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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Taking of Louisburg 1745 - -Author: Samuel Adams Drake - -Release Date: December 1, 2015 [EBook #50583] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG 1745 *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - [Illustration: W^m Pepperrell] - - _Decisive Events in American History_ - - - - - THE - TAKING OF LOUISBURG - 1745 - - - BY - SAMUEL ADAMS DRAKE - AUTHOR OF “BURGOYNE’S INVASION OF 1777” ETC. - - - BOSTON MDCCCXCI - LEE AND SHEPARD PUBLISHERS - 10 MILK STREET NEXT “THE OLD SOUTH MEETING HOUSE” - NEW YORK CHAS. T. DILLINGHAM - 718 AND 720 BROADWAY - - Copyright, 1890, - By Lee and Shepard. - - - - - CONTENTS - - - CHAPTER PAGE - I. Colonial Seacoast Defences 9 - II. Louisburg Revisited 13 - III. Louisburg to Solve Important Political and Military Problems 24 - IV. Résumé of Events to the Declaration of War 33 - V. “Louisburg must be taken” 46 - VI. The Army and its General 59 - VII. The Army at Canso 73 - VIII. The Siege 80 - IX. The Siege Continued 101 - X. Afterthoughts 126 - - [Illustration: ISLAND BATTERY, WITH LOUISBURG IN THE DISTANCE.] - - - - - THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG - 1745 - - - - - I - COLONIAL SEACOAST DEFENCES - - -The creation of great maritime fortresses, primarily designed to hold -with iron hand important highways of commerce, like Gibraltar, or simply -to guard great naval arsenals, like Kronstadt, or, again, placed where -some great river has cleft a broad path into the heart of a country, -thus laying it open to invasion, has long formed part of the military -policy of all maritime nations. - -In the New World the Spaniards were the first to emphasize their -adhesion to these essential principles by the erection of strongholds at -Havana, Carthagena, Porto Bello, and Vera Cruz, not more to guarantee -the integrity of their colonial possessions, than to protect themselves -against the rapacity of the titled freebooters of Europe, to whom the -treasure fleets of Mexico and the East offered a most alluring prey. -When Spain carried the purse, all the crowned heads of Europe seem to -have turned highwaymen. - -With this single exception the seaboard defences of the Atlantic coast, -even as late as the middle of the eighteenth century, were of the most -trivial character, nor was it owing to any provision for defence that -the chief ports of the English colonies enjoyed the long immunity they -did. England left her colonies to stand or fall upon their own -resources. Fortunate beyond expectation, they simply throve by neglect. -France, with a widely different colonial policy, did a little better, -but with a niggardly hand, while her system was squeezing the life-blood -out of her colonists, drop by drop. Had there been a Drake or a Hawkins -in the Spanish service, Spain might easily have revenged all past -affronts by laying desolate every creek and harbor of the unprotected -North Atlantic coast. She had the armed ports, as we have just shown. -She had the ships and sailors. What, then, was to have prevented her -from destroying the undefended villages of Charleston, Philadelphia, New -York, and Boston? - -Though she set about it so tardily, France was at length compelled to -adopt a system of defence for Canada, or see Canada wrested from her -control. In a most sweeping sense the St. Lawrence was the open gateway -of Canada. There was absolutely no other means of access to all its vast -territory except through the long, little known, and scarce-travelled -course of the Mississippi—a route which, for many reasons besides its -isolation, removed it from consideration as an avenue of attack. - -Quebec was as truly the heart of Canada as the St. Lawrence was its -great invigorating, life-giving artery. It is true that Quebec began to -assume at a very early day something of its later character as half -city, half fortress, but the views of its founders were unquestionably -controlled as much by the fact of remoteness from the sea, as by -Quebec’s remarkable natural capabilities for blocking the path to an -enemy. - -Yet even before the memorable and decisive battle on the Plains of -Abraham, by which Canada was lost to France forever, the St. Lawrence -had been thrice ascended by hostile fleets, and Quebec itself once taken -by them. Mere remoteness was thus demonstrated to be no secure safeguard -against an enterprising enemy. But what if that enemy should seize and -fortify the mouth of the St. Lawrence itself? He would have put a -tourniquet upon the great artery, to be tightened at his pleasure, and -the heart of the colony, despite its invulnerable shield, would beat -only at his dictation. - -We will now pass on to the gradual development of this idea in the minds -of those who held the destiny of Canada in their keeping. - - - - - II - LOUISBURG REVISITED - - -The annals of a celebrated fortress are sure to present some very -curious and instructive phases of national policy and character. Of none -of the fortresses of colonial America can this be said with greater -truth than of Louisburg, once the key and stronghold of French power in -Canada. - -No historic survey can be called complete which does not include the -scene itself. Nowhere does the reality of history come home to us with -such force, or leave such deep, abiding impressions, as when we stand -upon ground where some great action has been performed, or reach a spot -hallowed by the golden memories of the past. It gives tone, color, -consistency to the story as nothing else can, and, for the time being, -we almost persuade ourselves that we, too, are actors in the great drama -itself. - -The Cape Breton Coast. - -It is doubtless quite true that the first impressions one gets when -coming into Louisburg from sea must be altogether disappointing. Indeed, -speaking for myself, I had formed a vague notion, I know not how, that I -was going to see another Quebec, or, at least, something quite like that -antique stronghold, looming large in the distance, just as the history -of the fortress itself looms up out of its epoch. On the contrary, we -saw a low, tame coast, without either prominent landmark or seamark to -denote the harbor, except to those who know every rock and tree upon it, -lifting nowhere the castellated ruins that one’s eyes are strained to -seek, and chiefly formidable now on account of the outlying shoals, -sunken reefs, and intricate passages that render the navigation both -difficult and dangerous to seamen. - -Lighthouse Point. - -On drawing in toward the harbor, we pass between a cluster of three -small, rocky islets at the left hand, one of which is joined to that -shore by a sunken reef; and a rocky point, of very moderate elevation, -at the right, on which the harbor lighthouse stands, the ship channel -being thus compressed to a width of half a mile between the innermost -island and point. - -The harbor is so spacious as to seem deserted, and so still as to seem -oppressive. - -Island Battery. - -The island just indicated was, in the days of the Anglo-French struggles -here, the key to this harbor, but the opposite point proved the -master-key. Neither of the great war fleets that took part in the two -sieges of Louisburg ventured to pass the formidable batteries of that -island, commanding as they did the entrance at short range, and masking -the city behind them, until their fire had first been silenced from the -lighthouse point yonder. When that was done, Louisburg fell like the -ripe pear in autumn. - -Old Louisburg. - -The old French city and fortress, the approach to which this Island -Battery thus securely covered, rose at the southwest point of the -harbor, or on the opposite to the present town of Louisburg, which is a -fishing and coaling station for six months in the year, and for the -other six counts for little or nothing. In summer it is land-locked; in -winter, ice-locked. Pack ice frequently blockades the shores of the -whole island until May, and snow sometimes lies in the woods until June. -Yet in Cape Breton they call Louisburg an open harbor, and its choice as -the site for a fortress finally turned upon the belief that it was -accessible at all seasons of the year. As to that, we shall see later. - -Face of the Country. - -As for the country lying between Sydney and Louisburg, all travellers -agree in pronouncing it wholly without interesting features. And the few -inhabitants are scarcely more interesting than the country. In a word, -it is roughly heaved about in a series of shaggy ridges, sometimes -rising to a considerable height, through which the Mira, an arm of the -sea, forces its way at flood-tide. There is a settlement or two upon -this stream, as there was far back in the time of the French occupation, -but everything about the country wears a forlorn and unprosperous look; -the farms being few and far between, the houses poor, the land thin and -cold, and the people—I mean them no disparagement—much like the land, -from which they get just enough to live upon, and no more. Fortunately -their wants are few, and their habits simple. - -Remains of the Fortress. - -Louisburg is certainly well worth going nine hundred miles to see, but -when, at last, one stands on the grass-grown ramparts, and gets his -first serious idea of their amazing strength and extent, curiosity is -lost in wonder, wonder gives way to reflection, and reflection leads -straight to the question, “What do all these miles of earthworks mean?” -And I venture to make the assertion that no one who has ever been to -Louisburg will rest satisfied till he has found his answer. The story is -long, but one rises from its perusal with a clearer conception of the -nature of the struggle for the mastery of a continent. - -Perhaps the one striking thought about this place is its utter futility. -Man having no further use for it, nature quietly reclaims it for her own -again. Sheep now walk the ramparts instead of sentinels. - -Dominating Hills. - -Upon looking about him, one sees the marked feature of all this region -in the chain of low hills rising behind Louisburg. But a little back -from the coast the hills rise higher, are drawn more compactly together, -and assume the semi-mountainous character common to the whole island. - -Green Hill. - -As this chain of hills undulates along the coast here, sometimes bending -a little back from it, or again inclining out toward it, one of its -zigzags approaches within a mile of Louisburg. At this point, several -low, lumpy ridges push off for the seashore, through long reaches of -boggy moorland, now and then disappearing beneath a shallow pond or -stagnant pool, which lies glistening among the hollows between. Where it -is uneven the land is stony and unfertile; where level, it is a bog. -This rendered the land side as unfavorable to a besieging force as the -nest of outlying rocks and reefs did the sea approaches. A continued -rainfall must have made it wholly untenable for troops. - -The Fortified Line. - -It is one of these ridges just noticed as breaking away from the main -range toward the seashore, and so naturally bent, also, as to touch the -sea at one end and the harbor at the other, that the French engineers -converted into a regular fortification; while within the space thus -firmly enclosed by both nature and art, the old city of the lilies -stretched down a gentle, grassy slope to the harbor shore. - -Demolition of the City. - -Not one stone of this city remains upon another to-day. After the second -siege (1758) the English engineers were ordered to demolish it, and so -far as present appearances go, never was an order more effectually -carried out. All that one sees to-day, in room of it, is a poor fishing -hamlet, straggling along the edge of the harbor, the dwellings being on -one side, and the fish-houses and stages on the other side of the Sydney -road, which suddenly contracts into a lane, and then comes to an end, -along with the village itself, in a fisherman’s back-yard. - -Not so, however, with the still massive earthworks, for the British -engineers were only able, after many months’ labor, and with a liberal -use of powder, to partly execute the work of demolition assigned them. - -I spent several hours, at odd times, in wandering about these old ruins, -and could not help being thankful that for once, at least, the -destroying hand of man had been compelled to abandon its work to the -rains and frosts of heaven. - -Citadel or King’s Bastion. - -Beginning with the citadel, in which the formalities of the surrender -took place, I found it still quite well defined, although nothing now -remains above ground except some old foundation walls to show where long -ranges of stone buildings once stood. Here were the different military -offices, the officers’ quarters and the chapel. The shattered -bomb-proofs, however, were still distinguishable, though much choked up -with débris, and their well-turned arches remain to show how firmly the -solid masonry resisted the assaults of the engineers. In these damp -holes the women, children, and non-combatants passed most of the -forty-seven days of the siege. From this starting-point one may continue -the walk along the ramparts, without once quitting them, for fully a -mile, to the point where they touch the seashore among the inaccessible -rocks and heaving surf of the ocean itself. - -The Casemates. - -These ramparts nowhere rise more than fifty feet above the sea-level, -but are everywhere of amazing thickness and solidity. The moat was -originally eighty feet across, and the walls stood thirty feet above it, -but these dimensions have been much reduced by the work of time and -weather. A considerable part of the line was further defended by a -marsh, through which a storming column would have found it impossible to -advance, and hardly less difficult to make a retreat. The besiegers were -therefore obliged to concentrate their attack upon one or two points, -and these had been rendered the most formidable of the whole line in -consequence of the knowledge that the other parts were comparatively -unassailable. In other words, the besieged were able to control, in a -measure, where the besiegers should attack them. - -Natural Obstacles made use of. - -Although the partly ruined bomb-proofs are the only specimens of masonry -now to be seen in making this tour, the broad and deep excavation of the -moat and covered-way, and the clean, well-grassed slopes of the glacis, -promise to hold together for another century at least. Brambles and -fallen earth choke up the embrasures. It is necessary to use care in -order to avoid treading upon a toad or a snake while you are groping -among the mouldy casemates or when crossing the parade. Those magical -words “In the King’s name,” so often proclaimed here with salvos of -artillery, have now no echo except in the sullen dash of the sea against -the rocky shores outside the perishing fortress, and - - “What care these roarers for the name of King?” - -Graveyard, Point Rochefort. - -Still following the sheep-paths that zigzag about so as nearly to double -the distance, I next turned back toward the harbor, leaving on my right -the bleak and wind-swept field in which, to the lasting reproach of New -England, five hundred of her bravest sons lie without stone or monument -to mark their last resting-place. It is true that most of these men died -of disease, and not in battle; yet to see the place as I saw it, in all -its pitiful nakedness, isolation, and neglect, is the one thing at -Louisburg that a New Englander would gladly have missed; and he will be -very apt to walk on with a slower and less confident step, and with -something less of admiration for the glory which consigns men to such -oblivion as this. - -Royal Battery. - -To give anything like an adequate idea of how skilfully all the -peculiarities of the ground were in some cases made use of in forming -the defences, or in others, with equal art, overcome, would require a -long chapter to itself. In order to render the main fortress more -secure, the French engineer officers selected a spot three-fourths of a -mile above it, on the harbor shore, on which they erected a battery that -raked the open roadstead with its fire. It was a very strong factor in -the system of defences as against a sea attack. This isolated work was -called the Royal Battery, or in the English accounts, the Grand Battery. -Yet, so far from contributing to the successful defence of the fortress, -it became, in the hands of the besiegers, a powerful auxiliary to its -capture. But the whole system of defence here shows that the marshes -extending on the side of Gabarus Bay, where a landing was practicable -only in calm weather, were considered an insuperable obstacle to the -movements of artillery; and without artillery Louisburg could never have -been seriously attacked from the land side. Against a sea attack it was -virtually impregnable. - - - - - III - LOUISBURG TO SOLVE IMPORTANT POLITICAL AND MILITARY PROBLEMS - - -Having glanced at the purely military exigencies, which had at length -forced themselves upon the attention of French statesmen, and having -gone over the ground with the view of impressing its topographical -features more firmly in our minds, we may now look at the underlying -political and economic causes, out of which the French court finally -matured a scheme for the maintenance of their colonial possessions in -Canada in the broadest sense. - -French Colonial System. -Its Unsatisfactory Workings. - -In creating Louisburg the court of Versailles had far more extended -views than the building of a strong fortress to guard the gateway into -Canada would of itself imply. Unquestionably that was a powerful -inducement to the undertaking; but, in the beginning, it certainly -appears to have been only a secondary consideration. For a long time the -condition of affairs in the colony had been far from satisfactory, while -the future promised little that was encouraging. Compared with the -English colonies, its progress was slow, irregular, and unstable. -Agriculture was greatly neglected. So were manufactures. The home -government had exercised, from the first, a guardianship that in the -long run proved fatal to the growth of an independent spirit. There were -swarms of governmental and ecclesiastical dependents who laid hold of -the fattest perquisites, or else, through munificent and inconsiderate -grants obtained from the crown, enjoyed monopolies of trade to the -exclusion of legitimate competition. These leeches were sucking the -life-blood out of Canada. So far, then, from being a self-sustaining -colony, the annual disbursements of the crown were looked to as a means -to make good the deficiency arising between what the country produced -and what it consumed. Without protection the English colonies steadily -advanced in wealth and population; with protection, Canada, settled at -about the same time, scarcely held her own. - -Two very able and sagacious men, the intendants Raudot, were the first -who had the courage to lay before the court of Versailles the true -condition of affairs, and the ability to suggest a remedy for it. - -The Fur Trade Monopoly. - -These intendants represented that the fur trade had always engrossed the -attention of the Canadians, to the exclusion of everything else. Not -only had the beaver skin become the recognized standard for all -exchanges of values, but the estimated annual product of the country was -based upon it, very much as we should reckon the worth of the grain crop -to the United States to-day. It was also received in payment for -revenues. Now, after a long experience, what was the result of an -exclusive attention to this traffic? It was shown that the fur trade -enriched no one except a few merchants, who left the country as soon as -they had acquired the means of living at their ease in Old France. It -had, therefore, no element whatever of permanent advantage to the -colony. - -Danger of Exclusive Attention to it. - -It was also shown that this fur trade was by no means sufficient to -sustain a colony of such importance as Canada unquestionably might -become under a different system of management; for whether the beaver -should finally become extinct through the greed of the traders, or so -cheapened by glutting the market abroad as to lose its place in commerce -entirely, it was evident that precisely the same result would be -reached. In any case, the business was a precarious one. It limited the -number of persons who could be profitably employed; it bred them up to -habits of indolence and vice without care for the future; and it kept -them in ignorance and poverty to the last. But, what was worst of all, -this all-engrossing pursuit kept the population from cultivating the -soil, the true and only source of prosperity to any country. - -Other cogent reasons were given, but these most conclusively set forth -what a mercantile monopoly having its silent partners in the local -government and church, as well as in the royal palace itself, had been -able to do in the way of retarding the development of the great native -resources of Canada. It was so ably done that no voice was raised -against it. And with this most lucid and fearless exposé of the puerile -use thus far made of those resources the memorialist statesmen hoped to -open the king’s eyes. - -The two Raudots offer a Remedy. - -They now proposed to wholly reorganize this unsound commercial system by -directing capital and labor into new channels. Such natural productions -of the country as masts, boards, ship-timber, flax, hemp, plaster, iron -and copper ores, dried fish, whale and seal oils, and salted meats, -might be exported, they said, with profit to the merchant and advantage -to the laboring class, provided a suitable port were secured, at once -safe, commodious, and well situated for collecting all these -commodities, and shipping them abroad. - -Cape Breton brought to Notice. - -To this end, these intendants now first brought to notice the advantages -of Cape Breton for such an establishment. Strangely enough, up to this -time little or no attention had been paid to this island. Three or four -insignificant fishing ports existed on its coasts, but as yet the whole -interior was a shaggy wilderness, through which the Micmac Indians -roamed as freely as their fathers had done before Cartier ascended the -St. Lawrence. Its valuable deposits of coal and gypsum lay almost -untouched in their native beds; its stately timber trees rotted where -they grew; its unrivalled water-ways, extending through the heart of the -island, served no better purpose than as a highway for wandering -savages. - -Acadia to be helped. - -By creating such a port as the Raudots suggested, the voyage from France -would be shortened one half, and the dangerous navigation of the St. -Lawrence altogether avoided, since, instead of large ships having to -continue their voyages to Quebec, the carrying trade of the St. Lawrence -would fall to coasting vessels owned in the colony. A strong hand would -also be given to the neighbor province, the fertile yet unprotected -Acadia, which might thus be preserved against the designs of the -English, while a thriving trade in wines, brandies, linens, and rich -stuffs might reasonably be expected to spring up with the neighboring -English colonies. - -A Military and Naval Arsenal proposed. - -These were considerations of such high national importance as to at once -secure for the project an attention which purely strategic views could -hardly be expected to command. And yet, the forming of a military and -naval depot, strong enough to guarantee the security of the proposed -port, and in which the king’s ships might at need refit, or take refuge, -or sally out upon an enemy, was an essential feature of this elaborate -plan, every detail of which was set forth with systematic exactness. For -seven years the project was pressed upon the French court. War, however, -then engaging the whole attention of the ministry, the execution of this -far-seeing project, which had in view the demands of peace no less than -of war, was unavoidably put off until the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, by -giving a wholly new face to affairs in the New World, compelled France -to take energetic measures for the security of her colonial possessions. - -Peace of Utrecht. - -By this treaty of Utrecht France surrendered to England all Nova Scotia, -all her conquests in Hudson’s Bay, with Placentia, her most important -establishment in Newfoundland. At the same time the treaty left Cape -Breton to France, an act of incomparable folly on the part of the -English plenipotentiaries who, with the map lying open before them, thus -handed over to Louis the key of the St. Lawrence and of Canada. No one -now doubts that the French king saw in this masterpiece of stupidity a -way to retrieve all he had lost at a single stroke. The English -commissioners, it is to be presumed, saw nothing. - -English Harbor chosen. - -Having the right to fortify, under the treaty, it only remained for the -French court to determine which of the island ports would be best -adapted to the purpose, St. Anne, on the north, or English Harbor on the -south-east coast. St. Anne was a safe and excellent haven, easily made -impregnable, with all the materials requisite for building and -fortifying to be found near the spot. Behind it lay the fertile côtes of -the beautiful Bras d’Or, with open water stretching nearly to the -Straits of Canso. On the other hand, besides being surrounded by a -sterile country, materials of every kind, except timber, must be -transported to English Harbor at a great increase of labor and cost. -More could be done at St. Anne with two thousand francs, it was said, -than with two hundred thousand at the rival port. But the difficulty of -taking ships of large tonnage into St. Anne through an entrance so -narrow that only one could pass in or out at the same time, finally gave -the preference to English Harbor, which had a ship channel of something -less than two hundred fathoms in breadth, a good anchorage, and plenty -of beach room for erecting stages and drying fish. It was, moreover, -sooner clear of ice in spring. - -Name changed to Louisburg. - -The first thing done at Cape Breton was to change the old, time-honored -name of the island—the very first, it is believed, which signalled the -presence of Europeans in these waters—to the unmeaning one of Ile -Royale. English Harbor also took the name of Louisburg, in honor of the -reigning monarch. Royalty having thus received its dues, the work of -construction now began in earnest. - - - - - IV - RÉSUMÉ OF EVENTS TO THE DECLARATION OF WAR - - -We will now rapidly sketch the course of events which led to war on both -sides of the Atlantic. - -Colonists provided for. - -Having been obliged to surrender Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, the -French court determined to make use of their colonists in those places -for building up Louisburg. - -Acadians will not emigrate. - -In the first place, M. de Costebello, who had just lost his government -of the French colony of Placentia, in Newfoundland, under the terms of -the treaty, was ordered to take charge of the proposed new colony on -Cape Breton, and in accord also with the provisions of that treaty, the -French inhabitants of Newfoundland were presently removed from that -island to Cape Breton. But the Acadians of Nova Scotia who had been -invited, and were fully counted upon to join the other colonists, now -showed no sort of disposition to do so. In their case the French -authorities had reckoned without their host. These always shrewd -Acadians were unwilling to abandon the fertile and well-tilled Acadian -valleys, which years of toil had converted into a garden, to begin a new -struggle with the wilderness in order to carry out certain political -schemes of the French court. Though patriots, they were not simpletons. -So they sensibly refused to stir, although their country had been turned -over to the English. In this way the French authorities were -unexpectedly checked in their first efforts to secure colonists of a -superior class for their new establishment in Cape Breton. - -How strange are the freaks of destiny! Could these simple Acadian -peasants have foreseen what was in store for them at no distant day, at -the hands of their new masters, who can doubt that, like the Israelites -of old, driving their flocks before them, they too would have departed -for the Promised Land with all possible speed? - -A Thorn in the Side of the English. - -Finding them thus obstinate, it was determined to make them as useful as -possible where they were, and as a reconquest of Acadia was one of those -contingencies which Louisburg was meant to turn into realities, whenever -the proper side of the moment should arrive, nothing was neglected that -might tend to the holding of these Acadians firmly to their ancient -allegiance; to keeping alive their old antipathies; to arousing their -fears for their religion, or to strongly impressing them with the belief -that their legitimate sovereign would soon drive these English invaders -from the land, never to return. For the moment the king’s lieutenants -were obliged to content themselves with planting this thorn in the side -of the English. - -Why called Neutrals. - -Acting upon the advice of the crafty Saint Ovide, De Costebello’s -successor, the Acadians refused to take the oath of allegiance proffered -them by the British governor of Nova Scotia—though they had refused to -emigrate they said they would not become British subjects. When -threatened they sullenly hinted at an uprising of the Micmacs, who were -as firmly attached to the French interest as the Acadians themselves. -The governor, therefore, prudently forbore to press matters to a crisis, -all the more readily because he was powerless to enforce obedience; and -thus it came to pass that the French inhabitants of Nova Scotia, under -English dominion, first took the name of neutrals. - -Victims to French Policy. - -Perceiving at last how they were being ground between friend and foe, -the Acadians began hoarding specie, and to leave off improving their -houses and lands. A little later they are found applying to the -Governor-General of Canada for grants of land in the old colony, to -which they might remove, and where they could dwell in peace, for they -somehow divined that they must be the losers whenever fresh hostilities -should break out between the French and English, if, as it seemed -inevitable, the war should involve them in its calamities. But that -astute official returned only evasive answers to their petition. His -royal master had other views, to the successful issue of which his -lieutenants were fully pledged, and so it is primarily to French policy, -after all, that the wretched Acadians owed their exile from the land of -their fathers. What followed was merely the logical result. - -But in consequence of their first refusal to remove to Louisburg only a -handful of the Micmacs responded to Costebello’s call, by pitching their -wigwams on the skirt of the embryo city. - -Laborers from the Galleys. - -Laborers were wanted next. For the procuring of these the -Governor-General of Canada, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, hit upon the novel -idea of transporting every year from France those prisoners who were -sentenced to the galleys for smuggling. They were to come out to Canada -subject to the severe penalty of never again being permitted to return -to their native land, “for which,” said the cunning marquis, “I -undertake to answer.” - -Lord Bacon, in one of his essays, makes the following comments upon this -iniquitous method of raising up colonies: “It is a shameful and -unblessed thing,” he says, “to take the scum of people, and wicked -condemned men to be the people with whom you plant; and not only so, but -it spoileth the plantations; for they will ever live like rogues, and -not fall to work, but be lazy, and do mischief and spend victuals: and -be quickly weary, and then certify over to their country to the -discredit of the plantation.” - -Meanwhile, the sceptre that had borne such potent sway in Europe dropped -from the lifeless hand of Louis the Great, to be taken up by the -“crowned automaton,” Louis XV. - -Strength of Louisburg. - -Pursuant to the policy thus outlined, which had no less in view than the -rehabilitation of Canada, the recovery of Nova Scotia, the mastery of -the St. Lawrence, and the eventual restoration of French prestige in -America, France had in thirty years created at Louisburg a fortress so -strong that it was commonly spoken of as the Dunkirk of America. To do -this she had lavished millions.[1] Beyond question it was the most -formidable place of arms on the American continent, far exceeding in -this respect the elaborate but antiquated strongholds of Havana, Panama, -and Carthagena, all of which had been built and fortified upon the old -methods of attack and defence as laid down by the engineers of a -previous century: while Louisburg had the important advantage of being -planned with all the skill that the best military science of the day and -the most prodigal expenditure could command. When their work was done, -the French engineers boastingly said that Louisburg could be defended by -a garrison of women. - -Armament of Louisburg. - -The fortress, and its supporting batteries, mounted nearly one hundred -and fifty pieces of artillery on its walls, some of which were of the -heaviest metal then in use. It was deemed, and indeed proved itself, -during the progress of two sieges, absolutely impregnable to an attack -by a naval force alone. From this stronghold Louis had only to stretch -out a hand to seize upon Nova Scotia, or drive the New England fishermen -from the adjacent seas. - -In New England all these proceedings were watched with the keenest -interest, for there, at least, if nowhere else, their true intent was so -quickly foreseen, their consequences so fully realized, that the people -were more and more confounded by the imbecility which had virtually put -their whole fishery under French control. - -As the situation in Europe was reflected on this side of the Atlantic, -it is instructive to look there for the storm which, to the terror and -dismay of Americans, was now darkly overspreading the continent. - -War of the Austrian Succession. - -The crowned gamblers of Europe had begun their costly game of the -Austrian succession. Upon marching to invade Silesia, Frederick II., the -neediest and most reckless gamester of them all, had said to the French -ambassador, “I am going, I believe, to play your little game: and if I -should throw doublets we will share the stakes.” Fortune favored this -great king of a little kingdom. He won his first throw, seeing which, -for she was at first only a looker-on, France immediately sent two -armies into Bavaria to the Elector’s aid. This move was not unexpected -in London. Ever since England had forced hostilities with Spain, in -1740, it was a foregone conclusion that the two branches of the House of -Bourbon would make common cause, whenever a favorable opportunity should -present itself. England now retaliated by voting a subsidy to Maria -Theresa, and by taking into pay some sixteen thousand of King George’s -petted Hanoverians, who were destined to fight the French auxiliary -contingent. England and France were thus casting stones at each other -over the wall, or, as Horace Walpole cleverly put it, England had the -name of war with Spain without the game, and war with France without the -name. - -English defeated in Flanders. - -It was inevitable that the war should now settle down into a bitter -struggle between the two great rivals, France and England. On the 20th -of March, 1744, the court of Versailles formally declared war. England -followed on the 31st. Flanders became the battle-field between a hundred -and twenty-five thousand combatants, led, respectively, by the old Count -Maurice de Saxe and the young Duke of Cumberland. In May, 1745, the -French marshal suddenly invested Tournay,[2] the greatest of all the -Flemish fortresses. The Duke of Cumberland marched to its relief, gave -battle, and was thoroughly beaten at Fontenoy. This disaster closed the -campaign in the Old World. It left the English nation terribly -humiliated in the eyes of Europe, while France, by this brilliant feat -of arms, fully reasserted her leadership in Continental affairs. - -Situation in New England. - -But what had been a sort of Satanic pastime in the Old World became a -struggle for life in the New. The people of New England, being naturally -more keenly alive to the dangers menacing their trade, than influenced -by a romantic sympathy with the absurd quarrels about the Austrian -succession, anxiously watched for the first signal of the coming -conflict. They knew the enemy’s strength, and they were as fully aware -of their own weaknesses. Still there was no flinching. The home -government, being fully occupied with the affairs of the Continent, and -with the political cabals of London, limited its efforts to arming a few -forts in the colonies, and to keeping a few cruisers in the West Indian -waters; but neither soldiers, arsenals, nor magazines were provided for -the defence of these provinces, upon whom the enemy’s first and hardest -blows might naturally be expected to fall, nor were such other measures -taken to meet such an extraordinary emergency as its gravity would seem -in reason to demand. - -Luckily for them, the colonists had been taught in the hard school of -experience that Providence helps those who help themselves. To their own -resources they therefore turned with a vigor and address manifesting a -deep sense of the magnitude of the crisis now confronting them. - -French seize Canso. - -The proclamation of war was not published in Boston until the 2d of -June, 1744. Having earlier intelligence, the French at Louisburg had -already begun hostilities by making a descent upon Canso,[3] a weak -English post situated at the outlet of the strait of that name, and so -commanding it, and within easy striking distance of Louisburg. News of -this was brought to Boston so seasonably that Governor Shirley had time -to throw a re-enforcement of two hundred men into Annapolis, by which -that post was saved; for the French, after their exploit at Canso, soon -made an attempt upon Annapolis, where they were held in check until a -second re-enforcement obliged them to retire. - -Captain Ryal sent to London, November, 1744. - -Governor Shirley lost no time in notifying the ministry of what had -happened, and he particularly urged upon their attention the defenceless -state of Nova Scotia, where Annapolis alone held a semi-hostile -population in check. To the end that the situation might be more fully -understood, he sent an officer, who had been taken at Canso, with the -despatch. - -At this time the incompetent Duke of Newcastle held the post of prime -minister. When he had read the despatch he exclaimed, “Oh, yes—yes—to be -sure. Annapolis must be defended.—troops must be sent to Annapolis. Pray -where is Annapolis? Cape Breton an island! wonderful! Show it me on the -map. So it is, sure enough. My dear sir” (to the bearer of the -despatch), “you always bring us good news. I must go tell the King that -Cape Breton is an island.” - -January, 1744. - -It will be seen, later, that Shirley’s timely application to the -ministry, on behalf of Nova Scotia, involved the fate of Louisburg -itself. Orders were promptly sent out to Commodore Warren, who was in -command of a cruising squadron in the West Indies, to proceed as early -as possible to Nova Scotia, for the purpose of protecting our -settlements there, or of distressing the enemy, as circumstances might -require. - -Shirley himself had also written to Warren, requesting him to do this -very thing, at the same time the ministry were notified, though it was -yet too early to know the result of either application. All eyes were -now opened to Louisburg’s dangerous power. But, come what might, Shirley -was evidently a man who would leave nothing undone. - -[1]Louisburg had cost the enormous sum of 30,000,000 livres or - £1,200,000 sterling. - -[2]Pepperell was besieging Louisburg at the same time the French were - Tournay. - -[3]Canso was taken by Duvivier, May 13, 1744. The captors burnt - everything, carrying the captives to Louisburg, where they remained - till autumn, when they were sent to Boston. These prisoners were - able to give very important information concerning the fortress, its - garrison, and its means of defence. - - - - - V - “LOUISBURG MUST BE TAKEN” - - -However Shirley’s efforts to avert a present danger might succeed, -nobody saw more clearly than he did that his measures only went half way -toward their mark. With Louisburg intact, the enemy might sweep the -coasts of New England with their expeditions, and her commerce from the -seas. The return of spring, when warlike operations might be again -resumed, was therefore looked forward to at Boston with the utmost -uneasiness. Merchants would not risk their ships on the ocean. Fishermen -dared not think of putting to sea for their customary voyages to the -Grand Banks or the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Here was a state of things -which a people who lived by their commerce and fisheries could only -contemplate with the most serious forebodings. It was fully equivalent -to a blockade of their ports, a stoppage of their industries, with -consequent stagnation paralyzing all their multitudinous occupations. - -Public Opinion aroused. - -Naturally the subject became a foremost matter of discussion in the -official and social circles, in the pulpits, and in the tavern clubs of -the New England capital. It was the serious topic in the counting-house -and the table-talk at home. It drifted out among the laboring classes, -who had so much at stake, with varied embellishment. It went out into -the country, gathering to itself fresh rumors like a rolling snowball. -In all these coteries, whether of the councillors over their wine, of -the merchants around their punch-bowls, of the smutty smith at his -forge, or the common dock-laborer, the same conclusion was reached, and -constantly reiterated—Louisburg must be taken!—Yes; Louisburg must be -taken! Upon this decision the people stood as one man. - -It did not, however, enter into the minds of even the most sanguine -advocates of this idea that they themselves would be shortly called upon -to make it effective in the one way possible. Such a proposal would have -been laughed at, at first. The general voice was that the land and naval -forces of the kingdom ought to be employed for the reduction of -Louisburg, because no others were available; but, meantime, a public -opinion had been formed which only wanted a proper direction to turn it -into a force capable of doing what it had decided upon. There was but -one man in the province who was equal to this task. - -That some other man may have had the same idea is but natural, when the -same subject was uppermost in the minds of all; but where others tossed -it to and fro, like a tennis-ball, only this one man grasped it with the -force of a master mind.[4] He was William Shirley, governor of -Massachusetts. - -William Shirley. - -Governor Shirley soon showed himself the man for the crisis. He was a -lawyer of good abilities, with a political reputation to make. He had a -clear head, strong will, plausible manner, and immovable persistency in -the pursuit of a favorite project. If not a military man by education, -he had, at any rate, the military instinct. He was, moreover, a shrewd -manager, not easily disheartened or turned aside from his purpose by a -first rebuff, yet knowing how to yield when, by doing so, he could see -his way to carry his point in the end. - -The French, we remember, had made some prisoners at Canso, who were -first taken to Louisburg, and then sent to Boston on parole. These -captives knew the place, but our smuggling merchantmen knew it much -better. They were able to give a pretty exact account of the condition -of things at the fortress. We are now looking backward a little. But -what seems to have made the strongest impression was the news that the -garrison itself had been in open mutiny during the winter, most of the -soldiers being Swiss, whose loyalty, it was supposed, had been more or -less shaken.[5] - -William Vaughan. - -Whether William Vaughan,[6] a New Hampshire merchant resident in Maine, -first broached the project of taking Louisburg to Shirley, cannot now -determined, but, let the honor belong primarily where it may, Vaughan’s -scheme, as outlined by him, was too absurd for serious consideration, -however strongly he may have believed in it himself. He seems to have -belonged to the class of enthusiasts at whose breath obstacles vanish -away; yet we are bound to say of him that his own easy confidence, with -his habit of throwing himself heart and soul into whatever he undertook, -gained over a good many others to his way of thinking. Shirley therefore -encouraged Vaughan, who, after rendering really valuable services, -became so thoroughly imbued with the notion that he was not only the -originator of the expedition, but the chief actor in it, that the value -of those services is somewhat obscured. - -Governor Shirley’s project now was to take Louisburg, with such means as -he himself could get together. He, too, was more or less carried away by -the spirit which animated him, as men must be to make others believe in -them, but he never lost his head. To a cool judgment, some of Shirley’s -plans for assaulting Louisburg seem almost, if not quite, as irrational -as Vaughan’s, yet Shirley was not the man to commit any overt act of -folly, or shut his ears to prudent counsels. Being so well acquainted -with the temper and spirit of the New England people, he knew that, -before they would fight, they must be convinced. To this end, he -strengthened himself with the proper arguments, wisely keeping his own -counsel until everything should be ripe for action. He knew that the -garrison of Louisburg was mutinous, that its isolated position invited -an attack, and that the extensive works were much out of repair. -Moreover, he had calculated, almost to a day, the time when the annual -supplies of men and munitions would arrive from France. He knew that -Quebec was too distant for effectively aiding Louisburg. An attack under -such conditions seemed to hold out a tempting prospect of success; yet -realizing, as Shirley did, that under any circumstances, no matter how -favorable or alluring they might seem, the enterprise would be looked -upon as one of unparalleled audacity, if not as utterly hopeless or -visionary, he determined to stake his own political fortunes upon the -issue and abide the result. - -Counting the Chances of Success. - -The garrison of Louisburg had been, in fact, in open revolt, the -outbreak proving so serious that the commanding officer had begged his -government to replace the disaffected troops with others, who could be -depended upon. Shirley, therefore, reckoned on a half-hearted resistance -or none at all. In a word, it was his plan to surprise and take the -place before it could be re-enforced. - -Shirley’s Plan. - -After obtaining a pledge of secrecy from the members, Shirley proceeded -to lay his project before the provincial legislature of Massachusetts, -which was then in session. The governor’s statement, which was certainly -cool and dispassionate, ran somewhat to this effect: “Gentlemen of the -General Court, either we must take Louisburg or see our trade -annihilated. If you are of my mind we will take it. I have reason to -know that the garrison is insubordinate. There is good ground for -believing that the commandant is afraid of his own men, that the works -are out of repair and the stores running low. I need not dwell further -on what is so well known to you all. Now, with four thousand such -soldiers as this and the neighboring provinces can furnish, aided by a -naval force similarly equipped, the place must surely fall into our -hands. I have, moreover, strong hopes of aid from His Majesty’s ships, -now in our waters. But the great thing is to throw our forces upon -Louisburg before the enemy can hear of our design. Secrecy and celerity -are therefore of the last importance. Consider well, gentlemen, that -such an opportunity is not likely to occur again. What say you? is -Louisburg to be ours or not?” - -Shirley’s Plan rejected. - -The conservative provincial assembly deliberated upon the proposal with -closed doors, and with great unanimity rejected it. The sum of its -decision was this: “If we risk nothing, we lose nothing. Should the -enemy strike us, we can strike back again. We can ruin his commerce as -well as he can destroy ours. Our policy is to stand on the defensive. -Very possibly the men might be raised, but where are the arsenals to -equip them; where is the money to come from to pay them; where are the -engineers, the artillerists, the siege artillery, naval stores, and all -the warlike material necessary to such a siege? Why, we haven’t a single -soldier; we haven’t a penny. Surely your excellency must be jesting with -us. It is a magnificent project, but visionary, your excellency, quite -visionary.” - -To make use of parliamentary terms, the governor had leave to withdraw, -but those who dreamed that he would abandon his darling scheme at the -first rebuff it met with, did not know William Shirley. - -The Subject again brought up. - -The affair was now no longer a secret. Indeed, it had already leaked out -through a certain pious deacon, who most inconsiderately prayed for its -success in the family circle. The project had been scotched, not killed. -Men discussed it everywhere, now that it was an open secret, and the -more it was talked of, the more firmly it took hold on the popular mind. -The very audacity of the thing pleased the young and adventurous -spirits, of whom there were plenty in the New England of that day. -Vaughan now set himself to work among the merchants, who saw money to be -made in furnishing supplies of every kind for the expedition; while on -the other hand, if nothing was to be done, their ships and merchandise -must lie idle for so long as the war might last. Little by little the -indefatigable Shirley won men over to his views. People grew restive -under a policy of inaction. Public sentiment seldom fails of having a -wholesome effect upon legislatures, be they ever so settled in their own -opinions. It was so in this case. Presently a petition, signed by many -of the most influential merchants in the province, was laid on the -speaker’s desk, so again bringing the subject up for legislative action. - -The Project adopted. - -This time the governor carried his point after a whole day’s animated -debate. The measure, however, narrowly missed a second, and, perhaps, a -final defeat, it having a majority of one vote only; and this result was -owing to an accident which, as it was a good deal talked about at the -time it happened, may as well be mentioned here. It so chanced that one -of the opposition, while hurrying to the House in order to record his -vote against the measure, had a fall in the street, and was taken home -with a broken leg. There being a tie vote in consequence, Mr. Speaker -Hutchinson gave the casting vote in favor of the measure, and so carried -it. - -If there had been hesitation before, there was none now. In order to -prevent the news from getting abroad, all the seaports of Massachusetts -were instantly shut by an embargo.[7] The neighboring provinces were -entreated to do the same thing. The supplies asked for were voted -without debate. Even the emission of paper money, that bugbear of -colonial financiers, was cheerfully consented to in the face of a royal -order forbidding it. Those who before had been strongest in opposition -now gave loyal support to the undertaking. - -Free to act at last, Shirley now showed his splendid talent for -organizing in full vigor. The work of raising troops, of chartering -transports, of collecting arms, munitions, and stores of every kind, -went on with an extraordinary impulse. Common smiths were turned into -armorers; wheelwrights into artificers; women spent their evenings -making bandages and scraping lint. Shirley’s board of war, created for -the exigency, took supplies wherever found, paying for them with the -paper money the Legislature had just authorized for the purpose. The -patience with which these extraordinary war measures were submitted to -best shows the temper of the people. The neighboring governments were -entreated to join in the expedition and share in the glory. Rhode -Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey each promised contingents. The other -provinces declined having anything to do with it, though New York made a -most seasonable loan of ten heavy cannon, upon Shirley’s urgent -entreaty, without which the siege must have lagged painfully. The -governor had, indeed, suggested, when the deficiency of artillery was -spoken of, that the cannon of the Royal Battery of Louisburg would help -to make good that deficiency; but, as it was facetiously said at the -time, this was too manifest a disposal of the skin before the bear was -caught, though it is quite likely that the notion of supplying -themselves from the enemy may have tickled the fancy of the young -recruits. - -When the application reached Philadelphia, Franklin expressed shrewd -doubts of the feasibility of the undertaking. The provincial assembly -did, however, vote some supply of provisions, as its contribution toward -a campaign which nobody believed would be successful. New Jersey also -contributed provisions and clothing. This was not quite what Shirley had -hoped for, but could not in the least abate his efforts. - -[4]Suggestions looking to a conquest of Cape Breton were made by - Lieutenant-Governor Clarke of New York, some time in the year 1743 - (“Documentary History of New York,” I., p. 469). He suggests taking - Cape Breton as a first step toward the reduction of all Canada. - Then, Judge Auchmuty of the Vice-Admiralty Court of Massachusetts - printed in April, 1744, an ably written pamphlet discussing the best - mode of taking Louisburg. - -[5]The Revolt occurred in December, over a reduction of pay. The - soldiers deposed their officers, elected others in their places, - seized the barracks, and put sentinels over the magazines. They were - so far pacified, however, as to have returned to their duty before - the English expedition arrived. Under date of June 18, one day after - the surrender, Governor-General Beauharnois advises the Count de - Maurepas of this revolt. He urges an entire change of the garrison. - -[6]Vaughan was a mill-owner, and carried on fishing also at - Damariscotta, Me. He knew Louisburg well. Conceiving himself - slighted by those in authority at Louisburg, he went from thence - directly to England, in order to prefer his claim for compensation - as the originator of the scheme. He died of smallpox at Bagshot, - November, 1747. He insisted that fifteen hundred men, assisted by - some vessels, could take Louisburg by scaling the walls. “A man of - rash, impulsive nature.”—_Belknap._ “A whimsical, wild - projector.”—_Douglass._ - -[7]News that an armament was preparing at Boston was carried to Quebec, - by the Indians, without, however, awakening the governor’s - suspicions of its true object. - - - - - VI - THE ARMY AND ITS GENERAL - - -The next, and possibly most vital step of all, since the fate of the -expedition must turn upon it, was to choose a commander. For this -important station the province was quite as deficient in men of -experience as it was in materials of war: with the difference that one -could be created of raw substances while the other could not. Here the -nicest tact and judgment were requisite to avoid making shipwreck of the -whole enterprise. Not having a military man, the all-important thing was -to find a popular one, around whom the provincial yeomanry could be -induced to rally. But since he was not to be a soldier, he must be a man -held high in the public esteem for his civic virtues. It was necessary -to have a clean man, above all things: one placed outside of the -political circles of Boston, and who, by sacrificing something himself -to the common weal, should set an example of pure patriotism to his -fellow-citizens. Again, it was no less important to select some one -whose general capacity could not be called in question. Hence, as in -every real emergency, the people cast about for their very best man from -a political and personal standpoint, who, though he might have - - “Never set a squadron in the field,” - -could be thoroughly depended upon to act with an eye single to the good -of the cause he had espoused. - -William Pepperell to command. - -In this exigency Shirley’s clear eye fell on William Pepperell, of -Kittery, a gentleman of sterling though not shining qualities, whose -wealth, social rank, and high personal worth promised to give character -and weight to the post Shirley now destined him for. He was now -forty-nine years old. Having held both civil and military offices under -the province, Pepperell could not be said to be worse fitted for the -place than others whose claims were brought forward, while, on the other -hand, it was conceded that hardly another man in the province possessed -the public confidence to a greater degree than he did. Still, he was no -soldier, and the simple conferring of the title of general could not -make him one, while his practical education must begin in the presence -of the enemy—a school where, if capable men learn quickly, they do so, -as a rule, only after experiencing repeated and severe punishments. That -raw soldiers need the best generals, is a maxim of common-sense, but -Shirley, in whom we now and then discover a certain disdain for such -judgments, seems to have had no misgivings whatever as to Pepperell’s -entire sufficiency so long as he, Shirley, gave the orders, and kept a -firm hand over his lieutenant; nor can it be denied that if the -expedition was to take place at all when it did, the choice was the very -best that could have been made, all things considered. - -That Shirley may have been influenced, in a measure, by personal reasons -is not improbable, and the fact that Pepperell was neither intriguing -nor ambitious, no doubt had due weight with a man like Shirley, who was -both intriguing and ambitious, and who, though he ardently wished for -success, did not wish for a rival. - -No one seems to have felt his unfitness more than Pepperell himself, and -it is equally to his honor that he finally yielded to considerations -directly appealing to his patriotism and sense of duty. “You,” said -Shirley to him, “are the only man who can safely carry our great -enterprise through; if it fail the blame must lie at your door.” Much -troubled in mind, Pepperell asked the Rev. George Whitefield, who -happened to be his guest, what he thought of it. The celebrated preacher -kindly, but decidedly, advised Pepperell against taking on himself so -great a responsibility, telling him that he would either make himself an -object for execration, if he failed, or of envy and malignity, if he -should succeed. - -Morale of the Army. - -Shirley’s pertinacity, however, prevailed in the end. Pepperell’s own -personal stake in the successful issue of the expedition was known to be -as great as any man’s in the province, hence, his putting himself at the -head of it did much to induce others of like good standing and estate to -join him heart and hand, and their example, again, drew into the ranks a -greater proportion of the well-to-do farmers and mechanics than was -probably ever brought together in an army of equal numbers, either -before or since. Hence, at Louisburg, as in our own time, when any -extraordinary want arose, the general had only to call on the rank and -file for the means to meet it. - -Several gentlemen, who had the success of the undertaking strongly at -heart, volunteered to go with Pepperell to the scene of action. Among -them were that William Vaughan, previously mentioned, and one James -Gibson, a prominent merchant of Boston, who wrote a journal of the siege -from observations made on the spot, besides contributing five hundred -pounds toward equipping the army for its work.[8] - -A Crusade preached. - -Pepperell’s appointment soon justified Shirley’s forecast. It gave -general satisfaction among all ranks and orders of men. On the day that -he accepted the command Pepperell advanced five thousand pounds to the -provincial treasury. He also paid out of his own pocket the bounty money -offered to recruits in the regiment he was raising in Maine. Orders were -soon flying in every direction, and very soon everything caught the -infection of his energy. The expedition at once felt an extraordinary -momentum. Volunteers flocked to the different rendezvous. In fact, more -offered themselves than could be accepted. Again the loud burr of the -drum, - - “The drums that beat at Louisburg and thundered in Quebec,” - -was heard throughout New England. The one question of the day was “Are -you going?” In fact, little else was talked of, for, now that the -mustering of armed men gave form and consistency to what was so lately a -crude project only, the fortunes of the province were felt to be -embarked in its success. True to its traditions, the clergy preached the -expedition into a crusade. Again the old bugbear of Romish aggression -was made to serve the turn of the hour. Religious antipathies were -inflamed to the point of fanaticism. One clergyman armed himself with a -large hatchet, with which he said he purposed chopping up into kindling -wood all the Popish images he should find adorning the altars of -Louisburg. Still another drew up a plan of campaign which he submitted -to the general. “Carthage must be destroyed!” became the watchword, -while to show the hand of God powerfully working for the right, the -celebrated George Whitefield wrote the Latin motto, embroidered on the -expeditionary standard,— - - “Never despair, Christ is with us.” - -Thus the church militant was not only represented in the ranks and on -the banner, but it was equally forward in proffering counsel. For -example: one minister wrote to acquaint Shirley how the provincials -should be saved from being blown up, in their camps, by the enemy’s -mines. He wanted a patrol to go carefully over the camping-ground first. -While one struck the ground with a heavy mallet, another should lay his -ear to it, and if it sounded suspiciously hollow, he should instantly -drive down a stake in order that the spot might be avoided. - -Such anecdotes show us how earnestly all classes of men entered upon the -work in hand. How to take Louisburg seemed the one engrossing subject of -every man’s thoughts. - -Having glanced at the qualifications of the general, we may now consider -the composition of the army. We have already drawn attention to the -excellent quality of its material. In embodying it for actual service, -the old traditions of the British army were strictly followed. - -The Army by Regiments. - -The expeditionary corps was formed in ten battalions. They were -Pepperell’s,[9] Wolcott’s[10] (of Connecticut), Waldo’s,[11] -Dwight’s[12] (nominally an artillery battalion), Moulton’s,[13] -Willard’s, Hale’s,[14] Richmond’s,[15] Gorham’s, and Moore’s[16] (of New -Hampshire). One hundred and fifty men of this regiment were in the pay -of Massachusetts. Pepperell’s, Waldo’s, and Moulton’s were mostly raised -in the District of Maine. Pepperell said that one-third of the whole -force came from Maine. Dwight was assigned to the command of the -artillery, with the rank of brigadier; Gorham to the special service of -landing the troops in the whaleboats, which had been provided, and of -which he had charge. There was also an independent company of -artificers, under Captain Bernard, and Lieutenant-Colonel Gridley was -appointed chief engineer of the army. - -Pepperell held the rank of lieutenant-general; Wolcott, that of -major-general; and Waldo that of brigadier, the second place being given -to Connecticut, in recognition of the prompt and valuable assistance -given by that colony. - -It goes badly equipped. - -As a whole, the army was neither well armed nor properly equipped, or -sufficiently provided with tents, ammunition, and stores. Too much haste -had characterized its formation for a thorough organization, or for -attention to details, too little knowledge for the instruction in their -duties of either officers or men. It is true that some of them had seen -more or less bush-fighting in the Indian wars, and that all were expert -marksmen or skilful woodsmen, but to call such an unwieldy and -undisciplined assemblage of men, who had been thus suddenly called away -from their workshops and ploughs, an army, were a libel upon the name. - -Commodore Edward Tyng[17] was put in command of the colonial squadron -destined to escort the army to its destination, to cover its landing, -and afterwards to act in conjunction with it on the spot. - -Hutchinson, Belknap. - -The writers of the time tell us that “the winter proved so favorable -that all sorts of outdoor business was carried on as well, and with as -great despatch, as at any other season of the year.” The month of -February, in particular, proved very mild. The rivers and harbors were -open, and the fruitfulness of the preceding season had made provisions -plenty. Douglass thinks that “some guardian angel” must have preserved -the troops from taking the small-pox, which broke out in Boston about -the time of their embarkation. All these fortunate accidents were hailed -as omens of success. - -The Provincial Navy. - -Thanks to the enthusiasm of the young men in enlisting, and the energy -of the authorities in equipping them, the four thousand men called for -were mustered under arms, ready for service, in a little more than seven -weeks. In this short time, too, a hundred transports had been manned, -victualled, and got ready for sea. The embargo had provided both vessels -and sailors. More than this, a little squadron of fourteen vessels, the -largest carrying only twenty guns, was created as if by enchantment. -Here was shown a vigor that deserved success. - -The Connecticut and New Hampshire contingents were also ready to march, -but Rhode Island had not yet completed hers. By disarming Castle William -in Boston harbor, or borrowing old cannon wherever they could be found, -Shirley had managed to get together a sort of makeshift for a -siege-train. All being ready at last, after a day of solemn fasting and -prayer throughout New England, the flotilla set sail for the rendezvous -at Canso in the last week of March. “Pray for us while we fight for -you,” was the last message of the departing provincial soldiers to their -friends on shore. - -Equal good-fortune attended the transportation of the army by sea to a -point several hundred miles distant, during one of the stormiest months -of the year. By the 10th of April the whole force was assembled at Canso -in readiness to act offensively as soon as the Cape Breton shores should -be free of ice. All this had been done without the help of a soldier, a -ship, or a penny from England. At the very last moment Shirley received -from Commodore Warren, in answer to his request for assistance, a curt -refusal to take part in the enterprise without orders, and Shirley could -only say to Pepperell when he took leave of him, that his best and only -hope lay in his own resources. - -But by this time the enthusiasm which had carried men off their feet had -begun to cool. The excitements, under the influence of which this or -that obstacle had been impatiently brushed aside, had given way to the -sober second thought. One by one they rose grimly before Pepperell’s -troubled vision like the ghosts in Macbeth. Land the troops and storm -the works had been the popular way of disposing of a fortress which the -French engineers had offered to defend with a garrison of women. - -[8]Gibson was very active during the siege, especially when anything of - a dangerous nature was to be done. He was a retired British officer. - He was one of the three who escaped death, while on a scout, May 10. - With five men he towed a fireship against the West Gate, under the - enemy’s fire, on the night of May 24. It burnt three vessels, part - of the King’s Gate, and part of a stone house in the city. Being - done in the dead of night, it caused great consternation among the - besieged. - -[9]Pepperell’s own regiment was actually commanded by his - lieutenant-colonel, John Bradstreet, who was afterwards appointed - lieutenant-governor of Newfoundland, but on the breaking out of the - next war with France, he served with distinction on the New-York - frontier, rising through successive grades to that of major-general - in the British army. Bradstreet died at New York in 1774. - -[10]General Roger Wolcott had been in the Canada campaign of 1711 - without seeing any service. He was sixty-six when appointed over the - Connecticut contingent under Pepperell. Wolcott was one of the - foremost men of his colony, being repeatedly honored with the - highest posts, those of chief judge and governor included. David - Wooster was a captain in Wolcott’s regiment. - -[11]Samuel Waldo was a Boston merchant, who had acquired a chief - interest in the Muscongus, later known from him as the Waldo Patent, - in Maine, to the improvement of which he gave the best years of his - life. Like Pepperell, he was a wealthy land-owner. They were close - friends, Waldo’s daughter being betrothed to Pepperell’s son later. - His patent finally passed to General Knox, who married Waldo’s - grand-daughter. - -[12]Joseph Dwight was born at Dedham, Mass., in 1703. He served in the - Second French War also. Pepperell commends his services, as chief of - artillery, very highly. - -[13]Jeremiah Moulton was fifty-seven when he joined the expedition. He - had seen more actual fighting than any other officer in it. Taken - prisoner by the Indians at the sacking of York, when four years old, - he became a terror to them in his manhood. With Harmon he destroyed - Norridgewock in 1724. - -[14]Robert Hale, colonel of the Essex County regiment, had been a - schoolmaster, a doctor, and a justice of the peace. He was - forty-two. His major, Moses Titcomb, afterwards served under Sir - William Johnson, and was killed at the battle of Lake George. - -[15]Sylvester Richmond, of Dighton, Mass., was born in 1698; colonel of - the Bristol County regiment. He was high sheriff of the county for - many years after his return from Louisburg. Died in 1783, in his - eighty-fourth year. Lieutenant-Colonel Ebenezer Pitts of Dighton, - and Major Joseph Hodges of Norton, of Richmond’s regiment, were both - killed during the campaign. - -[16]Samuel Moore’s New Hampshire regiment was drafted into the - _Vigilant_. His lieutenant-colonel, Meserve, afterward served under - Abercromby, and again in the second siege of Louisburg under - Amherst, dying there of small-pox. Matthew Thornton, signer of the - Declaration, was surgeon of Moore’s regiment. - -[17]Edward Tyng, merchant of Boston, son of that Colonel Edward who was - carried a prisoner to France, with John Nelson, by Frontenac’s - order, and died there in a dungeon. - - - - - VII - THE ARMY AT CANSO - - -The Plan of Attack. - -The crude plan of attack, as digested at Boston, consisted in an -investment of Louisburg by the land forces and a blockade by sea. To -enforce this blockade, Shirley had sent out some armed vessels in -advance of the expedition, with orders to cruise off the island, and to -intercept all vessels they should fall in with, so that news of the -armament might not get into Louisburg, by any chance, before its coming. - -Shirley’s Project. - -This was all the more necessary because Shirley had indulged hopes, from -the first, of taking the place by surprise, and so obstinately was he -wedded to the notion that the thing was practicable, that he had drawn -up at great length a plan of campaign of which this surprise was the -chief feature, and in which he undertook to direct, down to the minutest -detail, where, how, and when the troops should land, what points they -should attack, what they should do if the assault proved a failure or -only partially successful, where they should encamp, raise batteries and -post guards; how the men must be handled under fire, and even how the -prisoners should be disposed of, for Shirley, as we have seen, was -considerably given to counting his chickens before they were hatched. - -A Saving Clause. - -Being a lawyer rather than a soldier, Shirley had written out a brief -instead of an order—clear, concise, direct. But, lengthy as it was, the -plan had one redeeming feature, which turns away criticism from the -absurdities with which it was running over. This was the postscript -appended to it: “Sir, upon the whole, notwithstanding the instructions -you have received from me, I must leave it to you to act upon unforeseen -emergencies according to your best discretion.” The reading of it must -have lifted a load from Pepperell’s mind! It really looked as if Shirley -had meant to be the real generalissimo himself, and to capture Louisburg -by proxy. - -Pepperell’s Council. - -Pepperell was still hampered, however, with a council of war, consisting -of all the general and field officers of his army, whom he was required -to summon to his aid in all emergencies. If it be true that in a -multitude of counsels there is wisdom, then Pepperell was to be well -advised, for his council aggregated between twenty and thirty members. - -Pepperell seems to have conceived that he ought to submit himself wholly -to Shirley’s guidance, since he himself was now to serve his first -apprenticeship in war, for it was now loyally attempted to carry out -Shirley’s instructions to the letter. In all these preliminary -arrangements the difference between Shirley’s brilliancy and dash and -Pepperell’s methodical cast of mind is very marked indeed. It would -sometimes seem as if the two men ought to have changed places. - -Why the army was at Canso. -Importance of St. Peter’s. - -Shirley had appointed the rendezvous to be at Canso, which place had -been abandoned soon after it was taken from us; first, because it was -the natural base for operations against Cape Breton, and next so that if -the descent on Louisburg failed, Canso and the command of the straits -would, at least, have been recovered. It was, as we have said, within -easy striking distance of Louisburg. Out in front of Canso, between the -Nova Scotia and Cape Breton shores, lay Isle Madame or Arichat, on which -a few French fishermen were living. Across the water from Arichat, at -the entrance to the Bras d’Or, lay the Village of St. Peter’s, the -second in point of importance in Cape Breton, Louisburg being the first. -At Arichat everything that was being done at Canso could be easily seen -and communicated to St. Peter’s. At St. Peter’s word could be sent to -Louisburg by way of the Bras d’Or Lakes. It therefore stood Pepperell in -hand to clear his vicinity of these spies and informers without delay, -unless he wished to find the enemy forewarned and forearmed. - -The Ice Blockade at Louisburg. - -Shirley had directed Pepperell to destroy St. Peter’s. Pepperell, -therefore, sent a night expedition there, which, however, returned -without accomplishing its purpose. But his greatest fear, lest supplies -or re-enforcements should get into Louisburg by sea, was set at rest on -finding that the field or pack-ice, which had come down out of the St. -Lawrence, and the east winds had driven up against the shores of Cape -Breton, formed a secure blockade against all comers, himself as well as -the enemy. This contingency had not been sufficiently weighed. - -Canso fortified. - -Meanwhile, Pepperell set to work fortifying Canso. A blockhouse, ready -framed, had been sent out for the purpose. This was now set up, -garrisoned, and christened Fort Prince William. Some earthworks were -also thrown up to cover this new post. In these occupations, or in -scouting or exercising, the troops were kept employed until the ice -should move off the shores. - -French Cruiser driven off. - -On the 18th of April a French thirty-gun ship was chased off the coast, -while trying to run into Louisburg. Being the better sailer, she easily -got clear of the blockading vessels, after keeping up for some hours a -sharp, running fight. Even this occurrence does not seem to have fully -opened the eyes of the French commandant of Louisburg to the true nature -of the danger which threatened him, since he has declared that he -thought the vessels he saw watching the harbor were only English -privateers. Perhaps nothing about the whole history of this expedition -is more strange than that this officer should have remained wholly -ignorant of its being at Canso for nearly three weeks. - -April 23, Warren’s Fleet arrives. -Effect on the Army. - -The army had been lying nearly two weeks inactive, when, to Pepperell’s -great surprise as well as joy, Commodore Warren appeared off Canso with -four ships of war, and, after briefly communicating with the general, -bore away for Louisburg. At last he had received his orders to act in -concert with Shirley, and, like a true sailor, he had crowded all sail -for the scene of action. His coming put the army in great spirits, for -it was supposed to be part of the plan, already concerted, by which the -attack should be made irresistible. And for once fortune seems to have -determined that the bungling of ministers should not defeat the objects -had in view. - -April 24, Connecticut Forces arrive. - -On the following day, the Connecticut forces joined Pepperell. The -shores of Cape Breton were now eagerly scanned for the first appearance -of open water, but even as late as the 28th Pepperell wrote to Shirley, -saying, “We impatiently wait for a fair wind to drive the ice out of the -bay, and if we do not suffer for want of provisions, make no doubt but -we shall, by God’s favor, be able soon to drive out what else we please -from Cape Breton.” The consumption of stores, occasioned by the -unlooked-for detention at Canso, had, in fact, become a matter of -serious concern with Pepperell, whose nearest source of supply was -Boston. - - - - - VIII - THE SIEGE - - -Fleet sails from Canso, April 29. - -Our guard-vessels having reported the shores to be at last free from -ice, and the wind coming fair for Louisburg, the welcome signal to weigh -anchor was given on the 29th of April. On board the fleet all was now -bustle and excitement. In a very short time a hundred transport-vessels -were standing out of Canso Harbor, under a cloud of canvas, for Gabarus -Bay, the place fixed upon by Shirley for making the contemplated -descent. - -Night Assault given up. - -Bound to the letter of his orders, Pepperell seems to have first -purposed making an attempt to put Shirley’s rash project in execution. -To do this, he must have so timed his movements as to reach his -anchorage after dark, have landed his troops without being able to see -what obstacles lay before them, have marched them to stations situated -at a distance from the place of disembarkation, over ground unknown, and -not previously reconnoitred, to throw them against the enemy’s works -before they should be discovered. And this most critical of all military -operations, a night assault, was to be attempted by wholly undisciplined -men. - - [Illustration: SIEGE of LOUISBOURG in 1745.] - -Providentially for Pepperell, the wind died away before he could reach -the designated point of disembarkation, so that this mad scheme perished -before it could be put to the test; but early the next morning the -flotilla was discovered entering Gabarus Bay, five miles southeast from -the fortress, and in full view from its ramparts. So, also, the New -England forces could see the gray turrets of the redoubtable stronghold -rising in the distance, and could hear the bells of Louisburg pealing -out their loud alarm. The fortress instantly fired signal guns to call -in all out parties. It is said that there had been a grand ball the -night before, and that the company had scarce been asleep when called up -by this alarm. The booming of artillery, sounding like the drowsy roar -of an awakening lion, was defiantly echoed back from the bosom of the -deep, and borne on the cool breeze to the startled foemen’s ears the -distant roll of drum, and bugle blast, peopled the lately deserted sea -with voices of the coming strife. - -Duchambon, commander of the fortress, instantly hurried off a hundred -and fifty men to oppose the landing of our troops. - -Landing at Gabarus Bay, April 30. - -The fleet quickly came to an anchor, and the signal was hoisted for the -troops to disembark at once. Before them stretched the lonely Cape -Breton shore, on which the breakers rose and fell in a long line of -foam. Though this heavy surf threatened to swamp the boats, the men -crowded into them as if going to a merry-making. It was a gallant and -inspiring sight to see them dash on toward the beach, emulous who should -reach it first, and eager to meet the enemy, who were waiting for them -there. By making a feint at one point, and then pulling for another at -some distance from the first, the boats gained an undefended part of the -shore before the French could come up with them. As soon as one struck -the ground, the men jumped into the water, each taking another on his -back and wading through the surf to the shore. In this manner the -landing went on so rapidly that, when the enemy finally came up, they -were easily driven off, with the loss of six or seven men killed, and -some prisoners. Before it was dark two thousand men bivouacked for the -night within cannon shot of Louisburg. - -Vaughan now led forward a party after the retreating enemy, who, finding -themselves pursued, set fire to thirty or forty houses outside the city -walls. - -On the next day, the work of landing the rest of the army, the artillery -and stores, was pushed to the utmost, though the heavy surf rendered -this a work of uncommon difficulty. Pepperell now pitched his camp in an -orderly manner next the shore, at a place called Flat Point Cove, where -he could communicate with the transports and fleet, and they with him. -He now took his first step towards clearing the two miles of open ground -lying between him and Louisburg harbor, with the view of fixing the -location of his batteries, and of driving the enemy inside the walls of -the fortress. - -Royal Battery deserted. - -To this end four hundred men were sent out to destroy the enemy’s -magazines situated at the head of the harbor, Vaughan again marching -with them. This detachment having set fire to some warehouses containing -naval stores, the smoke from which drifted down upon the Royal Battery, -the officer in command there, convinced that the provincials were about -to fall upon him, spiked his cannon and abandoned the works in haste, -though not till after receiving permission to do so. - -In the morning, as Vaughan was returning to camp with only thirteen men, -the deserted appearance of the battery caused him to carefully examine -it, when, seeing no signs of life about the place,—no flag flying or -smoke rising or sentinels moving about,—he sent forward an Indian of his -party, who, finding all silent, crept through an embrasure, and undid -the gate to them. Vaughan then despatched word to the camp that he was -in possession of the place, and was waiting for a re-enforcement and a -flag; but meantime, before either could reach him, one of his men -climbed up the staff, and nailed his red coat to it for a flag. - -Vaughan attacked. - -At about the same hour Duchambon was sending a strong detachment back to -the battery, to complete the work of destruction that his lieutenant had -left unfinished. At least this is his own statement. It was supposed -that the battery was still unoccupied or occupied weakly, otherwise the -French would hardly have risked much for its possession. When this -detachment came round in their boats to the landing-place, near the -battery, Vaughan’s little band attacked them with great spirit, keeping -them at bay until other troops had time to join him, when the -discomfited Frenchmen were driven back whence they came. - -Advantage of this Capture. - -Thus unexpectedly did one of the most formidable defences fall into our -hands; for though its isolated situation invited an attack, and though -communication with the city could be easily cut off except by water, the -prompt attempt to recover the Royal Battery implies that its abandonment -was at least premature. Yet as this work was primarily a harbor defence -only, it was evidently not looked upon as tenable against a land attack, -although it is quite as clear that the time had not yet come for -deserting it. But the fact that it was left uninjured instead of being -blown up assures us that the garrison must have left in a panic. - -But whether the French attached much or little consequence to this -battery so long as it remained in their hands, it became in ours a -tremendous auxiliary to the conquest of the city. By its capture we -obtained thirty heavy cannon, all of which were soon made serviceable, -besides a large quantity of shot and shell, than which nothing could -have been more acceptable at this time. And although only three or four -of its heavy guns could be trained upon the city, its capture removed -one of the most formidable obstacles to the entrance of our fleet. It -also afforded an excellent place of arms for our soldiers, whose -confidence was greatly strengthened. In a word, the siege was making -progress. - -We cannot help referring here to the fact that notwithstanding Shirley’s -idea had met with so much ridicule it had, nevertheless, come true in -one part at least, since if the proposal to turn the enemy’s own cannon -against them had seemed somewhat whimsical when it was broached, it -certainly proved prophetic in this case, for within twenty-four hours -after its taking the guns of the Royal Battery were thundering against -the city. - -Firing begun. - -Pepperell had at once ordered Waldo’s regiment into the captured -battery. The enemy had not even stopped to knock off the trunnions of -the cannon, so that the smiths, under the direction of Major -Pomeroy,[18] who was himself a gun-smith, had only to drill them out -again. Waldo fired the first shot into the city. It is said to have -killed fourteen men. The fire was maintained with destructive effect, -and it drew forth a reply from the enemy, with both shot and shell. - -The siege may now be said to have fairly begun, and begun prosperously. -Both sides had stripped for fighting, and it remained to be seen whether -Pepperell’s raw levies would continue steadfast under the many trials of -which these events were but a foretaste. - -Louisburg was now practically invested on the land side, the fleet, with -its heavy armament, remaining useless, however, with respect to active -co-operation in the siege itself, because its commander dared not take -his ships into the harbor under fire of the enemy’s batteries. The army -and navy were acting therefore without that concert which alone would -have allowed their united strength to be effectively tested. On its -part, the navy was simply making a display of force which could not be -employed, though it maintained a strict blockade. In any case, then, the -brunt of the siege must fall on the army, since, as Warren informed -Pepperell, the fleet could take no part in battering the city until the -harbor defences should first have been taken or silenced. And when this -was done, the siege must probably have been near its end, fleet or no -fleet. - -Pepperell manfully turned, however, to a task which he had supposed -would be shared between the commodore and himself. If he was no longer -confident under fresh disappointments, they developed in him unexpected -firmness and most heroic patience. Let us see what this task was, and in -what manner the citizen-general set about it. That it was done with true -military judgment is abundantly proved by the fact that, when Louisburg -was assaulted and taken in 1758, by the combined land and naval forces -of Amherst and Boscawen, Pepperell’s plan of attack was followed step by -step, and to the letter. - - [Illustration: TOWN AND FORTIFICATIONS OF LOUISBOURG IN 1745.] - -The Harbor Defences. - -The most formidable of the harbor defences were the Island Battery, to -which attention has been called in a previous chapter, the Circular -Battery, a work situated at the extreme northwest corner of the city -walls, and forming the reverse face of the powerful Dauphin Bastion, -from which the West Gate of the city opened, with the Water Battery, or -Batterie de la Gréve, placed at the opposite angle of the harbor -shore.[19] The cross-fire from these two batteries effectually raked the -whole harbor from shore to shore, but it was by no means so dangerous as -that of the Island Battery, where ships must pass within point-blank -range of the heaviest artillery. - -Such, then, was the admirable system of harbor defences still remaining -intact, even after the fall of the Royal Battery. Instead, therefore, of -concentrating his whole fire upon one or two points, in his front, with -a view of breaching the walls in the shortest time, and of storming the -city at the head of his troops, Pepperell was made to throw half his -available fire upon the batteries that were not at all in his own way, -though they blocked the way to the fleet.[20] - -It will be seen that these circumstances imposed upon Pepperell a task -of no little magnitude. They compelled him to attack the very strongest, -instead of the weakest, parts of the fortress, and necessarily confined -the siege operations within a comparatively small space of the enemy’s -long line. - -No time was lost in getting the siege train over from Gabarus Bay to the -positions marked out for erecting the breaching batteries. The infinite -labor involved in doing this can hardly be understood except by those -who have themselves gone over the ground. Every gun and every pound of -provisions and ammunition had to be dragged two miles, through marshes -and over rocks, to the allotted stations. This transit being -impracticable for wheel-carriages, sledges were constructed by -Lieutenant-Colonel Meserve of the New Hampshire regiment, to which -relays of men harnessed themselves in turn, as they do in Arctic -journeys, and in this way the cannon, mortars, and stores were slowly -dragged through the spongy turf, where the mud was frequently knee-deep, -to the trenches before Louisburg. None but the rugged yeomen of New -England—men inured to all sorts of outdoor labor in woods and -fields—could have successfully accomplished such a herculean task. But -such severe toil as this was soon put half the army in the hospitals. - -Nova Scotia freed of Invaders. - -By the 5th of May Pepperell had got two mortar-batteries playing upon -the city from the base of Green Hill, over which the road passes to -Sydney. Meantime, Duchambon, seeing himself blockaded both by sea and by -land, had hurriedly sent off an express to recall the troops that had -gone out some time before against Annapolis, in concert with a force -sent from Quebec, little dreaming that he himself would soon be -attacked.[21] The first fruits of Shirley’s sagacity ripened thus early -in relieving Nova Scotia from invasion. - -First Sabbath in Camp. - -The 5th being Sunday, divine service was held in the chapel of the Royal -Battery. Pepperell’s hardy New Englanders listened to the first -Protestant sermon ever preached, perhaps, on the island of Cape Breton, -from the well-chosen text “Enter into His gates with thanksgiving, and -into His courts with praise.” After their devotions were over, we are -told that the troops “fired smartly at the city.” - -Meantime, also, Colonel Moulton, who had been left at Canso for the -purpose, rejoined the army after destroying St. Peter’s. Two sallies -made by the enemy against the nearest mortar-battery had been repulsed. -Its fire, augmented by some forty-two-pounders taken from the Royal -Battery, already much distressed the garrison, its balls coming against -the caserns and into the town, where they traversed the streets from end -to end, and riddled the houses in their passage. It never ceased firing -during the siege. In his report Duchambon calls it the most dangerous of -any that the besiegers raised. - -Garrison summoned. - -On the 7th a flag was sent into the city with a summons to surrender. -Firing was suspended until its return, with Duchambon’s defiant message, -that inasmuch “as the King had confided to him the defence of the -fortress, he had no other reply but by the mouths of his cannon.” - -Scouting Party defeated. - -This check prompted a disposition to attack the city by storm at once, -but upon reflection more moderate counsels prevailed, and the attempt -was put off. Pepperell went on with his approaches toward the West Gate, -under a constant fire from all the enemy’s batteries. And as every -collection of men drew the enemy’s fire to the spot, this work could -only be done at night, under great disadvantages. The balls they sent -him were picked up and returned from his own cannon with true New -England thrift, in order to husband his own ammunition. While thus -engaged with the enemy in his front, he had also to keep an eye upon the -outlying parties of French and Indians in his rear, who had been scraped -together from scattered settlements, and were lurking about his camp -with the view of raiding it unawares. On May 10, a scouting party of -twenty-five men from Waldo’s regiment was sent out to find and drive off -these marauders. While they were engaged in plundering some -dwelling-houses at one of the out-settlements, they themselves were -unexpectedly attacked by a superior force, and all but three killed, the -Indians murdering the prisoners in cold blood. On the following day our -men returned to the scene of disaster, and after burying their fallen -comrades, they burned the place to the ground. - -With these events the campaign settled down into the slow and laborious -operations of a regular siege; and here began those inevitable -bickerings between the chiefs of the land and naval forces, which, in a -man of different temper than Pepperell was, might have led to serious -results. - -Disagreements. - -In Shirley, his lawful captain-general, Pepperell had always a superior -whose orders he felt bound to obey to the best of his ability, cost what -it might. Fortunately, Shirley’s power of annoyance was limited by -distance, though he kept up an animated fire of suggestions. In Warren, -however, the brusque and impulsive sailor, Pepperell now found a tutor -and a critic, whose irritation at the subordinate part he was playing -showed itself in unreasonable demands upon his slow but sure coadjutor, -and now and then even in a hardly concealed sneer. As time wore on, -Warren grew more and more restive and importunate, while Pepperell -continued patient, calm, and methodical to the last. Warren would call -his fleet-captains together, hold a council, discuss the situation from -his point of view, and send off to Pepperell the result of their -deliberations, with the final exhortation attached, “For God’s sake let -_us_ do something!”—that “something” being that Pepperell should -practically finish the siege without him, as we have already shown. -Warren was a man standing at a door to keep out intruders, while the two -actual adversaries were fighting it out inside. He might occasionally -halloo to them to be quick about it, but he was hardly in the fight -himself. - -Pepperell would then get his council together in his turn, and, smarting -under the sense of injustice, would submit the lecture that Warren had -read him, with its thinly veiled irony, and unconcealed hauteur, to -which the imputation of ignorance was not lacking. The situation would -then be again discussed in all its bearings, from the army’s standpoint, -which might be stated as follows: The fortress cannot be stormed until -we have made a practicable breach in the walls. We must finish our -batteries before this can be done. Or let the commodore bring in his -ships and assist in silencing the enemy’s fire. The army is losing -strength every day by sickness, while the fleet is gaining by the -arrival of fresh ships. We cannot, if we would, pull the commodore’s -chestnuts out of the fire and our own too. - -[18]Major Seth Pomeroy of Northampton, Mass., was lieutenant-colonel of - Williams’s regiment in the battle of Lake George, 1755, succeeding - to the command after Williams’s death. At the beginning of the - Revolution he fought as a volunteer at Bunker Hill. - -[19]Reference should be made to the plan at page 91. It will greatly - simplify the siege operations to the reader if he will keep in mind - the fact that the land attack was wholly confined within the points - designated by A and B on this plan, or between the Dauphin and - King’s bastions. For our purpose, it is only necessary to add that - the harbor front was defended by a strong wall of masonry, joining - the Water Battery, G, with the Dauphin Bastion, A. In this wall were - five gates, leading to the water-side. It was the point at which the - city would be exposed to assault from shipping or their boats. - -[20]The Island Battery could not materially hinder the progress of the - siege, and must have fallen with the city. The Circular Battery - could not fire upon the besiegers at all, as it bore upon the - harbor, but Warren insisted that he could not go in until these two - works were silenced. If the time spent in doing this had been wholly - employed in battering down the West Gate and its approaches, the - city might have been taken without the fleet, leaving out of view, - of course, the supposition of a repulse to the storming party. It is - a strong assertion to say that the city could not have been taken - without the fleet, because no trial was made. - -[21]The Attack upon Annapolis having failed, these troops tried to get - back to Louisburg, but were unable to do so. With their assistance - Duchambon thinks he could have held out. - - - - - IX - THE SIEGE CONTINUED - - -Camp Routine. - -The routine of camp life is not without interest as tending to show what -was the temper of the men under circumstances of unusual trial and -hardship. They were housed in tents, most of which proved rotten and -unserviceable, or in booths, which they built for themselves out of -poles and green boughs cut in the neighboring woods. The relief parties, -told off each day for work in the trenches, were marched to their -stations after dark, as the enemy’s fire swept the ground over which -they must pass. For a like reason, the fatigue parties could only bring -up the daily supplies of provisions and ammunition to the trenches from -Gabarus Bay, after darkness had set in. By great good-fortune, the -weather continued dry and pleasant; otherwise the bad housing and severe -toil must have told on the health of the army even more severely than it -did, while work in the trenches would have been suspended during the -intervals of wet weather. - -Spirit of the Army. - -A force like this, composed of men who were the equals of their officers -at home, not bound together by habits of passive obedience formed under -the severe penalties of martial law, could not be expected to observe -the exact discipline of regular soldiers. It was not attempted to -enforce it. Not one case of punishment for infraction of orders is -reported during the siege. But officers and men had in them the making -of far better soldiers than the ordinary rank and file of armies. There -were men in the ranks who rose to be colonels and brigadiers in the -revolutionary contest.[22] The hardest duty was performed without -grumbling; the most dangerous service found plenty of volunteers; and -Pepperell himself has borne witness that nothing pleased the men better -than to be ordered off on some scouting expedition that promised to -bring on a brush with the enemy. - -This spirit is plainly manifest in the letters which have been -preserved. In one of them Major Pomeroy tells his wife that “it looks as -if our campaign would last long; but I am willing to stay till God’s -time comes to deliver the city into our hands.” The reply is worthy of a -woman of Sparta: “Suffer no anxious thoughts to rest in your mind about -me. The whole town is much engaged with concern for the expedition, how -Providence will order the affair, for which religious meetings every -week are maintained. I leave you in the hand of God.” - -There is not a despatch or a letter of Pepperell’s extant, in which this -dependence upon the Over-ruling Hand is not acknowledged. The barbaric -utterance that Providence is always on the side of the strongest -battalions would have shocked the men of Louisburg as deeply as it would -the men of Preston, Edgehill, and Marston Moor. The conviction that -their cause was a righteous one, and must therefore prevail, was a power -still active among Puritan soldiers: nor did they fail to give the honor -and praise of achieved victory to Him whom they so steadfastly owned as -the Leader of Armies and the God of Battles. - -There were not wanting incidents which the soldiers treasured up as -direct manifestations of Divine favor. Moses Coffin, of Newbury, who -officiated in the double capacity of chaplain and drummer, and who had -been nicknamed in consequence the “drum ecclesiastic,” carried a small -pocket-Bible about with him wherever he went. On returning to camp, -after an engagement with the enemy, he found that a bullet had passed -nearly through the sacred book, thus, undoubtedly, saving his life. - -Frolics in Camp. - -The relaxation from discipline has been more or less commented upon by -several writers, as if it implied a grave delinquency in the head of the -army. We are of the opinion, however, that it was the safety-valve of -_this_ army, under the extraordinary pressure laid upon it. So while we -may smile at the comparison made by Douglass, who says that the siege -resembled a “Cambridge Commencement,” or at the antics described by -Belknap,[23] we need not feel ourselves bound to accept their -conclusions. This author says: “Those who were on the spot, have -frequently in my hearing laughed at the recital of their own -irregularities, and expressed their admiration when they reflected on -the almost miraculous preservation of the army from destruction. They -indeed presented a formidable front to the enemy, but the rear was a -scene of confusion and frolic. While some were on duty at the trenches, -others were racing, wrestling, pitching quoits, firing at marks or -birds, or running after shot from the enemy’s guns for which they -received a bounty.” - -Our Fascine Batteries. - -In his unscientific way, Pepperell was daily tightening his grasp upon -Louisburg. Gridley,[24] who acted in the capacity of chief engineer, had -picked up from books all the knowledge he possessed, but he soon showed -a natural aptitude for that branch of the service. Dwight, the chief of -artillery, is not known ever to have pointed a shotted gun in his life. -Instead of gradual approaches, of zigzags and épaulements, the ground -was simply staked out where the batteries were to be placed. After dark -the working parties started for the spot, carrying bundles of fascines -on their backs, laid them on the lines, and then began digging the -trenches and throwing up the embankment by the light of their lanterns. -All the batteries at Louisburg were constructed in this simple fashion. -The work of making the platforms, getting up the cannon, and mounting -them, was attended with far greater labor and risk. - -The Advanced Battery opens Fire May 18. - -In this manner a fascine battery covered by a trench in front, on which -the provincials had been working like beavers for two days and nights, -was raised within two hundred and fifty yards of the West Gate, against -which it began sending its shot on the 18th. This was by much the most -dangerous effort that the besiegers had yet made, and the enemy at once -trained every gun upon it that would bear, in the hope of either -demolishing or silencing the work. It was so near that the men in the -trenches, and those on the walls, kept up a continual fire of musketry -at each other, interspersed with sallies of wit, whenever there was a -lull in the firing. The French gunners, who were kept well supplied with -wine, would drink to the besiegers, and invite them over to breakfast or -to take a glass of wine. - - [Illustration: THE LIGHTHOUSE, WITH DÉBRIS OF OLD WORKS.] - -Cannon discovered. - -In two days the fire of our guns had beaten down the drawbridges, part -of the West Gate, and some of the adjoining wall. Pepperell complains at -this time of his want of good gunners, also of a sufficient supply of -powder to make good the daily consumption, of which he had no previous -conception, but is cheered by finding thirty cannon sunk at low-water -mark on the opposite side of the harbor, which he designed mounting at -the lighthouse forthwith, for attacking the Island Battery. Gorham’s -regiment was posted there with this object. Thus again were the enemy -furnishing means for their own destruction. Foreseeing that this -fortification would shut the port to ships coming to his relief, -Duchambon sent a hundred men across the harbor to drive off the -provincials. A sharp fight ensued, in which the enemy were defeated. - -Titcomb’s Battery at Work. - -By this time another fascine battery situated by the shore, at a point -nine hundred yards from the walls, began raking the Circular Battery of -the enemy, in conjunction with the direct fire from our Advanced -Battery. It was called Titcomb’s, from the officer in charge, Major -Moses Titcomb of Hale’s regiment. These two fortifications were now -knocking to pieces the northwest corner of the enemy’s ponderous works, -known as the Dauphin Bastion. We were now playing on Louisburg from -three batteries on the shore of the harbor, three in the rear of these, -and had another in process of construction at the lighthouse, all of -which, except the last, had been completed under fire within twenty -days, without recourse to any scientific rules whatever. - -Capture of the Vigilant. - -In spite of Warren’s watchfulness one vessel had slipped through his -squadron into Louisburg unperceived, bringing supplies to the besieged, -An event now took place which, to use Pepperell’s words, “produced a -burst of joy in the army, and animated the men with fresh courage to -persevere.” The annual supply ship from France, for which our fleet had -been constantly on the lookout, had run close in with the harbor in a -thick fog, undiscovered by our vessels, and wholly unsuspicious of -danger herself. When the fog lifted she was seen and engaged by the -Mermaid, a forty-gun frigate, until the rest of the squadron could come -to her aid, when, after a spirited combat, the French ship was forced to -strike her colors. The prize proved to be the Vigilant, a new sixty-gun -ship, loaded with stores and munitions for Louisburg. She was soon put -in fighting trim again, and manned by drafts made from the army and -transports. - -Warren proposes to attack. - -By the 24th, two more heavy ships, which the ministry had sent out -immediately upon receiving Shirley’s advices that the expedition had -been decided upon,[25] now joined Warren, who at length felt himself -emboldened to ask Pepperell’s co-operation in the following plan of -attack. It was proposed to distribute sixteen hundred men, to be taken -from the army, among the ships of war, all of which should then go into -the harbor and attack the enemy’s batteries vigorously. Under cover of -this fire, the soldiers, with the marines from the ships, were to land -and assault the city. Pepperell himself was to have no share in this -business, except as a looker-on, but was to put his troops under the -command of an officer of marines who should take his orders from Warren -only. - -This implied censure to the conduct of the army and its chief, followed -up the next day by the tart question of “Pray how came the Island -Battery not to be attacked?” seems to have goaded Pepperell into giving -the order for a night attack upon that strong post. Indeed, Pepperell’s -perplexities were growing every hour. On the day he received Warren’s -cool proposition to take the control of the army out of his hands, he -had been obliged to send off a flying column in pursuit of a force which -his scouts had reported was at Mirá Bay, fifteen miles from his camp. In -fact, the forces which Duchambon had recalled from Annapolis were -watching their chance either to make a dash into Louisburg, or throw -themselves upon the besiegers’ trenches unawares. - -Island Battery stormed May 27. -Gallantry of William Tufts, Jr. - -Notwithstanding the hazard, it was determined to storm the Island -Battery. For this purpose, four hundred volunteers embarked in -whale-boats on the night of the 27th, and rowed cautiously round the -outer shore of the harbor toward the back of the island, in the -expectation of finding that side unguarded. They were, however, -discovered by the sentinels in season to thwart the plan of surprise. -The garrison was alarmed. Still the brave provincials would not turn -back. Cannon and musketry were turned on them from the island and city. -Through this storm of shot, by which many of the boats were sunk before -they could reach the shore, only about half the attacking force passed -unscathed. In scrambling up the rocks through a drenching surf, most of -their muskets were wet with salt water, and rendered useless. Not yet -dismayed, the assailants fought their numerous foes hand to hand for -nearly an hour. Captain Brooks, their leader, was cut down in the -_mêlée_. One William Tufts, a brave lad of only nineteen, got into the -battery, climbed the flagstaff, tore down the French colors, and -fastened his own red coat to the staff, under a shower of balls, many of -which went through his clothes without harming him. Sixty men were slain -before the rest would surrender, but these were the flower of the army, -whose loss saddened the whole camp, when the enemy’s exulting cheers -told the story of the disaster, at break of day. About a hundred and -eighty-nine men were either drowned, killed, or taken in this desperate -encounter. It was an exploit worthy of the men, but there was not one -chance in ten of its being successful. For once Pepperell had allowed -feeling to get the better of judgment by taking that chance. - -Pepperell could now say to Warren that his proposal would not be agreed -to. His effective force had been reduced by sickness to twenty-one -hundred men, six hundred of whom were at that moment absent from camp. -As a compliance with Warren’s requisition for sixteen hundred men would -be equivalent to exposing everything to the uncertain chances of a -single bold dash, Pepperell’s council very wisely concluded that it was -far better to hold fast what had been gained, than to risk all that was -hoped for. They offered to lend the commodore five hundred soldiers, and -six hundred sailors, if he would go and assault the Island Battery, in -his turn, but Warren’s only reply was to urge the completion of the -Lighthouse Battery for that work. - -The siege had now continued thirty days without decisive results. So far -Duchambon had showed no sign of yielding, and Pepperell found it -difficult to get information as to the state of the garrison. An -expedient was therefore hit upon which was calculated to test both the -temper and condition of the besieged thoroughly: for although the -capture of the Vigilant had been witnessed from the walls of Louisburg, -it had not produced the impression that the besiegers had expected. This -was the key to what now took place. - -Effect of Stratagem tried. - -Maisonforte, captain of the Vigilant, was still a prisoner on board the -fleet. He was given to understand that the provincials were greatly -exasperated over the cruel treatment of some prisoners, who had been -murdered after they were taken, and he was asked to write to Duchambon -informing him just how the French prisoners were treated, to the end -that such barbarities as had been complained of might cease, and -retaliation be avoided. - -Maisonforte readily fell into the trap laid for him. He unhesitatingly -wrote the letter as requested, it was sent to Duchambon by a flag, and -was delivered by an officer who understood French, in order to observe -its effect. The letter thus conveyed to Duchambon the disagreeable news -of the Vigilant’s capture, of which he had been ignorant, and it made a -visible impression. He now knew that his determination to hold out in -view of the expected succors from France, was of no further avail. This -correspondence took place on the 7th. - -Lighthouse Battery completed. -Island Battery silenced. - -By the arrival of ships destined for the Newfoundland station, the fleet -had been increased to eleven ships carrying five hundred and forty guns. -On the 9th two deserters came into our lines, who said that the garrison -could not hold out much longer unless relieved. On the 11th, which was -the anniversary of the accession of George II., a general bombardment -took place, in which the new Lighthouse Battery joined, for the first -time. The effect of its fire upon the Island Battery was so marked, that -Warren now declared himself ready to join in a general attack, whenever -the wind should be fair for it. For this attempt Pepperell pushed -forward his own preparations most vigorously. Boats were got ready to -land troops at different parts of the town. The Circular Battery was -about silenced. All the 13th, 14th, and 15th a furious bombardment was -kept up. Our marksmen swept the streets of the doomed city, with -musketry, from the advanced trenches, so that no one could show his head -in any part of it without being instantly riddled with balls. The -artillerists at the Island Battery were driven from their posts, some -even taking refuge from our shells by running into the sea. Our boats -now passed in and out of the harbor freely, with supplies, without -molestation. It was evident that the fall of this much dreaded bulwark -had brought the siege practically to a close. - -On the 14th the whole fleet came to an anchor off the harbor in line of -battle. It made a splendid and imposing array. At the same time the -troops were mustered under arms, and exhorted to do their full duty when -the order should be given them to advance upon the enemy’s works. In the -midst of these final preparations for a combined and decisive assault, -an ominous silence brooded over the doomed city. It was clear to all -that the crisis was at hand. - -Duchambon felt that he had now done all that a brave and resolute -captain could for the defence of the fortress. He saw an overwhelming -force about to throw itself with irresistible power upon his dismantled -walls, in every assailable part at once. His every hope of help from -without had failed him. Food for his men and powder for his guns were -nearly exhausted. He was now confronted with the soldier’s last dread -alternative of meeting an assault sword in hand, with but faint prospect -of success, or of lowering the flag he had so gallantly defended. The -wretched inhabitants, who had endured every privation cheerfully, so -long as there was hope, earnestly entreated him to spare them the -horrors of storm and pillage. - -The Fortress surrenders. - -On the 15th, in the afternoon, while the two chiefs of the expedition -were in consultation together, Duchambon sent a flag to Pepperell -proposing a suspension of hostilities until terms of capitulation should -be agreed upon. This was at once granted until eight o’clock of the -following morning. Duchambon’s proposals were then submitted and -rejected as inadmissible, but counter proposals were sent him, to which, -on the same day, he gave his assent, by sending hostages to both -Pepperell and Warren, saving only that the garrison should be allowed to -march out with the honors of war. For reasons to be looked for, no -doubt, in his pride as a professional soldier, and in his reluctance to -treat with any other, he addressed separate notes to the land and naval -commanders. As neither felt disposed to stand upon a point of mere -punctilio, Duchambon’s request was immediately acceded to. A striking -difference, however, is to be observed between Pepperell’s and Warren’s -replies to the French commander. In his own Pepperell generously, and -honorably, makes the full ratification of this condition subject to -Warren’s approval. In the commodore’s there is not one word found -concerning the general of the land forces, or of his approbation or -disapprobation, any more than if he had never existed; but in Warren’s -note the extraordinary condition is annexed “that the keys of the town -be delivered to such officers and troops _as I shall appoint to receive -them_, and that all the cannon, warlike and other stores in the town, be -also delivered up to the said officers.” - -On the 17th Warren took formal possession of the Island Battery, and -shortly after went into the city himself to confer with the governor. In -the meantime, conceiving it to be his right to receive the surrender, -Pepperell had informed the governor of his intention to put a detachment -of his own troops in occupation of the city defences that same -afternoon. This communication was immediately shown to Warren, who at -once addressed Pepperell, in evident irritation, upon the “irregularity” -of his proceedings, until the articles of surrender should have been -formally signed and sealed. The fact that he had just proposed to -receive the surrender of the fortress himself was not even referred to, -nor does it appear that Pepperell ever knew of it. One cannot overlook, -therefore, the presence of some unworthy manœuvring, seconded by -Duchambon’s professional vanity, to claim and obtain a share of the -honor of this glorious achievement, not only unwarranted by the part the -navy had taken in it, since it had never fired a shot into Louisburg, or -lost a man by its fire: but calculated to mislead public opinion in -England. - -An unpublished letter of General Dwight, written three days after the -entry of the provincial troops, relates the closing scenes of this truly -memorable contest. It runs as follows:— - - [Illustration: REMAINS OF CASEMATES AT LOUISBURG.] - -“We entered the city on Monday last (17th) about five o’clock P.M., with -colors flying, drums, hautboys, violins, trumpets, etc. Gentlemen and -ladies caressing (the French inhabitants) as well they might, for a New -England dog would have died in the holes we drove them to—I mean the -casemates where they dwelt during the siege. - -“This fortress is so valuable, as well as large and extensive, that we -may say the one half has not been conceived.... Sometimes I am ready to -say a thousand men in a thousand years could not effect it. Words cannot -convey the idea of it.... One half of ye warlike stores for such a siege -were not laid in; however, the Vigilant (French supply ship) being taken -and Commodore Warren’s having some supply of stores from New England was -very happy, and so it is that his readiness has been more than equal to -his ability.” - -Governor Duchambon puts his whole force at thirteen hundred men at the -beginning of the siege, and at eleven hundred at its close. About two -thousand men were, however, included in the capitulation, of which -number six hundred and fifty were veteran troops. The besiegers’ shot -had wrought destruction in the city. There was not a building left -unharmed or even habitable, by the fifteen thousand shot and shells that -Pepperell’s batteries had thrown into it. - -When Pepperell saw the inside of Louisburg he probably realized for the -first time the magnitude of the task he had undertaken. On looking -around him, he said, with the expeditionary motto in mind no doubt, “The -Almighty, of a truth, has been with us.” - -As the expedition began, so it now ended, with a prayer, which has come -down to us as a part of its history. Pepperell celebrated his entry into -Louisburg by giving a dinner to his officers. When they were seated at -table, the general called upon his old friend and neighbor, the Rev. Mr. -Moody of York, to ask the Divine blessing. As the parson’s prayers were -proverbial for their length, the countenances of the guests fell when he -arose from his chair, but to everybody’s surprise the venerable chaplain -made his model and pithy appeal to the throne of grace in these words: - -“Good Lord! we have so many things to thank thee for, that time will be -infinitely too short to do it: we must therefore leave it for the work -of eternity.” - -[22]General John Nixon is one of those referred to. - -[23]Douglass (Summary), Belknap (“History of New Hampshire”) and - Hutchinson (“History of Massachusetts Bay”) have accounts of the - Louisburg expedition. Douglass and Hutchinson wrote - contemporaneously, and were well informed, the latter especially, - upon all points relating to the inception and organization. Of their - military criticism it is needless to speak. There is a host of - authorities, both French and English, most of which are collected in - Vol. V. “Narrative and Critical History of America.” - -[24]Richard Gridley subsequently laid out the works at Bunker Hill and - Dorchester Heights, in much the same manner. - -[25]Shirley’s second messenger, Captain Loring, on presenting his - despatches, was allowed but twelve hours in London, being then - ordered on board the Princess Mary, one of the ships referred to. - - - - - X - AFTERTHOUGHTS - - -And now comes the strangest part of the story. We get quite accustomed -to thinking of the American colonies as the football of European -diplomacy, our reading of history has fully prepared us for that: but we -are not prepared to find events in the New World actually shaping the -course of those in the Old. In a word, England lost the battle in -Europe, but won it in America. France was confounded at seeing the key -to Canada in the hands of the enemy she had just beaten. England and -France were like two duellists who have had a scuffle, in the course of -which they have exchanged weapons. Instead of dictating terms, France -had to compromise matters. For the sake of preserving her colonial -possessions, she now had to give up her dear-bought conquests on the -continent of Europe. Hostilities were suspended. All the belligerents -agreed to restore what they had taken from each other, and cry quits; -but it is plain that France would never have consented to such a -settlement at a time when her adversaries were so badly crippled, when -all England was in a ferment, and she hurrying back her troops from -Holland in order to put down rebellion at home, thus leaving the -coalition of which she was the head to stand or fall without her. France -would not have stayed her victorious march, we think, under such -circumstances as these, unless the nation’s attention had been forcibly -recalled to the gravity of the situation in America. - -In some respects this episode of history recalls the story of the mailed -giant, armed to the teeth, and of the stripling with his sling. - -As all the conquests of this war were restored by the peace of -Aix-la-Chapelle, Cape Breton went to France again. - -Thus had New England made herself felt across the Atlantic by an -exhibition of power, as unlooked-for as it was suggestive to thoughtful -men. To some it was merely like that put forth by the infant Hercules, -in his cradle. But to England, the unnatural mother, it was a notice -that the child she had neglected was coming to manhood, ere long to -claim a voice in the disposal of its own affairs. - -To New England herself the consequences of her great exploit were very -marked. The martial spirit was revived. In the trenches of Louisburg was -the training-school for the future captains of the republic. Louisburg -became a watchword and a tradition to a people intensely proud of their -traditions. Not only had they made themselves felt across the ocean, but -they now first awoke to a better knowledge of their own resources, their -own capabilities, their own place in the empire, and here began the -growth of that independent spirit which, but for the prompt seizure of a -golden opportunity, might have lain dormant for years. Probably it would -be too much to say that the taking of Louisburg opened the eyes of -discerning men to the possibility of a great empire in the West; yet, if -we are to look about us for underlying causes, we know not where else to -find a single event so likely to give birth to speculative discussion, -or a new and enlarged direction in the treatment of public concerns. -What had been done would always be pointed to as evidence of what might -be done again. So we have considered the taking of Louisburg, in so far -as the colonies were concerned, as the event of its epoch.[26] - -Nor would these discussions be any the less likely to arise, or to grow -any the less threatening to the future of crown and colony, when it -became known that to balance her accounts with other powers England had -handed over Cape Breton to France again, thus putting in her hand the -very weapon that New England had just wrested from her, as the pledge to -her own security. The work was all undone with a stroke of the pen. The -colonies were still to be the football of European politics. - -Nobody in the colonies supposed this would be the reward of their -sacrifices—that they should be deliberately sold by the home government, -or that France, after being once disarmed, would be quietly told to go -on strengthening her American Gibraltar as much as she liked. Yet this -was what really happened, notwithstanding the Duke of Newcastle’s -bombastic declaration that “if France was master of Portsmouth, he would -hang the man who should give up Cape Breton in exchange for it.” - -King George, who was in Hanover when he heard of the capture of -Louisburg, sent word to Pepperell that he would be made a baronet, thus -distinguishing him as the proper chief of the expedition. This -distinction, which really made Pepperell the first colonist of his time, -was nobly won and worthily worn. After four years of importunity the -colonies succeeded in getting their actual expenses reimbursed to them, -which was certainly no more than their dues, considering that they had -been fighting the battles of the mother country.[27] - -Warren was made an admiral. The navy came in for a large amount of prize -money, obtained from ships that were decoyed into Louisburg after it -fell, to the exclusion of the army.[28] This disposition of the spoils -was highly resented by the army, who very justly alleged that, while the -success of the army without the fleet might be open to debate, there -could be no question whatever of the fleet’s inability to take Louisburg -without the army. - -[26]The surrender caused great rejoicing in the colonies, as was natural - it should, with all except those who had always predicted its - failure. For some reason the news did not reach Boston until July 2, - in the night. At daybreak the inhabitants were aroused from their - slumbers by the thunder of cannon. The whole day was given up to - rejoicings. A public thanksgiving was observed on the 18th. The news - reached London on the 20th. The Tower guns were fired, and at night - London was illuminated. Similar demonstrations occurred in all the - cities and large towns of the kingdom. At Versailles the news caused - deep gloom. De Luynes speaks of it thus in his Memoirs: “People have - been willing to doubt about this affair of Louisburg, but unhappily - it is only too certain. These misfortunes have given rise to - altercations among ministers. It is urged that M. Maurepas is at - fault in having allowed Louisburg to fall for want of munitions. The - friends of M. Maurepas contend that he did all that was possible, - but could not obtain the necessary funds from the Treasury.” The - government got ready two fleets to retake Louisburg. One was - scattered or sunk by storms in 1746, and one was destroyed by Lord - Anson, in 1747, off Cape Finisterre. - -[27]The amount was £183,649 to Massachusetts, £16,355 to New Hampshire, - £28,863 to Connecticut, and £6,332 to Rhode Island. Quite a large - portion was paid in copper coins. - -[28]Among others the navy took a Spanish Indiaman, having $2,000,000, - besides gold and silver ingots to a large value, stowed under her - cargo of cocoa. The estimated value of all the prizes was nearly a - million sterling, of which enormous sum only one colonial vessel got - a share. - - - THE END - - - - - INDEX - - - A - Acadia (Nova Scotia), Louisburg designed to protect, 29. - Acadians, refuse to emigrate, 34; - and refuse to become British subjects, 35; - why called Neutrals, 36; - desire to remove elsewhere, 36. - Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of, 127. - Annapolis, N. S., attempted capture of, 43; - attack on, frustrated, _note_ 100. - Auchmuty, Robert, proposes the taking of Louisburg, _note_ 58. - - - B - Boston, defenceless condition of, 11. - Bradstreet, Colonel John, at Louisburg, 70. - Brooks, Captain, killed at Louisburg, 113. - - - C - Canada, the key to, 12; - its political and economic weaknesses, 24 _et seq._; - compared with the English colonies, 25; - the fur monopoly, 26; - scheme for building up the colony, 28. - Canso, seized from Louisburg, 43, _note_ 45; - prisoners taken there prove useful, 49; - army rendezvous at, 69; - environs of, 76; - works thrown up at, 77. - Cape Breton Island, face of the country, 16; - mountains of, 17; - Gabarus Bay, 23; - first suggestions of its importance to Canada, 28; - natural products of, 29; - advantageous situation as a port of delivery and supply, 29; - left to Canada by stupid diplomacy, 30; - its chief harbors, 31; - the Bras d’Or, 31; - called Ile Royale, 32; - plan for getting colonists, 33, 34; - strategic points on the straits, 76; - ice blockade of, 77; - restored to France, 127. - Cape Breton Coast, approach to, 14; - blockaded by ice, 77. - Circular battery of Louisburg, its design, 93; - silenced, 116. - Coffin, Moses, of Newbury, Mass., anecdote of, 104. - Connecticut in Louisburg expedition, 57; - her forces join Pepperell, 78. - - - D - Dauphin Bastion, of Louisburg, 93; - destructive fire upon, 110. - De Costebello, at Louisburg, 33. - De Saxe, Marshal, defeats the English, 41. - Duchambon, commander of Louisburg, 84; - recalls a detachment, 95; - refuses to surrender, 96; - changes his mind, 117; - and opens a treaty, 118. - Dwight, Joseph, at Louisburg, 66 and _note_ 71. - - - E - English Harbor (Louisburg), 31. - Expeditionary Army, its composition, 66; - and equipment, 67, 68; - favoring conditions, 68; - sets sail for Louisburg, 69; - at Canso, 69; - council of war, 75; - sails for Louisburg, 80; - lands at Gabarus Bay, 84; - not backed up by the navy, 90; - transportation of artillery to the front, 94; - it tells on the men, 95; - the camp and camp life, 101 _et seq._ - - - F - Flat Point Cove, our army camps at, 85. - Fontenoy, English defeated at, 41. - Franklin, Benjamin, has no faith in Louisburg expedition, 57. - - - G - Gabarus Bay, the back door to Louisburg, 23; - Pepperell lands at, 80, 81. - Gibson, James, volunteers for Louisburg, 63, _note_ 70. - Green Hill, Louisburg shelled from, 95. - Gridley, Richard, engineer at Louisburg, 66; - an apt scholar, 105, _note_ 125. - - - H - Hale, Robert, at Louisburg, _note_ 71. - Hodges, Joseph, at Louisburg, _note_ 72. - Hutchinson, Thomas, gives casting vote for attacking Louisburg, - 55. - - - I - Island Battery, situation of, 15; - its value to the besieged, 93 and _note_ 100; - disastrous attack upon, 112, 113; - its fire silenced, 116; - in our hands, 119. - Ile Royale, see Cape Breton, 32. - Isle Madame, or Arichat, 76. - - - L - Lighthouse Point, 14; - is seized and fortified, 109. - Louisburg, the approach to, 14; - the harbor, 15; - old city, 15; - old fortifications perambulated, 17; - hills back of, 17; - natural defences of, 18; - demolition of the works, 19; - and present state of, 19; - Citadel, 20; - natural obstacles to surmount, 21; - bomb-proofs, 21; - impregnable from sea, 21; - graveyard and its inmates, 22; - Royal Battery, 23; - reasons why the fortress was erected, 24 _et seq._; - to be a great mart, 28; - to help Acadia, 29; - called English Harbor, 31; - chosen for a fortress, 32; - why called Louisburg, 32; - operations begun, 33; - prisoners shipped to, from France, 37; - strength and cost of the fortress, 38 and _note_ 45; - could be defended by women, 39; - its armament, 39; - garrison sallies out upon Nova Scotia, 44; - its fall the salvation of New England, 47; - schemes for its capture, 50; - its garrison mutinies, 51; - forces being raised against it, 56, 57; - early suggestions for its conquest, _note_ 58; - is blockaded, 73; - is invested, 89; - its defences as related to the siege, 93; - progress of siege operations, 95 _et seq._; - summoned to surrender, 96; - breaching batteries, 106; - progress of siege, 109; - a relieving vessel gets in, 110; - capture of the Vigilant, 110; - stratagem tried, 115; - its success, 115; a general bombardment, 116; - a suspension of arms, 118; - the surrender, 123; - the garrison, 123, 124; - importance to Great Britain as a political make-weight, 126 - _et seq._; - restored to France, 127; - many-sided importance of the conquest to the colonies, 128, - 129; - disgust in the colonies at its restoration, 129; - cost of the campaign, _note_ 131; - rejoicings, _note_ 131. - - - M - Meserve, Lieutenant-Colonel, his services at Louisburg, 94. - Micmacs of Cape Breton, 37. - Mira River, settlements on, 16. - Moody, Rev. Samuel, his pithy prayer, 124. - Moore, Samuel, at Louisburg, _note_ 72. - Moulton, Jeremiah, at Louisburg, _note_ 71; - destroys St. Peter’s, 96. - - - N - Newcastle, Duke of, anecdote of, 44. - New England alarmed by the creation of Louisburg, 39; - dreads the beginning of war, 42; - war is declared, 43; - menace to her commerce and fisheries, 46, 47; - aroused to take Louisburg, 54, 55; - extraordinary war measures in, 56, 57; - quality of expeditionary army, 62, 63; - enthusiasm in enlisting, 64; - reimbursed for her expenses, _note_ 131. - Newfoundland, French removed from, 33. - New Hampshire contingent, 69; _note_ 72. - New Jersey in Louisburg expedition, 57. - New York contributes to Louisburg expedition, 57. - Nixon, John, _note_ 125. - Nova Scotia (Acadia) turned over to England, 30; - invaded, 43; - relieved, 95. - - - P - Pennsylvania in Louisburg expedition, 57. - Pepperell, William, chosen to command, 60; - his qualifications, 61, 62; - impetus given by him to the project, 63, 64; - his regiment, _note_ 70; - hampered by instructions, 75; - finds Louisburg blocked up by ice, 77; - hails Warren’s arrival with joy, 78; - confident of driving the enemy from Cape Breton, 79; - finds Shirley’s plan impracticable, 83; - finds his task greater than he had supposed, 90; - his advances against the city properly made, 93; - is goaded into attacking the Island Battery, 112; - pushes forward preparations for a general assault, 116; - grants an armistice, 118; - his conduct contrasted with Warren’s, 119; - made a baronet, 130. - Pitts, Ebenezer, at Louisburg, _note_ 71. - Pomeroy, Major Seth, at Louisburg, 89; - his record, _note_ 100. - - - Q - Quebec, as the bulwark of Canada, 11. - - - R - Raudots, father and son, their scheme for putting new life into - Canada, 26; - it proposes a great naval mart at Cape Breton, 28. - Rhode Island in Louisburg expedition, 56. - Richmond, Sylvester, at Louisburg, _note_ 71. - Royal Battery, situation and importance of, 23; - taken, 86; - attempt to retake it, 87; - its importance to Americans, 88. - Ryal, Captain, sent to England, 41. - - - S - St. Anne, described, 31. - Saint Ovide, at Louisburg, 35. - St. Peter’s, destruction of, determined on, 76; - is effected, 96. - Seacoast defences of Mexico, Cuba, etc., 9; - of the English colonies, 10, 11; - of Canada, 11. - Shirley, Gov. William, saves Annapolis, 43; - notifies ministry, 44; - writes Commodore Warren, 44; - grasps the situation, 48; - his personal traits, 48, 49; - determines to take Louisburg, 50; - applies to legislature, 52; - meets defeat, 53; - arouses public sentiment, 54; - carries his point, 55; - sets to work, 56; - hears from Warren, 69; - attempts to order plan of attack, 73, 74. - Straits of Canso, 31. - - - T - Tournay, invested, 41. - Tufts, William, his bravery, 113. - Tyng, Commodore Edward, commands colonial fleet, 67; _note_ 72. - - - U - Utrecht, how the Peace of, affects the colonies, 30. - - - V - Vaughan, William, who he was and what he did, 49, 50; _note_ 58; - volunteers for Louisburg, 63; - leads a scouting party, 85; - and takes Royal Battery, 86. - Vigilant, French war-ship, taken, 110. - - - W - Waldo, Samuel, at Louisburg, 67 and _note_ 71; - occupies Royal Battery, and fires first shot, 89. - War of the Austrian Succession, its policy outlined, 40; - produces war between England and France, 41; - hostilities begin at Nova Scotia, 44. - Warren, Commodore Peter, orders sent to, 44; - arrives at Canso and proceeds off Louisburg, 78; - takes the Vigilant, 110; - is re-enforced, 111; - his plan for taking the city, 111; - agrees to a general attack, 116; - he ignores Pepperell, 119; - made an admiral, 130. - Whitefield, Rev. George, 62; - writes a motto for the flag, 65. - Wolcott, Gen. Roger, 67 and _note_ 71. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Retained publication and copyright information from the original; this - eBook is public-domain in the U.S. - -—Silently corrected a few palpable typographical errors. - -—Retained the consistent spelling “Pepperell” for the man usually known - as “Pepperrell” - -—In the text versions, enclosed italicized text in _underscore_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Taking of Louisburg 1745, by Samuel Adams Drake - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG 1745 *** - -***** This file should be named 50583-0.txt or 50583-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/5/8/50583/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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