -disaster, if not from extinction. It is surmised that Barbara Standish -was buried in Connecticut where she lived during the last of her life -with her son, Josiah. Possibly, however, she may have been buried beside -her husband, sons, daughter and daughter-in-law, Mary Dingley, in -Duxbury.[93] - -The Colonial Governor and his Lady ever held priority of rank. Such came -to Mrs. Alice Southworth when she married Governor William Bradford a -few days after her arrival on _The Ann_. Tradition has said persistently -that this was the consummation of an earlier romance which was broken -off by the marriage of Alice Carpenter to Edward Southworth in Leyden. -The death of her first husband left her with two sons, Thomas and -Constant Southworth, who came to Plymouth before 1628. She had sisters -in the Colony: Priscilla, the wife of William Wright, came in _The -Fortune_; Dr. Fuller’s first wife had been another sister; Juliana, wife -of George Morton, was a third who came also in _The Ann_. Still another -sister, Mary Carpenter, came later and lived in the Governor’s family -for many years. At her death in her ninety-first year, she was mourned -as “a Godly old maid, never married.”[94] - -The first home of the Bradfords in Plymouth was at Town Square where now -stands the Bradford block. About 1627-8 they moved, for a part of the -year, to the banks of the Jones River, now Kingston, a place which had -strongly appealed to Bradford as a good site for the original settlement -when the men were making their explorations in December, 1620. William, -Joseph and Mercy were born to inherit from their parents the fine -characters of both Governor and Alice Bradford, and also to pass on to -their children the carved chests, wrought and carved chairs, case and -knives, desk, silver spoons, fifty-one pewter dishes, five dozen -napkins, three striped carpets, four Venice glasses, besides cattle and -cooking utensils and many books. That the Governor had a proper “dress -suit” was proved by the inventory of “stuffe suit with silver buttons -and cloaks of violet, light colour and faced with taffety and linen -throw.” - -As Mistress Bradford could only “make her mark,” she probably did not -appreciate the remarkable collection, for the times, of Latin, Greek, -Hebrew, Dutch and French books as well as the studies in philosophy and -theology which were in her husband’s library. There is no doubt that the -first and second generations of girls and boys in Plymouth Colony had -elementary instruction, at least, under Dr. Fuller and Mrs. Hicks as -well as by other teachers. Bradford, probably, would also attend to the -education of his own family. The Governor’s wife has been accredited -with “labouring diligently for the improvement of the young women of -Plymouth and to have been eminently worthy of her high position.”[95] -She was the sole executrix of her husband’s estate of £1005,—a proof of -her ability. - -Sometimes her cheerfulness must have been taxed to comfort her husband, -as old age came upon him and he fell into the gloomy mood reflected in -such lines as these:[96] - - “In fears and wants, through weal and woe, - A pilgrim passed I to and fro; - Oft left of them whom I did trust, - How vain it is to rest in dust! - A man of sorrows I have been, - And many changes I have seen, - Wars, wants, peace, plenty I have known, - And some advanc’d, others thrown down.” - -When Mistress Alice Bradford died she was “mourned, though aged” by -many. To her memory, Nathaniel Morton, her nephew, wrote some lines -which were more biographic than poetical, recalling her early life as an -exile with her father from England for the truth’s sake, her first -marriage - - “To one whose grace and virtue did surpasse, - I mean good Edward Southworth whoe not long - Continued in this world the saints amonge.” - -With extravagant words he extols the name of Bradford,—“fresh in memory -Which smeles with odoriferous fragrancye.” - -This elegist records also that, after her second widowhood, she lived a - - “life of holynes and faith, - In reading of God’s word and contemplation - Which healped her to assurance of salvation.” - -This is not a very lively, graphic description of the woman most -honored, perhaps, of all the pioneer women of Plymouth, but we may add, -by imagination, a few sure traits of human kindliness and grace. She was -typical of those women who came in _The Mayflower_ and her sister ships. -Although she escaped the tragic struggles and illness of that first -winter, yet she revealed the same qualities of courage, good sense, -fidelity and vision which were the watchwords of that group of women in -Plymouth colony. Yes,—they had vision to see their part in the sincere -purpose to establish a new standard of liberty in state and church, to -serve God and mankind with all their integrity and resources. - -As the leaders among the men were self-sacrificing and honorable in -their dealings with their financiers, with the Indians and with each -other, so the women were faithful and true in their homes and communal -life. They took scarcely any part in the civic administration, for such -responsibility did not come into the lives of seventeenth century women. -They were actively interested in the educational and religious life of -the colony. Their moral standards were high and inflexible; they -extolled, and practised, the virtues of thrift and industry. It may be -well for women in America today, who were querulous at the restrictions -upon sugar and electric lights, to consider the good sense, and good -cheer, with which these women of Plymouth Colony directed their thrifty -households. - -We would not assume that they were free from the whims and foibles of -womankind,—and sometimes of mankind,—of all ages. They were, doubtless, -contradictory and impulsive at times; they could scold and they could -gossip. We believe that they laughed sometimes, in the midst of dire -want and anxiety, and we know that they prayed with sincerity and trust. -They bore children gladly and they trained them “in the fear and -admonition of the Lord.” They were the progenitors of thousands of fine -men and women in all parts of America today who honor the _women_ as -well as the _men_ of the old Plymouth Colony,—the women who faithfully -performed, without any serious discontent, - - “that whole sweet round - Of littles that large life compound.” - ------ - -Footnote 85: - - I, 35, July 5, 1635. - -Footnote 86: - - Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth; W. T. Davis. - -Footnote 87: - - Plymouth Colony Wills and Inventories; also in Mayflower Descendants, - 1, 245. - -Footnote 88: - - Genealogy of Some Descendants of Dr. Samuel Fuller of _The Mayflower_, - compiled by William Hyslop Fuller, Palmer. - -Footnote 89: - - Two Centuries of Costume in America; Alice Morse Earle; N. Y., 1903. - -Footnote 90: - - In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. - -Footnote 91: - - Notes to Bradford’s History, edition 1912. - -Footnote 92: - - In Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. - -Footnote 93: - - Interesting facts on this subject may be found in “The Grave of Miles - Standish and other Pilgrims,” by E. V. J. Huiginn; Beverly, 1914. - -Footnote 94: - - Hunter’s Collections, 1854. - -Footnote 95: - - The Pilgrim Republic; John A. Goodwin, p. 460. - -Footnote 96: - - New England Memorial; Morton. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - INDEX TO PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT - - - ALDEN, Augustus E., 58 - Elizabeth, 74, 77 - John, 28, 35, 47, 74-80 - Captain John, 78, 79 - Priscilla, 46 - Ruth, 77 - Sarah, 77 - Timothy, 75 - - ALLERTON, Bartholomew, 24 - Isaac, 12, 14, 37 - Mary Norton, 12, 56 - Mary, 17, 34, 56 - Remember, 23, 56 - - ARMSTRONG, Gregory, 70 - - AUSTIN, Jane G., 58 - - - BARTLETT, W. H., 42 - - BASS, Ruth Alden, 77 - - BECKET, Mary, 33 - - BILLINGTON, Francis, 24, 25, 70 - Helen, 31, 69-70 - John, 70 - John, Jr., 24, 29, 70 - - BOWMAN, George Ernest, VI, 49 - - BRADFORD, Alice, 101-5 - Dorothy May, 7, 54 - John, 54 - Mary, 102 - Joseph, 102 - Gov. William, 13, 25, 48, 53, 101-4 - William, Jr., 102 - - BREWSTER, Fear, 11, 37, 62 - Jonathan, 47, 48, 62 - Love, 24, 62 - Mary, 16, 60-61, 62 - Patience, 11, 37, 62 - William, Elder, 14, 15, 31, 46, 53, 60-2 - Wrestling, 24 - - BROWN, Lydia Howland, 88 - Peter, 28, 33, 48 - - - CARPENTER, Juliana, 101 - Mary, 101 - Priscilla, 101 - - CARTER, Robert, 73 - - CARVER, Catherine, 12, 57 - Gov. John, 12, 13, 53, 72, 86 - - CHANDLER, Isabella Chilton, 81 - Roger, 81 - - CHILTON, Ingle, 81 - Isabella, 81 - Isaac, 81 - - CHILTON, James, 12, 80, 81 - Jane, 81 - Mary, 9, 11, 16, 31, 34, 71, 80-85 - Mrs. James, 12, 80 - Nicolas, 81 - - CONVERSE, Sarah, 96 - - COOKE, Francis, 16, 89 - Hester, 16, 36 - Jacob, 89 - John, 24 - Sarah - - COOPER, Humility, 24, 59 - - CRAKSTON, John, 24 - - CROMWELL, 65 - - CUSHMAN, Robert, 10, 34 - Thomas, 16, 34 - - - DAVIS, W. T., 95 - - DE LA NOYE, Philip, 35 - - DE RASSIERES, 27 - - DEAN, Stephen, 35 - - DEXTER, Henry M., 15 - Morton, 15 - - DOANE, Deacon John, 70 - - DOTEY, Edward, 30 - - - EARLE, Alice Morse, 42, 97 - - EATON, Francis, 12, 48, 58 - Sarah, 12, 16 - - ELIOT, Charles W., 17 - - - FORD, Widow Martha, 33 - - FULLER, Ann, 12 - Bridget, 16, 37, 94-96 - Edward, 12 - Mercy, 95 - Samuel, Dr., 14, 16, 37, 53, 95, 96 - Samuel, 24 - William Hyslop, 96 - - - GOODMAN, John, 28 - - GOODWIN, John A., 27, 60, 62, 70, 103 - - - HEALD, Giles, 72 - - HICKS, Robert, 35, 96 - Mrs. Robert, 96 - - HOBOMOK, 22, 48 - - HOPKINS, Caleb, 68 - Constance, or Constanta, 9, 16, 23, 30, 31, 68, 71, 88-9 - Damaris, 23, 68, 89 - - HOPKINS, Elizabeth, 9, 68-9 - Giles, 24, 68 - Oceanus, 24, 68 - Ruth, 68 - Stephen, 22, 30, 69 - - HOWLAND, Elizabeth Tilley, 85-88 - Lydia (Brown), 88 - John, 5, 35, 58, 85-88 - - HUIGINN, E. V. J., 100 - - - JENNY, John, 97 - - JEPPSON, William, 59 - William, 59 - - JONES, Christopher, Capt., 5, 72 - Thomas, Capt., 5 - - - LATHAM, William, 24, 86 - - LISTER, Edward, 30 - - LONGFELLOW, Henry W., 74-5 - - LORD, Arthur, VI - - - MARTIN, Mrs. Christopher, 12 - - MASEFIELD, John, 9 - - MASSASOIT, 22 - - MINTER, Desire, 24, 58, 59, 86 - John, 59 - Thomas, 59 - William, 59 - - MORE, Ellen, 12, 56 - Richard, 24 - - MORTON, George, 101 - Juliana Carpenter, 101 - - MULLINS, Alice, Mrs., 12, 73 - Joseph, 73 - Moses, 74 - Priscilla, 9, 11, 31, 71-7 - Sarah (Blunden), 72 - William, 72, 73, 84 - William, Jr., 72 - - - NEWCOMEN, John, 69 - - - OLDHAM, John, 47 - - - PABODIE, Elizabeth Alden, 77, 78 - William, 77, 78 - - PARKER, Richard, 83 - - PENN, Christian, 70 - - PRENCE, Thomas, 30, 37, 47 - - PRIEST, Degory, 16 - - - REYNOLDS, William, 68 - - RIGDALE, Alice, 12 - - ROBINSON, Pastor John, 10, 14, 57, 100 - - - SAMPSON, Alexander, 98 - Henry, 24, 59, 98 - - SAMOSET, 21, 22, 24, 59 - - SNOW, Nicholas, 16, 88 - - SOULE, George, 34, 48 - - SOUTHWORTH, Alice, 34, 36, 101 - Constant, 101 - Thomas, 101 - - SQUANTO, 22 - - STANDISH, Alexander, 98 - Barbara, 37, 98-100 - Charles, 99 - John, 99 - Josiah, 99 - Lora or Lorea, 98, 99 - Mary Dingley, 100 - Miles, 12, 28, 29, 37, 45, 46, 48, 55, 98-100 - Miles, Jr., 99 - Rose, 8, 12, 44, 54 - - - TAYLOR, Ann, 80 - - THOMPSON, Edward, 7 - - THWING, Annie M., 82 - - TILLEY, Ann, 12 - Bridget, 12 - Edward, 12, 59 - Elizabeth, 9, 24, 31, 58, 71, 85-88 - John, 12 - - TINKER, Mrs. Thomas, 12 - - TURNER, John, 12 - - - WARREN, Elizabeth, 16, 37, 93-94 - Richard, 16, 36, 93 - - WHITE, Peregrine, 7, 24, 62 - Resolved, 24, 64 - Susanna, 9, 29 - William, 64 - - WILLIAMS, Roger, 94 - Thomas, 96 - - WINSLOW, Edward, 11, 12, 14, 24, 29, 43, 45, 46, 47, 53, 55, 63-67 - Elizabeth Barker, 12, 29, 55 - Elizabeth, 64 - John, 16, 34, 35, 82-5 - John, Brig. Gen., 82 - Josiah, 63, 67, 79 - Kenelm, 35 - Mary Chilton, 82-85 - Susanna, 44, 62, 63-67 - - WINTHROP, John, 66, 83 - - WRIGHT, Priscilla Carpenter, 35, 101 - William, 35, 95, 101 - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -Corrections from the errata have been applied. The corrections to the -footnotes occur on Pages 6, 56, 65, 67, 78, 79, 83, 85, and 88. - -In the Index under COOKE on Page 109, the name Sara has no page number. - -Footnotes have been moved to the end of each chapter. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The women Who Came in the Mayflower, by -Annie Russell Marble - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMEN WHO CAME IN THE MAYFLOWER *** - -***** This file should be named 50542-0.txt or 50542-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/5/4/50542/ - -Produced by WebRover, Lisa Anne Hatfield, Chris Curnow and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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