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+Project Gutenberg's Colour in the flower garden, by Gertrude Jekyll
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: Colour in the flower garden
+
+Author: Gertrude Jekyll
+
+Release Date: December 24, 2015 [EBook #50764]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLOUR IN THE FLOWER GARDEN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Shaun Pinder, Les Galloway and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    COLOUR IN THE
+    FLOWER GARDEN
+
+
+[Illustration: _WHITE LILIES._]
+
+
+
+
+    _THE "COUNTRY LIFE"
+    LIBRARY_
+
+
+                 COLOUR IN THE
+                 FLOWER GARDEN
+
+
+                      BY
+                GERTRUDE JEKYLL
+
+
+       [Illustration: A bunch of flowers.]
+
+
+                 PUBLISHED BY
+
+    "COUNTRY LIFE," LTD.   GEORGE NEWNES, LTD.
+    20, TAVISTOCK STREET   7-12, SOUTHAMPTON ST.
+    COVENT GARDEN, W.C.    COVENT GARDEN, W.C.
+
+                      1908
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+To plant and maintain a flower-border, _with a good scheme for colour_,
+is by no means the easy thing that is commonly supposed.
+
+I believe that the only way in which it can be made successful is to
+devote certain borders to certain times of year; each border or garden
+region to be bright for from one to three months.
+
+Nothing seems to me more unsatisfactory than the border that in spring
+shows a few patches of flowering bulbs in ground otherwise looking
+empty, or with tufts of herbaceous plants just coming through. Then
+the bulbs die down, and their place is wanted for something that comes
+later. Either the ground will then show bare patches, or the place of
+the bulbs will be forgotten and they will be cruelly stabbed by fork or
+trowel when it is wished to put something in the apparently empty space.
+
+For many years I have been working at these problems in my own garden,
+and having come to certain conclusions, can venture to put them forth
+with some confidence. I may mention that from the nature of the ground,
+in its original state partly wooded and partly bare field, and from
+its having been brought into cultivation and some sort of shape before
+it was known where the house now upon it would exactly stand, the
+garden has less general unity of design than I should have wished. The
+position and general form of its various portions were accepted mainly
+according to their natural conditions, so that the garden ground,
+though but of small extent, falls into different regions, with a
+general, but not altogether definite, cohesion.
+
+I am strongly of opinion that the possession of a quantity of plants,
+however good the plants may be themselves and however ample their
+number, does not make a garden; it only makes a _collection_. Having
+got the plants, the great thing is to use them with careful selection
+and definite intention. Merely having them, or having them planted
+unassorted in garden spaces, is only like having a box of paints
+from the best colourman, or, to go one step further, it is like
+having portions of these paints set out upon a palette. This does not
+constitute a picture; and it seems to me that the duty we owe to our
+gardens and to our own bettering in our gardens is so to use the plants
+that they shall form beautiful pictures; and that, while delighting
+our eyes, they should be always training those eyes to a more exalted
+criticism; to a state of mind and artistic conscience that will not
+tolerate bad or careless combination or any sort of misuse of plants,
+but in which it becomes a point of honour to be always striving for the
+best.
+
+It is just in the way it is done that lies the whole difference between
+commonplace gardening and gardening that may rightly claim to rank as a
+fine art. Given the same space of ground and the same material, they
+may either be fashioned into a dream of beauty, a place of perfect
+rest and refreshment of mind and body--a series of soul-satisfying
+pictures--a treasure of well-set jewels; or they may be so misused that
+everything is jarring and displeasing. To learn how to perceive the
+difference and how to do right is to apprehend gardening as a fine art.
+In practice it is to place every plant or group of plants with such
+thoughtful care and definite intention that they shall form a part of a
+harmonious whole, and that successive portions, or in some cases even
+single details, shall show a series of pictures. It is so to regulate
+the trees and undergrowth of the wood that their lines and masses come
+into beautiful form and harmonious proportion; it is to be always
+watching, noting and doing, and putting oneself meanwhile into closest
+acquaintance and sympathy with the growing things.
+
+In this spirit, the garden and woodland, such as they are, have been
+formed. There have been many failures, but, every now and then, I am
+encouraged and rewarded by a certain measure of success. Yet, as the
+critical faculty becomes keener, so does the standard of aim rise
+higher; and, year by year, the desired point seems always to elude
+attainment.
+
+But, as I may perhaps have taken more trouble in working out certain
+problems, and given more thought to methods of arranging growing
+flowers, especially in ways of colour-combination, than amateurs in
+general, I have thought that it may be helpful to some of them to
+describe as well as I can by word, and to show by plan and picture,
+what I have tried to do, and to point out where I have succeeded and
+where I have failed.
+
+I must ask my kind readers not to take it amiss if I mention here that
+I cannot undertake to show it them on the spot. I am a solitary worker;
+I am growing old and tired, and suffer from very bad and painful sight.
+My garden is my workshop, my private study and place of rest. For the
+sake of health and reasonable enjoyment of life it is necessary to
+keep it quite private, and to refuse the many applications of those
+who offer it visits. My oldest friends can now only be admitted. So I
+ask my readers to spare me the painful task of writing long letters
+of excuse and explanation; a task that has come upon me almost daily
+of late years in the summer months, that has sorely tried my weak and
+painful eyes, and has added much to the difficulty of getting through
+an already over-large correspondence.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                 PAGE
+  INTRODUCTION                                      v
+
+
+  CHAPTER I
+
+  A MARCH STUDY AND THE BORDER OF EARLY BULBS       1
+
+
+  CHAPTER II
+
+  THE WOOD                                          8
+
+
+  CHAPTER III
+
+  THE SPRING GARDEN                                21
+
+
+  CHAPTER IV
+
+  BETWEEN SPRING AND SUMMER                        32
+
+
+  CHAPTER V
+
+  THE JUNE GARDEN                                  39
+
+
+  CHAPTER VI
+
+  THE MAIN HARDY FLOWER BORDER                     49
+
+
+  CHAPTER VII
+
+  THE FLOWER BORDER IN JULY                        58
+
+  CHAPTER VIII
+
+  THE FLOWER BORDER IN AUGUST                      65
+
+
+  CHAPTER IX
+
+  THE FLOWER BORDERS IN SEPTEMBER                  78
+
+
+  CHAPTER X
+
+  WOOD AND SHRUBBERY EDGES                         83
+
+
+  CHAPTER XI
+
+  GARDENS OF SPECIAL COLOURING                     89
+
+
+  CHAPTER XII
+
+  CLIMBING PLANTS                                 106
+
+
+  CHAPTER XIII
+
+  GROUPING OF PLANTS IN POTS                      112
+
+
+  CHAPTER XIV
+
+  SOME GARDEN PICTURES                            121
+
+
+  CHAPTER XV
+
+  A BEAUTIFUL FRUIT GARDEN                        127
+
+
+  CHAPTER XVI
+
+  PLANTING FOR WINTER COLOUR                      133
+
+
+  CHAPTER XVII
+
+  FORM IN PLANTING                                138
+
+  INDEX                                           143
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  WHITE LILIES                          _Frontispiece_
+
+  IRIS STYLOSA                       _To face page_ 4
+
+  MAGNOLIA CONSPICUA                      "    "     5
+
+  MAGNOLIA STELLATA                       "    "     6
+
+  FERNS IN THE BULB BORDER                "    "     7
+
+  THE BANK OF EARLY BULBS                 "    "     7
+
+  DAFFODILS BY A WOODLAND PATH            "    "    10
+
+  WILD PRIMROSES IN THIN WOODLAND         "    "    11
+
+  THE WIDE WOOD PATH                      "    "    12
+
+  CISTUS LAURIFOLIUS                      "    "    13
+
+  A WOOD PATH AMONG CHESTNUTS             "    "    14
+
+  A WOOD PATH AMONG BIRCHES               "    "    15
+
+  CISTUS CYPRIUS                          "    "    16
+
+  CISTUS BY THE WOOD PATH                 "    "    17
+
+  GAULTHERIA SHALLON IN FLOWER            "    "    18
+
+  GAULTHERIA SHALLON IN FRUIT             "    "    19
+
+  WHITE IRISH HEATH                       "    "    20
+
+  THE SPRING GARDEN FROM =D= ON PLAN      "    "    21
+
+  PLAN OF THE SPRING GARDEN               "    "    23
+
+  THE FERN-LIKE SWEET CICELY              "    "    24
+
+  THE SPRING GARDEN FROM =E= ON PLAN      "    "    25
+
+  "FURTHER ROCK" FROM =G= ON PLAN         "    "    28
+
+  "FURTHER ROCK" FROM =H= ON PLAN         "    "    29
+
+  "NEAR ROCK" FROM =F= ON PLAN            "    "    30
+
+  THE PRIMROSE GARDEN                     "    "    31
+
+  STEPS TO THE HIDDEN GARDEN              "    "    32
+
+  PHLOX DIVARICATA AND ARENARIA MONTANA   "    "    33
+
+  MALE FERN IN THE HIDDEN GARDEN          "    "    34
+
+  EXOCHORDA GRANDIFLORA                   "    "    35
+
+  PLAN OF THE HIDDEN GARDEN               "    "    35
+
+  EUPHORBIA WULFENII                      "    "    36
+
+  IRISES AND LUPINES IN THE JUNE GARDEN   "    "    37
+
+  PART OF THE GARLAND ROSE AT THE ANGLE   "    "    39
+
+  ROSE BLUSH GALLICA ON DRY WALLING       "    "    42
+
+  SPANISH IRIS                            "    "    43
+
+  PLAN OF THE JUNE GARDEN                 "    "    44
+
+  PLAN OF IRIS AND LUPINE BORDERS         "    "    44
+
+  WHITE TREE LUPINE                       "    "    46
+
+  CATMINT IN JUNE                         "    "    47
+
+  SCOTCH BRIARS                           "    "    48
+
+  GERANIUM IBERICUM PLATYPHYLLUM          "    "    49
+
+  THE FLOWER BORDER IN LATE SUMMER        "    "    50
+
+  THE CROSS WALK                          "    "    51
+
+  THE EAST END OF THE FLOWER BORDER       "    "    52
+
+  PLAN OF THE MAIN FLOWER BORDER          "    "    53
+
+  GOOD STAKING--CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA    "    "    54
+
+  CAREFUL STAKING OF MICHAELMAS DAISIES   "    "    55
+
+  WHITE ROSE LA GUIRLANDE; GREY BORDERS
+   BEYOND                                 "    "    60
+
+  CLEMATIS RECTA                          "    "    61
+
+  DELPHINIUM BELLADONNA                   "    "    62
+
+  CANTERBURY BELLS                        "    "    63
+
+  ROSE THE GARLAND IN A SILVER HOLLY      "    "    64
+
+  ERYNGIUM OLIVERIANUM                    "    "    65
+
+  TALL CAMPANULAS IN A GREY BORDER        "    "    66
+
+  YUCCA FILAMENTOSA                       "    "    70
+
+  THE GREY BORDERS: STACHYS, &C.          "    "    71
+
+  A LAVENDER HEDGE                        "    "    74
+
+  ÆSCULUS AND OLEARIA                     "    "    75
+
+  PLAN OF GARDEN OF CHINA ASTERS          "    "    77
+
+  SOME OF THE EARLY ASTERS                "    "    78
+
+  THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN                    "    "    79
+
+  THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN                    "    "    80
+
+  THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN                    "    "    80
+
+  BEGONIAS WITH MEGASEA FOLIAGE           "    "    80
+
+  EARLY ASTERS AND PYRETHRUM ULIGINOSUM   "    "    81
+
+  PLAN OF SEPTEMBER BORDERS               "    "    81
+
+  GARLAND ROSE, WHERE GARDEN JOINS WOOD   "    "    84
+
+  POLYGONUM AND MEGASEA AT A WOOD EDGE    "    "    84
+
+  LILIES AND FUNKIAS AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE  "    "    84
+
+  OLEARIA GUNNI, FERN AND FUNKIA          "    "    85
+
+  FERNS AND LILIES AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE    "    "    86
+
+  GYPSOPHILA AND MEGASEA                  "    "    87
+
+  LILIES AND FERNS AT THE WOOD EDGE       "    "    88
+
+  SMALL WIRE-STEMMED ASTER; SECOND YEAR   "    "    88
+
+  SMALL WIRE-STEMMED ASTER; THIRD YEAR    "    "    88
+
+  STOBÆA PURPUREA                         "    "    89
+
+  THE GREY BORDERS: GYPSOPHILA,
+   ECHINOPS, &C.                          "    "    92
+
+  OCTOBER BORDERS OF MICHAELMAS DAISIES   "    "    92
+
+  A SEPTEMBER GREY GARDEN                 "    "    92
+
+  THE GREY BORDER: PINK HOLLYHOCK, &C.    "    "    93
+
+  PLANS OF SPECIAL COLOUR GARDENS         "    "    93
+
+  A DETAIL OF THE GREY SEPTEMBER GARDEN   "    "   100
+
+  YUCCAS AND GREY FOLIAGE                 "    "   102
+
+  A FRONT EDGE OF GREY FOLIAGE            "    "   103
+
+  HARDY GRAPE VINE ON SOUTH SIDE OF HOUSE "    "   106
+
+  HARDY GRAPE VINE ON HOUSE WALL          "    "   107
+
+  VINE AND FIG AT DOOR OF MUSHROOM HOUSE  "    "   108
+
+  CLEMATIS MONTANA AT ANGLE OF COURT      "    "   108
+
+  CLEMATIS MONTANA OVER WORKSHOP WINDOW   "    "   108
+
+  CLEMATIS MONTANA TRAINED AS GARLANDS    "    "   108
+
+  CLEMATIS FLAMMULA AND SPIRÆA LINDLEYANA "    "   108
+
+  ABUTILON VITIFOLIUM                     "    "   108
+
+  IPOMŒA "HEAVENLY BLUE"                  "    "   108
+
+  SOLANUM JASMINOIDES                     "    "   108
+
+  CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON ANGLE OF COTTAGE   "    "   108
+
+  CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON COTTAGE            "    "   109
+
+  CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON A WOODEN FENCE     "    "   110
+
+  SWEET VERBENA                           "    "   111
+
+  POT PLANTS JUST PLACED                  "    "   112
+
+  PLANTS IN POTS IN THE SHADED COURT      "    "   112
+
+  MAIDEN'S WREATH (FRANCOA RAMOSA)        "    "   112
+
+  MAIDEN'S WREATH BY TANK                 "    "   113
+
+  GERANIUMS, &C., IN A STONE-EDGED BED    "    "   116
+
+  MAIDEN'S WREATH IN POTS ABOVE TANK      "    "   116
+
+  FUNKIA, HYDRANGEA AND LILY IN THE SHADED
+   COURT                                  "    "   116
+
+  FUNKIA AND LILIUM SPECIOSUM             "    "   117
+
+  LILIUM AURATUM                          "    "   120
+
+  A TUB HYDRANGEA                         "    "   120
+
+  STEPS AND HYDRANGEAS                    "    "   120
+
+  THE NARROW SOUTH LAWN                   "    "   121
+
+  HYDRANGEA TUBS AND BIRCH-TREE SEAT      "    "   124
+
+  HYDRANGEA TUBS AND NUT WALK             "    "   124
+
+  WHITE LILIES                            "    "   124
+
+  THE STEPS AND THEIR INCIDENTS           "    "   125
+
+  PLAN--THE BEAUTIFUL FRUIT GARDEN        "    "   129
+
+  PLAN--A WILD HEATH GARDEN               "    "   139
+
+
+
+
+COLOUR IN THE FLOWER GARDEN
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+A MARCH STUDY AND THE BORDER OF EARLY BULBS
+
+
+There comes a day towards the end of March when there is but little
+wind, and that is from the west or even south-west. The sun has gained
+much power, so that it is pleasant to sit out in the garden, or, better
+still, in some sunny nook of sheltered woodland. There is such a place
+among silver-trunked Birches, with here and there the splendid richness
+of masses of dark Holly. The rest of the background above eye-level
+is of the warm bud-colour of the summer-leafing trees, and, below,
+the fading rust of the now nearly flattened fronds of last year's
+Bracken, and the still paler drifts of leaves from neighbouring Oaks
+and Chestnuts. The sunlight strikes brightly on the silver stems of the
+Birches, and casts their shadows clear-cut across the grassy woodland
+ride. The grass is barely green as yet, but has the faint winter green
+of herbage not yet grown and still powdered with the short remnants
+of the fine-leaved, last-year-mown heath grasses. Brown leaves still
+hang on young Beech and Oak. The trunks of the Spanish Chestnuts are
+elephant-grey, a notable contrast to the sudden, vivid shafts of the
+Birches. Some groups of the pale early Pyrenean Daffodil gleam level on
+the ground a little way forward.
+
+It is the year's first complete picture of flower-effect in the
+woodland landscape. The place is not very far from the house, in the
+nearest hundred yards of the copse; where flowers seem to be more in
+place than further away. Looking to the left, the long ridge and south
+slope of the house-roof is seen through the leafless trees, though the
+main wall-block is hidden by the sheltering Hollies and Junipers.
+
+Coming down towards the garden by another broad grassy way, that goes
+westward through the Chestnuts and then turns towards the down-hill
+north, there comes yet another deviation through Rhododendrons and
+Birches to the main lawn. But before the last turn there is a pleasant
+mass of colour showing in the wood-edge on the dead-leaf carpet. It
+is a straggling group of _Daphne Mezereon_, with some clumps of red
+Lent Hellebores, and, to the front, some half-connected patches of the
+common Dog-tooth Violet. The nearly related combination of colour is a
+delight to the trained colour-eye. There is nothing brilliant; it is
+all restrained, refined, in harmony with the veiled light that reaches
+the flowers through the great clumps of Hollies and tall half-overhead
+Chestnuts and neighbouring Beech. The colours are all a little "sad,"
+as the old writers so aptly say of the flower-tints of secondary
+strength. But it is a perfect picture. One comes to it again and again
+as one does to any picture that is good to live with.
+
+To devise these living pictures with simple well-known flowers seems
+to me the best thing to do in gardening. Whether it is the putting
+together of two or three kinds of plants, or even of one kind only in
+some happy setting, or whether it is the ordering of a much larger
+number of plants, as in a flower-border of middle and late summer, the
+intention is always the same. Whether the arrangement is simple and
+modest, whether it is obvious or whether it is subtle, whether it is
+bold and gorgeous, the aim is always to use the plants to the best of
+one's means and intelligence so as to form pictures of living beauty.
+
+It is a thing that I see so rarely attempted, and that seems to me so
+important, that the wish to suggest it to others, and to give an idea
+of examples that I have worked out, in however modest a way, is the
+purpose of this book.
+
+These early examples within the days of March are of special interest
+because as yet flowers are but few; the mind is less distracted by
+much variety than later in the year, and is more readily concentrated
+on the few things that may be done and observed; so that the necessary
+restriction is a good preparation, by easy steps, for the wider field
+of observation that is presented later.
+
+Now we pass on through the dark masses of Rhododendron and the Birches
+that shoot up among them. How the silver stems, blotched and banded
+with varied browns and greys so deep in tone that they show like a
+luminous black, tell among the glossy Rhododendron green; and how
+strangely different is the way of growth of the two kinds of tree;
+the tall white trunks spearing up through the dense, dark, leathery
+leaf-masses of solid, roundish outline, with their delicate network of
+reddish branch and spray gently swaying far overhead!
+
+Now we come to the lawn, which slopes a little downward to the north.
+On the right it has a low retaining-wall, whose top line is level;
+it bears up a border and pathway next the house's western face. The
+border and wall are all of a piece, for it is a dry wall partly planted
+with the same shrubby and half-shrubby things that are in the earth
+above. They have been comforting to look at all the winter; a pleasant
+grey coating of Phlomis, Lavender, Rosemary, Cistus and Santolina;
+and at the end and angle where the wall is highest, a mass of _Pyrus
+japonica_, planted both above and below, already showing its rose-red
+bloom. At one point at the foot of the wall is a strong tuft of _Iris
+stylosa_ whose first blooms appeared in November. This capital plant
+flowers bravely all through the winter in any intervals of open
+weather. It likes a sunny place against a wall in poor soil. If it is
+planted in better ground the leaves grow very tall and it gives but
+little bloom.
+
+[Illustration: _IRIS STYLOSA._]
+
+Now we pass among some shrub-clumps, and at the end come upon a
+cheering sight; a tree of _Magnolia conspicua_ bearing hundreds of
+its great white cups of fragrant bloom. Just before reaching it, and
+taking part with it in the garden picture, are some tall bushes of
+_Forsythia suspensa_, tossing out many-feet-long branches loaded with
+their burden of clear yellow flowers. They are ten to twelve feet high,
+and one looks up at much of the bloom clear-cut against the pure
+blue of the sky; the upper part of the Magnolia also shows against the
+sky. Here there is a third flower-picture; this time of warm white
+and finest yellow on brilliant blue, and out in open sunlight. Among
+the Forsythias is also a large bush of _Magnolia stellata_, whose
+milk-white flowers may be counted by the thousand. As the earlier _M.
+conspicua_ goes out of bloom it comes into full bearing, keeping pace
+with the Forsythia, whose season runs on well into April.
+
+[Illustration: _MAGNOLIA CONSPICUA._]
+
+It is always a little difficult to find suitable places for the early
+bulbs. Many of them can be enjoyed in rough and grassy places, but we
+also want to combine them into pretty living pictures in the garden
+proper.
+
+Nothing seems to me more unsatisfactory than the usual way of having
+them scattered about in small patches in the edges of flower-borders,
+where they only show as little disconnected dabs of colour, and where
+they are necessarily in danger of disturbance and probable injury when
+their foliage has died down and their places are wanted for summer
+flowers.
+
+It was a puzzle for many years to know how to treat these early bulbs,
+but at last a plan was devised that seems so satisfactory that I have
+no hesitation in advising it for general adoption.
+
+On the further side of a path that bounds my June garden is a border
+about seventy feet long and ten feet wide. At every ten feet along
+the back is a larch post planted with a free-growing Rose. These are
+not only to clothe their posts but are to grow into garlands swinging
+on slack chains from post to post. Beyond are Bamboos, and then an
+old hedge-bank with Scotch Firs, Oaks, Thorns, &c. The border slopes
+upwards from the path, forming a bank of gentle ascent. It was first
+planted with hardy Ferns in bold drifts; Male Fern for the most part,
+because it is not only handsome but extremely persistent; the fronds
+remaining green into the winter. The Fern-spaces are shown in the plan
+by diagonal hatching; between them come the bulbs, with a general
+edging to the front of mossy Saxifrage.
+
+The colour-scheme begins with the pink of _Megasea ligulata_, and with
+the lower-toned pinks of _Fumaria bulbosa_ and the Dog-tooth Violets
+(_Erythronium_). At the back of these are Lent Hellebores of dull red
+colouring, agreeing charmingly with the colour of the bulbs. A few
+white Lent Hellebores are at the end; they have turned to greenish
+white by the time the rather late _Scilla amœna_ is in bloom. Then
+comes a brilliant patch of pure blue with white--_Scilla sibirica_ and
+white Hyacinths, followed by the also pure blues of _Scilla bifolia_
+and _Chionodoxa_ and the later, more purple-blue of Grape Hyacinth.
+A long drift of white Crocus comes next, in beauty in the border's
+earliest days; and later, the blue-white of _Puschkinia_; then again
+pure blue and white of _Chionodoxa_ and white Hyacinth.
+
+Now the colours change to white and yellow and golden foliage, with
+the pretty little pale trumpet Daffodil Consul Crawford, and beyond it
+the stronger yellow of two other small early kinds--_N. nanus_ and the
+charming little _N. minor_, quite distinct though so often confounded
+with _nanus_ in gardens. With these, and in other strips and patches
+towards the end of the border, are plantings of the Golden Valerian,
+so useful for its bright yellow foliage quite early in the year. The
+leaves of the Orange Day-lily are also of a pale yellowish green colour
+when they first come up, and are used at the end of the border. These
+plants of golden and pale foliage are also placed in a further region
+beyond the plan, and show to great advantage as the eye enfilades
+the border and reaches the more distant places. Before the end of
+the bulb-border is reached there is once more a drift of harmonised
+faint pink colouring of _Megasea_ and the little _Fumaria_ (also known
+as _Corydalis bulbosa_) with the pale early Pyrenean Daffodil, _N.
+pallidus præcox_.
+
+The bulb-flowers are not all in bloom exactly at the same time, but
+there is enough of the colour intended to give the right effect in each
+grouping. Standing at the end, just beyond the Dog-tooth Violets, the
+arrangement and progression of colour is pleasant and interesting, and
+in some portions vivid; the pure blues in the middle spaces being much
+enhanced by the yellow flowers and golden foliage that follow.
+
+Through April and May the leaves of the bulbs are growing tall, and
+their seed-pods are carefully removed to prevent exhaustion. By the
+end of May the Ferns are throwing up their leafy crooks; by June the
+feathery fronds are displayed in all their tender freshness; they
+spread over the whole bank, and we forget that there are any bulbs
+between. By the time the June garden, whose western boundary it forms,
+has come into fullest bloom it has become a completely furnished bank
+of Fern-beauty.
+
+[Illustration: _MAGNOLIA STELLATA._]
+
+[Illustration: _FERNS IN THE BULB BORDER._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE BANK OF EARLY BULBS._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE WOOD
+
+
+Ten acres is but a small area for a bit of woodland, yet it can be made
+apparently much larger by well-considered treatment. As the years pass
+and the different portions answer to careful guidance, I am myself
+surprised to see the number and wonderful variety of the pictures of
+sylvan beauty that it displays throughout the year. I did not specially
+aim at variety, but, guided by the natural conditions of each region,
+tried to think out how best they might be fostered and perhaps a little
+bettered.
+
+The only way in which variety of aspect was deliberately chosen was in
+the way of thinning out the natural growths. It was a wood of seedling
+trees that had come up naturally after an old wood of Scotch Fir had
+been cut down, and it seemed well to clear away all but one, or in
+some cases two kinds of trees in the several regions. Even in this the
+intention was to secure simplicity rather than variety, so that in
+moving about the ground there should be one thing at a time to see and
+enjoy. It is just this quality of singleness or simplicity of aim that
+I find wanting in gardens in general, where one may see quantities of
+the best plants grandly grown and yet no garden pictures.
+
+Of course one has to remember that there are many minds to which this
+need of an artist's treatment of garden and woodland does not appeal,
+just as there are some who do not care for music or for poetry, or
+who see no difference between the sculpture of the old Greeks and
+that of any modern artist who is not of the first rank, or to whom
+architectural refinement is as an unknown language. And in the case of
+the more superficial enjoyment of flowers one has sympathy too. For
+a love of flowers, of any kind, however shallow, is a sentiment that
+makes for human sympathy and kindness, and is in itself uplifting, as
+everything must be that is a source of reverence and admiration. Still,
+the object of this book is to draw attention, however slightly and
+imperfectly, to the better ways of gardening, and to bring to bear upon
+the subject some consideration of that combination of common sense,
+sense of beauty and artistic knowledge that can make plain ground and
+growing things into a year-long succession of living pictures. Common
+sense I put first, because it restrains from any sort of folly or sham
+or affectation. Sense of beauty is the gift of God, for which those
+who have received it in good measure can never be thankful enough.
+The nurturing of this gift through long years of study, observation,
+and close application in any one of the ways in which fine art finds
+expression is the training of the artist's brain and heart and hand.
+The better a human mind is trained to the perception of beauty the more
+opportunities will it find of exercising this precious gift and the
+more directly will it be brought to bear upon even the very simplest
+matters of everyday life, and always to their bettering.
+
+So it was in the wood of young seedling trees, where Oak and Holly,
+Birch, Beech and Mountain Ash, came up together in a close thicket of
+young saplings. It seemed well to consider, in the first place, how to
+bring something like order into the mixed jumble, and, the better to do
+this, to appeal to the little trees themselves and see what they had to
+say about it.
+
+The ground runs on a natural slope downward to the north, or, to be
+more exact, as the highest point is at one corner, its surface is
+tilted diagonally all over. So, beginning at the lower end of the
+woody growth, near the place where the house some day might stand, the
+first thing that appeared was a well-grown Holly, and rather near it,
+another; both older trees than the more recent seedling growth. Close
+to the second Holly was a young Birch, the trunk about four inches
+thick and already in the early pride of its silvering bark. That was
+enough to prompt the decision that this part of the wood should be of
+silver Birch and Holly, so nearly all other growths were cut down or
+pulled up. A hundred yards higher up there were some strong young Oaks,
+then some Beeches, and, all over the top of the ground a thick growth
+of young Scotch Fir, while the western region had a good sprinkling of
+promising Spanish Chestnut.
+
+[Illustration: _DAFFODILS BY A WOODLAND PATH._]
+
+[Illustration: _WILD PRIMROSES IN THIN WOODLAND._ (_From a Picture by
+Henry Moon._)]
+
+All these natural groupings were accepted, and a first thinning was
+made of the smallest stuff of other kinds. But it was done with the
+most careful watching, for there were to be no harsh frontiers. One
+kind of tree was to join hands with the next, and often a distinct
+deviation was made to the general rule. For the beautiful growth of the
+future wood was the thing that mattered, rather than obedience to any
+inflexible law.
+
+Now, after twenty years, the saplings have become trees and the
+preponderance of one kind of tree at a time has given a feeling of
+repose and dignity. Here and there something exceptional occurs, but
+it causes interest, not confusion. Five woodland walks pass upward
+through the trees; every one has its own character, while its details
+change during the progress--never abruptly but in leisurely sequence;
+as if inviting the quiet stroller to stop a moment to enjoy some
+little woodland suavity, and then gently enticing him to go further,
+with agreeable anticipation of what may come next. And if I may judge
+by the pleasure that these woodland ways give to some of my friends
+that I know are in sympathy with what I am trying to do, and by my own
+thankful delight in them, I may take it that my little sylvan pictures
+have come fairly right, so that I may ask my reader to go with me in
+spirit through some of them.
+
+My house, a big cottage, stands facing a little to the east of south,
+just below the wood. The windows of the sitting-room and its outer
+door, which stands open in all fine summer weather, look up a straight
+wide grassy way, the vista being ended by a fine old Scotch Fir with
+a background of dark wood. This old Fir and one other, and a number
+in and near the southern hedge, are all that remain of the older wood
+which was all of Scotch Fir.
+
+This green wood walk, being the widest and most important, is treated
+more boldly than the others--with groups of Rhododendrons in the region
+rather near the house, and for the rest only a biggish patch of the
+two North American Brambles, the white-flowered _Rubus nutkanus_, and
+the rosy _R. odoratus_. In spring the western region of tall Spanish
+Chestnuts, which begins just beyond the Rhododendrons, is carpeted with
+Poets' Narcissus; the note of tender white blossom being taken up and
+repeated by the bloom-clouds of _Amelanchier_, that charming little
+woodland flowering tree whose use in such ways is so much neglected.
+Close to the ground in the distance the light comes with brilliant
+effect through the young leaves of a wide-spread carpet of Lily of the
+Valley, whose clusters of sweet little white bells will be a delight to
+see a month hence.
+
+The Rhododendrons are carefully grouped for colour--pink, white, rose
+and red of the best qualities are in the sunniest part, while, kept
+well apart from them, near the tall Chestnuts and rejoicing in their
+partial shade, are the purple colourings, of as pure and cool a purple
+as may be found among carefully selected _ponticum_ seedlings and the
+few named kinds that associate well with them. Some details of this
+planting were given at length in my former book "Wood and Garden."
+
+[Illustration: _THE WIDE WOOD-PATH._]
+
+[Illustration: _CISTUS LAURIFOLIUS AT THE SUNNY ENTRANCE OF THE FERN
+WALK._]
+
+Among the Rhododendrons, at points carefully devised to be of good
+effect, either from the house or from various points of the lawn and
+grass paths, are strong groups of _Lilium auratum_; they give a new
+picture of flower-beauty in the late summer and autumn and till near
+the end of October. The dark, strong foliage makes the best possible
+setting for the Lilies, and gives each group of them its fullest value.
+Another, narrower path, more to the east, is called the Fern walk,
+because, besides the general growth of Bracken that clothes the whole
+of the wood, there are groups of common hardy Ferns in easy patches,
+planted in such a way as to suggest that they grew there naturally. The
+Male Fern, the beautiful Dilated Shield Fern, and Polypody are native
+to the ground, and it was easy to place these, in some cases merely
+adding to a naturally grown tuft, so that they look quite at home.
+Lady Fern, _Blechnum_ and _Osmunda_, and Oak and Beech Ferns have been
+added, the _Osmunda_ in a depression that collects the water from any
+storms of rain.
+
+At the beginning of all these paths I took some pains to make the
+garden melt imperceptibly into the wood, and in each case to do it a
+different way. Where this path begins the lawn ends at a group of Oak,
+Holly and Cistus, with an undergrowth of Gaultheria and Andromeda.
+The larger trees are to the left and the small evergreen shrubs on a
+rocky mound to the right. Within a few yards the turf path becomes a
+true wood path. Just as wild gardening should never look like garden
+gardening, or, as it so sadly often does, like garden plants gone
+astray and quite out of place, so wood paths should never look like
+garden paths. There must be no hard edges, no conscious boundaries. The
+wood path is merely an easy way that the eye just perceives and the
+foot follows. It dies away imperceptibly on either side into the floor
+of the wood and is of exactly the same nature, only that it is smooth
+and easy and is not encumbered by projecting tree-roots, Bracken or
+Bramble, these being all removed when the path is made.
+
+If it is open enough to allow of the growth of grass, and the grass has
+to be cut, and is cut with a machine, then a man with a faghook must
+follow to cut away slantingly the hard edge of standing grass that is
+left on each side. For the track of the machine not only leaves the
+hard, unlovely edges, but also brings into the wood the incongruous
+sentiment of that discipline of trimness which belongs to the garden,
+and that, even there in its own place, is often overdone.
+
+Now we are in the true wood-path among Oaks and Birches. Looking round,
+the view is here and there stopped by prosperous-looking Hollies,
+but for the most part one can see a fair way into the wood. In April
+the wood-floor is plentifully furnished with Daffodils. Here, in the
+region furthest removed from the white Poets' Daffodil of the upper
+ground, they are all of trumpet kinds, and the greater number of strong
+yellow colour. For the Daffodils range through the wood in a regular
+sequence of kinds that is not only the prettiest way to have them, but
+that I have often found, in the case of people who did not know their
+Daffodils well, served to make the whole story of their general kinds
+and relationships clear and plain; the hybrids of each group standing
+between the parent kinds; these again leading through other hybrids
+to further clearly defined species, ending with the pure trumpets. As
+the sorts are intergrouped at their edges, so that at least two removes
+are in view at one time, the lesson in the general relationship of
+kinds is easily learnt.
+
+[Illustration: _A WOOD-PATH AMONG CHESTNUTS._]
+
+[Illustration: _A WOOD-PATH AMONG BIRCHES._]
+
+They are planted, not in patches but in long drifts, a way that not
+only shows the plant in good number to better advantage, but that is
+singularly happy in its effect in the woodland landscape. This is
+specially noticeable towards the close of the day, when the sunlight,
+yellowing as it nears the horizon, lights up the long stretches
+of yellow bloom with an increase of colour strength, while the
+wide-stretching shadow-lengths throw the woodland shades into large
+_phrases_ of broadened mass, all subdued and harmonised by the same
+yellow light that illuminates the long level ranks of golden bloom.
+
+From this same walk in June, looking westward through the Birch stems,
+the value of the careful colour-scheme of the Rhododendrons is fully
+felt. They are about a hundred yards away, and their mass is broken
+by the groups of intervening tree-trunks, but their brightness is all
+the more apparent seen from under the nearer roofing mass of tree-top,
+and the yellowing light makes the intended colour-effect still more
+successful by throwing its warm tone over the whole.
+
+But nearer at hand the Fern walk has its own little pictures. In early
+summer there are patches of _Trillium_, the white Wood Lily, in cool
+hollows among the ferns, and, some twenty paces further up, another
+wider group of the same. Between the two, spreading through a mossy
+bank, in and out among the ferns and right down to the path, next to
+a coming patch of Oak Fern, is a charming little white flower. Its
+rambling roots thread their way under the mossy carpet, and every few
+inches throw up a neat little stem and leaves crowned with a starry
+flower of tenderest white. It is _Trientalis_, a native of our most
+northern hill-woods, the daintiest of all woodland flowers.
+
+To right and left white Foxgloves spire up among the Bracken. When the
+Foxglove-seed is ripe, we remember places in the wood where tree-stumps
+were grubbed last winter. A little of the seed is scattered in these
+places and raked in. Meanwhile one forgets all about it till two years
+afterwards there are the stately Foxgloves. It is good to see their
+strong spikes of solid bloom standing six to seven feet high, and
+then to look down again at the lowly _Trientalis_ and to note how the
+tender little blossom, poised on its thread-like stem, holds its own in
+interest and importance.
+
+[Illustration: _CISTUS CYPRIUS IN THE CISTUS CLEARING._]
+
+[Illustration: _CISTUS BY THE WOOD-PATH._]
+
+Further up the Fern walk, near the upper group of _Trillium_, are some
+patches of a plant with roundish, glittering leaves. It is a North
+American _Asarum_ (_A. virginicum_); the curious wax-like brown and
+greenish flower, after the usual manner of its kind, is short-stalked
+and hidden at the base of the leaf-stems. Near it, and growing
+close to the ground in a tuft of dark-green moss, is an interesting
+plant--_Goodyera repens_, a terrestrial Orchid. One might easily
+pass it by, for its curiously white-veined leaves are half hidden
+in the moss, and its spike of pale greenish white flower is not
+conspicuous; but, knowing it is there, I never pass without kneeling
+down, both to admire its beauty and to ensure its well-being by a
+careful removal of a little of the deep moss here and there where it
+threatens too close an invasion.
+
+Now there comes a break in the Fern walk, or rather it takes another
+character. The end of one of the wide green ways that we call the Lily
+path comes into it on the right, and, immediately beyond this, stands
+the second of the great Scotch Firs of the older wood. The trunk, at
+five feet from the ground, has a girth of nine and a half feet. The
+colour of the rugged bark is a wonder of lovely tones of cool greys
+and greens, and of a luminous deep brown in the fissures and cavities.
+Where the outer layers have flaked off it is a warm reddish grey, of a
+quality that is almost peculiar to itself. This great tree's storm-rent
+head towers up some seventy feet, far above the surrounding foliage of
+Oak and Birch. Close to its foot, and showing behind it as one comes up
+the Fern walk, are a Holly and a Mountain Ash.
+
+This spot is a meeting-place of several ways. On the right the
+wide green of the Lily path; then, still bearing diagonally to the
+right, one of the ways into the region of Azalia and Cistus; then,
+straight past the big tree, a wood walk carpeted with Whortleberry
+and passing through a whole Whortleberry region under Oaks, Hollies
+and Beeches, and, lastly, the path which is the continuation of the
+Fern walk. Looking along it one sees, a little way ahead, a closer
+shade of trees, for the most part Oak, but before entering this, on
+the right-hand gently rising bank, is a sheet of bright green leaves,
+closely set in May with neat spikes of white bloom. It is _Smilacina
+bifolia_, otherwise known as _Maianthemum bifolium_. The pretty little
+plant has taken to the place in a way that rejoices the heart of the
+wild gardener, joining in perfect accord with the natural growth of
+short Whortleberry and a background of the graceful fronds of Dilated
+Shield Fern, and looking as if it was of spontaneous growth.
+
+Now the path passes a large Holly, laced through and through with wild
+Honeysuckle. The Honeysuckle stems that run up into the tree look like
+great ropes, and a quantity of the small ends come showering out of the
+tree-top and over the path, like a tangled veil of small cordage.
+
+The path has been steadily rising, and now the ascent is a little
+steeper. The character of the trees is changing; Oaks are giving way to
+Scotch Firs. Just where this change begins the bank to right and left
+is covered with the fresh, strong greenery of _Gaultheria Shallon_.
+About twenty years ago a few small pieces were planted. Now it is a
+mass of close green growth two to three feet high and thirty paces
+long, and extending for several yards into the wood to right and left.
+In a light, peaty soil such as this, it is the best of undershrubs. It
+is in full leaf-beauty in the dead of winter, while in early summer it
+bears clusters of good flowers of the Arbutus type. These are followed
+by handsome dark berries nearly as large as black currants, covered
+with a blue-grey bloom.
+
+[Illustration: _GAULTHERIA SHALLON IN FLOWER._]
+
+[Illustration: _GAULTHERIA SHALLON IN FRUIT._]
+
+Now the path crosses another of the broad turfy ways, but here the
+turf is all of Heath; a fourteen-foot wide road of grey-rosy bloom
+in August; and now we are in the topmost region of Scotch Fir, with
+undergrowth of Whortleberry.
+
+The wood path next to this goes nearly straight up through the middle
+of the ground. It begins at another point of the small lawn next
+the house, and passes first by a turf walk through a mounded region
+of small shrubs and carefully placed pieces of the local sandstone.
+Andromeda, Skimmia, and Alpenrose have grown into solid masses, so that
+the rocky ridges peer out only here and there. And when my friends
+say, "But then, what a chance you had with that shelf of rock coming
+naturally out of the ground," I feel the glowing warmth of an inward
+smile and think that perhaps the stones have not been so badly placed.
+
+Near the middle of the woody ground a space was cleared that would
+be large enough to be sunny throughout the greater part of the day.
+This was for Cistuses. It is one of the compensations for gardening on
+the poorest of soils that these delightful shrubs do well with only
+the preparation of digging up and loosening the sand, for my soil is
+nothing better. The kinds that are best in the woody landscape are _C.
+laurifolius_ and _C. cyprius_; _laurifolius_ is the hardiest, _cyprius_
+rather the more beautiful, with its three-and-a-half-inch wide flowers
+of tenderest white with a red-purple blotch at the base of each petal.
+Its growth, also, is rather more free and graceful. It is the kind
+usually sold as _ladaniferus_, and flowers in July. _C. laurifolius_ is
+a bush of rather denser habit; it bears an abundance of bloom rather
+smaller than that of _C. cyprius_, and without the coloured blotch.
+But when it grows old and some of its stems are borne down and lie
+along the ground, the habit changes and it acquires a free pictorial
+character. These two large-growing Cistuses are admirable for wild
+planting in sunny wood edges. The illustrations (pp. 16, 17) show their
+use, not only in their own ground, but by the sides of the grassy ways
+and the regions where the wood paths leave the lawn.
+
+The sheltered, sunny Cistus clearing has an undergrowth of wild heaths
+that are native to the ground, but a very few other Heaths are added,
+namely, _Erica ciliata_ and the Cornish Heath; and there is a fine
+patch at the joining of two of the little grassy paths of the white
+form of the Irish Heath (_Menziesia polifolia_).
+
+[Illustration: _WHITE IRISH HEATH._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE SPRING GARDEN FROM_ =D= _ON PLAN. "NEAR ROCK" IS TO
+THE LEFT._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE SPRING GARDEN
+
+
+As my garden falls naturally into various portions, distinct enough
+from each other to allow of separate treatment, I have found it well to
+devote one space at a time, sometimes mainly, sometimes entirely, to
+the flowers of one season of the year.
+
+There is therefore one portion that is a complete little garden of
+spring flowers. It begins to show some bloom by the end of March, but
+its proper season is the month of April and three weeks of May.
+
+In many places the spring garden has to give way to the summer garden,
+a plan that greatly restricts the choice of plants, and necessarily
+excludes some of the finest flowers of the early year.
+
+My spring garden lies at the end and back of a high wall that shelters
+the big summer flower border from the north and north-west winds. The
+line of the wall is continued as a Yew hedge that in time will rise
+to nearly the same height, about eleven feet. At the far end the Yew
+hedge returns to the left so as to fence in the spring flowers from the
+east and to hide some sheds. The space also encloses some beds of Tree
+Peonies and a plot of grass, roughly circular in shape, about eight
+yards across, which is nearly surrounded by Oaks, Hollies and Cobnuts.
+The plan shows its disposition. It is of no design; the space was
+accepted with its own conditions, arranged in the simplest way as to
+paths, and treated very carefully for colour. It really makes as pretty
+a picture of spring flowers as one could wish to see.
+
+The chief mass of colour is in the main border. The circles marked V
+and M are strong plants of Veratrum and Myrrhis. Gardens of spring
+flowers generally have a thin, poor effect for want of plants
+of important foliage. The greater number of them look what they
+are--temporary makeshifts. It seemed important that in this little
+space, which is given almost entirely to spring flowers, this weakness
+should not be allowed. But herbaceous plants of rather large growth
+with fine foliage in April and May are not many. The best I could think
+of are _Veratrum nigrum_, _Myrrhis odorata_ and the newer _Euphorbia
+Wulfenii_. The _Myrrhis_ is the Sweet Cicely of old English gardens.
+It is an umbelliferous plant with large fern-like foliage, that makes
+early growth and flowers in the beginning of May. At three years old a
+well-grown plant is a yard high and across. After that, if the plants
+are not replaced by young ones they grow too large, though they can be
+kept in check by a careful removal of the outer leaves and by cutting
+out some whole crowns when the plant is making its first growth. The
+Veratrum, with its large, deeply plaited, undivided leaves is in
+striking contrast, but the two kinds of plants, in groups as the plan
+shows, with running patches of the large form of _Megasea cordifolia_,
+the great _Euphorbia Wulfenii_ and some groups of Black Hellebore,
+just give that comfortable impression of permanence and distinct
+intention that are usually so lamentably absent from gardens of spring
+flowers.
+
+[Illustration: _PLAN OF THE SPRING GARDEN._]
+
+Many years ago I came to the conclusion that in all flower borders
+it is better to plant in long rather than block-shaped patches. It
+not only has a more pictorial effect, but a thin long planting does
+not leave an unsightly empty space when the flowers are done and the
+leaves have perhaps died down. The word "drift" conveniently describes
+the shape I have in mind and I commonly use it in speaking of these
+long-shaped plantings.
+
+Such drifts are shown faintly in the plan, reduced in number and
+simplified in form, but serving to show the general manner of planting.
+There are of course many plants that look best in a distinct clump or
+even as single examples, such as _Dictamnus_ (the Burning Bush), and
+the beautiful pale yellow _Pæonia wittmanniana_, a single plant of
+which is marked W near the beginning of the main border.
+
+For the first seven or eight yards, in the front and middle spaces,
+there are plants of tender colouring--pale Primroses, Tiarella, pale
+yellow Daffodils, pale yellow early Iris, pale lemon Wallflower, double
+Arabis, white Anemones and the palest of the lilac Aubrietias; also a
+beautiful pale lilac Iris, one of the Caparne hybrids; with long drifts
+of white and pale yellow Tulips--nothing deeper in colour than the
+graceful _Tulipa retroflexa_. At the back of the border the colours are
+darker; purple Wallflower and the great dull red-purple double Tulip
+so absurdly called Bleu Celeste. These run through and among and behind
+the first clump of Veratrums.
+
+[Illustration: _THE FERN-LIKE SWEET CICELY._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE SPRING GARDEN FROM_ =E= _ON PLAN. "FURTHER ROCK" IS
+ON THE NEAR RIGHT HAND._]
+
+In the middle of the length of the border there is still a good
+proportion of tender and light colouring in front: white Primroses and
+Daffodils; the pale yellow Uvularia and _Adonis vernalis_; but with
+these there are stronger colours. Tulip Chrysolora of fuller yellow,
+yellow Wallflowers, the tall Doronicum, and, towards the back, several
+patches of yellow Crown Imperial.
+
+Then again in front, with more double Arabis, is the lovely pale blue
+of _Myosotis dissitiflora_ and _Mertensia virginica_, and, with sheets
+of the foam-like Tiarella, the tender pink of _Dicentra eximia_ and
+pink and rose-red Tulips. At the back of this come scarlet Tulips, the
+stately cream-white form of _Camassia Leichtlini_ and a bold tuft of
+Solomon's Seal; then Orange Tulips, brown Wallflowers, Orange Crown
+Imperial, and taller scarlet Tulips of the _gesneriana_ class. The
+strong colouring is repeated beyond the cross-path where the patches
+of Acanthus are shown, with more orange Tulips, brown Wallflowers,
+orange Crown Imperial and great flaming scarlet _gesneriana_ Tulips.
+All this shows up finely against the background of dark yew. At the
+extreme end, where the yew hedge returns forward at a right angle, this
+point is accentuated by a raised mound of triangular shape, dry-walled
+and slightly curved forward on the side facing the border and the
+spectator. On this at the back is a young plant of _Yucca gloriosa_
+for display in future years and a front planting of the large growing
+_Euphorbia Wulfenii_, one of the grandest and most pictorial of plants
+of recent acquirement for garden use.
+
+The Acanthus and Yucca are of course plants of middle and late summer;
+between them are some Tritomas. These plants are here because one of
+the most often used of the garden thoroughfares passes the point C,
+which is a thick-roofed arch of Rose and Clematis, and, seen from this
+point and framed by the near greenery, they form a striking picture of
+middle-distant form and colour in the later summer.
+
+The space marked Further Rock is an upward-sloping bank; the Hollies
+standing in rather higher ground. Here the plants are between, and
+tumbling over, rocky ridges. Next the large Holly, and extending to
+the middle of the rocky promontory, are again the strong reds and
+browns, with accompanying bronze-red foliage of _Heuchera Richardsoni_.
+This gives place to dark green carpeting masses of Iberis with
+cold-white bloom, and, nearer the path, _Lithospermum prostratum_;
+the flower-colour here changing, through white, to blue and bluish;
+_Myosotis_ in front telling charmingly against the dark-leaved
+_Lithospermum_. At the highest points, next to a great crowning
+boulder, is the Common Blue Iris and a paler one of the beautiful
+Caparne series. Then down to the path where it begins to turn is
+a drift of the bluish lilac _Phlox divaricata_, and, opposite the
+cross-path, some jewels of the newer pale yellow _Alyssum sulphureum_.
+This rocky shoulder is also enlivened by a natural-looking but very
+carefully considered planting of white Tulips that run through both the
+blue and the red regions.
+
+The corner marked Near Rock is also a slightly raised bank. The dark
+dots are cobnuts; the dotted line between is where there are garlands
+of _Clematis montana_ that swing on ropes between the nuts. The
+garlands dip down and nearly meet the flowers of some pale pink Tree
+Peonies. Open spaces above the garlands and under the meeting branches
+of the nuts give glimpses of distant points where some little scheme
+has been devised to please the eye, such as the bit of bank to the
+left of Seat A, where there are two little fish-like drifts of palest
+Aubrietia in a dense grey setting of Cerastium.
+
+The point of the Near Rock next the path agrees with the colouring
+opposite, but also has features of its own; a groundwork of grey
+_Antennaria_, the soft lilac-pink of the good _Aubrietia Moorheimi_
+changing to the left to the fuller pink of _Phlox amœna_, and above
+to the type colour of Aubrietia and the newer strong purples such as
+the variety Dr. Mules. To the left, towards the oaks, the colouring is
+mostly purple, with strong tufts of the Spring Bitter Vetch (_Orobus
+vernus_), purple Wallflowers, and, under and behind the nuts, purple
+Honesty. Thin streams of white Tulips intermingle with other streams of
+pink Tulips that crown the angle and flow down again to the main path
+between ridges of double Arabis, white Iberis, and cloudy masses of the
+pretty pale yellow _Corydalis ochroleuca_, which spreads into a wide
+carpet under the Tree Peonies and Clematis garlands.
+
+Further along, just clear of the nuts, are some patches of _Dielytra
+spectabilis_, its graceful growth arching out over the lower stature
+of pink Tulips and harmonising charmingly with the pinkish-green
+foliage of the Tree Peonies just behind. The pink Tulips are here in
+some quantity; they run boldly into pools of pale blue Myosotis, with
+more Iberis where the picture demands the strongest, deepest green, and
+more Corydalis where the softer, greyer tones will make it better.
+
+The space marked Shade, always in shade from the nuts and oaks, is
+planted with rather large patches of the handsome white-flowered
+_Dentaria_, the graceful North American _Uvularia grandiflora_, in
+habit like a small Solomon's Seal but with yellow flowers much larger
+in proportion; with Myrrhis and purple Honesty at the back and sheets
+of Sweet Woodruff to the front.
+
+There are Tree Peonies in the long border and the two others. It is
+difficult to grow them in my hot, dry, sandy soil, even though I make
+them a liberal provision of just such a compost as I think they will
+like. I have noticed that they do best when closely overshadowed by
+some other growing thing. In the two near beds there are some Mme.
+Alfred Carrière Roses that are trained to arch over to the angles,
+so to comfort and encourage the Peonies. These beds have an informal
+edging of _Stachys lanata_, one of the most useful of plants for grey
+effects. Through it come white Tulips in irregular patches.
+
+[Illustration: _"FURTHER ROCK," FROM_ =G= _ON PLAN_.]
+
+[Illustration: _"FURTHER ROCK" FROM_ =H= _ON PLAN: IBERIS, PHLOX
+STELLARIA AND PHLOX DIVARICATA, WHITE TULIPS AND BLUE IRIS_.]
+
+The long border has also Tree Peonies planted about two and a half
+feet from the edge. Partly to give the bed a sort of backbone, and
+partly to shelter the Tree Peonies, it has some bushes of _Veronica
+Traversi_ and one or two _Leycesteria formosa_. In the middle of the
+length is a clump of _Lilium giganteum_ and a biggish grouping of
+_Dielytra spectabilis_. All along the outer border there are patches
+and long straggling groups of the pretty dwarf Irises of the _pumila_,
+_olbiensis_ and _chamæ-iris_ sections, with others of the same class
+of stature and habit. Any bare spaces are filled with Wallflowers and
+Honesty in colours that accord with the general arrangement. The narrow
+border has mostly small shrubs, Berberis and so on, forming one mass
+with the hedge to the left, which consists of a double dry wall about
+four feet high, with earth between and a thick growth on the top of
+Berberis, _Rosa lucida_ and Scotch Briers. Except the Berberis these
+make no show of flower within the blooming time of the spring garden,
+but the whole is excellent as a background.
+
+Red primroses are in the narrow border next to the cross-wall; the wall
+here is much lower than the longer one on the right. The Primroses
+are grouped with the reddish leaved _Heuchera Richardsoni_, the
+two together making a rich colour-harmony. Beyond them are scarlet
+Tulips. The small shaded rounds in this border and its continuation
+across the path into the near end of the main border are stout
+larch posts supporting a strong growth of Rose Mme. Alfred Carrière
+and _Clematis montana_. These have grown together into a solid
+continuously-intermingling mass, the path at C passing under a low arch
+of their united branches. The high wall on the right is also covered
+with flowering things of the early year, Morella Cherries, _Rubus
+deliciosus_ and _Clematis montana_, some of this foaming over from the
+other side of the wall.
+
+The wall is a part, about a third of the length, of the high wall that
+protects the large border of summer and autumn flowers from the north,
+and that forms the dividing-line between the pleasure garden proper and
+the working garden beyond.
+
+On the plan are letters with arrows referring to the illustrations.
+The letter is at the spot where the camera stood; the arrow points to
+the middle of the picture. Thus the one taken from D shows two-thirds
+of the longest path with the end of the big wall and the Yew hedge
+that prolongs its line on the right and the Nut-trees on the left. The
+colouring on the right is of pale purple Aubrietia and double white
+Arabis, with pale Daffodils, and, at the back, groups of sulphur Crown
+Imperial.
+
+The more distant colouring is of brown Wallflower and red Tulip and
+the bright mahogany-coloured Crown Imperial. The picture from E is
+done from among the reds and strong yellows and looks to point C, and
+further, through the arch of Rose and Clematis, to the Peony garden
+beyond. The other illustrations show groups of colouring more in
+detail. The one from F looks at Near Rock from one side. Over the grey
+Stachys and its milk-white Tulips is seen the flowery mass of pale and
+deep lilac, and pinkish lilac with grey foliage, crowned with pink and
+white Tulips near the foot of the Nuts. The picture from G looks at
+the bit of bank called Further Rock with its big piece of sandstone
+that looks as if it came naturally out of the ground. Here is a mass
+of dead-white Iberis with Tulips of a softer white, then the lilac
+white of _Phlox stellaria_ and the bluish lilac of _Phlox divaricata_.
+The picture from H was done a few days later. It shows the further mass
+of _Phlox divaricata_ more fully in bloom, and, among the white Tulips
+above, a pretty pale lilac-blue hybrid Iris and some taller stems of
+the common Blue Flag Iris just coming into blossom. This picture shows
+the value of the dark Yew hedge as a background to the flowers. Just
+at the back of the flowery bank are Hollies, and then the hedge. This
+has not yet come to its full height and the top still shows a ragged
+outline, but in two years' time it will have grown into shape.
+
+[Illustration: _"NEAR ROCK" FROM_ =F= _ON PLAN: AUBRIETIAS, PHLOX AMŒNA
+AND WHITE AND PINK TULIP._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE PRIMROSE GARDEN._]
+
+The Primrose garden is in a separate place among Oaks and Hazels. It
+is for my special strain of large yellow and white bunch Primroses,
+now arrived at a state of fine quality and development by a system of
+careful seed-selection that has been carried on for more than thirty
+years.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+BETWEEN SPRING AND SUMMER
+
+
+When the Spring flowers are done, and before the full June days come
+with the great Flag Irises and the perennial Lupines, there is a kind
+of mid-season. If it can be given a space of ground it will be well
+bestowed. I have a place that I call the Hidden Garden, because it is
+in a corner that might so easily be overlooked if one did not know
+where to find it. No important path leads into it, though two pass
+within ten yards of it on either side. It is in a sort of clearing
+among Ilex and Holly, and the three small ways into it are devious and
+scarcely noticeable from the outside. The most important of these,
+marked 1 on the plan, passes between some clumps of overarching Bamboo
+and through a short curved tunnel of Yew and Ilex. Another, marked 2,
+is only just traceable among Berberis under a large Birch, and comes
+sharply round a tall Monterey Cypress. The third turns out of one of
+the shady woodland glades and comes into the little garden by some
+rough stone steps.
+
+The plan shows the simple arrangement; the paths following the most
+natural lines that the place suggests. The main path goes down some
+shallow, rough stone steps with a sunny bank to the left and a rocky
+mound to the right. The mound is crowned with small shrubs, Alpine
+Rhododendrons and Andromeda. Both this and the left-hand bank have a
+few courses of rough dry-walling next the path on its lowest level. A
+little cross-path curves into the main one from the right.
+
+[Illustration: _STEPS TO THE HIDDEN GARDEN AT_ =3= _ON PLAN._]
+
+[Illustration: _PHLOX DIVARICATA AND ARENARIA MONTANA._]
+
+The path leaves the garden again by a repetition of the rough stone
+steps. The mossy growth of _Arenaria balearica_ clings closely to the
+stones on their cooler faces, and the frond-like growths of Solomon's
+Seal hang out on either side as a fitting prelude to the dim mysteries
+of the wide green wood-path beyond.
+
+It is a garden for the last days of May and the first fortnight of June.
+
+Passing through the Yew tunnel, the little place bursts on the sight
+with good effect. What is most striking is the beauty of the blue-lilac
+_Phlox divaricata_ and that of two clumps of Tree Peony--the rosy
+Baronne d'Alès and the pale salmon-pink Comtesse de Tuder. The little
+garden, with its quiet environment of dark foliage, forbids the use
+of strong colouring, or perhaps one should say that it suggested a
+restriction of the scheme of colouring to the tenderer tones. There
+seemed to be no place here for the gorgeous Oriental Poppies, although
+they too are finest in partial shade, or for any strong yellows, their
+character needing wider spaces and clearer sunlight.
+
+The Tree Peonies are in two groups of the two kinds only; it seemed
+enough for the limited space. In front of Comtesse de Tuder is a group
+of _Funkia Sieboldi_, its bluish leaves harmonising delightfully with
+the leaf-colour of the Peonies; next to them is a corner of glistening
+deep green Asarum. No other flowers of any size are near, but there
+are sheets of the tender yellow bloom and pale foliage of _Corydalis
+ochroleuca_, of the white-bloomed Woodruff, and the pale green leafage
+of Epimedium; and among them tufts of Lent Hellebores, also in fresh
+young leaf, and a backing of the feathery fronds of Lady Fern and of
+the large Solomon's Seal; with drooping garlands of _Clematis montana_
+hanging informally from some rough branching posts. Yew-trees are at
+the back, and then Beeches in tender young leaf.
+
+The foot of the near mound is a pink cloud of London Pride. Shooting up
+among it and just beyond is the white St. Bruno's Lily. More of this
+lovely little lily-like Anthericum is again a few feet further along,
+grouped with _Iris Cengialti_, one of the bluest of the Irises. The
+back of the mound has some of the tenderly tinted Caparne hybrid Irises
+two feet high, of pale lilac colouring, rising from among dark-leaved,
+white-bloomed Iberis, and next the path a pretty, large-flowered tufted
+Pansy that nearly matches the Iris.
+
+But the glory of the mound is the long stretch of blue-lilac _Phlox
+divaricata_, whose colour is again repeated by a little of the same on
+the sunny bank to the left. Here it is grouped with pale pink Scotch
+Brier, more pale yellow Corydalis and _Arenaria montana_ smothered
+in its masses of white bloom. At the end of the bank the colour of
+the _Phlox divaricata_ is deepened by sheaves of _Camassia esculenta_
+that spear up through it. The whole back of this bank has a free
+planting of graceful pale-coloured Columbines with long spurs,
+garden kinds that come easily from seed and that were originally
+derived from some North American species. They are pale yellow and warm
+white; some have the outer portion of the flower of a faint purple,
+much like that of some of the patches in an old, much-washed, cotton
+patchwork quilt.
+
+[Illustration: _MALE FERN IN THE HIDDEN GARDEN._]
+
+[Illustration: _EXOCHORDA GRANDIFLORA._]
+
+[Illustration: _PLAN OF THE HIDDEN GARDEN._]
+
+The dark trees on the right have rambling Roses growing into
+them--Paul's Carmine Pillar and the Himalayan _R. Brunonis_. The red
+Rose does not flower so freely here as on a pillar in sunlight, but its
+fewer stems clamber high into the Holly and the bloom shows in thin
+natural wreaths that are even more pleasing to an artist's eye than the
+more ordered abundance of the flowery post. At the foot of the Hollies
+hardy Ferns grow luxuriantly in the constant shade. A little later a
+few clumps of Lilies will spring up from among them; the lovely pink
+_rubellum_, the fine yellow _szovitzianum_, and the buff _testaceum_.
+
+On the left-hand side, behind the sunny bank, a Garland Rose comes
+through and tumbles out of a Yew, and some sprays of an old bush of
+the single _R. polyantha_, that has spread to a circumference of one
+hundred and fifty feet, have pushed their way through the Ilex.
+
+The Hollies and Ilexes all round are growing fast, and before many
+years are over the little garden will become too shady for the
+well-being of the flowers that now occupy it. It will then change its
+character and become a Fern garden.
+
+All gardening involves constant change. It is even more so in woodland.
+A young bit of wood such as mine is for ever changing. Happily, each
+new development reveals new beauty of aspect or new possibility of good
+treatment, such as, rightly apprehended and then guided, tends to a
+better state than before.
+
+Meanwhile the little tree-embowered garden has a quiet charm of its
+own. It seems to delight in its character of a Hidden Garden, and in
+the pleasant surprise that its sudden discovery provokes. For between
+it and its owner there is always a pretty little play of pretending
+that there is no garden there, and of being much surprised and
+delighted at finding, not only that there is one, but quite a pretty
+one.
+
+The Hidden Garden is so small in extent, and its boundaries are already
+so well grown, that there is no room for many of the beautiful things
+of the time of year. For May is the time for the blooming of the most
+important of our well-known flowering shrubs--Lilac, Guelder Rose,
+White Broom, Laburnum, and _Pyrus Malus floribunda_. But one shrub, as
+beautiful as any of these and as easily grown, seems to be forgotten.
+This is _Exochorda grandiflora_--related to the Spiræas. Its pearl-like
+buds have earned it the name of Pearl Bush, but its whole lovely bloom
+should before now have secured it a place in every good garden.
+
+Every one knows the Guelder Rose, with its round white flower-balls,
+but the wild shrub of which this is a garden variety is also a valuable
+ornamental bush and should not be neglected. It is a native plant,
+growing in damp places, such as the hedges of water-meadows and the
+sides of streams. The English name is Water Elder. Its merit as a
+garden shrub does not lie, as in the Guelder Rose, in its bloom, but in
+its singularly beautiful fruit. This, in autumn, lights up the whole
+shrub with a ruddy radiance. Grown on drier ground than that of its
+natural habitat, it takes a closer, more compact form.
+
+[Illustration: _EUPHORBIA WULFENII._]
+
+[Illustration: _IRISES AND LUPINES IN THE JUNE GARDEN._]
+
+White Broom is in flower from the middle of May to the second week of
+June. There is a fine Flag Iris of a rich purple colour called "Purple
+King." It is well to grow it just in front of some young bushes of
+White Broom. Then, if one of the hybrid Irises of pale lilac colour
+is there as well, and a bush of _Rosa altaica_, the colour-effect
+will be surprisingly beautiful. This Rose is the bolder-growing,
+Asiatic equivalent of our Burnet Rose (_R. spinosissima_), with the
+same lemon-white flowers. When any such group containing White Broom
+is planted, it should be remembered that the tendency of the Broom is
+to grow tall and leggy. It bears pruning, but it is a good plan to
+plant some extra ones behind the others. After a couple of years, if
+the front plants have grown out of bounds, the back ones can be bent
+down and fastened to sticks, so that their heads come in the required
+places. It is one of the many ways in which a pretty garden picture may
+be maintained from year to year by the exercise of a little thought and
+ingenuity. The undergrowth of such a group may be of Solomon's Seal at
+the back, and, if the bank or border is in sun, of a lower groundwork
+of Iberis and _Corydalis ochroleuca_, or, if it is shaded, of Tiarella,
+Woodruff or _Anemone sylvestris_. With these, for the sake of their
+tender green foliage, there may well be _Uvularia grandiflora_ and
+_Epimedium pinnatum_.
+
+A wonderful plant of May is the great _Euphorbia Wulfenii_. It adapts
+itself to many ways of use, for, though the immense yellow-green
+heads of bloom are at their best in May, they are still of pictorial
+value in June and July, while the deep-toned, grey-blue foliage is in
+full beauty throughout the greater part of the year. It is valuable
+in boldly arranged flower borders, and holds its own among shrubs of
+moderate size, but I always think its best use would be in the boldest
+kind of rock-work.
+
+One of my desires that can never be fulfilled is to have a rocky
+hillside in full sun, so steep as to be almost precipitous, with walls
+of bare rock only broken by ledges that can be planted. I would have
+great groups of Yucca standing up against the sky and others in the
+rock-face, and some bushes of this great _Euphorbia_ and only a few
+other plants, all of rather large grey effect; _Phlomis_, Lavender,
+Rosemary and Cistus, with _Othonna_ hanging down in long sheets
+over the bare face of the warm rock. It would be a rock-garden on
+an immense scale, planted as Nature plants, with not many different
+things at a time. The restriction to a few kinds of plants would give
+the impression of spontaneous growth; of that large, free, natural
+effect that is so rarely achieved in artificial planting. Besides
+natural hillsides, there must be old quarries within or near the
+pleasure-grounds of many places in our islands where such a scheme of
+planting could worthily be carried out.
+
+[Illustration: _PART OF THE GARLAND ROSE AT THE ANGLE._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE JUNE GARDEN
+
+
+Beyond the lawn and a belt of Spanish Chestnut I have a little cottage
+that is known as the Hut. I lived in it for two years while my house
+was building, and may possibly live in it again for the sake of
+replenishing an over-drained exchequer, if the ideal well-to-do invalid
+flower-lover or some such very quiet summer tenant, to whom alone I
+could consent to surrender my dear home for a few weeks, should be
+presented by a kind Providence. Meanwhile it is always in good use for
+various purposes, such as seed-drying, _pot-pourri_ preparing, and the
+like.
+
+The garden in front and at the back is mainly a June garden. It has
+Peonies, Irises, Lupines, and others of the best flowers of the season,
+and a few for later blooming. The entrance to the Hut is through Yews
+that arch overhead. Close to the right is a tall Holly with a _Clematis
+montana_ growing into it and tumbling out at the top. The space of
+garden to the left, being of too deep a shape to be easily got at
+from the path on the one side and the stone paving on the other, has
+a kind of dividing backbone made of a double row of Rose hoops or
+low arches, rising from good greenery of Male Fern and the fern-like
+Sweet Cicely. This handsome plant (_Myrrhis odorata_) is of great
+use in many ways. It will grow anywhere, and has the unusual merit of
+making a good show of foliage quite early in the year. It takes two
+years to get to a good size, sending its large, fleshy, aromatic roots
+deep down into the soil. By the end of May, when the bloom is over and
+the leaves are full grown, they can be cut right down, when the plant
+will at once form a new set of leaves that remain fresh for the rest
+of the summer. Its chief use is as a good foliage accompaniment or
+background to flowers, and no plant is better for filling up at the
+bases of shrubs that look a little leggy near the ground, or for any
+furnishing of waste or empty spaces, especially in shade. From among
+the Ferns and Myrrhis at the back of this bit of eastern border rise
+white Foxgloves, the great white Columbine, and the tall stems of white
+Peach-leaved Campanula. Nearer to the front are clumps of Peonies. But,
+as one of the most frequented paths passes along this eastern border,
+it was thought best not to confine it to June flowers only, but to have
+something also for the later months. All vacant places are therefore
+filled with Pentstemons and Snapdragons, which make a show throughout
+the summer; while for the early days of July there are clumps of the
+old garden Roses--Damask and Provence. The whole south-western angle is
+occupied by a well-grown Garland Rose that every summer is loaded with
+its graceful wreaths of bloom. It has never been trained or staked,
+but grows as a natural fountain; the branches are neither pruned nor
+shortened. The only attention it receives is that every three or four
+years the internal mass of old dead wood is cut right out, when the
+bush seems to spring into new life.
+
+Passing this angle and going along the path leading to the studio door
+in the little stone-paved court, there is a seat under an arbour formed
+by the Yews; the front of it has a Dundee Rambler Rose supported by a
+rough wooden framework. On the right, next the paving, are two large
+standard Roses with heads three and four feet through. They are old
+garden Roses, worked in cottage fashion on a common Dog-rose stock. One
+is Celeste, of loveliest tender rose colour, its broad bluish leaves
+showing its near relationship to _Rosa alba_; the other the white
+Mme. Plantier. This old Rose, with its abundant bunches of pure white
+flowers, always seems to me to be one of the most charming of the older
+garden kinds. It will grow in almost any way, and is delightful in all;
+as a pillar, as a hedge, as a bush, as a big cottage standard, or in
+the border tumbling about among early summer flowers. Like the Blush
+Gallica, which just precedes it in time of blooming, it is one of the
+old picture Roses. Both should be in quantity in every garden, and yet
+they are but rarely seen.
+
+The border next the paving has clumps of the old garden Peonies (_P.
+officinalis_). By the time these are over, towards the end of June,
+groups of the earlier orange Herring Lilies are in bloom. A thick and
+rather high Box edging neatly trims these borders, and favours the
+cottage-garden sentiment that is fostered in this region. At the back
+of the Yews that form the arbour is one end of the Hidden Garden.
+Going along the path, past the projection on the block-plan of the Hut,
+which represents the large ingle of the studio, we come to the other
+bit of June garden behind the little cottage. Here again, the space
+being over-wide, it is divided in the middle by a double border of
+Rosemary that is kept clipped and is not allowed to rise high enough to
+prevent access to the border on each side.
+
+On the side next the Hut the flowers are mostly of lilac and purple
+colouring with white. Pale lilac Irises, including the fine _I. pallida
+dalmatica_ and the rosy lilac variety, Queen of the May, perennial
+Lupines, white, bluish lilac and purple--one of a conspicuous and
+rare deep red-purple of extreme richness without the slightest taint
+of a rank quality--a colour I can only call a strong wine-purple;
+then a clump of the feathery, ivory-white _Spiræa Aruncus_, the large
+Meadowsweet that is so fine by the side of alpine torrents. There
+are also some flesh-pink Albiflora Peonies and lower growths of
+Catmint, and of the grand blue-purple Cranesbill, _Geranium ibericum
+platyphyllum_; with white and pale yellow Spanish Irises in generous
+tufts springing up between. At the blunt angle nearly opposite the
+dovecote is a pink cloud of London Pride; beyond it pale yellow Violas
+with more white Spanish Iris, leading to a happy combination of the
+blue _Iris Cengialti_ and the bushy Aster _Olearia Gunni_, smothered in
+its white starry bloom. An early flowering Flag Iris, named Chamæleon,
+nearly matches the colour of _I. Cengialti_; it is the bluest that
+I know of the Flag Irises, and is planted between and around the
+Olearias to form part of the colour-picture.
+
+[Illustration: _ROSE BLUSH GALLICA PLANTED ON THE TOP OF DRY WALLING._]
+
+[Illustration: _SPANISH IRIS._]
+
+Beyond this group, and only separated from it by some pale yellow
+Irises, are two plants of the Dropmore Anchusa, marked A on the plan,
+of pure pale blue, and another clump of _Spiræa Aruncus_, marked S, and
+one of a good pure white Lupine, with some tall clear yellow Irises and
+white Foxgloves. Now the colouring changes, passing through a group or
+two of the rich half-tones of Irises of the _squalens_ section to the
+perennial Poppies; _P. rupifragum_ nearest the path and, next to it,
+_P. pilosum_; both of a rich apricot colour. Backing these is a group
+of the larger hybrid that nearly always occurs in gardens where there
+are both _P. rupifragum_ and _P. orientale_. In appearance it is a
+small _orientale_ with a strong look of _rupifragum_ about the foliage.
+As a garden plant it has the advantages of being of an intermediate
+size and of having a long season of bloom, a quality no doubt inherited
+from _rupifragum_, which will flower more or less throughout the summer
+if the seed-pods are removed. A plant of Oriental Poppy of the tone of
+orange-scarlet that I know as red-lead colour, and some deep orange
+Lilies complete this strongly coloured group.
+
+In the north-western clump, where there are some Thorn-trees and
+two Thuyas, the dominant feature is the great bush of an old garden
+rambling Rose that looks as if its parentage was somewhere between
+_sempervirens_ and _arvensis_. I can neither remember how I came by it
+nor match it with any nursery kind. It stands nearly opposite the Hut
+kitchen window, and when in full bloom actually sheds light into the
+room. I know it as the Kitchen Rose. The diameter of the bush is even
+greater than the plan shows, for it overwhelms the nearest Thuya and
+rushes through the Thorn, and many of its shoots are within hand-reach
+of the back path. The rest of this clump is occupied by plants of tall
+habit--the great Mullein (_Verbascum orientale_), the Giant Cow-Parsnip
+(_Heracleum_), and white Foxgloves.
+
+The plan shows how the border of early bulbs, described in a former
+chapter (now a mass of hardy Ferns, as shown at p. 7), lies in relation
+to this part of the garden. There is also a grand mass of Oriental
+Poppy and Orange Lilies in half-shade on the other side of the path,
+where it turns and is bordered with Berberis. This makes a fine distant
+effect of strong colour looking north-west from the southern end of the
+bulb-border.
+
+I greatly wish I could have some other June borders for the still
+better use of the Flag Irises, but not only have I quite as much
+dressed ground as I can afford to keep up, but the only space where
+such borders could be made has to be nursery-ground of plants for sale.
+But though I am denied this pleasure myself, I should like to suggest
+it to others, and therefore give plans of two borders of different
+colourings. There would be no great harm if they came opposite each
+other, though perhaps, as colour-schemes, they would be rather better
+seen singly and quite detached from each other.
+
+[Illustration: _THE JUNE GARDEN._]
+
+
+[Illustration: _IRIS AND LUPINE BORDERS._]
+
+It must be remembered, as in all cases of planting flower borders,
+that they cannot be expected to show their full beauty the year after
+planting. Irises will give a few blooms the first season, but are not
+in strength till their second and third years. China Roses must have
+time to grow. Tree Lupines must be planted young, and, though they make
+rapid growth, they also do not fill their spaces till the third year.
+Lupine Somerset is a desirable hybrid, not quite a true Tree Lupine,
+though it has a half-woody growth. Its best colour is a clear, lively
+light yellow, but it readily varies from seed to whitish or washy
+purplish tints. As the seedlings often show bloom the first season in
+the seed-bed, the colours should be noted and marked, for some of the
+light purples are pretty things, with more refinement of character
+than the same colourings in the old Tree Lupines. Both the tree and
+hybrid kinds may have their lives much prolonged--for if they are not
+specially treated they are short-lived things--by judicious pruning.
+After flowering, each branch should be cut well back. It is not enough
+to cut away the flowers, but every branch should be shortened about
+two-thirds as soon as the bloom is over and the seed-pods begin to form.
+
+The plans show the two schemes of colouring. The upper is of white,
+lilac, purple and pink, with grey foliage; the lower of white, yellow,
+bronze-yellow and, for the most part, rich green foliage. They will
+show mainly as Iris and Lupine borders, and are intended to display
+the beauty of these two grand plants of early summer. The kinds of
+Iris are carefully considered for their height, time of blooming, and
+colour-value. In the yellow border is one patch of clear, pale pure
+blue, the Dropmore Anchusa, grouped with pale yellows and white.
+
+In the purple border are some important front-edge patches of the
+beautiful Catmint (_Nepeta Mussini_), a plant that can hardly be
+over-praised. The illustration shows it in a part of a border-front
+that is to be for August. For a good three weeks in June it makes this
+border a pretty place, although the Catmint is its only flower. But
+with the white-grey woolly patches of Stachys and the half-grown bushes
+of Gypsophila, and the Lavender and other plants of greyish foliage,
+the picture is by no means incomplete. Its flowery masses, seen against
+the warm yellow of the sandy path, give the impression of remarkably
+strong and yet delightfully soft colouring. The colour itself is a
+midway purple, between light and dark, of just the most pleasing
+quality. As soon as the best of the bloom is done it is carefully cut
+over; then the lateral shoots just below the main flower-spike that has
+been taken out will gain strength and bloom again at the border's best
+show-time in August. In another double flower border that is mostly for
+the September-blooming Michaelmas Daisies the Catmint is cut back a
+little later.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One of the joys of June is the beauty of the Scotch Briers. On the
+south side of the house there are Figs and Vines, Rosemary and China
+Roses; a path and then some easy stone steps leading up to the strip
+of lawn some fifty feet wide that skirts the wood. To right and left
+of the steps, for a length equal to that of the house-front, is a hedge
+of these charming little Roses. They are mostly double white, but some
+are rosy and some yellow. When it is not in flower the mass of small
+foliage is pleasant to see, and even in winter leaflessness the tangle
+of close-locked branches has an appearance of warm brown comfort that
+makes it good to have near a house.
+
+[Illustration: _WHITE TREE LUPINE._]
+
+[Illustration: _CATMINT IN JUNE IN THE GREY AUGUST BORDER._]
+
+June is also the time of some of the best of the climbing plants
+and slightly tender shrubs that we have against walls and treat as
+climbers, such as _Solamum crispum_ and _Abutilon vitifolium_ and the
+hardy _Clematis montana_; but some notes on these will be offered in a
+further chapter.
+
+One is always watching and trying for good combinations of colour that
+occur or that may be composed. Besides such as are shown in the plans,
+the following have been noted for June:
+
+In rock-work the tiny China Rose Pompon de Paris, also the tender pink
+Fairy Rose, with pale lilac tufted Pansy and _Achillea umbellata_.
+
+The pretty pale pink dwarf Rose Mignonette, with the lilac of Catmint
+(_Nepeta Mussini_) and the grey-white foliage of Stachys and _Cineraria
+maritima_.
+
+In a cool, retired place in a shrubbery margin, away from other
+flowers, the misty red-grey-purple of _Thalictrum purpureum_ with the
+warm white foam-colour of _Spiræa Aruncus_.
+
+On bold rock-work, a mass of a fine-coloured strain of Valerian
+(_Centranthus_) with a deep scarlet-crimson Snapdragon. This is a
+success of reciprocally becoming texture as well as colour; the texture
+having that satisfying quality that one recognises in the relation of
+the cut and uncut portions of the fine old Italian cut-velvets.
+
+[Illustration: _SCOTCH BRIARS._]
+
+[Illustration: _GERANIUM IBERICUM PLATYPHYLLUM; THE BEST OF THE
+CRANEBILLS._  (_See page 42._)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE MAIN HARDY FLOWER BORDER
+
+
+The big flower border is about two hundred feet long and fourteen feet
+wide. It is sheltered from the north by a solid sandstone wall about
+eleven feet high clothed for the most part with evergreen shrubs--Bay
+and Laurustinus, Choisya, Cistus and Loquat. These show as a handsome
+background to the flowering plants. They are in a three-foot-wide
+border at the foot of the wall; then there is a narrow alley, not seen
+from the front, but convenient for access to the wall shrubs and for
+working the back of the border.
+
+As it is impossible to keep any one flower border fully dressed for
+the whole summer, and as it suits me that it should be at its best in
+the late summer, there is no attempt to have it full of flowers as
+early as June. Another region belongs to June; so that at that time the
+big border has only some incidents of good bloom, though the ground
+is rapidly covering with the strong patches, most of them from three
+to five years old, of the later blooming perennials. But early in the
+month there are some clumps of the beautiful _Iris Pallida dalmatica_
+in the regions of grey foliage, and of the splendid blue-purple bloom
+of _Geranium ibericum platyphyllum_, the best of the large Cranesbills,
+and the slow-growing _Dictamnus Fraxinella_ (the white variety), and
+Meadowsweets white and pink, Foxgloves and Canterbury Bells, and to
+the front some long-established sheets of _Iberis sempervirens_ that
+have grown right on to the path. The large Yuccas, _Y. gloriosa_ and
+_Y. recurva_ are throwing up their massive spikes, though it will be
+July before they actually flower, and the blooms on some bushes of
+the great _Euphorbia Wulfenii_, although they were flowers of May and
+their almost yellow colour is turning greener, are still conspicuous
+and ornamental. Then the plants in the middle of the wall, _Choisya
+ternata_ and _Clematis montana_ are still full of white bloom and the
+Guelder Rose is hanging out its great white balls. I like to plant the
+Guelder Rose and _Clematis montana_ together. Nothing does better on
+north or east walls, and it is pleasant to see the way the Clematis
+flings its graceful garlands over and through the stiff branches of the
+Viburnum.
+
+The more brilliant patches of colour in the big border in June are
+of Oriental Poppies intergrouped with Gypsophila, which will cover
+their space when they have died down, and the earlier forms of _Lilium
+croceum_ of that dark orange colour that almost approaches scarlet.
+
+During the first week of June any bare spaces of the border are filled
+up with half-hardy annuals, and some of what we are accustomed to
+call bedding-plants--such as Geranium, Salvia, Calceolaria, Begonia,
+Gazania and Verbena. The half-hardy annuals are African Marigold, deep
+orange and pale sulphur, pure white single Petunia, tall Ageratum,
+tall striped Maize, white Cosmos, sulphur Sunflower, _Phlox
+Drummondi_, Nasturtiums, and _Trachelium cœruleum_. Dahlias were
+planted out in May, and earlier still the Hollyhocks, quite young
+plants that are to bloom in August and September; the autumn-planted
+ones flowering earlier. The ground was well cleaned of weeds before
+these were planted, and, soon after, the whole border had a good mulch
+of a mixture of half-rotted leaves and old hotbed stuff. This serves
+the double purpose of keeping the soil cool and of affording gradual
+nutriment when water is given.
+
+[Illustration: _THE FLOWER BORDER IN LATE SUMMER: YUCCA, HYDRANGEA,
+SNAPDRAGON, LILIUM AURATUM AND EARLY ASTERS, WITH GREY FOLIAGE OF
+CINERARIA MARITIMA, SANTOLINA AND ELYMUS._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE CROSS WALK DIVIDING THE FLOWER BORDER: YUCCA,
+HYDRANGEA, MEGASEA AND STACHYS._]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The planting of the border is designed to show a distinct scheme of
+colour-arrangement. At the two ends there is a groundwork of grey and
+glaucous foliage--Stachys, Santolina, _Cineraria maritima_, Sea Kale
+and Lyme Grass, with darker foliage, also of grey quality, of Yucca,
+_Clematis recta_ and Rue. With this, at the near or western end, there
+are flowers of pure blue, grey-blue, white, palest yellow and palest
+pink; each colour partly in distinct masses and partly intergrouped.
+The colouring then passes through stronger yellows to orange and red.
+By the time the middle space of the border is reached the colour is
+strong and gorgeous, but, as it is in good harmonies, it is never
+garish. Then the colour-strength recedes in an inverse sequence through
+orange and deep yellow to pale yellow, white and palest pink, with the
+blue-grey foliage. But at this, the eastern end, instead of the pure
+blues we have purples and lilacs.
+
+Looked at from a little way forward, for a wide space of grass allows
+this point of view, the whole border can be seen as one picture, the
+cool colouring at the ends enhancing the brilliant warmth of the
+middle. Then, passing along the wide path next the border the value of
+the colour-arrangement is still more strongly felt. Each portion now
+becomes a picture in itself, and every one is of such a colouring that
+it best prepares the eye, in accordance with natural law, for what
+is to follow. Standing for a few moments before the end-most region
+of grey and blue, and saturating the eye to its utmost capacity with
+these colours, it passes with extraordinary avidity to the succeeding
+yellows. These intermingle in a pleasant harmony with the reds and
+scarlets, blood-reds and clarets, and then lead again to yellows. Now
+the eye has again become saturated, this time with the rich colouring,
+and has therefore, by the law of complementary colour, acquired a
+strong appetite for the greys and purples. These therefore assume an
+appearance of brilliancy that they would not have had without the
+preparation provided by their recently received complementary colour.
+
+There are well-known scientific toys illustrating this law. A short
+word, printed in large red letters, is looked at for half a minute. The
+eyes are shut and an image of the same word appears, but the lettering
+is green. Many such experiments may be made in the open garden. The
+brilliant orange African Marigold has leaves of a rather dull green
+colour. But look steadily at the flowers for thirty seconds in sunshine
+and then look at the leaves. The leaves appear to be bright blue!
+
+[Illustration: _THE EAST END OF THE FLOWER BORDER: LILIUM LONGIFLORUM,
+ECHINOPS, PURPLE CLEMATIS, CAMPANULAS PYRAMIDALIS AND LOCHIFLORA,
+FOLIAGE OF SEAKALE, SANTOLINA AND CINERARIA._]
+
+[Illustration: _ELEVATION: HEIGHT-LINE OF BACK PLANTS._]
+
+[Illustration: _PLAN OF THE MAIN FLOWER BORDER._]
+
+Even when a flower border is devoted to a special season, as mine is
+given to the time from mid-July to October, it cannot be kept fully
+furnished without resorting to various contrivances. One of these is
+the planting of certain things that will follow in season of bloom
+and that can be trained to take each other's places. Thus, each plant
+of _Gypsophila paniculata_ when full grown covers a space a good four
+feet wide. On each side of it, within reasonable distance of the root,
+I plant Oriental Poppies. These make their leaf and flower growth in
+early summer when the Gypsophila is still in a young state. The Poppies
+will have died down by the time the Gypsophila is full grown and has
+covered them. After this has bloomed the seed-pods turn brown, and
+though a little of this colouring is not harmful in the autumn border,
+yet it is not wanted in such large patches. We therefore grow at its
+foot, or within easy reach, some of the trailing Nasturtiums and lead
+them up so that they cover the greater part of the brown seed-spray.
+
+Delphiniums, which are indispensable for July, leave bare stems
+with quickly yellowing leafage when the flowers are over. We plant
+behind them the white Everlasting Pea, and again behind that Clematis
+Jackmanni. When the Delphiniums are over, the rapidly forming seed-pods
+are removed, the stems are cut down to just the right height, and
+the white Peas are trained over them. When the Peas go out of bloom
+in the middle of August, the Clematis is brought over. It takes some
+years for these two plants to become established; in the case of those
+I am describing the Pea has been four or five years planted and
+the Clematis seven. They cannot be hurried, indeed in my garden it
+is difficult to get the Clematis to grow at all. But good gardening
+means patience and dogged determination. There must be many failures
+and losses, but by always pushing on there will also be the reward
+of success. Those who do not know are apt to think that hardy flower
+gardening of the best kind is easy. It is not easy at all. It has taken
+me half a lifetime merely to find out what is best worth doing, and a
+good slice out of another half to puzzle out the ways of doing it.
+
+In addition to these three plants that I grow over one another I am now
+adding a fourth--the September-blooming _Clematis Flammula_. It must
+not be supposed that they are just lumped one over another so that the
+under ones have their leafy growths smothered. They are always being
+watched, and, bit by bit, the earlier growths are removed as soon as
+their respective plants are better without them.
+
+Then there is the way of pulling down tall plants whose natural growth
+is upright. At the back of the yellow part of the border are some
+plants of a form of _Helianthus orgyalis_, trained down, as described
+later at p. 69. But other plants can be treated in the same way; the
+tall Rudbeckia Golden Glow, and Dahlias and Michaelmas Daisies. The
+tall Snapdragons can also be pulled down and made to cover a surprising
+space of bare ground with flowering side-shoots.
+
+[Illustration: _GOOD STAKING--CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA._]
+
+[Illustration: _CAREFUL STAKING--THE LATER MICHAELMAS DAISIES._]
+
+As it is still impossible to prevent the occurrence of a blank here and
+there, or as the scene, viewed as a picture, may want some special
+accentuation or colouring, there is the way of keeping a reserve of
+plants in pots and dropping them in where they may be wanted. The thing
+that matters is that, in its season, the border shall be kept full
+and beautiful; by what means does not matter in the least. For this
+sort of work some of the most useful plants are Hydrangeas, _Lilium
+longiflorum_, _candidum_ and _auratum_, and _Campanula pyramidalis_,
+both white and blue, and, for foliage, _Funkia grandiflora_, _F.
+Sieboldi_ and hardy Ferns.
+
+An important matter is that of staking and supporting. The rule, as I
+venture to lay it down, is that sticks and stakes must never show. They
+must be so arranged that they give the needful support, while allowing
+the plant its natural freedom; but they must remain invisible. The only
+time when they are tolerated is for the week or two when they have been
+put in for Dahlias, when the plants have not yet grown up to cover them.
+
+Michaelmas Daisies we stake with great care in June, putting in some
+stiff branching spray of oak or chestnut among the growths and under
+their fronts. At the end of June we also nip the tops of some of the
+forward growths of the plants so as to vary the outline.
+
+There are two borders of Michaelmas Daisies, one for the earlier sorts
+that flower in September and the other for the October kinds. They are
+in places that need not often be visited except in the blooming season,
+therefore we allow the supporting spray to be seen while the plants are
+growing. But early in August, in the case of the September border, and
+early in September in the case of the one for October, we go round and
+regulate the plants, settling them among the sticks in their definite
+positions. When this is done every atom of projecting spray is cut away
+with the _sécateur_.
+
+I hold that nothing unsightly should be seen in the garden. The shed
+for sticks and stakes is a lean-to at one end of the barn, showing to
+the garden. The roof had to be made at a very low pitch, and there was
+no roofing material suitable but galvanized iron. But a depth of four
+inches of peaty earth was put over the iron, and now it is a garden
+of Stonecrops and other plants that flourish in shallow soil in a hot
+exposure.
+
+To prevent undue disappointment, those who wish for beautiful
+flower-borders and whose enthusiasm is greater than their knowledge
+should be reminded that if a border is to be planted for pictorial
+effect, it is impossible to maintain that effect and to have the space
+well filled for any period longer than three months, and that even
+for such a time there will have to be contrivances such as have been
+described.
+
+It should also be borne in mind that a good hardy flower border cannot
+be made all at once. Many of the most indispensable perennials take
+two, three or even more years to come to their strength and beauty.
+The best way is to plant the border by a definite plan, placing each
+group of plants as it shall be when fully developed. Then for the first
+year or two a greater number of half-hardy annuals and biennials than
+will eventually be needed should be used to fill the spaces that have
+not yet been taken up by the permanent plants. The best of these are
+Pentstemons and Snapdragons, the Snapdragons grown both as annuals and
+biennials, for so an extended season of bloom is secured. Then there
+should be African and French Marigolds, the smaller annual Sunflowers,
+Zinnias, Plume Celosias, China Asters, Stocks, Foxgloves, Mulleins,
+Ageratum, Phlox Drummondi and Indian Pinks; also hardy annuals--Lupines
+of several kinds, _Chrysanthemum coronarium_, the fine pink Mallows,
+Love-in-a-Mist, Nasturtiums or any others that are liked.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE FLOWER BORDER IN JULY
+
+
+Towards the end of July the large flower border begins to show its
+scheme. Until then, although it has been well filled with growing
+plants, there has been no attempt to show its whole intention. But now
+this is becoming apparent. The two ends, as already described, are of
+grey foliage, with, at the near end, flowers of pale blue, white and
+lightest yellow. The tall spikes of pale blue Delphinium are over, and
+now there are the graceful grey-blue flowers of _Campanula lactiflora_
+that stand just in front of the great Larkspurs. At the back is a white
+Everlasting Pea, four years planted and now growing tall and strong.
+The overblown flowers of the Delphinium have been removed, but their
+stems have been left just the right height for supporting the growth of
+the white Pea, which is now trained over them and comes forward to meet
+the pale blue-white Campanula. In front of this there is a drift of Rue
+giving a beautiful effect of dim grey colour and softened shadow; it
+is crowned by its spreading corymbs of pale yellow bloom that all rise
+nearly to a level. Again in front is the grand glaucous foliage of Sea
+Kale. A little further along, and towards the back, is a bush of Golden
+Privet, taking up and continuing the pale yellow of the Rue blossom,
+and forming a kind of groundwork to a group of the fine Mullein
+_Verbascum phlomoides_ now fully out. Just below this is a clump of the
+Double Meadowsweet, a mass of warm white flower-foam. Intergrouped are
+tall Snapdragons, white and palest yellow. Then forward are the pale
+blue-green sword-blades of _Iris pallida dalmatica_ that flowered in
+June. This is one of the few Irises admitted to the border, but it is
+here because it has the quality, rare among its kind, of maintaining
+its great leaves in beauty to near the end of the year. Quite to the
+front are lower growing plants of purest blue--the Cape Daisy (_Agathea
+cœlestis_) and blue Lobelia.
+
+Now we pass to a rather large group of _Eryngium oliverianum_, the
+fine kind that is commonly but wrongly called _E. amethystinum_. It
+is a deep-rooting perennial that takes three to four years to become
+strongly established. In front of this are some pale and darker blue
+Spiderworts (_Tradescantia virginica_), showing best in cloudy weather.
+At the back is _Thalictrum flavum_, whose bloom is a little overpast,
+though it still shows some of its foamy-feathery pale yellow. Next we
+come to stronger yellows, with a middle mass of a good home-grown form
+of _Coreopsis lanceolata_. This is fronted by a stretch of _Helenium
+pumilum_. Behind the Coreopsis are _Achillea Eupatorium_ and yellow
+Cannas.
+
+Now the colour strengthens with the Scarlet Balm or Bergamot,
+intergrouped with _Senecio artemisiæfolius_, a plant little known but
+excellent in the flower border. A few belated Orange Lilies have their
+colour nearly repeated by the Gazanias next to the path. The strong
+colour is now carried on by _Lychnis Chalcedonica_, scarlet Salvia,
+_Lychnis haageana_ (a fine plant that is much neglected), and some of
+the dwarf Tropæolums of brightest scarlet. After this we gradually
+return to the grey-blues, whites and pale yellows, with another large
+patch of _Eryngium oliverianum_, white Everlasting Pea, Calceolaria,
+and the splendid leaf-mass of a wide and high plant of _Euphorbia
+Wulfenii_, which, with the accompanying Yuccas, rises to a height
+far above my head. Passing between a clump of Yuccas on either side
+is the cross-walk leading by an arched gateway through the wall. The
+border beyond this is a shorter length, and has a whole ground of grey
+foliage--Stachys, Santolina, Elymus, _Cineraria maritima_, and Sea
+Kale. Then another group of Rue, with grey-blue foliage and pale yellow
+bloom, shows near the extreme end against the full green of the young
+summer foliage of the Yew arbour that comes at the end of the border.
+Again at this end is the tall _Campanula lactiflora_. In the nearer
+middle a large mass of purple Clematis is trained upon stiff, branching
+spray, and is beginning to show its splendid colour, while behind, and
+looking their best in the subdued light of the cloudy morning on which
+these notes are written, are some plants of _Verbascum phlomoides_, ten
+feet high, showing a great cloud of pure pale yellow. They owe their
+vigour to being self-sown seedlings, never transplanted. Instead of
+having merely a blooming spike, as is the usual way of those that
+are planted, these have abundant side branches. They dislike bright
+sunshine, only expanding fully in shade or when the day is cloudy and
+inclined to be rainy. Close to them, rising to the wall's whole eleven
+feet of height, is a _Cistus cyprius_, bearing a quantity of large
+white bloom with a deep red spot at the base of each petal.
+
+[Illustration: _WHITE ROSE LA GUIRLANDE; GREY BORDERS BEYOND._]
+
+[Illustration: _CLEMATIS RECTA._]
+
+Though there is as yet but little bloom in this end of the border the
+picture is complete and satisfying. Each one of the few flower-groups
+tells to the utmost, while the intervening masses of leafage are in
+themselves beautiful and have the effect of being relatively well
+disposed. There is also such rich promise of flower-beauty to come that
+the mind is filled with glad anticipation, besides feeling content
+for the time being with what it has before it. There is one item of
+colouring that strikes the trained eye as specially delightful. It is
+a bushy mass of _Clematis recta_, now out of bloom. It occurs between
+the overhanging purple Clematis and the nearer groups of _Cineraria
+maritima_ and Santolina. The leaves are much deeper in tone than these
+and have a leaden sort of blueness, but the colouring, both of the
+parts in light and even more of the mysterious shadows, is in the
+highest degree satisfactory and makes me long for the appreciative
+presence of the rare few friends who are artists both on canvas and in
+their gardens, and most of all for that of one who is now dead[1] but
+to whom I owe, with deepest thankfulness, a precious memory of forty
+years of helpful and sympathetic guidance and encouragement in the
+observation and study of colour-beauty.
+
+[1] The late H. B. Brabazon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One cannot write of the garden in July without a word of the Roses.
+Besides the bushy garden Roses, and the kinds of special charm, such as
+Damask, Provence, Moss and China, those that most nearly concern the
+garden for beauty and pictorial effect are the rambling and climbing
+Roses that flower in clusters.
+
+In "Roses for English Gardens" I dealt at some length with the many
+ways of using them; here I must only touch upon one or two of these
+ways. But I wish to remind my readers of the great value of these
+free Roses for running up through such trees as Yews or Hollies in
+regions where garden joins hands with woodland, and also of their great
+usefulness for forming lines of arch and garland as an enclosure to
+some definite space. I have them like this forming the boundary on two
+sides of a garden of long beds, whose other two sides are a seven-foot
+wall and the back of a stable and loft. Just beyond the arch in the
+picture (p. 60), and dividing the little garden in two, is the short
+piece of double border that is devoted to August.
+
+[Illustration: _DELPHINIUM BELLADONNA._]
+
+[Illustration: _CANTERBURY BELLS._]
+
+The other long beds in this region are for special combinations, some
+of them of July flowers. Orange Lilies are with the beautiful _Clematis
+recta_, a plant but little known though it is easy to grow and is one
+of the best of summer flowers. One bed is for blue colouring with grey
+foliage. Here is the lovely Delphinium Belladonna, with flowers of
+a blue purer than that of any others of its beautiful kind. It never
+grows tall, nor has it the strong, robust aspect of the larger ones,
+but what it lacks in vigour is more than made up for by the charming
+refinement of the whole plant. In the same bed are the other pure
+blues of the rare double Siberian Larkspur, and the single allied kind
+_Delphinium grandiflorum_, of _Salvia patens_ and of the Cape Daisy
+_Agathea cœlestis_. Between the clumps of Belladonna are bushes of
+white Lavender, and the whole is carpeted and edged with the white
+foliage of _Artemisia stelleriana_, the quite hardy plant that is such
+a good substitute for the tenderer _Cineraria maritima_.
+
+Among the best flowers of July that have a place in this garden are
+the Pentstemons planted last year. We grow them afresh from cuttings
+every autumn, planting them out in April. They are not quite hardy,
+and a bad winter may destroy all the last year's plants. But if these
+can be saved they bloom in July, whereas those planted in the spring
+of the year do not flower till later. So we protect the older plants
+with fir-boughs and generally succeed in saving them. Old plants of
+Snapdragon are also now in flower. They too are a little tender in the
+open, although they are safe in dry-walling with the roots out of the
+way of frost and the crowns kept dry among the stones.
+
+Much use is made of a dwarf kind of Lavender, that is also among
+the best of the July flowers. The whole size of the plant is about
+one-third that of the ordinary kind; the flowers are darker in colour
+and the time of blooming a good month earlier. It has a different use
+in gardening, as the flowers, being more crowded and of a deeper tint,
+make a distinct colour-effect. Besides its border use it is a plant for
+dry banks, tops of rock-work and dry-walling.
+
+[Illustration: _ROSE THE GARLAND IN A SILVER HOLLY._]
+
+[Illustration: _ERYNGIUM OLIVERIANUM._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE FLOWER BORDER IN AUGUST
+
+
+By the second week of August the large flower border is coming to
+its best. The western grey end, with its main planting of hoary and
+glaucous foliage--Yucca, Sea Kale, _Cineraria maritima_, Rue, Elymus,
+Santolina, Stachys, &c.--now has _Yucca flaccida_ in flower. This neat,
+small Yucca, one of the varieties or near relatives of _filamentosa_,
+is a grand plant for late summer. A well-established clump throws up
+a quantity of flower-spikes of that highly ornamental character that
+makes the best of these fine plants so valuable. White Everlasting Pea,
+planted about three feet from the back, is trained on stout pea-sticks
+over the space occupied earlier by the Delphiniums and the Spiræas.
+A little of it runs into a bush of Golden Privet. This Golden Privet
+is one of the few shrubs that has a place in the flower border. Its
+clean, cheerful, bright yellow gives a note of just the right colour
+all through the summer. It has also a solidity of aspect that enhances
+by contrast the graceful lines of the foliage of a clump of the great
+Japanese striped grass _Eulalia_, which stands within a few feet of
+it, seven feet high, shooting upright, but with the ends of the leaves
+recurved.
+
+Snapdragons, tall white and tall yellow, spire up five feet high,
+following the earlier Foxgloves. At the back is the pretty pink Dahlia
+Asia, with sulphur and pale pink Hollyhocks. A little further along,
+and staked out so as to take the place of the clumps of _Verbascum
+Chaixii_ that were so fine in the end of June, is Dahlia Mrs.
+Hawkins--palest yellow with a slight pink flush. Forward is a group of
+a Pentstemon of palest pink colouring named Spitzberg, that I had from
+Messrs. Barr's nursery, then a patch or two of palest blue Spiderwort,
+and, quite to the front, in any spaces there may be among the grey
+foliage, Lobelia "Cobalt Blue," the taller _Lobelia tenuior_, and the
+pretty little blue-flowered Cape Daisy, _Agathea cœlestis_.
+
+The whole border is backed by a stone wall eleven feet high, now
+fully clothed with shrubs and plants that take their place in the
+colour-scheme, either for tint of bloom or mass of foliage. Thus the
+red-leaved Claret Vine shows as background to the rich red region and
+_Robinia hispida_ stands where its pink clusters will tell rightly;
+Choisya and _Cistus cyprius_ where their dark foliage and white bloom
+will be of value; the greyish foliage and abundant pale lilac blossom
+of _Abutilon vitifolium_ in the grey and purple region, and the pale
+green foliage of the deciduous _Magnolia conspicua_ showing as a
+background to the tender blue of a charming pale Delphinium.
+
+The shrubs and plants on the wall are not all there because they are
+things rare and precious or absolutely needing the shelter of the
+wall, though some of them are glad of it, but because they give a
+background that either harmonises in detail with what is in front or
+will help to enrich or give general cohesion to the picture. The front
+of the border has some important foliage giving a distinctly blue
+effect; prominent among it Sea Kale. The flower-stems are cut hard back
+in the earlier summer, and it is now in handsome fresh leaf. Further
+back is the fine blue foliage of Lyme Grass (_Elymus arenarius_), a
+plant of our sea-shores, but of much value for blue effects in the
+garden.
+
+[Illustration: _TALL CAMPANULAS PYRAMIDALIS AND LACTIFLORA IN A GREY
+BORDER._]
+
+Now is the time to begin to use our reserve of plants in pots. Of these
+the most useful are the Hydrangeas. They are dropped into any vacant
+spaces, more or less in groups, in the two ends of the border where
+there is grey foliage, their pale pink colouring agreeing with these
+places. Their own leafage is a rather bright green, but we get them so
+well bloomed that but few leaves are seen, and we arrange as cleverly
+as we can that the rest shall be more or less hidden by the surrounding
+bluish foliage. I stand a few paces off, directing the formation of the
+groups; considering their shape in relation to the border as a whole. I
+say to the gardener that I want a Hydrangea in such a place; and tell
+him to find the nearest place where it can be dropped in. Sometimes
+this dropping in, for the pots have to be partly sunk, comes in the
+way of some established plant. If it is a deep-rooted perennial that
+takes three or four years to come to its strength, like an Eryngium or
+a Dictamnus, of course I avoid encroaching on its root-room. But if it
+is anything that blooms the season after it is planted, and of which
+I have plenty in reserve, such as an Anthemis, a Tradescantia, or a
+Helenium, I sacrifice a portion of the plant-group, knowing that it can
+easily be replaced. But then by August many of the plants have spread
+widely above and there is space below. _Lilium longiflorum_ in pots is
+used in the same way, and for the most part in this blue end of the
+border, though there are also some at the further, purple end, and just
+a flash of their white beauty in the middle region of strong reds.
+
+In order to use both blue and purple in the flower border, this cool,
+western, grey-foliaged end has the blues, and the further, eastern end
+the purples. For although I like to use colour as a general rule in
+harmonies rather than contrasts, I have a dislike to bringing together
+blues and purples. At this end, therefore, there are flowers of pure
+blue--Delphinium, Anchusa, Salvia, Blue Cape Daisy and Lobelia, and
+it is only when the main mass of blue, of Delphiniums and Anchusas,
+is over that even the presence of the pale grey-blue of _Campanula
+lactiflora_ could be tolerated. Near the front is another pale
+grey-blue, that of _Clematis davidiana_, just showing a few blooms, but
+not yet fully out.
+
+Now, giving a pleasant rest and refreshment to the eye after the blues
+and greys, is a well-shaped drift of the pale sulphur African Marigold.
+It was meant to be the dwarf variety, but, as it grows two and a half
+feet high, it has been pulled down as it grew. Some of it has been
+brought down some way over the edge of the path, where it breaks the
+general front line pleasantly and shows off its good soft colouring.
+We grow only this pale colour and a good form of the splendid orange.
+The intermediate one, the full yellow African Marigold, has, to my eye,
+a raw quality that I am glad to avoid, and I have other plants that
+give the strong yellow colour better. Now at the back are some plants
+of the single Hollyhock _Hibiscus ficifolius_, white and pale yellow,
+recalling, as we merge into the stronger yellows, the colouring of the
+region just left. They are partly intergrouped with that excellent
+plant Rudbeckia Golden Glow, brilliant, long-lasting, and capable of
+varied kinds of useful treatment.
+
+Now we come to a group of the perennial Sunflowers; a good form of
+the double _Helianthus multiflorus_ in front, and behind it the large
+single kind of the same plant. By the side of these is a rather large
+group of a garden form of _H. orgyalis_. This is one of the perennial
+Sunflowers that is usually considered not good enough for careful
+gardening. It grows very tall, and bears a smallish bunch of yellow
+flowers at the top. If this were all it could do it would not be in my
+flower border. But in front of it grows a patch of the fine Tansy-like
+_Achillea Eupatorium_, and in front of this again a wide-spreading
+group of _Eryngium oliverianum_--beautiful all through July. When
+the bloom of these is done the tall Sunflower is trained down over
+them--this pulling down, as in the case of so many plants, causing it
+to throw up flower-stalks from the axils of every pair of leaves; so
+that in September the whole thing is a sheet of bloom. Thus the plant
+that was hardly worth a place in the border becomes, at its flowering
+time, one of the brightest ornaments of the garden. Other plants that
+are in front of the Sunflower, that have also passed out of bloom, are
+the Scarlet Bee-balm (_Monarda_) and the very useful alpine Groundsel
+(_Senecio artemisiæfolius_).
+
+Next we have an important group of a large-leaved Canna, the handsomest
+foliage in the border; good to see when the sun is behind and the
+light comes through the leaves. Here also, at the back, is a patch of
+Hollyhocks--one very dark, almost a claret-red, and a fine, full red
+inclining to blood-colour. They tower up together, and close to them
+are Dahlias, the dark red Lady Ardilaun, deep scarlet Cochineal, bright
+scarlet Fire King, and its variety Orange Fire King, now the most
+brilliant piece of colouring in the garden. These lead on to a gorgeous
+company--Phlox Coquelicot, scarlet Pentstemon, orange African Marigold,
+scarlet Gladiolus, and, to the front, a brilliant dwarf scarlet Salvia;
+_Helenium pumilum_ and scarlet and orange dwarf Nasturtium. Here and
+there within this mass of bright colouring there is a patch of the fine
+deep yellow _Coreopsis lanceolata_, a plant of long-enduring bloom, or
+rather of long succession, for, if the dead flowers are removed it will
+be brightly blossomed for a good three months.
+
+As this gorgeous mass occupies a large space in the flower border, I
+have thought well to subdue it here and there with the cloudy masses of
+_Gypsophila paniculata_. Five-year-old plants of this form masses of
+the pretty mist-like bloom four feet across and as much high. This bold
+introduction of grey among the colour-masses has considerable pictorial
+value. As the grey changes, towards the end of the month, to a brownish
+tone, some of the tall Nasturtiums are allowed to grow over the bushes
+of Gypsophila.
+
+[Illustration: _YUCCA FILAMENTOSA VAR. FLACCIDA._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE GREY BORDERS: STACHYS, GYPSOPHILA, LILY, ACHILLEA
+PEARL AND PINK HOLLYHOCK._]
+
+Now we have got beyond the middle of the length of the border, and the
+colour changes again to the clear and pale yellows, and then again to
+the grey foliage as at the beginning. Where this occurs, at a little
+more than two-thirds of the way along the border, it is crossed by the
+path, leading, through an archway in the wall closed by a door, to the
+garden beyond. This cross-path is flanked by groups of Yuccas, slightly
+raised, as will be seen in some of the illustrations. (_See_ pp. 51,
+102.) Yuccas all like a raised mound and some good loam to grow in. I
+have them here as well as at the two extreme ends of the border. No
+plants make a handsomer full-stop to any definite garden scheme. The
+grey treatment comprises the two Yucca mounds to right and left of the
+cross-path; the other grey plants are as before--_Cineraria maritima_,
+Santolina, Stachys, Elymus and Rue--but at this end, besides some
+plants with white, pink and palest yellow colouring, the other flowers
+are not blues but purples, light and dark. Among these a very useful
+thing is Ageratum; not the dwarf Ageratum, though this is good too in
+its place, but the ordinary _Ageratum mexicanum_, a plant that grows
+about two feet high. This is also the place for some of the earliest
+Michaelmas Daisies that will bloom in September, such as _Aster acris_
+and _A. Shortii_. At the back there are Dahlias, white and pale yellow,
+with white and sulphur Hollyhocks, and, in the middle spaces, pale pink
+Gladiolus, double _Saponaria officinalis_, and pale pink Pentstemon. At
+the back, also, there is a clump of Globe Thistle (_Echinops_) and a
+grand growth of Clematis Jackmanni, following in season of bloom, and
+partly led over, a white Everlasting Pea, that in the earlier summer
+was trained to conceal the dying stems of the red-orange Lilies that
+bloomed in June.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is also a short length of double border specially devoted to
+August, of the same character, though not so fully developed, as what
+will be described in a further chapter as the Grey Garden. Here, the
+space being small, it has been given specially to the more restricted
+season. The scheme of colouring has a ground of grey foliage, with
+flowers of pink, white and light and dark purple.
+
+Next the path is the silvery white of Stachys, _Cineraria maritima_,
+and _Artemisia stelleriana_, with the grey foliage and faint purple
+of the second bloom of Catmint. Then bushy masses of Lavender and
+Gypsophila, and between them _Lilium longiflorum_, Godetia Double Rose,
+and white Snapdragons. Behind and among these are groups of the clear
+white Achillea, The Pearl, and the round purple heads of Globe Thistle.
+Here and there, pushing to the front, is a Silver Thistle (_Eryngium
+giganteum_). At the back shoot up Pink Hollyhocks, the kind being one
+of home growth known as Pink Beauty. The deep green of a Fig-tree that
+covers the upper part of the landing and outside stone steps to a loft
+is an excellent background to the tender greys of these August borders.
+Unfortunately, the main group of pink Hollyhock, that should have stood
+up straight and tall and shown well against the window and silvery grey
+weather-boarding of the loft, failed altogether last season; in fact,
+all the Hollyhocks were poor and stunted, so that an important part of
+the intended effect was lost.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of Lavender hedges there are several, of varying ages, in different
+parts of the garden. Lavender for cutting should be from plants not
+more than four to five years old, but for pictorial effect the bushes
+may be much older. When they are growing old it is a good plan to plant
+white and purple Clematises so that they can be trained freely through
+and over them.
+
+There are comparatively few shrubs that flower in autumn, so that it
+is quite a pleasant surprise to come upon a group of them all in bloom
+together. The picture shows the satisfactory effect of a group of
+_Æsculus macrostachya_ and _Olearia Haastii_. It would have been all
+the better for some plants of the beautiful blue-flowered _Perowskya
+atriplicifolia_ and for _Caryopteris mastacanthus_ in front, but at the
+time of planting I did not think of the _Caryopteris_ and did not know
+the _Perowskya_. (_See_ p. 75.)
+
+August is the month of China Asters. I find many people are shy
+of these capital plants, perhaps because the mixtures, such as are
+commonly grown, contain rather harsh and discordant colours; also
+perhaps because a good many of the kinds, having been purposely dwarfed
+in order to fit them for pot-culture and bedding, are too stiff to look
+pretty in general gardening. Such kinds will always have their uses,
+but what is wanted now in the best gardening is more freedom of habit.
+I have a little space that I give entirely to China Asters. I have
+often had the pleasure of showing it to some person who professed a
+dislike to them, and with great satisfaction have heard them say, with
+true admiration: "Oh! but I had no idea that China Asters could be so
+beautiful."
+
+[Illustration: _A LAVENDER HEDGE._]
+
+[Illustration: _ÆSCULUS MACROSTACHYA AND OLEARIA HAASTII._]
+
+It is only a question of selection, for the kinds are now so many and
+the colourings so various that there are China Asters to suit all
+tastes and uses. My own liking is for those of the pure violet-purple
+and lavender colours, with whites; and to plants with these clear,
+clean tints my Aster garden is restricted. In other places I grow some
+of the tenderer pinks, a good blood-red, and a clear pale yellow; but
+these are kept quite away from the purples. The kinds chosen are within
+the Giant Comet, Ostrich Plume and Victoria classes--all plants with
+long-stalked bloom and a rather free habit of growth. For some years I
+was much hindered from getting the colours I wanted from the inaccurate
+way in which they are described in seed-lists. Finally I paid a visit
+to the trial-grounds of one of our premier seed-houses, and saw all the
+kinds and the colourings and made my own notes. I cannot but think
+that a correct description of the colours, instead of a fanciful one,
+would help both customer and seed-merchant. As it is, the customer, in
+order to get the desired flowers, has to _learn a code_. I have often
+observed, in comparing French and English seed-lists, that the French
+do their best to describe colours accurately, but that the English use
+some wording which does not describe the colour, but appears to be
+intended as a complimentary euphemism. Thus, if I want a Giant Comet
+of that beautiful pale silvery lavender, perhaps the loveliest colour
+of which a China Aster is capable, I have to ask for "azure blue." If
+I want a full lilac, I must order "blue"; if a full purple it is "dark
+blue." If I want a strong, rich violet-purple, I must beware of asking
+for purple, for I shall get a terrible magenta such as one year spoilt
+the whole colour-scheme of my Aster garden. It is not as if the right
+colour-words were wanting, for the language is rich in them--violet,
+lavender, lilac, mauve, purple;--these, with slight additions, will
+serve to describe the whole of the colourings falsely called blue. The
+word blue should not be used at all in connexion with these flowers.
+There are no blue China Asters.
+
+The diagram shows a simple arrangement for a little garden of China
+Asters of the purple and white colourings. The seed-list names are
+used in order to identify the sorts recommended. A Lavender hedge
+surrounds the whole; the paths are edged with _Stachys lanata_. Taking
+Messrs. Sutton's list and translating into colour-words as usually
+understood, the tints are:
+
+  Azure blue      Tender pale lavender-lilac.
+  Blue            Light purple.
+  Dark blue       Rich dark purple.
+
+I am very glad to learn that Messrs. Sutton have in contemplation a
+revision of some of these puzzling colour-names.
+
+[Illustration: _PLAN OF A SMALL GARDEN OF CHINA ASTERS._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE FLOWER BORDERS IN SEPTEMBER
+
+
+The main flower border shows in September much the same aspect as in
+August. But early in the month the middle mass of strong colouring,
+enhanced by Tritomas and the fuller bloom of Dahlias, is at its
+brightest. The bold masses of Canna foliage have also grown up and
+show their intended effect. They form one of the highest points in the
+border. No attempt is made to keep all the back-row plants standing
+high; on the contrary, many that would be the tallest are pulled down
+to do colour-work of medium height. The effect is much more pictorial
+when the plants at the back rise only here and there to a height
+of nine or ten feet; mounting gradually and by no means at equal
+distances, but somewhat as the forms of greater altitude rise in the
+ridge of a mountain range. The diagram shows how it comes in the case
+of my own border in September. (_See_ p. 52.)
+
+Rather near the front, the bushy masses of Gypsophila, that a month
+ago were silvery grey, have now turned to a brownish colour. They are
+partly covered with trailing Nasturtiums, but the portions of brown
+cloud that remain tone well with the rich reds that are near them. In
+the back of this region dark claret and blood-red Hollyhocks still
+show colour, and scarlet Dahlias are a mass of gorgeous bloom. Their
+nearest neighbours are tall flaming Tritomas with, in front of them,
+one of the dwarfer Tritomas that is crowded with its orange-scarlet
+flowers of a rather softer tone. Then come scarlet Gladiolus, a wide
+group of a splendid red Pentstemon, and, to the front, an edging
+and partly carpeting mass of a good, short-growing form of _Salvia
+splendens_.
+
+[Illustration: _SOME OF THE EARLY ASTERS._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN._]
+
+After these strong reds comes a drift of the brilliant orange African
+Marigold, one of the most telling plants of the time of year. Coming
+to the yellows of middle strength, there are some of the perennial
+Sunflowers, among them the one that seems to be a form of _Helianthus
+orgyalis_, described in the last chapter. This and some others are
+trained down to cover plants now out of bloom. The fine double
+Rudbeckia called Golden Glow is treated in the same way. Intergrouped
+with it is a useful pale form of _Helianthus lætiflorus_ that takes up
+the colour when the Rudbeckia is failing.
+
+In the near end region of blue-grey foliage the bloom of _Clematis
+davidiana_, also of a greyish blue, but of a colour-quality that
+is almost exclusively its own, tones delightfully with its nearest
+neighbours of leaf and bloom. About here some pots of _Plumbago
+capensis_ are dropped in; their wide-ranging branches, instead of
+being stiffly tied, are trained over some bushy plants of leaden
+blue-foliaged Rue. Near this, and partly shooting up through some of
+the same setting, are the spikes of a beautiful Gladiolus of pale,
+cool pink colour, the much-prized gift of an American garden-loving
+friend. Tall white Snapdragons, five feet high, show finely among the
+gracefully recurved leaves of the blue Lyme Grass. Beyond is a group of
+_Lilium auratum_, and in the more distant front, pale sulphur African
+Marigold, just now at its best.
+
+The further end of the border that also has grey foliage is bright with
+pink Hydrangeas, white and pink Snapdragons, white Dahlias, purple
+Clematis, _Lilium auratum_ and _Aster acris_. _Yucca flaccida_ is still
+in beauty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is another range of double border for the month of September
+alone. It passes down through the middle of the kitchen garden and
+is approached by an arch of Laburnum. It is backed on each side by a
+Hornbeam hedge some five and a half feet high. This border is mainly
+for the earlier Michaelmas Daisies; those that bloom in the first three
+weeks of the month. Grey foliage in plenty is to the front. Running in
+between the groups is _Artemisia stelleriana_, the quite hardy plant
+that so well imitates _Cineraria maritima_; there is also Stachys and
+White Pink. Further back among the flowers are drifts of the grey-blue
+Lyme Grass, some grey bushes of Phlomis and a silvery leaved Willow,
+kept to a suitable size by careful pruning.
+
+[Illustration: _THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN: LOWER END._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN: UPPER END._]
+
+[Illustration: _BEGONIAS IN A SETTING OF MEGASEA FOLIAGE._]
+
+[Illustration: _EARLY ASTERS AND PYRETHRUM ULIGINOSUM._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE SEPTEMBER BORDER OF EARLY MICHAELMAS DAISIES._]
+
+The scheme of colouring consists of this groundwork of grey foliage,
+with white, lilac, purple and pale pink flowers; and, breaking into
+this colouring in two or three distinct places, flowers of pale yellow
+and yellowish white with suitable accompanying leafage. There is also,
+in quite another part of the garden, a later border of other Michaelmas
+Daisies that will follow this in time of blooming. But the September
+borders have a very different appearance because of their flowers of
+pink and yellow, colours which are absent in those of the later season.
+
+The yellow flowers are the pale sulphur African Marigold and pale
+yellow and whitish yellow tall Snapdragons, with bordering masses of
+variegated Coltsfoot, and the Golden Feather Feverfew allowed to bloom.
+The pink colourings are the wide-headed _Sedum spectabile_, pink Japan
+Anemone and a few pale pink Gladioli. The whites are Dahlias Constance
+and Henry Patrick, _Pyrethrum uliginosum_, the charming perennial Aster
+Colerette Blanche, a taller white or yellowish white Aster with rough
+stems and harsh-feeling foliage that I know as _A. umbellatus_. Here
+also are white Japan Anemones, white Snapdragons and white China Asters
+of the large, long-stemmed late-blooming kind that were formerly known
+as Vick's, but are now called Mammoth. Among the grey bordering plants
+are groups of dwarf Ageratum, one of the best of the tender plants of
+September and quite excellent with the accompanying grey foliage. The
+grey bordering is not merely an edging but a general front groundwork,
+running here and there a yard deep into the border.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Begonias are at their best throughout the month of September. Beds
+of Begonias alone never seem to me quite satisfactory. Here there is
+no opportunity for growing them in beds, but I have them in a bit
+of narrow border that is backed by shrubs, but is kept constantly
+enriched. A groundwork of the large-leaved form of _Megasea cordifolia_
+is planted so as to surround variously sized groups of Begonias--groups
+of from five to nine plants. The setting of the more solid leaves
+gives the Begonias a better appearance and makes their bright bloom
+tell more vividly. They follow in this sequence of colouring: yellow,
+white, palest pink, full pink, rose, deep red, deep rose, salmon-rose,
+red-lead colour or orange-scarlet, scarlet, red-lead and orange.
+
+It is a matter of great regret that the best kind of Dahlias for garden
+effect have lost favour with nurserymen, so that it is now difficult,
+if not impossible, to obtain from them the most desirable kinds. These
+are a selection of those that were first called Cactus Dahlias, much
+more free in form than the old show Dahlias, but with the petals not
+attenuated and pointed as they are in the modern Cactus kinds. The
+greater number of these, pretty though their individual blooms are on
+the show-table, are but of little use in the garden, whereas the old
+sorts, King of the Cactus, Cochineal, Lady Ardilaun, Fire King and
+Orange Fire King are among the most gorgeous of our September flowers.
+In the same class are: Mrs. Hawkins, palest lemon flushed with pink;
+William Pearse, bright yellow; Lady M. Marsham, bright copper; J. W.
+Standling, orange, (the two last about four feet high); and the two
+good whites, Constance and Henry Patrick. Of these, all in my opinion
+indispensable kinds, only Fire King, as far as I am aware, survives in
+contemporary trade lists.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+WOOD AND SHRUBBERY EDGES
+
+
+Opportunities for good gardening are so often overlooked that it may
+be well to draw attention to some of those that are most commonly
+neglected.
+
+When woodland joins garden ground there is too often a sudden jolt;
+the wood ends with a hard line, sometimes with a path along it,
+accentuating the defect. When the wood is of Scotch Fir of some age
+there is a monotonous emptiness of naked trunk and bare ground. In
+wild moorland this is characteristic and has its own beauty; it may
+even pleasantly accompany the garden when there is only a view into it
+here and there; but when the path passes along, furlong after furlong,
+with no attempt to bring the wood into harmony with the garden, then
+the monotony becomes oppressive and the sudden jolt is unpleasantly
+perceived. There is the well-stocked garden and there is the hollow
+wood with no cohesion between the two--no sort of effort to make them
+join hands.
+
+It would have been better if from the first the garden had not been
+brought quite so close to the wood, then the space between, anything
+from twenty-five to forty feet, might have been planted so as to bring
+them into unison. In such a case the path would go, not next the trees
+but along the middle of the neutral ground and would be so planted as
+to belong equally to garden and wood. The trees would then take their
+place as the bounding and sheltering feature. It is better to plan it
+like this at first than to gain the space by felling the outer trees,
+because the trees at the natural wood edge are better furnished with
+side branches. Such ground on the shady side of the Scotch Firs would
+be the best possible site for a Rhododendron walk, and for Azaleas and
+Kalmias, kept distinct from the Rhododendrons. Then the Scotch Fir
+indicates the presence of a light peaty soil; the very thing for that
+excellent but much-neglected undershrub _Gaultheria Shallon_. This
+is one of the few things that will grow actually under the Firs, not
+perhaps in the densest part of an old wood, but anywhere about its
+edges, or where any light comes in at a clearing or along a cart-way.
+When once established it spreads with a steady abundance of increase,
+creeping underground and gradually clothing more and more of the floor
+of the wood. The flower and fruit have already been shown at pp. 18-19.
+
+[Illustration: _GARLAND ROSE, WHERE GARDEN JOINS WOOD._]
+
+[Illustration: _POLYGONUM COMPACTUM AND MEGASEA AT A WOOD EDGE._]
+
+[Illustration: _LILIES AND FUNKIAS AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE._]
+
+[Illustration: _OLEARIA GUNNI, FERN AND FUNKIA AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE._]
+
+Rhododendrons are usually planted much too close together. This is
+a great mistake; they should not be nearer than eight to ten feet,
+or even further, apart, especially in the case of _ponticum_ and
+some of the larger growing kinds. It is a common practice to fill
+up the edges of their prepared places with a collection of Heaths.
+The soil will no doubt suit Heaths, but I never do it or recommend
+it because I feel that the right place for Heaths is quite open
+ground, and there are other plants that I think look better with the
+young Rhododendrons. For my own liking the best of these are hardy
+Ferns--Male Fern, Lady Fern and Dilated Shield Fern, with groups of
+Lilies: _L. longiflorum_ and the lovely rosy _L. rubellum_ towards
+the front, and _L. auratum_ further back. Some of the Andromedas,
+especially _Catesbæi_ and _axillaris_ of the _Leucothoë_[ section are
+capital plants for this use. Besides Lilies, a few other flowering
+plants suitable for the Rhododendron walk are: white Foxgloves, white
+Columbine, white _Epilobium angustifolium_, _Trillium_, _Epimedium
+pinnatum_, _Uvularia grandiflora_, _Dentaria diphylla_ and _Gentiana
+asclepiadea_. In the same region, and also partly as edgings to
+the Rhododendron clumps, suitable small bushes are _Rhododendron
+myrtifolium_, the Alpenrose (_R. ferruginium_) and the sweet-leaved
+_Ledum palustre_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When the garden comes on the sunny side of the wood the planting would
+be quite different. Here is the place for Cistuses; for the bolder
+groups the best are _C. laurifolius_ and _C. cyprius_, backed by
+plantings of Tamarisk, Arbutus and White Broom, with here and there a
+free-growing Rose of the wilder sort, such as the type _polyantha_ and
+_Brunonis_. If the fir-boughs come down within reach, the wild Clematis
+(_C. Vitalba_) can be led into them; it will soon ramble up the tree,
+filling it with its pretty foliage and abundance of August bloom.
+
+The Cistuses delight in a groundwork of Heath; the wild Calluna looks
+as well as any, but if cultivated kinds are used they should be in good
+quantities of one sort at a time, and never as hard edgings, but as
+free carpeting masses.
+
+For the edges of other kinds of woodland the free Roses are always
+beautiful; where a Holly comes to the front, a Rose such as Dundee
+Rambler or the Garland will grow up it, supported by its outer branches
+in the most delightful way. The wild Clematis is in place here too,
+also the shade-loving plants already named. In deciduous woodland
+there is probably some undergrowth of Hazel, or of Bramble and wild
+Honeysuckle. White Foxgloves should be planted at the edge and a little
+way back, Daffodils for the time when the leaves are not yet there, and
+Lily of the Valley, whose charming bloom and brilliant foliage come
+with the young leaves of May.
+
+Where the wood comes nearest the house with only lawn between, it is
+well to have a grouping of hardy Ferns and Lilies; where it is giving
+place to garden ground and there is a shrubby background, the smaller
+Polygonums, such as _P. compactum_, are in place.
+
+[Illustration: _FERNS AND LILIES AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE NEXT THE WOOD._]
+
+[Illustration: _GYPSOPHILA AND MEGASEA AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE._]
+
+The spaces more or less wide between large shrubs and turf are full
+of opportunities for ingenious treatment; they are just the places
+most often neglected, or at any rate not well enough considered. I
+have always taken delight in working out satisfactory ways of treating
+them. It seems desirable to have, next the grass, some foliage of
+rather distinct and important size or form. For this use the Megaseas
+are invaluable; the one most generally useful being the large variety
+of _M. cordifolia_. Funkias are also beautiful, but as their leaves
+come late and go with the first frosts or even earlier, whereas
+the Megaseas persist the whole year round, the latter are the most
+generally desirable. These shrub-edge spaces occur for the most part in
+bays, giving an inducement to invent a separate treatment for each bay.
+
+The two illustrations with the front planting of _Funkia Sieboldi_ are
+two adjoining bays; one showing the charming shrubby Aster _Olearia
+Gunni_ in the middle of June, the other some groups of _Lilium
+longiflorum_, planted in November of the year before, and in bloom in
+early August.
+
+Sometimes a single plant of _Gypsophila paniculata_ will fill the whole
+of one of the recesses or bays between the larger shrubs; _Hydrangea
+paniculata_ is another good filling plant, and the hardy Fuchsias; both
+of these, though really woody shrubs, being cut down every winter and
+treated as herbaceous plants.
+
+There is a small growing perennial Aster--I will not venture on its
+specific name, but have seen it figured in an American book of wild
+flowers as _divaricata_, and provisionally know it by that name. I
+find it, in conjunction with Megasea, one of the most useful of these
+filling plants for edge spaces that just want some pretty trimming
+but are not wide enough for anything larger. The same group was
+photographed two years running. The first year the bloom was a little
+thicker below, but the second I thought it still better when it had
+partly rambled up into the lower branches of the Weigela that stood
+behind it. The little thin starry flower is white and is borne in
+branching heads; the leaves are lance-shaped and sharply pointed; but
+when the plant is examined in the hand its most distinct character is
+the small fine wire-like stem, smooth and nearly black, that branches
+about in an angular way of its own.
+
+These are only a very few examples of what may also be done in a number
+of other ways, but if they serve to draw attention to those generally
+neglected shrub edges, it may be to the benefit of many gardens. Where
+there is room for a good group of plants they should be of some size
+or solidity of character such as Tree Lupine, Peony, Acanthus, _Spiræa
+Aruncus_, the larger hardy Ferns, _Rubus nutkanus_ or plants of some
+such size and character. The low-growing _Bambusa tessellata_ is a
+capital shrub-edge plant.
+
+[Illustration: _LILIES AND FERNS AT THE WOOD EDGE NEAR THE LAWN._]
+
+[Illustration: _SMALL WIRE-STEMMED ASTER AT SHRUB EDGE. SECOND YEAR
+AFTER PLANTING._]
+
+[Illustration: _SMALL WIRE-STEMMED ASTER AT SHRUB EDGE. THIRD YEAR
+AFTER PLANTING._]
+
+[Illustration: _STOBÆA PURPUREA, A GREY GARDEN WALL PLANT FOR A SUNNY
+PLACE._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+GARDENS OF SPECIAL COLOURING
+
+
+It is extremely interesting to work out gardens in which some special
+colouring predominates, and to those who, by natural endowment or
+careful eye-cultivation, possess or have acquired what artists
+understand by an eye for colour, it opens out a whole new range of
+garden delights.
+
+Arrangements of this kind are sometimes attempted, for occasionally I
+hear of a garden for blue plants, or a white garden, but I think such
+ideas are but rarely worked out with the best aims. I have in mind a
+whole series of gardens of restricted colouring, though I have not,
+alas, either room or means enough to work them out for myself, and have
+to be satisfied with an all-too-short length of double border for a
+grey scheme. But, besides my small grey garden I badly want others, and
+especially a gold garden, a blue garden, and a green garden; though the
+number of these desires might easily be multiplied.
+
+It is a curious thing that people will sometimes spoil some garden
+project for the sake of a word. For instance, a blue garden, for
+beauty's sake, may be hungering for a group of white Lilies, or for
+something of palest lemon-yellow, but it is not allowed to have it
+because it is called the blue garden, and there must be no flowers in
+it but blue flowers. I can see no sense in this; it seems to me like
+fetters foolishly self-imposed. Surely the business of the blue garden
+is to be beautiful as well as to be blue. My own idea is that it should
+be beautiful first, and then just as blue as may be consistent with its
+best possible beauty. Moreover, any experienced colourist knows that
+the blues will be more telling--more purely blue--by the juxtaposition
+of rightly placed complementary colour. How it may be done is shown in
+the plan, for, as I cannot have these gardens myself, it will be some
+consolation to suggest to those who may be in sympathy with my views,
+how they may be made.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Grey garden is so called because most of its plants have grey
+foliage, and all the carpeting and bordering plants are grey or
+whitish. The flowers are white, lilac, purple, and pink. It is a garden
+mostly for August, because August is the time when the greater number
+of suitable plants are in bloom, but a Grey garden could also be made
+for September, or even October, because of the number of Michaelmas
+Daisies that can be brought into use.
+
+A plan is given of a connected series of gardens of special colouring.
+For the sake of clearness they are shown in as simple a form as
+possible, but the same colour-scheme could be adapted to others of more
+important design and larger extent.
+
+The Gold garden is chosen for the middle, partly because it contains
+the greater number of permanent shrubs and is bright and cheerful
+all the year round, and partly because it is the best preparation,
+according to natural colour-law, for the enjoyment of the compartments
+on either side. It is supposed that the house is a little way away to
+the north, with such a garden-scheme close to it as may best suit its
+style and calibre. Then I would have a plantation of shrubs and trees.
+The shade and solidity of this would rest and refresh the eye and
+mind, making them the more ready to enjoy the colour garden. Suddenly
+entering the Gold garden, even on the dullest day, will be like coming
+into sunshine. Through the shrub-wood there is also a path to right
+and left parallel to the long axis of the colour garden, with paths
+turning south at its two ends, joining the ends of the colour-garden
+paths. This has been taken into account in arranging the sequence of
+the compartments.
+
+The hedges that back the borders and form the partitions are for the
+most part of Yew, grown and clipped to a height of seven feet. But in
+the case of the Gold garden, where the form is larger and more free
+than in the others, there is no definite hedge, but a planting of
+unclipped larger gold Hollies, and the beautiful Golden Plane, so cut
+back and regulated as to keep within the desired bounds. This absence
+of a stiff hedge gives more freedom of aspect and a better cohesion
+with the shrub-wood.
+
+In the case of the Grey garden the hedge is of Tamarisk (_Tamarix
+gallica_), whose feathery grey-green is in delightful harmony with the
+other foliage greys. It will be seen on the plan that where this joins
+the Gold garden the hedge is double, for it must be of gold Holly on
+one side and of Tamarisk on the other. At the entrances and partition
+where the path passes, the hedge shrubs are allowed to grow higher, and
+are eventually trained to form arches over the path.
+
+In the Gold and Green gardens, the shrubs, which form the chief part
+of the planting, are shown as they will be after some years' growth.
+It is best to have them so from the first. If, in order to fill the
+space at once, several are planted where one only should eventually
+stand, the extra ones being removed later, the one left probably does
+not stand quite right. I strongly counsel the placing of them singly at
+first, and that until they have grown the space should be filled with
+temporary plants. Of these, in the Gold garden, the most useful will
+be _Œnothera lamarckiana_, _Verbascum olympicum_, and _V. phlomoides_,
+with more Spanish Broom than the plan shows till the gold Hollies
+are grown; and yellow-flowered annuals, such as the several kinds of
+_Chrysanthemum coronarium_, both single and double, and _Coreopsis
+Drummondi_; also a larger quantity of African Marigolds, the pale
+primrose and the lemon-coloured. The fine tall yellow Snapdragons will
+also be invaluable. Flowers of a deep orange colour, such as the orange
+African Marigold, so excellent for their own use, are here out of
+place, only those of pale and middle yellow being suitable.
+
+In such a garden it will be best to have, next the path, either a whole
+edging of dwarf, gold-variegated Box-bushes about eighteen inches
+to two feet high, or a mixed planting of these and small bushes of
+gold-variegated Euonymus clipped down to not much over two feet. The
+edge next the path would be kept trimmed to a line.
+
+[Illustration: _THE GREY BORDERS: GYPSOPHILA, ECHINOPS, PINK HOLLYHOCK,
+HELIOTROPE AND SILVER THISTLE._]
+
+[Illustration: _OCTOBER BORDERS OF MICHAELMAS DAISIES._]
+
+[Illustration: _A SEPTEMBER GREY GARDEN._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE GREY BORDER: PINK HOLLYHOCK, ECHINOPS, ACHILLEA
+PEARL, GYPSOPHILA, STACHYS, etc._]
+
+[Illustration: _SPECIAL COLOUR GARDEN--GENERAL PLAN._]
+
+[Illustration: _A QUARTER OF THE GOLD GARDEN._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE ORANGE GARDEN._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE GREY GARDEN._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE BLUE GARDEN._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE GREEN GARDEN._]
+
+The strength of colour and degree of variation is so great that it is
+well worth going to a nursery to pick out all these gold-variegated
+plants. It is not enough to tell the gardener to get them. There should
+be fervour on the part of the garden's owner such as will take him on
+a gold-plant pilgrimage to all good nurseries within reach, or even
+to some rather out of reach. No good gardening comes of not taking
+pains. All good gardening is the reward of well-directed and strongly
+sustained effort.
+
+Where, in the Gold garden, the paths meet and swing round in a circle,
+there may be some accentuating ornament--a sundial, a stone vase for
+flowers, or a tank for a yellow Water-lily. If a sundial, and there
+should be some incised lettering, do not have the letters gilt because
+it is the Gold garden; the colour and texture of gilding are quite out
+of place. If there is a tank, do not have goldfish; their colour is
+quite wrong. Never hurt the garden for the sake of the tempting word.
+
+The word "gold" in itself is, of course, an absurdity; no growing leaf
+or flower has the least resemblance to the colour of gold. But the word
+may be used because it has passed into the language with a commonly
+accepted meaning.
+
+I have always felt a certain hesitation in using the free-growing
+perennial Sunflowers. For one thing, the kinds with the running roots
+are difficult to keep in check, and their yearly transplantation among
+other established perennials is likely to cause disturbance and injury
+to their neighbours. Then, in so many neglected gardens they have been
+let run wild, surviving when other plants have been choked, that, half
+unconsciously, one has come to hold them cheap and unworthy of the best
+use. I take it that my own impression is not mine alone, for often when
+I have been desired to do planting-plans for flower borders, I have
+been asked not to put in any of these Sunflowers because "they are so
+common."
+
+But nothing is "common" in the sense of base or unworthy if it is
+rightly used, and it seems to me that this Gold garden is just the
+place where these bright autumn flowers may be employed to great
+advantage. I have therefore shown _Helianthus rigidus_ and its
+tall-growing variety _Miss Mellish_, although the colour of both is
+quite the deepest I should care to advise; the paler yellow of _H.
+lætiflorus_ being better, especially the capital pale form of this
+Sunflower, and of one that I know as a variety of _H. orgyalis_,
+described at p. 69.
+
+The golden Planes, where the path comes in from the north, are of
+course deciduous, and it might be well to have gold Hollies again at
+the back of these, or gold Yews, to help the winter effect.
+
+In some places in the plan the word "gold" has been omitted, but
+the yellow-leaved or yellow-variegated form of the shrub is always
+intended. There is a graceful cut-leaved Golden Elder that is
+desirable, as well as the common one.
+
+[Illustration: _A DETAIL OF THE GREY SEPTEMBER GARDEN. PERENNIAL ASTERS
+AND WHITE CHINA ASTER MAMMOTH IN FRONT._]
+
+Perhaps the Grey garden is seen at its best by reaching it through the
+orange borders. Here the eye becomes filled and saturated with the
+strong red and yellow colouring. D on the plan stands for Dahlia; the
+other plant names are written in full. This filling with the strong,
+rich colouring has the natural effect of making the eye eagerly
+desirous for the complementary colour, so that, standing by the inner
+Yew arch and suddenly turning to look into the Grey garden, the effect
+is surprisingly--quite astonishingly--luminous and refreshing. One
+never knew before how vividly bright Ageratum could be, or Lavender or
+Nepeta; even the grey-purple of Echinops appears to have more positive
+colour than one's expectation would assign to it. The purple of the
+Clematises of the Jackmanii class becomes piercingly brilliant, while
+the grey and glaucous foliage looks strangely cool and clear.
+
+The plan shows the disposition of the plants, with grey-white edging
+of _Cineraria maritima_, Stachys and Santolina. There are groups of
+Lavender with large-flowered Clematises (C in the plan) placed so that
+they may be trained close to them and partly over them. There are the
+monumental forms of the taller Yuccas, _Y. gloriosa_ and its variety
+_recurva_ towards the far angles, and, nearer the front (marked Yucca
+in plan), the free-blooming _Yucca filamentosa_ of smaller size. The
+flower-colouring is of purple, pink and white. Besides the Yuccas, the
+other white flowers are _Lilium longiflorum_ and _Lilium candidum_ (L C
+on plan), the clear white Achillea The Pearl and the grey-white clouds
+of _Gypsophila paniculata_. The pink flowers are Sutton's Godetia
+Double Rose, sown in place early in May, the beautiful clear pink
+Hollyhock Pink Beauty, and the pale pink Double Soapwort. Clematis and
+white Everlasting Pea are planted so that they can be trained to cover
+the Gypsophila when its bloom is done and the seed-pods are turning
+brown. As soon as it loses its grey colouring the flowering tops are
+cut off, and the Pea and Clematis, already brought near, are trained
+over. When the Gypsophila is making its strong growth in May, the
+shoots are regulated and supported by some stiff branching spray that
+is stuck among it. A little later this is quite hidden, but it remains
+as a firm sub-structure when the top of the Gypsophila is cut back and
+the other plants are brought over.
+
+Elymus is the blue-green Lyme Grass, a garden form of the handsome
+blue-leaved grass that grows on the seaward edges of many of our
+sea-shore sandhills. The Soapwort next to it is the double form of
+_Saponaria officinalis_, found wild in many places.
+
+Of Ageratum, two kinds are used--a brightly coloured one of the dwarf
+kinds for places near the front, where it tells as a close mass of
+colour, and the tall _A. mexicanum_ for filling up further back in the
+border, where it shows as a diffuse purple cloud. The Nepeta is the
+good garden Catmint (_N. Mussini_). Its normal flowering time is June,
+but it is cut half back, removing the first bloom, by the middle of the
+month, when it at once makes new flowering shoots.
+
+[Illustration: _YUCCAS AND GREY FOLIAGE._]
+
+[Illustration: _A FRONT EDGE OF GREY FOLIAGE._]
+
+Now, after the grey plants, the Gold garden looks extremely bright and
+sunny. A few minutes suffice to fill the eye with the yellow influence,
+and then we pass to the Blue garden, where there is another delightful
+shock of eye-pleasure. The brilliancy and purity of colour are almost
+incredible. Surely no blue flowers were ever so blue before! That is
+the impression received. For one thing, all the blue flowers used, with
+the exception of Eryngium and _Clematis davidiana_, are quite pure
+blues; these two are grey-blues. There are no purple-blues, such as the
+bluest of the Campanulas and the perennial Lupines; they would not be
+admissible. With the blues are a few white and palest yellow flowers;
+the foam-white _Clematis recta_, a delightful foil to Delphinium
+Belladonna; white perennial Lupine with an almond-like softness of
+white; _Spiræa Aruncus_, another foam-coloured flower. Then milk-white
+Tree Lupine, in its carefully decreed place near the bluish foliage
+of Rue and Yucca. Then there is the tender citron of Lupine Somerset
+and the full canary of the tall yellow Snapdragon, the diffused pale
+yellow of the soft plumy Thalictrum and the strong canary of _Lilium
+szovitzianum_, with white Everlasting Pea and white Hollyhock at the
+back. White-striped Maize grows up to cover the space left empty by the
+Delphiniums when their bloom is over, and pots of _Plumbago capense_
+are dropped in to fill empty spaces. One group of this is trained over
+the bluish-leaved _Clematis recta_, which goes out of flower with the
+third week of July.
+
+Yuccas, both of the large and small kinds, are also used in the
+Blue garden, and white Lilies, _candidum_ and _longiflorum_. There
+is foliage both of glaucous and of bright green colour, besides an
+occasional patch of the silvery _Eryngium giganteum_. At the front
+edge are the two best Funkias, _F. grandiflora_, with leaves of bright
+yellow-green, and _F. Sieboldi_, whose leaves are glaucous. The
+variegated Coltsfoot is a valuable edge-plant where the yellowish white
+of its bold parti-colouring is in place, and I find good use for the
+variegated form of the handsome Grass _Glyceria_ or _Poa aquatica_.
+Though this is a plant whose proper place is in wet ground, it will
+accommodate itself to the flower border, but it is well to keep it
+on the side away from the sun. It harmonises well in colour with the
+Coltsfoot; as a garden plant it is of the same class as the old Ribbon
+Grass, but is very much better. The great white-striped Japanese grass,
+_Eulalia japonica striata_ (EU on the plan), is planted behind the
+Delphiniums at the angles, and groups well with the Maize just in front.
+
+From the Blue garden, passing eastward, we come to the Green garden.
+Shrubs of bright and deep green colouring and polished leaf-surface
+predominate. Here are green Aucubas and Skimmias, with _Ruscus
+racemosus_, the beautiful Alexandrian or Victory Laurel, and more
+polished foliage of _Acanthus_, _Funkia_, _Asarum_, _Lilium candidum_
+and _longiflorum_, and _Iris fœtidissima_. Then feathery masses of
+paler green, Male Fern and Lady Fern and _Myrrhis odorata_, the
+handsome fern-like Sweet Cicely of old English gardens. In the angles
+are again Eulalias, but these are the variety _zebrina_ with the leaves
+barred across with yellow.
+
+In the Green garden the flowers are fewer and nearly all
+white--Campanulas _latifolia_ and _persicifolia_, Lilies, Tulips,
+Foxgloves, Snapdragons, Peonies, Hellebores--giving just a little
+bloom for each season to accompany the general scheme of polished and
+fern-like foliage. A little bloom of palest yellow shows in the front
+in May and June, with the flowers of Uvularia and Epimedium. But the
+Green garden, for proper development, should be on a much larger scale.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+CLIMBING PLANTS
+
+
+When one sees climbing plants or any of the shrubs that are so often
+used as climbers, planted in the usual way on a house or wall, about
+four feet apart and with no attempt at arrangement, it gives one
+that feeling of regret for opportunities lost or misused that is the
+sentiment most often aroused in the mind of the garden critic in the
+great number of pleasure-grounds that are planted without thought or
+discernment. Not infrequently in passing along a country road, with
+eye alert to note the beauties that are so often presented by little
+wayside cottage gardens, something is seen that may well serve as a
+lesson in better planting. The lesson is generally one that teaches
+greater simplicity--the doing of one thing at a time; the avoidance
+of overmuch detail. One such cottage has under the parlour window an
+old bush of _Pyrus japonica_. It had been kept well spurred back and
+must have been a mass of gorgeous bloom in early spring. The rest of
+the cottage was embowered in an old Grape Vine, perhaps of all wall
+plants the most beautiful, and, I always think, the most harmonious
+with cottages or small houses of the cottage class. It would seem to
+be least in place on the walls of houses of classical type, though
+such houses are often unsuitable for any wall plants. Still there are
+occasions where the noble polished foliage of Magnolia comes admirably
+on their larger spaces, and the clear-cut refinement of Myrtle on their
+lesser areas of wall-surface.
+
+[Illustration: _HARDY GRAPE VINE ON SOUTH SIDE OF HOUSE._]
+
+[Illustration: _HARDY GRAPE VINE ON HOUSE WALL._]
+
+It is, like all other matters of garden planning, a question
+of knowledge and good taste. The kind of wall or house and its
+neighbouring forms are taken into account and a careful choice is made
+of the most suitable plants. For my own part I like to give a house,
+whatever its size or style, some dominant note in wall-planting. In my
+own home, which is a house of the large cottage class, the prevailing
+wall-growths are Vines and Figs in the south and west, and, in a shady
+northward facing court between two projecting wings, _Clematis montana_
+on the two cooler sides, and again a Vine upon the other. At one angle
+on the warmer side of the house where the height to the eaves is not
+great, China Roses have been trained up, and Rosemary, which clothes
+the whole foot of the wall, is here encouraged to rise with it. The
+colour of the China Rose bloom and the dusky green of the Rosemary are
+always to me one of the most charming combinations. In remembrance
+of the cottage example lately quoted there is _Pyrus japonica_ under
+the long sitting-room window. I remember another cottage that had a
+porch covered with the golden balls of _Kerria japonica_, and China
+Roses reaching up the greater part of the low walls of half timber
+and plastering; the pink Roses seeming to ask one which of them were
+the loveliest in colour; whether it was those that came against the
+silver-grey of the old oak or those that rested on the warm-white
+plaster. It should be remembered that of all Roses the pink China is
+the one that is more constantly in bloom than any other, for its first
+flowers are perfected before the end of May, and in sheltered places
+the later ones last till Christmas.
+
+The _Clematis montana_ in the court riots over the wall facing east
+and up over the edge of the roof. At least it appears to riot, but is
+really trained and regulated; the training favouring its natural way of
+throwing down streamers and garlands of its long bloom-laden cordage.
+At one point it runs through and over a Guelder Rose that is its only
+wall companion. Then it turns to the left and is trained in garlands
+along a moulded oak beam that forms the base of a timbered wall with
+plastered panels.
+
+But this is only one way of using this lovely climbing plant. Placed at
+the foot of any ragged tree--old worn-out Apple or branching Thorn--or
+a rough brake of Bramble and other wild bushes, it will soon fill or
+cover it with its graceful growth and bounteous bloom. It will rush
+up a tall Holly or clothe an old hedgerow where thorns have run up
+and become thin and gappy, or cover any unsightly sheds or any kind
+of outbuilding. All Clematises prefer a chalky soil, but _montana_
+does not insist on this, and in my pictures they are growing in sandy
+ground. In the end of May it comes into bloom, and is at its best in
+the early days of June. When the flowers are going over and the white
+petals show that slightly shrivelled surface that comes before they
+fall, they give off a sweet scent like vanilla. This cannot always be
+smelt from the actual flowers, but is carried by the air blowing over
+the flowering mass; it is a thing that is often a puzzle to owners of
+gardens some time in the second week of June.
+
+[Illustration: _VINE AND FIG AT DOOR OF MUSHROOM HOUSE._]
+
+[Illustration: _CLEMATIS MONTANA AT ANGLE OF COURT._]
+
+[Illustration: _CLEMATIS MONTANA OVER WORKSHOP WINDOW._]
+
+[Illustration: _CLEMATIS MONTANA TRAINED AS GARLANDS._]
+
+[Illustration: _CLEMATIS FLAMMULA AND SPIRÆA LINDLEYANA ON A WALL._]
+
+[Illustration: _ABUTILON VITIFOLIUM._]
+
+[Illustration: _IPOMŒA "HEAVENLY BLUE" AND CHASSELAS VINE._]
+
+[Illustration: _SOLANUM JASMINOIDES._]
+
+[Illustration: _CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON ANGLE OF COTTAGE._]
+
+[Illustration: _CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON COTTAGE._]
+
+Another of these Clematises, that, like the _montana_ of gardens, is
+very near the wild species and is good for all the same purposes, is
+_C. Flammula_, blooming in September. Very slightly trained it takes
+the form of flowery clouds. The illustrations show it used in various
+ways, on a cottage, on an oak-paled fence and on a wall combined with
+the feathery foliage of _Spiræa Lindleyana_. I do not think there is
+any incident in my garden that has been more favourably noticed than
+the happy growth of these two plants together. The wall faces north
+a little west, and every year it is a delight to see not only the
+beauty of associated form, but the loveliness of the colouring; for the
+Clematis bloom has the warm white of foam and the Spiræa has leaves of
+the rather pale green of Lady Fern besides a graceful fern-like form,
+and a slight twist or turn also of a fern-like character. But this
+Clematis has many other uses, for bowers, arches and pergolas, as well
+as for many varied aspects of wild gardening.
+
+A shrub for wall use that is much neglected though of the highest
+beauty is _Abutilon vitifolium_. In our northern and midland counties
+it may not be hardy, but it does well anywhere south of London. The
+flowers, each two and a half inches across, are borne in large, loose
+clusters, their tender lavender colour harmonising perfectly with the
+greyish, downy foliage.
+
+There is no lovelier or purer blue than that of the newly opened
+_Ipomœa rubro-cœrulea_, popularly known as Heavenly Blue and well
+deserving the name. It must be raised in heat early in the year and be
+put out in June against a warm wall. Here it is in a narrow border at
+the foot of a wall facing south-west, where, by the aid of a few short
+pea-sticks, it climbs into the lower branches of a Vine. The Vine is
+one of the Chasselas kind, with leaves of a rather pale green, almost
+yellowish green, colour that make the best possible foil to the pure
+blue of the Ipomea. To my eye it is the most enjoyable colour-feast of
+the year. _Solanum crispum_, with purple flowers in goodly bunches, is
+one of the best of wall shrubs.
+
+Another of the tender plants that is beautiful for walls and for
+free rambling over other wall-growths is _Solanum jasminoides_. Its
+white clusters come into bloom in middle summer and persist till
+latest autumn. In two gardens near me it is of singular beauty; in
+the one case on the sunny wall of a sheltered court where it covers a
+considerable space, in the other against a high south retaining-wall
+where, from the terrace above, the flowers are seen against the misty
+woodland of the middle distance and the pure grey-blue of the faraway
+hills. Turning round on the very same spot there is the remarkable
+growth of the Sweet Verbena that owes its luxuriance to its roots and
+main shoots being under shelter. There must be unending opportunities,
+where there are verandahs, of having just such bowers of sweetness to
+brush against in passing and to waft scented air to the windows of the
+rooms above.
+
+[Illustration: _CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON A WOODEN FENCE._]
+
+[Illustration: _SWEET VERBENA._]
+
+These notes can only touch upon the more careful use of a few of the
+many climbing plants and trailing shrubs. One of the many garden
+possessions that I ardently desire and can never have is a bit of rocky
+hillside; a place partly of sheer scarp and partly of tumbled and
+outcropping rock-mass, for the best use of these plants. There would
+be the place for the yellow winter Jasmine, for the Honeysuckles both
+bushy and rambling, for the trailing Clematises lately described, and
+for the native _C. Vitalba_, beautiful both in flower and fruit; for
+shrubs like _Forsythia suspensa_ and _Desmodium penduliflorum_ that
+like to root high and then throw down cascades of bloom, and for the
+wichuraiana Roses, also for Gourds and wild Vines. There should be a
+good quarter of a mile of it so that one might plant at perfect ease,
+one thing at a time or one or two in combination, in just such sized
+and shaped groups as would make the most delightful pictures, and in
+just the association that would show the best assortment.
+
+I have seen long stretches of bare chalky banks for year after year
+with nothing done to dispel their bald monotony, feeling inward regret
+at the wasted opportunity; thinking how beautiful they might be made
+with a planting of two common things, _Clematis Vitalba_ and Red Spur
+Valerian. But such examples are without end.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+GROUPINGS OF PLANTS IN POTS
+
+
+It is a common thing in Italian gardens to see a quantity of plants in
+pots standing in various parts of the garden, generally in connexion
+with paved terraces and steps. This is in addition to the larger pot
+plants--Oranges, Lemons, Oleanders, &c., that, in their immense and
+often richly decorated earthenware receptacles, form an important
+part of the garden design. In our climate we cannot have these unless
+there is an Orangery or some such spacious place free from frost for
+housing them in winter. But good groupings of smaller plants in pots is
+a form of ornament that might be made more use of in our own gardens,
+especially where there are paved spaces near a house or in connexion
+with a tank or fountain, so that there is convenient access to means of
+daily watering. I have such a space in a cool court nearly square in
+shape. A middle circle is paved, and all next the house is paved, on
+a level of one shallow step higher. It is on the sides of this raised
+step that the pot plants are grouped, leaving the middle space free
+where there is a wooden seat, and good access to a door to the left.
+
+[Illustration: _POT PLANTS JUST PLACED._]
+
+[Illustration: _PLANTS IN POTS IN THE SHADED COURT: FUNKIA, LILIUM
+LONGIFLORUM, FERNS AND ASPIDISTRA._]
+
+[Illustration: _MAIDEN'S WREATH_ (_FRANCOA RAMOSA_).]
+
+[Illustration: _MAIDEN'S WREATH BY TANK._]
+
+The first thing is to secure good greenery. On each side three oblong
+Italian terra-cotta pots full of _Funkia grandiflora_ stand on the
+lower level. They serve to hide the common flower-pots that are ranged
+behind. The picture shows how it looks a day or two after it is first
+arranged, early in June when the _Clematis montana_ is still in bloom.
+Next above the ornamental pots are common ones also with _Funkia
+grandiflora_. On the inner side of the groups, next the house, are pots
+of Aspidistra, and, against the wall, of Male Fern, and there are more
+Ferns and Funkias for filling spaces between the flowering plants.
+Of these the most important are Lilies--_longiflorum_, _candidum_
+and _speciosum_--and Hydrangeas, but we also have pots of _Gladiolus
+Colvillei_ The Bride, _Campanula persicifolia_ and _C. pyramidalis_ and
+white and pink Cup-and-saucer Canterbury Bells. The last are taken up
+from the ground and potted only just before they come into bloom.
+
+There are seldom more than two kinds of flowering plants placed here at
+a time; the two or three sorts of beautiful foliage are in themselves
+delightful to the eye; often there is nothing with them but Lilies, and
+one hardly desires to have more. There is an ample filling of the green
+plants, so that no pots are seen.
+
+If the place were in the sun the plants chosen would be largely
+Geraniums; two-year-old plants in good-sized pots; and, in place of the
+Ferns that enjoy shade and the Funkias whose leaves often burn in the
+sun, there would be the large leaved _Megasea cordifolia_. Here also
+would be Lilies, Hydrangeas and Cannas, and good store of the graceful
+Maiden's Wreath (_Francoa ramosa_).
+
+The Geraniums would be very carefully assorted for colour; in one
+part of the scheme white and soft pink, in another the rosy scarlets,
+and elsewhere the salmon-reds, now so numerous and good. The last two
+groups might by degrees tone into the pure scarlets, of which the
+best I know and the most delightful in colour is Paul Crampel. The
+colour is pure and brilliant but not _cruel_. I can think of no other
+word that so well describes some scarlets of a harsh quality that
+gives discomfort rather than satisfaction to a sensitive colour-eye.
+Henry Jacoby is to me one of the cruel reds and has no place among my
+flowers. I have no desire to disparage a plant which is so general a
+favourite, but feel sure that its popularity is a good deal owing to
+the fact that the main gardening public is inclined rather to accept
+what is put before it than to take the trouble to search for something
+better. Although the colour of this Geranium is extremely vivid, a
+whole bed of it has a heavy appearance and is wanting in pictorial
+effect.
+
+I have great pleasure in putting together Omphale, palest salmon-pink;
+Mrs. Laurence, a shade deeper; Mrs. Cannell, a salmon-scarlet
+approaching the quality of colour of Phlox Coquelicot, and leading
+these by degrees to the pure, good scarlet of Paul Crampel. A bed or
+clump or border planted with these, or varieties equivalent in colour,
+would be seen to have, in comparison with a bed of Henry Jacoby, a
+quite remarkable degree of life, brilliancy, beauty and interest. The
+colouring would be actually brighter and yet more kind and acceptable
+to the eye.
+
+Had I more strength I should visit the nurseries in order to see all
+the excellent Geraniums that are now grown, and to group them into
+colour-combinations such as could be confidently recommended. As it is,
+I have to depend upon the courtesy of my friends in the horticultural
+trade, when I have occasion to make such combinations, for sending me
+blooms that I can choose from.
+
+For detached vases that stand on pedestals, so that the whole of the
+vase and contents becomes warmed by exposure to sunlight, a condition
+specially grateful to Geraniums, I know no variety more useful than
+King of Denmark. The flowers are in large trusses, half-double, of an
+excellent soft salmon-pink colour; the foliage is bold and well marked;
+the whole plant massive and handsome. For this and any other outdoor
+pot-culture it is best if strong two-year-old plants can be kept.
+
+There are among Geraniums some of a raw magenta-pink that I regret to
+see in many gardens and that will certainly never be admitted into mine.
+
+In designing gardens where there are flagged spaces it is well to
+remember the good effect of summer flowers in slightly raised beds
+with stone edges. Such beds often come happily in conjunction with
+steps and paved landings and designs in which fountains occur. Summer
+flowers, such as Geraniums, Lilies and Cannas, seem to revel in such
+beds and are never seen to better advantage. Owing to the cottage
+character of my house I have little scope for such beds--none at all
+for the best kind with dwarf walls and curbs of moulded freestone,
+but I have one edged with a low wall of local sandstone where there is
+a square landing paved with the same stone and short flights of steps
+in connexion with a tank and a lower garden level. Here Geraniums and
+Cannas luxuriate in shelter and full sunshine.
+
+Maiden's Wreath (_Francoa ramosa_) is a plant for many uses. The
+foliage, though sparing in quantity, is distinct and handsome. The long
+flower-stems are flung out with a kind of determination of character
+that would seem to imply that the plant knows what is expected of it
+and intends to fulfil its settled duty and purpose, namely, that of
+being a graceful and beautiful ornament. Towards the later summer these
+flower-stems become so heavy that there is danger of their weight,
+swayed by a little wind, wrenching out whole portions of the plant.
+Support should be given with short pieces of hazel stick tied half way
+up the stem. In nurseries it is general, and even in private gardens
+not unusual, to see the flowers tied straight upright. This should
+never be, for it not only forces the plant into a form that is entirely
+at variance with its nature, but robs it of its natural grace and
+valuable individuality.
+
+There is no end to the uses of Hydrangeas in pots; a well-bloomed plant
+will give life and interest to many an uninteresting corner; the bloom
+is long-enduring and stands equally well in sun and shade. If the blue
+colour, which comes naturally in some soils is desired, it can be had
+by mixing pounded slate and iron filings with the compost--alum is
+another well-known agent for inducing the blue colour. But I have much
+faith in slate, for the bluest I have ever seen came from a garden on a
+slaty soil.
+
+[Illustration: _GERANIUMS AND CANNAS IN A STONE-EDGED BED._]
+
+[Illustration: _MAIDEN'S WREATH IN POTS ABOVE TANK._]
+
+[Illustration: _FUNKIA, HYDRANGEA AND LILY IN THE SHADED COURT._]
+
+[Illustration: _FUNKIA AND LILIUM SPECIOSUM._]
+
+A few only of the many plants that can with advantage be used in pots
+have been named, but in any case it would be well to bear in mind that
+it is best to restrict the number of kinds shown at once and to make
+sure of the good groundwork of foliage. I have therefore only dwelt
+upon the few that came to mind as the best and easiest to use. But the
+pretty red and white single Fuchsias of the Mme. Cornellisson type
+should not be forgotten, also that the fine Comet and Ostrich Plume
+Asters are capital pot-plants, for, like Canterbury Bells, they bear
+lifting from the open ground just before they flower and even in full
+bloom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Plants grown in pots lead naturally to the consideration of those
+most suitable for tubs. Of these the most important are permanent
+things of shrubby nature--several of the Orange and Lemon family,
+Oleander, Pomegranate, Bay, Myrtle, Datura, Sweet Verbena and dwarf
+Palm, also Hydrangea, Tree Heliotrope and Agapanthus. The last is of
+course a bulbous plant, but from its large, solid foliage and quantity
+of long-enduring bloom it is one of the best of plants for tubs. The
+greater number of these need housing in winter in an Orangery or
+other frost-proof building. Other bushy plants for tub use that are
+hardier are some of the Veronicas, such as _Traversi_, _speciosa_ and
+_hulkeana_, _Olearia Haastii_ and _O. Gunni_. Tree Peonies, though
+rarely so used, are capital tub plants, and, though they are not very
+long in flower, their supreme beauty makes them desirable. They should
+certainly be grown in places where labour is not restricted and where
+there are suitable places for standing such plants away and caring for
+them in the off season.
+
+For the same kind of use the Tree Lupines, both white and yellow, would
+be excellent. _Funkia Sieboldi_ also makes a handsome tub, while for
+summer filling Cannas are admirable and old Geraniums in bush form
+always acceptable. I have never seen Acanthus used in this way, but can
+see no reason against it. The smaller Bamboos, such as the handsome
+broad-leaved _B. tessellata_, are very good in tubs. In speaking
+of plants suitable for tubs, I take the word to include the larger
+sizes of terra-cotta pots; but Agapanthus should never be planted in
+earthenware, as the roots, which remain for many years undisturbed,
+have so strong a rending power that they will burst anything less
+resisting than iron-hooped wood.
+
+It is rare to see, anywhere in England, plant-tubs painted a pleasant
+colour. In nearly every garden they are painted a strong raw green
+with the hoops black, whereas any green that is not bright and raw
+would be much better. This matter of the colouring of all such garden
+accessories as have to be painted deserves more attention than it
+commonly receives. Doors in garden walls, trellises, wooden railings
+and hand-gates and seats--all these and any other items of woodwork
+that stand out in the garden and are seen among its flowers and foliage
+should, if painted green, be of such a green as does not for brightness
+come into competition with the green of leaves. In the case of tubs
+especially, it is the plant that is to be considered first--not the
+tub. The bright, harsh green on the woodwork makes the colour of the
+foliage look dull and ineffective. It would be desirable, in the
+case of solitary tub plants, to study the exact colour that would be
+most becoming to the flower and foliage; but as it is needful, to
+avoid a patchy appearance, to paint the whole of the tubs in any one
+garden-scheme the same colour, a tint should be chosen that is quiet in
+itself and that is lower in tone than the dullest of the foliage in any
+of the examples. Moreover, there is no reason for painting the hoops
+black; it is much better to paint the whole out of one pot.
+
+A good quiet green can be made with black, chrome No. 1 and white
+lead; enough white being mixed to give the depth or lightness desired.
+A pretty colour of paint is much used in France that approximates to
+the colourman's malachite green. This is not the bright colour of
+malachite as we know the polished stone, but a pale, opaque bluish
+green approaching the turquoise tints. In the bright, clear climate of
+France, and in connexion with the higher type of French architecture,
+also in more southern countries, the colour looks very well, though it
+is not becoming to some foliage; but something quieter and more sober
+is better suited for England.
+
+Elsewhere I have written of the deplorable effect in the garden
+landscape of the glaring white paint--still worse when tinted
+blue--that emphasises the ugliness of the usual greenhouse or
+conservatory. This may be mitigated, if the unsightly structure cannot
+be concealed, by adding to the white a good deal of black and raw
+umber, till the paint is of the quiet warm grey that for some strange
+reason is known to house-painters as Portland-stone colour.
+
+[Illustration: _LILIUM AURATUM._]
+
+[Illustration: _A TUB HYDRANGEA._]
+
+[Illustration: _STEPS AND HYDRANGEAS._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE NARROW SOUTH LAWN._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+SOME GARDEN PICTURES
+
+
+When the eye is trained to perceive pictorial effect, it is frequently
+struck by something--some combination of grouping, lighting and
+colour--that is seen to have that complete aspect of unity and beauty
+that to the artist's eye forms a picture. Such are the impressions
+that the artist-gardener endeavours to produce in every portion of the
+garden. Many of these good intentions fail, some come fairly well, a
+few reward him by a success that was beyond anticipation. When this is
+the case it is probably due to some cause that had been overlooked but
+that had chanced to complete his intention, such as the position of
+the sun in relation to some wished-for colour-picture. Then there are
+some days during the summer when the quality of light seems to tend to
+an extraordinary beauty of effect. I have never been able to find out
+how the light on these occasions differs from that of ordinary fine
+summer days, but, when these days come, I know them and am filled with
+gladness.
+
+In the case of my own garden, as far as deliberate intention goes,
+what is aimed at is something quite simple and devoid of complication;
+generally one thing or a very limited number of flowering things at
+a time, but that one, or those few things, carefully placed so as to
+avoid fuss, and to please the eye and give ease to the mind. In many
+cases the aim has been to show some delightful colour-combination
+without regard to the other considerations that go to the making of
+a more ambitious picture. It may be a group in a shrub border, or a
+combination of border and climbing plants, or some carefully designed
+company of plants in the rock garden. I have a little rose that I
+call the Fairy Rose. It came to me from a cottage garden, and I have
+never seen it elsewhere. It grows about a foot high and has blush-pink
+flowers with the colour deepening to the centre. In character the
+flower is somewhere between the lovely Blush Boursault at its best and
+the little De Meaux. It is an inch and a half across and of beautiful
+form, especially in the half-opened bud. Wishing to enjoy its beauty
+to the utmost, and to bring it comfortably within sight, I gave it a
+shelf in raised rock-work and brought near and under it a clear pale
+lilac Viola and a good drift of _Achillea umbellata_. It was worth
+doing. Another combination that gives me much pleasure is that of the
+pink Pompon Rose Mignonette with Catmint and whitish foliage, such as
+Stachys or _Artemisia stelleriana_. I may have mentioned this before,
+but it is so pretty that it deserves repetition.
+
+In a shrubbery border the fine _Spiræa Aruncus_ is beautiful with
+an interplanting of _Thalictrum purpureum_. At the end of a long
+flower-clump there is a yew hedge coming forward at right angles to
+the length of the border. Behind the hedge is a stone wall with an
+arch, through which the path in front of the border passes. Over
+the stone arch and rambling partly over the yews are the vigorous
+many-flowered growths of _Clematis Flammula_. In the end of the border
+are pale sulphur-coloured Hollyhocks. Both in form and colour this was
+a delightful picture; the foam-like masses of the Clematis resting on
+the dusky richness of the yew; the straight shafts of the Hollyhock
+giving clear colour and agreeing with the upright lines of the sides
+of the archway, which showed dimly in the shade. These are only a few
+incidents out of numbers that occur or are intentionally arranged.
+
+There is a place near my house where a path leads down through a
+nut-walk to the further garden. It is crossed by a shorter path that
+ends at a Birch tree with a tall silvered trunk. It seemed desirable
+to accentuate the point where the paths cross; I therefore put down
+four square platforms of stone "pitching" as a place for the standing
+of four Hydrangeas in tubs. Just before the tree is a solid wooden
+seat and a shallow wide step done with the same stone pitching. Tree
+and seat are surrounded on three sides by a rectangular planting of
+yews. The tender greys of the rugged lower bark of the Birch and the
+silvering of its upper stem tell finely against the dark velvet-like
+richness of the Yew and the leaf-mass of other trees beyond; the pink
+flowers and fresh green foliage of the Hydrangeas are also brilliant
+against the dusky green. It is just one simple picture that makes one
+glad for three months of the later summer and early autumn. The longer
+cross-path, which on the right leads in a few yards to steps up to
+the paved court on the north side of the house, on the left passes
+down the nut-walk as the second illustration shows. The Birch tree and
+seat are immediately to the right, just out of the picture. Standing a
+little way down the shaded nut-walk and looking back, the Hydrangeas
+are seen in another aspect, with the steps and house behind them in
+shade, and the sun shining through their pale green leaves. Sitting on
+the seat, the eye, passing between the pink Hydrangea flowers, sees a
+short straight path bounded by a wall of Tree Box to right and left,
+and at the far end one tub of pale blue Hydrangea in shade, backed by a
+repetition of the screen of Yews such as enclose the Birch tree.
+
+On the south side of the house there is a narrow border full of
+Rosemary, with China Roses and a Vine, as shown in the illustration
+opposite p. 106. Here the narrow lawn, backed by woodland, is higher
+than the house-level. Shallow steps lead up to it in the middle, and
+to right and left is low dry-walling. On the upper edge of this is a
+hedge of Scotch Briars, shown in full bloom at p. 48, and in the narrow
+border below, a planting of the low-growing _Andromeda (Leucothoë)
+axillaris_, a little shrub that is neat throughout the year and in
+winter prettily red-tinted.
+
+[Illustration: _HYDRANGEA TUBS AND BIRCH-TREE SEAT._]
+
+[Illustration: _HYDRANGEA TUBS AND NUT WALK._]
+
+[Illustration: _WHITE LILIES._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE STEPS AND THEIR INCIDENTS._]
+
+The beautiful White Lily cannot be grown in the hot sandy soil of my
+garden. Even if its place be ever so well prepared with the loam and
+lime that it loves, the surrounding soil-influences seem to rob it of
+its needful nourishment; it makes a miserable show for one year and
+never appears again. The only way to grow it is in pots or tubs sunk
+in the soil. For some years I had wished to have an orderly planting
+of this lovely Lily in the lower border at the back of the Andromeda
+just in front of the Briars. I had no flower-pots deep enough, or wide
+enough at the bottom, but was able to make a contrivance with some
+short, broad, unglazed drain-pipes, measuring a foot long and of about
+the same diameter, by cementing in an artificial bottom made of pieces
+of roofing-tile and broken flower-pot, leaving spaces for drainage.
+Then three bulbs were put in each pot in a compost that I knew they
+would enjoy. When they were half grown the pots were sunk in holes at
+nearly even distances among the Andromedas, and in a few weeks my row
+of Lilies gave me my reward. Other Lilies (_L. longiflorum_) follow
+them a month later, just beyond in the wood edge among tufts of Male
+Fern, and a pot of Francoa is to right and left of the shallow steps.
+
+During the last year or two some pretty incidents have occurred about
+these same steps; not important enough to call garden pictures, but
+charming and interesting and easily enjoyable because they are close to
+the open garden door of the sitting-room and because they teach me to
+look out for the desirable things that come of themselves. A seedling
+of the wild Clematis (_C. Vitalba_) appeared among the Briars to the
+left. As it was too strong a plant to let grow over them unchecked,
+I pulled it forward towards the steps, training one or two shoots to
+run along the hollow of the step and laying on them pieces of stone
+invisible among the foliage, to keep them from being dislodged by the
+skirts of visitors or the gambols of my cats. At the same time, in a
+crack of the stone just below the upper step there came a seedling of
+the tall Chimney Campanula (_C. pyramidalis_). The second year this
+threw up its tall flower-stem and was well in bloom when it was wrecked
+by an early autumn gale, the wind wrenching out the crown and upper
+root-stock. But a little shred of rooted life remained and now there is
+again the sturdy tuft promising more flower-stems for the coming season.
+
+Close behind the Bell-flower a spreading sheet of Wild Thyme has crept
+out of the turf and spread rather widely over the stone. Luckily I just
+saved it from the tidying process that threatened it, and as it is now
+well established over the stone I still have the pleasure of its bright
+rosy bloom when the duties of the mowing-machine rob me of the other
+tiny flowers--Hawkweed, Milkwort and Bedstraw--that bloom so bravely in
+the intervals between its ruthless but indispensable ministrations.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+A BEAUTIFUL FRUIT GARDEN
+
+
+There is a whole range of possible beautiful treatment in fruit-growing
+that is rarely carried out or even attempted. Hitherto but little
+has been done to make the fruit garden a place of beauty; we find it
+almost flaunting its unloveliness, its white painted orchard-houses
+and vineries, its wires and wire nettings. It is not to be denied that
+all these are necessary, and that the usual and most obvious way of
+working them does not make for beauty. But in designing new gardens or
+remodelling old, on a rather large scale, there need be no difficulty
+in so arranging that all that is necessarily unbeautiful should be kept
+in one department, so hedged or walled around as to be out of sight.
+
+In addition to such a fruit garden for strict utility I have in mind a
+walled enclosure of about an acre and a half, longer than wide, laid
+out as shown in the plan. I have seen in large places just such spaces,
+actually walled but put to no use.
+
+The wall has trained fruit-trees--Peaches spreading their goodly
+fans, Pears showing long, level lines, and, including hardy Grape
+Vines, giving all the best exposition of the hardy fruit-grower's
+art. Next to the wall is a space six feet wide for ample access to
+the fruit-trees, their pruning, training and root-management; then a
+fourteen-foot plant border, wholly for beauty, and a path eight feet
+wide. At a middle point on all four sides the high wall has an arched
+doorway corresponding to the grassy way between the fruit-trees in
+the middle space. If the wall has some symmetrical building on the
+outside of each angle so much the better; the garden can make use
+of all. One may be a bothy, with lower extension out of sight; one
+a half-underground fruit-store, with bulb-store above; a third a
+paint-shop, and a fourth a tea-house.
+
+The middle space is all turf; in the centre a Mulberry, and, both ways
+across, double lines of fruit-trees, ending with Bays; the Bays are
+at the ends on the plan. In almost any part of the sea-warmed south
+of England, below the fifty-first parallel of latitude which passes
+through the upper part of Sussex, the rows of fruit-trees on the
+green might be standard Figs; elsewhere they would be bush Pears and
+Apples. If the soil is calcareous, so much the better for the Figs and
+Mulberry, the Vines and indeed nearly all the fruits. The angle-clumps
+in the grass are planted with Magnolias, Yuccas and Hydrangeas.
+
+The border all round is for small shrubs and plants of some solidity or
+importance; the spaces are too long for an ordinary flower border. It
+would have a good bush of _Magnolia stellata_ at each angle, Yuccas,
+Tritomas, hardy Fuchsias, Peonies, _Euphorbia Wulfenii_, Hollyhocks,
+Dahlias, Hydrangeas, Michaelmas Daisies, Flag Iris, the beautiful
+_Olearia Gunni_ and _O. Haastii_, Tree Lupines, Forsythia, Weigela,
+the smaller Bush Spiræas, Veronicas, Tamarisk, the large-bloomed
+Clematises, bush kinds of garden Roses, Funkias, and so on.
+
+[Illustration: _THE BEAUTIFUL FRUIT GARDEN._]
+
+Surely my fruit garden would be not only a place of beauty, of pleasant
+sight and pleasant thought, but of leisurely repose, a repose broken
+only faintly and in welcome fashion by its own interests--in July,
+August and September a goodly place in which to wander and find
+luscious fruits in quantity that can be gathered and eaten straight
+from the tree. There is a pleasure in searching for and eating fruit in
+this way that is far better than having it picked by the gardener and
+brought in and set before one on a dish in a tame room. Is this feeling
+an echo of faraway days of savagery when men hunted for their food
+and rejoiced to find it, or is it rather the poet's delight of having
+direct intercourse with the good gift of the growing thing and seeing
+and feeling through all the senses how good and gracious the thing is?
+To pass the hand among the leaves of the Fig-tree, noting that they are
+a little harsh upon the upper surface and yet soft beneath; to be aware
+of their faint, dusky scent; to see the cracking of the coat of the
+fruit and the yellowing of the neck where it joins the branch--the two
+indications of ripeness--sometimes made clearer by the drop of honeyed
+moisture at the eye; then the handling of the fruit itself, which
+must needs be gentle because the tender coat is so readily bruised
+and torn; at the same time observing the slight greyish bloom and the
+colouring--low-toned transitions of purple and green; and finally to
+have the enjoyment of the luscious pulp, with the knowledge that it is
+one of the most wholesome and sustaining of fruit foods--surely all
+this is worthy garden service! Then how delicious are the sun-warmed
+Apricots and Peaches, and, later in the year, the Jargonelle Pears,
+always best eaten straight from the tree; and the ripe Mulberries of
+September. And how pleasant to stroll about the wide grassy ways,
+turning from the fruits to the flowers in the clumps and borders, to
+the splendid Yuccas and the masses of Hydrangea bloom, and then to the
+gorgeous Tritomas and other delights; and to see the dignity of the
+stately Bay-trees and the incomparable beauty of their every twig and
+leaf.
+
+The beautiful fruit garden would naturally lead to the orchard, a
+place that is not so often included in the pleasure-ground as it
+deserves. For what is more lovely than the bloom of orchard-trees
+in April and May, with the grass below in its strong, young growth;
+in itself a garden of Cowslips and Daffodils. In an old orchard how
+pictorial are the lines of the low-leaning old Apple-trunks and the
+swing and poise of their upper branches, best seen in winter when their
+graceful movement of line and wonderful sense of balance can be fully
+appreciated. But the younger orchard has its beauty too, of fresh,
+young life and wealth of bloom and bounteous bearing.
+
+Then if the place of the orchard suggests a return to nearer
+pleasure-ground with yet some space between, how good to make this
+into a free garden orchard for the fruits of wilder character; for
+wide-spreading Medlars, for Quinces, again some of the most graceful
+of small British trees; for Service, Damson, Bullace, Crabs and their
+many allies, not fruit-bearing trees except from the birds' and
+botanists' points of view, but beautiful both in bloom and berry, such
+as the Mountain Ash, Wild Cherry, Blackthorn, and the large-berried
+White-thorns, Bird-cherry, White Beam, Holly and Amelanchier. Then all
+these might be intergrouped with great brakes of the free-growing Roses
+and the wilder kinds of Clematis and Honeysuckle. And right through
+it should be a shady path of Filberts or Cobnuts arching overhead and
+yielding a bountiful autumn harvest.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+PLANTING FOR WINTER COLOUR
+
+
+Much cheerful positive colour, other than that given by flowers or
+leaves, may be obtained in winter by using a good selection of small
+trees with coloured bark. Of these the most useful are the Red Dogwood
+and some of the willows. This planting for colour of bright-barked
+trees is no new thing, for something like half a century ago the late
+Lord Somers, at Eastnor Castle near Malvern, used to "paint his woods,"
+as he described it, in this way.
+
+The Cardinal Willow has bright red bark, _Salix britzensis_ orange, and
+the Golden Osier bright yellow. The yearly growth has the best-coloured
+bark, so that when they are employed for giving colour it is usual to
+cut them every winter; moreover, the large quantity of young shoots
+that the cutting induces naturally increases the density of the
+colour-effect. But if they are planted in a rather large way it is
+better that the regular winter cutting should be restricted to those
+near the outer edge, and to let a good proportion of those within stand
+for two or more years, and to have some in the background that are
+never cut at all, but that are allowed to grow to their full size and
+to show their natural habit.
+
+It will also be well to avoid planting them exclusively sort by sort,
+but to group and intergroup carefully assorted colours, such as the
+scarlet Willow with the purple-barked kind, and to let this pass into
+the American Willow with the black stem. Such a group should not be too
+large, and it should be near the pathway, for it will show best near
+at hand. For the sake of the bark-colouring, it would be best to cut
+it all every year, although in the larger plantings it is desirable to
+have the trees of different ages, or the effect may be too much that of
+a mere crop instead of a well-arranged garden grouping.
+
+Some of the garden Roses, both of the free-growing and bush kinds, have
+finely coloured bark that can be used in much the same way. They are
+specially good in broken ground, such as the banks of an old hollow
+cart-way converted to garden use, or the sloping _débris_ of a quarry.
+Of the free kinds, the best coloured are _Rosa ferruginea_, whose
+leaves are red as well as the stem--it is the _Rosa rubrifolia_ of
+nurseries;--and the varieties of Boursault Roses, derived from _Rosa
+alpina_. As bushes for giving reddish colouring, _Rosa lucida_ would be
+among the best.
+
+By waterside the Great Reedmace--commonly but wrongly called
+Bulrush--holds its handsome seed-heads nearly through the winter, and
+beds of the Common Reed (_Arundo Phragmites_) stand up winter through
+in masses of light, warm colouring that are grateful to the eye and
+suggest comfortable harbourage for wildfowl.
+
+Some shrubs have conspicuously green bark, such as the Spindletree;
+but the habit of growth is rather too diffuse to let it make a distinct
+show of colour. _Leycesteria formosa_ is being tried in mass for winter
+colour in some gardens, but I venture to feel a little doubtful of its
+success; for though the skin of the half-woody stem is bright green,
+the plant has the habit of retaining some of its leaves and the remains
+of its flowering tips till January, or even later. After frost these
+have the appearance of untidy grey rags, and are distinctly unsightly.
+The brightest effect of all green-barked plants is that given by
+Whortleberry, a plant that on peaty or sandy soils is one of the most
+enjoyable of winter undershrubs.
+
+It would add greatly to the enjoyment of many country places if
+some portions were planted with evergreens expressly for winter
+effect. Some region on the outskirts of the garden, and between it
+and woodland, would be the most desirable. If well done the sense of
+wintry discomfort would disappear, for nearly all the growing things
+would be at their best, and even in summer, shrubs and plants can do
+no more than this. In summer, too, it would be good to see, for the
+green things would have such an interplanting of free Roses, Jasmines,
+Clematis, Honeysuckles, Forsythia, and so on, as would make charming
+incidents of flower-beauty.
+
+The place for this winter walk should be sheltered from the north and
+east. I have such a place in my mind's eye, where, beyond the home
+garden and partly wooded old shrubbery, there is a valley running up
+into a fir-wooded hill. The path goes up the hillside diagonally,
+with a very gentle gradient. In the cooler, lower portion there would
+be Rhododendrons and Kalmias, with lower growths of Skimmia and
+Gaultheria. Close to the path, on the less sunny side, would be Lent
+Hellebores and the delightful winter greenery of Epimedium. Then in
+full sun _Andromeda japonica_, and on the shadier side _Andromeda
+floribunda_. Both of these hard and rather brittle-wooded shrubs
+belong to the group properly named _Pieris_, and form dense bushes
+four or more feet high. At their foot would be the lower-growing
+Andromedas of the _Leucothoē_ section, with lissome branches of a more
+willow-like character. These make a handsome ground-carpeting from
+one to two feet high, beautiful at all seasons--the leaves in winter
+tinted or marbled with red. Portions of the cooler side would also
+have fringes of Hartstongue and Polypody, both winter ferns. Then, as
+the path rose into more direct sunlight, there would be Cistuses--in
+all mild winter days giving off their strong, cordial scent--and the
+dwarf Rhododendrons. Behind the Cistuses would be White Broom, finely
+green-stemmed in winter. There would even be shrubs in flower; the
+thick-set yellowish bloom of Witch Hazel (_Hamamelis_) and the bright
+yellow of _Jasminum nudiflorum_. Then groups of Junipers, and all
+the ground carpeted with Heath, and so to the upper Fir-wood. Then,
+after the comforting greenery of the lower region, the lovely colour
+of distant winter landscape would be intensely enjoyable; for the
+greys and purples of the leafless woodland of middle distance have
+a beauty that no summer landscape can show. In clear weather the
+further distances have tints of an extraordinary purity, while the more
+frequent days of slightly distant haze have another kind of beautiful
+mystery.
+
+The common Laurel is generally seen as a long-suffering garden hack,
+put to all sorts of rather ignoble uses. It is so cheap to buy, so
+quick of growth, and so useful as an easily made screen that its
+better use is, except in rare instances, lost sight of. Planted in
+thin woodland and never pruned, it grows into a small tree that takes
+curious ways and shapes of trunk and branch of a character that is
+remarkably pictorial.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+FORM IN PLANTING
+
+
+If in the foregoing chapters I have dwelt rather insistently on matters
+of colour, it is not that I under-rate the equal importance of form and
+proportion, but that I think that the question of colour, as regards
+its more careful use, is either more commonly neglected or has had
+fewer exponents. As in all matters relating to design in gardening,
+the good placing of plants in detail is a matter of knowledge of an
+artistic character. The shaping of every group of plants, to have the
+best effect, should not only be definitely intended but should be done
+with an absolute conviction by the hand that feels the _drawing_ that
+the group must have in relation to what is near, or to the whole form
+of the clump or border or whatever the nature of the place may be. I
+am only too well aware that to many this statement may convey no idea
+whatever, nevertheless I venture to insist upon its truth. Moreover,
+I am addressing this book to the consideration of those who are in
+sympathy with my views of gardening, among whom I know there are many
+who, even if they have not made themselves able, by study and long
+practice, to show in groundwork and garden design the quality known to
+artists as _drawing_--by which is meant a right movement of line and
+form and group--can at least recognise its value--indeed its supreme
+importance--when it is present, and do not, in its absence, fail to
+feel that the thing shown is without life, spirit, or reasonable
+justification.
+
+[Illustration: _A WILD HEATH GARDEN._
+
+_Upper Figure: As First Planted._
+
+_Lower Figure: After Alteration._]
+
+Even a proficiency in some branch of fine art does not necessarily
+imply ability to lay out ground. I have known, in the intimate
+association of half a lifetime, a landscape painter, whose
+interpretation of natural beauty was of the most refined and poetical
+quality, and who truly loved flowers and beautiful vegetation, but who
+was quite incapable of personally arranging a garden; although it is
+more usual that an artist should almost unconsciously place plants well.
+
+It is therefore not to be expected that it is enough to buy good
+plants and merely to tell the gardener of average ability to plant
+them in groups, as is now often done with the very best intention. It
+is impossible for the gardener to know what is meant. In all the cases
+that have come under my notice, where such indefinite instruction has
+been given, the things have been planted in stiff blocks. Quite lately
+I came upon such an example in the garden of a friend who is by no
+means without a sense of beauty. There was a bank-like space on the
+outskirts of the pleasure-ground where it was wished to have a wild
+Heath garden. A better place could hardly be, for the soil is light
+and sandy and the space lies out in full sunlight. The ground had
+been thrown about into ridges and valleys, but without any reference
+to its natural form, whereas with half the labour it might have been
+guided into slight hollows, ridges, and promontories of good line and
+proportion. I found it planted as in the upper plan; the path stiffly
+edged with one kind of Heath on one side and another kind on the other;
+the back planting in rectangular blocks; near the front bushes of
+Veronica at exactly even distances, and between them the same number of
+Heaths in each interval quite stiffly planted. Some of the blocks at
+the back were of Violets--plants quite unsuited to the place. Yet, only
+leaving out the Violets, all the same plants might have been disposed
+so as to come quite easily and naturally as shown on the lower plan.
+Then a thin sowing of the finer Heath grasses, to include the pathway,
+where alone they would be mown, and a clever interplanting of wild
+Thyme and the native Wood Sage (_Teucrium Scorodonia_), common on the
+neighbouring heaths, would have put the whole thing together and would
+have given the impression, so desirable in wild planting, of the thing
+having so happened, rather than of its having been artificially made.
+
+In planting or thinning trees also, the whole ultimate good of the
+effect will depend on this sense of form and good grouping. If these
+qualities are secured, the result in after years will be a poem; if
+they are neglected it will be nothing but a crop.
+
+I can imagine nothing more interesting than the guiding and
+part-planting of large stretches of natural young woodland with some
+hilly ground above and water at the foot. As it is, I have to be
+content with my little wood of ten acres; yet I am truly glad to have
+even that small space to treat with reverent thankfulness and watchful
+care.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  A
+
+  Abutilon vitifolium, 66, 109
+
+  Acanthus, 25, 88;
+    as tub plant, 118
+
+  Achillea, The Pearl, 72
+
+  Adonis, 25
+
+  Æsculus, 73
+
+  Agapanthus, 117
+
+  Agathea cœlestis, 49, 63
+
+  Ageratum, 81, 102
+
+  Alexandrian Laurel, 104
+
+  Alpenrose, 19, 33, 85
+
+  Alyssum, 26
+
+  Amelanchier, 12
+
+  Anchusa, 43, 46
+
+  Andromeda, 13, 19, 33, 85, 124, 136
+
+  Anemone sylvestris, 37;
+    japonica, 81
+
+  Annuals, half hardy, 50, 57;
+    hardy, 57
+
+  Apples, 131
+
+  Arbutus, 85
+
+  Arenaria balearica, 33;
+    montana, 34
+
+  Artemisia stelleriana, 63, 72, 80
+
+  Asarum, 16, 34
+
+  Asters, China, 74, 81, 117;
+    perennial, 72, 80, 128
+
+  August, Flower-border in, 65
+
+  Aubrietia, 27
+
+  Aucuba, 104
+
+  Azalea, 84
+
+
+  B
+
+  Bambusa tessellata, 88;
+    as tub plant, 118
+
+  Bay, 128
+
+  Bedding plants, 50
+
+  Begonias, 81;
+    with Megasea, 82
+
+  Blue flowers, 63, 68
+
+  Blue garden, 90, 103
+
+  Briars, Scotch, 46, 124
+
+  Broom, white, 36, 37, 136
+
+  Bulb-border, 5
+
+
+  C
+
+  Camassia, 34
+
+  Campanula pyramidalis in steps, 126;
+    persicifolia, 40, 105;
+    lactiflora, 58
+
+  Campanulas in pots, 113
+
+  Canna, 70, 78;
+    in pots, 113
+
+  Canterbury Bells, 50;
+    in pots, 113
+
+  Caryopteris, 73
+
+  Catmint, 46, 72, 102
+
+  Chalky banks, plants for, 111
+
+  China Rose, 107
+
+  Choisya ternata, 50
+
+  Cineraria maritima, 63, 65, 72, 80
+
+  Cistus, 13, 19, 61, 66, 85, 136
+
+  Clematis montana, 29, 34, 39, 50, 107
+
+  C. davidiana, 68, 79
+
+  C. Flammula, 54, 109
+
+  C. recta, 62, 103
+
+  C. Vitalba, 85, 111
+
+  Climbing plants, 106
+
+  Colour, in woodland, 1;
+    scheme of Rhododendrons, 15;
+    of old Scotch Fir, 17;
+    tender in spring garden, 24;
+    strong in spring garden, 25
+
+  Colour-combinations, 47, 51, 60, 72, 73, 122
+
+  Colour, optical effect of, 52;
+    gardens of special, 89;
+    of paint for garden accessories, 119
+
+  Colour-planting for winter, 133
+
+  Coltsfoot, variegated, 81, 104
+
+  Columbines, 35, 40, 85
+
+  Coreopsis, 59, 70
+
+  Corydalis ochroleuca, 27, 37
+
+  Cottage gardens, 106
+
+  Cranesbill, 42, 49
+
+  Crown Imperial, 25
+
+
+  D
+
+  Daffodils, 7, 14
+
+  Dahlias, 66, 70, 78, 81, 128;
+    best kinds for border use, 82
+
+  Daphne Mezereon, 2
+
+  Delphinium Belladonna, 63, 103;
+    grandiflorum, 63
+
+  Dentaria, 28, 85
+
+  Desmodium penduliflorum, 111
+
+  Dictamnus, 24, 50
+
+  Dielytra spectabilis, 27
+
+  Dog-tooth Violet, 2
+
+  Drifts in planting, 2, 11, 15, 24
+
+
+  E
+
+  Elymus, 65, 67, 102;
+    in the grey garden, 102
+
+  Empty spaces in borders, filling up, 55, 67
+
+  Epilobium, 85
+
+  Epimedium, 34, 38, 85
+
+  Eryngium, 59, 72, 104
+
+  Eulalia, 65, 104
+
+  Euphorbia Wulfenii, 22, 38, 50, 128
+
+  Evergreens for winter effect, 135
+
+  Exochorda, 36
+
+
+  F
+
+  Fern, Lady, 13, 34;
+    Osmunda, 13;
+    Fern, Male, 6, 13, 35, 39, 125;
+    dilated shield, 13, 22;
+    Polypody, 13;
+    hardy Ferns, 85, 88, 104, 136;
+    Ferns in pots, 113
+
+  Fern walk, 15
+
+  Feverfew, Golden Feather, 81
+
+  Fig, 107, 128
+
+  Flower-border, 50
+
+  Form in planting, 138
+
+  Forsythia suspensa, 4, 111, 130
+
+  Foxgloves, 16, 40, 44, 85
+
+  Francoa, 113, 116
+
+  Fruit garden, beautiful, 127
+
+  Fuchsia, 117, 128
+
+  Fumaria bulbosa, 6
+
+  Funkia, 86, 104, 112;
+    F. Sieboldi as tub plant, 118
+
+
+  G
+
+  Galvanised iron roof, treatment of, 56
+
+  Gaultheria, 13, 84, 136
+
+  Gentiana asclepiadea, 85
+
+  Geranium ibericum, 42
+
+  Geraniums (Pelargonium), 113
+
+  Gladiolus, 70, 79;
+    in pots, 113
+
+  Godetia, 72
+
+  Gold garden, 90;
+    plants for, 92
+
+  Golden Elder, 100
+
+  Golden Plane, 91
+
+  Goodyera, 16
+
+  Gourds, 111
+
+  Green-barked shrubs, 135
+
+  Green garden, 104
+
+  Grey garden, 90, 101;
+    plants for, 101
+
+  Grey plants, 4, 51, 60, 65, 71, 80, 101
+
+  Grouping of plants, 140
+
+  Guelder Rose, 36, 108
+
+  Gypsophila, 53, 70, 72, 87, 102
+
+
+  H
+
+  Heath, 19, 20, 85, 136;
+    path, 19
+
+  Helenium pumilum, 70
+
+  Helianthus, 69, 79;
+    in the Gold garden, 100
+
+  Hellebores, Lent, 2, 6, 34
+
+  Heracleum, 44
+
+  Heuchera Richardsoni, 26, 29
+
+  Hidden Garden, 32
+
+  Hill-side for planting, 38
+
+  Hollyhock, 70, 128
+
+  Hydrangea, 67, 113, 116, 128;
+    as tub plants, 123;
+    H. paniculata, 87
+
+
+  I
+
+  Iberis, see Spring-garden, 50
+
+  Ipomæa Heavenly Blue, 110
+
+  Iris, dwarf, 29;
+    Cengialti, 34;
+    flag-leaved, 31, 32, 39, 42, 49, 128;
+    special borders of, 44
+
+
+  J
+
+  Jasminum nudiflorum, 111, 136
+
+  July, flower-border, 58
+
+  June garden, 39;
+    climbers in June, 47
+
+  Juniper, 136
+
+
+  K
+
+  Kalmia, 84
+
+  Kerria, 107
+
+
+  L
+
+  Laburnum, arch of, 80
+
+  Lavender, 72, 73;
+    dwarf, 63
+
+  Laurel, 137
+
+  Ledum palustre, 85
+
+  Lent Hellebores, 2, 6, 136
+
+  Leycesteria formosa, 28, 135
+
+  Lilies, 35, 85, 103;
+    in the grey garden, 101;
+    in pots, 113
+
+  Lilium auratum, 12, 80;
+    longiflorum, 68, 72, 125;
+    giganteum, 29;
+    candidum, 103, 104, 124
+
+  Lily of the Valley, 86
+
+  Lithospermum, 26
+
+  Lobelias, 66
+
+  Lupines, 39;
+    tree lupines, 45, 88, 103, 130;
+    as tub plants, 118
+
+
+  M
+
+  Magnolia, 107;
+    conspicua, 4, 66;
+    stellata, 5, 128
+
+  Maiden's Wreath, 113, 116
+
+  Maize, 103
+
+  Marigold, African, 68, 79, 81
+
+  May-blooming shrubs, 36
+
+  Megasea, 86;
+    in bulb-border, 6;
+    in spring garden, 22;
+    in pots, 113
+
+  Mertensia, 25
+
+  Mowing-machine, track of, 14
+
+  Mulberry, 128
+
+  Mulching the flower-border, 51
+
+  Mullein, 44
+
+  Myosotis, 25
+
+  Myrrhis, 22, 104
+
+  Myrtle, 107
+
+
+  N
+
+  Narcissus, in bulb-border, 7
+
+  Nepeta Mussini, with grey plants, 46
+
+  Nut-walk, 132
+
+
+  O
+
+  Olearia Haastii, 73, 130;
+    O. Gunni, 128
+
+  Orchard, 131;
+    wild orchard, 132
+
+  Orobus vernus, 27
+
+  Othonna, 38
+
+
+  P
+
+  Paint for tubs, &c., 118
+
+  Paths, wood, 13
+
+  Papaver rupifragum, 43;
+    P. pilosum, 43;
+    P. orientale, 43
+
+  Pea, White Everlasting, 53, 65, 72, 103
+
+  Pentstemons, 40, 63, 79
+
+  Peonies, 39, 41, 88, 128
+
+  Peony albiflora, 42
+
+  Peony, tree, 26, 33;
+    as tub plants, 117
+
+  Perowskya, 73
+
+  Phlomis, 80
+
+  Phlox divaricata, 26, 31, 33;
+    amœna, 26;
+    stellaria, 31
+
+  Pictures, living, 5, 9;
+    some garden, 121
+
+  Planting in drifts, 15, 24
+
+  Plumbago capense, 79, 103
+
+  Polygonum, 86
+
+  Pots, plants in, 112
+
+  Primrose Garden, 31
+
+  Privet, golden, 65
+
+  Pyrus japonica, 4, 106
+
+  Pyrus malus floribunda, 36
+
+
+  Q
+
+  Quarries, desirable for planting, 111
+
+
+  R
+
+  Reed, 134
+
+  Reedmace, 134
+
+  Rhododendron, 3, 12, 84, 136
+
+  Ribbon Grass, 104
+
+  Robinia, 66
+
+  Rocky hillside, planting for, 111
+
+  Rosa altaica, 37;
+    Burnet Rose, 37;
+    Fairy Rose, 122
+
+  Rosemary, 42, 107
+
+  Roses, garden, 40, 41, 130;
+    with coloured bark, 134
+
+  Roses, rambling, 35, 43, 62, 85, 111, 132
+
+  Rubus nutkanus, 12, 88;
+    odoratus, 12;
+    deliciosus, 29
+
+  Rudbeckia Golden Glow, 69, 79
+
+  Rue, 65, 79, 103
+
+  Ruscus, 104
+
+
+  S
+
+  Salvia splendens, 79
+
+  Santolina, 65
+
+  Scillas, 6
+
+  Sea Kale, 51, 58, 65, 67
+
+  Sedum spectabile, 81
+
+  Senecio artemisiæfolius, 59, 70
+
+  September, Flower-border in, 78
+
+  Skimmia, 19, 104, 136
+
+  Smilacina, 18
+
+  Snapdragons, 40, 63, 66, 80, 81, 103
+
+  Solanum crispum, 110;
+    jasminoides, 110
+
+  Solomon's Seal, 25, 33
+
+  Special colouring, gardens of, 89
+
+  Spiræa Aruncus, 42, 88, 103;
+    Lindleyana, 109
+
+  Spring garden, 21
+
+  Stachys, 72, 80;
+    lanata, 28
+
+  Staking and supporting, 55
+
+  St. Bruno's Lily, 34
+
+  Stonecrops on iron roof, 56
+
+  Sweet Cicely, 22, 40
+
+  Sweet Verbena, 110
+
+
+  T
+
+  Tamarisk, 91, 130
+
+  Thalictrum, 59, 103
+
+  Thyme, wild, 126
+
+  Tiarella, 37
+
+  Training down tall plants, 54, 69, 79
+
+  Training plants one over another, 53, 72, 102
+
+  Trientalis, 16
+
+  Trillium, 15, 85
+
+  Tritoma, 78, 128
+
+  Tubs, plants for, 117
+
+  Tulips, 24, 25
+
+
+  U
+
+  Uvularia, 28, 38, 85
+
+
+  V
+
+  Valerian, 111
+
+  Veratrum, 22
+
+  Verbascum, 44, 66
+
+  Veronica Traversi, 28;
+    Veronicas as tub plants, 117
+
+  Vine, Claret, 66;
+    Vine, 106, 107, 111, 128
+
+
+  W
+
+  Wallflower, 25
+
+  Wall shrubs, 66
+
+  Water Elder, 37
+
+  Whortleberry, 17
+
+  Wild gardening, 13
+
+  Willows, 133
+
+  Winter colour, 133
+
+  Winter walk, 135
+
+  Witch Hazel, 136
+
+  Woodland, 8
+
+  Wood paths, 13;
+    wood and shrubbery edges, 83
+
+  Woodruff, 34
+
+
+  Y
+
+  Yew hedges, 91
+
+  Yucca, 25, 50, 65, 101, 103, 128;
+    raised borders for, 71
+
+
+  Printed by BALLANTYNE & CO. LIMITED
+  Tavistock Street, London
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GARDEN]
+
+The Leading Gardening Newspaper for Amateur and Professional Gardeners.
+
+PRICE ONE PENNY WEEKLY
+
+  THE FLOWER GARDEN
+  THE ROSE GARDEN
+  THE WALL AND WATER GARDEN
+  NEW AND RARE PLANTS
+  THE KITCHEN GARDEN
+  THE FRUIT GARDEN
+  ORCHIDS, &c., &c.
+
+Since "The Garden" has been reduced from threepence to one penny,
+its success has been extraordinary. It meets the requirements of
+both PROFESSIONAL and AMATEUR GARDENERS. It is circulating rapidly
+amongst BEGINNERS IN GARDENING, and the great feature of helping
+readers by greatly extending the ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS has been
+much appreciated. All branches of gardening are fully considered, and
+descriptions and illustrations in colour and black and white of new
+plants, the Flower Garden, Rose Garden, Kitchen Garden, Fruit Garden,
+and Wall and Water Garden are given.
+
+"The Garden" is THE gardening paper wherein to learn the best ways of
+making a success of the smallest and largest gardens. It is a paper for
+all to study who wish to thoroughly master the art of gardening.
+
+Gardening for Beginners and Answers to Correspondents a Special Feature
+
+Valuable Prizes Offered for Competition
+
+A COLOURED PLATE IS GIVEN WITH ALTERNATE ISSUES
+
+CONSULT THE ADVERTISEMENT PAGES FOR EVERY REQUISITE FOR THE GARDEN
+
+_TO BE HAD OF ALL NEWSAGENTS AND BOOKSTALLS_
+
+=Specimen Copy= post free from the Manager, "The Garden," 20 Tavistock
+Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
+
+
+  _The "Country Life"
+  Library_
+
+
+  THE CENTURY
+  BOOK OF GARDENING
+
+  (SECOND EDITION)
+
+=Edited by E. T. COOK.= A comprehensive Work for every Lover of the
+Garden. 624 pages, with about 600 Illustrations. 21s. net; by post,
+21s. 10d.
+
+=Times.=--"No department of gardening is neglected, and the
+illustrations of famous and beautiful gardens and of the many winsome
+achievements of the gardener's art are so numerous and attractive as to
+make the veriest cockney yearn to turn gardener."
+
+
+  GARDENING FOR BEGINNERS
+
+  (FOURTH EDITION)
+
+A Handbook to the Garden. =By E. T. COOK.= 12s. 6d. net; by post, 13s.
+
+=Spectator.=--"Full of information about both the useful and the
+ornamental, and as far as we have been able to test it, eminently
+practical. The beginner, by the way, will have gone a long way before
+he has assimilated the contents of this stout volume of nearly five
+hundred pages; but then _alia aliis curæ_, and the wider the choice
+that is offered by a volume of this kind the better."
+
+
+  TREES AND SHRUBS
+  FOR ENGLISH GARDENS
+
+=By E. T. COOK=, Editor of THE GARDEN. 12s. 6d. net; by post, 12s. 11d.
+
+=Gardeners' Chronicle.=--"A good book on trees and shrubs is a real
+want. Few books are more often enquired for, and until now we have
+had a difficulty in replying to our correspondents who have asked for
+information on the point. In these days of trashy gardening books, it
+is a pleasure to come across one which bears the stamp of original
+observation, judicious inference, and industrious research."
+
+
+  ROSES FOR ENGLISH GARDENS
+
+By Miss GERTRUDE JEKYLL and Mr. E. MAWLEY. Illustrated with 190
+full-page Plates. 12s. 6d. net; by post, 12s. 11d.
+
+=Daily Chronicle.=--"All the roses of England, blossoming in a
+counterfeit summer of black and white, seem to be gathered together
+into Miss JEKYLL'S charming book. The pictures are really pleasant to
+look at; near or far a rose photographs quite as well as a beautiful
+face, and carries with it its own individual look. No one can fail to
+be captured by Miss JEKYLL'S enthusiasm and fine discrimination."
+
+
+  LILIES FOR ENGLISH GARDENS
+
+Written and compiled by =Miss GERTRUDE JEKYLL=. 8s. 6d. net; by post,
+8s. 10d.
+
+=Westminster Gazette.=--"'LILIES FOR ENGLISH GARDENS' is a volume
+in the 'Country Life' Library, and it is almost sufficiently high
+commendation to say that the book is worthy of the journal. Miss
+JEKYLL'S aim has been to write and compile a book on Lilies which shall
+tell amateurs, in the plainest and simplest possible way, how most
+easily and successfully to grow the Lily--which, considering its great
+beauty, is not grown nearly so much as might be expected. We certainly
+think that in the future there will be less neglect of this flower, for
+after looking at some of the illustrations (all admirable and admirably
+produced), there will not be many garden owners who will be content to
+be Lilyless."
+
+
+  WALL AND WATER GARDENS
+
+=By Miss GERTRUDE JEKYLL.= Containing instructions and hints on the
+Cultivation of suitable plants on Dry Walls, Rock Walls, in Streams,
+Marshpools, Lakes, Ponds, Tanks and Water Margins. With 133 full-page
+Illustrations. 186 pp., 12s. 6d. net; by post, 12s. 10d.
+
+=Times.=--"'WALL AND WATER GARDENS.'--He who will consent to follow
+Miss JEKYLL aright will find that under her guidance the old walls, the
+stone steps, the rockeries, the ponds or streamlets of his garden will
+presently blossom with all kinds of flowers undreamed of, and become
+marvels of varied foliage. More than a hundred photographs help to
+enforce Miss JEKYLL'S admirable lessons."
+
+
+  GARDENING MADE EASY
+
+Price 1s. net; by post, 1s. 3d.
+
+=By E. T. COOK=, Editor of THE GARDEN. An instructive and practical
+gardening book of 200 pages and 23 Illustrations, all showing the
+way certain gardening operations should be performed. Every phase of
+gardening is included. The beginner will find this a most helpful guide
+in the cultivation of flowers, vegetables and fruits. It is the A B C
+of gardening.
+
+
+A NEW AND CHEAPER EDITION OF
+  THE FRUIT GARDEN
+
+=By GEORGE BUNYARD, V.M.H.=, and =OWEN THOMAS, V.M.H.=
+Price 12s. 6d. net; by post, 13s.
+
+=Royal Horticultural Society Journal.=--"Without any doubt the best
+book of the sort yet published. There is a separate chapter for every
+kind of fruit, and each chapter is a book in itself--there is, in fact,
+everything that anyone can need or wish for in order to succeed in
+fruit growing. The book simply teems with illustrations, diagrams, and
+outlines. The diagrams on pruning are particularly admirable; we cannot
+speak too highly of them, and from them anyone should be able to teach
+himself to be an expert pruner. The book winds up with 100 pages of
+outline drawings, which should be a wonderful aid to identification."
+
+=Manchester Courier.=--"If in England fruit culture ever receives the
+attention which is imperatively demanded, the present volume will
+undoubtedly be looked back upon as a notable contributory factor to
+that result. It is not merely that the writers are men of the highest
+experience who are also clear and capable wielders of the pen, but
+they have laid under contribution the experiments, achievements, and
+lessons of other nations.... It would be impossible to find elsewhere,
+under one cover, such a mass of useful, stimulating, well-arranged and
+up-to-date information regarding fruit culture."
+
+=Tablet.=--"It is a compilation by men who know their work, and
+deals with the whole question in the most practical manner. None of
+the writers waste words in mere description or exhortation. Plain
+directions are given for the cultivation of the different sorts of
+fruits, their planting, pruning, and cropping, and the best sorts
+indicated."
+
+
+  SWEET VIOLETS AND PANSIES, AND VIOLETS FROM MOUNTAIN AND PLAIN
+
+Written by several authorities, and Edited by =E. T. COOK=, Editor of
+THE GARDEN, Author of "Trees and Shrubs," &c. Price 3s. 6d. net; by
+post, 3s. 10d.
+
+This interesting subject has never been treated in the same way as set
+forth in this illustrated book. There are chapters upon the culture of
+sweet violets in winter and in the open garden, upon Heartsease and
+the Tufted Pansies (Violas), and upon the Wild Violets that have been
+introduced from America and elsewhere. The information is thoroughly
+practical. It is a dainty gift-book to gardening friends.
+
+
+  THE BOOK OF BRITISH FERNS
+
+=By CHAS. T. DRUERY, F.L.S., V.M.H.=, President of the British
+Pteridological Society. Price 3s. 6d. net; by post, 3s. 10d.
+
+=St. James's Gazette.=--"Has been most carefully done; no fewer than
+seven hundred choice varieties are described. The book is well and
+lucidly written and arranged; it is altogether beautifully got up. Mr.
+DRUERY has long been recognised as an authority on the subject."
+
+
+  CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, AND PINKS
+
+Edited by =E. T. COOK=. Price 3s. 6d. net; by post, 3s. 10d.
+
+The border Carnation, the Picotee, the Malmaison, and the Tree
+Carnation. Carnations for Exhibition and for town gardens, diseases
+of the Carnation, and the garden Pinks and Wild Pinks are all fully
+considered, and thoroughly practical information by experts is given on
+each subject.
+
+=Manchester Courier.=--"There is little left unsaid on the subject
+of Carnations and Pinks in Mr. E. T. COOK'S interesting book on the
+subject.... All lovers of those popular flowers should purchase Mr.
+COOK'S volume, the illustrations to which are not its least admirable
+feature."
+
+
+  MY GARDEN
+
+=By EDEN PHILLPOTTS.= 12s. 6d. net; by post, 12s. 10d.
+
+=The World.=--"It is a thoroughly practical book, addressed especially
+to those who, like himself, have about an acre of flower garden, and
+are willing and competent to help a gardener to make it as rich, as
+harmonious, and as enduring as possible. His chapters on irises are
+particularly good."
+
+=Westminster Gazette.=--" ... will attract no less for its literary
+charm than for the varied and interesting experiences which it
+details.... Mr. Phillpotts is a gardener every inch of him, whatever
+else he may be, and his book is not only a sound contribution to the
+literature of gardens, but withal a very captivating one."
+
+=Scotsman.=--"A charming addition to a beautiful series, the 'Country
+Life' Library."
+
+
+  IN ENGLISH HOMES
+
+  VOLS. I. AND II.
+
+The internal Character, Furniture, and adornments of some of the most
+notable houses of England depicted from photographs specially taken by
+=CHARLES LATHAM=. These large and handsome volumes measure 16 in. by
+11-1/4 in., each contains about 200 full-page plates and 150 smaller
+plates, illustrating "Our goodly English Dwelling-places, those houses
+which have been sanctified by the passing of centuries." £2 2s. each
+net; by post, £2 3s.
+
+=Scotsman.=--"A veritable revelation of the wealth of internal
+adornments, architectural and other, contained in the great country
+mansions of England. To turn over the pages of the volume is to obtain
+keen pleasure, as well as enlightenment, concerning a treasury of
+domestic art and archæology which to a large extent is kept closed from
+the common eye."
+
+=Morning Post.=--"Such a work as IN ENGLISH HOMES comes as something
+of a revelation. One may have a general idea, or even some particular
+knowledge of the splendours of architecture, decoration, furniture,
+and works of art appertaining to our country mansions, and yet be
+astonished at all the taste and magnificence represented in the
+profusion of excellent photographs. The abundant illustrations are well
+designed to exemplify the elaborate details of carving and plaster
+work, as well as the bold architectural schemes that characterise the
+interiors and exteriors of the house."
+
+
+  VOLS. I. AND II. NOW READY
+
+  GARDENS OLD AND NEW
+
+(The Country House and its Garden Environment.) =Over 450 Superb
+Illustrations in each Volume=, printed on treble thick Art Paper,
+portraying in a manner never before attempted the greatest and most
+interesting Gardens and Homes in England.
+
+2 Vols., £2 2s. net each; by post, £2 3s. each.
+
+=Scotsman.=--"'GARDENS OLD AND NEW' is a pictorial and descriptive
+record of some of the finest gardens in England. Each is illustrated
+by numerous photographs, which are not only on a considerable scale,
+but are reproduced in a most sumptuous fashion. In each case there is
+a descriptive article, which tells when the house was built, what have
+been the fortunes of its owners, and when and how its gardens have
+been laid out. It is a book from which those who are fortunate in the
+possession of a garden may learn much of garden-craft, while those who
+are not thus fortunate can derive much pleasure from the contemplation
+of the magnificent views with which the book is adorned."
+
+
+  THE GARDENS OF ITALY
+
+Being a series of illustrations, from photographs specially taken by
+=CHARLES LATHAM=, of the most famous examples of those magnificent
+features of garden arrangement and architecture for which Italy,
+pre-eminently the earliest home of the garden, is noted. The same care
+and fastidious selection which distinguished MR. LATHAM'S previous
+work, IN ENGLISH HOMES, has been exercised in these volumes, and the
+spirit and atmosphere of the scenery have been caught with entire
+success. This most important work, which forms a handsome companion
+to IN ENGLISH HOMES, contains about 300 plates, and is issued in two
+volumes, handsomely bound in cloth. £3 3s. net the Two Volumes; by
+post, £3 4s.
+
+=Westminster Gazette.=--"The natural and artistic beauties of the
+famous palace or villa gardens of Italy are most admirably illustrated,
+and with such variety and success as must be reckoned among the
+triumphs of photographic work."
+
+=Globe.=--"The illustrations are among the best of their kind
+that we have seen, especially in their rendering of distances of
+contrasted effects of light and shade. The grouping of architectural
+subjects--often an insurmountable difficulty--is managed with skill,
+the artist's feeling for composition enabling him frequently to
+make a good picture out of the material which is hardly within the
+photographer's customary limits."
+
+=Yorkshire Post.=--"In the two handsome volumes a clear idea is given
+by illustrations and letterpress, of the wonderful beauty of places to
+which the ordinary tourist seeks admittance in vain."
+
+
+  A GARDEN IN VENICE
+
+=By F. EDEN.= An account of Mr. Eden's beautiful garden on the
+island of the Guidecca at Venice. With 21 collotype and 50 other
+illustrations. Parchment limp, 10s. 6d. net; by post, 10s. 11d.
+
+=Glasgow Herald.=--"Written with a brightness and an infectious
+enthusiasm that impart interest even to technicalities, it is
+beautifully and rarely pictured, and its material equipment is such as
+to delight the lover of beautiful books."
+
+
+  ECONOMIES IN DAIRY FARMING
+
+A New and Important Work on Dairying, by =Mr. ERNEST MATHEWS= (the
+well-known Judge and Expert). 7s. 6d. net; by post, 7s. 10d.
+
+=The Journal of the Bath and West of England Society.=--"The author
+of this book is so well known among farmers, especially those
+interested in the selection and judging of cows, that his name and
+experience alone will go far to ensure that his views receive the
+attention they deserve. He has for many years past been judge in all
+the most important butter tests which have been held at our principal
+agricultural shows."
+
+
+  WHERE THE FOREST MURMURS
+
+=By FIONA MACLEOD=, being a Series of Nature Essays. 6s. net; by post,
+6s. 4d.
+
+=Morning Post.=--"No other than Fiona Macleod could so have
+transfigured Nature into dream, no other writer could have expressed
+with such unity of spirit the Celtic attitude in terms of country
+things. She finds the charm of the mountain in their contemplation from
+the valley, the forest most vividly itself when the twigs are bare and
+the mosses shrouded in snow, the most luminous moment of the cuckoo's
+year in its first days of silence, and her love of all things greatest
+when they have just been taken away."
+
+=Daily Telegraph.=--"There is everywhere a sense of the haunting
+mystery of the processes of the world viewed through the eyes of a
+simple unsophisticated nature, which, from perpetual brooding upon the
+face of the deep, has caught something of the misty air and broken
+music of the waves. Suggestion, rather than doctrine, is the atmosphere
+of the work; and in a certain vague, but beautiful suggestiveness, the
+strange but eager-hearted prose of this writer abounds to the very
+brim."
+
+
+  SEASIDE PLANTING OF TREES AND SHRUBS
+
+=By ALFRED GAUT, F.R.H.S.= An interesting and instructive book
+dealing with a phase of arboriculture hitherto not touched upon. It
+is profusely illustrated, and diagrams are given explaining certain
+details. Those who have gardens and estates on exposed coasts will find
+the book of immense assistance, and, judging by the remarks of the
+writer, it is astonishing what beautiful results may be achieved on
+such coasts when sufficient protection is afforded. 5s. net; by post,
+5s. 4d.
+
+
+  THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
+
+=By Mrs. K. L. DAVIDSON.= Containing full and clearly-written
+instructions as to the management of a cold greenhouse, together with
+a list of plants that may be grown therein. 8s. 6d. net; by post, 8s.
+10d.
+
+
+  "COUNTRY LIFE" LIBRARY OF SPORT
+
+  Edited by HORACE G. HUTCHINSON
+
+A Series devoted to Sport and Pastime, each branch being dealt
+with by the most qualified experts on the subjects which they have
+made peculiarly their own. A special feature has been made of the
+reproduction of old sporting prints.
+
+Illustrated. Demy 8vo, Cloth.
+
+
+  CRICKET
+
+With over 80 Illustrations taken from the most interesting of the old
+Cricketing prints. 12s. 6d. net; by post, 12s. 11d.
+
+
+  SHOOTING
+
+In Two Volumes, 12s. 6d. each net; by post, 12s. 10d. each.
+
+=Pall Mall Gazette.=--"Will prove a welcome and valuable addition
+to Standard Sporting Literature.... The subject is treated from
+a thoroughly practical and modern standpoint; in its views and
+information it is entirely up-to-date."
+
+
+  FISHING
+
+With Coloured Plates of Salmon and Trout Flies. Over 250 Full Page
+Illustrations with various diagrams. In Two Volumes, 12s. 6d. each net;
+by post, 13s.
+
+=Morning Post.=--"Few books on any sport, and perhaps none on fishing,
+have ever deserved better the description 'thorough.' To its title-page
+might well have been added the motto of the Royal Agricultural
+Society, 'Science with Practice,' and to the title itself, 'The
+Angler's Encyclopædia.' From Cornwall to John o' Groats, from Wales
+to Norway, from Florida to India and Burma--here you may find what
+there is to be caught and how to catch it. And no detail seems to have
+been overlooked. Localities, baits, tackle, choice of rods, methods
+of casting, likely times--all are fully covered by experts who write
+from long experience, and not because they spend odd days of the week
+going a-fishing and resolved to write a book about it.... The book is
+profusely, delightfully, and usefully illustrated. The salmon flies
+are excellent, and so are the prints showing right and wrong methods
+of casting, bringing in a fish, and gaffing.... 'Fishing' has fully
+achieved its stated object of providing such information as may make a
+man an intelligent and a successful angler if he has an average brain
+and a love for craft."
+
+
+  BIG GAME SHOOTING
+
+With over 200 Illustrations from Photographs showing Animals in their
+actual habitat and natural environment. In Two Volumes, 12s. 6d. each
+net; by post, 12s. 11d. each.
+
+=Manchester Courier.=--"Encyclopædic in its scope, the work becomes by
+its value and interest a standard authority on the subjects treated."
+
+
+  GOLF GREENS and GREEN KEEPING
+
+10s. 6d. net; by post, 10s. 10d.
+
+=Yorkshire Daily Post.=--"The practical worth of the volume is nearly
+equal to the combined worth of all the books that have been written on
+the theory and practice of golf."
+
+=Pall Mall Gazette.=--"Each article is written by a man who knows his
+subject, and the book is brightened by a number of most admirable and
+helpful photographs. It will be useful to secretaries of links already
+established, and even more so to gentlemen who are thinking of pegging
+out a new course; and we have no hesitation in saying that it should be
+on the library shelves of every golf club pavilion in the kingdom as a
+valuable practical treatise."
+
+=Irish Times.=--"This is the first book on the subject. It is an
+excellent book, and one which every member of every green committee
+should read and re-read."
+
+
+  HALF A CENTURY OF SPORT IN HAMPSHIRE
+
+Being Extracts from the shooting journals of =JAMES EDWARD=, second
+Earl of Malmesbury, with a prefatory memoir by his great grandson, the
+Fifth Earl. Edited by =F. G. AFLALO=. 10s. 6d. net; by post, 10s. 11d.
+
+=Liverpool Daily Courier.=--"The book is of great interest, and an
+important contribution to the literature of sport and natural history.
+It is charmingly illustrated."
+
+
+  POLO--PAST AND PRESENT
+
+=By T. F. DALE.= 12s. 6d. net; by post, 12s. 11d.
+
+=Scotsman.=--"A work than which there could be no better document of a
+man's claim to speak with authority. This treatise is learned in the
+ancient history of the game, well informed and exact in its directions
+as to how it is played in the various quarters of the globe, and broad
+minded in its suggestions of an international code for the furtherance
+of its future prosperity. It has many admirable illustrations, and
+a delightful chapter of personal reminiscences, discusses all the
+practical business of the game with a knowledge which the most expert
+will be the readiest to value highly, and brings together into a
+well-stocked appendix a collection of rules and regulations and a list
+of clubs which materially increase the usefulness of the book for
+purposes of reference. The volume promises at once to take rank as a
+book of first importance in the literature of its subject."
+
+
+  COUNTRY LIFE
+
+  THE JOURNAL FOR ALL INTERESTED IN COUNTRY LIFE AND COUNTRY PURSUITS
+
+Subscription Prices per annum (Post free): Inland, 29s. 2d.; Foreign,
+47s. Weekly, Price, 6d.
+
+Country Life is a weekly journal addressed to all interested in country
+life and country pursuits. One of its main features is the celebrated
+series of COUNTRY HOMES and GARDENS OLD AND NEW; in each number a
+country seat, remarkable either for its beauty or something peculiarly
+instructive in the architecture of the house, gardens or grounds, is
+elaborately illustrated in a manner that has proved of high service to
+those engaged in building and laying out or improving their estates.
+Other features of rural life are dealt with in an equally thorough
+manner. The methods pursued on our most famous estates and farms are
+minutely described, and photographs of the finest pedigree stock and
+the best machinery are given. All forms of healthy outdoor sport are
+described and illustrated in their season. In no case, however, are
+the facts set forth dry, as the journal numbers among its contributors
+some of the most graceful and accomplished writers of the present day.
+New books are also described and discussed by competent critics, so
+that altogether the journal is calculated to give the best news and
+views on all subjects that are of interest in cultivated circles, and
+the wholesomeness and fine open-air feeling that pervades its pages
+have almost become proverbial. COUNTRY LIFE has, in fact, become
+indispensable.
+
+
+=Dally Telegraph.=--"'Country Life' is generally admitted to be
+the most beautifully produced of all the weeklies. Its process
+illustrations are unmatched, and the letterpress is always carefully
+selected and good in quality."
+
+=Westminster Gazette.=--"To say of 'Country Life' that it is one of
+the best of our illustrated productions is stating only half a fact,
+inasmuch as in some of its features it stands alone. Its splendid
+gallery of stately mansions, beautiful interiors, and grand old gardens
+are incomparable."
+
+=Daily Mail.=--"'Country Life' has established itself as the most
+beautifully produced weekly journal in the world."
+
+=Daily News.=--"There is no feature of life in the country that is
+untouched, and a bound volume of 'Country Life' is a real joy to
+possess and frequently to turn over."
+
+=Spectator.=--"'Country Life' amply fulfils its promise of being 'the
+journal for all interested in country life and country pursuits.'"
+
+=Liverpool Daily Courier.=--"There is scarcely a number without one
+or more contributions of literary or other interest which will stand
+reading, re-reading and study."
+
+
+LONDON: PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICES OF "COUNTRY LIFE," LTD., TAVISTOCK
+ST., COVENT GARDEN; AND BY GEORGE NEWNES, LTD., SOUTHAMPTON ST.,
+STRAND, W.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
+
+Variations in hyphenation have been standardised, but other variations
+in spelling, punctuation and accents remain as in the original.
+
+The index entry for Solomon's seal has been corrected from 55. 37 to
+25, 33.
+
+The sequence of the table of illustrations has been altered by
+exchanging A SEPTEMBER GREY GARDEN and THE GREY BORDERS: GYPSOPHILA,
+ECHINOPS, &C. to correspond with the sequence of the illustrations in
+the book.
+
+Italics are represented thus _italic_ and bold thus =bold=.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Colour in the flower garden, by Gertrude Jekyll
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLOUR IN THE FLOWER GARDEN ***
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Colour in the Flower Garden, by Gertrude Jekyll.
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+
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+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Colour in the flower garden, by Gertrude Jekyll
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: Colour in the flower garden
+
+Author: Gertrude Jekyll
+
+Release Date: December 24, 2015 [EBook #50764]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLOUR IN THE FLOWER GARDEN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Shaun Pinder, Les Galloway and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3>
+
+<p>Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Variations in hyphenation have been standardised, but other variations in spelling,
+punctuation and accents remain as in the original.</p>
+
+<p>The index entry for Solomon's seal has been corrected from 53, 37 to 25, 33.</p>
+
+<p> The sequence of the table of illustrations has been altered by
+exchanging A SEPTEMBER GREY GARDEN and THE GREY BORDERS: GYPSOPHILA,
+ECHINOPS, &amp;C. to correspond with the sequence of the illustrations in
+the book.</p>
+
+<p>The images of garden plans link to larger, higher definition, images on readers which support this facility.</p>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="half-title"><i>COLOUR IN THE<br />
+FLOWER GARDEN</i></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="FWHITELILIES">
+<img src="images/i_004.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>WHITE LILIES.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><i><span class="smcap"><big>The "Country Life"<br />
+Library</big></span></i></p>
+
+
+<h1>COLOUR IN THE<br />
+FLOWER GARDEN</h1>
+
+
+<p class="center"><small>BY</small><br />
+GERTRUDE JEKYLL</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" >
+<img src="images/title_page.jpg" alt="Bunch of flowers." />
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><small>PUBLISHED BY</small></p>
+
+
+<div class="center small">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center">"COUNTRY LIFE," <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span></td>
+<td> &nbsp; </td>
+<td align="center">GEORGE NEWNES, <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center">20, TAVISTOCK STREET</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align="center">7-12, SOUTHAMPTON ST.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center">COVENT GARDEN, W.C.</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align="center">COVENT GARDEN, W.C.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center xs">1908</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></p>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+<p>To plant and maintain a flower-border, <em>with a good
+scheme for colour</em>, is by no means the easy thing that is
+commonly supposed.</p>
+
+<p>I believe that the only way in which it can be made
+successful is to devote certain borders to certain times
+of year; each border or garden region to be bright
+for from one to three months.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing seems to me more unsatisfactory than the
+border that in spring shows a few patches of flowering
+bulbs in ground otherwise looking empty, or with tufts
+of herbaceous plants just coming through. Then the
+bulbs die down, and their place is wanted for something
+that comes later. Either the ground will then show
+bare patches, or the place of the bulbs will be forgotten
+and they will be cruelly stabbed by fork or trowel
+when it is wished to put something in the apparently
+empty space.</p>
+
+<p>For many years I have been working at these
+problems in my own garden, and having come to
+certain conclusions, can venture to put them forth
+with some confidence. I may mention that from the
+nature of the ground, in its original state partly wooded
+and partly bare field, and from its having been brought
+into cultivation and some sort of shape before it was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span>
+known where the house now upon it would exactly
+stand, the garden has less general unity of design
+than I should have wished. The position and general
+form of its various portions were accepted mainly
+according to their natural conditions, so that the garden
+ground, though but of small extent, falls into different
+regions, with a general, but not altogether definite,
+cohesion.</p>
+
+<p>I am strongly of opinion that the possession of a
+quantity of plants, however good the plants may be
+themselves and however ample their number, does
+not make a garden; it only makes a <em>collection</em>. Having
+got the plants, the great thing is to use them with
+careful selection and definite intention. Merely having
+them, or having them planted unassorted in garden
+spaces, is only like having a box of paints from the
+best colourman, or, to go one step further, it is like
+having portions of these paints set out upon a palette.
+This does not constitute a picture; and it seems to
+me that the duty we owe to our gardens and to our
+own bettering in our gardens is so to use the plants
+that they shall form beautiful pictures; and that,
+while delighting our eyes, they should be always
+training those eyes to a more exalted criticism; to a
+state of mind and artistic conscience that will not
+tolerate bad or careless combination or any sort of
+misuse of plants, but in which it becomes a point of
+honour to be always striving for the best.</p>
+
+<p>It is just in the way it is done that lies the whole
+difference between commonplace gardening and gardening
+that may rightly claim to rank as a fine art.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span>
+Given the same space of ground and the same material,
+they may either be fashioned into a dream of beauty,
+a place of perfect rest and refreshment of mind and
+body&mdash;a series of soul-satisfying pictures&mdash;a treasure
+of well-set jewels; or they may be so misused that
+everything is jarring and displeasing. To learn how
+to perceive the difference and how to do right is to
+apprehend gardening as a fine art. In practice it is
+to place every plant or group of plants with such
+thoughtful care and definite intention that they shall
+form a part of a harmonious whole, and that successive
+portions, or in some cases even single details, shall
+show a series of pictures. It is so to regulate the trees
+and undergrowth of the wood that their lines and
+masses come into beautiful form and harmonious
+proportion; it is to be always watching, noting and
+doing, and putting oneself meanwhile into closest
+acquaintance and sympathy with the growing things.</p>
+
+<p>In this spirit, the garden and woodland, such as
+they are, have been formed. There have been many
+failures, but, every now and then, I am encouraged
+and rewarded by a certain measure of success. Yet,
+as the critical faculty becomes keener, so does the
+standard of aim rise higher; and, year by year, the
+desired point seems always to elude attainment.</p>
+
+<p>But, as I may perhaps have taken more trouble in
+working out certain problems, and given more thought
+to methods of arranging growing flowers, especially
+in ways of colour-combination, than amateurs in
+general, I have thought that it may be helpful to some
+of them to describe as well as I can by word, and to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span>
+show by plan and picture, what I have tried to do,
+and to point out where I have succeeded and where
+I have failed.</p>
+
+<p>I must ask my kind readers not to take it amiss if I
+mention here that I cannot undertake to show it
+them on the spot. I am a solitary worker; I am
+growing old and tired, and suffer from very bad and
+painful sight. My garden is my workshop, my private
+study and place of rest. For the sake of health and
+reasonable enjoyment of life it is necessary to keep it
+quite private, and to refuse the many applications of
+those who offer it visits. My oldest friends can now
+only be admitted. So I ask my readers to spare me
+the painful task of writing long letters of excuse and
+explanation; a task that has come upon me almost
+daily of late years in the summer months, that has
+sorely tried my weak and painful eyes, and has added
+much to the difficulty of getting through an already
+over-large correspondence.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">ix</span></p>
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center small">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><span class="xs">PAGE</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</a></td><td align="right">v</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A MARCH STUDY AND THE BORDER OF EARLY BULBS</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">THE WOOD</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">THE SPRING GARDEN</td><td align="right">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">BETWEEN SPRING AND SUMMER</td><td align="right">32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">THE JUNE GARDEN</td><td align="right">39</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">THE MAIN HARDY FLOWER BORDER</td><td align="right">49</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">THE FLOWER BORDER IN JULY</td><td align="right">58<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">x</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">THE FLOWER BORDER IN AUGUST</td><td align="right">65</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">THE FLOWER BORDERS IN SEPTEMBER</td><td align="right">78</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">WOOD AND SHRUBBERY EDGES</td><td align="right">83</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">GARDENS OF SPECIAL COLOURING</td><td align="right">89</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">CLIMBING PLANTS</td><td align="right">106</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">GROUPING OF PLANTS IN POTS</td><td align="right">112</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">SOME GARDEN PICTURES</td><td align="right">121</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A BEAUTIFUL FRUIT GARDEN</td><td align="right">127</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">PLANTING FOR WINTER COLOUR</td><td align="right">133</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="medium"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">FORM IN PLANTING</td><td align="right">138</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="medium">INDEX</span></td><td align="right">143</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">xi</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#FWHITELILIES">White Lilies</a></span></td><td align="right"><i>Frontispiece</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><span class="xs"><i>To face page</i></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#IRISSTYLOSA">Iris Stylosa</a></span></td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#MAGNOLIACONSPICUA">Magnolia Conspicua</a></span></td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#MAGNOLIASTELLATA">Magnolia Stellata</a></span></td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#FERNSINTHEBULBBORDER">Ferns in the Bulb Border</a></span></td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THEBANKOFEARLYBULBS">The Bank of Early Bulbs</a></span></td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#DAFFODILSBYAWOODLANDPATH">Daffodils by a Woodland Path</a></span></td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#WILDPRIMROSESINTHINWOODLAND">Wild Primroses in thin Woodland</a></span></td><td align="right">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THEWIDEWOOD-PATH">The Wide Wood Path</a></span></td><td align="right">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CISTUSLAURIFOLIUS">Cistus Laurifolius</a></span></td><td align="right">13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#AWOOD-PATHAMONGCHESTNUTS">A Wood Path among Chestnuts</a></span></td><td align="right">14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#AWOOD-PATHAMONGBIRCHES">A Wood Path among Birches</a></span></td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CISTUSCYPRIUS">Cistus Cyprius</a></span></td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CISTUSBYTHEWOOD-PATH">Cistus by the Wood Path</a></span></td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#GAULTHERIASHALLONINFLOWER">Gaultheria Shallon in Flower</a></span></td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#GAULTHERIASHALLONINFRUIT">Gaultheria Shallon in Fruit</a></span></td><td align="right">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#WHITEIRISHHEATH">White Irish Heath</a></span></td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#THESPRINGGARDENFROMD"><span class="smcap">The Spring Garden from</span> <b>D</b> <span class="smcap">on Plan</span></a></td><td align="right">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PLANOFTHESPRINGGARDEN">Plan of the Spring Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">23</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THEFERN-LIKESWEETCICELY">The Fern-like Sweet Cicely</a></span></td><td align="right">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#THESPRINGGARDENFROME"><span class="smcap">The Spring Garden from</span> <b>E</b> <span class="smcap">on Plan</span></a></td><td align="right">25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#FURTHERROCKFROMG"><span class="smcap">"Further Rock" from</span> <b>G</b> <span class="smcap">on Plan</span></a></td><td align="right">28</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#FURTHERROCKFROMH"><span class="smcap">"Further Rock" from</span> <b>H</b> <span class="smcap">on Plan</span></a></td><td align="right">29</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#NEARROCKFROMF"><span class="smcap">"Near Rock" from</span> <b>F</b> <span class="smcap">on Plan</span></a></td><td align="right">30<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">xii</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THEPRIMROSEGARDEN">The Primrose Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">31</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#STEPSTOTHEHIDDENGARDEN">Steps to the Hidden Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PHLOXDIVARICATAAND">Phlox Divaricata and Arenaria Montana</a></span></td><td align="right">33</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#MALEFERNINTHEHIDDENGARDEN">Male Fern in the Hidden Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">34</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#EXOCHORDAGRANDIFLORA">Exochorda Grandiflora</a></span></td><td align="right">35</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PLANOFTHEHIDDENGARDEN">Plan of the Hidden Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">35</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#EUPHORBIAWULFENII">Euphorbia Wulfenii</a></span></td><td align="right">36</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#IRISESANDLUPINES">Irises and Lupines in the June Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">37</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PARTOFTHEGARLANDROSE">Part of the Garland Rose at the Angle</a></span></td><td align="right">39</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ROSEBLUSHGALLICA">Rose Blush Gallica on Dry Walling</a></span></td><td align="right">42</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SPANISHIRIS">Spanish Iris</a></span></td><td align="right">43</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THEJUNEGARDEN">Plan of the June Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">44</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#IRISANDLUPINEBORDERS">Plan of Iris and Lupine Borders</a></span></td><td align="right">44</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#WHITETREELUPINE">White Tree Lupine</a></span></td><td align="right">46</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CATMINTINJUNE">Catmint in June</a></span></td><td align="right">47</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SCOTCHBRIARS">Scotch Briars</a></span></td><td align="right">48</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#GERANIUMIBERICUMPLATYPHYLLUM">Geranium Ibericum Platyphyllum</a></span></td><td align="right">49</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THEFLOWERBORDERINLATESUMMER">The Flower Border in Late Summer</a></span></td><td align="right">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THECROSSWALKDIVIDING">The Cross Walk</a></span></td><td align="right">51</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THEEASTEND">The East End of the Flower Border</a></span></td><td align="right">52</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ELEVATION">Plan of the Main Flower Border</a></span></td><td align="right">53</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#GOODSTAKING">Good Staking&mdash;Campanula Persicifolia</a></span></td><td align="right">54</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CAREFULSTAKING">Careful Staking of Michaelmas Daisies</a></span></td><td align="right">55</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#WHITEROSELAGUIRLANDE">White Rose La Guirlande; Grey Borders Beyond</a></span></td><td align="right">60</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CLEMATISRECTA">Clematis Recta</a></span></td><td align="right">61</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#DELPHINIUMBELLADONNA">Delphinium Belladonna</a></span></td><td align="right">62</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CANTERBURYBELLS">Canterbury Bells</a></span></td><td align="right">63</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ROSETHEGARLAND">Rose The Garland in a Silver Holly</a></span></td><td align="right">64</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ERYNGIUMOLIVERIANUM">Eryngium Oliverianum</a></span></td><td align="right">65</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#TALLCAMPANULAS">Tall Campanulas in a Grey Border</a></span></td><td align="right">66</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#YUCCAFILAMENTOSA">Yucca Filamentosa</a></span></td><td align="right">70<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">xiii</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THEGREYBORDERS">The Grey Borders: Stachys, &amp;c.</a></span></td><td align="right">71</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ALAVENDERHEDGE">A Lavender Hedge</a></span></td><td align="right">74</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#AESCULUSMACROSTACHYA">Æsculus and Olearia</a></span></td><td align="right">75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PLANOFASMALL">Plan of Garden of China Asters</a></span></td><td align="right">77</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SOMEOFTHEEARLYASTERS">Some of the Early Asters</a></span></td><td align="right">78</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THESEPTEMBERGARDEN">The September Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#LOWEREND">The September Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#UPPEREND">The September Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#BEGONIASIN">Begonias with Megasea Foliage</a></span></td><td align="right">80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#EARLYASTERS">Early Asters and Pyrethrum Uliginosum</a></span></td><td align="right">81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#EARLYMICHAELMASDAISIES">Plan of September Borders</a></span></td><td align="right">81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#GARLANDROSEWHERE">Garland Rose, where Garden joins Wood</a></span></td><td align="right">84</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#POLYGONUMCOMPACTUM">Polygonum and Megasea at a Wood Edge</a></span></td><td align="right">84</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#LILIESANDFUNKIAS">Lilies and Funkias at a Shrubbery Edge</a></span></td><td align="right">84</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#OLEARIAGUNNI">Olearia Gunni, Fern and Funkia</a></span></td><td align="right">85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#FERNSANDLILIES">Ferns and Lilies at a Shrubbery Edge</a></span></td><td align="right">86</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#GYPSOPHILAANDMEGASEA">Gypsophila and Megasea</a></span></td><td align="right">87</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#LILIESANDFERNSATTHEWOOD">Lilies and Ferns at the Wood Edge</a></span></td><td align="right">88</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SMALLWIRESTEMMEDASTER2">Small Wire-stemmed Aster; Second Year</a></span></td><td align="right">88</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SMALLWIRESTEMMEDASTER3">Small Wire-stemmed Aster; Third Year</a></span></td><td align="right">88</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#STOBAEAPURPUREA">Stobæa Purpurea</a></span></td><td align="right">89</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THEGREYBORDERS">The Grey Borders: Gypsophila, Echinops, &amp;c.</a></span></td><td align="right">92</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#OCTOBERBORDERS">October Borders of Michaelmas Daisies</a></span></td><td align="right">92</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ASEPTEMBERGREYGARDEN">A September Grey Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">92</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THEGREYBORDERPINK">The Grey Border: Pink Hollyhock, &amp;c.</a></span></td><td align="right">93</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SPECIALCOLOURGARDEN">Plans of Special Colour Gardens</a></span></td><td align="right">93</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ADETAILOFTHEGREYSEPTEMBER">A Detail of the Grey September Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#YUCCASANDGREYFOLIAGE">Yuccas and Grey Foliage</a></span></td><td align="right">102</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#AFRONTEDGEOFGREYFOLIAGE">A Front Edge of Grey Foliage</a></span></td><td align="right">103</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#HARDYGRAPEVINEONSOUTH">Hardy Grape Vine on South Side of House</a></span></td><td align="right">106</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#HARDYGRAPEVINEONHOUSE">Hardy Grape Vine on House Wall</a></span></td><td align="right">107</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#VINEANDFIG">Vine and Fig at Door of Mushroom House</a></span></td><td align="right">108<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">xiv</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CLEMATISMONTANAATANGLEOFCOURT">Clematis Montana at Angle of Court</a></span></td><td align="right">108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CLEMATISMONTANAOVERWORKSHOPWINDOW">Clematis Montana over Workshop Window</a></span></td><td align="right">108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CLEMATISMONTANATRAINEDASGARLANDS">Clematis Montana trained as Garlands</a></span></td><td align="right">108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CLEMATISFLAMMULAAND">Clematis Flammula and Spiræa Lindleyana</a></span></td><td align="right">108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ABUTILONVITIFOLIUM">Abutilon Vitifolium</a></span></td><td align="right">108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#IPOMOEAHEAVENLYBLUE">Ipomœa "Heavenly Blue"</a></span></td><td align="right">108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SOLANUMJASMINOIDES">Solanum Jasminoides</a></span></td><td align="right">108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CLEMATISFLAMMULAONANGLEOFCOTTAGE">Clematis Flammula on Angle of Cottage</a></span></td><td align="right">108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CLEMATISFLAMMULAONCOTTAGE">Clematis Flammula on Cottage</a></span></td><td align="right">109</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CLEMATISFLAMMULAONAWOODENFENCE">Clematis Flammula on a Wooden Fence</a></span></td><td align="right">110</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SWEETVERBENA">Sweet Verbena</a></span></td><td align="right">111</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#POTPLANTSJUSTPLACED">Pot Plants just placed</a></span></td><td align="right">112</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PLANTSINPOTSINTHESHADEDCOURT">Plants in Pots in the Shaded Court</a></span></td><td align="right">112</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#MAIDENSWREATH">Maiden's Wreath (Francoa Ramosa)</a></span></td><td align="right">112</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#MAIDENSWREATHBYTANK">Maiden's Wreath by Tank</a></span></td><td align="right">113</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#GERANIUMSANDCANNAS">Geraniums, &amp;c., in a Stone-edged Bed</a></span></td><td align="right">116</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#MAIDENSWREATHINPOTSABOVETANK">Maiden's Wreath in Pots above Tank</a></span></td><td align="right">116</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#FUNKIAHYDRANGEAANDLILY">Funkia, Hydrangea and Lily in the Shaded Court</a></span></td><td align="right">116</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#FUNKIAANDLILIUMSPECIOSUM">Funkia and Lilium Speciosum</a></span></td><td align="right">117</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#LILIUMAURATUM">Lilium Auratum</a></span></td><td align="right">120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ATUBHYDRANGEA">A Tub Hydrangea</a></span></td><td align="right">120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#STEPSANDHYDRANGEAS">Steps and Hydrangeas</a></span></td><td align="right">120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THENARROWSOUTHLAWN">The Narrow South Lawn</a></span></td><td align="right">121</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#HYDRANGEATUBSANDBIRCH">Hydrangea Tubs and Birch-Tree Seat</a></span></td><td align="right">124</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#HYDRANGEATUBSANDNUTWALK">Hydrangea Tubs and Nut Walk</a></span></td><td align="right">124</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#WHITELILIES">White Lilies</a></span></td><td align="right">124</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THESTEPSANDTHEIRINCIDENTS">The Steps and Their Incidents</a></span></td><td align="right">125</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THEBEAUTIFULFRUITGARDEN">Plan&mdash;The Beautiful Fruit Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">129</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#AWILDHEATHGARDEN">Plan&mdash;A Wild Heath Garden</a></span></td><td align="right">139</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<p class="half-title">COLOUR IN THE FLOWER<br />
+GARDEN</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I<br />
+
+<small>A MARCH STUDY AND THE BORDER OF
+EARLY BULBS</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>There comes a day towards the end of March when
+there is but little wind, and that is from the west or
+even south-west. The sun has gained much power,
+so that it is pleasant to sit out in the garden, or, better
+still, in some sunny nook of sheltered woodland. There
+is such a place among silver-trunked Birches, with
+here and there the splendid richness of masses of dark
+Holly. The rest of the background above eye-level
+is of the warm bud-colour of the summer-leafing trees,
+and, below, the fading rust of the now nearly flattened
+fronds of last year's Bracken, and the still paler drifts
+of leaves from neighbouring Oaks and Chestnuts. The
+sunlight strikes brightly on the silver stems of the
+Birches, and casts their shadows clear-cut across the
+grassy woodland ride. The grass is barely green as
+yet, but has the faint winter green of herbage not yet
+grown and still powdered with the short remnants
+of the fine-leaved, last-year-mown heath grasses.
+Brown leaves still hang on young Beech and Oak.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span>
+The trunks of the Spanish Chestnuts are elephant-grey,
+a notable contrast to the sudden, vivid shafts
+of the Birches. Some groups of the pale early Pyrenean
+Daffodil gleam level on the ground a little way forward.</p>
+
+<p>It is the year's first complete picture of flower-effect
+in the woodland landscape. The place is not very far
+from the house, in the nearest hundred yards of the
+copse; where flowers seem to be more in place than
+further away. Looking to the left, the long ridge and
+south slope of the house-roof is seen through the
+leafless trees, though the main wall-block is hidden by
+the sheltering Hollies and Junipers.</p>
+
+<p>Coming down towards the garden by another broad
+grassy way, that goes westward through the Chestnuts
+and then turns towards the down-hill north, there
+comes yet another deviation through Rhododendrons
+and Birches to the main lawn. But before the last
+turn there is a pleasant mass of colour showing in the
+wood-edge on the dead-leaf carpet. It is a straggling
+group of <i>Daphne Mezereon</i>, with some clumps of red
+Lent Hellebores, and, to the front, some half-connected
+patches of the common Dog-tooth Violet. The nearly
+related combination of colour is a delight to the trained
+colour-eye. There is nothing brilliant; it is all
+restrained, refined, in harmony with the veiled light
+that reaches the flowers through the great clumps of
+Hollies and tall half-overhead Chestnuts and neighbouring
+Beech. The colours are all a little "sad,"
+as the old writers so aptly say of the flower-tints of
+secondary strength. But it is a perfect picture. One
+comes to it again and again as one does to any picture
+that is good to live with.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span></p>
+
+<p>To devise these living pictures with simple well-known
+flowers seems to me the best thing to do in
+gardening. Whether it is the putting together of two
+or three kinds of plants, or even of one kind only in
+some happy setting, or whether it is the ordering of a
+much larger number of plants, as in a flower-border of
+middle and late summer, the intention is always the
+same. Whether the arrangement is simple and modest,
+whether it is obvious or whether it is subtle, whether
+it is bold and gorgeous, the aim is always to use the
+plants to the best of one's means and intelligence so
+as to form pictures of living beauty.</p>
+
+<p>It is a thing that I see so rarely attempted, and that
+seems to me so important, that the wish to suggest it
+to others, and to give an idea of examples that I have
+worked out, in however modest a way, is the purpose
+of this book.</p>
+
+<p>These early examples within the days of March are
+of special interest because as yet flowers are but few;
+the mind is less distracted by much variety than later
+in the year, and is more readily concentrated on the
+few things that may be done and observed; so that
+the necessary restriction is a good preparation, by
+easy steps, for the wider field of observation that is
+presented later.</p>
+
+<p>Now we pass on through the dark masses of Rhododendron
+and the Birches that shoot up among them.
+How the silver stems, blotched and banded with varied
+browns and greys so deep in tone that they show like a
+luminous black, tell among the glossy Rhododendron
+green; and how strangely different is the way of
+growth of the two kinds of tree; the tall white trunks<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span>
+spearing up through the dense, dark, leathery leaf-masses
+of solid, roundish outline, with their delicate network of
+reddish branch and spray gently swaying far overhead!</p>
+
+<p>Now we come to the lawn, which slopes a little
+downward to the north. On the right it has a low
+retaining-wall, whose top line is level; it bears up a
+border and pathway next the house's western face.
+The border and wall are all of a piece, for it is a dry
+wall partly planted with the same shrubby and half-shrubby
+things that are in the earth above. They
+have been comforting to look at all the winter; a
+pleasant grey coating of Phlomis, Lavender, Rosemary,
+Cistus and Santolina; and at the end and angle where
+the wall is highest, a mass of <i>Pyrus japonica</i>, planted
+both above and below, already showing its rose-red
+bloom. At one point at the foot of the wall is a
+strong tuft of <i>Iris stylosa</i> whose first blooms appeared
+in November. This capital plant flowers bravely all
+through the winter in any intervals of open weather.
+It likes a sunny place against a wall in poor soil. If
+it is planted in better ground the leaves grow very tall
+and it gives but little bloom.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="IRISSTYLOSA">
+<img src="images/i_021.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>IRIS STYLOSA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Now we pass among some shrub-clumps, and at the
+end come upon a cheering sight; a tree of <i>Magnolia
+conspicua</i> bearing hundreds of its great white cups of
+fragrant bloom. Just before reaching it, and taking
+part with it in the garden picture, are some tall bushes
+of <i>Forsythia suspensa</i>, tossing out many-feet-long
+branches loaded with their burden of clear yellow
+flowers. They are ten to twelve feet high, and one
+looks up at much of the bloom clear-cut against the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span>
+pure blue of the sky; the upper part of the Magnolia
+also shows against the sky. Here there is a third
+flower-picture; this time of warm white and finest
+yellow on brilliant blue, and out in open sunlight.
+Among the Forsythias is also a large bush of <i>Magnolia
+stellata</i>, whose milk-white flowers may be counted by
+the thousand. As the earlier <i>M. conspicua</i> goes out of
+bloom it comes into full bearing, keeping pace with
+the Forsythia, whose season runs on well into April.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="MAGNOLIACONSPICUA">
+<img src="images/i_022.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>MAGNOLIA CONSPICUA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is always a little difficult to find suitable places
+for the early bulbs. Many of them can be enjoyed in
+rough and grassy places, but we also want to combine
+them into pretty living pictures in the garden proper.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing seems to me more unsatisfactory than the
+usual way of having them scattered about in small
+patches in the edges of flower-borders, where they
+only show as little disconnected dabs of colour, and
+where they are necessarily in danger of disturbance
+and probable injury when their foliage has died down
+and their places are wanted for summer flowers.</p>
+
+<p>It was a puzzle for many years to know how to
+treat these early bulbs, but at last a plan was devised
+that seems so satisfactory that I have no hesitation
+in advising it for general adoption.</p>
+
+<p>On the further side of a path that bounds my June
+garden is a border about seventy feet long and ten
+feet wide. At every ten feet along the back is a
+larch post planted with a free-growing Rose. These
+are not only to clothe their posts but are to grow into
+garlands swinging on slack chains from post to post.
+Beyond are Bamboos, and then an old hedge-bank<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span>
+with Scotch Firs, Oaks, Thorns, &amp;c. The border
+slopes upwards from the path, forming a bank of
+gentle ascent. It was first planted with hardy Ferns
+in bold drifts; Male Fern for the most part, because
+it is not only handsome but extremely persistent;
+the fronds remaining green into the winter. The Fern-spaces
+are shown in the plan by diagonal hatching;
+between them come the bulbs, with a general edging
+to the front of mossy Saxifrage.</p>
+
+<p>The colour-scheme begins with the pink of <i>Megasea
+ligulata</i>, and with the lower-toned pinks of <i>Fumaria
+bulbosa</i> and the Dog-tooth Violets (<i>Erythronium</i>). At
+the back of these are Lent Hellebores of dull red colouring,
+agreeing charmingly with the colour of the bulbs.
+A few white Lent Hellebores are at the end; they
+have turned to greenish white by the time the rather
+late <i>Scilla amœna</i> is in bloom. Then comes a brilliant
+patch of pure blue with white&mdash;<i>Scilla sibirica</i> and
+white Hyacinths, followed by the also pure blues of
+<i>Scilla bifolia</i> and <i>Chionodoxa</i> and the later, more purple-blue
+of Grape Hyacinth. A long drift of white Crocus
+comes next, in beauty in the border's earliest days;
+and later, the blue-white of <i>Puschkinia</i>; then again
+pure blue and white of <i>Chionodoxa</i> and white Hyacinth.</p>
+
+<p>Now the colours change to white and yellow and
+golden foliage, with the pretty little pale trumpet
+Daffodil Consul Crawford, and beyond it the stronger
+yellow of two other small early kinds&mdash;<i>N. nanus</i> and
+the charming little <i>N. minor</i>, quite distinct though so
+often confounded with <i>nanus</i> in gardens. With these,
+and in other strips and patches towards the end of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span>
+border, are plantings of the Golden Valerian, so useful
+for its bright yellow foliage quite early in the year.
+The leaves of the Orange Day-lily are also of a pale
+yellowish green colour when they first come up, and
+are used at the end of the border. These plants of
+golden and pale foliage are also placed in a further
+region beyond the plan, and show to great advantage
+as the eye enfilades the border and reaches the more
+distant places. Before the end of the bulb-border is
+reached there is once more a drift of harmonised faint
+pink colouring of <i>Megasea</i> and the little <i>Fumaria</i>
+(also known as <i>Corydalis bulbosa</i>) with the pale early
+Pyrenean Daffodil, <i>N. pallidus præcox</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The bulb-flowers are not all in bloom exactly at the
+same time, but there is enough of the colour intended
+to give the right effect in each grouping. Standing
+at the end, just beyond the Dog-tooth Violets, the
+arrangement and progression of colour is pleasant
+and interesting, and in some portions vivid; the pure
+blues in the middle spaces being much enhanced by
+the yellow flowers and golden foliage that follow.</p>
+
+<p>Through April and May the leaves of the bulbs are
+growing tall, and their seed-pods are carefully removed
+to prevent exhaustion. By the end of May the Ferns
+are throwing up their leafy crooks; by June the
+feathery fronds are displayed in all their tender freshness;
+they spread over the whole bank, and we forget
+that there are any bulbs between. By the time the
+June garden, whose western boundary it forms, has
+come into fullest bloom it has become a completely
+furnished bank of Fern-beauty.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="MAGNOLIASTELLATA">
+<img src="images/i_026.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>MAGNOLIA STELLATA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="FERNSINTHEBULBBORDER">
+<img src="images/i_027.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>FERNS IN THE BULB BORDER.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THEBANKOFEARLYBULBS">
+<a href="images/i_028.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_028thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>THE BANK OF EARLY BULBS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II<br />
+
+<small>THE WOOD</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>Ten acres is but a small area for a bit of woodland,
+yet it can be made apparently much larger by well-considered
+treatment. As the years pass and the
+different portions answer to careful guidance, I am
+myself surprised to see the number and wonderful
+variety of the pictures of sylvan beauty that it displays
+throughout the year. I did not specially aim at
+variety, but, guided by the natural conditions of each
+region, tried to think out how best they might be
+fostered and perhaps a little bettered.</p>
+
+<p>The only way in which variety of aspect was deliberately
+chosen was in the way of thinning out the
+natural growths. It was a wood of seedling trees that
+had come up naturally after an old wood of Scotch
+Fir had been cut down, and it seemed well to clear
+away all but one, or in some cases two kinds of trees in
+the several regions. Even in this the intention was to
+secure simplicity rather than variety, so that in moving
+about the ground there should be one thing at a time
+to see and enjoy. It is just this quality of singleness
+or simplicity of aim that I find wanting in gardens in
+general, where one may see quantities of the best
+plants grandly grown and yet no garden pictures.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span></p>
+
+<p>Of course one has to remember that there are many
+minds to which this need of an artist's treatment of
+garden and woodland does not appeal, just as there
+are some who do not care for music or for poetry, or
+who see no difference between the sculpture of the
+old Greeks and that of any modern artist who is not
+of the first rank, or to whom architectural refinement
+is as an unknown language. And in the case of the
+more superficial enjoyment of flowers one has sympathy
+too. For a love of flowers, of any kind, however
+shallow, is a sentiment that makes for human sympathy
+and kindness, and is in itself uplifting, as everything
+must be that is a source of reverence and admiration.
+Still, the object of this book is to draw attention,
+however slightly and imperfectly, to the better ways of
+gardening, and to bring to bear upon the subject
+some consideration of that combination of common
+sense, sense of beauty and artistic knowledge that
+can make plain ground and growing things into a
+year-long succession of living pictures. Common sense
+I put first, because it restrains from any sort of folly
+or sham or affectation. Sense of beauty is the gift of
+God, for which those who have received it in good
+measure can never be thankful enough. The nurturing
+of this gift through long years of study, observation,
+and close application in any one of the ways
+in which fine art finds expression is the training of
+the artist's brain and heart and hand. The better a
+human mind is trained to the perception of beauty
+the more opportunities will it find of exercising this
+precious gift and the more directly will it be brought<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span>
+to bear upon even the very simplest matters of everyday
+life, and always to their bettering.</p>
+
+<p>So it was in the wood of young seedling trees, where
+Oak and Holly, Birch, Beech and Mountain Ash,
+came up together in a close thicket of young saplings.
+It seemed well to consider, in the first place, how to
+bring something like order into the mixed jumble,
+and, the better to do this, to appeal to the little trees
+themselves and see what they had to say about it.</p>
+
+<p>The ground runs on a natural slope downward to the
+north, or, to be more exact, as the highest point is at
+one corner, its surface is tilted diagonally all over.
+So, beginning at the lower end of the woody growth,
+near the place where the house some day might stand,
+the first thing that appeared was a well-grown Holly,
+and rather near it, another; both older trees than the
+more recent seedling growth. Close to the second
+Holly was a young Birch, the trunk about four inches
+thick and already in the early pride of its silvering
+bark. That was enough to prompt the decision that
+this part of the wood should be of silver Birch and
+Holly, so nearly all other growths were cut down or
+pulled up. A hundred yards higher up there were
+some strong young Oaks, then some Beeches, and,
+all over the top of the ground a thick growth of young
+Scotch Fir, while the western region had a good
+sprinkling of promising Spanish Chestnut.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="DAFFODILSBYAWOODLANDPATH">
+<img src="images/i_033.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>DAFFODILS BY A WOODLAND PATH.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="WILDPRIMROSESINTHINWOODLAND">
+<img src="images/i_034.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>WILD PRIMROSES IN THIN WOODLAND.</i><br />
+(<i>From a Picture by Henry Moon.</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>All these natural groupings were accepted, and a
+first thinning was made of the smallest stuff of other
+kinds. But it was done with the most careful watching,
+for there were to be no harsh frontiers. One kind of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span>
+tree was to join hands with the next, and often a distinct
+deviation was made to the general rule. For the
+beautiful growth of the future wood was the thing that
+mattered, rather than obedience to any inflexible law.</p>
+
+<p>Now, after twenty years, the saplings have become
+trees and the preponderance of one kind of tree at a
+time has given a feeling of repose and dignity. Here
+and there something exceptional occurs, but it causes
+interest, not confusion. Five woodland walks pass
+upward through the trees; every one has its own
+character, while its details change during the progress&mdash;never
+abruptly but in leisurely sequence; as if inviting
+the quiet stroller to stop a moment to enjoy
+some little woodland suavity, and then gently enticing
+him to go further, with agreeable anticipation of what
+may come next. And if I may judge by the pleasure
+that these woodland ways give to some of my friends
+that I know are in sympathy with what I am trying
+to do, and by my own thankful delight in them, I may
+take it that my little sylvan pictures have come fairly
+right, so that I may ask my reader to go with me in
+spirit through some of them.</p>
+
+<p>My house, a big cottage, stands facing a little to
+the east of south, just below the wood. The windows
+of the sitting-room and its outer door, which stands
+open in all fine summer weather, look up a straight
+wide grassy way, the vista being ended by a fine old
+Scotch Fir with a background of dark wood. This
+old Fir and one other, and a number in and near the
+southern hedge, are all that remain of the older wood
+which was all of Scotch Fir.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span></p>
+
+<p>This green wood walk, being the widest and most
+important, is treated more boldly than the others&mdash;with
+groups of Rhododendrons in the region rather
+near the house, and for the rest only a biggish patch
+of the two North American Brambles, the white-flowered
+<i>Rubus nutkanus</i>, and the rosy <i>R. odoratus</i>.
+In spring the western region of tall Spanish Chestnuts,
+which begins just beyond the Rhododendrons, is
+carpeted with Poets' Narcissus; the note of tender
+white blossom being taken up and repeated by the
+bloom-clouds of <i>Amelanchier</i>, that charming little
+woodland flowering tree whose use in such ways is
+so much neglected. Close to the ground in the distance
+the light comes with brilliant effect through the young
+leaves of a wide-spread carpet of Lily of the Valley,
+whose clusters of sweet little white bells will be a
+delight to see a month hence.</p>
+
+<p>The Rhododendrons are carefully grouped for
+colour&mdash;pink, white, rose and red of the best qualities
+are in the sunniest part, while, kept well apart from
+them, near the tall Chestnuts and rejoicing in their
+partial shade, are the purple colourings, of as pure
+and cool a purple as may be found among carefully
+selected <i>ponticum</i> seedlings and the few named kinds
+that associate well with them. Some details of this
+planting were given at length in my former book
+"Wood and Garden."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THEWIDEWOOD-PATH">
+<img src="images/i_037.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE WIDE WOOD-PATH.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CISTUSLAURIFOLIUS">
+<img src="images/i_038.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CISTUS LAURIFOLIUS AT THE SUNNY ENTRANCE OF THE FERN WALK.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the Rhododendrons, at points carefully
+devised to be of good effect, either from the house or
+from various points of the lawn and grass paths, are
+strong groups of <i>Lilium auratum</i>; they give a new<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span>
+picture of flower-beauty in the late summer and
+autumn and till near the end of October. The dark,
+strong foliage makes the best possible setting for the
+Lilies, and gives each group of them its fullest value.
+Another, narrower path, more to the east, is called the
+Fern walk, because, besides the general growth of
+Bracken that clothes the whole of the wood, there are
+groups of common hardy Ferns in easy patches,
+planted in such a way as to suggest that they grew
+there naturally. The Male Fern, the beautiful Dilated
+Shield Fern, and Polypody are native to the ground,
+and it was easy to place these, in some cases merely
+adding to a naturally grown tuft, so that they look
+quite at home. Lady Fern, <i>Blechnum</i> and <i>Osmunda</i>,
+and Oak and Beech Ferns have been added, the
+<i>Osmunda</i> in a depression that collects the water from
+any storms of rain.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of all these paths I took some pains
+to make the garden melt imperceptibly into the wood,
+and in each case to do it a different way. Where this
+path begins the lawn ends at a group of Oak, Holly
+and Cistus, with an undergrowth of Gaultheria and
+Andromeda. The larger trees are to the left and the
+small evergreen shrubs on a rocky mound to the right.
+Within a few yards the turf path becomes a true
+wood path. Just as wild gardening should never
+look like garden gardening, or, as it so sadly often does,
+like garden plants gone astray and quite out of place,
+so wood paths should never look like garden paths.
+There must be no hard edges, no conscious boundaries.
+The wood path is merely an easy way that the eye<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span>
+just perceives and the foot follows. It dies away
+imperceptibly on either side into the floor of the wood
+and is of exactly the same nature, only that it is
+smooth and easy and is not encumbered by projecting
+tree-roots, Bracken or Bramble, these being all removed
+when the path is made.</p>
+
+<p>If it is open enough to allow of the growth of grass,
+and the grass has to be cut, and is cut with a machine,
+then a man with a faghook must follow to cut away
+slantingly the hard edge of standing grass that is left
+on each side. For the track of the machine not only
+leaves the hard, unlovely edges, but also brings into
+the wood the incongruous sentiment of that discipline
+of trimness which belongs to the garden, and that,
+even there in its own place, is often overdone.</p>
+
+<p>Now we are in the true wood-path among Oaks and
+Birches. Looking round, the view is here and there
+stopped by prosperous-looking Hollies, but for the
+most part one can see a fair way into the wood. In
+April the wood-floor is plentifully furnished with
+Daffodils. Here, in the region furthest removed from
+the white Poets' Daffodil of the upper ground, they
+are all of trumpet kinds, and the greater number of
+strong yellow colour. For the Daffodils range through
+the wood in a regular sequence of kinds that is not
+only the prettiest way to have them, but that I have
+often found, in the case of people who did not know
+their Daffodils well, served to make the whole story
+of their general kinds and relationships clear and
+plain; the hybrids of each group standing between
+the parent kinds; these again leading through other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span>
+hybrids to further clearly defined species, ending with
+the pure trumpets. As the sorts are intergrouped at
+their edges, so that at least two removes are in view
+at one time, the lesson in the general relationship of
+kinds is easily learnt.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="AWOOD-PATHAMONGCHESTNUTS">
+<img src="images/i_041.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>A WOOD-PATH AMONG CHESTNUTS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="AWOOD-PATHAMONGBIRCHES">
+<img src="images/i_042.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>A WOOD-PATH AMONG BIRCHES.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>They are planted, not in patches but in long drifts,
+a way that not only shows the plant in good number
+to better advantage, but that is singularly happy in
+its effect in the woodland landscape. This is specially
+noticeable towards the close of the day, when the
+sunlight, yellowing as it nears the horizon, lights up
+the long stretches of yellow bloom with an increase of
+colour strength, while the wide-stretching shadow-lengths
+throw the woodland shades into large <i>phrases</i>
+of broadened mass, all subdued and harmonised by
+the same yellow light that illuminates the long level
+ranks of golden bloom.</p>
+
+<p>From this same walk in June, looking westward
+through the Birch stems, the value of the careful
+colour-scheme of the Rhododendrons is fully felt.
+They are about a hundred yards away, and their mass
+is broken by the groups of intervening tree-trunks,
+but their brightness is all the more apparent seen from
+under the nearer roofing mass of tree-top, and the
+yellowing light makes the intended colour-effect still
+more successful by throwing its warm tone over the
+whole.</p>
+
+<p>But nearer at hand the Fern walk has its own
+little pictures. In early summer there are patches of
+<i>Trillium</i>, the white Wood Lily, in cool hollows among
+the ferns, and, some twenty paces further up, another<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span>
+wider group of the same. Between the two, spreading
+through a mossy bank, in and out among the ferns
+and right down to the path, next to a coming patch of
+Oak Fern, is a charming little white flower. Its
+rambling roots thread their way under the mossy
+carpet, and every few inches throw up a neat little
+stem and leaves crowned with a starry flower of
+tenderest white. It is <i>Trientalis</i>, a native of our most
+northern hill-woods, the daintiest of all woodland
+flowers.</p>
+
+<p>To right and left white Foxgloves spire up among
+the Bracken. When the Foxglove-seed is ripe, we
+remember places in the wood where tree-stumps were
+grubbed last winter. A little of the seed is scattered
+in these places and raked in. Meanwhile one forgets
+all about it till two years afterwards there are the
+stately Foxgloves. It is good to see their strong spikes
+of solid bloom standing six to seven feet high, and
+then to look down again at the lowly <i>Trientalis</i> and
+to note how the tender little blossom, poised on
+its thread-like stem, holds its own in interest and
+importance.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CISTUSCYPRIUS">
+<img src="images/i_045.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CISTUS CYPRIUS IN THE CISTUS CLEARING.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CISTUSBYTHEWOOD-PATH">
+<img src="images/i_046.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CISTUS BY THE WOOD-PATH.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Further up the Fern walk, near the upper group of
+<i>Trillium</i>, are some patches of a plant with roundish,
+glittering leaves. It is a North American <i>Asarum</i>
+(<i>A. virginicum</i>); the curious wax-like brown and
+greenish flower, after the usual manner of its kind,
+is short-stalked and hidden at the base of the leaf-stems.
+Near it, and growing close to the ground in a
+tuft of dark-green moss, is an interesting plant&mdash;<i>Goodyera
+repens</i>, a terrestrial Orchid. One might<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span>
+easily pass it by, for its curiously white-veined leaves
+are half hidden in the moss, and its spike of pale
+greenish white flower is not conspicuous; but, knowing
+it is there, I never pass without kneeling down, both
+to admire its beauty and to ensure its well-being by a
+careful removal of a little of the deep moss here and
+there where it threatens too close an invasion.</p>
+
+<p>Now there comes a break in the Fern walk, or rather
+it takes another character. The end of one of the
+wide green ways that we call the Lily path comes
+into it on the right, and, immediately beyond this,
+stands the second of the great Scotch Firs of the older
+wood. The trunk, at five feet from the ground, has
+a girth of nine and a half feet. The colour of the
+rugged bark is a wonder of lovely tones of cool greys
+and greens, and of a luminous deep brown in the fissures
+and cavities. Where the outer layers have flaked off
+it is a warm reddish grey, of a quality that is almost
+peculiar to itself. This great tree's storm-rent head
+towers up some seventy feet, far above the surrounding
+foliage of Oak and Birch. Close to its foot, and
+showing behind it as one comes up the Fern walk,
+are a Holly and a Mountain Ash.</p>
+
+<p>This spot is a meeting-place of several ways. On
+the right the wide green of the Lily path; then, still
+bearing diagonally to the right, one of the ways into
+the region of Azalia and Cistus; then, straight past
+the big tree, a wood walk carpeted with Whortleberry
+and passing through a whole Whortleberry region
+under Oaks, Hollies and Beeches, and, lastly, the path
+which is the continuation of the Fern walk. Looking<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span>
+along it one sees, a little way ahead, a closer shade of
+trees, for the most part Oak, but before entering this,
+on the right-hand gently rising bank, is a sheet of
+bright green leaves, closely set in May with neat spikes
+of white bloom. It is <i>Smilacina bifolia</i>, otherwise
+known as <i>Maianthemum bifolium</i>. The pretty little
+plant has taken to the place in a way that rejoices the
+heart of the wild gardener, joining in perfect accord
+with the natural growth of short Whortleberry and a
+background of the graceful fronds of Dilated Shield
+Fern, and looking as if it was of spontaneous growth.</p>
+
+<p>Now the path passes a large Holly, laced through
+and through with wild Honeysuckle. The Honeysuckle
+stems that run up into the tree look like great
+ropes, and a quantity of the small ends come showering
+out of the tree-top and over the path, like a tangled
+veil of small cordage.</p>
+
+<p>The path has been steadily rising, and now the
+ascent is a little steeper. The character of the trees
+is changing; Oaks are giving way to Scotch Firs.
+Just where this change begins the bank to right and
+left is covered with the fresh, strong greenery of
+<i>Gaultheria Shallon</i>. About twenty years ago a few
+small pieces were planted. Now it is a mass of close
+green growth two to three feet high and thirty paces
+long, and extending for several yards into the wood
+to right and left. In a light, peaty soil such as this,
+it is the best of undershrubs. It is in full leaf-beauty
+in the dead of winter, while in early summer it bears
+clusters of good flowers of the Arbutus type. These
+are followed by handsome dark berries nearly as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span>
+large as black currants, covered with a blue-grey
+bloom.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="GAULTHERIASHALLONINFLOWER">
+<img src="images/i_049.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>GAULTHERIA SHALLON IN FLOWER.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="GAULTHERIASHALLONINFRUIT">
+<img src="images/i_050.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>GAULTHERIA SHALLON IN FRUIT.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Now the path crosses another of the broad turfy
+ways, but here the turf is all of Heath; a fourteen-foot
+wide road of grey-rosy bloom in August; and now
+we are in the topmost region of Scotch Fir, with
+undergrowth of Whortleberry.</p>
+
+<p>The wood path next to this goes nearly straight up
+through the middle of the ground. It begins at another
+point of the small lawn next the house, and passes
+first by a turf walk through a mounded region of
+small shrubs and carefully placed pieces of the local
+sandstone. Andromeda, Skimmia, and Alpenrose have
+grown into solid masses, so that the rocky ridges peer
+out only here and there. And when my friends say,
+"But then, what a chance you had with that shelf of
+rock coming naturally out of the ground," I feel the
+glowing warmth of an inward smile and think that
+perhaps the stones have not been so badly placed.</p>
+
+<p>Near the middle of the woody ground a space was
+cleared that would be large enough to be sunny throughout
+the greater part of the day. This was for Cistuses.
+It is one of the compensations for gardening on the
+poorest of soils that these delightful shrubs do well
+with only the preparation of digging up and loosening
+the sand, for my soil is nothing better. The kinds
+that are best in the woody landscape are <i>C. laurifolius</i>
+and <i>C. cyprius</i>; <i>laurifolius</i> is the hardiest, <i>cyprius</i>
+rather the more beautiful, with its three-and-a-half-inch
+wide flowers of tenderest white with a red-purple
+blotch at the base of each petal. Its growth, also, is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span>
+rather more free and graceful. It is the kind usually
+sold as <i>ladaniferus</i>, and flowers in July. <i>C. laurifolius</i>
+is a bush of rather denser habit; it bears an abundance
+of bloom rather smaller than that of <i>C. cyprius</i>, and
+without the coloured blotch. But when it grows old
+and some of its stems are borne down and lie along
+the ground, the habit changes and it acquires a free
+pictorial character. These two large-growing Cistuses
+are admirable for wild planting in sunny wood edges.
+The illustrations (pp. <a href="#CISTUSCYPRIUS">16</a>, <a href="#CISTUSBYTHEWOOD-PATH">17</a>) show their use, not only in
+their own ground, but by the sides of the grassy ways
+and the regions where the wood paths leave the lawn.</p>
+
+<p>The sheltered, sunny Cistus clearing has an undergrowth
+of wild heaths that are native to the ground,
+but a very few other Heaths are added, namely, <i>Erica
+ciliata</i> and the Cornish Heath; and there is a
+fine patch at the joining of two of the little grassy
+paths of the white form of the Irish Heath (<i>Menziesia
+polifolia</i>).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="WHITEIRISHHEATH">
+<img src="images/i_053.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>WHITE IRISH HEATH.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="THESPRINGGARDENFROMD">
+<img src="images/i_054.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE SPRING GARDEN FROM</i> <b>D</b> <i>ON PLAN. "NEAR ROCK" IS TO THE LEFT.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III<br />
+
+<small>THE SPRING GARDEN</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>As my garden falls naturally into various portions,
+distinct enough from each other to allow of separate
+treatment, I have found it well to devote one space at
+a time, sometimes mainly, sometimes entirely, to the
+flowers of one season of the year.</p>
+
+<p>There is therefore one portion that is a complete
+little garden of spring flowers. It begins to show some
+bloom by the end of March, but its proper season is
+the month of April and three weeks of May.</p>
+
+<p>In many places the spring garden has to give way
+to the summer garden, a plan that greatly restricts
+the choice of plants, and necessarily excludes some of
+the finest flowers of the early year.</p>
+
+<p>My spring garden lies at the end and back of a high
+wall that shelters the big summer flower border from
+the north and north-west winds. The line of the wall
+is continued as a Yew hedge that in time will rise to
+nearly the same height, about eleven feet. At the far
+end the Yew hedge returns to the left so as to fence
+in the spring flowers from the east and to hide some
+sheds. The space also encloses some beds of Tree
+Peonies and a plot of grass, roughly circular in shape,
+about eight yards across, which is nearly surrounded<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span>
+by Oaks, Hollies and Cobnuts. The plan shows its
+disposition. It is of no design; the space was accepted
+with its own conditions, arranged in the simplest way
+as to paths, and treated very carefully for colour. It
+really makes as pretty a picture of spring flowers as
+one could wish to see.</p>
+
+<p>The chief mass of colour is in the main border. The
+circles marked V and M are strong plants of Veratrum
+and Myrrhis. Gardens of spring flowers generally have
+a thin, poor effect for want of plants of important
+foliage. The greater number of them look what they
+are&mdash;temporary makeshifts. It seemed important
+that in this little space, which is given almost entirely
+to spring flowers, this weakness should not be allowed.
+But herbaceous plants of rather large growth with fine
+foliage in April and May are not many. The best I
+could think of are <i>Veratrum nigrum</i>, <i>Myrrhis odorata</i>
+and the newer <i>Euphorbia Wulfenii</i>. The <i>Myrrhis</i> is
+the Sweet Cicely of old English gardens. It is an umbelliferous
+plant with large fern-like foliage, that makes
+early growth and flowers in the beginning of May. At
+three years old a well-grown plant is a yard high and
+across. After that, if the plants are not replaced by
+young ones they grow too large, though they can be
+kept in check by a careful removal of the outer leaves
+and by cutting out some whole crowns when the plant
+is making its first growth. The Veratrum, with its
+large, deeply plaited, undivided leaves is in striking
+contrast, but the two kinds of plants, in groups as the
+plan shows, with running patches of the large form of
+<i>Megasea cordifolia</i>, the great <i>Euphorbia Wulfenii</i> and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a><br /><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+some groups of Black Hellebore, just give that comfortable
+impression of permanence and distinct intention
+that are usually so lamentably absent from gardens
+of spring flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="PLANOFTHESPRINGGARDEN">
+<a href="images/i_057.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_057thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>PLAN OF THE SPRING GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many years ago I came to the conclusion that in all
+flower borders it is better to plant in long rather than
+block-shaped patches. It not only has a more pictorial
+effect, but a thin long planting does not leave an
+unsightly empty space when the flowers are done and
+the leaves have perhaps died down. The word "drift"
+conveniently describes the shape I have in mind and
+I commonly use it in speaking of these long-shaped
+plantings.</p>
+
+<p>Such drifts are shown faintly in the plan, reduced in
+number and simplified in form, but serving to show
+the general manner of planting. There are of course
+many plants that look best in a distinct clump or even
+as single examples, such as <i>Dictamnus</i> (the Burning
+Bush), and the beautiful pale yellow <i>Pæonia wittmanniana</i>,
+a single plant of which is marked W near
+the beginning of the main border.</p>
+
+<p>For the first seven or eight yards, in the front and
+middle spaces, there are plants of tender colouring&mdash;pale
+Primroses, Tiarella, pale yellow Daffodils, pale
+yellow early Iris, pale lemon Wallflower, double Arabis,
+white Anemones and the palest of the lilac Aubrietias;
+also a beautiful pale lilac Iris, one of the Caparne
+hybrids; with long drifts of white and pale yellow
+Tulips&mdash;nothing deeper in colour than the graceful
+<i>Tulipa retroflexa</i>. At the back of the border the colours
+are darker; purple Wallflower and the great dull red<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span>-purple
+double Tulip so absurdly called Bleu Celeste.
+These run through and among and behind the first
+clump of Veratrums.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THEFERN-LIKESWEETCICELY">
+<img src="images/i_059.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE FERN-LIKE SWEET CICELY.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="THESPRINGGARDENFROME">
+<img src="images/i_060.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE SPRING GARDEN FROM</i> <b>E</b> <i>ON PLAN. "FURTHER ROCK" IS ON THE
+NEAR RIGHT HAND.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the middle of the length of the border there is
+still a good proportion of tender and light colouring in
+front: white Primroses and Daffodils; the pale yellow
+Uvularia and <i>Adonis vernalis</i>; but with these there are
+stronger colours. Tulip Chrysolora of fuller yellow,
+yellow Wallflowers, the tall Doronicum, and, towards
+the back, several patches of yellow Crown Imperial.</p>
+
+<p>Then again in front, with more double Arabis, is the
+lovely pale blue of <i>Myosotis dissitiflora</i> and <i>Mertensia
+virginica</i>, and, with sheets of the foam-like Tiarella,
+the tender pink of <i>Dicentra eximia</i> and pink and rose-red
+Tulips. At the back of this come scarlet Tulips,
+the stately cream-white form of <i>Camassia Leichtlini</i>
+and a bold tuft of Solomon's Seal; then Orange Tulips,
+brown Wallflowers, Orange Crown Imperial, and taller
+scarlet Tulips of the <i>gesneriana</i> class. The strong
+colouring is repeated beyond the cross-path where the
+patches of Acanthus are shown, with more orange
+Tulips, brown Wallflowers, orange Crown Imperial and
+great flaming scarlet <i>gesneriana</i> Tulips. All this shows
+up finely against the background of dark yew. At
+the extreme end, where the yew hedge returns forward
+at a right angle, this point is accentuated by a raised
+mound of triangular shape, dry-walled and slightly
+curved forward on the side facing the border and the
+spectator. On this at the back is a young plant of
+<i>Yucca gloriosa</i> for display in future years and a front
+planting of the large growing <i>Euphorbia Wulfenii</i>, one<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span>
+of the grandest and most pictorial of plants of recent
+acquirement for garden use.</p>
+
+<p>The Acanthus and Yucca are of course plants of
+middle and late summer; between them are some
+Tritomas. These plants are here because one of the
+most often used of the garden thoroughfares passes
+the point C, which is a thick-roofed arch of Rose and
+Clematis, and, seen from this point and framed by the
+near greenery, they form a striking picture of middle-distant
+form and colour in the later summer.</p>
+
+<p>The space marked Further Rock is an upward-sloping
+bank; the Hollies standing in rather higher
+ground. Here the plants are between, and tumbling
+over, rocky ridges. Next the large Holly, and extending
+to the middle of the rocky promontory, are
+again the strong reds and browns, with accompanying
+bronze-red foliage of <i>Heuchera Richardsoni</i>. This gives
+place to dark green carpeting masses of Iberis with
+cold-white bloom, and, nearer the path, <i>Lithospermum
+prostratum</i>; the flower-colour here changing, through
+white, to blue and bluish; <i>Myosotis</i> in front telling
+charmingly against the dark-leaved <i>Lithospermum</i>.
+At the highest points, next to a great crowning boulder,
+is the Common Blue Iris and a paler one of the beautiful
+Caparne series. Then down to the path where it begins
+to turn is a drift of the bluish lilac <i>Phlox divaricata</i>,
+and, opposite the cross-path, some jewels of the newer
+pale yellow <i>Alyssum sulphureum</i>. This rocky shoulder
+is also enlivened by a natural-looking but very carefully
+considered planting of white Tulips that run through
+both the blue and the red regions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span></p>
+
+<p>The corner marked Near Rock is also a slightly
+raised bank. The dark dots are cobnuts; the dotted
+line between is where there are garlands of <i>Clematis
+montana</i> that swing on ropes between the nuts. The
+garlands dip down and nearly meet the flowers of some
+pale pink Tree Peonies. Open spaces above the garlands
+and under the meeting branches of the nuts give
+glimpses of distant points where some little scheme
+has been devised to please the eye, such as the bit of
+bank to the left of Seat A, where there are two little
+fish-like drifts of palest Aubrietia in a dense grey
+setting of Cerastium.</p>
+
+<p>The point of the Near Rock next the path agrees
+with the colouring opposite, but also has features of
+its own; a groundwork of grey <i>Antennaria</i>, the soft
+lilac-pink of the good <i>Aubrietia Moorheimi</i> changing
+to the left to the fuller pink of <i>Phlox amœna</i>, and above
+to the type colour of Aubrietia and the newer strong
+purples such as the variety Dr. Mules. To the left,
+towards the oaks, the colouring is mostly purple, with
+strong tufts of the Spring Bitter Vetch (<i>Orobus vernus</i>),
+purple Wallflowers, and, under and behind the nuts,
+purple Honesty. Thin streams of white Tulips intermingle
+with other streams of pink Tulips that crown
+the angle and flow down again to the main path between
+ridges of double Arabis, white Iberis, and cloudy masses
+of the pretty pale yellow <i>Corydalis ochroleuca</i>, which
+spreads into a wide carpet under the Tree Peonies and
+Clematis garlands.</p>
+
+<p>Further along, just clear of the nuts, are some patches
+of <i>Dielytra spectabilis</i>, its graceful growth arching out<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span>
+over the lower stature of pink Tulips and harmonising
+charmingly with the pinkish-green foliage of the Tree
+Peonies just behind. The pink Tulips are here in some
+quantity; they run boldly into pools of pale blue
+Myosotis, with more Iberis where the picture demands
+the strongest, deepest green, and more Corydalis where
+the softer, greyer tones will make it better.</p>
+
+<p>The space marked Shade, always in shade from
+the nuts and oaks, is planted with rather large patches
+of the handsome white-flowered <i>Dentaria</i>, the graceful
+North American <i>Uvularia grandiflora</i>, in habit like a
+small Solomon's Seal but with yellow flowers much
+larger in proportion; with Myrrhis and purple Honesty
+at the back and sheets of Sweet Woodruff to the front.</p>
+
+<p>There are Tree Peonies in the long border and the
+two others. It is difficult to grow them in my hot,
+dry, sandy soil, even though I make them a liberal
+provision of just such a compost as I think they will
+like. I have noticed that they do best when closely
+overshadowed by some other growing thing. In the
+two near beds there are some Mme. Alfred Carrière Roses
+that are trained to arch over to the angles, so to comfort
+and encourage the Peonies. These beds have an
+informal edging of <i>Stachys lanata</i>, one of the most useful
+of plants for grey effects. Through it come white
+Tulips in irregular patches.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="FURTHERROCKFROMG">
+<img src="images/i_065.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>"FURTHER ROCK," FROM</i> <b>G</b> <i>ON PLAN</i>.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="FURTHERROCKFROMH">
+<img src="images/i_066.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>"FURTHER ROCK" FROM</i> <b>H</b> <i>ON PLAN: IBERIS, PHLOX STELLARIA AND
+PHLOX DIVARICATA, WHITE TULIPS AND BLUE IRIS</i>.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The long border has also Tree Peonies planted about
+two and a half feet from the edge. Partly to give the
+bed a sort of backbone, and partly to shelter the Tree
+Peonies, it has some bushes of <i>Veronica Traversi</i> and
+one or two <i>Leycesteria formosa</i>. In the middle of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span>
+length is a clump of <i>Lilium giganteum</i> and a biggish
+grouping of <i>Dielytra spectabilis</i>. All along the outer
+border there are patches and long straggling groups of
+the pretty dwarf Irises of the <i>pumila</i>, <i>olbiensis</i> and
+<i>chamæ-iris</i> sections, with others of the same class of
+stature and habit. Any bare spaces are filled with
+Wallflowers and Honesty in colours that accord with
+the general arrangement. The narrow border has
+mostly small shrubs, Berberis and so on, forming one
+mass with the hedge to the left, which consists of a
+double dry wall about four feet high, with earth between
+and a thick growth on the top of Berberis, <i>Rosa lucida</i>
+and Scotch Briers. Except the Berberis these make no
+show of flower within the blooming time of the spring
+garden, but the whole is excellent as a background.</p>
+
+<p>Red primroses are in the narrow border next to the
+cross-wall; the wall here is much lower than the longer
+one on the right. The Primroses are grouped with
+the reddish leaved <i>Heuchera Richardsoni</i>, the two
+together making a rich colour-harmony. Beyond them
+are scarlet Tulips. The small shaded rounds in this
+border and its continuation across the path into the
+near end of the main border are stout larch posts
+supporting a strong growth of Rose Mme. Alfred
+Carrière and <i>Clematis montana</i>. These have grown
+together into a solid continuously-intermingling mass,
+the path at C passing under a low arch of their united
+branches. The high wall on the right is also covered
+with flowering things of the early year, Morella Cherries,
+<i>Rubus deliciosus</i> and <i>Clematis montana</i>, some of this
+foaming over from the other side of the wall.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span></p>
+
+<p>The wall is a part, about a third of the length, of the
+high wall that protects the large border of summer and
+autumn flowers from the north, and that forms the
+dividing-line between the pleasure garden proper and
+the working garden beyond.</p>
+
+<p>On the plan are letters with arrows referring to the
+illustrations. The letter is at the spot where the
+camera stood; the arrow points to the middle of the
+picture. Thus the one taken from D shows two-thirds
+of the longest path with the end of the big wall
+and the Yew hedge that prolongs its line on the right
+and the Nut-trees on the left. The colouring on the
+right is of pale purple Aubrietia and double white
+Arabis, with pale Daffodils, and, at the back, groups
+of sulphur Crown Imperial.</p>
+
+<p>The more distant colouring is of brown Wallflower
+and red Tulip and the bright mahogany-coloured Crown
+Imperial. The picture from E is done from among
+the reds and strong yellows and looks to point C, and
+further, through the arch of Rose and Clematis, to the
+Peony garden beyond. The other illustrations show
+groups of colouring more in detail. The one from
+F looks at Near Rock from one side. Over the
+grey Stachys and its milk-white Tulips is seen the
+flowery mass of pale and deep lilac, and pinkish lilac
+with grey foliage, crowned with pink and white Tulips
+near the foot of the Nuts. The picture from G
+looks at the bit of bank called Further Rock with
+its big piece of sandstone that looks as if it came
+naturally out of the ground. Here is a mass of dead-white
+Iberis with Tulips of a softer white, then the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span>
+lilac white of <i>Phlox stellaria</i> and the bluish lilac of
+<i>Phlox divaricata</i>. The picture from H was done a
+few days later. It shows the further mass of <i>Phlox
+divaricata</i> more fully in bloom, and, among the white
+Tulips above, a pretty pale lilac-blue hybrid Iris and
+some taller stems of the common Blue Flag Iris just
+coming into blossom. This picture shows the value
+of the dark Yew hedge as a background to the flowers.
+Just at the back of the flowery bank are Hollies, and
+then the hedge. This has not yet come to its full
+height and the top still shows a ragged outline, but in
+two years' time it will have grown into shape.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="NEARROCKFROMF">
+<img src="images/i_069.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>"NEAR ROCK" FROM</i> <b>F</b> <i>ON PLAN: AUBRIETIAS, PHLOX AMŒNA AND
+WHITE AND PINK TULIP.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THEPRIMROSEGARDEN">
+<img src="images/i_070.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE PRIMROSE GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Primrose garden is in a separate place among
+Oaks and Hazels. It is for my special strain of large
+yellow and white bunch Primroses, now arrived at a
+state of fine quality and development by a system of
+careful seed-selection that has been carried on for more
+than thirty years.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV<br />
+
+<small>BETWEEN SPRING AND SUMMER</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>When the Spring flowers are done, and before the full
+June days come with the great Flag Irises and the
+perennial Lupines, there is a kind of mid-season. If it
+can be given a space of ground it will be well bestowed.
+I have a place that I call the Hidden Garden, because
+it is in a corner that might so easily be overlooked if
+one did not know where to find it. No important
+path leads into it, though two pass within ten yards
+of it on either side. It is in a sort of clearing among
+Ilex and Holly, and the three small ways into it are
+devious and scarcely noticeable from the outside.
+The most important of these, marked 1 on the plan,
+passes between some clumps of overarching Bamboo
+and through a short curved tunnel of Yew and Ilex.
+Another, marked 2, is only just traceable among
+Berberis under a large Birch, and comes sharply
+round a tall Monterey Cypress. The third turns out
+of one of the shady woodland glades and comes into
+the little garden by some rough stone steps.</p>
+
+<p>The plan shows the simple arrangement; the paths
+following the most natural lines that the place suggests.
+The main path goes down some shallow, rough stone
+steps with a sunny bank to the left and a rocky mound<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span>
+to the right. The mound is crowned with small
+shrubs, Alpine Rhododendrons and Andromeda. Both
+this and the left-hand bank have a few courses of
+rough dry-walling next the path on its lowest level.
+A little cross-path curves into the main one from the
+right.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="STEPSTOTHEHIDDENGARDEN">
+<img src="images/i_073.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>STEPS TO THE HIDDEN GARDEN AT</i> <b>3</b> <i>ON PLAN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="PHLOXDIVARICATAAND">
+<img src="images/i_074.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>PHLOX DIVARICATA AND ARENARIA MONTANA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The path leaves the garden again by a repetition of
+the rough stone steps. The mossy growth of <i>Arenaria
+balearica</i> clings closely to the stones on their cooler
+faces, and the frond-like growths of Solomon's Seal
+hang out on either side as a fitting prelude to the dim
+mysteries of the wide green wood-path beyond.</p>
+
+<p>It is a garden for the last days of May and the
+first fortnight of June.</p>
+
+<p>Passing through the Yew tunnel, the little place
+bursts on the sight with good effect. What is most
+striking is the beauty of the blue-lilac <i>Phlox divaricata</i>
+and that of two clumps of Tree Peony&mdash;the rosy
+Baronne d'Alès and the pale salmon-pink Comtesse
+de Tuder. The little garden, with its quiet environment
+of dark foliage, forbids the use of strong colouring,
+or perhaps one should say that it suggested a restriction
+of the scheme of colouring to the tenderer tones.
+There seemed to be no place here for the gorgeous
+Oriental Poppies, although they too are finest in partial
+shade, or for any strong yellows, their character
+needing wider spaces and clearer sunlight.</p>
+
+<p>The Tree Peonies are in two groups of the two
+kinds only; it seemed enough for the limited space.
+In front of Comtesse de Tuder is a group of <i>Funkia
+Sieboldi</i>, its bluish leaves harmonising delightfully<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span>
+with the leaf-colour of the Peonies; next to them is
+a corner of glistening deep green Asarum. No other
+flowers of any size are near, but there are sheets of
+the tender yellow bloom and pale foliage of <i>Corydalis
+ochroleuca</i>, of the white-bloomed Woodruff, and the
+pale green leafage of Epimedium; and among them
+tufts of Lent Hellebores, also in fresh young leaf, and
+a backing of the feathery fronds of Lady Fern and of
+the large Solomon's Seal; with drooping garlands of
+<i>Clematis montana</i> hanging informally from some rough
+branching posts. Yew-trees are at the back, and
+then Beeches in tender young leaf.</p>
+
+<p>The foot of the near mound is a pink cloud of London
+Pride. Shooting up among it and just beyond is
+the white St. Bruno's Lily. More of this lovely little
+lily-like Anthericum is again a few feet further along,
+grouped with <i>Iris Cengialti</i>, one of the bluest of the
+Irises. The back of the mound has some of the
+tenderly tinted Caparne hybrid Irises two feet high,
+of pale lilac colouring, rising from among dark-leaved,
+white-bloomed Iberis, and next the path a pretty, large-flowered
+tufted Pansy that nearly matches the Iris.</p>
+
+<p>But the glory of the mound is the long stretch of
+blue-lilac <i>Phlox divaricata</i>, whose colour is again
+repeated by a little of the same on the sunny bank
+to the left. Here it is grouped with pale pink Scotch
+Brier, more pale yellow Corydalis and <i>Arenaria montana</i>
+smothered in its masses of white bloom. At the end of
+the bank the colour of the <i>Phlox divaricata</i> is deepened
+by sheaves of <i>Camassia esculenta</i> that spear up through
+it. The whole back of this bank has a free planting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span>
+of graceful pale-coloured Columbines with long spurs,
+garden kinds that come easily from seed and that were
+originally derived from some North American species.
+They are pale yellow and warm white; some have the
+outer portion of the flower of a faint purple, much like
+that of some of the patches in an old, much-washed,
+cotton patchwork quilt.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="MALEFERNINTHEHIDDENGARDEN">
+<img src="images/i_077.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>MALE FERN IN THE HIDDEN GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="EXOCHORDAGRANDIFLORA">
+<img src="images/i_078.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>EXOCHORDA GRANDIFLORA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="PLANOFTHEHIDDENGARDEN">
+<a href="images/i_079.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_079thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>PLAN OF THE HIDDEN GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The dark trees on the right have rambling Roses
+growing into them&mdash;Paul's Carmine Pillar and the
+Himalayan <i>R. Brunonis</i>. The red Rose does not
+flower so freely here as on a pillar in sunlight, but its
+fewer stems clamber high into the Holly and the bloom
+shows in thin natural wreaths that are even more
+pleasing to an artist's eye than the more ordered
+abundance of the flowery post. At the foot of the
+Hollies hardy Ferns grow luxuriantly in the constant
+shade. A little later a few clumps of Lilies will spring
+up from among them; the lovely pink <i>rubellum</i>, the
+fine yellow <i>szovitzianum</i>, and the buff <i>testaceum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On the left-hand side, behind the sunny bank, a
+Garland Rose comes through and tumbles out of a Yew,
+and some sprays of an old bush of the single <i>R. polyantha</i>,
+that has spread to a circumference of one hundred
+and fifty feet, have pushed their way through the Ilex.</p>
+
+<p>The Hollies and Ilexes all round are growing fast,
+and before many years are over the little garden will
+become too shady for the well-being of the flowers that
+now occupy it. It will then change its character
+and become a Fern garden.</p>
+
+<p>All gardening involves constant change. It is even
+more so in woodland. A young bit of wood such as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span>
+mine is for ever changing. Happily, each new development
+reveals new beauty of aspect or new
+possibility of good treatment, such as, rightly apprehended
+and then guided, tends to a better state than
+before.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the little tree-embowered garden has a
+quiet charm of its own. It seems to delight in its
+character of a Hidden Garden, and in the pleasant
+surprise that its sudden discovery provokes. For
+between it and its owner there is always a pretty little
+play of pretending that there is no garden there,
+and of being much surprised and delighted at finding,
+not only that there is one, but quite a pretty one.</p>
+
+<p>The Hidden Garden is so small in extent, and its
+boundaries are already so well grown, that there is no
+room for many of the beautiful things of the time of
+year. For May is the time for the blooming of the
+most important of our well-known flowering shrubs&mdash;Lilac,
+Guelder Rose, White Broom, Laburnum, and
+<i>Pyrus Malus floribunda</i>. But one shrub, as beautiful
+as any of these and as easily grown, seems to be forgotten.
+This is <i>Exochorda grandiflora</i>&mdash;related to the
+Spiræas. Its pearl-like buds have earned it the name
+of Pearl Bush, but its whole lovely bloom should before
+now have secured it a place in every good garden.</p>
+
+<p>Every one knows the Guelder Rose, with its round
+white flower-balls, but the wild shrub of which this
+is a garden variety is also a valuable ornamental bush
+and should not be neglected. It is a native plant,
+growing in damp places, such as the hedges of water-meadows
+and the sides of streams. The English name<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span>
+is Water Elder. Its merit as a garden shrub does not
+lie, as in the Guelder Rose, in its bloom, but in its
+singularly beautiful fruit. This, in autumn, lights
+up the whole shrub with a ruddy radiance. Grown
+on drier ground than that of its natural habitat, it
+takes a closer, more compact form.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="EUPHORBIAWULFENII">
+<img src="images/i_083.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>EUPHORBIA WULFENII.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="IRISESANDLUPINES">
+<img src="images/i_084.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>IRISES AND LUPINES IN THE JUNE GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>White Broom is in flower from the middle of May
+to the second week of June. There is a fine Flag Iris
+of a rich purple colour called "Purple King." It is
+well to grow it just in front of some young bushes of
+White Broom. Then, if one of the hybrid Irises of
+pale lilac colour is there as well, and a bush of <i>Rosa
+altaica</i>, the colour-effect will be surprisingly beautiful.
+This Rose is the bolder-growing, Asiatic equivalent
+of our Burnet Rose (<i>R. spinosissima</i>), with the same
+lemon-white flowers. When any such group containing
+White Broom is planted, it should be remembered
+that the tendency of the Broom is to grow tall and
+leggy. It bears pruning, but it is a good plan to
+plant some extra ones behind the others. After a
+couple of years, if the front plants have grown out of
+bounds, the back ones can be bent down and fastened
+to sticks, so that their heads come in the required
+places. It is one of the many ways in which a pretty
+garden picture may be maintained from year to year
+by the exercise of a little thought and ingenuity. The
+undergrowth of such a group may be of Solomon's
+Seal at the back, and, if the bank or border is in sun,
+of a lower groundwork of Iberis and <i>Corydalis ochroleuca</i>,
+or, if it is shaded, of Tiarella, Woodruff or
+<i>Anemone sylvestris</i>. With these, for the sake of their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span>
+tender green foliage, there may well be <i>Uvularia
+grandiflora</i> and <i>Epimedium pinnatum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A wonderful plant of May is the great <i>Euphorbia
+Wulfenii</i>. It adapts itself to many ways of use, for,
+though the immense yellow-green heads of bloom are
+at their best in May, they are still of pictorial value in
+June and July, while the deep-toned, grey-blue foliage
+is in full beauty throughout the greater part of the
+year. It is valuable in boldly arranged flower borders,
+and holds its own among shrubs of moderate size, but
+I always think its best use would be in the boldest
+kind of rock-work.</p>
+
+<p>One of my desires that can never be fulfilled is to
+have a rocky hillside in full sun, so steep as to be
+almost precipitous, with walls of bare rock only broken
+by ledges that can be planted. I would have great
+groups of Yucca standing up against the sky and others
+in the rock-face, and some bushes of this great
+<i>Euphorbia</i> and only a few other plants, all of rather
+large grey effect; <i>Phlomis</i>, Lavender, Rosemary and
+Cistus, with <i>Othonna</i> hanging down in long sheets
+over the bare face of the warm rock. It would be a
+rock-garden on an immense scale, planted as Nature
+plants, with not many different things at a time.
+The restriction to a few kinds of plants would give
+the impression of spontaneous growth; of that large,
+free, natural effect that is so rarely achieved in artificial
+planting. Besides natural hillsides, there must
+be old quarries within or near the pleasure-grounds
+of many places in our islands where such a scheme of
+planting could worthily be carried out.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="PARTOFTHEGARLANDROSE">
+<img src="images/i_088.jpg"  alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>PART OF THE GARLAND ROSE AT THE ANGLE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V<br />
+
+<small>THE JUNE GARDEN</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>Beyond the lawn and a belt of Spanish Chestnut I
+have a little cottage that is known as the Hut. I
+lived in it for two years while my house was building,
+and may possibly live in it again for the sake of replenishing
+an over-drained exchequer, if the ideal
+well-to-do invalid flower-lover or some such very quiet
+summer tenant, to whom alone I could consent to
+surrender my dear home for a few weeks, should be
+presented by a kind Providence. Meanwhile it is
+always in good use for various purposes, such as seed-drying,
+<i>pot-pourri</i> preparing, and the like.</p>
+
+<p>The garden in front and at the back is mainly a
+June garden. It has Peonies, Irises, Lupines, and
+others of the best flowers of the season, and a few for
+later blooming. The entrance to the Hut is through
+Yews that arch overhead. Close to the right is a tall
+Holly with a <i>Clematis montana</i> growing into it and
+tumbling out at the top. The space of garden to the
+left, being of too deep a shape to be easily got at from
+the path on the one side and the stone paving on the
+other, has a kind of dividing backbone made of a
+double row of Rose hoops or low arches, rising from
+good greenery of Male Fern and the fern-like Sweet<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span>
+Cicely. This handsome plant (<i>Myrrhis odorata</i>) is of
+great use in many ways. It will grow anywhere,
+and has the unusual merit of making a good show of
+foliage quite early in the year. It takes two years
+to get to a good size, sending its large, fleshy, aromatic
+roots deep down into the soil. By the end of May,
+when the bloom is over and the leaves are full grown,
+they can be cut right down, when the plant will at
+once form a new set of leaves that remain fresh for the
+rest of the summer. Its chief use is as a good foliage
+accompaniment or background to flowers, and no plant
+is better for filling up at the bases of shrubs that look
+a little leggy near the ground, or for any furnishing
+of waste or empty spaces, especially in shade. From
+among the Ferns and Myrrhis at the back of this bit
+of eastern border rise white Foxgloves, the great white
+Columbine, and the tall stems of white Peach-leaved
+Campanula. Nearer to the front are clumps of
+Peonies. But, as one of the most frequented paths
+passes along this eastern border, it was thought best
+not to confine it to June flowers only, but to have
+something also for the later months. All vacant
+places are therefore filled with Pentstemons and Snapdragons,
+which make a show throughout the summer;
+while for the early days of July there are clumps of the
+old garden Roses&mdash;Damask and Provence. The whole
+south-western angle is occupied by a well-grown
+Garland Rose that every summer is loaded with its
+graceful wreaths of bloom. It has never been trained
+or staked, but grows as a natural fountain; the
+branches are neither pruned nor shortened. The only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span>
+attention it receives is that every three or four years
+the internal mass of old dead wood is cut right out,
+when the bush seems to spring into new life.</p>
+
+<p>Passing this angle and going along the path leading
+to the studio door in the little stone-paved court,
+there is a seat under an arbour formed by the Yews;
+the front of it has a Dundee Rambler Rose supported
+by a rough wooden framework. On the right, next
+the paving, are two large standard Roses with heads
+three and four feet through. They are old garden
+Roses, worked in cottage fashion on a common Dog-rose
+stock. One is Celeste, of loveliest tender rose
+colour, its broad bluish leaves showing its near relationship
+to <i>Rosa alba</i>; the other the white Mme. Plantier.
+This old Rose, with its abundant bunches of pure
+white flowers, always seems to me to be one of the
+most charming of the older garden kinds. It will
+grow in almost any way, and is delightful in all; as a
+pillar, as a hedge, as a bush, as a big cottage standard,
+or in the border tumbling about among early summer
+flowers. Like the Blush Gallica, which just precedes
+it in time of blooming, it is one of the old picture Roses.
+Both should be in quantity in every garden, and yet
+they are but rarely seen.</p>
+
+<p>The border next the paving has clumps of the old
+garden Peonies (<i>P. officinalis</i>). By the time these
+are over, towards the end of June, groups of the
+earlier orange Herring Lilies are in bloom. A thick
+and rather high Box edging neatly trims these borders,
+and favours the cottage-garden sentiment that is
+fostered in this region. At the back of the Yews that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span>
+form the arbour is one end of the Hidden Garden.
+Going along the path, past the projection on the block-plan
+of the Hut, which represents the large ingle of the
+studio, we come to the other bit of June garden behind
+the little cottage. Here again, the space being over-wide,
+it is divided in the middle by a double border of
+Rosemary that is kept clipped and is not allowed to
+rise high enough to prevent access to the border on
+each side.</p>
+
+<p>On the side next the Hut the flowers are mostly of
+lilac and purple colouring with white. Pale lilac Irises,
+including the fine <i>I. pallida dalmatica</i> and the rosy
+lilac variety, Queen of the May, perennial Lupines,
+white, bluish lilac and purple&mdash;one of a conspicuous
+and rare deep red-purple of extreme richness without
+the slightest taint of a rank quality&mdash;a colour I can
+only call a strong wine-purple; then a clump of the
+feathery, ivory-white <i>Spiræa Aruncus</i>, the large
+Meadowsweet that is so fine by the side of alpine
+torrents. There are also some flesh-pink Albiflora
+Peonies and lower growths of Catmint, and of the
+grand blue-purple Cranesbill, <i>Geranium ibericum platyphyllum</i>;
+with white and pale yellow Spanish Irises
+in generous tufts springing up between. At the blunt
+angle nearly opposite the dovecote is a pink cloud of
+London Pride; beyond it pale yellow Violas with more
+white Spanish Iris, leading to a happy combination of
+the blue <i>Iris Cengialti</i> and the bushy Aster <i>Olearia
+Gunni</i>, smothered in its white starry bloom. An early
+flowering Flag Iris, named Chamæleon, nearly matches
+the colour of <i>I. Cengialti</i>; it is the bluest that I know<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span>
+of the Flag Irises, and is planted between and around
+the Olearias to form part of the colour-picture.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="ROSEBLUSHGALLICA">
+<img src="images/i_093.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>ROSE BLUSH GALLICA PLANTED ON THE TOP OF
+DRY WALLING.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="SPANISHIRIS">
+<img src="images/i_094.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>SPANISH IRIS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Beyond this group, and only separated from it by
+some pale yellow Irises, are two plants of the Dropmore
+Anchusa, marked A on the plan, of pure pale
+blue, and another clump of <i>Spiræa Aruncus</i>, marked
+S, and one of a good pure white Lupine, with some
+tall clear yellow Irises and white Foxgloves. Now
+the colouring changes, passing through a group or
+two of the rich half-tones of Irises of the <i>squalens</i>
+section to the perennial Poppies; <i>P. rupifragum</i>
+nearest the path and, next to it, <i>P. pilosum</i>; both of
+a rich apricot colour. Backing these is a group of
+the larger hybrid that nearly always occurs in gardens
+where there are both <i>P. rupifragum</i> and <i>P. orientale</i>.
+In appearance it is a small <i>orientale</i> with a strong look
+of <i>rupifragum</i> about the foliage. As a garden plant
+it has the advantages of being of an intermediate size
+and of having a long season of bloom, a quality no
+doubt inherited from <i>rupifragum</i>, which will flower
+more or less throughout the summer if the seed-pods
+are removed. A plant of Oriental Poppy of the tone
+of orange-scarlet that I know as red-lead colour,
+and some deep orange Lilies complete this strongly
+coloured group.</p>
+
+<p>In the north-western clump, where there are some
+Thorn-trees and two Thuyas, the dominant feature
+is the great bush of an old garden rambling Rose that
+looks as if its parentage was somewhere between
+<i>sempervirens</i> and <i>arvensis</i>. I can neither remember
+how I came by it nor match it with any nursery kind.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span>
+It stands nearly opposite the Hut kitchen window,
+and when in full bloom actually sheds light into the
+room. I know it as the Kitchen Rose. The diameter
+of the bush is even greater than the plan shows, for
+it overwhelms the nearest Thuya and rushes through
+the Thorn, and many of its shoots are within hand-reach
+of the back path. The rest of this clump is
+occupied by plants of tall habit&mdash;the great Mullein
+(<i>Verbascum orientale</i>), the Giant Cow-Parsnip (<i>Heracleum</i>),
+and white Foxgloves.</p>
+
+<p>The plan shows how the border of early bulbs,
+described in a former chapter (now a mass of hardy
+Ferns, as shown at p. 7), lies in relation to this part
+of the garden. There is also a grand mass of Oriental
+Poppy and Orange Lilies in half-shade on the other
+side of the path, where it turns and is bordered with
+Berberis. This makes a fine distant effect of strong
+colour looking north-west from the southern end of
+the bulb-border.</p>
+
+<p>I greatly wish I could have some other June borders
+for the still better use of the Flag Irises, but not only
+have I quite as much dressed ground as I can afford
+to keep up, but the only space where such borders
+could be made has to be nursery-ground of plants for
+sale. But though I am denied this pleasure myself,
+I should like to suggest it to others, and therefore give
+plans of two borders of different colourings. There
+would be no great harm if they came opposite each
+other, though perhaps, as colour-schemes, they would
+be rather better seen singly and quite detached from
+each other.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THEJUNEGARDEN">
+<a href="images/i_097.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_097thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>THE JUNE GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="IRISANDLUPINEBORDERS">
+<a href="images/i_099.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_099thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>IRIS AND LUPINE BORDERS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span></p>
+
+<p>It must be remembered, as in all cases of planting
+flower borders, that they cannot be expected to show
+their full beauty the year after planting. Irises will
+give a few blooms the first season, but are not in
+strength till their second and third years. China
+Roses must have time to grow. Tree Lupines must be
+planted young, and, though they make rapid growth,
+they also do not fill their spaces till the third year.
+Lupine Somerset is a desirable hybrid, not quite
+a true Tree Lupine, though it has a half-woody growth.
+Its best colour is a clear, lively light yellow, but it
+readily varies from seed to whitish or washy purplish
+tints. As the seedlings often show bloom the first
+season in the seed-bed, the colours should be noted
+and marked, for some of the light purples are pretty
+things, with more refinement of character than the
+same colourings in the old Tree Lupines. Both the
+tree and hybrid kinds may have their lives much
+prolonged&mdash;for if they are not specially treated they
+are short-lived things&mdash;by judicious pruning. After
+flowering, each branch should be cut well back. It
+is not enough to cut away the flowers, but every branch
+should be shortened about two-thirds as soon as the
+bloom is over and the seed-pods begin to form.</p>
+
+<p>The plans show the two schemes of colouring. The
+upper is of white, lilac, purple and pink, with grey
+foliage; the lower of white, yellow, bronze-yellow
+and, for the most part, rich green foliage. They
+will show mainly as Iris and Lupine borders, and
+are intended to display the beauty of these two
+grand plants of early summer. The kinds of Iris are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span>
+carefully considered for their height, time of blooming,
+and colour-value. In the yellow border is one patch
+of clear, pale pure blue, the Dropmore Anchusa,
+grouped with pale yellows and white.</p>
+
+<p>In the purple border are some important front-edge
+patches of the beautiful Catmint (<i>Nepeta Mussini</i>), a
+plant that can hardly be over-praised. The illustration
+shows it in a part of a border-front that is to be
+for August. For a good three weeks in June it makes
+this border a pretty place, although the Catmint is
+its only flower. But with the white-grey woolly
+patches of Stachys and the half-grown bushes of
+Gypsophila, and the Lavender and other plants of
+greyish foliage, the picture is by no means incomplete.
+Its flowery masses, seen against the warm yellow of
+the sandy path, give the impression of remarkably
+strong and yet delightfully soft colouring. The colour
+itself is a midway purple, between light and dark, of
+just the most pleasing quality. As soon as the best
+of the bloom is done it is carefully cut over; then the
+lateral shoots just below the main flower-spike that
+has been taken out will gain strength and bloom again
+at the border's best show-time in August. In another
+double flower border that is mostly for the September-blooming
+Michaelmas Daisies the Catmint is cut back
+a little later.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>One of the joys of June is the beauty of the Scotch
+Briers. On the south side of the house there are Figs
+and Vines, Rosemary and China Roses; a path and
+then some easy stone steps leading up to the strip of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span>
+lawn some fifty feet wide that skirts the wood. To
+right and left of the steps, for a length equal to that
+of the house-front, is a hedge of these charming little
+Roses. They are mostly double white, but some are
+rosy and some yellow. When it is not in flower the
+mass of small foliage is pleasant to see, and even in
+winter leaflessness the tangle of close-locked branches
+has an appearance of warm brown comfort that makes
+it good to have near a house.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="WHITETREELUPINE">
+<img src="images/i_103.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>WHITE TREE LUPINE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="CATMINTINJUNE">
+<img src="images/i_104.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CATMINT IN JUNE IN THE GREY AUGUST BORDER.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>June is also the time of some of the best of the
+climbing plants and slightly tender shrubs that we
+have against walls and treat as climbers, such as
+<i>Solamum crispum</i> and <i>Abutilon vitifolium</i> and the
+hardy <i>Clematis montana</i>; but some notes on these
+will be offered in a further chapter.</p>
+
+<p>One is always watching and trying for good combinations
+of colour that occur or that may be composed.
+Besides such as are shown in the plans, the following
+have been noted for June:</p>
+
+<p>In rock-work the tiny China Rose Pompon de Paris,
+also the tender pink Fairy Rose, with pale lilac tufted
+Pansy and <i>Achillea umbellata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The pretty pale pink dwarf Rose Mignonette, with
+the lilac of Catmint (<i>Nepeta Mussini</i>) and the grey-white
+foliage of Stachys and <i>Cineraria maritima</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In a cool, retired place in a shrubbery margin, away
+from other flowers, the misty red-grey-purple of
+<i>Thalictrum purpureum</i> with the warm white foam-colour
+of <i>Spiræa Aruncus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On bold rock-work, a mass of a fine-coloured strain
+of Valerian (<i>Centranthus</i>) with a deep scarlet-crimson<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span>
+Snapdragon. This is a success of reciprocally becoming
+texture as well as colour; the texture having that
+satisfying quality that one recognises in the relation
+of the cut and uncut portions of the fine old Italian
+cut-velvets.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="SCOTCHBRIARS">
+<img src="images/i_107.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>SCOTCH BRIARS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="GERANIUMIBERICUMPLATYPHYLLUM">
+<img src="images/i_108.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>GERANIUM IBERICUM PLATYPHYLLUM;<br />
+THE BEST OF THE CRANEBILLS.</i>
+(<i>See page <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI<br />
+
+<small>THE MAIN HARDY FLOWER BORDER</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>The big flower border is about two hundred feet long
+and fourteen feet wide. It is sheltered from the north
+by a solid sandstone wall about eleven feet high clothed
+for the most part with evergreen shrubs&mdash;Bay and
+Laurustinus, Choisya, Cistus and Loquat. These show
+as a handsome background to the flowering plants.
+They are in a three-foot-wide border at the foot of the
+wall; then there is a narrow alley, not seen from the
+front, but convenient for access to the wall shrubs and
+for working the back of the border.</p>
+
+<p>As it is impossible to keep any one flower border
+fully dressed for the whole summer, and as it suits me
+that it should be at its best in the late summer, there
+is no attempt to have it full of flowers as early as June.
+Another region belongs to June; so that at that time
+the big border has only some incidents of good bloom,
+though the ground is rapidly covering with the strong
+patches, most of them from three to five years old, of
+the later blooming perennials. But early in the month
+there are some clumps of the beautiful <i>Iris Pallida
+dalmatica</i> in the regions of grey foliage, and of the
+splendid blue-purple bloom of <i>Geranium ibericum
+platyphyllum</i>, the best of the large Cranesbills, and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span>
+slow-growing <i>Dictamnus Fraxinella</i> (the white variety),
+and Meadowsweets white and pink, Foxgloves and
+Canterbury Bells, and to the front some long-established
+sheets of <i>Iberis sempervirens</i> that have grown right
+on to the path. The large Yuccas, <i>Y. gloriosa</i> and
+<i>Y. recurva</i> are throwing up their massive spikes, though
+it will be July before they actually flower, and the
+blooms on some bushes of the great <i>Euphorbia Wulfenii</i>,
+although they were flowers of May and their almost
+yellow colour is turning greener, are still conspicuous
+and ornamental. Then the plants in the middle of
+the wall, <i>Choisya ternata</i> and <i>Clematis montana</i> are still
+full of white bloom and the Guelder Rose is hanging
+out its great white balls. I like to plant the Guelder
+Rose and <i>Clematis montana</i> together. Nothing does
+better on north or east walls, and it is pleasant to see
+the way the Clematis flings its graceful garlands over
+and through the stiff branches of the Viburnum.</p>
+
+<p>The more brilliant patches of colour in the big border
+in June are of Oriental Poppies intergrouped with
+Gypsophila, which will cover their space when they
+have died down, and the earlier forms of <i>Lilium croceum</i>
+of that dark orange colour that almost approaches
+scarlet.</p>
+
+<p>During the first week of June any bare spaces of the
+border are filled up with half-hardy annuals, and some
+of what we are accustomed to call bedding-plants&mdash;such
+as Geranium, Salvia, Calceolaria, Begonia, Gazania and
+Verbena. The half-hardy annuals are African Marigold,
+deep orange and pale sulphur, pure white single
+Petunia, tall Ageratum, tall striped Maize, white<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span>
+Cosmos, sulphur Sunflower, <i>Phlox Drummondi</i>, Nasturtiums,
+and <i>Trachelium cœruleum</i>. Dahlias were
+planted out in May, and earlier still the Hollyhocks,
+quite young plants that are to bloom in August and
+September; the autumn-planted ones flowering earlier.
+The ground was well cleaned of weeds before these were
+planted, and, soon after, the whole border had a good
+mulch of a mixture of half-rotted leaves and old hotbed
+stuff. This serves the double purpose of keeping
+the soil cool and of affording gradual nutriment when
+water is given.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="THEFLOWERBORDERINLATESUMMER">
+<img src="images/i_111.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE FLOWER BORDER IN LATE SUMMER: YUCCA, HYDRANGEA, SNAPDRAGON,
+LILIUM AURATUM AND EARLY ASTERS, WITH GREY FOLIAGE
+OF CINERARIA MARITIMA, SANTOLINA AND ELYMUS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="THECROSSWALKDIVIDING">
+<img src="images/i_112.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE CROSS WALK DIVIDING THE FLOWER BORDER:<br />
+YUCCA, HYDRANGEA, MEGASEA AND STACHYS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>The planting of the border is designed to show a
+distinct scheme of colour-arrangement. At the two
+ends there is a groundwork of grey and glaucous foliage&mdash;Stachys,
+Santolina, <i>Cineraria maritima</i>, Sea Kale
+and Lyme Grass, with darker foliage, also of grey
+quality, of Yucca, <i>Clematis recta</i> and Rue. With this,
+at the near or western end, there are flowers of pure
+blue, grey-blue, white, palest yellow and palest pink;
+each colour partly in distinct masses and partly intergrouped.
+The colouring then passes through stronger
+yellows to orange and red. By the time the middle
+space of the border is reached the colour is strong and
+gorgeous, but, as it is in good harmonies, it is never
+garish. Then the colour-strength recedes in an inverse
+sequence through orange and deep yellow to pale yellow,
+white and palest pink, with the blue-grey foliage.
+But at this, the eastern end, instead of the pure blues
+we have purples and lilacs.</p>
+
+<p>Looked at from a little way forward, for a wide space<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span>
+of grass allows this point of view, the whole border
+can be seen as one picture, the cool colouring at the
+ends enhancing the brilliant warmth of the middle.
+Then, passing along the wide path next the border the
+value of the colour-arrangement is still more strongly
+felt. Each portion now becomes a picture in itself,
+and every one is of such a colouring that it best prepares
+the eye, in accordance with natural law, for what is to
+follow. Standing for a few moments before the end-most
+region of grey and blue, and saturating the eye
+to its utmost capacity with these colours, it passes
+with extraordinary avidity to the succeeding yellows.
+These intermingle in a pleasant harmony with the reds
+and scarlets, blood-reds and clarets, and then lead
+again to yellows. Now the eye has again become saturated,
+this time with the rich colouring, and has therefore,
+by the law of complementary colour, acquired
+a strong appetite for the greys and purples. These
+therefore assume an appearance of brilliancy that they
+would not have had without the preparation provided
+by their recently received complementary colour.</p>
+
+<p>There are well-known scientific toys illustrating this
+law. A short word, printed in large red letters, is
+looked at for half a minute. The eyes are shut and
+an image of the same word appears, but the lettering
+is green. Many such experiments may be made in
+the open garden. The brilliant orange African Marigold
+has leaves of a rather dull green colour. But look
+steadily at the flowers for thirty seconds in sunshine
+and then look at the leaves. The leaves appear to be
+bright blue!</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="THEEASTEND">
+<img src="images/i_115.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE EAST END OF THE FLOWER BORDER: LILIUM LONGIFLORUM, ECHINOPS,
+PURPLE CLEMATIS, CAMPANULAS PYRAMIDALIS AND LOCHIFLORA,
+FOLIAGE OF SEAKALE, SANTOLINA AND CINERARIA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="ELEVATION">
+<a href="images/i_117nsm.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_117thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>ELEVATION: HEIGHT-LINE OF BACK PLANTS.</i><br /><i>PLAN OF THE MAIN FLOWER BORDER.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span></p>
+
+<p>Even when a flower border is devoted to a special
+season, as mine is given to the time from mid-July to
+October, it cannot be kept fully furnished without
+resorting to various contrivances. One of these is the
+planting of certain things that will follow in season of
+bloom and that can be trained to take each other's
+places. Thus, each plant of <i>Gypsophila paniculata</i>
+when full grown covers a space a good four feet wide.
+On each side of it, within reasonable distance of the
+root, I plant Oriental Poppies. These make their leaf
+and flower growth in early summer when the Gypsophila
+is still in a young state. The Poppies will have
+died down by the time the Gypsophila is full grown
+and has covered them. After this has bloomed the
+seed-pods turn brown, and though a little of this
+colouring is not harmful in the autumn border, yet it
+is not wanted in such large patches. We therefore
+grow at its foot, or within easy reach, some of the
+trailing Nasturtiums and lead them up so that they
+cover the greater part of the brown seed-spray.</p>
+
+<p>Delphiniums, which are indispensable for July, leave
+bare stems with quickly yellowing leafage when the
+flowers are over. We plant behind them the white
+Everlasting Pea, and again behind that Clematis
+Jackmanni. When the Delphiniums are over, the
+rapidly forming seed-pods are removed, the stems are
+cut down to just the right height, and the white Peas
+are trained over them. When the Peas go out of bloom
+in the middle of August, the Clematis is brought over.
+It takes some years for these two plants to become
+established; in the case of those I am describing the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span>
+Pea has been four or five years planted and the Clematis
+seven. They cannot be hurried, indeed in my garden
+it is difficult to get the Clematis to grow at all. But
+good gardening means patience and dogged determination.
+There must be many failures and losses,
+but by always pushing on there will also be the reward
+of success. Those who do not know are apt to think
+that hardy flower gardening of the best kind is easy.
+It is not easy at all. It has taken me half a lifetime
+merely to find out what is best worth doing, and a
+good slice out of another half to puzzle out the ways
+of doing it.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to these three plants that I grow over
+one another I am now adding a fourth&mdash;the September-blooming
+<i>Clematis Flammula</i>. It must not be supposed
+that they are just lumped one over another so that the
+under ones have their leafy growths smothered. They
+are always being watched, and, bit by bit, the earlier
+growths are removed as soon as their respective plants
+are better without them.</p>
+
+<p>Then there is the way of pulling down tall plants
+whose natural growth is upright. At the back of the
+yellow part of the border are some plants of a form of
+<i>Helianthus orgyalis</i>, trained down, as described later
+at p. 69. But other plants can be treated in the same
+way; the tall Rudbeckia Golden Glow, and Dahlias
+and Michaelmas Daisies. The tall Snapdragons can
+also be pulled down and made to cover a surprising
+space of bare ground with flowering side-shoots.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="GOODSTAKING">
+<img src="images/i_121.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>GOOD STAKING&mdash;CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CAREFULSTAKING">
+<img src="images/i_122.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CAREFUL STAKING&mdash;THE LATER MICHAELMAS DAISIES.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As it is still impossible to prevent the occurrence of
+a blank here and there, or as the scene, viewed as a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span>
+picture, may want some special accentuation or
+colouring, there is the way of keeping a reserve of
+plants in pots and dropping them in where they may
+be wanted. The thing that matters is that, in its
+season, the border shall be kept full and beautiful;
+by what means does not matter in the least. For this
+sort of work some of the most useful plants are Hydrangeas,
+<i>Lilium longiflorum</i>, <i>candidum</i> and <i>auratum</i>,
+and <i>Campanula pyramidalis</i>, both white and blue, and,
+for foliage, <i>Funkia grandiflora</i>, <i>F. Sieboldi</i> and hardy
+Ferns.</p>
+
+<p>An important matter is that of staking and supporting.
+The rule, as I venture to lay it down, is that
+sticks and stakes must never show. They must be so
+arranged that they give the needful support, while
+allowing the plant its natural freedom; but they must
+remain invisible. The only time when they are tolerated
+is for the week or two when they have been put in for
+Dahlias, when the plants have not yet grown up to
+cover them.</p>
+
+<p>Michaelmas Daisies we stake with great care in June,
+putting in some stiff branching spray of oak or chestnut
+among the growths and under their fronts. At the
+end of June we also nip the tops of some of the forward
+growths of the plants so as to vary the outline.</p>
+
+<p>There are two borders of Michaelmas Daisies, one
+for the earlier sorts that flower in September and the
+other for the October kinds. They are in places that
+need not often be visited except in the blooming season,
+therefore we allow the supporting spray to be seen
+while the plants are growing. But early in August,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span>
+in the case of the September border, and early in
+September in the case of the one for October, we go
+round and regulate the plants, settling them among
+the sticks in their definite positions. When this is
+done every atom of projecting spray is cut away with
+the <i>sécateur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I hold that nothing unsightly should be seen in the
+garden. The shed for sticks and stakes is a lean-to at
+one end of the barn, showing to the garden. The roof
+had to be made at a very low pitch, and there was no
+roofing material suitable but galvanized iron. But a
+depth of four inches of peaty earth was put over the
+iron, and now it is a garden of Stonecrops and other
+plants that flourish in shallow soil in a hot exposure.</p>
+
+<p>To prevent undue disappointment, those who wish
+for beautiful flower-borders and whose enthusiasm is
+greater than their knowledge should be reminded that
+if a border is to be planted for pictorial effect, it is
+impossible to maintain that effect and to have the
+space well filled for any period longer than three
+months, and that even for such a time there will have
+to be contrivances such as have been described.</p>
+
+<p>It should also be borne in mind that a good hardy
+flower border cannot be made all at once. Many of
+the most indispensable perennials take two, three or
+even more years to come to their strength and beauty.
+The best way is to plant the border by a definite plan,
+placing each group of plants as it shall be when fully
+developed. Then for the first year or two a greater
+number of half-hardy annuals and biennials than will
+eventually be needed should be used to fill the spaces<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span>
+that have not yet been taken up by the permanent
+plants. The best of these are Pentstemons and Snapdragons,
+the Snapdragons grown both as annuals and
+biennials, for so an extended season of bloom is secured.
+Then there should be African and French Marigolds,
+the smaller annual Sunflowers, Zinnias, Plume Celosias,
+China Asters, Stocks, Foxgloves, Mulleins, Ageratum,
+Phlox Drummondi and Indian Pinks; also hardy
+annuals&mdash;Lupines of several kinds, <i>Chrysanthemum
+coronarium</i>, the fine pink Mallows, Love-in-a-Mist,
+Nasturtiums or any others that are liked.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII<br />
+
+<small>THE FLOWER BORDER IN JULY</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>Towards the end of July the large flower border begins
+to show its scheme. Until then, although it has been
+well filled with growing plants, there has been no
+attempt to show its whole intention. But now this
+is becoming apparent. The two ends, as already
+described, are of grey foliage, with, at the near end,
+flowers of pale blue, white and lightest yellow. The
+tall spikes of pale blue Delphinium are over, and now
+there are the graceful grey-blue flowers of <i>Campanula
+lactiflora</i> that stand just in front of the great Larkspurs.
+At the back is a white Everlasting Pea, four years
+planted and now growing tall and strong. The overblown
+flowers of the Delphinium have been removed,
+but their stems have been left just the right height for
+supporting the growth of the white Pea, which is now
+trained over them and comes forward to meet the
+pale blue-white Campanula. In front of this there is
+a drift of Rue giving a beautiful effect of dim grey
+colour and softened shadow; it is crowned by its
+spreading corymbs of pale yellow bloom that all rise
+nearly to a level. Again in front is the grand glaucous
+foliage of Sea Kale. A little further along, and towards
+the back, is a bush of Golden Privet, taking up and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span>
+continuing the pale yellow of the Rue blossom, and
+forming a kind of groundwork to a group of the fine
+Mullein <i>Verbascum phlomoides</i> now fully out. Just
+below this is a clump of the Double Meadowsweet,
+a mass of warm white flower-foam. Intergrouped are
+tall Snapdragons, white and palest yellow. Then
+forward are the pale blue-green sword-blades of <i>Iris
+pallida dalmatica</i> that flowered in June. This is one
+of the few Irises admitted to the border, but it is here
+because it has the quality, rare among its kind, of
+maintaining its great leaves in beauty to near the
+end of the year. Quite to the front are lower growing
+plants of purest blue&mdash;the Cape Daisy (<i>Agathea
+cœlestis</i>) and blue Lobelia.</p>
+
+<p>Now we pass to a rather large group of <i>Eryngium
+oliverianum</i>, the fine kind that is commonly but
+wrongly called <i>E. amethystinum</i>. It is a deep-rooting
+perennial that takes three to four years to become
+strongly established. In front of this are some pale
+and darker blue Spiderworts (<i>Tradescantia virginica</i>),
+showing best in cloudy weather. At the back is
+<i>Thalictrum flavum</i>, whose bloom is a little overpast,
+though it still shows some of its foamy-feathery pale
+yellow. Next we come to stronger yellows, with a
+middle mass of a good home-grown form of <i>Coreopsis
+lanceolata</i>. This is fronted by a stretch of <i>Helenium
+pumilum</i>. Behind the Coreopsis are <i>Achillea Eupatorium</i>
+and yellow Cannas.</p>
+
+<p>Now the colour strengthens with the Scarlet Balm
+or Bergamot, intergrouped with <i>Senecio artemisiæfolius</i>,
+a plant little known but excellent in the flower<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span>
+border. A few belated Orange Lilies have their colour
+nearly repeated by the Gazanias next to the path.
+The strong colour is now carried on by <i>Lychnis Chalcedonica</i>,
+scarlet Salvia, <i>Lychnis haageana</i> (a fine plant
+that is much neglected), and some of the dwarf Tropæolums
+of brightest scarlet. After this we gradually
+return to the grey-blues, whites and pale yellows,
+with another large patch of <i>Eryngium oliverianum</i>,
+white Everlasting Pea, Calceolaria, and the splendid
+leaf-mass of a wide and high plant of <i>Euphorbia
+Wulfenii</i>, which, with the accompanying Yuccas, rises
+to a height far above my head. Passing between a
+clump of Yuccas on either side is the cross-walk
+leading by an arched gateway through the wall. The
+border beyond this is a shorter length, and has a whole
+ground of grey foliage&mdash;Stachys, Santolina, Elymus,
+<i>Cineraria maritima</i>, and Sea Kale. Then another
+group of Rue, with grey-blue foliage and pale yellow
+bloom, shows near the extreme end against the full
+green of the young summer foliage of the Yew arbour
+that comes at the end of the border. Again at this
+end is the tall <i>Campanula lactiflora</i>. In the nearer
+middle a large mass of purple Clematis is trained
+upon stiff, branching spray, and is beginning to show
+its splendid colour, while behind, and looking their
+best in the subdued light of the cloudy morning on
+which these notes are written, are some plants of
+<i>Verbascum phlomoides</i>, ten feet high, showing a great
+cloud of pure pale yellow. They owe their vigour
+to being self-sown seedlings, never transplanted.
+Instead of having merely a blooming spike, as is the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span>
+usual way of those that are planted, these have abundant
+side branches. They dislike bright sunshine,
+only expanding fully in shade or when the day is
+cloudy and inclined to be rainy. Close to them, rising
+to the wall's whole eleven feet of height, is a <i>Cistus
+cyprius</i>, bearing a quantity of large white bloom with
+a deep red spot at the base of each petal.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="WHITEROSELAGUIRLANDE">
+<img src="images/i_129.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>WHITE ROSE LA GUIRLANDE; GREY BORDERS BEYOND.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CLEMATISRECTA">
+<img src="images/i_130.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CLEMATIS RECTA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Though there is as yet but little bloom in this end
+of the border the picture is complete and satisfying.
+Each one of the few flower-groups tells to the utmost,
+while the intervening masses of leafage are in themselves
+beautiful and have the effect of being relatively
+well disposed. There is also such rich promise of
+flower-beauty to come that the mind is filled with glad
+anticipation, besides feeling content for the time being
+with what it has before it. There is one item of
+colouring that strikes the trained eye as specially
+delightful. It is a bushy mass of <i>Clematis recta</i>, now
+out of bloom. It occurs between the overhanging
+purple Clematis and the nearer groups of <i>Cineraria
+maritima</i> and Santolina. The leaves are much deeper
+in tone than these and have a leaden sort of blueness,
+but the colouring, both of the parts in light and even
+more of the mysterious shadows, is in the highest
+degree satisfactory and makes me long for the appreciative
+presence of the rare few friends who are artists
+both on canvas and in their gardens, and most of all
+for that of one who is now dead<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> but to whom I
+owe, with deepest thankfulness, a precious memory of
+forty years of helpful and sympathetic guidance and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span>
+encouragement in the observation and study of colour-beauty.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The late H. B. Brabazon.</p></div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>One cannot write of the garden in July without a
+word of the Roses. Besides the bushy garden Roses,
+and the kinds of special charm, such as Damask,
+Provence, Moss and China, those that most nearly
+concern the garden for beauty and pictorial effect
+are the rambling and climbing Roses that flower in
+clusters.</p>
+
+<p>In "Roses for English Gardens" I dealt at some
+length with the many ways of using them; here I
+must only touch upon one or two of these ways. But
+I wish to remind my readers of the great value of
+these free Roses for running up through such trees as
+Yews or Hollies in regions where garden joins hands
+with woodland, and also of their great usefulness for
+forming lines of arch and garland as an enclosure to
+some definite space. I have them like this forming
+the boundary on two sides of a garden of long beds,
+whose other two sides are a seven-foot wall and the
+back of a stable and loft. Just beyond the arch in
+the picture (p. <a href="#WHITEROSELAGUIRLANDE">60</a>), and dividing the little garden in
+two, is the short piece of double border that is
+devoted to August.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="DELPHINIUMBELLADONNA">
+<img src="images/i_133.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>DELPHINIUM BELLADONNA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CANTERBURYBELLS">
+<img src="images/i_134.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CANTERBURY BELLS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The other long beds in this region are for special
+combinations, some of them of July flowers. Orange
+Lilies are with the beautiful <i>Clematis recta</i>, a plant
+but little known though it is easy to grow and is one
+of the best of summer flowers. One bed is for
+blue colouring with grey foliage. Here is the lovely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span>
+Delphinium Belladonna, with flowers of a blue purer
+than that of any others of its beautiful kind. It never
+grows tall, nor has it the strong, robust aspect of
+the larger ones, but what it lacks in vigour is more
+than made up for by the charming refinement of the
+whole plant. In the same bed are the other pure blues
+of the rare double Siberian Larkspur, and the single
+allied kind <i>Delphinium grandiflorum</i>, of <i>Salvia patens</i>
+and of the Cape Daisy <i>Agathea cœlestis</i>. Between the
+clumps of Belladonna are bushes of white Lavender,
+and the whole is carpeted and edged with the white
+foliage of <i>Artemisia stelleriana</i>, the quite hardy plant
+that is such a good substitute for the tenderer
+<i>Cineraria maritima</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Among the best flowers of July that have a place
+in this garden are the Pentstemons planted last year.
+We grow them afresh from cuttings every autumn,
+planting them out in April. They are not quite hardy,
+and a bad winter may destroy all the last year's plants.
+But if these can be saved they bloom in July, whereas
+those planted in the spring of the year do not flower
+till later. So we protect the older plants with fir-boughs
+and generally succeed in saving them. Old
+plants of Snapdragon are also now in flower. They
+too are a little tender in the open, although they
+are safe in dry-walling with the roots out of the
+way of frost and the crowns kept dry among the
+stones.</p>
+
+<p>Much use is made of a dwarf kind of Lavender, that
+is also among the best of the July flowers. The whole
+size of the plant is about one-third that of the ordinary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span>
+kind; the flowers are darker in colour and the time
+of blooming a good month earlier. It has a different
+use in gardening, as the flowers, being more crowded
+and of a deeper tint, make a distinct colour-effect.
+Besides its border use it is a plant for dry banks, tops
+of rock-work and dry-walling.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="ROSETHEGARLAND">
+<img src="images/i_137.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>ROSE THE GARLAND IN A SILVER HOLLY.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="ERYNGIUMOLIVERIANUM">
+<img src="images/i_138.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>ERYNGIUM OLIVERIANUM.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span></p>
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII<br />
+
+<small>THE FLOWER BORDER IN AUGUST</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>By the second week of August the large flower border
+is coming to its best. The western grey end, with its
+main planting of hoary and glaucous foliage&mdash;Yucca,
+Sea Kale, <i>Cineraria maritima</i>, Rue, Elymus, Santolina,
+Stachys, &amp;c.&mdash;now has <i>Yucca flaccida</i> in flower.
+This neat, small Yucca, one of the varieties or near
+relatives of <i>filamentosa</i>, is a grand plant for late summer.
+A well-established clump throws up a quantity of
+flower-spikes of that highly ornamental character
+that makes the best of these fine plants so valuable.
+White Everlasting Pea, planted about three feet
+from the back, is trained on stout pea-sticks over the
+space occupied earlier by the Delphiniums and the
+Spiræas. A little of it runs into a bush of Golden
+Privet. This Golden Privet is one of the few shrubs
+that has a place in the flower border. Its clean,
+cheerful, bright yellow gives a note of just the right
+colour all through the summer. It has also a solidity
+of aspect that enhances by contrast the graceful lines
+of the foliage of a clump of the great Japanese striped
+grass <i>Eulalia</i>, which stands within a few feet of it,
+seven feet high, shooting upright, but with the ends
+of the leaves recurved.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span></p>
+
+<p>Snapdragons, tall white and tall yellow, spire up
+five feet high, following the earlier Foxgloves. At
+the back is the pretty pink Dahlia Asia, with sulphur
+and pale pink Hollyhocks. A little further along,
+and staked out so as to take the place of the clumps
+of <i>Verbascum Chaixii</i> that were so fine in the end of
+June, is Dahlia Mrs. Hawkins&mdash;palest yellow with a
+slight pink flush. Forward is a group of a Pentstemon
+of palest pink colouring named Spitzberg, that I had
+from Messrs. Barr's nursery, then a patch or two
+of palest blue Spiderwort, and, quite to the front,
+in any spaces there may be among the grey foliage,
+Lobelia "Cobalt Blue," the taller <i>Lobelia tenuior</i>, and
+the pretty little blue-flowered Cape Daisy, <i>Agathea
+cœlestis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The whole border is backed by a stone wall eleven
+feet high, now fully clothed with shrubs and plants
+that take their place in the colour-scheme, either for
+tint of bloom or mass of foliage. Thus the red-leaved
+Claret Vine shows as background to the rich red region
+and <i>Robinia hispida</i> stands where its pink clusters
+will tell rightly; Choisya and <i>Cistus cyprius</i> where
+their dark foliage and white bloom will be of value;
+the greyish foliage and abundant pale lilac blossom
+of <i>Abutilon vitifolium</i> in the grey and purple region, and
+the pale green foliage of the deciduous <i>Magnolia
+conspicua</i> showing as a background to the tender blue
+of a charming pale Delphinium.</p>
+
+<p>The shrubs and plants on the wall are not all there
+because they are things rare and precious or absolutely
+needing the shelter of the wall, though some of them<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span>
+are glad of it, but because they give a background
+that either harmonises in detail with what is in front
+or will help to enrich or give general cohesion to the
+picture. The front of the border has some important
+foliage giving a distinctly blue effect; prominent
+among it Sea Kale. The flower-stems are cut hard
+back in the earlier summer, and it is now in handsome
+fresh leaf. Further back is the fine blue foliage
+of Lyme Grass (<i>Elymus arenarius</i>), a plant of our
+sea-shores, but of much value for blue effects in the
+garden.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="TALLCAMPANULAS">
+<img src="images/i_141.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>TALL CAMPANULAS PYRAMIDALIS AND LACTIFLORA
+IN A GREY BORDER.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Now is the time to begin to use our reserve of plants
+in pots. Of these the most useful are the Hydrangeas.
+They are dropped into any vacant spaces, more or
+less in groups, in the two ends of the border where
+there is grey foliage, their pale pink colouring agreeing
+with these places. Their own leafage is a rather bright
+green, but we get them so well bloomed that but few
+leaves are seen, and we arrange as cleverly as we can
+that the rest shall be more or less hidden by the surrounding
+bluish foliage. I stand a few paces off,
+directing the formation of the groups; considering
+their shape in relation to the border as a whole. I say
+to the gardener that I want a Hydrangea in such a
+place; and tell him to find the nearest place where
+it can be dropped in. Sometimes this dropping in,
+for the pots have to be partly sunk, comes in the way
+of some established plant. If it is a deep-rooted
+perennial that takes three or four years to come to
+its strength, like an Eryngium or a Dictamnus, of
+course I avoid encroaching on its root-room. But if<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span>
+it is anything that blooms the season after it is planted,
+and of which I have plenty in reserve, such as an
+Anthemis, a Tradescantia, or a Helenium, I sacrifice
+a portion of the plant-group, knowing that it can
+easily be replaced. But then by August many of the
+plants have spread widely above and there is space
+below. <i>Lilium longiflorum</i> in pots is used in the
+same way, and for the most part in this blue end of
+the border, though there are also some at the further,
+purple end, and just a flash of their white beauty in
+the middle region of strong reds.</p>
+
+<p>In order to use both blue and purple in the flower
+border, this cool, western, grey-foliaged end has the
+blues, and the further, eastern end the purples. For
+although I like to use colour as a general rule in harmonies
+rather than contrasts, I have a dislike to
+bringing together blues and purples. At this end,
+therefore, there are flowers of pure blue&mdash;Delphinium,
+Anchusa, Salvia, Blue Cape Daisy and Lobelia, and
+it is only when the main mass of blue, of Delphiniums
+and Anchusas, is over that even the presence of the
+pale grey-blue of <i>Campanula lactiflora</i> could be tolerated.
+Near the front is another pale grey-blue, that
+of <i>Clematis davidiana</i>, just showing a few blooms,
+but not yet fully out.</p>
+
+<p>Now, giving a pleasant rest and refreshment to the
+eye after the blues and greys, is a well-shaped drift
+of the pale sulphur African Marigold. It was meant
+to be the dwarf variety, but, as it grows two and a half
+feet high, it has been pulled down as it grew. Some
+of it has been brought down some way over the edge<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span>
+of the path, where it breaks the general front line
+pleasantly and shows off its good soft colouring. We
+grow only this pale colour and a good form of the
+splendid orange. The intermediate one, the full
+yellow African Marigold, has, to my eye, a raw quality
+that I am glad to avoid, and I have other plants that
+give the strong yellow colour better. Now at the
+back are some plants of the single Hollyhock <i>Hibiscus
+ficifolius</i>, white and pale yellow, recalling, as we merge
+into the stronger yellows, the colouring of the region
+just left. They are partly intergrouped with that
+excellent plant Rudbeckia Golden Glow, brilliant,
+long-lasting, and capable of varied kinds of useful
+treatment.</p>
+
+<p>Now we come to a group of the perennial Sunflowers;
+a good form of the double <i>Helianthus multiflorus</i> in
+front, and behind it the large single kind of the same
+plant. By the side of these is a rather large group of
+a garden form of <i>H. orgyalis</i>. This is one of the
+perennial Sunflowers that is usually considered not
+good enough for careful gardening. It grows very
+tall, and bears a smallish bunch of yellow flowers at
+the top. If this were all it could do it would not be
+in my flower border. But in front of it grows a patch
+of the fine Tansy-like <i>Achillea Eupatorium</i>, and in
+front of this again a wide-spreading group of <i>Eryngium
+oliverianum</i>&mdash;beautiful all through July. When the
+bloom of these is done the tall Sunflower is trained
+down over them&mdash;this pulling down, as in the case of
+so many plants, causing it to throw up flower-stalks
+from the axils of every pair of leaves; so that in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span>
+September the whole thing is a sheet of bloom. Thus
+the plant that was hardly worth a place in the border
+becomes, at its flowering time, one of the brightest
+ornaments of the garden. Other plants that are in front
+of the Sunflower, that have also passed out of bloom,
+are the Scarlet Bee-balm (<i>Monarda</i>) and the very
+useful alpine Groundsel (<i>Senecio artemisiæfolius</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Next we have an important group of a large-leaved
+Canna, the handsomest foliage in the border; good
+to see when the sun is behind and the light comes
+through the leaves. Here also, at the back, is a patch
+of Hollyhocks&mdash;one very dark, almost a claret-red,
+and a fine, full red inclining to blood-colour. They
+tower up together, and close to them are Dahlias, the
+dark red Lady Ardilaun, deep scarlet Cochineal, bright
+scarlet Fire King, and its variety Orange Fire King,
+now the most brilliant piece of colouring in the garden.
+These lead on to a gorgeous company&mdash;Phlox Coquelicot,
+scarlet Pentstemon, orange African Marigold,
+scarlet Gladiolus, and, to the front, a brilliant dwarf
+scarlet Salvia; <i>Helenium pumilum</i> and scarlet and
+orange dwarf Nasturtium. Here and there within
+this mass of bright colouring there is a patch of the
+fine deep yellow <i>Coreopsis lanceolata</i>, a plant of long-enduring
+bloom, or rather of long succession, for, if
+the dead flowers are removed it will be brightly
+blossomed for a good three months.</p>
+
+<p>As this gorgeous mass occupies a large space in
+the flower border, I have thought well to subdue it
+here and there with the cloudy masses of <i>Gypsophila
+paniculata</i>. Five-year-old plants of this form masses<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span>
+of the pretty mist-like bloom four feet across and as
+much high. This bold introduction of grey among
+the colour-masses has considerable pictorial value.
+As the grey changes, towards the end of the month,
+to a brownish tone, some of the tall Nasturtiums
+are allowed to grow over the bushes of
+Gypsophila.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="YUCCAFILAMENTOSA">
+<img src="images/i_147.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>YUCCA FILAMENTOSA VAR. FLACCIDA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="THEGREYBORDERS">
+<img src="images/i_148.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE GREY BORDERS: STACHYS, GYPSOPHILA, LILY, ACHILLEA
+PEARL AND PINK HOLLYHOCK.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Now we have got beyond the middle of the length
+of the border, and the colour changes again to the
+clear and pale yellows, and then again to the grey
+foliage as at the beginning. Where this occurs, at a
+little more than two-thirds of the way along the border,
+it is crossed by the path, leading, through an archway
+in the wall closed by a door, to the garden beyond.
+This cross-path is flanked by groups of Yuccas, slightly
+raised, as will be seen in some of the illustrations. (<i>See</i>
+pp. 51, 102.) Yuccas all like a raised mound and some
+good loam to grow in. I have them here as well as
+at the two extreme ends of the border. No plants
+make a handsomer full-stop to any definite garden
+scheme. The grey treatment comprises the two
+Yucca mounds to right and left of the cross-path;
+the other grey plants are as before&mdash;<i>Cineraria maritima</i>,
+Santolina, Stachys, Elymus and Rue&mdash;but at
+this end, besides some plants with white, pink and
+palest yellow colouring, the other flowers are not blues
+but purples, light and dark. Among these a very
+useful thing is Ageratum; not the dwarf Ageratum,
+though this is good too in its place, but the ordinary
+<i>Ageratum mexicanum</i>, a plant that grows about two
+feet high. This is also the place for some of the earliest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span>
+Michaelmas Daisies that will bloom in September,
+such as <i>Aster acris</i> and <i>A. Shortii</i>. At the back there
+are Dahlias, white and pale yellow, with white and
+sulphur Hollyhocks, and, in the middle spaces, pale
+pink Gladiolus, double <i>Saponaria officinalis</i>, and pale
+pink Pentstemon. At the back, also, there is a clump
+of Globe Thistle (<i>Echinops</i>) and a grand growth of
+Clematis Jackmanni, following in season of bloom,
+and partly led over, a white Everlasting Pea, that
+in the earlier summer was trained to conceal the
+dying stems of the red-orange Lilies that bloomed in
+June.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>There is also a short length of double border specially
+devoted to August, of the same character, though not
+so fully developed, as what will be described in a
+further chapter as the Grey Garden. Here, the space
+being small, it has been given specially to the more
+restricted season. The scheme of colouring has a
+ground of grey foliage, with flowers of pink, white
+and light and dark purple.</p>
+
+<p>Next the path is the silvery white of Stachys,
+<i>Cineraria maritima</i>, and <i>Artemisia stelleriana</i>, with
+the grey foliage and faint purple of the second bloom
+of Catmint. Then bushy masses of Lavender and
+Gypsophila, and between them <i>Lilium longiflorum</i>,
+Godetia Double Rose, and white Snapdragons. Behind
+and among these are groups of the clear white Achillea,
+The Pearl, and the round purple heads of Globe Thistle.
+Here and there, pushing to the front, is a Silver Thistle
+(<i>Eryngium giganteum</i>). At the back shoot up Pink<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span>
+Hollyhocks, the kind being one of home growth known
+as Pink Beauty. The deep green of a Fig-tree that
+covers the upper part of the landing and outside stone
+steps to a loft is an excellent background to the tender
+greys of these August borders. Unfortunately, the
+main group of pink Hollyhock, that should have
+stood up straight and tall and shown well against the
+window and silvery grey weather-boarding of the loft,
+failed altogether last season; in fact, all the Hollyhocks
+were poor and stunted, so that an important
+part of the intended effect was lost.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Of Lavender hedges there are several, of varying
+ages, in different parts of the garden. Lavender
+for cutting should be from plants not more than four
+to five years old, but for pictorial effect the bushes
+may be much older. When they are growing old it
+is a good plan to plant white and purple Clematises
+so that they can be trained freely through and over
+them.</p>
+
+<p>There are comparatively few shrubs that flower in
+autumn, so that it is quite a pleasant surprise to come
+upon a group of them all in bloom together. The
+picture shows the satisfactory effect of a group of
+<i>Æsculus macrostachya</i> and <i>Olearia Haastii</i>. It would
+have been all the better for some plants of the beautiful
+blue-flowered <i>Perowskya atriplicifolia</i> and for
+<i>Caryopteris mastacanthus</i> in front, but at the time of
+planting I did not think of the <i>Caryopteris</i> and did not
+know the <i>Perowskya</i>. (<i>See</i> p. 75.)</p>
+
+<p>August is the month of China Asters. I find many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span>
+people are shy of these capital plants, perhaps because
+the mixtures, such as are commonly grown, contain
+rather harsh and discordant colours; also perhaps
+because a good many of the kinds, having been purposely
+dwarfed in order to fit them for pot-culture
+and bedding, are too stiff to look pretty in general
+gardening. Such kinds will always have their uses,
+but what is wanted now in the best gardening is
+more freedom of habit. I have a little space that
+I give entirely to China Asters. I have often had
+the pleasure of showing it to some person who professed
+a dislike to them, and with great satisfaction
+have heard them say, with true admiration: "Oh!
+but I had no idea that China Asters could be so
+beautiful."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="ALAVENDERHEDGE">
+<img src="images/i_153.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>A LAVENDER HEDGE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="AESCULUSMACROSTACHYA">
+<img src="images/i_154.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>ÆSCULUS MACROSTACHYA AND OLEARIA HAASTII.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is only a question of selection, for the kinds are
+now so many and the colourings so various that there
+are China Asters to suit all tastes and uses. My own
+liking is for those of the pure violet-purple and lavender
+colours, with whites; and to plants with these clear,
+clean tints my Aster garden is restricted. In other
+places I grow some of the tenderer pinks, a good blood-red,
+and a clear pale yellow; but these are kept quite
+away from the purples. The kinds chosen are within
+the Giant Comet, Ostrich Plume and Victoria classes&mdash;all
+plants with long-stalked bloom and a rather free
+habit of growth. For some years I was much hindered
+from getting the colours I wanted from the inaccurate
+way in which they are described in seed-lists. Finally
+I paid a visit to the trial-grounds of one of our premier
+seed-houses, and saw all the kinds and the colourings<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span>
+and made my own notes. I cannot but think that a
+correct description of the colours, instead of a fanciful
+one, would help both customer and seed-merchant.
+As it is, the customer, in order to get the desired flowers,
+has to <i>learn a code</i>. I have often observed, in comparing
+French and English seed-lists, that the French
+do their best to describe colours accurately, but that
+the English use some wording which does not describe
+the colour, but appears to be intended as a complimentary
+euphemism. Thus, if I want a Giant Comet
+of that beautiful pale silvery lavender, perhaps the
+loveliest colour of which a China Aster is capable, I
+have to ask for "azure blue." If I want a full lilac,
+I must order "blue"; if a full purple it is "dark
+blue." If I want a strong, rich violet-purple, I must
+beware of asking for purple, for I shall get a terrible
+magenta such as one year spoilt the whole colour-scheme
+of my Aster garden. It is not as if the right
+colour-words were wanting, for the language is rich
+in them&mdash;violet, lavender, lilac, mauve, purple;&mdash;these,
+with slight additions, will serve to describe
+the whole of the colourings falsely called blue.
+The word blue should not be used at all in connexion
+with these flowers. There are no blue China
+Asters.</p>
+
+<p>The diagram shows a simple arrangement for a
+little garden of China Asters of the purple and white
+colourings. The seed-list names are used in order
+to identify the sorts recommended. A Lavender
+hedge surrounds the whole; the paths are edged with
+<i>Stachys lanata</i>. Taking Messrs. Sutton's list and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a><br /><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+translating into colour-words as usually understood,
+the tints are:</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Azure blue &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td align="left">Tender pale lavender-lilac.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Blue</td><td align="left">Light purple.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dark blue</td><td align="left">Rich dark purple.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>I am very glad to learn that Messrs. Sutton have in
+contemplation a revision of some of these puzzling
+colour-names.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="PLANOFASMALL">
+<a href="images/i_156.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_156thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"> <i>PLAN OF A SMALL GARDEN OF CHINA ASTERS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX<br />
+
+<small>THE FLOWER BORDERS IN SEPTEMBER</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>The main flower border shows in September much the
+same aspect as in August. But early in the month the
+middle mass of strong colouring, enhanced by Tritomas
+and the fuller bloom of Dahlias, is at its brightest.
+The bold masses of Canna foliage have also grown up
+and show their intended effect. They form one of
+the highest points in the border. No attempt is made
+to keep all the back-row plants standing high; on the
+contrary, many that would be the tallest are pulled
+down to do colour-work of medium height. The
+effect is much more pictorial when the plants at the
+back rise only here and there to a height of nine or ten
+feet; mounting gradually and by no means at equal
+distances, but somewhat as the forms of greater altitude
+rise in the ridge of a mountain range. The diagram
+shows how it comes in the case of my own border in
+September. (<i>See</i> p. 52.)</p>
+
+<p>Rather near the front, the bushy masses of Gypsophila,
+that a month ago were silvery grey, have now
+turned to a brownish colour. They are partly covered
+with trailing Nasturtiums, but the portions of brown
+cloud that remain tone well with the rich reds that are
+near them. In the back of this region dark claret and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span>
+blood-red Hollyhocks still show colour, and scarlet
+Dahlias are a mass of gorgeous bloom. Their nearest
+neighbours are tall flaming Tritomas with, in front of
+them, one of the dwarfer Tritomas that is crowded with
+its orange-scarlet flowers of a rather softer tone. Then
+come scarlet Gladiolus, a wide group of a splendid red
+Pentstemon, and, to the front, an edging and partly
+carpeting mass of a good, short-growing form of <i>Salvia
+splendens</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="SOMEOFTHEEARLYASTERS">
+<img src="images/i_159.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>SOME OF THE EARLY ASTERS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THESEPTEMBERGARDEN">
+<img src="images/i_160.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>After these strong reds comes a drift of the brilliant
+orange African Marigold, one of the most telling
+plants of the time of year. Coming to the yellows of
+middle strength, there are some of the perennial Sunflowers,
+among them the one that seems to be a form of
+<i>Helianthus orgyalis</i>, described in the last chapter. This
+and some others are trained down to cover plants now
+out of bloom. The fine double Rudbeckia called
+Golden Glow is treated in the same way. Intergrouped
+with it is a useful pale form of <i>Helianthus lætiflorus</i>
+that takes up the colour when the Rudbeckia is failing.</p>
+
+<p>In the near end region of blue-grey foliage the bloom
+of <i>Clematis davidiana</i>, also of a greyish blue, but of a
+colour-quality that is almost exclusively its own, tones
+delightfully with its nearest neighbours of leaf and
+bloom. About here some pots of <i>Plumbago capensis</i>
+are dropped in; their wide-ranging branches, instead
+of being stiffly tied, are trained over some bushy plants
+of leaden blue-foliaged Rue. Near this, and partly
+shooting up through some of the same setting, are the
+spikes of a beautiful Gladiolus of pale, cool pink colour,
+the much-prized gift of an American garden-loving<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span>
+friend. Tall white Snapdragons, five feet high, show
+finely among the gracefully recurved leaves of the blue
+Lyme Grass. Beyond is a group of <i>Lilium auratum</i>,
+and in the more distant front, pale sulphur African
+Marigold, just now at its best.</p>
+
+<p>The further end of the border that also has grey
+foliage is bright with pink Hydrangeas, white and pink
+Snapdragons, white Dahlias, purple Clematis, <i>Lilium
+auratum</i> and <i>Aster acris</i>. <i>Yucca flaccida</i> is still in
+beauty.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>There is another range of double border for the
+month of September alone. It passes down through
+the middle of the kitchen garden and is approached by
+an arch of Laburnum. It is backed on each side by a
+Hornbeam hedge some five and a half feet high. This
+border is mainly for the earlier Michaelmas Daisies;
+those that bloom in the first three weeks of the month.
+Grey foliage in plenty is to the front. Running in
+between the groups is <i>Artemisia stelleriana</i>, the quite
+hardy plant that so well imitates <i>Cineraria maritima</i>;
+there is also Stachys and White Pink. Further back
+among the flowers are drifts of the grey-blue Lyme
+Grass, some grey bushes of Phlomis and a silvery leaved
+Willow, kept to a suitable size by careful pruning.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="LOWEREND">
+<img src="images/i_163.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN: LOWER END.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="UPPEREND">
+<img src="images/i_164.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN: UPPER END.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="BEGONIASIN">
+<img src="images/i_165.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>BEGONIAS IN A SETTING OF MEGASEA FOLIAGE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="EARLYASTERS">
+<img src="images/i_166.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>EARLY ASTERS AND PYRETHRUM ULIGINOSUM.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="EARLYMICHAELMASDAISIES">
+<a href="images/i_167.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_167thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>THE SEPTEMBER BORDER OF EARLY MICHAELMAS DAISIES.</i></div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span></p>
+
+<p>The scheme of colouring consists of this groundwork
+of grey foliage, with white, lilac, purple and pale pink
+flowers; and, breaking into this colouring in two or
+three distinct places, flowers of pale yellow and yellowish
+white with suitable accompanying leafage. There is
+also, in quite another part of the garden, a later border
+of other Michaelmas Daisies that will follow this in
+time of blooming. But the September borders have a
+very different appearance because of their flowers of
+pink and yellow, colours which are absent in those of
+the later season.</p>
+
+<p>The yellow flowers are the pale sulphur African Marigold
+and pale yellow and whitish yellow tall Snapdragons,
+with bordering masses of variegated Coltsfoot,
+and the Golden Feather Feverfew allowed to bloom.
+The pink colourings are the wide-headed <i>Sedum spectabile</i>,
+pink Japan Anemone and a few pale pink Gladioli.
+The whites are Dahlias Constance and Henry Patrick,
+<i>Pyrethrum uliginosum</i>, the charming perennial Aster
+Colerette Blanche, a taller white or yellowish white
+Aster with rough stems and harsh-feeling foliage that
+I know as <i>A. umbellatus</i>. Here also are white Japan
+Anemones, white Snapdragons and white China Asters
+of the large, long-stemmed late-blooming kind that
+were formerly known as Vick's, but are now called
+Mammoth. Among the grey bordering plants are
+groups of dwarf Ageratum, one of the best of the tender
+plants of September and quite excellent with the
+accompanying grey foliage. The grey bordering is not
+merely an edging but a general front groundwork,
+running here and there a yard deep into the border.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Begonias are at their best throughout the month of
+September. Beds of Begonias alone never seem to me
+quite satisfactory. Here there is no opportunity for
+growing them in beds, but I have them in a bit of narrow
+border that is backed by shrubs, but is kept constantly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span>
+enriched. A groundwork of the large-leaved form of
+<i>Megasea cordifolia</i> is planted so as to surround variously
+sized groups of Begonias&mdash;groups of from five to nine
+plants. The setting of the more solid leaves gives the
+Begonias a better appearance and makes their bright
+bloom tell more vividly. They follow in this sequence
+of colouring: yellow, white, palest pink, full pink, rose,
+deep red, deep rose, salmon-rose, red-lead colour or
+orange-scarlet, scarlet, red-lead and orange.</p>
+
+<p>It is a matter of great regret that the best kind of
+Dahlias for garden effect have lost favour with nurserymen,
+so that it is now difficult, if not impossible, to
+obtain from them the most desirable kinds. These are
+a selection of those that were first called Cactus Dahlias,
+much more free in form than the old show Dahlias,
+but with the petals not attenuated and pointed as they
+are in the modern Cactus kinds. The greater number of
+these, pretty though their individual blooms are on the
+show-table, are but of little use in the garden, whereas
+the old sorts, King of the Cactus, Cochineal, Lady
+Ardilaun, Fire King and Orange Fire King are among
+the most gorgeous of our September flowers. In the
+same class are: Mrs. Hawkins, palest lemon flushed
+with pink; William Pearse, bright yellow; Lady M.
+Marsham, bright copper; J. W. Standling, orange,
+(the two last about four feet high); and the two good
+whites, Constance and Henry Patrick. Of these, all
+in my opinion indispensable kinds, only Fire King,
+as far as I am aware, survives in contemporary trade
+lists.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X<br />
+
+<small>WOOD AND SHRUBBERY EDGES</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>Opportunities for good gardening are so often overlooked
+that it may be well to draw attention to some
+of those that are most commonly neglected.</p>
+
+<p>When woodland joins garden ground there is too
+often a sudden jolt; the wood ends with a hard line,
+sometimes with a path along it, accentuating the defect.
+When the wood is of Scotch Fir of some age there is a
+monotonous emptiness of naked trunk and bare ground.
+In wild moorland this is characteristic and has its own
+beauty; it may even pleasantly accompany the garden
+when there is only a view into it here and there; but
+when the path passes along, furlong after furlong, with
+no attempt to bring the wood into harmony with the
+garden, then the monotony becomes oppressive and
+the sudden jolt is unpleasantly perceived. There is
+the well-stocked garden and there is the hollow wood
+with no cohesion between the two&mdash;no sort of effort to
+make them join hands.</p>
+
+<p>It would have been better if from the first the garden
+had not been brought quite so close to the wood, then
+the space between, anything from twenty-five to forty
+feet, might have been planted so as to bring them into
+unison. In such a case the path would go, not next<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span>
+the trees but along the middle of the neutral ground
+and would be so planted as to belong equally to garden
+and wood. The trees would then take their place as
+the bounding and sheltering feature. It is better to
+plan it like this at first than to gain the space by felling
+the outer trees, because the trees at the natural wood
+edge are better furnished with side branches. Such
+ground on the shady side of the Scotch Firs would be
+the best possible site for a Rhododendron walk, and
+for Azaleas and Kalmias, kept distinct from the Rhododendrons.
+Then the Scotch Fir indicates the presence
+of a light peaty soil; the very thing for that excellent
+but much-neglected undershrub <i>Gaultheria Shallon</i>.
+This is one of the few things that will grow actually
+under the Firs, not perhaps in the densest part of an
+old wood, but anywhere about its edges, or where any
+light comes in at a clearing or along a cart-way. When
+once established it spreads with a steady abundance
+of increase, creeping underground and gradually
+clothing more and more of the floor of the wood. The
+flower and fruit have already been shown at pp. 18-19.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="GARLANDROSEWHERE">
+<img src="images/i_173.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>GARLAND ROSE, WHERE GARDEN JOINS WOOD.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="POLYGONUMCOMPACTUM">
+<img src="images/i_174.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>POLYGONUM COMPACTUM AND MEGASEA AT A WOOD EDGE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="LILIESANDFUNKIAS">
+<img src="images/i_175.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>LILIES AND FUNKIAS AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="OLEARIAGUNNI">
+<img src="images/i_176.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>OLEARIA GUNNI, FERN AND FUNKIA AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Rhododendrons are usually planted much too close
+together. This is a great mistake; they should not be
+nearer than eight to ten feet, or even further, apart,
+especially in the case of <i>ponticum</i> and some of the
+larger growing kinds. It is a common practice to fill
+up the edges of their prepared places with a collection
+of Heaths. The soil will no doubt suit Heaths, but I
+never do it or recommend it because I feel that the
+right place for Heaths is quite open ground, and there
+are other plants that I think look better with the young<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span>
+Rhododendrons. For my own liking the best of these
+are hardy Ferns&mdash;Male Fern, Lady Fern and Dilated
+Shield Fern, with groups of Lilies: <i>L. longiflorum</i> and
+the lovely rosy <i>L. rubellum</i> towards the front, and
+<i>L. auratum</i> further back. Some of the Andromedas,
+especially <i>Catesbæi</i> and <i>axillaris</i> of the <i>Leucothoë</i>[
+section are capital plants for this use. Besides Lilies,
+a few other flowering plants suitable for the Rhododendron
+walk are: white Foxgloves, white Columbine,
+white <i>Epilobium angustifolium</i>, <i>Trillium</i>, <i>Epimedium
+pinnatum</i>, <i>Uvularia grandiflora</i>, <i>Dentaria diphylla</i> and
+<i>Gentiana asclepiadea</i>. In the same region, and also
+partly as edgings to the Rhododendron clumps, suitable
+small bushes are <i>Rhododendron myrtifolium</i>, the Alpenrose
+(<i>R. ferruginium</i>) and the sweet-leaved <i>Ledum
+palustre</i>.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>When the garden comes on the sunny side of the
+wood the planting would be quite different. Here is
+the place for Cistuses; for the bolder groups the best
+are <i>C. laurifolius</i> and <i>C. cyprius</i>, backed by plantings
+of Tamarisk, Arbutus and White Broom, with here and
+there a free-growing Rose of the wilder sort, such as
+the type <i>polyantha</i> and <i>Brunonis</i>. If the fir-boughs
+come down within reach, the wild Clematis (<i>C. Vitalba</i>)
+can be led into them; it will soon ramble up the tree,
+filling it with its pretty foliage and abundance of August
+bloom.</p>
+
+<p>The Cistuses delight in a groundwork of Heath; the
+wild Calluna looks as well as any, but if cultivated
+kinds are used they should be in good quantities of one<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span>
+sort at a time, and never as hard edgings, but as free
+carpeting masses.</p>
+
+<p>For the edges of other kinds of woodland the free
+Roses are always beautiful; where a Holly comes to
+the front, a Rose such as Dundee Rambler or the Garland
+will grow up it, supported by its outer branches
+in the most delightful way. The wild Clematis is in
+place here too, also the shade-loving plants already
+named. In deciduous woodland there is probably
+some undergrowth of Hazel, or of Bramble and wild
+Honeysuckle. White Foxgloves should be planted
+at the edge and a little way back, Daffodils for the
+time when the leaves are not yet there, and Lily of the
+Valley, whose charming bloom and brilliant foliage
+come with the young leaves of May.</p>
+
+<p>Where the wood comes nearest the house with only
+lawn between, it is well to have a grouping of hardy
+Ferns and Lilies; where it is giving place to garden
+ground and there is a shrubby background, the smaller
+Polygonums, such as <i>P. compactum</i>, are in place.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="FERNSANDLILIES">
+<img src="images/i_179.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>FERNS AND LILIES AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE NEXT THE WOOD.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="GYPSOPHILAANDMEGASEA">
+<img src="images/i_180.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>GYPSOPHILA AND MEGASEA AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The spaces more or less wide between large shrubs
+and turf are full of opportunities for ingenious treatment;
+they are just the places most often neglected,
+or at any rate not well enough considered. I have
+always taken delight in working out satisfactory ways
+of treating them. It seems desirable to have, next the
+grass, some foliage of rather distinct and important
+size or form. For this use the Megaseas are invaluable;
+the one most generally useful being the large variety
+of <i>M. cordifolia</i>. Funkias are also beautiful, but as
+their leaves come late and go with the first frosts or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span>
+even earlier, whereas the Megaseas persist the whole
+year round, the latter are the most generally desirable.
+These shrub-edge spaces occur for the most
+part in bays, giving an inducement to invent a separate
+treatment for each bay.</p>
+
+<p>The two illustrations with the front planting of
+<i>Funkia Sieboldi</i> are two adjoining bays; one showing
+the charming shrubby Aster <i>Olearia Gunni</i> in the
+middle of June, the other some groups of <i>Lilium longiflorum</i>,
+planted in November of the year before, and
+in bloom in early August.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes a single plant of <i>Gypsophila paniculata</i>
+will fill the whole of one of the recesses or bays between
+the larger shrubs; <i>Hydrangea paniculata</i> is another
+good filling plant, and the hardy Fuchsias; both of
+these, though really woody shrubs, being cut down
+every winter and treated as herbaceous plants.</p>
+
+<p>There is a small growing perennial Aster&mdash;I will not
+venture on its specific name, but have seen it figured
+in an American book of wild flowers as <i>divaricata</i>, and
+provisionally know it by that name. I find it, in conjunction
+with Megasea, one of the most useful of these
+filling plants for edge spaces that just want some pretty
+trimming but are not wide enough for anything larger.
+The same group was photographed two years running.
+The first year the bloom was a little thicker below, but
+the second I thought it still better when it had partly
+rambled up into the lower branches of the Weigela
+that stood behind it. The little thin starry flower is
+white and is borne in branching heads; the leaves are
+lance-shaped and sharply pointed; but when the plant<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span>
+is examined in the hand its most distinct character is
+the small fine wire-like stem, smooth and nearly black,
+that branches about in an angular way of its own.</p>
+
+<p>These are only a very few examples of what may
+also be done in a number of other ways, but if they
+serve to draw attention to those generally neglected
+shrub edges, it may be to the benefit of many gardens.
+Where there is room for a good group of plants they
+should be of some size or solidity of character such as
+Tree Lupine, Peony, Acanthus, <i>Spiræa Aruncus</i>, the
+larger hardy Ferns, <i>Rubus nutkanus</i> or plants of some
+such size and character. The low-growing <i>Bambusa
+tessellata</i> is a capital shrub-edge plant.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="LILIESANDFERNSATTHEWOOD">
+<img src="images/i_183.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>LILIES AND FERNS AT THE WOOD EDGE NEAR THE LAWN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="SMALLWIRESTEMMEDASTER2">
+<img src="images/i_184.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>SMALL WIRE-STEMMED ASTER AT SHRUB EDGE. SECOND YEAR AFTER PLANTING.</i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter"  id="SMALLWIRESTEMMEDASTER3">
+<img src="images/i_185.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>SMALL WIRE-STEMMED ASTER AT SHRUB EDGE. THIRD YEAR AFTER PLANTING.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="STOBAEAPURPUREA">
+<img src="images/i_186.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>STOBÆA PURPUREA, A GREY GARDEN<br />
+WALL PLANT FOR A SUNNY PLACE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI<br />
+
+<small>GARDENS OF SPECIAL COLOURING</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>It is extremely interesting to work out gardens in
+which some special colouring predominates, and to
+those who, by natural endowment or careful eye-cultivation,
+possess or have acquired what artists
+understand by an eye for colour, it opens out a whole
+new range of garden delights.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangements of this kind are sometimes attempted,
+for occasionally I hear of a garden for blue plants, or
+a white garden, but I think such ideas are but rarely
+worked out with the best aims. I have in mind a
+whole series of gardens of restricted colouring, though
+I have not, alas, either room or means enough to
+work them out for myself, and have to be satisfied
+with an all-too-short length of double border for a
+grey scheme. But, besides my small grey garden I
+badly want others, and especially a gold garden, a
+blue garden, and a green garden; though the number
+of these desires might easily be multiplied.</p>
+
+<p>It is a curious thing that people will sometimes
+spoil some garden project for the sake of a word. For
+instance, a blue garden, for beauty's sake, may be
+hungering for a group of white Lilies, or for something
+of palest lemon-yellow, but it is not allowed to have it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span>
+because it is called the blue garden, and there must
+be no flowers in it but blue flowers. I can see no sense
+in this; it seems to me like fetters foolishly self-imposed.
+Surely the business of the blue garden is to
+be beautiful as well as to be blue. My own idea is
+that it should be beautiful first, and then just as blue
+as may be consistent with its best possible beauty.
+Moreover, any experienced colourist knows that the
+blues will be more telling&mdash;more purely blue&mdash;by the
+juxtaposition of rightly placed complementary colour.
+How it may be done is shown in the plan, for, as I
+cannot have these gardens myself, it will be some
+consolation to suggest to those who may be in
+sympathy with my views, how they may be made.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>The Grey garden is so called because most of its
+plants have grey foliage, and all the carpeting and
+bordering plants are grey or whitish. The flowers
+are white, lilac, purple, and pink. It is a garden
+mostly for August, because August is the time when
+the greater number of suitable plants are in bloom,
+but a Grey garden could also be made for September,
+or even October, because of the number of Michaelmas
+Daisies that can be brought into use.</p>
+
+<p>A plan is given of a connected series of gardens of
+special colouring. For the sake of clearness they are
+shown in as simple a form as possible, but the same
+colour-scheme could be adapted to others of more
+important design and larger extent.</p>
+
+<p>The Gold garden is chosen for the middle, partly
+because it contains the greater number of permanent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span>
+shrubs and is bright and cheerful all the year round,
+and partly because it is the best preparation, according
+to natural colour-law, for the enjoyment of the compartments
+on either side. It is supposed that the
+house is a little way away to the north, with such
+a garden-scheme close to it as may best suit its style
+and calibre. Then I would have a plantation of
+shrubs and trees. The shade and solidity of this
+would rest and refresh the eye and mind, making
+them the more ready to enjoy the colour garden.
+Suddenly entering the Gold garden, even on the dullest
+day, will be like coming into sunshine. Through the
+shrub-wood there is also a path to right and left
+parallel to the long axis of the colour garden, with paths
+turning south at its two ends, joining the ends of the
+colour-garden paths. This has been taken into account
+in arranging the sequence of the compartments.</p>
+
+<p>The hedges that back the borders and form the
+partitions are for the most part of Yew, grown and
+clipped to a height of seven feet. But in the case of
+the Gold garden, where the form is larger and more
+free than in the others, there is no definite hedge, but
+a planting of unclipped larger gold Hollies, and the
+beautiful Golden Plane, so cut back and regulated
+as to keep within the desired bounds. This absence
+of a stiff hedge gives more freedom of aspect and a
+better cohesion with the shrub-wood.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of the Grey garden the hedge is of Tamarisk
+(<i>Tamarix gallica</i>), whose feathery grey-green is
+in delightful harmony with the other foliage greys.
+It will be seen on the plan that where this joins the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span>
+Gold garden the hedge is double, for it must be of
+gold Holly on one side and of Tamarisk on the other.
+At the entrances and partition where the path passes,
+the hedge shrubs are allowed to grow higher, and are
+eventually trained to form arches over the path.</p>
+
+<p>In the Gold and Green gardens, the shrubs, which
+form the chief part of the planting, are shown as they
+will be after some years' growth. It is best to have
+them so from the first. If, in order to fill the space
+at once, several are planted where one only should
+eventually stand, the extra ones being removed later,
+the one left probably does not stand quite right. I
+strongly counsel the placing of them singly at first,
+and that until they have grown the space should be
+filled with temporary plants. Of these, in the Gold
+garden, the most useful will be <i>Œnothera lamarckiana</i>,
+<i>Verbascum olympicum</i>, and <i>V. phlomoides</i>, with more
+Spanish Broom than the plan shows till the gold
+Hollies are grown; and yellow-flowered annuals, such
+as the several kinds of <i>Chrysanthemum coronarium</i>,
+both single and double, and <i>Coreopsis Drummondi</i>;
+also a larger quantity of African Marigolds, the pale
+primrose and the lemon-coloured. The fine tall yellow
+Snapdragons will also be invaluable. Flowers of a
+deep orange colour, such as the orange African Marigold,
+so excellent for their own use, are here out of place,
+only those of pale and middle yellow being suitable.</p>
+
+<p>In such a garden it will be best to have, next the
+path, either a whole edging of dwarf, gold-variegated
+Box-bushes about eighteen inches to two feet high,
+or a mixed planting of these and small bushes of gold-variegated
+Euonymus clipped down to not much
+over two feet. The edge next the path would be
+kept trimmed to a line.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="THEGREYBORDERS2">
+<img src="images/i_191.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE GREY BORDERS: GYPSOPHILA, ECHINOPS,<br />
+PINK HOLLYHOCK, HELIOTROPE AND SILVER THISTLE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="OCTOBERBORDERS">
+<img src="images/i_192.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>OCTOBER BORDERS OF MICHAELMAS DAISIES.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="ASEPTEMBERGREYGARDEN">
+<img src="images/i_193.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>A SEPTEMBER GREY GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="THEGREYBORDERPINK">
+<img src="images/i_194.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE GREY BORDER: PINK HOLLYHOCK, ECHINOPS,<br />
+ACHILLEA PEARL, GYPSOPHILA, STACHYS, etc.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="SPECIALCOLOURGARDEN">
+<a href="images/i_195.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_195thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>SPECIAL COLOUR GARDEN&mdash;GENERAL PLAN.</i></div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="AQUARTEROFTHEGOLDGARDEN">
+<a href="images/i_196.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_196thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>A QUARTER OF THE GOLD GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THEORANGEGARDEN">
+<a href="images/i_197.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_197thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>THE ORANGE GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THEGREYGARDEN198">
+<a href="images/i_198.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_198thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>THE GREY GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THEBLUEGARDEN">
+<a href="images/i_199.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_199thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>THE BLUE GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THEGREENGARDEN">
+<a href="images/i_200.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_200thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>THE GREEN GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span></p>
+
+<p>The strength of colour and degree of variation is
+so great that it is well worth going to a nursery to
+pick out all these gold-variegated plants. It is not
+enough to tell the gardener to get them. There
+should be fervour on the part of the garden's owner
+such as will take him on a gold-plant pilgrimage to all
+good nurseries within reach, or even to some rather
+out of reach. No good gardening comes of not
+taking pains. All good gardening is the reward of
+well-directed and strongly sustained effort.</p>
+
+<p>Where, in the Gold garden, the paths meet and
+swing round in a circle, there may be some accentuating
+ornament&mdash;a sundial, a stone vase for flowers,
+or a tank for a yellow Water-lily. If a sundial, and
+there should be some incised lettering, do not have
+the letters gilt because it is the Gold garden; the
+colour and texture of gilding are quite out of place.
+If there is a tank, do not have goldfish; their colour
+is quite wrong. Never hurt the garden for the sake
+of the tempting word.</p>
+
+<p>The word "gold" in itself is, of course, an absurdity;
+no growing leaf or flower has the least resemblance
+to the colour of gold. But the word may be used
+because it has passed into the language with a
+commonly accepted meaning.</p>
+
+<p>I have always felt a certain hesitation in using the
+free-growing perennial Sunflowers. For one thing, the
+kinds with the running roots are difficult to keep in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span>
+check, and their yearly transplantation among other
+established perennials is likely to cause disturbance
+and injury to their neighbours. Then, in so many
+neglected gardens they have been let run wild, surviving
+when other plants have been choked, that,
+half unconsciously, one has come to hold them cheap
+and unworthy of the best use. I take it that my
+own impression is not mine alone, for often when I
+have been desired to do planting-plans for flower
+borders, I have been asked not to put in any of these
+Sunflowers because "they are so common."</p>
+
+<p>But nothing is "common" in the sense of base or
+unworthy if it is rightly used, and it seems to me
+that this Gold garden is just the place where these
+bright autumn flowers may be employed to great
+advantage. I have therefore shown <i>Helianthus rigidus</i>
+and its tall-growing variety <i>Miss Mellish</i>, although
+the colour of both is quite the deepest I should care to
+advise; the paler yellow of <i>H. lætiflorus</i> being better,
+especially the capital pale form of this Sunflower, and
+of one that I know as a variety of <i>H. orgyalis</i>, described
+at p. 69.</p>
+
+<p>The golden Planes, where the path comes in from
+the north, are of course deciduous, and it might be
+well to have gold Hollies again at the back of these,
+or gold Yews, to help the winter effect.</p>
+
+<p>In some places in the plan the word "gold" has
+been omitted, but the yellow-leaved or yellow-variegated
+form of the shrub is always intended. There is
+a graceful cut-leaved Golden Elder that is desirable,
+as well as the common one.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="ADETAILOFTHEGREYSEPTEMBER">
+<img src="images/i_203.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"> <i>A DETAIL OF THE GREY SEPTEMBER GARDEN.<br />
+PERENNIAL ASTERS AND WHITE CHINA<br />
+ASTER MAMMOTH IN FRONT.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span></p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the Grey garden is seen at its best by
+reaching it through the orange borders. Here the
+eye becomes filled and saturated with the strong red
+and yellow colouring. D on the plan stands for
+Dahlia; the other plant names are written in full.
+This filling with the strong, rich colouring has the
+natural effect of making the eye eagerly desirous
+for the complementary colour, so that, standing by
+the inner Yew arch and suddenly turning to look into
+the Grey garden, the effect is surprisingly&mdash;quite
+astonishingly&mdash;luminous and refreshing. One never
+knew before how vividly bright Ageratum could be,
+or Lavender or Nepeta; even the grey-purple of
+Echinops appears to have more positive colour than
+one's expectation would assign to it. The purple
+of the Clematises of the Jackmanii class becomes
+piercingly brilliant, while the grey and glaucous
+foliage looks strangely cool and clear.</p>
+
+<p>The plan shows the disposition of the plants, with
+grey-white edging of <i>Cineraria maritima</i>, Stachys
+and Santolina. There are groups of Lavender with
+large-flowered Clematises (C in the plan) placed so
+that they may be trained close to them and partly
+over them. There are the monumental forms of the
+taller Yuccas, <i>Y. gloriosa</i> and its variety <i>recurva</i>
+towards the far angles, and, nearer the front (marked
+Yucca in plan), the free-blooming <i>Yucca filamentosa</i>
+of smaller size. The flower-colouring is of purple,
+pink and white. Besides the Yuccas, the other white
+flowers are <i>Lilium longiflorum</i> and <i>Lilium candidum</i>
+(L C on plan), the clear white Achillea The Pearl<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span>
+and the grey-white clouds of <i>Gypsophila paniculata</i>.
+The pink flowers are Sutton's Godetia Double Rose,
+sown in place early in May, the beautiful clear pink
+Hollyhock Pink Beauty, and the pale pink Double
+Soapwort. Clematis and white Everlasting Pea are
+planted so that they can be trained to cover the
+Gypsophila when its bloom is done and the seed-pods
+are turning brown. As soon as it loses its grey colouring
+the flowering tops are cut off, and the Pea and
+Clematis, already brought near, are trained over.
+When the Gypsophila is making its strong growth in
+May, the shoots are regulated and supported by some
+stiff branching spray that is stuck among it. A little
+later this is quite hidden, but it remains as a firm
+sub-structure when the top of the Gypsophila is cut
+back and the other plants are brought over.</p>
+
+<p>Elymus is the blue-green Lyme Grass, a garden form
+of the handsome blue-leaved grass that grows on the
+seaward edges of many of our sea-shore sandhills. The
+Soapwort next to it is the double form of <i>Saponaria
+officinalis</i>, found wild in many places.</p>
+
+<p>Of Ageratum, two kinds are used&mdash;a brightly
+coloured one of the dwarf kinds for places near the
+front, where it tells as a close mass of colour, and the
+tall <i>A. mexicanum</i> for filling up further back in the
+border, where it shows as a diffuse purple cloud.
+The Nepeta is the good garden Catmint (<i>N. Mussini</i>).
+Its normal flowering time is June, but it is cut half
+back, removing the first bloom, by the middle of the
+month, when it at once makes new flowering shoots.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="YUCCASANDGREYFOLIAGE">
+<img src="images/i_207.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>YUCCAS AND GREY FOLIAGE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="AFRONTEDGEOFGREYFOLIAGE">
+<img src="images/i_208.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>A FRONT EDGE OF GREY FOLIAGE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span></p>
+
+<p>Now, after the grey plants, the Gold garden looks
+extremely bright and sunny. A few minutes suffice
+to fill the eye with the yellow influence, and then we
+pass to the Blue garden, where there is another delightful
+shock of eye-pleasure. The brilliancy and purity
+of colour are almost incredible. Surely no blue
+flowers were ever so blue before! That is the impression
+received. For one thing, all the blue flowers
+used, with the exception of Eryngium and <i>Clematis
+davidiana</i>, are quite pure blues; these two are grey-blues.
+There are no purple-blues, such as the bluest
+of the Campanulas and the perennial Lupines; they
+would not be admissible. With the blues are a few
+white and palest yellow flowers; the foam-white
+<i>Clematis recta</i>, a delightful foil to Delphinium Belladonna;
+white perennial Lupine with an almond-like
+softness of white; <i>Spiræa Aruncus</i>, another foam-coloured
+flower. Then milk-white Tree Lupine, in
+its carefully decreed place near the bluish foliage of
+Rue and Yucca. Then there is the tender citron of
+Lupine Somerset and the full canary of the tall yellow
+Snapdragon, the diffused pale yellow of the soft plumy
+Thalictrum and the strong canary of <i>Lilium szovitzianum</i>,
+with white Everlasting Pea and white Hollyhock
+at the back. White-striped Maize grows up to cover
+the space left empty by the Delphiniums when their
+bloom is over, and pots of <i>Plumbago capense</i> are
+dropped in to fill empty spaces. One group of this is
+trained over the bluish-leaved <i>Clematis recta</i>, which
+goes out of flower with the third week of July.</p>
+
+<p>Yuccas, both of the large and small kinds, are also
+used in the Blue garden, and white Lilies, <i>candidum</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span>
+and <i>longiflorum</i>. There is foliage both of glaucous
+and of bright green colour, besides an occasional patch
+of the silvery <i>Eryngium giganteum</i>. At the front edge
+are the two best Funkias, <i>F. grandiflora</i>, with leaves
+of bright yellow-green, and <i>F. Sieboldi</i>, whose leaves
+are glaucous. The variegated Coltsfoot is a valuable
+edge-plant where the yellowish white of its bold
+parti-colouring is in place, and I find good use for the
+variegated form of the handsome Grass <i>Glyceria</i> or
+<i>Poa aquatica</i>. Though this is a plant whose proper
+place is in wet ground, it will accommodate itself
+to the flower border, but it is well to keep it on the
+side away from the sun. It harmonises well in colour
+with the Coltsfoot; as a garden plant it is of the
+same class as the old Ribbon Grass, but is very
+much better. The great white-striped Japanese grass,
+<i>Eulalia japonica striata</i> (EU on the plan), is planted
+behind the Delphiniums at the angles, and groups
+well with the Maize just in front.</p>
+
+<p>From the Blue garden, passing eastward, we come
+to the Green garden. Shrubs of bright and deep
+green colouring and polished leaf-surface predominate.
+Here are green Aucubas and Skimmias, with <i>Ruscus
+racemosus</i>, the beautiful Alexandrian or Victory Laurel,
+and more polished foliage of <i>Acanthus</i>, <i>Funkia</i>, <i>Asarum</i>,
+<i>Lilium candidum</i> and <i>longiflorum</i>, and <i>Iris fœtidissima</i>.
+Then feathery masses of paler green, Male Fern and
+Lady Fern and <i>Myrrhis odorata</i>, the handsome fern-like
+Sweet Cicely of old English gardens. In the
+angles are again Eulalias, but these are the variety
+<i>zebrina</i> with the leaves barred across with yellow.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span></p>
+
+<p>In the Green garden the flowers are fewer and
+nearly all white&mdash;Campanulas <i>latifolia</i> and <i>persicifolia</i>,
+Lilies, Tulips, Foxgloves, Snapdragons, Peonies,
+Hellebores&mdash;giving just a little bloom for each season
+to accompany the general scheme of polished and
+fern-like foliage. A little bloom of palest yellow
+shows in the front in May and June, with the flowers
+of Uvularia and Epimedium. But the Green garden,
+for proper development, should be on a much larger
+scale.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII<br />
+
+<small>CLIMBING PLANTS</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>When one sees climbing plants or any of the shrubs
+that are so often used as climbers, planted in the usual
+way on a house or wall, about four feet apart and with
+no attempt at arrangement, it gives one that feeling
+of regret for opportunities lost or misused that is the
+sentiment most often aroused in the mind of the
+garden critic in the great number of pleasure-grounds
+that are planted without thought or discernment.
+Not infrequently in passing along a country road, with
+eye alert to note the beauties that are so often presented
+by little wayside cottage gardens, something is seen
+that may well serve as a lesson in better planting.
+The lesson is generally one that teaches greater simplicity&mdash;the
+doing of one thing at a time; the avoidance
+of overmuch detail. One such cottage has under the
+parlour window an old bush of <i>Pyrus japonica</i>. It had
+been kept well spurred back and must have been a
+mass of gorgeous bloom in early spring. The rest of
+the cottage was embowered in an old Grape Vine,
+perhaps of all wall plants the most beautiful, and, I
+always think, the most harmonious with cottages or
+small houses of the cottage class. It would seem to
+be least in place on the walls of houses of classical type,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span>
+though such houses are often unsuitable for any wall
+plants. Still there are occasions where the noble
+polished foliage of Magnolia comes admirably on their
+larger spaces, and the clear-cut refinement of Myrtle
+on their lesser areas of wall-surface.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="HARDYGRAPEVINEONSOUTH">
+<img src="images/i_213.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>HARDY GRAPE VINE ON SOUTH SIDE OF HOUSE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="HARDYGRAPEVINEONHOUSE">
+<img src="images/i_214.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>HARDY GRAPE VINE ON HOUSE WALL.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is, like all other matters of garden planning, a
+question of knowledge and good taste. The kind of
+wall or house and its neighbouring forms are taken
+into account and a careful choice is made of the most
+suitable plants. For my own part I like to give a house,
+whatever its size or style, some dominant note in wall-planting.
+In my own home, which is a house of the
+large cottage class, the prevailing wall-growths are
+Vines and Figs in the south and west, and, in a shady
+northward facing court between two projecting wings,
+<i>Clematis montana</i> on the two cooler sides, and again
+a Vine upon the other. At one angle on the warmer
+side of the house where the height to the eaves is not
+great, China Roses have been trained up, and Rosemary,
+which clothes the whole foot of the wall, is here
+encouraged to rise with it. The colour of the China
+Rose bloom and the dusky green of the Rosemary are
+always to me one of the most charming combinations.
+In remembrance of the cottage example lately quoted
+there is <i>Pyrus japonica</i> under the long sitting-room
+window. I remember another cottage that had a porch
+covered with the golden balls of <i>Kerria japonica</i>, and
+China Roses reaching up the greater part of the low
+walls of half timber and plastering; the pink Roses
+seeming to ask one which of them were the loveliest
+in colour; whether it was those that came against the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span>
+silver-grey of the old oak or those that rested on the
+warm-white plaster. It should be remembered that
+of all Roses the pink China is the one that is more
+constantly in bloom than any other, for its first flowers
+are perfected before the end of May, and in sheltered
+places the later ones last till Christmas.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Clematis montana</i> in the court riots over the
+wall facing east and up over the edge of the roof. At
+least it appears to riot, but is really trained and regulated;
+the training favouring its natural way of throwing
+down streamers and garlands of its long bloom-laden
+cordage. At one point it runs through and over
+a Guelder Rose that is its only wall companion. Then
+it turns to the left and is trained in garlands along a
+moulded oak beam that forms the base of a timbered
+wall with plastered panels.</p>
+
+<p>But this is only one way of using this lovely climbing
+plant. Placed at the foot of any ragged tree&mdash;old
+worn-out Apple or branching Thorn&mdash;or a rough brake
+of Bramble and other wild bushes, it will soon fill or
+cover it with its graceful growth and bounteous bloom.
+It will rush up a tall Holly or clothe an old hedgerow
+where thorns have run up and become thin and gappy,
+or cover any unsightly sheds or any kind of outbuilding.
+All Clematises prefer a chalky soil, but <i>montana</i> does
+not insist on this, and in my pictures they are growing
+in sandy ground. In the end of May it comes into
+bloom, and is at its best in the early days of June.
+When the flowers are going over and the white petals
+show that slightly shrivelled surface that comes before
+they fall, they give off a sweet scent like vanilla. This
+cannot always be smelt from the actual flowers, but is
+carried by the air blowing over the flowering mass; it
+is a thing that is often a puzzle to owners of gardens
+some time in the second week of June.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="VINEANDFIG">
+<img src="images/i_217.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>VINE AND FIG AT DOOR OF MUSHROOM HOUSE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CLEMATISMONTANAATANGLEOFCOURT">
+<img src="images/i_218.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CLEMATIS MONTANA AT ANGLE OF COURT.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CLEMATISMONTANAOVERWORKSHOPWINDOW">
+<img src="images/i_219.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CLEMATIS MONTANA OVER WORKSHOP WINDOW.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CLEMATISMONTANATRAINEDASGARLANDS">
+<img src="images/i_220.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CLEMATIS MONTANA TRAINED AS GARLANDS.</i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter" id="CLEMATISFLAMMULAAND">
+<img src="images/i_221.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CLEMATIS FLAMMULA AND SPIRÆA LINDLEYANA ON A WALL.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="ABUTILONVITIFOLIUM">
+<img src="images/i_222.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>ABUTILON VITIFOLIUM.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="IPOMOEAHEAVENLYBLUE">
+<img src="images/i_223.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>IPOMŒA "HEAVENLY BLUE" AND CHASSELAS VINE.</i>]</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="SOLANUMJASMINOIDES">
+<img src="images/i_224.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>SOLANUM JASMINOIDES.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CLEMATISFLAMMULAONANGLEOFCOTTAGE">
+<img src="images/i_225.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON ANGLE OF COTTAGE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CLEMATISFLAMMULAONCOTTAGE">
+<img src="images/i_226.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON COTTAGE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span></p>
+
+<p>Another of these Clematises, that, like the <i>montana</i>
+of gardens, is very near the wild species and is good for
+all the same purposes, is <i>C. Flammula</i>, blooming in
+September. Very slightly trained it takes the form of
+flowery clouds. The illustrations show it used in
+various ways, on a cottage, on an oak-paled fence and
+on a wall combined with the feathery foliage of <i>Spiræa
+Lindleyana</i>. I do not think there is any incident in
+my garden that has been more favourably noticed than
+the happy growth of these two plants together. The
+wall faces north a little west, and every year it is a
+delight to see not only the beauty of associated form,
+but the loveliness of the colouring; for the Clematis
+bloom has the warm white of foam and the Spiræa has
+leaves of the rather pale green of Lady Fern besides
+a graceful fern-like form, and a slight twist or turn
+also of a fern-like character. But this Clematis has
+many other uses, for bowers, arches and pergolas, as
+well as for many varied aspects of wild gardening.</p>
+
+<p>A shrub for wall use that is much neglected though
+of the highest beauty is <i>Abutilon vitifolium</i>. In our
+northern and midland counties it may not be hardy,
+but it does well anywhere south of London. The
+flowers, each two and a half inches across, are borne in
+large, loose clusters, their tender lavender colour
+harmonising perfectly with the greyish, downy foliage.</p>
+
+<p>There is no lovelier or purer blue than that of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span>
+newly opened <i>Ipomœa rubro-cœrulea</i>, popularly known
+as Heavenly Blue and well deserving the name. It
+must be raised in heat early in the year and be put
+out in June against a warm wall. Here it is in a narrow
+border at the foot of a wall facing south-west, where,
+by the aid of a few short pea-sticks, it climbs into the
+lower branches of a Vine. The Vine is one of the
+Chasselas kind, with leaves of a rather pale green,
+almost yellowish green, colour that make the best
+possible foil to the pure blue of the Ipomea. To
+my eye it is the most enjoyable colour-feast of the
+year. <i>Solanum crispum</i>, with purple flowers in goodly
+bunches, is one of the best of wall shrubs.</p>
+
+<p>Another of the tender plants that is beautiful for
+walls and for free rambling over other wall-growths
+is <i>Solanum jasminoides</i>. Its white clusters come into
+bloom in middle summer and persist till latest autumn.
+In two gardens near me it is of singular beauty; in the
+one case on the sunny wall of a sheltered court where
+it covers a considerable space, in the other against a
+high south retaining-wall where, from the terrace above,
+the flowers are seen against the misty woodland of
+the middle distance and the pure grey-blue of the faraway
+hills. Turning round on the very same spot
+there is the remarkable growth of the Sweet Verbena
+that owes its luxuriance to its roots and main shoots
+being under shelter. There must be unending opportunities,
+where there are verandahs, of having just
+such bowers of sweetness to brush against in passing
+and to waft scented air to the windows of the rooms
+above.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="CLEMATISFLAMMULAONAWOODENFENCE">
+<img src="images/i_229.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON A WOODEN FENCE.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="SWEETVERBENA">
+<img src="images/i_230.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>SWEET VERBENA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span></p>
+
+<p>These notes can only touch upon the more careful
+use of a few of the many climbing plants and trailing
+shrubs. One of the many garden possessions that I
+ardently desire and can never have is a bit of rocky
+hillside; a place partly of sheer scarp and partly of
+tumbled and outcropping rock-mass, for the best use
+of these plants. There would be the place for the
+yellow winter Jasmine, for the Honeysuckles both
+bushy and rambling, for the trailing Clematises lately
+described, and for the native <i>C. Vitalba</i>, beautiful both
+in flower and fruit; for shrubs like <i>Forsythia suspensa</i>
+and <i>Desmodium penduliflorum</i> that like to root high
+and then throw down cascades of bloom, and for the
+wichuraiana Roses, also for Gourds and wild Vines.
+There should be a good quarter of a mile of it so that
+one might plant at perfect ease, one thing at a time
+or one or two in combination, in just such sized and
+shaped groups as would make the most delightful
+pictures, and in just the association that would show
+the best assortment.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen long stretches of bare chalky banks for
+year after year with nothing done to dispel their bald
+monotony, feeling inward regret at the wasted opportunity;
+thinking how beautiful they might be made
+with a planting of two common things, <i>Clematis Vitalba</i>
+and Red Spur Valerian. But such examples are without
+end.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII<br />
+
+<small>GROUPINGS OF PLANTS IN POTS</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>It is a common thing in Italian gardens to see a quantity
+of plants in pots standing in various parts of the
+garden, generally in connexion with paved terraces
+and steps. This is in addition to the larger pot plants&mdash;Oranges,
+Lemons, Oleanders, &amp;c., that, in their
+immense and often richly decorated earthenware
+receptacles, form an important part of the garden
+design. In our climate we cannot have these unless
+there is an Orangery or some such spacious place free
+from frost for housing them in winter. But good
+groupings of smaller plants in pots is a form of ornament
+that might be made more use of in our own gardens,
+especially where there are paved spaces near a house
+or in connexion with a tank or fountain, so that there
+is convenient access to means of daily watering. I
+have such a space in a cool court nearly square in shape.
+A middle circle is paved, and all next the house is paved,
+on a level of one shallow step higher. It is on the sides
+of this raised step that the pot plants are grouped,
+leaving the middle space free where there is a wooden
+seat, and good access to a door to the left.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="POTPLANTSJUSTPLACED">
+<img src="images/i_233.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>POT PLANTS JUST PLACED.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  id="PLANTSINPOTSINTHESHADEDCOURT">
+<img src="images/i_234.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>PLANTS IN POTS IN THE SHADED COURT: FUNKIA, LILIUM LONGIFLORUM,
+FERNS AND ASPIDISTRA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="MAIDENSWREATH">
+<img src="images/i_235.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>MAIDEN'S WREATH</i> (<i>FRANCOA RAMOSA</i>).</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="MAIDENSWREATHBYTANK">
+<img src="images/i_236.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>MAIDEN'S WREATH BY TANK.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span></p>
+
+<p>The first thing is to secure good greenery. On each
+side three oblong Italian terra-cotta pots full of <i>Funkia
+grandiflora</i> stand on the lower level. They serve to
+hide the common flower-pots that are ranged behind.
+The picture shows how it looks a day or two after it
+is first arranged, early in June when the <i>Clematis
+montana</i> is still in bloom. Next above the ornamental
+pots are common ones also with <i>Funkia grandiflora</i>.
+On the inner side of the groups, next the house, are pots
+of Aspidistra, and, against the wall, of Male Fern, and
+there are more Ferns and Funkias for filling spaces
+between the flowering plants. Of these the most
+important are Lilies&mdash;<i>longiflorum</i>, <i>candidum</i> and
+<i>speciosum</i>&mdash;and Hydrangeas, but we also have pots of
+<i>Gladiolus Colvillei</i> The Bride, <i>Campanula persicifolia</i>
+and <i>C. pyramidalis</i> and white and pink Cup-and-saucer
+Canterbury Bells. The last are taken up from the
+ground and potted only just before they come into
+bloom.</p>
+
+<p>There are seldom more than two kinds of flowering
+plants placed here at a time; the two or three sorts of
+beautiful foliage are in themselves delightful to the eye;
+often there is nothing with them but Lilies, and one
+hardly desires to have more. There is an ample filling
+of the green plants, so that no pots are seen.</p>
+
+<p>If the place were in the sun the plants chosen would
+be largely Geraniums; two-year-old plants in good-sized
+pots; and, in place of the Ferns that enjoy shade
+and the Funkias whose leaves often burn in the sun,
+there would be the large leaved <i>Megasea cordifolia</i>.
+Here also would be Lilies, Hydrangeas and Cannas,
+and good store of the graceful Maiden's Wreath (<i>Francoa
+ramosa</i>).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span></p>
+
+<p>The Geraniums would be very carefully assorted for
+colour; in one part of the scheme white and soft pink,
+in another the rosy scarlets, and elsewhere the salmon-reds,
+now so numerous and good. The last two groups
+might by degrees tone into the pure scarlets, of which
+the best I know and the most delightful in colour is
+Paul Crampel. The colour is pure and brilliant but
+not <i>cruel</i>. I can think of no other word that so well
+describes some scarlets of a harsh quality that gives
+discomfort rather than satisfaction to a sensitive
+colour-eye. Henry Jacoby is to me one of the cruel reds
+and has no place among my flowers. I have no desire
+to disparage a plant which is so general a favourite,
+but feel sure that its popularity is a good deal owing
+to the fact that the main gardening public is inclined
+rather to accept what is put before it than to take the
+trouble to search for something better. Although the
+colour of this Geranium is extremely vivid, a whole bed
+of it has a heavy appearance and is wanting in pictorial
+effect.</p>
+
+<p>I have great pleasure in putting together Omphale,
+palest salmon-pink; Mrs. Laurence, a shade deeper;
+Mrs. Cannell, a salmon-scarlet approaching the quality
+of colour of Phlox Coquelicot, and leading these by
+degrees to the pure, good scarlet of Paul Crampel. A
+bed or clump or border planted with these, or varieties
+equivalent in colour, would be seen to have, in comparison
+with a bed of Henry Jacoby, a quite remarkable
+degree of life, brilliancy, beauty and interest. The
+colouring would be actually brighter and yet more kind
+and acceptable to the eye.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span></p>
+
+<p>Had I more strength I should visit the nurseries in
+order to see all the excellent Geraniums that are now
+grown, and to group them into colour-combinations
+such as could be confidently recommended. As it is,
+I have to depend upon the courtesy of my friends in
+the horticultural trade, when I have occasion to make
+such combinations, for sending me blooms that I can
+choose from.</p>
+
+<p>For detached vases that stand on pedestals, so that
+the whole of the vase and contents becomes warmed by
+exposure to sunlight, a condition specially grateful to
+Geraniums, I know no variety more useful than King
+of Denmark. The flowers are in large trusses, half-double,
+of an excellent soft salmon-pink colour; the
+foliage is bold and well marked; the whole plant
+massive and handsome. For this and any other outdoor
+pot-culture it is best if strong two-year-old plants
+can be kept.</p>
+
+<p>There are among Geraniums some of a raw magenta-pink
+that I regret to see in many gardens and that will
+certainly never be admitted into mine.</p>
+
+<p>In designing gardens where there are flagged spaces
+it is well to remember the good effect of summer flowers
+in slightly raised beds with stone edges. Such beds
+often come happily in conjunction with steps and
+paved landings and designs in which fountains occur.
+Summer flowers, such as Geraniums, Lilies and Cannas,
+seem to revel in such beds and are never seen to better
+advantage. Owing to the cottage character of my
+house I have little scope for such beds&mdash;none at all
+for the best kind with dwarf walls and curbs of moulded<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span>
+freestone, but I have one edged with a low wall of
+local sandstone where there is a square landing paved
+with the same stone and short flights of steps in connexion
+with a tank and a lower garden level. Here
+Geraniums and Cannas luxuriate in shelter and full
+sunshine.</p>
+
+<p>Maiden's Wreath (<i>Francoa ramosa</i>) is a plant for
+many uses. The foliage, though sparing in quantity,
+is distinct and handsome. The long flower-stems are
+flung out with a kind of determination of character
+that would seem to imply that the plant knows what
+is expected of it and intends to fulfil its settled duty
+and purpose, namely, that of being a graceful and
+beautiful ornament. Towards the later summer these
+flower-stems become so heavy that there is danger of
+their weight, swayed by a little wind, wrenching out
+whole portions of the plant. Support should be given
+with short pieces of hazel stick tied half way up the
+stem. In nurseries it is general, and even in private
+gardens not unusual, to see the flowers tied straight
+upright. This should never be, for it not only forces
+the plant into a form that is entirely at variance with
+its nature, but robs it of its natural grace and valuable
+individuality.</p>
+
+<p>There is no end to the uses of Hydrangeas in pots;
+a well-bloomed plant will give life and interest to many
+an uninteresting corner; the bloom is long-enduring
+and stands equally well in sun and shade. If the blue
+colour, which comes naturally in some soils is desired,
+it can be had by mixing pounded slate and iron filings
+with the compost&mdash;alum is another well-known agent
+for inducing the blue colour. But I have much faith
+in slate, for the bluest I have ever seen came from a
+garden on a slaty soil.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="GERANIUMSANDCANNAS">
+<img src="images/i_241.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>GERANIUMS AND CANNAS IN A STONE-EDGED BED.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="MAIDENSWREATHINPOTSABOVETANK">
+<img src="images/i_242.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>MAIDEN'S WREATH IN POTS ABOVE TANK.</i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter"  id="FUNKIAHYDRANGEAANDLILY">
+<img src="images/i_243.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>FUNKIA, HYDRANGEA AND LILY IN THE SHADED COURT.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="FUNKIAANDLILIUMSPECIOSUM">
+<img src="images/i_244.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>FUNKIA AND LILIUM SPECIOSUM.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span></p>
+
+<p>A few only of the many plants that can with advantage
+be used in pots have been named, but in any
+case it would be well to bear in mind that it is best to
+restrict the number of kinds shown at once and to make
+sure of the good groundwork of foliage. I have therefore
+only dwelt upon the few that came to mind as the
+best and easiest to use. But the pretty red and white
+single Fuchsias of the Mme. Cornellisson type should
+not be forgotten, also that the fine Comet and Ostrich
+Plume Asters are capital pot-plants, for, like Canterbury
+Bells, they bear lifting from the open ground just before
+they flower and even in full bloom.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Plants grown in pots lead naturally to the consideration
+of those most suitable for tubs. Of these the most
+important are permanent things of shrubby nature&mdash;several
+of the Orange and Lemon family, Oleander,
+Pomegranate, Bay, Myrtle, Datura, Sweet Verbena
+and dwarf Palm, also Hydrangea, Tree Heliotrope and
+Agapanthus. The last is of course a bulbous plant,
+but from its large, solid foliage and quantity of long-enduring
+bloom it is one of the best of plants for tubs.
+The greater number of these need housing in winter
+in an Orangery or other frost-proof building. Other
+bushy plants for tub use that are hardier are some of
+the Veronicas, such as <i>Traversi</i>, <i>speciosa</i> and <i>hulkeana</i>,
+<i>Olearia Haastii</i> and <i>O. Gunni</i>. Tree Peonies, though
+rarely so used, are capital tub plants, and, though they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span>
+are not very long in flower, their supreme beauty makes
+them desirable. They should certainly be grown in
+places where labour is not restricted and where there
+are suitable places for standing such plants away and
+caring for them in the off season.</p>
+
+<p>For the same kind of use the Tree Lupines, both
+white and yellow, would be excellent. <i>Funkia Sieboldi</i>
+also makes a handsome tub, while for summer filling
+Cannas are admirable and old Geraniums in bush form
+always acceptable. I have never seen Acanthus used
+in this way, but can see no reason against it. The
+smaller Bamboos, such as the handsome broad-leaved
+<i>B. tessellata</i>, are very good in tubs. In speaking of
+plants suitable for tubs, I take the word to include the
+larger sizes of terra-cotta pots; but Agapanthus should
+never be planted in earthenware, as the roots, which
+remain for many years undisturbed, have so strong a
+rending power that they will burst anything less
+resisting than iron-hooped wood.</p>
+
+<p>It is rare to see, anywhere in England, plant-tubs
+painted a pleasant colour. In nearly every garden they
+are painted a strong raw green with the hoops black,
+whereas any green that is not bright and raw would
+be much better. This matter of the colouring of all
+such garden accessories as have to be painted deserves
+more attention than it commonly receives. Doors in
+garden walls, trellises, wooden railings and hand-gates
+and seats&mdash;all these and any other items of woodwork
+that stand out in the garden and are seen among its
+flowers and foliage should, if painted green, be of such
+a green as does not for brightness come into competition<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span>
+with the green of leaves. In the case of tubs especially,
+it is the plant that is to be considered first&mdash;not the
+tub. The bright, harsh green on the woodwork makes
+the colour of the foliage look dull and ineffective. It
+would be desirable, in the case of solitary tub plants,
+to study the exact colour that would be most becoming
+to the flower and foliage; but as it is needful, to avoid
+a patchy appearance, to paint the whole of the tubs in
+any one garden-scheme the same colour, a tint should
+be chosen that is quiet in itself and that is lower in tone
+than the dullest of the foliage in any of the examples.
+Moreover, there is no reason for painting the hoops
+black; it is much better to paint the whole out of
+one pot.</p>
+
+<p>A good quiet green can be made with black, chrome
+No. 1 and white lead; enough white being mixed to
+give the depth or lightness desired. A pretty colour of
+paint is much used in France that approximates to the
+colourman's malachite green. This is not the bright
+colour of malachite as we know the polished stone,
+but a pale, opaque bluish green approaching the turquoise
+tints. In the bright, clear climate of France,
+and in connexion with the higher type of French
+architecture, also in more southern countries, the
+colour looks very well, though it is not becoming to
+some foliage; but something quieter and more sober
+is better suited for England.</p>
+
+<p>Elsewhere I have written of the deplorable effect in
+the garden landscape of the glaring white paint&mdash;still
+worse when tinted blue&mdash;that emphasises the ugliness
+of the usual greenhouse or conservatory. This may<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span>
+be mitigated, if the unsightly structure cannot be
+concealed, by adding to the white a good deal of black
+and raw umber, till the paint is of the quiet warm grey
+that for some strange reason is known to house-painters
+as Portland-stone colour.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="LILIUMAURATUM">
+<img src="images/i_249.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>LILIUM AURATUM.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="ATUBHYDRANGEA">
+<img src="images/i_250.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>A TUB HYDRANGEA.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="STEPSANDHYDRANGEAS">
+<img src="images/i_251.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>STEPS AND HYDRANGEAS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THENARROWSOUTHLAWN">
+<img src="images/i_252.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE NARROW SOUTH LAWN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV<br />
+
+<small>SOME GARDEN PICTURES</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>When the eye is trained to perceive pictorial effect, it
+is frequently struck by something&mdash;some combination
+of grouping, lighting and colour&mdash;that is seen to have
+that complete aspect of unity and beauty that to the
+artist's eye forms a picture. Such are the impressions
+that the artist-gardener endeavours to produce in
+every portion of the garden. Many of these good
+intentions fail, some come fairly well, a few reward
+him by a success that was beyond anticipation. When
+this is the case it is probably due to some cause that
+had been overlooked but that had chanced to complete
+his intention, such as the position of the sun in
+relation to some wished-for colour-picture. Then there
+are some days during the summer when the quality
+of light seems to tend to an extraordinary beauty of
+effect. I have never been able to find out how the
+light on these occasions differs from that of ordinary
+fine summer days, but, when these days come, I know
+them and am filled with gladness.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of my own garden, as far as deliberate
+intention goes, what is aimed at is something quite
+simple and devoid of complication; generally one
+thing or a very limited number of flowering things at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span>
+a time, but that one, or those few things, carefully
+placed so as to avoid fuss, and to please the eye and
+give ease to the mind. In many cases the aim has
+been to show some delightful colour-combination without
+regard to the other considerations that go to the
+making of a more ambitious picture. It may be a
+group in a shrub border, or a combination of border
+and climbing plants, or some carefully designed company
+of plants in the rock garden. I have a little rose that
+I call the Fairy Rose. It came to me from a cottage
+garden, and I have never seen it elsewhere. It grows
+about a foot high and has blush-pink flowers with
+the colour deepening to the centre. In character the
+flower is somewhere between the lovely Blush Boursault
+at its best and the little De Meaux. It is an inch and
+a half across and of beautiful form, especially in the
+half-opened bud. Wishing to enjoy its beauty to the
+utmost, and to bring it comfortably within sight, I
+gave it a shelf in raised rock-work and brought near
+and under it a clear pale lilac Viola and a good drift of
+<i>Achillea umbellata</i>. It was worth doing. Another
+combination that gives me much pleasure is that of
+the pink Pompon Rose Mignonette with Catmint
+and whitish foliage, such as Stachys or <i>Artemisia
+stelleriana</i>. I may have mentioned this before, but
+it is so pretty that it deserves repetition.</p>
+
+<p>In a shrubbery border the fine <i>Spiræa Aruncus</i> is
+beautiful with an interplanting of <i>Thalictrum purpureum</i>.
+At the end of a long flower-clump there is
+a yew hedge coming forward at right angles to the
+length of the border. Behind the hedge is a stone wall<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span>
+with an arch, through which the path in front of the
+border passes. Over the stone arch and rambling
+partly over the yews are the vigorous many-flowered
+growths of <i>Clematis Flammula</i>. In the end of the
+border are pale sulphur-coloured Hollyhocks. Both in
+form and colour this was a delightful picture; the
+foam-like masses of the Clematis resting on the dusky
+richness of the yew; the straight shafts of the Hollyhock
+giving clear colour and agreeing with the upright
+lines of the sides of the archway, which showed dimly
+in the shade. These are only a few incidents out of
+numbers that occur or are intentionally arranged.</p>
+
+<p>There is a place near my house where a path leads
+down through a nut-walk to the further garden. It is
+crossed by a shorter path that ends at a Birch tree
+with a tall silvered trunk. It seemed desirable to
+accentuate the point where the paths cross; I therefore
+put down four square platforms of stone "pitching"
+as a place for the standing of four Hydrangeas in tubs.
+Just before the tree is a solid wooden seat and a shallow
+wide step done with the same stone pitching. Tree
+and seat are surrounded on three sides by a rectangular
+planting of yews. The tender greys of the rugged
+lower bark of the Birch and the silvering of its upper
+stem tell finely against the dark velvet-like richness
+of the Yew and the leaf-mass of other trees beyond;
+the pink flowers and fresh green foliage of the Hydrangeas
+are also brilliant against the dusky green. It is
+just one simple picture that makes one glad for three
+months of the later summer and early autumn. The
+longer cross-path, which on the right leads in a few<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span>
+yards to steps up to the paved court on the north side
+of the house, on the left passes down the nut-walk as
+the second illustration shows. The Birch tree and
+seat are immediately to the right, just out of the
+picture. Standing a little way down the shaded nut-walk
+and looking back, the Hydrangeas are seen in
+another aspect, with the steps and house behind them
+in shade, and the sun shining through their pale green
+leaves. Sitting on the seat, the eye, passing between
+the pink Hydrangea flowers, sees a short straight
+path bounded by a wall of Tree Box to right and left,
+and at the far end one tub of pale blue Hydrangea in
+shade, backed by a repetition of the screen of Yews
+such as enclose the Birch tree.</p>
+
+<p>On the south side of the house there is a narrow
+border full of Rosemary, with China Roses and a
+Vine, as shown in the illustration opposite p. 106.
+Here the narrow lawn, backed by woodland, is higher
+than the house-level. Shallow steps lead up to it in
+the middle, and to right and left is low dry-walling.
+On the upper edge of this is a hedge of Scotch Briars,
+shown in full bloom at p. 48, and in the narrow
+border below, a planting of the low-growing <i>Andromeda
+(Leucothoë) axillaris</i>, a little shrub that is neat throughout
+the year and in winter prettily red-tinted.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="HYDRANGEATUBSANDBIRCH">
+<img src="images/i_257.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>HYDRANGEA TUBS AND BIRCH-TREE SEAT.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="HYDRANGEATUBSANDNUTWALK">
+<img src="images/i_258.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>HYDRANGEA TUBS AND NUT WALK.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="WHITELILIES">
+<img src="images/i_259.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>WHITE LILIES.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THESTEPSANDTHEIRINCIDENTS">
+<img src="images/i_260.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>THE STEPS AND THEIR INCIDENTS.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span></p>
+
+<p>The beautiful White Lily cannot be grown in the
+hot sandy soil of my garden. Even if its place be
+ever so well prepared with the loam and lime that it
+loves, the surrounding soil-influences seem to rob it
+of its needful nourishment; it makes a miserable
+show for one year and never appears again. The only
+way to grow it is in pots or tubs sunk in the soil. For
+some years I had wished to have an orderly planting
+of this lovely Lily in the lower border at the back of
+the Andromeda just in front of the Briars. I had no
+flower-pots deep enough, or wide enough at the bottom,
+but was able to make a contrivance with some short,
+broad, unglazed drain-pipes, measuring a foot long and
+of about the same diameter, by cementing in an artificial
+bottom made of pieces of roofing-tile and broken
+flower-pot, leaving spaces for drainage. Then three
+bulbs were put in each pot in a compost that I knew
+they would enjoy. When they were half grown the
+pots were sunk in holes at nearly even distances
+among the Andromedas, and in a few weeks my row
+of Lilies gave me my reward. Other Lilies (<i>L. longiflorum</i>)
+follow them a month later, just beyond in the
+wood edge among tufts of Male Fern, and a pot of
+Francoa is to right and left of the shallow steps.</p>
+
+<p>During the last year or two some pretty incidents
+have occurred about these same steps; not important
+enough to call garden pictures, but charming and interesting
+and easily enjoyable because they are close to
+the open garden door of the sitting-room and because
+they teach me to look out for the desirable things that
+come of themselves. A seedling of the wild Clematis
+(<i>C. Vitalba</i>) appeared among the Briars to the left.
+As it was too strong a plant to let grow over them
+unchecked, I pulled it forward towards the steps,
+training one or two shoots to run along the hollow of
+the step and laying on them pieces of stone invisible
+among the foliage, to keep them from being dislodged<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span>
+by the skirts of visitors or the gambols of my cats.
+At the same time, in a crack of the stone just below
+the upper step there came a seedling of the tall Chimney
+Campanula (<i>C. pyramidalis</i>). The second year this
+threw up its tall flower-stem and was well in bloom
+when it was wrecked by an early autumn gale, the
+wind wrenching out the crown and upper root-stock.
+But a little shred of rooted life remained and now there
+is again the sturdy tuft promising more flower-stems
+for the coming season.</p>
+
+<p>Close behind the Bell-flower a spreading sheet of
+Wild Thyme has crept out of the turf and spread rather
+widely over the stone. Luckily I just saved it from
+the tidying process that threatened it, and as it is now
+well established over the stone I still have the pleasure
+of its bright rosy bloom when the duties of the mowing-machine
+rob me of the other tiny flowers&mdash;Hawkweed,
+Milkwort and Bedstraw&mdash;that bloom so bravely in
+the intervals between its ruthless but indispensable
+ministrations.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV<br />
+
+<small>A BEAUTIFUL FRUIT GARDEN</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>There is a whole range of possible beautiful treatment
+in fruit-growing that is rarely carried out or even
+attempted. Hitherto but little has been done to
+make the fruit garden a place of beauty; we find it
+almost flaunting its unloveliness, its white painted
+orchard-houses and vineries, its wires and wire nettings.
+It is not to be denied that all these are necessary, and
+that the usual and most obvious way of working them
+does not make for beauty. But in designing new
+gardens or remodelling old, on a rather large scale,
+there need be no difficulty in so arranging that all
+that is necessarily unbeautiful should be kept in one
+department, so hedged or walled around as to be out
+of sight.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to such a fruit garden for strict utility
+I have in mind a walled enclosure of about an acre
+and a half, longer than wide, laid out as shown in the
+plan. I have seen in large places just such spaces,
+actually walled but put to no use.</p>
+
+<p>The wall has trained fruit-trees&mdash;Peaches spreading
+their goodly fans, Pears showing long, level lines, and,
+including hardy Grape Vines, giving all the best
+exposition of the hardy fruit-grower's art. Next to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span>
+the wall is a space six feet wide for ample access
+to the fruit-trees, their pruning, training and root-management;
+then a fourteen-foot plant border, wholly
+for beauty, and a path eight feet wide. At a middle
+point on all four sides the high wall has an arched
+doorway corresponding to the grassy way between the
+fruit-trees in the middle space. If the wall has some
+symmetrical building on the outside of each angle
+so much the better; the garden can make use of all.
+One may be a bothy, with lower extension out of sight;
+one a half-underground fruit-store, with bulb-store
+above; a third a paint-shop, and a fourth a tea-house.</p>
+
+<p>The middle space is all turf; in the centre a Mulberry,
+and, both ways across, double lines of fruit-trees,
+ending with Bays; the Bays are at the ends on
+the plan. In almost any part of the sea-warmed
+south of England, below the fifty-first parallel of
+latitude which passes through the upper part of Sussex,
+the rows of fruit-trees on the green might be standard
+Figs; elsewhere they would be bush Pears and Apples.
+If the soil is calcareous, so much the better for the
+Figs and Mulberry, the Vines and indeed nearly all
+the fruits. The angle-clumps in the grass are planted
+with Magnolias, Yuccas and Hydrangeas.</p>
+
+<p>The border all round is for small shrubs and plants
+of some solidity or importance; the spaces are too
+long for an ordinary flower border. It would have a
+good bush of <i>Magnolia stellata</i> at each angle, Yuccas,
+Tritomas, hardy Fuchsias, Peonies, <i>Euphorbia Wulfenii</i>,
+Hollyhocks, Dahlias, Hydrangeas, Michaelmas
+Daisies, Flag Iris, the beautiful <i>Olearia Gunni</i> and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a><br /><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>
+<i>O. Haastii</i>, Tree Lupines, Forsythia, Weigela, the
+smaller Bush Spiræas, Veronicas, Tamarisk, the large-bloomed
+Clematises, bush kinds of garden Roses,
+Funkias, and so on.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="THEBEAUTIFULFRUITGARDEN">
+<a href="images/i_265.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_265thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>THE BEAUTIFUL FRUIT GARDEN.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Surely my fruit garden would be not only a place
+of beauty, of pleasant sight and pleasant thought,
+but of leisurely repose, a repose broken only faintly
+and in welcome fashion by its own interests&mdash;in July,
+August and September a goodly place in which to
+wander and find luscious fruits in quantity that can
+be gathered and eaten straight from the tree. There
+is a pleasure in searching for and eating fruit in this
+way that is far better than having it picked by the
+gardener and brought in and set before one on a dish
+in a tame room. Is this feeling an echo of faraway
+days of savagery when men hunted for their food and
+rejoiced to find it, or is it rather the poet's delight
+of having direct intercourse with the good gift of the
+growing thing and seeing and feeling through all the
+senses how good and gracious the thing is? To pass
+the hand among the leaves of the Fig-tree, noting that
+they are a little harsh upon the upper surface and yet
+soft beneath; to be aware of their faint, dusky scent;
+to see the cracking of the coat of the fruit and the
+yellowing of the neck where it joins the branch&mdash;the
+two indications of ripeness&mdash;sometimes made clearer
+by the drop of honeyed moisture at the eye; then the
+handling of the fruit itself, which must needs be gentle
+because the tender coat is so readily bruised and torn;
+at the same time observing the slight greyish bloom
+and the colouring&mdash;low-toned transitions of purple<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span>
+and green; and finally to have the enjoyment of the
+luscious pulp, with the knowledge that it is one of the
+most wholesome and sustaining of fruit foods&mdash;surely
+all this is worthy garden service! Then how delicious
+are the sun-warmed Apricots and Peaches, and, later
+in the year, the Jargonelle Pears, always best eaten
+straight from the tree; and the ripe Mulberries of
+September. And how pleasant to stroll about the
+wide grassy ways, turning from the fruits to the
+flowers in the clumps and borders, to the splendid
+Yuccas and the masses of Hydrangea bloom, and then
+to the gorgeous Tritomas and other delights; and
+to see the dignity of the stately Bay-trees and the
+incomparable beauty of their every twig and leaf.</p>
+
+<p>The beautiful fruit garden would naturally lead to
+the orchard, a place that is not so often included in
+the pleasure-ground as it deserves. For what is more
+lovely than the bloom of orchard-trees in April and
+May, with the grass below in its strong, young growth;
+in itself a garden of Cowslips and Daffodils. In an
+old orchard how pictorial are the lines of the low-leaning
+old Apple-trunks and the swing and poise of
+their upper branches, best seen in winter when their
+graceful movement of line and wonderful sense of
+balance can be fully appreciated. But the younger
+orchard has its beauty too, of fresh, young life and
+wealth of bloom and bounteous bearing.</p>
+
+<p>Then if the place of the orchard suggests a return
+to nearer pleasure-ground with yet some space between,
+how good to make this into a free garden orchard for
+the fruits of wilder character; for wide-spreading<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span>
+Medlars, for Quinces, again some of the most graceful
+of small British trees; for Service, Damson, Bullace,
+Crabs and their many allies, not fruit-bearing trees
+except from the birds' and botanists' points of view,
+but beautiful both in bloom and berry, such as the
+Mountain Ash, Wild Cherry, Blackthorn, and the
+large-berried White-thorns, Bird-cherry, White Beam,
+Holly and Amelanchier. Then all these might be intergrouped
+with great brakes of the free-growing Roses
+and the wilder kinds of Clematis and Honeysuckle.
+And right through it should be a shady path of Filberts
+or Cobnuts arching overhead and yielding a bountiful
+autumn harvest.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI<br />
+
+<small>PLANTING FOR WINTER COLOUR</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>Much cheerful positive colour, other than that given
+by flowers or leaves, may be obtained in winter by
+using a good selection of small trees with coloured
+bark. Of these the most useful are the Red Dogwood
+and some of the willows. This planting for colour of
+bright-barked trees is no new thing, for something
+like half a century ago the late Lord Somers, at Eastnor
+Castle near Malvern, used to "paint his woods," as he
+described it, in this way.</p>
+
+<p>The Cardinal Willow has bright red bark, <i>Salix
+britzensis</i> orange, and the Golden Osier bright yellow.
+The yearly growth has the best-coloured bark, so that
+when they are employed for giving colour it is usual
+to cut them every winter; moreover, the large quantity
+of young shoots that the cutting induces naturally
+increases the density of the colour-effect. But if they
+are planted in a rather large way it is better that the
+regular winter cutting should be restricted to those
+near the outer edge, and to let a good proportion of
+those within stand for two or more years, and to
+have some in the background that are never cut at
+all, but that are allowed to grow to their full size and
+to show their natural habit.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span></p>
+
+<p>It will also be well to avoid planting them exclusively
+sort by sort, but to group and intergroup carefully
+assorted colours, such as the scarlet Willow with
+the purple-barked kind, and to let this pass into the
+American Willow with the black stem. Such a group
+should not be too large, and it should be near the
+pathway, for it will show best near at hand. For the
+sake of the bark-colouring, it would be best to cut it
+all every year, although in the larger plantings it is
+desirable to have the trees of different ages, or the
+effect may be too much that of a mere crop instead
+of a well-arranged garden grouping.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the garden Roses, both of the free-growing
+and bush kinds, have finely coloured bark that can
+be used in much the same way. They are specially
+good in broken ground, such as the banks of an old
+hollow cart-way converted to garden use, or the sloping
+<i>débris</i> of a quarry. Of the free kinds, the best coloured
+are <i>Rosa ferruginea</i>, whose leaves are red as well as the
+stem&mdash;it is the <i>Rosa rubrifolia</i> of nurseries;&mdash;and the
+varieties of Boursault Roses, derived from <i>Rosa alpina</i>.
+As bushes for giving reddish colouring, <i>Rosa lucida</i>
+would be among the best.</p>
+
+<p>By waterside the Great Reedmace&mdash;commonly but
+wrongly called Bulrush&mdash;holds its handsome seed-heads
+nearly through the winter, and beds of the
+Common Reed (<i>Arundo Phragmites</i>) stand up winter
+through in masses of light, warm colouring that are
+grateful to the eye and suggest comfortable harbourage
+for wildfowl.</p>
+
+<p>Some shrubs have conspicuously green bark, such<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span>
+as the Spindletree; but the habit of growth is rather
+too diffuse to let it make a distinct show of colour.
+<i>Leycesteria formosa</i> is being tried in mass for winter
+colour in some gardens, but I venture to feel a little
+doubtful of its success; for though the skin of the half-woody
+stem is bright green, the plant has the habit
+of retaining some of its leaves and the remains of its
+flowering tips till January, or even later. After frost
+these have the appearance of untidy grey rags, and
+are distinctly unsightly. The brightest effect of all
+green-barked plants is that given by Whortleberry,
+a plant that on peaty or sandy soils is one of the most
+enjoyable of winter undershrubs.</p>
+
+<p>It would add greatly to the enjoyment of many
+country places if some portions were planted with
+evergreens expressly for winter effect. Some region
+on the outskirts of the garden, and between it and
+woodland, would be the most desirable. If well done
+the sense of wintry discomfort would disappear, for
+nearly all the growing things would be at their best,
+and even in summer, shrubs and plants can do no
+more than this. In summer, too, it would be good
+to see, for the green things would have such an interplanting
+of free Roses, Jasmines, Clematis, Honeysuckles,
+Forsythia, and so on, as would make charming
+incidents of flower-beauty.</p>
+
+<p>The place for this winter walk should be sheltered
+from the north and east. I have such a place in my
+mind's eye, where, beyond the home garden and partly
+wooded old shrubbery, there is a valley running up
+into a fir-wooded hill. The path goes up the hillside<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span>
+diagonally, with a very gentle gradient. In the cooler,
+lower portion there would be Rhododendrons and
+Kalmias, with lower growths of Skimmia and Gaultheria.
+Close to the path, on the less sunny side,
+would be Lent Hellebores and the delightful winter
+greenery of Epimedium. Then in full sun <i>Andromeda
+japonica</i>, and on the shadier side <i>Andromeda floribunda</i>.
+Both of these hard and rather brittle-wooded shrubs
+belong to the group properly named <i>Pieris</i>, and form
+dense bushes four or more feet high. At their foot
+would be the lower-growing Andromedas of the <i>Leucothoē</i>
+section, with lissome branches of a more willow-like
+character. These make a handsome ground-carpeting
+from one to two feet high, beautiful at all
+seasons&mdash;the leaves in winter tinted or marbled with
+red. Portions of the cooler side would also have
+fringes of Hartstongue and Polypody, both winter
+ferns. Then, as the path rose into more direct sunlight,
+there would be Cistuses&mdash;in all mild winter
+days giving off their strong, cordial scent&mdash;and the
+dwarf Rhododendrons. Behind the Cistuses would
+be White Broom, finely green-stemmed in winter.
+There would even be shrubs in flower; the thick-set
+yellowish bloom of Witch Hazel (<i>Hamamelis</i>) and the
+bright yellow of <i>Jasminum nudiflorum</i>. Then groups
+of Junipers, and all the ground carpeted with Heath,
+and so to the upper Fir-wood. Then, after the comforting
+greenery of the lower region, the lovely colour
+of distant winter landscape would be intensely enjoyable;
+for the greys and purples of the leafless woodland
+of middle distance have a beauty that no summer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span>
+landscape can show. In clear weather the further
+distances have tints of an extraordinary purity, while
+the more frequent days of slightly distant haze have
+another kind of beautiful mystery.</p>
+
+<p>The common Laurel is generally seen as a long-suffering
+garden hack, put to all sorts of rather ignoble
+uses. It is so cheap to buy, so quick of growth, and
+so useful as an easily made screen that its better use
+is, except in rare instances, lost sight of. Planted in
+thin woodland and never pruned, it grows into a small
+tree that takes curious ways and shapes of trunk and
+branch of a character that is remarkably pictorial.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span></p>
+
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII<br />
+
+<small>FORM IN PLANTING</small></h2>
+
+
+<p>If in the foregoing chapters I have dwelt rather insistently
+on matters of colour, it is not that I under-rate
+the equal importance of form and proportion, but
+that I think that the question of colour, as regards its
+more careful use, is either more commonly neglected
+or has had fewer exponents. As in all matters relating
+to design in gardening, the good placing of plants in
+detail is a matter of knowledge of an artistic character.
+The shaping of every group of plants, to have the best
+effect, should not only be definitely intended but
+should be done with an absolute conviction by the
+hand that feels the <i>drawing</i> that the group must have
+in relation to what is near, or to the whole form of
+the clump or border or whatever the nature of the
+place may be. I am only too well aware that to many
+this statement may convey no idea whatever, nevertheless
+I venture to insist upon its truth. Moreover,
+I am addressing this book to the consideration of
+those who are in sympathy with my views of gardening,
+among whom I know there are many who, even if they
+have not made themselves able, by study and long
+practice, to show in groundwork and garden design
+the quality known to artists as <i>drawing</i>&mdash;by which is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a><br /><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+meant a right movement of line and form and group&mdash;can
+at least recognise its value&mdash;indeed its supreme
+importance&mdash;when it is present, and do not, in its
+absence, fail to feel that the thing shown is without
+life, spirit, or reasonable justification.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="AWILDHEATHGARDEN">
+<a href="images/i_275.jpg">
+<img src="images/i_275thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption"><i>A WILD HEATH GARDEN.</i><br />
+
+<i>Upper Figure: As First Planted.</i><br />
+
+<i>Lower Figure: After Alteration.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Even a proficiency in some branch of fine art does
+not necessarily imply ability to lay out ground. I have
+known, in the intimate association of half a lifetime,
+a landscape painter, whose interpretation of natural
+beauty was of the most refined and poetical quality,
+and who truly loved flowers and beautiful vegetation,
+but who was quite incapable of personally arranging
+a garden; although it is more usual that an artist
+should almost unconsciously place plants well.</p>
+
+<p>It is therefore not to be expected that it is enough
+to buy good plants and merely to tell the gardener
+of average ability to plant them in groups, as is now
+often done with the very best intention. It is impossible
+for the gardener to know what is meant. In all
+the cases that have come under my notice, where
+such indefinite instruction has been given, the things
+have been planted in stiff blocks. Quite lately I came
+upon such an example in the garden of a friend who
+is by no means without a sense of beauty. There was
+a bank-like space on the outskirts of the pleasure-ground
+where it was wished to have a wild Heath
+garden. A better place could hardly be, for the soil
+is light and sandy and the space lies out in full sunlight.
+The ground had been thrown about into ridges and
+valleys, but without any reference to its natural form,
+whereas with half the labour it might have been guided
+into slight hollows, ridges, and promontories of good<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span>
+line and proportion. I found it planted as in the
+upper plan; the path stiffly edged with one kind of
+Heath on one side and another kind on the other;
+the back planting in rectangular blocks; near the
+front bushes of Veronica at exactly even distances,
+and between them the same number of Heaths in
+each interval quite stiffly planted. Some of the blocks
+at the back were of Violets&mdash;plants quite unsuited
+to the place. Yet, only leaving out the Violets, all
+the same plants might have been disposed so as to
+come quite easily and naturally as shown on the
+lower plan. Then a thin sowing of the finer Heath
+grasses, to include the pathway, where alone they
+would be mown, and a clever interplanting of wild
+Thyme and the native Wood Sage (<i>Teucrium Scorodonia</i>),
+common on the neighbouring heaths, would
+have put the whole thing together and would have
+given the impression, so desirable in wild planting,
+of the thing having so happened, rather than of its
+having been artificially made.</p>
+
+<p>In planting or thinning trees also, the whole ultimate
+good of the effect will depend on this sense of form
+and good grouping. If these qualities are secured,
+the result in after years will be a poem; if they are
+neglected it will be nothing but a crop.</p>
+
+<p>I can imagine nothing more interesting than the
+guiding and part-planting of large stretches of natural
+young woodland with some hilly ground above and
+water at the foot. As it is, I have to be content with
+my little wood of ten acres; yet I am truly glad to
+have even that small space to treat with reverent
+thankfulness and watchful care.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a><br /><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+<div class="index">
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="ifrst">A</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Abutilon vitifolium, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Acanthus, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">as tub plant, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Achillea, The Pearl, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Adonis, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Æsculus, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Agapanthus, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Agathea cœlestis, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ageratum, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Alexandrian Laurel, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Alpenrose, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Alyssum, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Amelanchier, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Anchusa, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Andromeda, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Anemone sylvestris, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">japonica, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Annuals, half hardy, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">hardy, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Apples, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arbutus, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arenaria balearica, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">montana, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Artemisia stelleriana, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Asarum, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Asters, China, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">perennial, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">August, Flower-border in, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Aubrietia, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Aucuba, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Azalea, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">B</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bambusa tessellata, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">as tub plant, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bay, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bedding plants, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Begonias, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">with Megasea, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Blue flowers, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Blue garden, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Briars, Scotch, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Broom, white, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bulb-border, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">C</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Camassia, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Campanula pyramidalis in steps, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">persicifolia, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">lactiflora, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Campanulas in pots, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Canna, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">in pots, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Canterbury Bells, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">in pots, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Caryopteris, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Catmint, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chalky banks, plants for, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span></li>
+
+<li class="indx">China Rose, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Choisya ternata, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cineraria maritima, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cistus, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clematis montana, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">C. davidiana, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">C. Flammula, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">C. recta, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">C. Vitalba, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Climbing plants, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Colour, in woodland, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">scheme of Rhododendrons, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">of old Scotch Fir, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">tender in spring garden, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">strong in spring garden, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Colour-combinations, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Colour, optical effect of, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">gardens of special, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">of paint for garden accessories, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Colour-planting for winter, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coltsfoot, variegated, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Columbines, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coreopsis, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Corydalis ochroleuca, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cottage gardens, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cranesbill, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crown Imperial, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">D</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Daffodils, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dahlias, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">best kinds for border use, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Daphne Mezereon, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Delphinium Belladonna, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">grandiflorum, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dentaria, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Desmodium penduliflorum, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dictamnus, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dielytra spectabilis, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dog-tooth Violet, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Drifts in planting, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">E</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Elymus, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">in the grey garden, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Empty spaces in borders, filling up, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Epilobium, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Epimedium, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Eryngium, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Eulalia, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Euphorbia Wulfenii, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Evergreens for winter effect, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Exochorda, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">F</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fern, Lady, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Osmunda, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Fern, Male, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">dilated shield, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Polypody, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">hardy Ferns, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Ferns in pots, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fern walk, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Feverfew, Golden Feather, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fig, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Flower-border, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Form in planting, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Forsythia suspensa, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Foxgloves, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Francoa, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fruit garden, beautiful, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fuchsia, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fumaria bulbosa, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Funkia, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">F. Sieboldi as tub plant, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">G</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Galvanised iron roof, treatment of, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gaultheria, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gentiana asclepiadea, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Geranium ibericum, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Geraniums (Pelargonium), <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gladiolus, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">in pots, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Godetia, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gold garden, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">plants for, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Golden Elder, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Golden Plane, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Goodyera, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gourds, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Green-barked shrubs, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Green garden, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Grey garden, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">plants for, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Grey plants, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Grouping of plants, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Guelder Rose, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gypsophila, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">H</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Heath, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">path, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Helenium pumilum, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Helianthus, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">in the Gold garden, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hellebores, Lent, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Heracleum, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Heuchera Richardsoni, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hidden Garden, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hill-side for planting, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hollyhock, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hydrangea, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">as tub plants, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">H. paniculata, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">I</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Iberis, see Spring-garden, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ipomæa Heavenly Blue, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Iris, dwarf, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Cengialti, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">flag-leaved, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">special borders of, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">J</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jasminum nudiflorum, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">July, flower-border, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">June garden, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">climbers in June, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Juniper, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">K</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kalmia, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kerria, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">L</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Laburnum, arch of, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lavender, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">dwarf, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Laurel, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ledum palustre, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lent Hellebores, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Leycesteria formosa, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lilies, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">in the grey garden, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">in pots, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lilium auratum, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">longiflorum, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">giganteum, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">candidum, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lily of the Valley, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lithospermum, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lobelias, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lupines, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">tree lupines, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">as tub plants, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">M</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Magnolia, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">conspicua, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">stellata, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Maiden's Wreath, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Maize, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Marigold, African, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">May-blooming shrubs, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Megasea, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">in bulb-border, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">in spring garden, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">in pots, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mertensia, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mowing-machine, track of, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mulberry, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mulching the flower-border, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mullein, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Myosotis, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Myrrhis, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Myrtle, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">N</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Narcissus, in bulb-border, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nepeta Mussini, with grey plants, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nut-walk, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">O</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Olearia Haastii, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">O. Gunni, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Orchard, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">wild orchard, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Orobus vernus, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Othonna, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">P</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Paint for tubs, &amp;c., <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Paths, wood, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Papaver rupifragum, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">P. pilosum, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">P. orientale, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pea, White Everlasting, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pentstemons, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Peonies, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Peony albiflora, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Peony, tree, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">as tub plants, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Perowskya, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Phlomis, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Phlox divaricata, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">amœna, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">stellaria, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pictures, living, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">some garden, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Planting in drifts, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plumbago capense, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Polygonum, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pots, plants in, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Primrose Garden, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Privet, golden, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pyrus japonica, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pyrus malus floribunda, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Q</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Quarries, desirable for planting, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">R</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Reed, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Reedmace, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rhododendron, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ribbon Grass, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Robinia, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rocky hillside, planting for, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rosa altaica, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Burnet Rose, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Fairy Rose, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rosemary, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Roses, garden, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">with coloured bark, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Roses, rambling, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rubus nutkanus, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">odoratus, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">deliciosus, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rudbeckia Golden Glow, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Rue, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ruscus, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">S</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Salvia splendens, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Santolina, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Scillas, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sea Kale, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sedum spectabile, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Senecio artemisiæfolius, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">September, Flower-border in, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Skimmia, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Smilacina, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Snapdragons, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Solanum crispum, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">jasminoides, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Solomon's Seal, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Special colouring, gardens of, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Spiræa Aruncus, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Lindleyana, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Spring garden, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stachys, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">lanata, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Staking and supporting, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Bruno's Lily, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stonecrops on iron roof, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sweet Cicely, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sweet Verbena, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">T</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tamarisk, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Thalictrum, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Thyme, wild, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tiarella, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Training down tall plants, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Training plants one over another, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Trientalis, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Trillium, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tritoma, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tubs, plants for, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tulips, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">U</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Uvularia, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">V</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Valerian, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Veratrum, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Verbascum, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Veronica Traversi, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Veronicas as tub plants, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vine, Claret, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">Vine, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">W</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wallflower, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wall shrubs, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Water Elder, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Whortleberry, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wild gardening, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Willows, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Winter colour, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Winter walk, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Witch Hazel, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Woodland, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wood paths, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">wood and shrubbery edges, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Woodruff, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Y</li>
+
+<li class="indx">Yew hedges, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Yucca, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>;</li>
+<li class="isub1">raised borders for, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li></ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<small>Printed by <span class="smcap">Ballantyne &amp; Co. Limited</span><br />
+Tavistock Street, London</small>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a><br /><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a><br /><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+
+</div><div class="chapter">
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" >
+<img src="images/i_287.jpg" alt="THE GARDEN" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><small>The Leading Gardening Newspaper for Amateur and Professional
+Gardeners</small>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="xxl">PRICE ONE PENNY WEEKLY</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">THE FLOWER GARDEN</td><td align="left">NEW AND RARE PLANTS</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">THE ROSE GARDEN</td><td align="left">THE KITCHEN GARDEN</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">THE WALL AND WATER<br />&nbsp; GARDEN</td><td align="left">THE FRUIT GARDEN<br />ORCHIDS, &amp;c., &amp;c.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><small>Since "The Garden" has been reduced from threepence to one penny,
+its success has been extraordinary. It meets the requirements of both
+PROFESSIONAL and AMATEUR GARDENERS. It is circulating
+rapidly amongst BEGINNERS IN GARDENING, and the great feature of
+helping readers by greatly extending the ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS
+has been much appreciated. All branches of gardening
+are fully considered, and descriptions and illustrations in colour and black and
+white of new plants, the Flower Garden, Rose Garden, Kitchen Garden, Fruit
+Garden, and Wall and Water Garden are given.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>"The Garden" is THE gardening paper wherein to learn the best ways
+of making a success of the smallest and largest gardens. It is a paper for all
+to study who wish to thoroughly master the art of gardening.</small></p>
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center"><small>Gardening for Beginners and Answers to Correspondents a Special Feature</small></p>
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center"><small>Valuable Prizes Offered for Competition</small><br />
+
+A COLOURED PLATE IS GIVEN WITH ALTERNATE ISSUES</p>
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center">CONSULT THE ADVERTISEMENT PAGES<br />
+FOR EVERY REQUISITE FOR THE GARDEN</p>
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center"><i>TO BE HAD OF ALL NEWSAGENTS AND BOOKSTALLS</i></p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center"><small>Specimen Copy post free from the Manager, "The Garden," 20 Tavistock
+Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C</small>.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span></p>
+
+
+<p>
+<i><big>The "Country Life"<br />
+Library</big></i>
+</p>
+
+
+<p class="pads3">
+THE CENTURY<br />
+BOOK OF GARDENING
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">(SECOND EDITION)</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">Edited by E. T. COOK. A comprehensive Work for every Lover of
+the Garden. 624 pages, with about 600 Illustrations. 21s. net; by post,
+21s. 10d.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pads2">Times.&mdash;"No department of gardening is neglected, and the illustrations of famous and
+beautiful gardens and of the many winsome achievements of the gardener's art are so numerous
+and attractive as to make the veriest cockney yearn to turn gardener."</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p>
+GARDENING FOR BEGINNERS<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">(FOURTH EDITION)</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">A Handbook to the Garden. By E. T. COOK. 12s. 6d. net; by post,
+13s.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Spectator.&mdash;"Full of information about both the useful and the ornamental, and as far as
+we have been able to test it, eminently practical. The beginner, by the way, will have gone a
+long way before he has assimilated the contents of this stout volume of nearly five hundred
+pages; but then <i>alia aliis curæ</i>, and the wider the choice that is offered by a volume of this
+kind the better."</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads3">
+TREES AND SHRUBS<br />
+FOR ENGLISH GARDENS<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">By E. T. COOK, Editor of <span class="smcap">The Garden</span>. 12s. 6d. net; by post,
+12s. 11d.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Gardeners' Chronicle.&mdash;"A good book on trees and shrubs is a real want. Few books
+are more often enquired for, and until now we have had a difficulty in replying to our
+correspondents who have asked for information on the point. In these days of trashy gardening
+books, it is a pleasure to come across one which bears the stamp of original observation,
+judicious inference, and industrious research."</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads3">
+ROSES FOR ENGLISH GARDENS
+</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">By Miss GERTRUDE JEKYLL and Mr. E. MAWLEY.
+Illustrated with 190 full-page Plates. 12s. 6d. net; by post, 12s. 11d.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Daily Chronicle.&mdash;"All the roses of England, blossoming in a counterfeit summer of black
+and white, seem to be gathered together into Miss <span class="smcap">Jekyll's</span> charming book. The pictures are
+really pleasant to look at; near or far a rose photographs quite as well as a beautiful face, and
+carries with it its own individual look. No one can fail to be captured by Miss <span class="smcap">Jekyll's</span>
+enthusiasm and fine discrimination."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span></p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads3">
+LILIES FOR ENGLISH GARDENS<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">Written and compiled by Miss GERTRUDE JEKYLL. 8s. 6d. net;
+by post, 8s. 10d.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Westminster Gazette.&mdash;"'<span class="smcap">Lilies for English Gardens</span>' is a volume in the 'Country
+Life' Library, and it is almost sufficiently high commendation to say that the book is worthy of
+the journal. Miss <span class="smcap">Jekyll's</span> aim has been to write and compile a book on Lilies which shall tell
+amateurs, in the plainest and simplest possible way, how most easily and successfully to grow
+the Lily&mdash;which, considering its great beauty, is not grown nearly so much as might be expected.
+We certainly think that in the future there will be less neglect of this flower, for after looking at
+some of the illustrations (all admirable and admirably produced), there will not be many
+garden owners who will be content to be Lilyless."</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads3">
+WALL AND WATER GARDENS<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">By Miss GERTRUDE JEKYLL. Containing instructions and hints
+on the Cultivation of suitable plants on Dry Walls, Rock Walls, in
+Streams, Marshpools, Lakes, Ponds, Tanks and Water Margins. With
+133 full-page Illustrations. 186 pp., 12s. 6d. net; by post, 12s. 10d.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Times.&mdash;"'<span class="smcap">Wall and Water Gardens.</span>'&mdash;He who will consent to follow Miss <span class="smcap">Jekyll</span>
+aright will find that under her guidance the old walls, the stone steps, the rockeries, the ponds
+or streamlets of his garden will presently blossom with all kinds of flowers undreamed of, and
+become marvels of varied foliage. More than a hundred photographs help to enforce Miss
+<span class="smcap">Jekyll's</span> admirable lessons."</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads3">
+GARDENING MADE EASY<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">Price 1s. net; by post, 1s. 3d.</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">By E. T. COOK, Editor of <span class="smcap">The Garden</span>. An instructive and practical
+gardening book of 200 pages and 23 Illustrations, all showing the way
+certain gardening operations should be performed. Every phase of gardening
+is included. The beginner will find this a most helpful guide in the
+cultivation of flowers, vegetables and fruits. It is the A B C of gardening.</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center">A NEW AND CHEAPER EDITION OF</p>
+
+<p class="pads3">
+THE FRUIT GARDEN<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>By GEORGE BUNYARD, V.M.H., and OWEN THOMAS, V.M.H.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Price 12s. 6d. net; by post, 13s.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Royal Horticultural Society Journal.&mdash;"Without any doubt the best book of the sort
+yet published. There is a separate chapter for every kind of fruit, and each chapter is a book
+in itself&mdash;there is, in fact, everything that anyone can need or wish for in order to succeed in
+fruit growing. The book simply teems with illustrations, diagrams, and outlines. The diagrams
+on pruning are particularly admirable; we cannot speak too highly of them, and from them
+anyone should be able to teach himself to be an expert pruner. The book winds up with 100
+pages of outline drawings, which should be a wonderful aid to identification."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Manchester Courier.&mdash;"If in England fruit culture ever receives the attention which is
+imperatively demanded, the present volume will undoubtedly be looked back upon as a notable
+contributory factor to that result. It is not merely that the writers are men of the highest
+experience who are also clear and capable wielders of the pen, but they have laid under
+contribution the experiments, achievements, and lessons of other nations.... It would be
+impossible to find elsewhere, under one cover, such a mass of useful, stimulating, well-arranged
+and up-to-date information regarding fruit culture."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Tablet.&mdash;"It is a compilation by men who know their work, and deals with the whole
+question in the most practical manner. None of the writers waste words in mere description or
+exhortation. Plain directions are given for the cultivation of the different sorts of fruits, their
+planting, pruning, and cropping, and the best sorts indicated."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span></p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads3">SWEET VIOLETS AND PANSIES,
+AND VIOLETS FROM MOUNTAIN AND PLAIN</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">Written by several authorities, and Edited by E. T. COOK, Editor of
+<span class="smcap">The Garden</span>, Author of "Trees and Shrubs," &amp;c. Price 3s. 6d. net;
+by post, 3s. 10d.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">This interesting subject has never been treated in the same way as set forth in this illustrated
+book. There are chapters upon the culture of sweet violets in winter and in the open garden,
+upon Heartsease and the Tufted Pansies (Violas), and upon the Wild Violets that have been
+introduced from America and elsewhere. The information is thoroughly practical. It is a
+dainty gift-book to gardening friends.</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads3">THE BOOK OF BRITISH FERNS</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">By CHAS. T. DRUERY, F.L.S., V.M.H., President of the British
+Pteridological Society. Price 3s. 6d. net; by post, 3s. 10d.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">St. James's Gazette.&mdash;"Has been most carefully done; no fewer than seven hundred
+choice varieties are described. The book is well and lucidly written and arranged; it is
+altogether beautifully got up. Mr. <span class="smcap">Druery</span> has long been recognised as an authority on the
+subject."</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads3">CARNATIONS, PICOTEES,
+AND PINKS</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">Edited by E. T. COOK. Price 3s. 6d. net; by post, 3s. 10d.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">The border Carnation, the Picotee, the Malmaison, and the Tree Carnation. Carnations
+for Exhibition and for town gardens, diseases of the Carnation, and the garden Pinks and Wild
+Pinks are all fully considered, and thoroughly practical information by experts is given on each
+subject.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Manchester Courier.&mdash;"There is little left unsaid on the subject of Carnations and Pinks
+in Mr. <span class="smcap">E. T. Cook's</span> interesting book on the subject.... All lovers of those popular flowers
+should purchase Mr. <span class="smcap">Cook's</span> volume, the illustrations to which are not its least admirable
+feature."</p>
+<hr class="small" />
+
+<p class="pads3">MY GARDEN</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">By EDEN PHILLPOTTS. 12s. 6d. net; by post, 12s. 10d.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">The World.&mdash;"It is a thoroughly practical book, addressed especially to those who, like
+himself, have about an acre of flower garden, and are willing and competent to help a gardener
+to make it as rich, as harmonious, and as enduring as possible. His chapters on irises are
+particularly good."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Westminster Gazette.&mdash;" ... will attract no less for its literary charm than for the
+varied and interesting experiences which it details.... Mr. Phillpotts is a gardener every inch
+of him, whatever else he may be, and his book is not only a sound contribution to the literature
+of gardens, but withal a very captivating one."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Scotsman.&mdash;"A charming addition to a beautiful series, the 'Country Life' Library."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span></p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads4">IN ENGLISH HOMES</p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>VOLS. I. AND II</small>.</p>
+
+<p><small>The internal Character, Furniture, and adornments of some of the most
+notable houses of England depicted from photographs specially taken by
+CHARLES LATHAM. These large and handsome volumes measure
+16 in. by 11&frac14; in., each contains about 200 full-page plates and 150 smaller
+plates, illustrating "Our goodly English Dwelling-places, those houses which
+have been sanctified by the passing of centuries." £2 2s. each net; by post,
+£2 3s.</small></p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Scotsman.&mdash;"A veritable revelation of the wealth of internal adornments, architectural
+and other, contained in the great country mansions of England. To turn over the pages of the
+volume is to obtain keen pleasure, as well as enlightenment, concerning a treasury of domestic
+art and archæology which to a large extent is kept closed from the common eye."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Morning Post.&mdash;"Such a work as <span class="smcap">In English Homes</span> comes as something of a revelation.
+One may have a general idea, or even some particular knowledge of the splendours of architecture,
+decoration, furniture, and works of art appertaining to our country mansions, and yet be
+astonished at all the taste and magnificence represented in the profusion of excellent photographs.
+The abundant illustrations are well designed to exemplify the elaborate details of carving and
+plaster work, as well as the bold architectural schemes that characterise the interiors and
+exteriors of the house."</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center"><small>VOLS. I. AND II. NOW READY</small></p>
+
+<p class="pads4">GARDENS OLD AND NEW</p>
+
+<p><small>(The Country House and its Garden Environment.) Over 450 Superb
+Illustrations in each Volume, printed on treble thick Art Paper, portraying
+in a manner never before attempted the greatest and most interesting Gardens
+and Homes in England.</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>2 Vols., £2 2s. net each; by post, £2 3s. each</small>.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Scotsman.&mdash;"'<span class="smcap">Gardens Old and New</span>' is a pictorial and descriptive record of some of
+the finest gardens in England. Each is illustrated by numerous photographs, which are not
+only on a considerable scale, but are reproduced in a most sumptuous fashion. In each case
+there is a descriptive article, which tells when the house was built, what have been the fortunes
+of its owners, and when and how its gardens have been laid out. It is a book from which those
+who are fortunate in the possession of a garden may learn much of garden-craft, while those who
+are not thus fortunate can derive much pleasure from the contemplation of the magnificent
+views with which the book is adorned."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span></p>
+<hr class="small" />
+
+<p class="pads4">THE GARDENS OF ITALY</p>
+
+<p><small>Being a series of illustrations, from photographs specially taken by
+CHARLES LATHAM, of the most famous examples of those magnificent
+features of garden arrangement and architecture for which Italy, pre-eminently
+the earliest home of the garden, is noted. The same care and
+fastidious selection which distinguished <span class="smcap">Mr. Latham's</span> previous work, <span class="smcap">In
+English Homes</span>, has been exercised in these volumes, and the spirit and
+atmosphere of the scenery have been caught with entire success. This most
+important work, which forms a handsome companion to <span class="smcap">In English Homes</span>,
+contains about 300 plates, and is issued in two volumes, handsomely bound
+in cloth. £3 3s. net the Two Volumes; by post, £3 4s.</small></p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Westminster Gazette.&mdash;"The natural and artistic beauties of the famous palace or villa
+gardens of Italy are most admirably illustrated, and with such variety and success as must be
+reckoned among the triumphs of photographic work."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Globe.&mdash;"The illustrations are among the best of their kind that we have seen, especially
+in their rendering of distances of contrasted effects of light and shade. The grouping of architectural
+subjects&mdash;often an insurmountable difficulty&mdash;is managed with skill, the artist's feeling
+for composition enabling him frequently to make a good picture out of the material which is
+hardly within the photographer's customary limits."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Yorkshire Post.&mdash;"In the two handsome volumes a clear idea is given by illustrations
+and letterpress, of the wonderful beauty of places to which the ordinary tourist seeks admittance
+in vain."</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads4">A GARDEN IN VENICE</p>
+
+<p><small>By F. EDEN. An account of Mr. Eden's beautiful garden on the island
+of the Guidecca at Venice. With 21 collotype and 50 other illustrations.
+Parchment limp, 10s. 6d. net; by post, 10s. 11d</small>.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Glasgow Herald.&mdash;"Written with a brightness and an infectious enthusiasm that impart
+interest even to technicalities, it is beautifully and rarely pictured, and its material equipment
+is such as to delight the lover of beautiful books."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span></p>
+<hr class="small" />
+
+<p class="pads4">ECONOMIES IN DAIRY FARMING</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">A New and Important Work on Dairying, by Mr. ERNEST
+MATHEWS (the well-known Judge and Expert). 7s. 6d. net;
+by post, 7s. 10d.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">The Journal of the Bath and West of England Society.&mdash;"The author of this
+book is so well known among farmers, especially those interested in the selection and judging of
+cows, that his name and experience alone will go far to ensure that his views receive the attention
+they deserve. He has for many years past been judge in all the most important butter
+tests which have been held at our principal agricultural shows."</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads4">WHERE THE FOREST MURMURS</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">By FIONA MACLEOD, being a Series of Nature Essays. 6s. net;
+by post, 6s. 4d.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Morning Post.&mdash;"No other than Fiona Macleod could so have transfigured Nature into
+dream, no other writer could have expressed with such unity of spirit the Celtic attitude in terms
+of country things. She finds the charm of the mountain in their contemplation from the valley,
+the forest most vividly itself when the twigs are bare and the mosses shrouded in snow, the
+most luminous moment of the cuckoo's year in its first days of silence, and her love of all
+things greatest when they have just been taken away."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Daily Telegraph.&mdash;"There is everywhere a sense of the haunting mystery of the
+processes of the world viewed through the eyes of a simple unsophisticated nature, which, from
+perpetual brooding upon the face of the deep, has caught something of the misty air and
+broken music of the waves. Suggestion, rather than doctrine, is the atmosphere of the work;
+and in a certain vague, but beautiful suggestiveness, the strange but eager-hearted prose of this
+writer abounds to the very brim."</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads4">SEASIDE PLANTING OF TREES
+AND SHRUBS</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">By ALFRED GAUT, F.R.H.S. An interesting and instructive book
+dealing with a phase of arboriculture hitherto not touched upon. It is
+profusely illustrated, and diagrams are given explaining certain details.
+Those who have gardens and estates on exposed coasts will find the book
+of immense assistance, and, judging by the remarks of the writer, it is
+astonishing what beautiful results may be achieved on such coasts when
+sufficient protection is afforded. 5s. net; by post, 5s. 4d.</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="pads4">THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">By Mrs. K. L. DAVIDSON. Containing full and clearly-written instructions
+as to the management of a cold greenhouse, together with a
+list of plants that may be grown therein. 8s. 6d. net; by post, 8s. 10d.</p>
+<hr class="small" />
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="pads4">"COUNTRY LIFE" LIBRARY OF
+SPORT</p>
+
+<p class="center">Edited by HORACE G. HUTCHINSON</p>
+
+<p><small>A Series devoted to Sport and Pastime, each branch being dealt
+with by the most qualified experts on the subjects which they have
+made peculiarly their own. A special feature has been made of the
+reproduction of old sporting prints.</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>Illustrated. Demy 8vo, Cloth</small>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pads3">CRICKET</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">With over 80 Illustrations taken from the most interesting of the old
+Cricketing prints. 12s. 6d. net; by post, 12s. 11d.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pads3">SHOOTING</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">In Two Volumes, 12s. 6d. each net; by post, 12s. 10d. each.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Pall Mall Gazette.&mdash;"Will prove a welcome and valuable addition to Standard Sporting
+Literature.... The subject is treated from a thoroughly practical and modern standpoint; in
+its views and information it is entirely up-to-date."</p>
+
+
+<p class="pads3">FISHING</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">With Coloured Plates of Salmon and Trout Flies. Over 250 Full Page
+Illustrations with various diagrams. In Two Volumes, 12s. 6d. each net;
+by post, 13s.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Morning Post.&mdash;"Few books on any sport, and perhaps none on fishing, have ever
+deserved better the description 'thorough.' To its title-page might well have been added the
+motto of the Royal Agricultural Society, 'Science with Practice,' and to the title itself, 'The
+Angler's Encyclopædia.' From Cornwall to John o' Groats, from Wales to Norway, from
+Florida to India and Burma&mdash;here you may find what there is to be caught and how to catch
+it. And no detail seems to have been overlooked. Localities, baits, tackle, choice of rods,
+methods of casting, likely times&mdash;all are fully covered by experts who write from long experience,
+and not because they spend odd days of the week going a-fishing and resolved to write a
+book about it.... The book is profusely, delightfully, and usefully illustrated.
+The salmon flies are excellent, and so are the prints showing right and wrong methods of
+casting, bringing in a fish, and gaffing.... 'Fishing' has fully achieved its stated object of
+providing such information as may make a man an intelligent and a successful angler if he has
+an average brain and a love for craft."</p>
+
+
+<p class="pads3">BIG GAME SHOOTING</p>
+
+<p class="pads1">With over 200 Illustrations from Photographs showing Animals in their
+actual habitat and natural environment. In Two Volumes, 12s. 6d.
+each net; by post, 12s. 11d. each.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Manchester Courier.&mdash;"Encyclopædic in its scope, the work becomes by its value and
+interest a standard authority on the subjects treated."</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="pads4">GOLF GREENS and GREEN KEEPING</p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>10s. 6d. net; by post, 10s. 10d.</small></p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Yorkshire Daily Post.&mdash;"The practical worth of the volume is nearly equal to the
+combined worth of all the books that have been written on the theory and practice of golf."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Pall Mall Gazette.&mdash;"Each article is written by a man who knows his subject, and the
+book is brightened by a number of most admirable and helpful photographs. It will be useful
+to secretaries of links already established, and even more so to gentlemen who are thinking of
+pegging out a new course; and we have no hesitation in saying that it should be on the library
+shelves of every golf club pavilion in the kingdom as a valuable practical treatise."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Irish Times.&mdash;"This is the first book on the subject. It is an excellent book, and one
+which every member of every green committee should read and re-read."</p>
+
+
+<p class="pads4">HALF A CENTURY OF SPORT IN
+HAMPSHIRE</p>
+
+<p><small>Being Extracts from the shooting journals of JAMES EDWARD, second
+Earl of Malmesbury, with a prefatory memoir by his great grandson, the
+Fifth Earl. Edited by F. G. AFLALO. 10s. 6d. net; by post, 10s. 11d</small>.</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Liverpool Daily Courier.&mdash;"The book is of great interest, and an important contribution
+to the literature of sport and natural history. It is charmingly illustrated."</p>
+
+
+<p class="pads4">POLO&mdash;PAST AND PRESENT</p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>By T. F. DALE. 12s. 6d. net; by post, 12s. 11d.</small></p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Scotsman.&mdash;"A work than which there could be no better document of a man's claim to
+speak with authority. This treatise is learned in the ancient history of the game, well informed
+and exact in its directions as to how it is played in the various quarters of the globe, and broad
+minded in its suggestions of an international code for the furtherance of its future prosperity. It
+has many admirable illustrations, and a delightful chapter of personal reminiscences, discusses all
+the practical business of the game with a knowledge which the most expert will be the readiest
+to value highly, and brings together into a well-stocked appendix a collection of rules and regulations
+and a list of clubs which materially increase the usefulness of the book for purposes of
+reference. The volume promises at once to take rank as a book of first importance in the
+literature of its subject."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="xl">COUNTRY LIFE</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">THE JOURNAL FOR ALL INTERESTED IN
+COUNTRY LIFE AND COUNTRY PURSUITS</p>
+
+<p>Subscription Prices per annum (Post free): Inland, 29s. 2d.;
+Foreign, 47s. Weekly, Price, 6d.</p>
+
+
+<p><small>Country Life is a weekly journal addressed to all interested in country
+life and country pursuits. One of its main features is the celebrated
+series of <span class="smcap">Country Homes</span> and <span class="smcap">Gardens Old and New</span>; in each
+number a country seat, remarkable either for its beauty or something
+peculiarly instructive in the architecture of the house, gardens or grounds, is
+elaborately illustrated in a manner that has proved of high service to those
+engaged in building and laying out or improving their estates. Other
+features of rural life are dealt with in an equally thorough manner. The
+methods pursued on our most famous estates and farms are minutely
+described, and photographs of the finest pedigree stock and the best
+machinery are given. All forms of healthy outdoor sport are described and
+illustrated in their season. In no case, however, are the facts set forth dry,
+as the journal numbers among its contributors some of the most graceful and
+accomplished writers of the present day. New books are also described and
+discussed by competent critics, so that altogether the journal is calculated to
+give the best news and views on all subjects that are of interest in cultivated
+circles, and the wholesomeness and fine open-air feeling that pervades its
+pages have almost become proverbial. <span class="smcap">Country Life</span> has, in fact, become
+indispensable</small>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pads2">Dally Telegraph.&mdash;"'Country Life' is generally admitted to be the most beautifully
+produced of all the weeklies. Its process illustrations are unmatched, and the letterpress is
+always carefully selected and good in quality."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Westminster Gazette.&mdash;"To say of 'Country Life' that it is one of the best of our
+illustrated productions is stating only half a fact, inasmuch as in some of its features it stands
+alone. Its splendid gallery of stately mansions, beautiful interiors, and grand old gardens are
+incomparable."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Daily Mail.&mdash;"'Country Life' has established itself as the most beautifully produced
+weekly journal in the world."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Daily News.&mdash;"There is no feature of life in the country that is untouched, and a bound
+volume of 'Country Life' is a real joy to possess and frequently to turn over."</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Spectator.&mdash;"'Country Life' amply fulfils its promise of being 'the journal for all
+interested in country life and country pursuits.'"</p>
+
+<p class="pads2">Liverpool Daily Courier.&mdash;"There is scarcely a number without one or more contributions
+of literary or other interest which will stand reading, re-reading and study."</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="xs">LONDON: PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICES OF "COUNTRY LIFE," LTD., TAVISTOCK ST.,
+COVENT GARDEN; AND BY GEORGE NEWNES, LTD., SOUTHAMPTON ST., STRAND, W.C.</span></p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Colour in the flower garden, by Gertrude Jekyll
+
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+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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