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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f226ee9 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50808 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50808) diff --git a/old/50808-0.txt b/old/50808-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4d5770f..0000000 --- a/old/50808-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16177 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Eutropius, by Flavius Eutropius - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Eutropius - -Author: Flavius Eutropius - -Editor: Jesse Charles Hazzard - -Release Date: December 31, 2015 [EBook #50808] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUTROPIUS *** - - - - -Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - -Transcriber’s Note: - -Pronunciation markers in the Latin are inconsistent. No attempt has -been made to standardize them. - -The Notes refer to the body of the text by page, chapter and line -number. In this e-text, page numbers are given in the left margin, -chapter numbers at the start of paragraphs, and line numbers in the -right margin. - -=Word= indicates bold text. The equals sign is given as ＝. - - - - - EUTROPIUS - - _EDITED FOR SCHOOL USE_ - BY - J. C. HAZZARD, PH.D. - PROFESSOR OF LATIN, PORTLAND ACADEMY - - [Illustration] - - NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO - AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY - - - - - To - REV. JACOB COOPER, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D. - WITH GRATEFUL AFFECTION - - COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY - AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. - - EUTROPIUS. - W. P. I - - - - -PREFACE - - -The _Breviarium_ of Eutropius has for many years been used successfully -in German schools, but, though an American edition was published in -the early part of this century, the author has of late years received -little attention in this country. Yet in character and subject the -_Breviarium_ is admirably adapted for elementary work. While the _Viri -Romae_ deals only with the early history of Rome and the lives of a few -great men of the republican age, the _Breviarium_ gives an outline of -the history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the -Emperor Jovian in 364 A.D., and is thus in subject closely related to -the Latin course. The Latin is good, remarkably so for the time of its -composition, and is not so difficult as that of Nepos or of parts of -the _Viri Romae_. - -In editing the text the beginner has constantly been had in mind, -and so references to the standard Latin Grammars have been added -more copiously than some will consider judicious. It has been found, -however, by experience in the classroom, that a reference to the -grammar when carefully studied is worth far more than a translation of -a difficult passage or comment upon it. The grammatical references are -placed at the bottom of the page where they belong. In the Notes, which -are principally historical and geographical, the editor has tried to -aid the student in mastering the difficulties that occur rather than -to do his work for him. The references to the histories are intended -rather for the teacher than for the pupil. If a few minutes can be -spent every day in reading to the class the portions referred to, -the time will not be wasted, and it will fill in the outline of the -history that the text contains. It is strongly urged that each student -should be provided with a copy of some good outline of Roman History -(Creighton’s Primer is admirable), and follow the text in it from day -to day. In this way a knowledge of the principal facts of Roman History -may be obtained with but slight conscious effort on the part of the -student. - -In the analyses of the books and the chapters the accepted dates have -been given, indicating where Eutropius is mistaken in his chronology. -In marking the quantities of the long vowels, Lewis, in his _Elementary -Latin Dictionary_, has been followed, except where later authorities -differ from him. - -The editor desires to acknowledge his obligation to Rev. J. R. Wilson, -D.D., Principal of Portland Academy, for advice and assistance, and to -Professors Arrowsmith and Whicher, for permission to use material from -their _First Latin Readings_. - -The Grammars cited are Harkness’ Standard Latin Grammar (H.), Mooney -(M.), Allen and Greenough (A. & G.), Gildersleeve (G.), and Bennett -(B.). References to Harkness’ new Latin Grammars (1898) will be found -on p. 242. - - J. C. H. - - PORTLAND, OREGON, - June, 1898. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - TEXT - - BOOK I 7 - - BOOK II 16 - - BOOK III 27 - - BOOK IV 36 - - BOOK V 46 - - BOOK VI 51 - - BOOK VII 62 - - BOOK VIII 73 - - BOOK IX 83 - - BOOK X 94 - - BIBLIOGRAPHY 104 - - NOTES - - LIFE OF EUTROPIUS 105 - - BOOK I 105 - - BOOK II 114 - - BOOK III 121 - - BOOK IV 129 - - BOOK V 136 - - BOOK VI 140 - - BOOK VII 147 - - BOOK VIII 153 - - BOOK IX 158 - - BOOK X 160 - - VOCABULARY 164 - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - - 7 EUTROPĪ - - BREVIĀRIĪ AB URBE CONDITĀ - - - - - LIBER PRĪMUS - - FROM THE FOUNDING OF ROME TO THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY BY THE - GAULS, 753-390 B.C. THE REGAL PERIOD, 753-509 B.C. - - - _Rome Founded, 753 B.C. Romulus, 753-716 B.C._ - - =1.= Rōmānum imperium ā Rōmulō exōrdium habet, quī - Rhēae Silviae, Vestālis virginis, fīlius et, quantum putātus - est, Mārtis, cum Remō frātre ūnō partū ēditus est. Is cum - inter pāstōrēs latrōcinārētur,[1] decem et octō annōs[2] nātus - urbem exiguam in Palātīnō monte cōnstituit, XI Kal. Māiās, 5 - Olympiadis sextae annō tertiō, post Trōiae excidium, annō - trecentēsimō nōnāgēsimō quārtō. - - =2.= Conditā cīvitāte,[3] quam ex nōmine suō Rōmam vocāvit, - haec ferē ēgit. Multitūdinem fīnitimōrum in cīvitātem - recēpit, centum ex seniōribus[4] lēgit, quōrum cōnsiliō omnia 10 - ageret,[5] quōs senātōrēs nōmināvit propter senectūtem. Tum, - cum uxōrēs ipse et populus suus nōn habērent,[6] invītāvit - ad spectāculum lūdōrum vīcīnās urbī Rōmae nātiōnēs atque - 8 eārum virginēs rapuit. Commōtīs bellīs propter raptārum - iniūriam Caenīnēnsēs vīcit, Antemnātēs, Crustumīnōs, Sabīnōs, - Fīdēnātēs, Vēientēs. Haec omnia oppida urbem cingunt. - Et cum ortā subitō tempestāte nōn compāruisset, - annō rēgnī trīcēsimō septimō ad deōs trānsīsse crēditus est 5 - et cōnsecrātus. Deinde Rōmae[7] per quīnōs diēs senātōrēs - imperāvērunt et hīs rēgnantibus annus ūnus complētus est. - - - _Numa Pompilius, 715-672 B.C._ - - =3.= Posteā Numa Pompilius rēx creātus est, quī bellum - quidem nūllum gessit, sed nōn minus cīvitātī[8] quam Rōmulus - prōfuit. Nam et lēgēs Rōmānīs mōrēsque cōnstituit, quī 10 - cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum iam latrōnēs ac sēmibarbarī putābantur, - et annum dēscrīpsit in decem mēnsēs prius sine - aliquā supputātiōne cōnfūsum, et īnfīnīta Rōmae sacra ac - templa cōnstituit. Morbō dēcessit quadrāgēsimō et tertiō - imperiī annō. 15 - - - _Tullus Hostilius, 672-640 B.C._ - - =4.= Huic successit Tullus Hostīlius. Hīc bella reparāvit, - Albānōs vīcit, quī ab urbe Rōmā duodecimō mīliārio[9] sunt, - Vēientēs et Fīdēnātēs, quōrum aliī sextō mīliāriō absunt - ab urbe Rōmā, aliī octāvō decimō, bellō superāvit, urbem - ampliāvit adiectō Caeliō monte. Cum trīgintā et duōs annōs 20 - rēgnāsset,[10] fulmine ictus cum domō suā ārsit. - - - _Ancus Marcius, 640-616 B.C._ - - =5.= Post hunc Ancus Mārcius, Numae ex fīliā nepōs, suscēpit - imperium. Contrā Latīnōs dīmicāvit, Aventīnum montem - 9 cīvitātī adiēcit et Iāniculum, apud ōstium Tiberis cīvitātem - suprā mare sextō decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā condidit. - Vīcēsimō et quārtō annō imperiī morbō periit. - - - _Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, 616-578 B.C._ - - =6.= Deinde rēgnum Prīscus Tarquinius accēpit. Hīc numerum - senātōrum duplicāvit, circum Rōmae aedificāvit, lūdōs 5 - Rōmānōs īnstituit, quī ad nostram memoriam permanent. - Vīcit īdem etiam Sabīnōs et nōn parum agrōrum sublātum - īsdem urbis Rōmae territōriō iūnxit, prīmusque triumphāns - urbem intrāvit. Mūrōs fēcit et cloācās, Capitōlium incohāvit. - Trīcēsimō octāvō imperiī annō per Ancī fīliōs occīsus 10 - est, rēgis ēius, cuī ipse successerat. - - - _Servius Tullius, 578-534 B.C._ - - =7.= Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus - ex nōbilī fēminā, captīvā tamen et ancillā. Hīc quoque - Sabīnōs subēgit, montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum, - urbī adiūnxit, fossās circum mūrum dūxit. Prīmus 15 - omnium cēnsum ōrdināvit, quī adhūc per orbem terrārum - incognitus erat. Sub eō Rōma omnibus in cēnsum dēlātīs - habuit capita LXXXIII mīlia cīvium Rōmānōrum cum hīs, - quī in agrīs erant. Occīsus est scelere generī suī Tarquinī - Superbī, fīliī ēius rēgis cuī ipse successerat, et fīliae quam 20 - Tarquinius habēbat uxōrem. - - - _Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, 534-510 B.C._ - - =8.= L. Tarquinius Superbus, septimus atque ultimus rēgum,[11] - Volscōs, quae gēns ad Campāniam euntibus[12] nōn longē ab - urbe est, vīcit, Gabiōs cīvitātem et Suessam Pōmētiam - 10 subēgit, cum Tuscīs pācem fēcit et templum Iovī in Capitōliō - aedificāvit. Posteā Ardeam oppūgnāns, in octāvō - decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā positam cīvitātem, imperium - perdidit. Nam cum fīlius ēius, et ipse Tarquinius iūnior, - nōbilissimam fēminam Lucrētiam eandemque pudīcissimam, 5 - Collātīnī uxōrem, stuprāsset eaque dē iniūriā marītō et patrī - et amīcīs questa fuisset, in omnium cōnspectū sē occīdit. - Propter quam causam Brūtus, parēns et ipse Tarquinī, - populum concitāvit et Tarquiniō[13] adēmit imperium. Mox - exercitus quoque eum, quī cīvitātem Ardeam cum ipsō rēge 10 - oppūgnābat, relīquit; veniēnsque ad urbem rēx portīs clausīs - exclūsus est, cumque imperāsset annōs quattuor et vīgintī - cum uxōre et līberīs suīs fūgit. Ita Rōmae rēgnātum est - per septem rēgēs annīs ducentīs quadrāgintā tribus, cum - adhūc Rōma, ubi plūrimum, vix ūsque ad quīntum decimum 15 - mīliārium possidēret. - - - _Establishment of the Republic. Election of Consuls, 509 B.C._ - - =9.= Hinc cōnsulēs coepēre, prō ūnō rēge duo, hāc causā - creātī, ut, sī ūnus malus esse voluisset,[14] alter eum habēns - potestātem similem coërcēret.[15] Et placuit nē imperium - longius quam annuum habērent,[16] nē per diūturnitātem potestātis 20 - īnsolentiōrēs redderentur, sed cīvīlēs semper essent, - quī sē post annum scīrent futūrōs esse prīvātōs. Fuērunt - igitur annō prīmō ab expulsīs rēgibus cōnsulēs L. Iūnius - Brūtus, quī māximē ēgerat ut Tarquinius pellerētur, et Tarquinius - Collātīnus, marītus Lucrētiae. Sed Tarquiniō Collātīnō 25 - statim sublāta est dīgnitās. Placuerat enim nē quisquam - 11 in urbe manēret quī Tarquinius vocārētur. Ergō acceptō - omnī patrimōniō suō ex urbe migrāvit et locō ipsīus factus - est L. Valerius Pūblicola cōnsul. - - - _War with Tarquinius._ - - =10.= Commōvit tamen bellum urbī Rōmae rēx Tarquinius, - quī fuerat expulsus, et, conlēctīs multīs gentibus, ut in rēgnum 5 - posset restituī dīmicāvit. In prīmā pūgnā Brūtus cōnsul - et Ārūns, Tarquinī fīlius, in vicem sē occīdērunt, Rōmānī - tamen ex eā pūgnā vīctōrēs recessērunt. Brūtum mātrōnae - Rōmānae, dēfēnsōrem pudīcitiae suae, quasi commūnem - patrem per annum lūxērunt. Valerius Pūblicola Sp. Lucrētium 10 - Tricipitīnum conlēgam sibi fēcit, Lucrētiae patrem, quō - morbō mortuō iterum Horātium Pulvillum conlēgam sibi - sūmpsit. Ita prīmus annus quīnque cōnsulēs habuit, cum - Tarquinius Collātīnus propter nōmen urbe[17] cessisset, Brūtus - in proeliō perīsset, Sp. Lucrētius morbō mortuus esset. 15 - - - _War with Porsenna, 508 B.C._ - - =11.= Secundō quoque annō iterum Tarquinius ut reciperētur - in rēgnum bellum Rōmānīs intulit, auxilium eī ferente - Porsennā, Tusciae rēge, et Rōmam paene cēpit. Vērum - tum quoque victus est. - - Tertiō annō post rēgēs exāctōs Tarquinius cum suscipī 20 - nōn posset in rēgnum neque eī Porsenna, quī pācem cum - Rōmānīs fēcerat, praestāret auxilium, Tusculum[18] sē contulit, - quae cīvitās nōn longē ab urbe est, atque ibi per quattuordecim - annōs prīvātus cum uxōre cōnsenuit. - - Quārtō annō post rēgēs exāctōs, cum Sabīnī Rōmānīs 25 - bellum intulissent, victī sunt, et dē hīs triumphātum est. - - 12 Quīntō annō L. Valerius ille,[19] Brūtī conlēga et quater - cōnsul, fātāliter mortuus est, adeō pauper ut conlātīs ā populō - nummīs sūmptum habuerit[20] sepultūrae. Quem mātrōnae - sīcutī Brūtum annum lūxērunt. - - - _Institution of the Dictatorship, 501 B.C._ - - =12.= Nōnō annō post rēgēs exāctōs cum gener Tarquinī 5 - ad iniūriam socerī[21] vindicandam[22] ingentem conlēgisset - exercitum, nova Rōmae dīgnitās est creāta, quae dictātūra - appellātur, māior quam cōnsulātus. Eōdem annō etiam magister - equitum factus est, quī dictātōrī obsequerētur. Neque quicquam - similius potest dīcī quam dictātūra antīqua huic 10 - imperiī potestātī, quam nunc Tranquillitās Vestra habet, - māximē cum Augustus quoque Octāviānus, dē quō posteā - dīcēmus, et ante eum C. Caesar sub dictātūrae nōmine atque - honōre rēgnāverint. Dictātor autem Rōmae prīmus fuit - T. Larcius, magister equitum prīmus Sp. Cassius. 15 - - - _Secession of the Plebeians. Establishment of the Tribunate, - 494 B.C._ - - =13.= Sextō decimō annō post rēgēs exāctōs sēditiōnem - populus Rōmae fēcit, tamquam ā senātū atque cōnsulibus - premerētur. Tum et ipse sibi tribūnōs plēbis quasi propriōs - iūdicēs et dēfēnsōrēs creāvit, per quōs contrā senātum et - cōnsulēs tūtus esse posset. 20 - - - 13 _War with the Volsci, 493 B.C._ - - =14.= Sequentī annō Volscī contrā Rōmānōs bellum reparāvērunt, - et victī aciē etiam Coriolōs cīvitātem, quam habēbant - optimam, perdidērunt. - - - _Coriolanus, 491 B.C._ - - =15.= Octāvō decimō annō postquam rēgēs ēiectī erant expulsus - ex urbe Q. Mārcius, dux Rōmānus, quī Coriolōs cēperat, 5 - Volscōrum cīvitātem, ad ipsōs Volscōs contendit īrātus et - auxilia contrā Rōmānōs accēpit. Rōmānōs saepe vīcit, ūsque - ad quīntum mīliārium urbis accessit, oppūgnātūrus[23] etiam - patriam suam, lēgātīs quī pācem petēbant repudiātīs, nisi - ad eum māter Veturia et uxor Volumnia ex urbe vēnissent,[24] 10 - quārum flētū et dēprecātiōne superātus remōvit exercitum. - Atque hīc secundus post Tarquinium fuit quī dux contrā - patriam suam esset. - - - _Slaughter of the Fabii, 477 B.C._ - - =16.= C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus trecentī nōbilēs - hominēs, quī ex Fabiā familiā erant, contrā Vēientēs bellum 15 - sōlī suscēpērunt, prōmittentēs senātuī et populō per sē omne - certāmen implendum. Itaque profectī, omnēs nōbilēs et - quī singulī māgnōrum exercituum ducēs esse dēbērent, in - proeliō concidērunt. Ūnus omnīnō superfuit ex tantā familiā, - quī propter aetātem puerīlem dūcī nōn potuerat ad 20 - pūgnam. Post haec cēnsus in urbe habitus est et inventa - sunt cīvium capita CXVII mīlia CCCXIX. - - - 14 _Dictatorship of Cincinnatus, 458 B.C._ - - =17.= Sequentī tamen annō cum in Algidō monte ab urbe - duodecimō fermē mīliāriō Rōmānus obsiderētur exercitus, L. - Quīntius Cincinnātus dictātor est factus, quī agrum quattuor - iūgerūm[25] possidēns manibus suīs colēbat. Is cum in opere - et arāns esset inventus, sūdōre dētersō togam praetextam 5 - accēpit et caesīs hostibus līberāvit exercitum. - - - _Decemvirs appointed, 451 B.C. Laws of XII Tables - promulgated, 450 B.C. Death of Virginia; Decemvirs deposed, - 449 B.C._ - - =18.= Annō trecentēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā imperium - cōnsulāre cessāvit et prō duōbus cōnsulibus decem factī - sunt, quī summam potestātem habērent, decemvirī nōminātī. - Sed cum prīmō annō bene ēgissent,[26] secundō ūnus ex hīs, 10 - Ap. Claudius, Virgīnī cūiusdam, quī honestīs iam stīpendiīs - contrā Latīnōs in monte Algidō mīlitārat,[27] fīliam virginem - corrumpere voluit; quam pater occīdit, nē stuprum ā decemvirō - sustinēret, et regressus ad mīlitēs mōvit tumultum. - Sublāta est decemvirīs[28] potestās ipsīque damnātī sunt. 15 - - - _Revolt of the Fidenates, 438 B.C._ - - =19.= Annō trecentēsimō et quīntō decimō ab urbe conditā - Fīdēnātēs contrā Rōmānōs rebellāvērunt. Auxilium hīs - praestābant Vēientēs et rēx Vēientium Tolumnius. Quae - ambae cīvitātēs tam vīcīnae urbī sunt ut Fīdēnae sextō, - Vēī octāvō decimō mīliāriō absint. Coniūnxērunt sē hīs 20 - 15 et Volscī. Sed Mam. Aemiliō dictātōre et L. Quīntiō Cincinnātō - magistrō equitum victī etiam rēgem perdidērunt. - Fīdēnae captae et excīsae. - - - _War with Vei, 396 B.C._ - - =20.= Post vīgintī deinde annōs Vēientānī rebellāvērunt. - Dictātor contrā ipsōs missus est Fūrius Camillus, quī prīmum 5 - eōs vīcit aciē, mox etiam cīvitātem diū obsidēns cēpit, - antīquissimam Ītaliae atque dītissimam. Post eam cēpit - et Faliscōs, nōn minus nōbilem cīvitātem. Sed commōta - est eī invidia, quasi praedam male dīvīsisset, damnātusque - ob eam causam et expulsus cīvitāte.[29] 10 - - - _Rome Captured by the Gauls, 390 B.C._ - - Statim Gallī Senonēs ad urbem vēnērunt et victōs Rōmānōs - ūndecimō mīliāriō ā Rōmā apud flūmen Alliam secūtī - etiam urbem occupāvērunt. Neque dēfendī quicquam nisi - Capitōlium potuit; quod cum diū obsēdissent et iam Rōmānī - famē labōrārent, acceptō aurō, nē Capitōlium obsidērent, 15 - recessērunt. Sed ā Camillō, quī in vīcīnā cīvitāte - exsulābat, Gallīs[30] superventum est gravissimēque victī sunt. - Posteā tamen etiam secūtus eōs Camillus ita cecīdit ut et - aurum, quod hīs datum fuerat, et omnia quae cēperant - mīlitāria sīgna revocāret. Ita tertiō triumphāns urbem 20 - ingressus est et appellātus secundus Rōmulus, quasi et ipse - patriae conditor. - - - - - 16 LIBER SECUNDUS - - FROM THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY TO THE END OF THE FIRST PUNIC - WAR, 390-241 B.C. - - - _Military Tribunes with Consular Power Elected, 444 B.C._ - - =1.= Annō trecentēsimō sexāgēsimō quīntō ab urbe conditā, - post captam autem prīmō, dīgnitātēs mūtātae sunt, et prō - duōbus cōnsulibus factī tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte. - Hinc iam coepit Rōmāna rēs crēscere. Nam Camillus eō - annō Volscōrum cīvitātem, quae per septuāgintā annōs 5 - bellum gesserat, vīcit et Aequōrum urbem et Sūtrīnōrum - atque omnēs dēlētīs eārundem exercitibus occupāvit et trēs - simul triumphōs ēgit. - - =2.= T. etiam Quīntius Cincinnātus Praenestīnōs, quī ūsque - ad urbis Rōmae portās cum bellō vēnerant, persecūtus ad 10 - flūmen Alliam vīcit, octō cīvitātēs, quae sub ipsīs agēbant, - Rōmānīs adiūnxit, ipsum Praeneste aggressus in dēditiōnem - accēpit. Quae omnia ab eō gesta sunt vīgintī diēbus,[31] - triumphusque ipsī dēcrētus. - - =3.= Vērum dīgnitās tribūnōrum mīlitārium nōn diū persevērāvit. 15 - Nam post aliquantum nūllōs placuit fierī et quadriennium - in urbe ita fluxit ut potestātēs ibi māiōrēs nōn - essent. Praesūmpsērunt tamen tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī - potestāte iterum dīgnitātem et trienniō persevērāvērunt. - Rūrsus cōnsulēs factī. 20 - - - _Death of Camillus, 365 B.C._ - - =4.= L. Genuciō et Q. Servīliō cōnsulibus mortuus est - Camillus. Honor eī post Rōmulum secundus dēlātus est. - - - 17 _Invasion of the Gauls; Torquatus, 361 B.C._ - - =5.= T. Quīntius dictātor adversus Gallōs, quī ad Ītaliam - vēnerant, missus est. Hī ab urbe quārtō mīliāriō trāns - Aniēnem fluvium cōnsēderant. Ibi nōbilissimus dē senātōribus - iuvenis L. Mānlius prōvocantem Gallum ad singulāre - certāmen prōgressus occīdit, et sublātō torque aureō collōque 5 - suō impositō in perpetuum Torquātī et sibi et posterīs - cognōmen accēpit. Gallī fugātī sunt, mox per C. Sulpicium - dictātōrem etiam victī. Nōn multō[32] post ā C. Mārciō Tuscī - victī sunt et octō mīlia captīvōrum ex hīs in triumphum - ducta. 10 - - - _First Samnite War, 343-341 B.C._ - - =6.= Cēnsus iterum habitus est. Et cum Latīnī, quī a Rōmānīs[33] - subāctī erant, mīlitēs praestāre nōllent, ex Rōmānīs - tantum tīrōnēs lēctī sunt, factaeque legiōnēs decem, quī modus - sexāgintā vel amplius armātōrum mīlia efficiēbat. Parvīs - adhūc Rōmānīs rēbus tanta tamen in rē mīlitārī virtūs erat. 15 - Quae cum profectae essent adversum Gallōs duce L. Fūriō, - quīdam ex Gallīs ūnum ex Rōmānīs, quī esset[34] optimus, - prōvocāvit. Tum sē M. Valerius tribūnus mīlitum obtulit, - et cum prōcessisset armātus corvus eī[35] suprā dextrum bracchium - sēdit. Mox commissā adversum Gallum pūgnā īdem 20 - corvus ālīs et unguibus Gallī oculōs verberāvit, nē rēctum - posset aspicere. Ita ā tribūnō Valeriō interfectus. Corvus - nōn sōlum victōriam eī, sed etiam nōmen dedit. Nam - posteā īdem Corvīnus est dictus. Ac propter hōc meritum - annōrum trium et vīgintī cōnsul est factus. 25 - - - 18 _Latin War, 340-338 B.C._ - - =7.= Latīnī, quī nōluerant mīlitēs dare, hōc quoque ā Rōmānīs - exigere coepērunt, ut ūnus cōnsul ex eōrum, alter ex - Rōmānōrum populō creārētur. Quod cum esset negātum, - bellum contrā eōs susceptum est et ingentī pūgnā superātī - sunt; ac dē hīs perdomitīs triumphātum est. Statuae cōnsulibus 5 - ob meritum victōriae in rōstrīs positae sunt. Eō - annō etiam Alexandrīa ab Alexandrō Macedone condita est. - - - _Second Samnite War, 326-304 B.C._ - - =8.= Iam Rōmānī potentēs esse coepērunt. Bellum enim in - centēsimō et trīcēsimō ferē mīliāriō ab urbe apud Samnītas - gerēbātur, quī mediī sunt inter Pīcēnum, Campāniam et 10 - Āpūliam. L. Papīrius Cursor cum honōre dictātōris ad id - bellum profectus est. Quī cum Rōmam redīret, Q. Fabiō - Māximō, magistrō equitum, quem apud exercitum relīquit, - praecēpit nē sē absente pūgnāret.[36] Ille occāsiōne repertā - fēlīcissimē dīmicāvit et Samnītas dēlēvit. Ob quam rem ā 15 - dictātōre capitis[37] damnātus, quod sē vetante pūgnāsset,[38] - ingentī favōre mīlitum et populī līberātus est, tantā Papīriō - sēditiōne commōtā ut paene ipse interficerētur. - - - _Romans defeated at Caudine Forks, 321 B.C._ - - =9.= Posteā Samnītēs Rōmānōs T. Veturiō et Sp. Postumiō - cōnsulibus ingentī dēdecōre[39] vīcērunt et sub iugum mīsērunt. 20 - Pāx tamen ā senātū et populō solūta est, quae cum - ipsīs propter necessitātem facta fuerat. Posteā Samnītēs - 19 victī sunt ā L. Papīriō cōnsule, septem mīlia eōrum sub - iugum missa. Papīrius prīmus dē Samnītibus triumphāvit. - Eō tempore Ap. Claudius cēnsor aquam Claudiam indūxit - et viam Appiam strāvit. Samnītēs reparātō bellō Q. Fabium - Māximum vīcērunt tribus mīlibus hominum occīsīs. Posteā, 5 - cum pater eī Fabius Māximus lēgātus datus fuisset, et - Samnītas vīcit et plūrima ipsōrum oppida cēpit. Deinde - P. Cornēlius Rūfīnus M. Curius Dentātus, ambō cōnsulēs, - contrā Samnītas missī ingentibus proeliīs eōs cōnfēcēre. - Tum bellum cum Samnītibus per annōs quadrāgintā novem 10 - āctum sustulērunt. Neque ūllus hostis fuit intrā Ītaliam - quī Rōmānam virtūtem magis fatīgāverit. - - - _War with the Gauls and Etruscans, 283 B.C._ - - =10.= Interiectīs aliquot annīs iterum sē Gallōrum cōpiae - contrā Rōmānōs Tuscīs Samnītibusque iūnxērunt, sed cum - Rōmam tenderent ā Cn. Cornēliō Dolābellā cōnsule dēlētae 15 - sunt. - - - _War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus, 281-272 B.C. Battle of - Heraclea, 280 B.C._ - - =11.= Eōdem tempore Tarentīnīs, quī iam in ultimā Ītaliā - sunt, bellum indictum est, quia lēgātīs Rōmānōrum iniūriam - fēcissent. Hī Pyrrhum,[40] Ēpīrī rēgem, contrā Rōmānōs - auxilium poposcērunt, quī ex genere Achillis orīginem 20 - trahēbat. Is mox ad Ītaliam vēnit, tumque prīmum Rōmānī - cum trānsmarīnō hoste dīmicāvērunt. Missus est - contrā eum cōnsul P. Valerius Laevīnus, quī cum explōrātōrēs - Pyrrhī cēpisset, iussit eōs per castra dūcī, ostendī - omnem exercitum tumque dīmittī, ut renūntiārent Pyrrhō 25 - 20 quaecumque ā Rōmānīs agerentur.[41] Commissā mox pūgnā, - cum iam Pyrrhus fugeret, elephantōrum auxiliō vīcit, quōs - incognitōs Rōmānī expāvērunt. Sed nox proeliō fīnem - dedit; Laevīnus tamen per noctem fūgit, Pyrrhus Rōmānōs - mīlle octingentōs cēpit et eōs summō honōre trāctāvit, 5 - occīsōs sepelīvit. Quōs cum adversō vulnere et trucī vultū - etiam mortuōs iacēre vīdisset, tulisse ad caelum manūs - dīcitur cum hāc vōce: sē tōtīus orbis dominum esse potuisse, - sī tālēs sibi mīlitēs contigissent. - - - _Embassy of Cineas._ - - =12.= Posteā Pyrrhus coniūnctīs sibi Samnītibus, Lūcānīs, 10 - Bruttiīs Rōmam perrēxit, omnia ferrō[42] īgnīque vāstāvit, - Campāniam populātus est atque ad Praeneste vēnit, mīliāriō ab - urbe octāvō decimō. Mox terrōre[43] exercitūs, quī eum cum - cōnsule sequēbātur, in Campāniam sē recēpit. Lēgātī ad - Pyrrhum dē redimendīs captīvīs[44] missī ab eō honōrificē 15 - susceptī sunt. Captīvōs sine pretiō Rōmam mīsit. Ūnum - ex lēgātīs Rōmānōrum, Fābricium, sīc admīrātus, cum eum - pauperem esse cognōvisset, ut quārtā parte rēgnī prōmissā - sollicitāre voluerit ut ad sē trānsīret, contemptusque est ā - Fābriciō. Quārē cum Pyrrhus Rōmānōrum ingentī admīrātiōne 20 - tenērētur, lēgātum mīsit, quī pācem aequīs condiciōnibus - peteret, praecipuum virum, Cīneam nōmine,[45] ita ut - Pyrrhus partem Ītaliae, quam iam armīs occupāverat, - obtinēret. - - =13.= Pāx displicuit remandātumque Pyrrhō est ā senātū eum 25 - 21 cum Rōmānīs, nisi ex Ītaliā recessisset,[46] pācem habēre nōn - posse. Tum Rōmānī iussērunt captīvōs omnēs, quōs Pyrrhus - reddiderat, īnfāmēs habērī, quod armātī capī potuissent, nec - ante eōs ad veterem statum revertī, quam sī bīnōrum hostium - occīsōrum spolia retulissent. Ita lēgātus Pyrrhī reversus 5 - est. Ā quō cum quaereret Pyrrhus, quālem Rōmam - comperisset, Cīneās dīxit rēgum sē patriam vīdisse; scīlicet - tālēs illīc ferē omnēs esse, quālis ūnus Pyrrhus apud Ēpīrum - et reliquam Graeciam putārētur.[47] - - Missī sunt contrā Pyrrhum ducēs P. Sulpicius et Decius 10 - Mūs cōnsulēs. Certāmine commissō Pyrrhus vulnerātus est, - elephantī interfectī, vīgintī mīlia caesa hostium, et ex Rōmānīs - tantum quīnque mīlia; Pyrrhus Tarentum fugātus. - - - _Fabricius; Battle of Beneventum, 275 B.C._ - - =14.= Interiectō annō contrā Pyrrhum Fābricius est missus, - quī prius inter lēgātōs sollicitārī nōn poterat quārtā rēgnī 15 - parte prōmissā. Tum, cum vīcīna castra ipse et rēx habērent, - medicus Pyrrhī nocte ad eum vēnit, prōmittēns venēnō sē - Pyrrhum occīsūrum, sī sibi aliquid pollicērētur. Quem Fābricius - vinctum redūcī iussit ad dominum Pyrrhōque dīcī - quae contrā caput ēius medicus spopondisset. Tum rēx 20 - admīrātus eum dīxisse fertur: ‘Ille est Fābricius, quī - difficilius ab honestāte quam sōl ā cursū suō āvertī potest.’ Tum - rēx ad Siciliam profectus est. Fābricius victīs Lūcānīs et - Samnītibus triumphāvit. - - Cōnsulēs deinde M. Curius Dentātus et Cornēlius Lentulus 25 - adversum Pyrrhum missī sunt. Curius contrā eum pūgnāvit, - exercitum ēius cecīdit, ipsum Tarentum fugāvit, castra - 22 cēpit. Eā diē caesa hostium vīgintī tria mīlia. Curius in - cōnsulātū triumphāvit. Prīmus Rōmam elephantōs quattuor - dūxit. Pyrrhus etiam ā Tarentō[48] mox recessit et apud - Argōs, Graeciae cīvitātem, occīsus est. - - =15.= C. Fabiō Liciniō C. Claudiō Canīnā cōnsulibus annō 5 - urbis conditae quadringentēsimō sexāgēsimō prīmō lēgātī - Alexandrīnī ā Ptolemaeō missī Rōmam vēnēre et ā Rōmānīs - amīcitiam quam petierant obtinuērunt. - - =16.= Q. Ogulniō C. Fabiō Pīctōre cōnsulibus Pīcentēs bellum - commovēre et ab īnsequentibus cōnsulibus P. Semprōniō 10 - Ap. Claudiō victī sunt; et dē hīs triumphātum est. Conditae - ā Rōmānīs cīvitātēs Arīminum in Galliā et Beneventum - in Samniō. - - =17.= M. Atīliō Rēgulō L. Iūliō Libōne cōnsulibus Sallentīnīs - in Āpūliā bellum indictum est, captīque sunt cum cīvitāte 15 - simul Brundisīnī, et dē hīs triumphātum est. - - - _First Punic War, 264-241 B.C.; Romans victorious in Sicily, - 264 B.C._ - - =18.= Annō quadringentēsimō septuāgēsimō septimō, cum - iam clārum urbis Rōmae nōmen esset, arma tamen extrā - Ītaliam mōta nōn fuerant. Ut igitur cognōscerētur[49] quae - cōpiae Rōmānōrum essent, cēnsus est habitus. Tum inventa 20 - sunt cīvium capita ducenta nōnāgintā duo mīlia trecenta - trīgintā quattuor, quamquam ā conditā urbe numquam bella - cessāssent. - - Et contrā Āfrōs bellum susceptum est prīmum Ap. Claudiō - Q. Fulviō cōnsulibus. In Siciliā contrā eōs pūgnātum est et 25 - Ap. Claudius dē Āfrīs et rēge Siciliae Hierōne triumphāvit. - - 23 =19.= Īnsequentī annō Valeriō Mārcō et Otāciliō Crassō cōnsulibus - in Siciliā ā Rōmānīs rēs māgnae gestae sunt. Tauromenītānī, - Catinēnsēs et praetereā quīnquāgintā cīvitātēs in - fidem acceptae. Tertiō annō in Siciliā contrā Hierōnem, - rēgem Siculōrum, bellum parātum est. Is cum omnī nōbilitāte 5 - Syrācūsanōrum pācem ā Rōmānīs impetrāvit deditque - argentī[50] ducenta talenta. Āfrī in Siciliā victī sunt et dē - hīs secundō Rōmae triumphātum est. - - - _Battle of Mylae, 260 B.C._ - - =20.= Quīntō annō prīmī bellī, quod contrā Āfrōs gerēbātur, - prīmum Rōmānī C. Duiliō et Cn. Cornēliō Asinā cōnsulibus 10 - in marī dīmicāvērunt parātīs nāvibus rōstrātīs, quās Liburnās - vocant. Cōnsul Cornēlius fraude dēceptus est. Duilius - commissō proeliō Karthāginiēnsium ducem vīcit, trīgintā et - ūnam nāvēs cēpit, quattuordecim mersit, septem mīlia hostium - cēpit, tria mīlia occīdit. Neque ūlla victōria Rōmānīs[51] 15 - grātior fuit, quod invictī terrā[52] iam etiam marī[52] plūrimum - possent. - - C. Aquīliō Flōrō L. Scīpiōne cōnsulibus Scīpiō Corsicam - et Sardiniam vāstāvit, multa mīlia inde captīvōrum abdūxit, - triumphum ēgit. 20 - - - _Invasion of Africa by the Romans, 256 B.C._ - - =21.= L. Mānliō Vulsōne M. Atīliō Rēgulō cōnsulibus bellum - in Āfricam trānslātum est. Contrā Hamilcarem, Karthāginiēnsium - ducem, in marī pūgnātum, victusque est. Nam - perditīs sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus retrō sē recēpit. Rōmānī - vīgintī duās āmīsērunt. Sed cum in Āfricam trānsīssent, 25 - 24 prīmam Clypeam, Āfricae cīvitātem, in dēditiōnem - accēpērunt. Cōnsulēs ūsque ad Karthāginem prōcessērunt, - multīsque castellīs vāstātīs Mānlius victor Rōmam rediit et - vīgintī septem mīlia captīvōrum redūxit, Atīlius Rēgulus - in Āfricā remānsit. Is contrā Āfrōs aciem īnstrūxit. Contrā 5 - trēs Karthāginiēnsium ducēs dīmicāns victor fuit, decem - et octō mīlia hostium cecīdit, quīnque mīlia cum decem et - octō elephantīs cēpit, septuāgintā quattuor cīvitātēs in fidem - accēpit. Tum victī Karthāginiēnsēs pācem ā Rōmānīs petīvērunt. - Quam cum Rēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus 10 - dare, Āfrī auxilium ā Lacedaemoniīs petīvērunt. Et - duce Xanthippō, quī ā Lacedaemoniīs missus fuerat, Rōmānōrum - dux Rēgulus victus est ultimā perniciē. Nam duo - mīlia tantum ex omnī Rōmānō exercitū refūgērunt, quīngentī - cum imperātōre Rēgulō captī sunt, trīgintā mīlia 15 - occīsa, Rēgulus ipse in catēnās coniectus. - - - _Romans shipwrecked near Sicily._ - - =22.= M. Aemiliō Paulō Ser. Fulviō Nōbiliōre cōnsulibus ambō - Rōmānī cōnsulēs ad Āfricam profectī sunt cum trecentārum - nāvium classe. Prīmum Āfrōs nāvālī certāmine superant. - Aemilius cōnsul centum et quattuor nāvēs hostium dēmersit, 20 - trīgintā cum pūgnātōribus cēpit, quindecim mīlia hostium - aut occīdit aut cēpit, mīlitem suum ingentī praedā - dītāvit. Et subācta Āfrica tunc fuisset, nisi quod tanta - famēs erat ut diūtius exercitus exspectāre nōn posset. - Cōnsulēs cum victricī classe redeuntēs circā Siciliam 25 - naufragium passī sunt. Et tanta tempestās fuit ut ex - quadringentīs sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus tantum octōgintā servārī - potuerint; neque ūllō tempore tanta maritima tempestās - audīta est. Rōmānī tamen statim ducentās nāvēs reparāvērunt, - neque in aliquō animus hīs īnfrāctus fuit. 30 - - 25 =23.= Cn. Servīlius Caepiō C. Semprōnius Blaesus cōnsulēs - cum ducentīs sexāgintā nāvibus ad Āfricam profectī sunt. - Aliquot cīvitātēs cēpērunt. Praedam ingentem redūcentēs - naufragium passī sunt. Itaque cum continuae calamitātēs - Rōmānīs[53] displicērent, dēcrēvit senātus ut ā maritimīs 5 - proeliīs recēderētur et tantum sexāgintā nāvēs ad praesidium - Ītaliae salvae essent. - - - _Battle of Panormus, 250 B.C._ - - =24.= L. Caeciliō Metellō C. Fūriō Placidō cōnsulibus Metellus - in Siciliā Āfrōrum ducem cum centum trīgintā elephantīs - et māgnīs cōpiīs venientem superāvit, vīgintī mīlia hostium 10 - cecīdit, sex et vīgintī elephantōs cēpit, reliquōs errantēs - per Numidās, quōs in auxilium habēbat, conlēgit et Rōmam - dēdūxit ingentī pompā, cum elephantōrum numerus omnia - itinera complēret. - - - _Regulus sent to Rome to solicit Peace, 250 B.C._ - - =25.= Post haec mala Karthāginiēnsēs Rēgulum ducem, 15 - quem cēperant, petīvērunt ut Rōmam proficīscerētur et pācem - ā Rōmānīs obtinēret ac permūtātiōnem captīvōrum faceret. - Ille Rōmam cum vēnisset, inductus in senātum nihil quasi - Rōmānus ēgit dīxitque sē ex illā diē,[54] quā in potestātem - Āfrōrum vēnisset, Rōmānum esse dēsīsse. Itaque et uxōrem 20 - ā complexū remōvit et senātuī suāsit nē pāx cum - Poenīs fieret; illōs enim frāctōs tot cāsibus spem nūllam - habēre; sē tantī[55] nōn esse, ut tot mīlia captīvōrum propter - ūnum sē et senem et paucōs, quī ex Rōmānīs captī[56] fuerant, - 26 redderentur. Itaque obtinuit. Nam Āfrōs pācem petentēs - nūllus admīsit. Ipse Karthāginem rediit, offerentibusque - Rōmānīs ut eum Rōmae tenērent, negāvit sē in eā urbe - mānsūrum in quā, postquam Āfrīs servierat, dīgnitātem - honestī cīvis habēre nōn posset. Regressus igitur ad Āfricam 5 - omnibus suppliciīs exstinctus est. - - - _Publius Claudius defeated near Drepana, 249 B.C._ - - =26.= P. Claudiō Pulchrō L. Iūniō cōnsulibus Claudius - contrā auspicia pūgnāvit et ā Karthāginiēnsibus victus est. - Nam ex ducentīs et vīgintī nāvibus cum trīgintā fūgit, - nōnāgintā cum pūgnātōribus captae sunt, dēmersae cēterae. 10 - Alius quoque cōnsul naufragiō classem āmīsit, exercitum - tamen salvum habuit, quia vīcīna lītora erant. - - - _Battle of Lilybaeum, 242 B.C. Battle of the Aegates Islands - and End of the War, 241 B.C._ - - =27.= C. Lutātiō Catulō A. Postumiō Albīnō cōnsulibus, annō - bellī Pūnicī vīcēsimō et tertiō Catulō bellum contrā Āfrōs - commissum est. Profectus est cum trecentīs nāvibus in 15 - Siciliam; Āfrī contrā ipsum quadringentās parāvērunt. - Numquam in marī tantīs cōpiīs pūgnātum est. Lutātius - Catulus nāvem aeger ascendit; vulnerātus enim in pūgnā - superiōre fuerat. Contrā Lilybaeum, cīvitātem Siciliae, - pūgnātum est ingentī virtūte Rōmānōrum. Nam LXIII 20 - Karthāginiēnsium nāvēs captae sunt, CXXV dēmersae, XXXII - mīlia hostium capta, XIII mīlia occīsa, īnfīnītum aurī, argentī, - praedae in potestātem Rōmānōrum redāctum. Ex - classe Rōmānā XII nāvēs dēmersae. Pūgnātum est VI Īdūs - Mārtiās. Statim pācem Karthāginiēnsēs petīvērunt tribūtaque 25 - est hīs pāx. Captīvī Rōmānōrum quī tenēbantur ā - Karthāginiēnsibus redditī sunt. Etiam Karthāginiēnsēs - 27 petīvērunt ut redimī eōs captīvōs licēret quōs ex Āfrīs - Rōmānī tenēbant. Senātus iussit sine pretiō eōs darī quī - in pūblicā cūstōdiā essent; quī autem ā prīvātīs tenērentur - ut pretiō dominīs redditō Karthāginem redīrent atque id - pretium ex fiscō magis quam ā Karthāginiēnsibus solverētur. 5 - - =28.= Q. Lutātius A. Mānlius cōnsulēs creātī bellum Faliscīs - intulērunt, quae cīvitās Ītaliae opulenta quondam fuit. - Quod ambō cōnsulēs intrā sex diēs, quam vēnerant, trānsēgērunt - XV mīlibus hostium caesīs, cēterīs pāce concessā, - agrō tamen ex medietāte sublātō. 10 - - - - - LIBER TERTIUS - - FROM THE END OF THE FIRST TO THE END OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR, - 241-201 B.C. - - - =1.= Fīnītō igitur Pūnicō bellō, quod per XXIII annōs trāctum - est, Rōmānī iam clārissimā glōriā nōtī lēgātōs ad Ptolemaeum, - Aegyptī rēgem, mīsērunt auxilia prōmittentēs, quia - rēx Syriae Antiochus bellum eī intulerat. Ille grātiās - Rōmānīs ēgit, auxilia nōn accēpit. Iam enim fuerat pūgna 15 - trānsācta. Eōdem tempore potentissimus rēx Siciliae Hierō - Rōmam vēnit ad lūdōs spectandōs[57] et ducenta mīlia modiōrum[58] - trīticī populō dōnum exhibuit. - - - _Sardinia taken by the Romans, 238 B.C._ - - =2.= L. Cornēliō Lentulō Fulviō Flaccō cōnsulibus, quibus - Hierō Rōmam vēnerat, etiam contrā Ligurēs intrā Ītaliam 20 - bellum gestum est et dē hīs triumphātum. Karthāginiēnsēs - 28 tamen bellum reparāre temptābant, Sardiniēnsēs, quī ex - condiciōne pācis Rōmānīs pārēre dēbēbant, ad rebellandum[59] - impellentēs. Vēnit tamen Rōmam lēgātiō Karthāginiēnsium - et pācem impetrāvit. - - =3.= T. Mānliō Torquātō C. Atīliō Bulcō cōnsulibus dē 5 - Sardīs triumphātum est, et pāce omnibus locīs factā Rōmānī - nūllum bellum habuērunt, quod hīs post Rōmam conditam - semel tantum Numā Pompiliō rēgnante contigerat. - - - _War with the Illyrians, 229 B.C._ - - =4.= L. Postumius Albīnus Cn. Fulvius Centumalus cōnsulēs - bellum contrā Īllyriōs gessērunt et multīs cīvitātibus captīs 10 - etiam rēgēs in dēditiōnem accēpērunt. Ac tum prīmum ex - Īllyriīs triumphātum est. - - - _Invasion of the Gauls, 225 B.C._ - - =5.= L. Aemiliō cōnsule ingentēs Gallōrum cōpiae Alpēs - trānsiērunt. Sed prō Rōmānīs tōta Ītalia cōnsēnsit, trāditumque - est ā Fabiō historicō, quī eī bellō interfuit, DCCC mīlia 15 - hominum parāta ad id bellum fuisse. Sed rēs per cōnsulem - tantum prōsperē gesta est. XL mīlia hostium interfecta - sunt et triumphus Aemiliō dēcrētus. - - =6.= Aliquot deinde annīs post contrā Gallōs intrā Ītaliam - pūgnātum est, fīnītumque bellum M. Claudiō Mārcellō et 20 - Cn. Cornēliō Scīpiōne cōnsulibus. Tum Mārcellus cum[60] - parvā manū equitum dīmicāvit et rēgem Gallōrum, Viridomarum - nōmine, manū suā occīdit. Posteā cum conlēgā - ingentēs cōpiās Gallōrum perēmit, Mediōlānum expūgnāvit, - grandem praedam Rōmam pertulit. Ac triumphāns Mārcellus 25 - spolia Gallī stīpitī imposita umerīs suīs vexit. - - - 29 _Second Punic War begun, 218 B.C._ - - =7.= M. Minuciō Rūfō P. Cornēliō cōnsulibus Histrīs bellum - inlātum est, quia latrōcinātī nāvibus Rōmānōrum fuerant, - quae frūmenta exhibēbant, perdomitīque sunt omnēs. Eōdem - annō bellum Pūnicum secundum Rōmānīs inlātum est per - Hannibalem, Karthāginiēnsium ducem, quī Saguntum, Hispāniae 5 - cīvitātem Rōmānīs[61] amīcam, oppūgnāre aggressus - est, annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis, cōpiīs congregātīs CL - mīlium. Huic Rōmānī per lēgātōs dēnūntiāvērunt ut bellō - abstinēret. Is lēgātōs admittere nōluit. Rōmānī etiam - Karthāginem mīsērunt, ut mandārētur Hannibalī[62] nē bellum 10 - contrā sociōs populī Rōmānī gereret. Dūra respōnsa ā - Karthāginiēnsibus data sunt. Saguntīnī intereā famē victī - sunt, captīque ab Hannibale ultimīs poenīs adficiuntur. - Bellum Karthāginiēnsibus indictum est. - - - _Hannibal crosses the Alps._ - - =8.= Tum P. Cornēlius Scīpiō cum exercitū in Hispāniam 15 - profectus est, Ti. Semprōnius in Siciliam. Hannibal relīctō - in Hispāniā frātre Hasdrubale Pȳrēnaeum trānsiit. Alpēs, - adhūc eā parte[63] inviās, sibi patefēcit. Trāditur ad Ītaliam - LXXX mīlia peditum, X mīlia equitum, septem et XXX elephantōs - addūxisse. Intereā multī Ligurēs et Gallī Hannibalī 20 - sē coniūnxērunt. Semprōnius Gracchus cognitō ad Ītaliam - Hannibalis adventū ex Siciliā exercitum Arīminum trāiēcit. - - - _Battle of the Trebia, 218 B.C. Battle of Trasumenus, 217 B.C._ - - =9.= P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Hannibalī prīmus occurrit. Commissō - proeliō, fugātīs suīs ipse vulnerātus in castra rediit. - 30 Semprōnius Gracchus et ipse cōnflīgit apud Trebiam amnem. - Is quoque vincitur. Hannibalī multī sē in Ītaliā dēdidērunt. - Inde ad Tusciam veniēns Hannibal Flāminiō cōnsulī occurrit. - Ipsum Flāminium interēmit; Rōmānōrum XXV mīlia - caesa sunt, cēterī diffūgērunt. Missus adversus Hannibalem 5 - posteā ā Rōmānīs Q. Fabius Māximus. Is eum differendō[64] - pūgnam ab impetū frēgit, mox inventā occāsiōne vīcit. - - - _Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C._ - - =10.= Quīngentēsimō et quadrāgēsimō annō ā conditā urbe - L. Aemilius Paulus P. Terentius Varrō contrā Hannibalem - mittuntur Fabiōque succēdunt, quī abiēns ambō cōnsulēs 10 - monuit ut Hannibalem, callidum et impatientem ducem, - nōn aliter vincerent quam proelium differendō.[64] Vērum - cum impatientiā Varrōnis cōnsulis contrādīcente alterō cōnsule - apud vīcum, quī Cannae appellātur, in Āpūliā pūgnātum - esset, ambō cōnsulēs ab Hannibale vincuntur. In eā 15 - pūgnā tria mīlia Āfrōrum pereunt; māgna pars dē exercitū - Hannibalis sauciātur. Nūllō tamen proeliō Pūnicō bellō - Rōmānī gravius acceptī sunt. Periit enim in eō cōnsul - Aemilius Paulus, cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī XX, senātōrēs captī - aut occīsī XXX, nōbilēs virī CCC, mīlitum XL mīlia, equitum 20 - III mīlia et quīngentī. In quibus malīs nēmō tamen Rōmānōrum - pācis mentiōnem habēre dīgnātus est. Servī, quod - numquam ante, manūmissī et mīlitēs factī sunt. - - - _War in Spain, 218 B.C._ - - =11.= Post eam pūgnam multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs, quae Rōmānīs - pāruerant, sē ad Hannibalem trānstulērunt. Hannibal 25 - Rōmānīs obtulit ut captīvōs redimerent, respōnsumque est ā - 31 senātū eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs quī, cum armātī essent, - capī potuissent. Ille omnēs posteā variīs suppliciīs interfēcit - et trēs modiōs ānulōrum aureōrum Karthāginem mīsit, - quōs ex manibus equitum Rōmānōrum, senātōrum et mīlitum - dētrāxerat. Intereā in Hispāniā, ubi frāter Hannibalis 5 - Hasdrubal remānserat cum māgnō exercitū, ut eam tōtam - Āfrīs[65] subigeret, ā duōbus Scīpiōnibus, Rōmānīs ducibus, - vincitur. Perdit in pūgnā XXXV mīlia hominum; ex hīs - capiuntur X mīlia, occīduntur XXV mīlia. Mittuntur eī ā - Karthāginiēnsibus ad reparandās vīrēs XII mīlia peditum, 10 - IV mīlia equitum, XX elephantī. - - - _Battle near Nola, 215 B.C._ - - =12.= Annō quārtō postquam ad Ītaliam Hannibal vēnit, - M. Claudius Mārcellus cōnsul apud Nōlam, cīvitātem Campāniae, - contrā Hannibalem bene pūgnāvit. Hannibal multās - cīvitātēs Rōmānōrum per Āpūliam, Calābriam, Bruttiōs occupāvit. 15 - Quō tempore etiam rēx Macedoniae Philippus ad eum - lēgātōs mīsit, prōmittēns auxilia contrā Rōmānōs sub hāc - condiciōne, ut dēlētīs Rōmānīs ipse quoque contrā Graecōs - ab Hannibale auxilia acciperet. Captīs igitur lēgātīs Philippī - et rē cognitā Rōmānī in Macedoniam M. Valerium Laevīnum 20 - īre iussērunt, in Sardiniam T. Mānlium Torquātum prōcōnsulem. - Nam etiam ea sollicitāta ab Hannibale Rōmānōs - dēseruerat. - - =13.= Ita ūnō tempore quattuor locīs pūgnābātur: in Ītaliā - contrā Hannibalem, in Hispāniīs contrā frātrem ēius 25 - Hasdrubalem, in Macedoniā contrā Philippum, in Sardinia contrā - Sardōs et alterum Hasdrubalem Karthāginiēnsem. Is ā - T. Mānliō prōcōnsule, quī ad Sardiniam missus fuerat, vīvus - 32 est captus, occīsa duodecim mīlia, captī cum eō mīlle - quīngentī, et ā Rōmānīs Sardinia subācta. Mānlius victōr - captīvōs et Hasdrubalem Rōmam reportāvit. Intereā - etiam Philippus ā Laevīnō in Macedoniā vincitur et in - Hispāniā ab Scīpiōnibus Hasdrubal et Māgō, tertius frāter 5 - Hannibalis. - - - _Campaign in Sicily, 214-210 B.C._ - - =14.= Decimō annō[66] postquam Hannibal in Ītaliam vēnerat, - P. Sulpiciō Cn. Fulviō cōnsulibus Hannibal ūsque ad quārtum - mīliārium urbis accessit, equitēs ēius ūsque ad portam. - Mox cōnsulum[67] cum exercitū venientium metū[68] Hannibal 10 - ad Campāniam sē recēpit. In Hispāniā ā frātre ēius Hasdrubale - ambō Scīpiōnēs, quī per multōs annōs vīctōrēs - fuerant, interficiuntur, exercitus tamen integer mānsit; cāsū - enim magis erant quam virtūte dēceptī. Quō tempore etiam - ā cōnsule Mārcello Siciliae māgna pars capta est, quam 15 - tenēre Āfrī coeperant, et nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna; - praeda ingēns Rōmam perlāta est. Laevīnus in Macedoniā - cum Philippō et multīs Graeciae populīs et rēge Asiae Attalō - amīcitiam fēcit, et ad Siciliam profectus Hannōnem quendam, - Āfrōrum ducem, apud Agrigentum cīvitātem cum ipsō 20 - oppidō cēpit eumque Rōmam cum captīvīs nōbilissimīs mīsit. - XL cīvitātēs in dēditiōnem accēpit, XXVI expūgnāvit. Ita - omnis Sicilia recepta est; ingentī glōriā[69] Rōmam regressus - est. Hannibal in Ītaliā Cn. Fulvium cōnsulem subitō - aggressus cum octō mīlibus hominum interfēcit. 25 - - - 33 _War in Spain, 210-206 B.C._ - - =15.= Intereā ad Hispāniās, ubi occīsīs duōbus Scīpiōnibus - nūllus Rōmānus dux erat, P. Cornēlius Scīpiō mittitur, - fīlius P. Scīpiōnis, quī ibīdem bellum gesserat, annōs nātus - quattuor et vīgintī, vir Rōmānōrum omnium et suā aetāte - et posteriōre tempore ferē prīmus. Is Karthāginem Hispāniae 5 - capit, in quā omne aurum, argentum et bellī apparātum - Āfrī habēbant, nōbilissimōs quoque obsidēs, quōs ab Hispānīs - accēperant. Māgōnem etiam, frātrem Hannibalis, - ibīdem capit, quem Rōmam cum aliīs mittit. Rōmae[70] ingēns - laetitia post hunc nūntium fuit. Scīpiō Hispānōrum obsidēs 10 - parentibus reddidit; quārē omnēs ferē Hispānī ūnō - animō ad eum trānsiērunt. Post quae Hasdrubalem, Hannibalis - frātrem, victum[71] fugat et praedam māximam capit. - - - _Recapture of Tarentum, 209 B.C._ - - =16.= Intereā in Ītaliā cōnsul Q. Fabius Māximus Tarentum - recēpit, in quā ingentēs cōpiae Hannibalis erant. Ibi etiam 15 - ducem Hannibalis Carthalōnem occīdit, XXV mīlia hominum - cāptīvōrum vēndidit, praedam mīlitibus dispertīvit, pecūniam - hominum vēnditōrum ad fiscum rettulit. Tum multae - cīvitātēs Rōmānōrum, quae ad Hannibalem trānsierant - prius, rūrsus sē Fabiō Māximō dēdidērunt. Īnsequentī 20 - annō Scīpiō in Hispāniā ēgregiās rēs ēgit et per sē et per - frātrem suum L. Scīpiōnem; LXX cīvitātēs recēpērunt. In - Ītaliā tamen male pūgnātum est. Nam Claudius Mārcellus - cōnsul ab Hannibale occīsus est. - - =17.= Tertiō annō postquam Scīpiō ad Hispāniās profectus 25 - fuerat, rūrsus rēs inclitās gerit. Rēgem Hispāniārum māgnō - 34 proeliō victum in amīcitiam accēpit et prīmus omnium ā - victō obsidēs nōn poposcit. - - - _Battle of Metaurus, 207 B.C._ - - =18.= Dēspērāns Hannibal Hispāniās contrā Scīpiōnem diūtius - posse retinērī, frātrem suum Hasdrubalem ad Ītaliam - cum omnibus cōpiīs ēvocāvit. Is, veniēns eōdem itinere[72] quō 5 - etiam Hannibal vēnerat, ā cōnsulibus Ap. Claudiō Nerōne - et M. Līviō Salīnātōre apud Sēnam, Pīcēnī cīvitātem, in - īnsidiās compositās incidit. Strēnuē tamen pūgnāns occīsus - est; ingentēs ēius cōpiae captae aut interfectae sunt, māgnum - pondus aurī atque argentī Rōmam relātum est. Post 10 - haec Hannibal diffīdere iam dē bellī coepit ēventū. Rōmānīs - ingēns animus accessit; itaque et ipsī ēvocāvērunt ex - Hispāniā P. Cornēlium Scīpiōnem. Is Rōmam cum ingentī - glōriā vēnit. - - =19.= Q. Caeciliō L. Valeriō cōnsulibus omnēs cīvitātēs, quae 15 - in Bruttiīs ab Hannibale tenēbantur, Rōmānīs sē trādidērunt. - - - _Scipio crosses into Africa, 204 B.C._ - - =20.= Annō quārtō decimō posteāquam in Ītaliam Hannibal - vēnerat, Scīpiō, quī multa bene in Hispāniā ēgerat, cōnsul - est factus et in Āfricam missus. Cuī virō[73] dīvīnum quiddam - inesse exīstimābātur, adeō ut putārētur etiam cum nūminibus 20 - habēre sermōnem. Is in Āfricā contrā Hannōnem, - ducem Āfrōrum, pūgnat; exercitum ēius interficit. Secundō - proeliō castra capit cum quattuor mīlibus et quīngentīs - mīlitibus, XI mīlibus occīsīs. Syphācem, Numidiae - rēgem, quī sē Āfrīs coniūnxerat, capit et castra ēius invādit. 25 - Syphāx cum nōbilissimīs Numidīs et īnfīnītīs spoliīs Rōmam - 35 ā Scīpiōne mittitur. Quā rē audītā omnis ferē Ītalia - Hannibalem dēserit. Ipse ā Karthāginiēnsibus redīre in - Āfricam iubētur, quam Scīpiō vāstābat. - - - _Efforts for Peace._ - - =21.= Ita annō septimō decimō ab Hannibale Ītalia līberāta - est. Lēgātī Karthāginiēnsium pācem ā Scīpiōne petīvērunt; 5 - ab eō ad senātum Rōmam missī sunt. Quadrāgintā et quīnque - diēbus hīs indūtiae datae sunt, quoūsque īre Rōmam et - regredī possent[74]; et trīgintā mīlia pondō argentī ab hīs - accepta sunt. Senātus ex arbitriō Scīpiōnis pācem iussit - cum Karthāginiēnsibus fierī. Scīpiō hīs condiciōnibus 10 - dedit: nē amplius quam trīgintā nāvēs habērent,[75] ut - quīngenta mīlia pondō argentī darent,[75] captīvōs et perfugās - redderent.[75] - - =22.= Interim Hannibale veniente ad Āfricam pāx turbāta - est, multa hostīlia ab Āfrīs facta sunt. Lēgātī tamen eōrum 15 - ex urbe venientēs ā Rōmānīs captī sunt, sed iubente Scīpiōne - dīmissī. Hannibal quoque frequentibus proeliīs victus ā - Scīpiōne petīt etiam ipse pācem. Cum ventum esset ad - conloquium, īsdem condiciōnibus data est quibus prius, - additīs quīngentīs mīlibus pondō argentī centum mīlibus 20 - lībrārum propter novam perfidiam. Karthāginiēnsibus condiciōnēs - displicuērunt iussēruntque Hannibalem pūgnāre. - Īnfertur ā Scīpiōne et Masinissā, aliō rēge Numidārum, quī - amīcitiam cum Scīpiōne fēcerat, Karthāginī bellum. Hannibal - trēs explōrātōrēs ad Scīpiōnis castra mīsit, quōs captōs 25 - Scīpiō circumdūcī per castra iussit ostendīque hīs tōtum - exercitum, mox etiam prandium darī dīmittīque, ut renūntiārent - Hannibalī quae apud Rōmānōs vīdissent. - - - 36 _Battle of Zama, 202 B.C. End of the Second Punic War, - 201 B.C._ - - =23.= Intereā proelium ab utrōque duce īnstrūctum est, quāle - vix ūllā memoriā fuit, cum perītissimī virī cōpiās suās ad - bellum ēdūcerent. Scīpiō victor recēdit paene ipsō Hannibale - captō, quī prīmum cum multīs equitibus, deinde cum - vīgintī, postrēmō cum quattuor ēvāsit. Inventa in castrīs 5 - Hannibalis argentī pondō vīgintī mīlia, aurī octōgintā, cētera - supellectilis cōpiōsa. Post id certāmen pāx cum - Karthāginiēnsibus facta est. Scīpiō Rōmam rediit, ingentī glōriā - triumphāvit atque Āfricānus ex eō appellārī coeptus est. - Fīnem accēpit secundum Pūnicum bellum post annum 10 - nōnum decimum quam coeperat. - - - - - LIBER QUĀRTUS - - FROM THE END OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR TO THE END OF THE WAR - WITH JUGURTHA, 201-106 B.C. - - - _Second Macedonian War, 200-196 B.C._ - - =1.= Trānsāctō Pūnicō bellō secūtum est Macedonicum contrā - Philippum rēgem quīngentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō et prīmō - annō ab urbe conditā. - - =2.= T. Quīntius Flāminīnus adversum - Philippum rēgem missus rem prōsperē gessit. Pāx eī data 15 - est hīs lēgibus: nē Graeciae cīvitātibus, quās Rōmānī contrā - eum dēfenderant,[76] bellum īnferret, ut captīvōs et trānsfugās - redderet, quīnquāgintā sōlās nāvēs habēret, reliquās Rōmānīs - dederet, per annōs[77] decem quaterna mīlia pondō - argentī praestāret et obsidem daret fīlium suum Dēmētrium. 20 - 37 T. Quīntius etiam Lacedaemoniīs intulit bellum. Ducem - eōrum Nabidem vīcit et quibus voluit condiciōnibus in - fidem accēpit. Ingentī glōriā triumphāvit; dūxit ante currum - nōbilissimōs obsidēs, Dēmētrium, Philippī fīlium, et - Armenēn Nabidis. 5 - - - _Syro-Aetolian War, 192-189 B.C._ - - =3.= Trānsāctō bellō Macedonicō secūtum est Syriacum contrā - Antiochum rēgem P. Cornēliō Scīpiōne M. Aciliō Glabriōne - cōnsulibus. Huic Antiochō Hannibal sē iūnxerat, Karthāginem, - patriam suam, metū nē Rōmānīs trāderētur,[78] relinquēns. - M. Acilius Glabriō in Achaeā bene pūgnāvit. Castra 10 - rēgis Antiochī nocturnā pūgnā capta sunt, ipse fugātus. - Philippō, quia contrā Antiochum Rōmānīs[79] fuisset auxiliō,[79] - fīlius Dēmētrius redditus est. - - =4.= L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne et C. Laeliō cōnsulibus[80] Scīpiō - Āfricānus frātrī suō L. Cornēliō Scīpiōnī cōnsulī lēgātus 15 - datus contrā Antiochum profectus est. Hannibal, quī cum - Antiochō erat, nāvālī proeliō[81] victus est. Ipse posteā - Antiochus circā Sipylum apud Māgnēsiam, Asiae cīvitātem, - ā cōnsule Cornēliō Scīpiōne ingentī proeliō[81] fūsus est. - Auxiliō fuit Rōmānīs in eā pūgnā Eumenēs, Attalī rēgis 20 - frāter, quī Eumeniam in Phrygiā condidit. Quīnquāgintā - mīlia peditum, tria equitum eō certāmine ex parte rēgis - occīsa sunt. Tum rēx pācem petīt. Īsdem condiciōnibus - data est ā senātū, quamquam victō, quibus ante offerēbātur: - ut ex Eurōpā et Asiā recēderet atque intrā Taurum sē continēret, 25 - decem mīlia talentōrum et vīgintī obsidēs praebēret, - 38 Hannibalem, concitātōrem bellī, dēderet. Eumenī - rēgī dōnātae sunt ā senātū omnēs Asiae cīvitātēs, quās - Antiochus bellō perdiderat, et Rhodiīs, quī auxilium Rōmānīs - contrā rēgem Antiochum tulerant, multae urbēs - concessae sunt. Scīpiō Rōmam rediit, ingentī glōriā triumphāvit. 5 - Nōmen et ipse ad imitātiōnem frātris Asiāgenis - accēpit, quia Asiam vīcerat, sīcutī frāter ipsīus propter - Āfricam domitam[82] Āfricānus appellābātur. - - =5.= Sp. Postumiō Albīnō Q. Mārciō Philippō cōnsulibus - M. Fulvius dē Aetōlīs triumphāvit. Hannibal, quī, victō 10 - Antiochō, nē Rōmānīs trāderētur ad Prūsiam, Bīthȳniae - rēgem, fūgerat, repetītus etiam ab eō est per T. Quīntium - Flāminīnum. Et cum trādendus[83] Rōmānīs esset, venēnum - bibit et apud Libyssam in fīnibus Nīcomēdēnsium sepultus - est. 15 - - - _Third Macedonian War, 176-168 B.C._ - - =6.= Philippō, rēge Macedoniae, mortuō, quī et adversum - Rōmānōs bellum gesserat et posteā Rōmānīs contrā Antiochum - auxilium tulerat, fīlius ēius Perseus in Macedoniā - rebellāvit ingentibus cōpiīs ad bellum parātīs. Nam adiūtōrēs - habēbat Cotyn, Thraciae rēgem, et rēgem Īllyricī, Gentium 20 - nōmine.[84] Rōmānīs autem auxiliō erant Eumenēs, - Asiae rēx, Ariarātus Cappadociae, Antiochus Syriae, Ptolemaeus - Aegyptī, Masinissa Numidiae. Prūsiās autem Bīthȳniae, - quamquam sorōrem Perseī uxōrem habēret, utrīsque - sē aequum praebuit. Dux Rōmānōrum P. Licinius cōnsul 25 - contrā Perseum missus est et ā rēge gravī proeliō victus. - Neque tamen Rōmānī, quamquam superātī, rēgī petentī - pācem praestāre voluērunt, nisi hīs condiciōnibus: ut sē - 39 et suōs senātuī et populō Rōmānō dēderet.[85] Mox missus - contrā eum L. Aemilius Paulus cōnsul et in Īllyricum C. - Anicius praetor contrā Gentium. Sed Gentius facile ūnō - proeliō victus mox sē dēdidit. Māter ēius et uxor et duo - fīliī, frāter quoque simul in potestātem Rōmānōrum vēnērunt. 5 - Ita bellō intrā XXX diēs perfectō ante cognitum est - Gentium victum quam coeptum bellum nūntiārētur. - - - _Battle of Pydna, 168 B.C._ - - =7.= Cum Perseō autem Aemilius Paulus cōnsul III Nōnās - Septembrēs dīmicāvit vīcitque eum vīgintī mīlibus peditum - ēius occīsīs. Equitātus cum rēge integer fūgit. Rōmānōrum 10 - centum mīlitēs āmissī sunt. Urbēs Macedoniae omnēs, - quās rēx tenuerat, Rōmānīs sē dēdidērunt; ipse rēx, cum - dēsererētur ab amīcīs, vēnit in Paulī potestātem. Sed - honōrem eī cōnsul nōn quasi victō habuit. Nam et volentem - ad pedēs sibi[86] cadere nōn permīsit et iūxtā sē in sellā 15 - conlocāvit. Macedonibus et Īllyriīs hae lēgēs ā Rōmānīs datae: - ut līberī essent[85] et dīmidium eōrum tribūtōrum praestārent,[85] - quae rēgibus praestitissent, ut appārēret populum Rōmānum - prō aequitāte magis quam avāritiā dīmicāre. Itaque in conventū - īnfīnītōrum populōrum Paulus hōc prōnūntiāvit et 20 - lēgātiōnēs multārum gentium, quae ad eum vēnerant, - māgnificentissimē convīviō pāvit, dīcēns ēiusdem hominis[87] esse - dēbēre et bellō vincere et convīviī apparātū ēlegantem esse. - - - _Revolt in Epirus._ - - =8.= Mox septuāgintā cīvitātēs Ēpīrī, quae rebellārant, cēpit, - praedam mīlitibus distribuit. Rōmam ingentī pompā rediit 25 - 40 in nāvī Perseī, quae inūsitātae māgnitūdinis[88] fuisse trāditur, - adeō ut sedecim ordinēs dīcātur habuisse rēmōrum. Triumphāvit - autem māgnificentissimē in currū aureō cum duōbus - fīliīs utrōque latere astantibus. Ductī sunt ante currum - duo rēgis fīliī et ipse Perseus, XLV annōs nātus. Post eum 5 - etiam Anicius dē Īllyriīs triumphāvit. Gentius cum frātre - et fīliīs ante currum ductus est. Ad hōc spectāculum rēgēs - multārum gentium Rōmam vēnērunt, inter aliōs etiam - Attalus atque Eumenēs, Asiae rēgēs, et Prūsiās Bīthȳniae. - Māgnō honōre exceptī sunt et permittente senātū dōna 10 - quae attulerant in Capitōliō posuērunt. Prūsiās etiam - fīlium suum Nīcomēdēn senātuī commendāvit. - - =9.= Īnsequentī annō L. Memmius in Lūsitāniā bene pūgnāvit. - Mārcellus posteā cōnsul rēs ibīdem prōsperās gessit. - - - _Third Punic War, 149-146 B.C._ - - =10.= Tertium deinde bellum contrā Karthāginem suscipitur, 15 - sexcentēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā annō, L. Mānliō - Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō cōnsulibus, annō quīnquagēsimō - prīmō postquam secundum Pūnicum trānsāctum erat. Hī - profectī Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt. Contrā eōs Hasdrubal, - dux Karthāginiēnsium, dīmicābat. Famea, dux alius, 20 - equitātuī Karthāginiēnsium praeerat. Scīpiō tunc, Scīpiōnis - Āfricānī nepōs, tribūnus ibi mīlitābat. Hūius[89] apud omnēs - ingēns metus et reverentia erat. Nam et parātissimus ad - dīmicandum[90] et cōnsultissimus habēbātur. Itaque per eum - multa ā cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt, neque quicquam 25 - magis vel Hasdrubal vel Famea vītābant quam contrā eam - Rōmānōrum partem committere ubi Scīpiō dīmicāret. - - 41 =11.= Per idem tempus Masinissa, rēx Numidārum, per annōs - sexāgintā ferē amīcus populī Rōmānī, annō vītae nōnāgēsimō - septimō mortuus quadrāgintā quattuor fīliīs relīctīs - Scīpiōnem dīvīsōrem rēgnī inter fīliōs suōs esse iussit. - - =12.= Cum igitur clārum Scīpiōnis nōmen esset, iuvenis adhūc 5 - cōnsul est factus et contrā Karthāginem missus. Is eam - cēpit ac dīruit. Spolia ibi inventa, quae variārum cīvitātum - excidiīs[91] Karthāgō conlēgerat, et ōrnāmenta urbium cīvitātibus - Siciliae, Ītaliae, Āfricae reddidit, quae sua recognōscēbant. - Ita Karthāgō septingentēsimō annō, quam condita 10 - erat, dēlēta est. Scīpiō nōmen quod avus ēius accēperat - meruit, scīlicet ut propter virtūtem etiam ipse Āfricānus - iūnior vocārētur. - - =13.= Interim in Macedoniā quīdam Pseudophilippus arma - mōvit et Rōmānum praetōrem P. Iuventium contrā sē missum 15 - ad interneciōnem vīcit. Post eum Q. Caecilius Metellus - dux ā Rōmānīs contrā Pseudophilippum missus est et - XXV mīlibus ēius occīsīs Macedoniam recēpit, ipsum etiam - Pseudophilippum in potestātem suam redēgit. - - - _Destruction of Corinth, 146 B.C._ - - =14.= Corinthiīs quoque bellum indictum est, nōbilissimae 20 - Graeciae cīvitātī, propter iniūriam lēgātōrum Rōmānōrum. - Hanc Mummius cōnsul cēpit et dīruit. Trēs igitur Rōmae - simul cēleberrimī triumphī fuērunt: Āfricānī ex Āfricā, - ante cūius currum ductus est Hasdrubal, Metellī ex Macedoniā, - cūius currum praecessit Andriscus, īdem quī et Pseudophilippus, 25 - Mummī ex Corinthō, ante quem sīgna aēnea et - pīctae tabulae et alia urbis clārissimae ōrnāmenta praelāta - sunt. - - 42 =15.= Iterum in Macedoniā Pseudopersēs, quī sē Perseī fīlium - esse dīcēbat, conlēctīs servitiīs rebellāvit et, cum - sēdecim mīlia armātōrum habēret, ā Tremelliō quaestōre - superātus est. - - - _Celtiberian War, 154 B.C._ - - =16.= Eōdem tempore Metellus in Celtiberiā apud Hispānōs 5 - rēs ēgregiās gessit. Successit eī Q. Pompēius. Nec multō[92] - post Q. quoque Caepiō ad idem bellum missus est, quod - quīdam Viriāthus contrā Rōmānōs in Lūsitāniā gerēbat. - Quō metū Viriāthus ā suīs interfectus est, cum quattuordecim - annīs Hispāniās adversus Rōmānōs mōvisset. Pāstor 10 - prīmō fuit, mox latrōnum dux, postrēmō tantōs ad bellum - populōs concitāvit ut adsertor contrā Rōmānōs Hispāniae - putārētur. Et cum interfectōrēs ēius praemium ā Caepiōne - cōnsule peterent, respōnsum est numquam Rōmānīs placuisse - imperātōrēs ā suīs mīlitibus interficī. 15 - - - _Capture of Numantia, 133 B.C._ - - =17.= Q. Pompēius deinde cōnsul ā Numantīnīs, quae Hispāniae - cīvitās fuit opulentissima, superātus[93] pācem ignōbilem - fēcit. Post eum C. Hostīlius Mancīnus cōnsul iterum cum - Numantīnīs pācem fēcit īnfāmem, quam populus et senātus - iussit īnfringī atque ipsum Mancīnum hostibus trādī, ut in 20 - illō, quem auctōrem foederis habēbant, iniūriam solūtī - foederis[94] vindicārent. Post tantam igitur ignōminiam, quā - ā Numantīnīs bis Rōmānī exercitūs fuerant subiugātī, P. - Scīpiō Āfricānus secundō cōnsul factus et ad Numantiam - missus est. Is prīmum mīlitem vitiōsum et ignāvum exercendō 25 - 43 magis quam pūniendō sine aliquā ācerbitāte corrēxit, - tum multās Hispāniae cīvitātēs partim cēpit, partim in - dēditiōnem accēpit, postrēmō ipsam Numantiam diū obsessam - famē confēcit et ā solō ēvertit, reliquam prōvinciam in - fidem accēpit. 5 - - =18.= Eōdem tempore Attalus, rēx Asiae, frāter Eumenis, - mortuus est hērēdemque populum Rōmānum relīquit. Ita - imperiō Rōmānō per testāmentum Asia accessit. - - =19.= Mox etiam D. Iūnius Brūtus dē Callaecīs et Lūsitānīs - māgnā glōriā triumphāvit et P. Scīpiō Āfricānus dē Numantīnīs 10 - secundum triumphum ēgit quartō decimō annō - postquam priōrem dē Āfricā ēgerat. - - - _War with Aristonicus, 131 B.C._ - - =20.= Mōtum interim in Asiā bellum est ab Aristonīcō, Eumenis - fīliō, quī ex concubīnā susceptus fuerat. Hīc Eumenēs - frāter Attalī fuerat. Adversus eum missus P. Licinius 15 - Crassus īnfīnīta rēgum habuit auxilia. Nam et Bīthȳniae - rēx Nīcomēdēs Rōmānōs iūvit et Mithradātēs Ponticus, cum - quō bellum posteā gravissimum fuit, et Ariarātus Cappadox - et Pylaemēnēs Paphlagōn. Victus est tamen Crassus - et in proeliō interfectus est. Caput ipsīus Aristonīcō 20 - oblātum est, corpus Smyrnae sepultum. Posteā Perperna, - cōnsul Rōmānus, quī successor Crassō veniēbat, audītā bellī - fortūnā ad Asiam celerāvit et aciē victum Aristonīcum apud - Stratonīcēn cīvitātem, quō cōnfūgerat, famē ad dēditiōnem - compulit. Aristonīcus iussū[95] senātūs Rōmae in carcere 25 - strangulātus est. Triumphārī enim dē eō nōn poterat, quia - Perperna apud Pergamum Rōmam rediēns diem obierat. - - =21.= L. Caeciliō Metellō et T. Quīntiō Flāminīnō cōnsulibus - Karthāgō in Āfricā iussū[95] senātūs reparāta est, quae nunc - 44 manet, annīs duōbus et vīgintī postquam ā Scīpiōne fuerat - ēversa. Dēductī sunt eō cīvēs Rōmānī. - - - _War with Transalpine Gauls, 125-121 B.C._ - - =22.= Annō sexcentēsimō vīcēsimō septimō ab urbe conditā - C. Cassius Longīnus et Sex. Domitius Calvīnus cōnsulēs - Gallīs trānsalpīnīs bellum intulērunt et Arvernōrum tunc 5 - nōbilissimae cīvitātī atque eōrum ducī Bituītō, īnfīnītamque - multitūdinem iūxtā Rhodanum fluvium interfēcērunt. - Praeda ex torquibus Gallōrum ingēns Rōmam perlāta est. - Bituītus sē Domitiō dedit atque ab eō Rōmam dēductus est, - māgnāque glōriā cōnsulēs ambō triumphāvērunt. 10 - - =23.= M. Porciō Catōne et Q. Mārciō Rēge cōnsulibus sexcentēsimō - trīcēsimō et tertiō annō ab urbe conditā Narbōne - in Galliā colōnia dēducta est annōque post ā L. Caeciliō - Metellō et Q. Mūciō Scaevolā cōnsulibus dē Dalmatiā triumphātum - est. 15 - - =24.= Ab urbe conditā annō sexcentēsimō trīcēsimō quīntō - C. Catō cōnsul Scordiscīs intulit bellum ignōminiōsēque - pūgnāvit. - - =25.= C. Caeciliō Metellō et Cn. Carbōne cōnsulibus duo - Metellī frātrēs eōdem diē, alterum ex Sardiniā, alterum ex 20 - Thrāciā, triumphum ēgērunt, nūntiātumque Rōmae est - Cimbrōs ē Galliā in Ītaliam trānsisse. - - - _War with Jugurtha, 111-104 B.C._ - - =26.= P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā et L. Calpurniō Bēstiā cōnsulibus - Iugurthae, Numidārum rēgī, bellum inlātum est, quod Adherbalem - et Hiempsalem, Micipsae fīliōs, frātrēs suōs, rēgēs 25 - et populī Rōmānī amīcōs, interēmisset.[96] Missus adversum - 45 eum cōnsul Calpurnius Bēstia, corruptus rēgis pecūniā, - pācem cum eō flāgitiōsissimam fēcit, quae ā senātū improbāta - est. Posteā contrā eundem īnsequentī annō Sp. Postumius - Albīnus profectus est. Is quoque per frātrem ignōminiōsē - contrā Numidās pūgnāvit. 5 - - =27.= Tertiō missus est Q. Caecilius Metellus cōnsul. Is - exercitum ā priōribus ducibus corruptum ingentī sevēritāte - et moderātiōne cum nihil in quemquam cruentum faceret,[97] - ad disciplīnam Rōmānam redūxit. Iugurtham variīs proeliīs - vīcit, elephantōs ēius occīdit vel cēpit, multās cīvitātēs ipsīus 10 - in dēditiōnem accēpit. Et cum iam fīnem bellō[98] positūrus - esset, successum est[99] eī ā C. Mariō. Is Iugurtham et Bocchum, - Mauretāniae rēgem, quī auxilium Iugurthae ferre - coeperat, pariter superāvit. Aliquanta et ipse oppida Numidiae - cēpit bellōque terminum posuit captō Iugurthā per 15 - quaestōrem suum Cornēlium Sullam, ingentem virum, trādente - Bocchō Iugurtham. Ā M. Iūniō Sīlānō, conlēga - Q. Metellī, Cimbrī in Galliā victī sunt et ā Minuciō Rūfō in - Macedoniā Scordiscī et Triballī, et ā Serviliō Caepiōne in - Hispāniā Lūsitānī subāctī. Āctī sunt et duo triumphī dē 20 - Iugurthā, prīmus per Metellum, secundus per Marium. - Ante currum tamen Marī Iugurtha cum duōbus fīliīs ductus - est catēnātus et mox iussū cōnsulis in carcere strangulātus - est. - - - - - 46 LIBER QUINTUS - - FROM THE END OF THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA TO THE END OF THE FIRST - CIVIL WAR, 106-81 B.C. - - - _War with the Cimbri and Teutones, 105-101 B.C. Battle - of Aquae Sextiae, 102 B.C._ - - =1.= Dum bellum in Numidiā contrā Iugurtham geritur,[100] - Rōmānī cōnsulēs M. Mānlius et Q. Caepiō ā Cimbrīs et - Teutonibus et Tugurīnīs et Ambrōnibus, quae erant Germānōrum - et Gallōrum gentēs, victī sunt iūxtā flūmen Rhodanum - ingentī interneciōne; etiam castra sua et māgnam 5 - partem exercitūs perdidērunt. Timor Rōmae grandis fuit, - quantus vix Hannibalis tempore nē iterum Gallī Rōmam - venīrent.[101] Ergō Marius post victōriam Iugurthīnam secundō - cōnsul est factus, bellumque eī contrā Cimbrōs et - Teutonas dēcrētum est. Tertiō quoque eī et quārtō dēlātus 10 - est cōnsulātus, quia bellum Cimbricum prōtrahēbātur. Sed - in quārtō cōnsulātū conlēgam habuit Q. Lutātium Catulum. - Cum Cimbrīs itaque cōnflīxit et duōbus proeliīs CC mīlia - hostium cecīdit, LXXX mīlia cēpit et ducem eōrum Teutobodum, - propter quod meritum absēns quīntō cōnsul est factus. 15 - - - _Battle of Vercellae, 101 B.C._ - - =2.= Intereā Cimbrī et Teutonēs, quōrum cōpia adhūc īnfīnīta - erat, ad Ītaliam trānsiērunt. Iterum ā C. Mariō et Q. Catulō - contrā eōs dīmicātum est, sed ā Catulī parte fēlicius. Nam - proeliō, quod simul ambō gessērunt, CXL mīlia aut in pūgnā - aut in fugā caesa sunt, LX mīlia capta. Rōmānī mīlitēs ex 20 - 47 utrōque exercitū trecentī periērunt. Tria et trīgintā - Cimbrīs[102] sīgna sublāta sunt; ex hīs exercitus Marī duo - reportāvit, Catulī exercitus XXXI. Is bellī fīnis fuit; triumphus - utrīque dēcrētus est. - - - _Social War, 90-88 B.C._ - - =3.= Sex. Iūliō Caesare et L. Mārciō Philippō cōnsulibus 5 - sexcentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō nōnō annō ab urbe conditā, cum - prope alia omnia bella cessārent, in Ītaliā gravissimum - bellum Pīcentēs, Marsī Paelīgnīque mōvērunt, quī, cum annīs - numerōsīs iam populō Rōmānō oboedīrent, tum lībertātem - sibi[103] aequam adserēre coepērunt. Perniciōsum admodum 10 - hōc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius cōnsul in eō occīsus est, Caepiō, - nōbilis iuvenis, Porcius Catō, alius cōnsul. Ducēs - autem adversus Rōmānōs Pīcentibus[104] et Marsīs fuērunt - T. Vettius, Hierius Asinius, T. Hērennius, A. Cluentius. - Ā Rōmānīs bene contrā eōs pūgnātum est ā C. Mariō, quī 15 - sexiēs cōnsul fuerat, et ā Cn. Pompēiō, māximē tamen ā - L. Cornēliō Sullā, quī inter alia ēgregia ita Cluentium, hostium - ducem, cum māgnīs cōpiīs fūdit ut ex suīs[105] ūnum - āmitteret.[106] Quadrienniō cum gravī tamen calamitāte hōc - bellum trāctum est. Quīntō demum annō fīnem accēpit per 20 - L. Cornēlium Sullam cōnsulem, cum anteā in eōdem bellō - ipse multa strēnuē, sed praetor, ēgisset. - - - _First Mithradatic War, 88-84 B.C._ - - =4.= Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō sexāgēsimō secundō - prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle commōtum est, eōdem annō - 48 etiam Mithradāticum. Causam bellō cīvīlī C. Marius sexiēs - cōnsul dedit. Nam cum Sulla cōnsul contrā Mithradātēn - gestūrus[107] bellum, quī Asiam et Achaeam occupāverat, - mitterētur, isque exercitum in Campāniā paulisper tenēret, - ut bellī sociālis, dē quō dīximus, quod intrā Ītaliam gestum 5 - fuerat, reliquiae tollerentur, Marius adfectāvit ut ipse ad - bellum Mithradāticum mittēretur.[108] Quā rē[109] Sulla commōtus - cum exercitū ad urbem vēnit. Illīc contrā Marium - et Sulpicium dīmicāvit. Prīmus urbem Rōmam armātus - ingressus est, Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit, atque 10 - ita ōrdinātīs cōnsulibus in futūrum annum Cn. Octāviō et - L. Cornēliō Cinnā ad Asiam profectus est. - - - _Mithradates invades Asia._ - - =5.= Mithradātēs enim, quī Pontī rēx erat atque Armeniam - Minōrem et tōtum Ponticum mare in circuitū cum Bosporō - tenēbat, prīmum Nīcomēdēn, amīcum populī Rōmānī, Bīthȳniā[110] 15 - voluit expellere senātuīque mandāvit bellum sē eī propter - iniūriās quās passus fuerat inlātūrum. Ā senātū respōnsum - Mithradātī est, sī id faceret, quod bellum ā Rōmānīs et ipse - patērētur. Quārē īrātus Cappadociam statim occupāvit et - ex eā Ariobarzānēn, rēgem et amīcum populī Rōmānī, fugāvit. 20 - Mox etiam Bīthȳniam invāsit et Paphlagoniam pulsīs - rēgibus, amīcīs populī Rōmānī, Pylaemēne et Nīcomēde. - Inde Ephesum contendit et per omnem Asiam litterās mīsit - ut ubicumque inventī essent[111] cīvēs Rōmānī, ūnō diē - occiderentur. 25 - - - 49 _Sulla takes Athens, 87 B.C. Battle of Chaeronea, 86 B.C._ - - =6.= Intereā etiam Athēnae, cīvitās Achaeae, ab Aristōne - Athēniēnsī Mithradātī trādita est. Mīserat enim iam ad - Achaeam Mithradātēs Archelāum, ducem suum, cum centum - et vīgintī mīlibus equitum[112] ac peditum, per quem etiam - reliqua Graecia occupāta est. Sulla Archelāum apud Pīraeum, 5 - nōn longē ab Athēnīs, obsēdit, ipsās Athēnās cēpit. - Posteā commissō proeliō contrā Archelāum ita eum vīcit ut - ex CXX mīlibus vix decem Archelāō superessent, ex Sullae - exercitū XIII tantum hominēs interficerentur. Hāc pūgnā - Mithradātēs cognitā septuāgintā mīlia lēctissima ex Asiā 10 - Archelāō mīsit, contrā quem iterum Sulla commīsit. Prīmō - proeliō quīndecim mīlia hostium interfecta sunt et fīlius - Archelāī Diogenēs; secundō omnēs Mithradātis cōpiae exstinctae - sunt, Archelāus ipse trīduō nūdus in palūdibus - latuit. Hāc rē audītā Mithradātēs iussit cum Sullā dē pāce 15 - agī. - - - _Terms of Peace, 84 B.C. Sulla’s Return to Italy, 83 B.C._ - - =7.= Interim eō tempore Sulla etiam Dardanōs, Scordiscōs, - Dalmatās et Maedōs partim vīcit, aliōs in fidem accēpit. - Sed cum lēgātī ā rēge Mithradāte, quī pācem petēbant, - vēnissent, nōn aliter sē datūrum Sulla esse respōndit, nisi 20 - rēx relīctīs hīs, quae occupāverat, ad rēgnum suum redisset. - Posteā tamen ad conloquium ambō vēnērunt. Pāx inter eōs - ōrdināta est, ut Sulla ad bellum cīvīle festīnāns ā tergō - perīculum nōn habēret. Nam dum Sulla in Achaeā atque - Asiā Mithradātēn vincit,[113] Marius, quī fugātus erat, et 25 - Cornēlius Cinna, ūnus ex cōnsulibus, bellum in Ītaliā - 50 reparāvērunt et ingressī urbem Rōmam nōbilissimōs ē senātū et - cōnsulārēs virōs interfēcērunt, multōs prōscrīpsērunt, ipsīus - Sullae domō ēversā fīliōs et uxōrem ad fugam compulērunt. - Ūniversus reliquus senātus ex urbe fugiēns ad Sullam in - Graeciam vēnit, orāns ut patriae subvenīret. Ille in 5 - Ītaliam trāiēcit, bellum cīvīle gestūrus adversus Norbānum - et Scīpiōnem cōnsulēs. Et prīmō proeliō contrā Norbānum - dīmicāvit nōn longē ā Capuā.[114] Tunc sex mīlia ēius cecīdit, - sex mīlia cēpit, CXXIV suōs āmīsit. Inde etiam ad Scīpiōnem - sē convertit et ante proelium tōtum ēius exercitum sine 10 - sanguine in dēditiōnem accēpit. - - - _Battle of Colline Gate, 82 B.C._ - - =8.= Sed cum Rōmae mūtātī cōnsulēs essent, Marius, Marī - fīlius, ac Papīrius Carbō cōnsulātum accēpissent, Sulla - contrā Marium iūniōrem dīmicāvit et XV mīlibus ēius occīsīs - CCCC dē suīs perdidit. Mox etiam urbem ingressus est. 15 - Marium, Marī fīlium, Praeneste[115] persecūtus obsēdit et ad - mortem compulit. Rūrsus pūgnam gravissimam habuit - contrā Lamponium et Carīnātem, ducēs partis Mariānae, ad - portam Collīnam. LXX mīlia hostium in eō proeliō contrā - Sullam fuisse dīcuntur. XII mīlia sē Sullae dēdidērunt, 20 - cēterī in aciē, in castris, in fugā īnsatiābilī īrā victōrum - cōnsūmptī sunt. Cn. quoque Carbō, cōnsul alter, ab Arīminō - ad Siciliam fūgit et ibi per Cn. Pompēium interfectus - est, quem adulēscentem Sulla atque annōs ūnum et vīgintī - nātum cognitā ēius industriā exercitibus praefēcerat, ut 25 - secundus ā Sullā habērētur. - - =9.= Occīsō ergō Carbōne Siciliam Pompēius recēpit. Trānsgressus - 51 inde ad Āfricam Domitium, Mariānae partis ducem, - et Hiardam, rēgem Mauretāniae, quī Domitiō auxilium ferēbat, - occīdit. Post haec Sulla dē Mithradāte ingentī glōriā - triumphāvit. Cn. etiam Pompēius, quod nūllī Rōmānōrum - tribūtum erat, quārtum et vīcēsimum annum agēns dē 5 - Āfricā triumphāvit. Hunc fīnem habuērunt duo bella - fūnestissima, Ītalicum, quod et sociāle dictum est, et cīvīle, - quae ambō trācta sunt per annōs decem. Cōnsūmpsērunt - ultrā CL mīlia hominum, virōs cōnsulārēs XXIV, praetōriōs - VII, aedīlīciōs LX, senātōrēs ferē CC. 10 - - - - - LIBER SEXTUS - - FROM THE END OF THE FIRST CIVIL WAR TO THE ASSASSINATION OF - CAESAR, 81-44 B.C. - - - _War with Sertorius, 78-72 B.C._ - - =1.= M. Aemiliō Lepidō Q. Catulō cōnsulibus, cum Sulla - rem publicam composuisset, bella nova exārsērunt, ūnum in - Hispāniā, aliud in Pamphȳliā et Ciliciā, tertium in Macedoniā, - quārtum in Dalmatiā. Nam Sertōrius, quī partium - Mariānārum fuerat, timēns fortūnam cēterōrum, quī interēmptī 15 - erant, ad bellum commōvit Hispāniās. Missī sunt - contrā eum ducēs Q. Caecilius Metellus, fīlius ēius quī - Iugurtham rēgem vīcit, et L. Domitius praetor. Ā Sertōrī - duce Hirtulēiō Domitius occīsus est. Metellus variō successū - contrā Sertōrium dīmicāvit. Posteā cum impār pūgnae[116] 20 - sōlus Metellus putārētur, Cn. Pompēius ad Hispāniās - missus est. Ita duōbus ducibus adversīs Sertōrius fortūnā - variā saepe pūgnāvit. Octāvō demum annō per suōs occīsus - 52 est, et fīnis eī bellō datus per Cn. Pompēium adulēscentem - et Q. Metellum Pium atque omnēs prope Hispāniae in - diciōnem populī Rōmānī redāctae. - - =2.= Ad Macedoniam missus est Ap. Claudius post cōnsulātum. - Levia proelia habuit contrā variās gentēs, quae Rhodopam 5 - prōvinciam incolēbant, atque ibi morbō mortuus est. - Missus eī successor C. Scrībōnius Cūriō post cōnsulātum. - Is Dardanōs vīcit et ūsque ad Dānuvium penetrāvit triumphumque - meruit et intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit. - - - _War with the Isaurians, 78 B.C._ - - =3.= Ad Ciliciam et Pamphȳliam missus est P. Servīlius ex 10 - cōnsule, vir strēnuus. Is Ciliciam subēgit, Lyciae urbēs - clārissimās oppūgnāvit et cēpit, in hīs Phasēlida, Olympum, - Cōrycum. Isaurōs quoque aggressus in diciōnem redēgit - atque intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit. Prīmus omnium - Rōmānōrum[117] in Taurō iter fēcit. Revertēns triumphum 15 - accēpit et nōmen Isauricī meruit. - - =4.= Ad Īllyricum missus est C. Coscōnius prō cōnsule. Multam - partem Dalmatiae subēgit, Salōnās cēpit et compositō - bellō Rōmam post biennium rediit. - - =5.= Īsdem temporibus cōnsul M. Aemilius Lepidus, Catulī 20 - conlēga, bellum cīvīle voluit commovēre, intrā ūnam tamen - aestātem mōtus ēius oppressus est. Ita ūnō tempore multī - simul triumphī fuērunt, Metellī ex Hispāniā, Pompēī secundus - ex Hispāniā, Cūriōnis ex Macedoniā, Servīlī ex Isauriā. - - - _The Third Mithradatic War, 74-63 B.C._ - - =6.= Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō sextō 25 - L. Liciniō Lūcullō et M. Aurēliō Cottā cōnsulibus mortuus - 53 est Nīcomēdēs, rēx Bīthȳniae, et per testāmentum populum - Rōmānum fēcit hērēdem. Mithradātēs pāce ruptā Bīthȳniam - et Asiam rūrsus voluit invādere. Adversus eum - ambō cōnsulēs missī variam habuēre fortūnam. Cotta apud - Chalcēdōna victus ab eō aciē, etiam intrā oppidum coāctus 5 - est et obsessus. Sed cum sē inde Mithradātēs Cȳzicum - trānstulisset, ut Cȳzicō captā tōtam Asiam invāderet, Lūcullus - eī, alter cōnsul, occurrit. Ac dum Mithradātēs in obsidiōne - Cȳzicī commorātur, ipse eum ā tergō obsēdit famēque - cōnsūmpsit et multīs proeliīs vīcit, postrēmō Bȳzantium, 10 - quae nunc Cōnstantīnopolis est, fugāvit. Nāvālī quoque - proeliō ducēs ēius Lūcullus oppressit. Ita ūnā hieme et - aestāte ā Lūcullō centum ferē mīlia rēgis exstīncta sunt. - - - _War with the Gladiators, 73-71 B.C._ - - =7.= Annō urbis Rōmae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō octāvō - Macedoniam prōvinciam M. Licinius Lūcullus accēpit, 15 - cōnsōbrīnus Lūcullī, quī contrā Mithradātēn bellum gerēbat. - Et in Ītaliā novum bellum subitō commōtum est. Septuāgintā - enim et quattuor gladiātōrēs ducibus Spartacō, Crixō - et Oenomaō effrāctō Capuae ludō fūgērunt et per Ītaliam - vagantēs paene nōn levius bellum in eā, quam Hannibal 20 - mōverat, parāvērunt. Nam multīs ducibus et duōbus simul - Rōmānōrum cōnsulibus victīs sexāgintā ferē mīlium armātōrum - exercitum congregāvērunt, victīque sunt in Āpūliā ā - M. Liciniō Crassō prō cōnsule, et post multās calamitātēs - Ītaliae tertiō annō bellō huic est fīnis impositus. 25 - - =8.= Sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō prīmō annō urbis conditae, P. - Cornēliō Lentulō et Cn. Aufidiō Oreste cōnsulibus, duo tantum - gravia bella in imperiō Rōmānō erant, Mithradāticum - et Macedonicum. Haec duo Lūcullī agēbant, L. Lūcullus - et M. Lūcullus. L. ergō Lūcullus post pūgnam Cȳzicēnam, 30 - 54 quā vīcerat Mithradātēn, et nāvālem, quā ducēs ēius oppresserat, - persecūtus est eum et receptā Paphlagoniā atque - Bīthȳniā etiam rēgnum ēius invāsit, Sinōpēn et Amīson, - cīvitātēs Pontī nōbilissimās, cēpit. Secundō proeliō apud - Cabīra cīvitātem, quō ingentēs cōpiās ex omnī rēgnō addūxerat 5 - Mithradātēs, cum XXX mīlia lēctissima rēgis ā quīnque - mīlibus Rōmānōrum vāstāta essent, Mithradātēs fugātus - est, castra ēius dīrepta. Armenia quoque Minor, quam - tenuerat, eīdem sublāta est. Susceptus tamen est Mithradātēs - post fugam ā Tigrāne, Armeniae rēge, quī tum ingentī 10 - glōriā imperābat, Persās saepe vīcerat, Mesopotamiam occupāverat - et Syriam et Phoenīcēs partem. - - - _Battle of Tigranocerta, 69 B.C._ - - =9.= Ergō Lūcullus repetēns hostem fugātum etiam rēgnum - Tigrānis ingressus est. Tigrānocertam, cīvitātem Arzanēnae, - nōbilissimam rēgnī Armeniacī, cēpit, ipsum rēgem 15 - cum septem mīlibus quīngentīs clībanāriīs et centum mīlibus - sagittāriōrum et armātōrum venientem decem et octō - mīlia mīlitum habēns ita vīcit ut māgnam partem Armeniōrum - dēlēverit. Inde Nisibīn profectus eam quoque - cīvitātem cum rēgis frātre cēpit. Sed hī quōs in Pontō 20 - Lūcullus relīquerat cum exercitūs parte, ut regīōnēs victās - et iam Rōmānōrum tuērentur, neglegenter sē et avārē - agentēs occāsiōnem iterum Mithradātī in Pontum inrumpendī[118] - dedērunt, atque ita bellum renovātum est. Lūcullō - parantī captā Nisibī contrā Persās expeditiōnem successor 25 - est missus. - - =10.= Alter autem Lūcullus, quī Macedoniam administrābat, - Bessīs prīmus Rōmānōrum intulit bellum atque eōs ingentī - 55 proeliō in Haemō monte superāvit. Oppidum Uscudamam, - quod Bessī habitābant, eōdem diē quō aggressus est vīcit, - Cabylēn cēpit, ūsque ad Dānuvium penetrāvit. Inde multās - suprā Pontum positās cīvitātēs aggressus est. Illīc Apolloniam - ēvertit, Callatim, Parthenopolim, Tomos, Histrum, 5 - Burziaonem cēpit bellōque cōnfectō Rōmam rediit. Ambō - triumphāvērunt, tamen Lūcullus, quī contrā Mithradātēn - pūgnāverat, māiōre glōriā, cum tantōrum rēgnōrum[119] victor - redisset. - - =11.= Confectō bellō Macedonicō, manente Mithradāticō, 10 - quod recedente Lūcullō rēx conlēctīs auxiliīs reparāverat, - bellum Crēticum ortum est. Ad id missus Q. Caecilius Metellus - ingentibus proeliīs intrā triennium omnem prōvinciam - cēpit, appellātusque est Crēticus atque ex īnsulā triumphāvit. - Quō tempore Libya quoque Rōmānō imperiō per 15 - testāmentum Appiōnis, quī rēx ēius fuerat, accessit, in quā - inclutae urbēs erant Berenīcē, Ptolemāïs, Cȳrēnē. - - - _Cn. Pompey takes command, 66 B.C._ - - =12.= Dum haec geruntur, pīrātae omnia maria īnfestābant - ita ut Rōmānīs tōtō orbe victōribus sōla nāvigātiō tūta nōn - esset. Quārē id bellum Cn. Pompēiō dēcrētum est. Quod 20 - intrā paucōs mēnsēs ingentī et fēlicitāte et celeritāte - cōnfēcit. Mox eī dēlātum etiam bellum contrā Mithradātēn et - Tigrānēn. Quō susceptō Mithradātēn in Armeniā Minōre - nocturnō proeliō vīcit, castra dīripuit, quadrāgintā mīlia - ēius occīdit, vīgintī tantum dē exercitū[120] suō perdidit et 25 - duōs centuriōnēs. Mithradātēs cum uxōre fūgit et duōbus - comitibus. Neque multō post, cum in suōs saevīret, Pharnacis, - 56 fīliī suī, apud mīlitēs sēditiōne ad mortem coāctus - venēnum hausit. Hunc fīnem habuit Mithradātēs. Periit - autem apud Bosporum, vir ingentis industriae[121] cōnsiliīque. - Rēgnāvit annīs sexāgintā, vīxit septuāgintā duōbus, contrā - Rōmānōs bellum habuit annīs quadrāgintā. 5 - - =13.= Tigrānī deinde Pompēius bellum intulit. Ille sē eī - dēdidit et in castra Pompēī sextō decimō mīliāriō ab Artaxatā - vēnit ac diadēma suum, cum prōcubuisset ad genua - Pompēī, in manibus ipsīus conlocāvit. Quod eī Pompēius - reposuit honōrificēque eum habitum rēgnī tamen parte 10 - multāvit et grandī pecūniā. Adēmpta est eī[122] Syria, Phoenīcē, - Sophanēnē; sex mīlia praetereā talentōrum argentī - indicta, quae populō Rōmānō daret, quia bellum sine causā - Rōmānīs commōvisset.[123] - - - _Pompey subdues Syria and Palestine, 64 B.C._ - - =14.= Pompēius mox etiam Albānīs bellum intulit et eōrum 15 - rēgem Orōdēn ter vīcit, postrēmō per epistulās ac mūnera - rogātus veniam eī ac pācem dedit. Hibēriae quoque rēgem - Artacēn vīcit aciē et in dēditiōnem accēpit. Armeniam - Minōrem Dēiotarō, Galatiae rēgī, dōnāvit, quia socius bellī - Mithradāticī fuerat. Attalō et Pylaemēnī Paphlagoniam 20 - reddidit. Aristarchum Colchīs rēgem imposuit. Mox Itūraeōs - et Arabās vīcit. Et cum vēnisset in Syriam, Seleucīam, - vīcīnam Antiochīae[124] cīvitātem, lībertāte[125] dōnāvit, - quod rēgem Tigrānēn nōn recēpisset.[123] Antiochēnsibus - obsidēs reddidit. Aliquantum agrōrum Daphnēnsibus dedit, 25 - 57 quō lūcus ibi spatiōsior fieret,[126] dēlectātus locī - amoenitāte et aquārum abundantiā. Inde ad Iūdaeam trānsgressus - est, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, tertiō mēnse cēpit XII mīlibus - Iūdaeōrum occīsīs, cēterīs in fidem accēptīs. Hīs gestīs - in Asiam sē recēpit et fīnem antīquissimō bellō dedit. 5 - - - _Cicero Consul. Conspiracy of Catiline, 63 B.C._ - - =15.= M. Tulliō Cicerōne ōrātōre et C. Antōniō cōnsulibus, - annō ab urbe conditā sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō nōnō, L. - Sergius Catilīna, nōbilissimī generis vir, sed ingeniī - prāvissimī, ad dēlendam patriam[127] coniūrāvit cum quibusdam - clārīs quidem sed audācibus virīs. Ā Cicerōne urbe expulsus 10 - est. Sociī ēius dēprehēnsī in carcere strangulātī - sunt. Ab Antōniō, alterō cōnsule, Catilīna ipse victus - proeliō est interfectus. - - - _Triumphs of Metellus and Pompey, 62 B.C._ - - =16.= Sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō annō urbis conditae D. Iūniō - Sīlānō et L. Mūrēnā cōnsulibus Metellus dē Crētā triumphāvit, 15 - Pompēius dē bellō pīrāticō et Mithradāticō. Nūlla - umquam pompa triumphī similis fuit. Ductī sunt ante - ēius currum fīliī Mithradātis, fīlius Tigrānis et Aristobūlus, - rēx Iūdaeōrum; praelāta est ingēns pecūnia et aurī atque - argentī īnfīnītum. Hōc tempore nūllum per orbem terrārum 20 - grave bellum erat. - - - _Caesar Consul, 59 B.C. Governor of Gaul, 58-49 B.C._ - - =17.= Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō tertiō - C. Iūlius Caesar, quī posteā imperāvit, cum L. Bibulō - 58 cōnsul est factus. Dēcrēta est eī Gallia et Īllyricum cum - legiōnibus decem. Is prīmus vīcit Helvētiōs, quī nunc - Sēquanī appellantur, deinde vincendō[128] per bella gravissima - ūsque ad Ōceanum Britannicum prōcessit. Domuit autem - annīs nōvem ferē omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpēs, flūmen 5 - Rhodanum, Rhēnum et Ōceanum est et circuitū patet ad - bis et trīciēs centēna mīlia[129] passuum. Britannīs mox bellum - intulit, quibus ante eum nē nōmen quidem Rōmānōrum cognitum - erat, eōsque victōs obsidibus acceptīs stīpendiāriōs - fēcit. Galliae[130] autem tribūtī nōmine annuum imperāvit 10 - stīpendium quadringentiēs, Germānōsque trāns Rhēnum - aggressus immanissimīs proeliīs vīcit. Inter tot successūs - ter male pūgnāvit, apud Arvērnōs semel praesēns et absēns - in Germāniā bis. Nam lēgātī ēius duo, Titūrius et Aurunculēius, - per īnsidiās caesī sunt. 15 - - - _Battle of Carrae; M. Licinius Crassus slain, 53 B.C._ - - =18.= Circā eadem tempora, annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō - nōnāgēsimō septimō, M. Licinius Crassus, conlēga Cn. Pompēī - Māgnī in cōnsulātū secundō, contrā Parthōs missus est - et cum circā Carrās contrā ōmen et auspicia dīmicāsset, ā - Surēnā Orōdis rēgis duce victus ad postrēmum interfectus - est cum fīliō, clārissimō et praestantissimō iuvene. 20 - Reliquiae exercitus per C. Cassium quaestōrem servātae sunt, - quī singulārī animō[131] perditās rēs tantā virtūte restituit ut - Persās rediēns trāns Euphrātēn crēbrīs proeliīs vinceret.[132] - - - 59 _The Civil War between Caesar and Pompey, 49-45 B.C. - Caesar invades Italy, Pompey flees to Greece, 49 B.C._ - - =19.= Hinc iam bellum cīvīle successit exsecrandum[133] et - lacrimābile, quō praeter calamitātēs, quae in proeliīs accidērunt, - etiam populī Rōmānī fortūna mūtāta est. Caesar enim - rediēns ex Galliā victor coepit poscere alterum cōnsulātum - atque ita, ut sine dubietāte aliquā eī dēferrētur. Contrādictum 5 - est ā Mārcellō cōnsule, ā Bibulō, ā Pompēiō, ā Catōne, - iussusque dīmissīs exercitibus ad urbem redīre. Propter - quam iniūriam ab Arīminō, ubi mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat, - adversum patriam cum exercitū vēnit. Cōnsulēs cum Pompēiō - senātusque omnis atque ūniversa nōbilitās ex urbe 10 - fūgit[134] et in Graeciam trānsiit. Apud Ēpīrum, Macedoniam, - Achaeam Pompēiō duce senātus contrā Caesarem bellum - parāvit. - - - _Caesar crosses to Spain._ - - =20.= Caesar vacuam urbem ingressus dictātōrem sē fēcit. - Inde Hispāniās petiit. Ibi Pompēī exercitūs validissimōs et 15 - fortissimōs cum tribus ducibus, L. Āfraniō, M. Petrēiō, M. - Varrōne, superāvit. Inde regressus in Graeciam trānsiit, - adversum Pompēium dīmicāvit. Prīmō proeliō victus est - et fugātus, ēvāsit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompēius - sequī nōluit, dīxitque Caesar nec Pompēium scīre vincere 20 - et illō tantum diē sē potuisse superārī. Deinde in Thessaliā - apud Palaeopharsālum prōductīs utrimque ingentibus - cōpiīs dīmicāvērunt. Pompēī aciēs habuit XL mīlia peditum, - equitēs in sinistrō cornū sexcentōs, in dextrō quīngentōs, - praetereā tōtīus Orientis auxilia, tōtam nōbilitātem, 25 - 60 innumerōs senātōrēs, praetōriōs, cōnsulārēs et quī māgnōrum - iam bellōrum victōrēs fuissent.[135] Caesar in aciē suā habuit - peditum nōn integra XXX mīlia, equitēs mīlle. - - - _Battle of Pharsalus. Pompey is defeated, flees to Egypt, - and is slain, 48 B.C._ - - =21.= Numquam adhūc Rōmānae cōpiae in ūnum neque - māiōrēs neque meliōribus ducibus convēnerant, tōtum terrārum 5 - orbem facile subāctūrae,[136] sī contrā barbarōs dūcerentur.[137] - Pūgnātum tum est ingentī contentiōne, victusque ad postrēmum - Pompēius et castra ēius dīrepta sunt. Ipse fugātus - Alexandrīam petiit, ut ā rēge Aegyptī, cuī tūtor ā senātū - datus fuerat propter iuvenīlem ēius aetātem, acciperet auxilia. 10 - Quī fortūnam magis quam amīcitiam secūtus occīdit - Pompēium, caput ēius et ānulum Caesarī mīsit. Quō cōnspectō - Caesar etiam lacrimās fūdisse dīcitur, tantī virī intuēns - caput et generī quondam suī. - - - _Caesar defeats Ptolemy._ - - =22.= Mox Caesar Alexandrīam vēnit. Ipsī quoque Ptolemaeus 15 - parāre voluit īnsidiās, quā causā bellum rēgī inlātum - est. Victus in Nīlō periit inventumque est ēius corpus cum - lōrīcā aureā. Caesar Alexandrīā[138] potītus rēgnum Cleopatrae - dedit, Ptolemaeī sorōrī. Rediēns inde Caesar Pharnacēn, - Mithradātis Māgnī fīlium, quī Pompēiō in auxilium apud 20 - Thessaliam fuerat, rebellantem in Pontō et multās populī - Rōmānī prōvinciās occupantem vīcit aciē, posteā ad mortem - coēgit. - - - 61 _Battle of Thapsus, 46 B.C._ - - =23.= Inde Rōmam regressus tertiō sē cōnsulem fēcit cum - M. Aemiliō Lepidō, quī eī magister equitum dictātōrī ante - annum[139] fuerat. Inde in Āfricam profectus est, ubi īnfīnīta - nōbilitās cum Iubā, Mauretāniae rēge, bellum reparāverat. - Ducēs autem Rōmānī erant P. Cornēlius Scīpiō ex genere 5 - antīquissimō Scīpiōnis Āfricānī (hīc etiam socer Pompēī - Māgnī fuerat), M. Petrēius, Q. Vārus, M. Porcius Catō, - L. Cornēlius Faustus, Sullae dictātōris fīlius. Contrā hōs - commissō proeliō post multās dīmicātiōnēs victor fuit Caesar. - Catō, Scīpiō, Petrēius, Iuba ipsī sē occīdērunt. Faustus, 10 - Sullae quondam dictātōris fīlius, Pompēī gener, ā - Caesare interfectus est. - - - _Battle of Munda, 45 B.C._ - - =24.= Post annum[139] Caesar Rōmam regressus quārtō sē cōnsulem - fēcit et statim ad Hispāniās est profectus, ubi Pompēī - fīliī, Cn. Pompēius et Sex. Pompēius, ingēns bellum 15 - praeparāverant. Multa proelia fuērunt, ultimum apud[140] Mundam - cīvitātem, in quō adeō Caesar paene victus est ut fugientibus - suīs sē voluerit occīdere, nē post tantam reī mīlitāris - glōriam in potestātem adulēscentium nātus annōs sex et - quīnquāgintā vēnīret. Dēnique revocātīs suīs vīcit. Ex 20 - Pompēī fīliīs māior occīsus est, minor fūgit. - - - _Caesar Monarch, 45 B.C. Caesar Assassinated, 44 B.C._ - - =25.= Inde Caesar bellīs cīvīlibus tōtō orbe compositīs Rōmam - rediit. Agere īnsolentius[141] coepit et contrā cōnsuētūdinem - 62 Rōmānae lībertātis. Cum ergō et honōrēs ex suā - voluntāte praestāret, quī ā populō anteā dēferēbantur, nec - senātuī ad sē venientī adsurgeret aliaque rēgia ac paene - tyrannica faceret, coniūrātum est[142] in eum ā sexāgintā vel - amplius senātōribus equitibusque Rōmānīs. Praecipuī fuērunt 5 - inter coniūrātōs duo Brūtī ex eō genere Brūtī, quī prīmus - Rōmae cōnsul fuerat et rēgēs expulerat, et C. Cassius et - Servīlius Casca. Ergō Caesar, cum senātūs diē inter cēterōs - vēnisset ad cūriam, tribus et vīgintī vulneribus cōnfossus est. - - - - - LIBER SEPTIMUS - - FROM THE ASSASSINATION OF CAESAR TO THE DEATH OF THE EMPEROR - DOMITIAN, 44 B.C.-96 A.D. - - - _Civil War with Hirtius and Pansa, 44-43 B.C._ - - =1.= Annō urbis septingentēsimō ferē ac nōnō interfectō 10 - Caesare cīvīlia bella reparāta sunt. Percussōribus[143] enim - Caesaris senātus favēbat. Antōnius cōnsul partium Caesaris - cīvīlibus bellīs opprimere eōs cōnābātur. Ergō turbātā rē - pūblicā multa Antōnius scelera committēns ā senātū hostis - iūdicātus est. Missī ad eum persequendum duo cōnsulēs, 15 - Pānsa et Hīrtius, et Octāviānus adulēscēns annōs X et VIII - nātus, Caesaris nepōs, quem ille testāmentō hērēdem relīquerat - et nōmen suum ferre iusserat. Hīc est, quī posteā - Augustus est dictus et rērum[144] potītus. Quī profectī contrā - Antōnium trēs ducēs vīcērunt eum. Ēvēnit tamen ut victōrēs 20 - 63 cōnsulēs ambō morerentur. Quārē trēs exercitūs ūnī - Caesarī Augustō pāruērunt. - - - _The Second Triumvirate, 43 B.C._ - - =2.= Fugātus Antōnius āmissō exercitū cōnfūgit ad Lepidum, - quī Caesarī[145] magister equitum fuerat et tum mīlitum cōpiās - grandēs habēbat, ā quō susceptus est. Mox Lepidō operam 5 - dante Caesar pācem cum Antōniō fēcit et quasi vindicātūrus - patris suī mortem, ā quō per testāmentum fuerat adoptātus, - Rōmam cum exercitū profectus extorsit ut sibi vīcēsimō - annō cōnsulātus darētur. Senātum prōscrīpsit, cum Antōniō - ac Lepidō rem pūblicam armīs tenēre coepit. Per hōs[146] 10 - etiam Cicero ōrātor occīsus est multīque aliī nōbilēs. - - - _The Battle of Philippi, 42 B.C._ - - =3.= Intereā Brūtus et Cassius, interfectōrēs Caesaris, ingēns - bellum mōvērunt. Erant enim per Macedoniam et - Orientem multī exercitūs, quōs occupāverant. Profectī sunt - igitur contrā eōs Caesar Octāviānus Augustus et M. Antōnius; 15 - remānserat enim ad dēfendendam Ītaliam Lepidus. - Apud Philippōs, Macedoniae urbem, contrā eōs pūgnāvērunt. - Prīmō proeliō victī sunt Antōnius et Caesar, periit - tamen dux nōbilitātis Cassius, secundō Brūtum et īnfīnītam - nōbilitātem, quae cum illīs bellum gesserat, victam 20 - interfēcērunt. Ac sīc inter eōs dīvīsa est rēs pūblica, ut - Augustus Hispāniās, Galliās et Ītaliam tenēret, Antōnius Asiam, - Pontum, Orientem. Sed in Ītaliā L. Antōnius cōnsul bellum - cīvīle commōvit, frāter ēius, quī cum Caesare contrā - Brūtum et Cassium dīmicāverat. Is apud Perusiam, Tusciae 25 - cīvitātem, victus et captus est, neque occīsus. - - - 64 _War with Sextus Pompey._ - - =4.= Interim ā Sex. Pompēiō, Cn. Pompēī Māgnī fīliō, ingēns - bellum in Siciliā commōtum est, hīs quī superfuerant - ex partibus Brūtī Cassiīque ad eum cōnfluentibus. Bellātum - per Caesarem Augustum Octāviānum et M. Antōnium adversus - Sex. Pompēium est. Pāx postrēmō convēnit. 5 - - =5.= Eō tempore M. Agrippa in Aquītāniā rem prōsperē - gessit et L. Ventidius Bassus inrumpentēs in Syriam Persās - tribus proeliīs vīcit. Pacorum, rēgis Orōdis fīlium, interfēcit - eō ipsō diē quō ōlim Orōdēs, Persārum rēx, per ducem - Surēnam Crassum occīderat. Hīc prīmus dē Parthīs iūstissimum 10 - triumphum Rōmae ēgit. - - =6.= Interim Pompēius pācem rūpit et nāvālī proeliō victus - fugiēns ad Asiam interfectus est. Antōnius, quī Asiam et - Orientem tenēbat, repudiātā sorōre Caesaris Augustī Octāviānī - Cleopatram, rēgīnam Aegyptī, dūxit uxōrem. Contrā 15 - Persās etiam ipse pūgnāvit. Prīmīs eōs proeliīs vīcit, - regrediēns tamen famē et pestilentiā labōrāvit et, cum īnstārent - Parthī fugientī, ipse prō victō recessit. - - - _Civil War between Augustus and Antonius. The Battle of - Actium, 31 B.C._ - - =7.= Hīc quoque ingēns bellum cīvīle commōvit cōgente - uxōre Cleopatrā, rēgīnā Aegyptī, dum cupiditāte muliebrī 20 - optat etiam in urbe rēgnāre. Victus est ab Augustō nāvālī - pūgnā clārā et inlūstrī apud Actium, quī locus in Ēpīrō est, - ex quā fūgit in Aegyptum et dēspērātīs rēbus, cum omnēs[147] - ad Augustum trānsīrent, ipse sē interēmit. Cleopatra sibi[148] - aspidem admīsit et venēnō ēius exstincta est. Aegyptus per 25 - 65 Octāviānum Augustum imperiō Rōmānō adiecta est praepositusque - eī C. Cornēlius Gallus. Hunc prīmum Aegyptus - Rōmānum iūdicem habuit. - - - _Imperial Government Established, 31 B.C._ - - =8.= Ita bellīs tōtō orbe cōnfectīs Octāviānus Augustus Rōmam - rediit, duodecimō annō[149] quam cōnsul fuerat. Ex eō 5 - rem pūblicam per quadrāgintā et quattuor annōs sōlus obtinuit. - Ante enim duodecim annīs cum Antōniō et Lepidō - tenuerat. Ita ab initiō prīncipātūs ēius ūsque ad fīnem - quīnquāgintā et sex annī fuērunt. Obiit autem septuāgēsimō - sextō annō morte commūnī in oppidō Campāniae 10 - Ātellā. Rōmae in campō Mārtiō sepultus est, vir, quī nōn - immeritō ex māximā parte deō[150] similis est putātus. Neque - enim facile ūllus eō[151] aut in bellīs fēlīcior fuit aut in pāce - moderātior. Quadrāgintā et quattuor annīs, quibus sōlus - gessit imperium, cīvīlissimē vīxit, in cūnctōs līberālissimus, 15 - in amīcōs fīdissimus, quōs tantīs ēvēxit honōribus ut paene - aequāret fastīgiō suō. - - - _Extension of the Empire._ - - =9.= Nūllō tempore ante eum magis rēs Rōmāna floruit. - Nam exceptīs cīvīlibus bellīs, in quibus invictus fuit, Rōmānō - adiēcit imperiō Aegyptum, Cantabriam, Dalmatiam saepe 20 - ante vīctam, sed penitus tunc subāctam, Pannoniam, Aquītāniam, - Īllyricum, Raetiam, Vindelicōs et Salassōs in Alpibus, - omnēs Pontī maritimās cīvitātēs, in hīs nōbilissimās - Bosporum et Panticapaeum. Vīcit autem multīs proeliīs - Dācōs. Germānōrum ingentēs cōpiās cecīdit, ipsōs quoque 25 - 66 trāns Albim fluvium summōvit, quī in Barbaricō longē ultrā - Rhēnum est. Hōc tamen bellum per Drūsum, prīvīgnum - suum, administrāvit, sīcut per Tiberium, prīvīgnum alterum, - Pannonicum, … quō bellō XL captīvōrum mīlia ex Germāniā - trānstulit et suprā ripam Rhēnī in Galliā conlocāvit. 5 - Armeniam ā Parthīs recēpit. Obsidēs, quod nūllī anteā, - Persae eī dedērunt. Reddidērunt etiam sīgna Rōmāna, - quae Crassō victō adēmerant. - - - _Death of Augustus, 14 A.D._ - - =10.= Scythae et Indī, quibus anteā Rōmānōrum nōmen incognitum - fuerat, mūnera et lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt. Galatia 10 - quoque sub hōc prōvincia facta est, cum anteā rēgnum fuisset, - prīmusque eam M. Lollius prō praetōre administrāvit. - Tantō autem amōre[152] etiam apud barbarōs fuit ut rēgēs - populī Rōmānī amīcī in honōrem ēius conderent cīvitātēs, - quās Caesarēās nōminārent. Multī autem rēgēs ex rēgnīs 15 - suīs vēnērunt, ut eī obsequerentur, et habitū Rōmānō, togātī - scīlicet, ad vehiculum vel equum ipsīus cucurrērunt. Moriēns - Dīvus appellātus. Rem pūblicam beātissimam Tiberiō - successōrī relīquit, quī prīvīgnus eī, mox gener, postrēmō - adoptiōne fīlius fuerat. 20 - - - _Tiberius Emperor, 14-37 A.D._ - - =11.= Sed Tiberius ingentī sōcordiā imperium gessit, gravī - crūdēlitāte, scelestā avāritiā, turpī libīdine. Nam nūsquam - ipse pūgnāvit, bella per lēgātōs gessit suōs. Quōsdam rēgēs - ad sē per blanditiās ēvocātōs numquam remīsit, in quibus - Archelāum Cappadocem, cūius etiam rēgnum in prōvinciae 25 - fōrmam redēgit et māximam cīvitātem appellārī nōmine - 67 suō iussit, quae nunc Caesarēa dīcitur, cum Māzaca anteā - vocārētur. Hīc tertiō et vīcēsimō imperiī annō, aetātis - septuāgēsimō octāvō, ingentī omnium gaudiō mortuus est in - Campāniā. - - - _Caligula Emperor, 37-41 A.D._ - - =12.= Successit eī C. Caesar, cognōmentō Caligula, Drūsī, 5 - prīvīgnī Augustī, et ipsīus Tiberī nepōs, scelerātissimus ac - fūnestissimus et quī etiam Tiberī dēdecōra pūrgāverit.[153] - Bellum contrā Germānōs suscēpit et ingressus Suēviam - nihil strēnuē fēcit. Cum adversum cūnctōs ingentī avāritiā, - libīdine, crūdēlitāte saevīret, interfectus in Palātiō est annō 10 - aetātis vīcēsimō nōnō, imperiī tertiō, mēnse decimō diēque - octāvō. - - - _Claudius Emperor, 41-54 A.D._ - - =13.= Post hunc Claudius fuit, patruus Caligulae, Drūsī, - quī apud Mogontiacum monumentum habet, fīlius, cūius et - Caligula nepōs erat. Hīc mediē imperāvit, multa gerēns 15 - tranquillē atque moderātē, quaedam crūdēliter et īnsulsē. - Britannīs intulit bellum, quam nūllus Rōmānōrum post - C. Caesarem attigerat, eāque dēvictā per Cn. Sentium et - A. Plautium, inlūstrēs ac nōbilēs virōs, triumphum celebrem - ēgit. Quāsdam īnsulās etiam ultrā Britanniās in 20 - Ōceanō positās imperiō Rōmānō addidit, quae appellantur - Orchadēs, fīliō autem suō Britannicī nōmen imposuit. - Tam cīvīlis autem circā quōsdam amīcōs exstitit, ut etiam - Plautium, nōbilem virum, quī expeditiōne Britannicā multa - ēgregiē fēcerat, triumphantem ipse prōsequerētur et 25 - cōnscendentī Capitōlium laevus incēderet. Is vīxit annōs IV - et LX, imperāvit XIV. Post mortem cōnsecrātus est Dīvusque - appellātus. - - - 68 _Nero Emperor, 54-68 A.D._ - - =14.= Successit huic Nerō, Caligulae, avunculō suō, simillimus, - quī Rōmānum imperium et dēfōrmāvit et minuit, inūsitātae - lūxuriae[154] sūmptuumque, et quī exemplō C. Caligulae in - calidīs et frīgidīs lavāret unguentīs, rētibus aureīs piscārētur, - quae blattinīs fūnibus extrahēbat. Īnfīnītam senātus 5 - partem interfēcit, bonīs[155] omnibus hostis fuit. Ad postrēmum - sē tantō dēdecōre prōstituit ut et saltāret et cantāret - in scaenā citharoedicō habitū vel tragicō. Parricīdia multa - commīsit frātre, uxōre, sorōre, mātre interfectīs. Urbem - Rōmam incendit, ut spectāculī ēius imāginem cerneret, quālī 10 - ōlim Trōia capta ārserat. In rē mīlitārī nihil omnīnō ausus - Britanniam paene āmīsit. Nam duo sub eō nōbilissima - oppida capta illīc atque ēversa sunt. Armeniam Parthī - sustulērunt legiōnēsque Rōmānās sub iugum mīsērunt. - Duae tamen sub eō prōvinciae factae sunt, Pontus Polemōniacus 15 - concedente rēge Polemōne et Alpēs Cottiae Cottiō - rēge dēfūnctō. - - =15.= Per haec Rōmānō orbī exsecrābilis ab omnibus simul - dēstitūtus est et ā senātū hostis iūdicātus; cum quaererētur - ad poenam, quae poena erat tālis, ut nūdus per pūblicum 20 - ductus furcā capitī ēius īnsertā virgīs ūsque ad mortem - caederētur atque ita praecipitārētur ā saxō, ē Palātiō fūgit - et in suburbānō sē lībertī suī, quod inter Salariam et - Nōmentānam viam ad quārtum urbis mīliārium est, interfēcit. - Is aedificāvit Rōmae thermās, quae ante Nerōniānae dictae 25 - nunc Alexandriānae appellantur. Obiit trīcēsimō et alterō - aetātis annō, imperiī quārtō decimō, atque in eō omnis - Augustī familia cōnsūmpta est. - - - 69 _Galba Emperor, 68-69 A.D._ - - =16.= Huic Serv. Galba successit, antīquissimae nōbilitātis - senātor, cum septuāgēsimum et tertium annum ageret aetātis, - ab Hispānīs et Gallīs imperātōr ēlēctus, mox ab ūniversō - exercitū lībenter acceptus. Nam privāta ēius vīta - īnsīgnis fuerat mīlitāribus et cīvīlibus rēbus. Saepe cōnsul, 5 - saepe prō cōnsule, frequenter dux in gravissimīs bellīs. - Hūius breve imperium fuit et quod bona habēret exōrdia, - nisi ad sevēritātem prōpēnsior vidērētur.[156] Īnsidiīs tamen - Othōnis occīsus est imperiī mēnse septimō. Iugulātus in - forō Rōmae sepultusque in hortīs suīs, quī sunt Aurēliā viā 10 - nōn longē ab urbe Rōmā. - - - _Otho Emperor, 69 A.D._ - - =17.= Otho occīsō Galbā invāsit imperium, māternō genere[157] - nōbilior quam paternō, neutrō tamen obscūrō. In privātā - vītā mollis et Nerōnī familiāris, in imperiō documentum - suī nōn potuit ostendere. Nam cum īsdem temporibus, 15 - quibus Otho Galbam occīderat, etiam Vitellius factus esset - ā Germāniciānīs exercitibus imperātōr, bellō contrā eum - susceptō cum apud Bēdriacum in Ītaliā levī proeliō victus - esset, ingentēs tamen cōpiās ad bellum habēret, sponte sēmet[158] - occīdit. Petentibus mīlitibus nē tam cito dē bellī dēspērāret 20 - ēventū, cum tantī[159] sē nōn esse dīxisset ut propter - eum bellum cīvīle movērētur, voluntāriā morte obiit trīcēsimō - et octāvō aetātis annō, nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī - diē. - - - 70 _Vitellius Emperor, 69 A.D._ - - =18.= Dein Vitellius imperiō[160] potītus est, familiā honōrātā - magis quam nōbilī. Nam pater ēius nōn admodum clārē - nātus trēs tamen ōrdināriōs gesserat cōnsulātūs. Hīc cum - multō dēdecōre imperāvit et gravī saevitiā nōtābilis, praecipuē - ingluviē et vorācitāte, quippe cum dē diē saepe quārtō 5 - vel quīntō ferātur[161] epulātus. Nōtissima certē cēna memoriae - mandāta est, quam eī Vitellius frāter exhibuit, in quā - super cēterōs sūmptūs duo mīlia piscium, septem avium - apposita trāduntur. Hīc cum Nerōnī similis esse vellet - atque id adeō prae sē ferret, ut etiam exsequiās Nerōnis, 10 - quae humiliter sepultae fuerant, honōrāret, ā Vespasiānī - ducibus occīsus est interfectō prius in urbe Sabīnō, Vespasiānī - imperātōris frātre, quem cum Capitōliō incendit. - Interfectus autem est māgnō dēdecōre: trāctus per urbem - Rōmam pūblicē, nūdus, ērēctō comā capite et subiectō ad 15 - mentum gladiō, stercore in vultum et pectus ab omnibus - obviīs appetītus, postrēmō iugulātus et in Tiberim dēiectus - etiam commūnī caruit sepultūrā. Periit autem aetātis annō - septimō et quīnquāgēsimō, imperiī mēnse octāvō et diē ūnō. - - - _Vespasian Emperor, 69-79 A.D._ - - =19.= Vespasiānus huic successit, factus apud Palaestīnam 20 - imperātōr, prīnceps obscūrē quidem nātus, sed optimīs - comparandus, privātā vītā inlūstris, ut quī ā Claudiō in - Germāniam et deinde in Britanniam missus trīciēs et bis cum - hoste cōnflīxerit, duās validissimās gentēs, vīgintī oppida, - īnsulam Vectam, Britanniae prōximam, imperiō Rōmānō 25 - adiēcerit. Rōmae sē in imperiō moderātissimē gessit. Pecūniae - 71 tantum avidior fuit, ita tamen, ut eam nūllī[162] iniūstē - auferret. Quam cum omnī dīligentiae prōvīsiōne conligeret, - tamen studiōsissimē largiēbātur, praecipuē indigentibus. - - Nec facile ante eum cūiusquam prīncipis vel māior est - līberālitas comperta, vel iūstior. Placidissimae lēnitātis, 5 - ut quī māiestātis quoque contrā sē reōs nōn facile pūnīret - ultrā exsiliī poenam. Sub hōc Iūdaea Rōmānō accessit - imperiō et Hierosolyma, quae fuit urbs nōbilissima Palaestīnae. - Achaeam, Lyciam, Rhodum, Bȳzantium, Samum, - quae līberae ante id tempus fuerant, item Thrāciam, Ciliciam, 10 - Commāgēnēn, quae sub rēgibus amīcīs ēgerant, in - prōvinciārum fōrmam redēgit. - - =20.= Offēnsārum[163] et inimīcitiārum immemor fuit, convīcia - ā causidicīs et philosophīs in sē dicta lēniter tulit, dīligēns - tamen coërcitor disciplīnae mīlitāris. Hīc cum fīliō Titō 15 - dē Hierosolymīs triumphāvit. Per haec cum senātuī, populō, - postrēmō cūnctīs amābilis ac iūcundus esset, prōfluviō - ventris exstinctus est in vīllā propriā circā Sabīnōs, annum - agēns aetātis sexāgēsimum nōnum, imperiī nōnum et diem - septimum, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est. Genitūram fīliōrum 20 - ita cognitam habuit, ut, cum multae contrā eum coniūrātiōnēs - fierent, quās patefactās ingentī dissimulātiōne - contempsit, in senātū dīxerit aut fīliōs sibi successūrōs, aut - nēminem. - - - _Titus Emperor, 79-81 A.D._ - - =21.= Huic Titus fīlius successit, quī et ipse Vespasiānus est 25 - dictus, vir omnium virtūtum genere mirābilis adeō ut amor - et dēliciae humānī generis dīcerētur, facundissimus, - bellicōsissimus, moderātissimus. Causās Latīnē ēgit, poēmata - 72 et tragoediās Graecē composuit. In oppūgnātiōne Hierosolymōrum - sub patre mīlitāns duodecim prōpūgnātōrēs duodecim - sagittārum cōnfīxit ictibus. Rōmae tantae cīvīlitātis - in imperiō fuit ut nūllum omnīnō pūnīerit, convīctōs adversum - sē coniūrātiōnis dīmīserit vel in eādem familiāritāte 5 - quā anteā habuerit. Facilitātis et līberālitātis tantae fuit - ut, cum nūllī quicquam negāret et ab amīcīs reprehenderētur, - responderit nūllum trīstem dēbēre ab imperātōre discēdere, - praetereā cum quādam diē in cēnā recordātus fuisset - nihil sē illō diē cuīquam praestitisse, dīxerit: ‘Amīcī, hodiē 10 - diem perdidī.’ Hīc Rōmae amphitheātrum aedificāvit et - quīnque mīlia ferārum in dēdicātiōne ēius occīdit. - - =22.= Per haec inūsitātō favōre dīlēctus morbō periit in eā, - quā pater, vīllā post biennium et mēnsēs octō, diēs vīgintī, - quam imperātōr erat factus, aetātis annō alterō et 15 - quadrāgēsimō. Tantus lūctus eō mortuō pūblicus fuit ut omnēs - tamquam in propriā doluerint orbitāte. Senātus obitū ipsīus - circā vesperam nūntiātō nocte inrūpit in cūriam et tantās eī - mortuō laudēs gratiāsque congessit, quantās nec vīvō umquam - ēgerat nec praesentī. Inter Dīvōs relātus est. 20 - - - _Domitian Emperor, 81-96 A.D._ - - =23.= Domitiānus mox accēpit imperium, frāter ipsīus - iūnior, Nerōnī aut Caligulae aut Tiberiō similior quam patrī - vel frātrī suō. Prīmīs tamen annīs moderātus in imperiō fuit, - mox ad ingentia vitia prōgressus libīdinis, īrācundiae, - crūdēlitātis, avāritiae, tantum in sē odiī[164] concitāvit ut 25 - merita et patris et frātris abolēret. Interfēcit nōbilissimōs ē - senātū. Dominum sē et deum prīmus appellārī iussit. - Nūllam sibi nisi auream et argenteam statuam in Capitōliō - 73 passus est ponī. Cōnsōbrīnōs suōs interfēcit. Superbia - quoque in eō exsecrābilis fuit. Expeditiōnēs quattuor habuit, - ūnam adversum Sarmatās, alteram adversum Cattōs, - duās adversum Dācōs. Dē Dācīs Cattīsque duplicem triumphum - ēgit, dē Sarmatīs sōlam lauream ūsūrpāvit. Multās 5 - tamen calamitātēs īsdem bellīs passus est; nam in Sarmatiā - legiō ēius cum duce interfecta est et ā Dācīs Oppius Sabīnus - cōnsulāris et Cornēlius Fuscus, praefectus praetōriō, - cum māgnīs exercitibus occīsī sunt. Rōmae quoque multa - opera fēcit, in hīs Capitōlium et Forum Trānsitōrium, Dīvōrum 10 - Porticus, Īsīum ac Serāpīum et Stadium. Vērum cum - ob scelera ūniversīs exōsus esse coepisset, interfectus est - suōrum coniūrātiōne in Palātiō, annō aetātis quadrāgēsimō - quīntō, imperiī quīntō decimō. Fūnus ēius cum ingentī - dēdecōre per vespillōnēs exportātum et ignōbiliter est 15 - sepultum. - - - - - LIBER OCTĀVUS - - FROM THE ACCESSION OF NERVA TO THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER - SEVERUS, 96-235 A.D. - - - _Nerva Emperor, 96-98 A.D._ - - =1.= Annō octingentēsimō et quīnquāgēsimō ab urbe conditā - Vetere et Valente cōnsulibus rēs pūblica ad prōsperrimum - statum rediit bonīs prīncipibus ingentī fēlicitāte commissa. - Domitiānō enim, exitiābilī tyrannō, Nerva successit, vir in 20 - prīvātā vītā moderātus et strēnuus, nōbilitātis mediae. Quī - senex admodum operam dante Petrōniō Secundō, praefectō - praetōriō, item Partheniō, interfectōre Domitiānī, imperātōr - est factus; aequissimum sē et cīvilissimum praebuit. Reī[165] - 74 pūblicae dīvīnā prōvīsiōne cōnsuluit Trāiānum adoptandō.[166] - Mortuus est Rōmae post annum et quattuor mēnsēs imperiī - suī ac diēs octō, aetātis septuāgēsimō et alterō annō, atque - inter Dīvōs relātus est. - - - _Trajan Emperor, 98-117 A.D._ - - =2.= Successit eī Ulpius Crīnītus Trāiānus, nātus Ītalicae in 5 - Hispāniā, familiā[167] antīquā magis quam clārā. Nam pater - ēius prīmum cōnsul fuit. Imperātōr autem apud Agrippīnam - in Galliīs factus est. Rem pūblicam ita administrāvit - ut omnibus prīncipibus meritō praeferātur, inūsitātae - cīvīlitātis et fortitūdinis. Rōmānī imperiī, quod post Augustum 10 - dēfēnsum magis fuerat quam nōbiliter ampliātum, - fīnēs longē lātēque diffūdit. Urbēs trāns Rhēnum in Germāniā - reparāvit. Dāciam Decibalō victō subēgit prōvinciā - trāns Dānubium factā in hīs agrīs quōs nunc Taifalī, Victoalī - et Tervingī habent. Ea prōvincia deciēs centēna mīlia 15 - passuum in circuitū tenuit. - - =3.= Armeniam, quam occupāverant Parthī, recēpit Parthomasīrī - occisō, quī eam tenēbat. Albānīs rēgem dedit. - Hibērōrum rēgem et Sauromatārum et Bosporānōrum et - Arabum et Osdroēnōrum et Colchōrum in fidem accēpit. 20 - Carduenōs, Marcomedōs occupāvit et Anthemūsiam, māgnam - Persidis regiōnem, Seleuciam, Ctēsiphōntem, Babylōnem; - Messēniōs vīcit ac tenuit. Ūsque ad Indiae fīnēs - et mare Rubrum accessit atque ibi trēs prōvinciās fēcit, - Armeniam, Assyriam, Mesopotamiam, cum hīs gentibus 25 - quae Madenam attingunt. Arabiam posteā in prōvinciae - fōrmam redēgit. In marī Rubrō classem īnstituit, ut per - eam Indiae fīnēs vāstāret. - - 75 =4.= Glōriam tamen mīlitārem cīvīlitāte et moderātiōne superāvit, - Rōmae et per prōvinciās aequālem sē omnibus exhibēns, - amīcōs salūtandī[168] causā frequentāns vel aegrōtantēs - vel cum fēstōs diēs habuissent, convīvia cum īsdem indiscrēta - vicissim habēns, saepe in vehiculīs eōrum sedēns, nūllum 5 - senātōrum laedēns, nihil iniūstum ad augendum fiscum - agēns, līberālis in cūnctōs, pūblicē prīvātimque dītāns omnēs - et honōribus augēns, quōs vel mediōcrī familiāritāte cognōvisset, - per orbem terrārum aedificāns multa, immūnitātēs - cīvitātibus tribuēns, nihil nōn tranquillum et placidum 10 - agēns, adeō ut omnī ēius aetāte ūnus senātor damnātus sit - atque is tamen per senātum ignōrante Trāiānō. Ob haec - per orbem terrārum deō proximus nihil nōn venerātiōnis - meruit et vīvus et mortuus. - - =5.= Inter alia dicta hoc ipsīus fertur ēgregium. Amīcīs 15 - enim culpantibus, quod nimium circā omnēs commūnis esset,[169] - respondit tālem sē imperātōrem esse prīvātīs, quālēs esse - sibi imperātōrēs prīvātus optāsset. Post ingentem igitur - glōriam bellī domīque quaesitam ē Perside rediēns apud - Seleuciam Isauriae prōfluviō ventris exstinctus est. Obiit 20 - autem aetātis annō sexāgēsimō tertiō, mēnse nōnō, diē - quārtō, imperiī nōnō decimō, mēnse sextō, diē quīntō decimō. - Inter Dīvōs relātus est sōlusque omnium intrā urbem - sepultus est. Ossa conlāta in urnam auream in forō, quod - aedificāvit, sub columnā posita sunt, cūius altitūdō CXLIV 25 - pedēs habet. Hūius tantum memoriae dēlātum est ut - ūsque ad nostram aetātem nōn aliter in senātū prīncipibus - acclāmētur, nisi ‘Fēlīciōr Augustō,[170] meliōr Trāiānō.’ Adeō - in eō glōria bonitātis obtinuit, ut vel adsentantibus vel - 76 vērē laudantibus occāsiōnem māgnificentissimī praestet - exemplī. - - - _Hadrian Emperor, 117-138 A.D._ - - =6.= Dēfūnctō Trāiānō Aelius Hadriānus creātus est prīnceps, - sine aliquā quidem voluntāte Trāiānī, sed operam dante - Plōtīnā, Trāiānī uxōre; nam eum Trāiānus, quamquam 5 - cōnsōbrīnae suae fīlium, vīvus nōluerat adoptāre. Nātus - et ipse Ītalicae in Hispāniā. Quī Trāiānī glōriae invidēns - statim prōvinciās trēs relīquit, quās Trāiānus addiderat, et - dē Assyriā, Mesopotamiā, Armeniā revocāvit exercitūs ac - fīnem imperiī esse voluit Euphrātēn. Idem dē Dāciā facere 10 - conātum amīcī dēterruērunt, nē multī cīvēs Rōmānī barbarīs - trāderentur, proptereā quia Trāiānus victā Dāciā ex tōtō - orbe Rōmānō īnfīnītās eō cōpiās hominum trānstulerat ad - agrōs et urbēs colendās. Dācia enim diūturnō bellō Decibalī - virīs fuerat exhausta. 15 - - =7.= Pācem tamen omnī imperiī suī tempore habuit, semel - tantum per praesidem dīmicāvit. Orbem Rōmānum circumiit; - multa aedificāvit. Fācundissimus Latīnō sermōne, - Graecō ērudītissimus fuit. Nōn māgnam clēmentiae glōriam - habuit, dīligentissimus tamen circā aerārium et mīlitum 20 - disciplīnam. Obiit in Campāniā māior sexāgenāriō, imperiī - annō vīcēsimō prīmō, mēnse decimō, diē vīcēsimō nōnō. - Senātus eī tribuere nōluit dīvīnōs honōrēs, tamen cum successor - ipsīus T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius hōc vehementer - exigeret, etsī ūniversī senātōrēs palam resisterent, tandem 25 - obtinuit. - - - _Antoninus Pius Emperor, 138-161 A.D._ - - =8.= Ergō Hadriānō successit T. Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius, - īdem etiam Pius nōminātus, genere clārō, sed nōn admodum - 77 vetere, vir īnsīgnis et quī meritō Numae Pompiliō cōnferātur,[171] - ita ut Rōmulō Trāiānus aequētur. Vīxit ingentī honestāte - prīvātus, māiōre in imperiō, nūllī acerbus, cūnctīs - benīgnus, in rē mīlitārī moderātā glōriā, dēfendere magis - prōvinciās quam amplificāre studēns, virōs aequissimōs ad 5 - administrandam rem pūblicam quaerēns, bonīs honōrem - habēns, improbōs sine aliquā acerbitāte dētestāns, rēgibus - amīcīs venerābilis nōn minus quam terribilis, adeō ut barbarōrum - plūrimae nātiōnēs dēpositīs armīs ad eum contrōversiās - suās lītēsque dēferrent sententiaeque pārērent. Hīc 10 - ante imperium dītissimus opēs quidem omnēs suās stīpendiīs - mīlitum et circā amīcōs līberālītātibus minuit, vērum - aerārium opulentum relīquit. Pius propter clēmentiam - dictus est. Obiit apud Lorium, vīllam suam, mīliāriō ab - urbe duodecimō, vītae annō septuāgēsimō tertiō, imperiī 15 - vīcēsimō tertiō, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est et meritō - cōnsecrātus. - - - _Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Emperors, 161-169 A.D._ - - =9.= Post hunc imperāvit M. Antōnīnus Vērus, haud dubiē - nōbilissimus, quippe cum ēius orīgō paterna ā Numā Pompiliō, - māterna ā Sallentīnō rēge penderet, et cum eō L. Annius 20 - Antōnīnus Vērus. Tumque prīmum Rōmāna rēs pūblica - duōbus aequō iūre imperium administrantibus pāruit, cum - ūsque ad eōs singulōs semper habuisset Augustōs. Hī et - genere inter sē coniūnctī fuērunt et adfīnitāte. Nam Vērus - Annius Antōnīnus M. Antōnīnī fīliam in mātrimōnium habuit, 25 - M. autem Antōnīnus gener Antōnīnī Piī fuit per uxōrem - Galēriam Faustīnam iūniōrem, cōnsōbrīnam suam. - - =10.= Hī bellum contrā Parthōs gessērunt, quī post victōriam - 78 Trāiānī tum prīmum rebellāverant. Vērus Antōnīnus ad id - profectus est. Quī Antiochīae et circā Armeniam agēns multa - per ducēs suōs et ingentiā patrāvit. Seleucīam, Assyriae - urbem nōbilissimam, cum quadringentīs mīlibus hominum - cēpit; Parthicum triumphum revexit. Cum frātre eōdemque[172] 5 - socerō triumphāvit. Obiit tamen in Venetiā, cum ā - Concordiā cīvitāte Altīnum proficīscerētur et cum frātre - in vehiculō sēderet, subitō sanguine ictus, cāsū morbī quem - Graecī apoplēxin vocant. Vir ingeniī parum cīvīlis, reverentiā - tamen frātris nihil umquam atrōx ausus. Cum obisset 10 - ūndecimō imperiī annō, inter deōs relātus est. - - - _Marcus Aurelius reigns alone, 169-180 A.D._ - - =11.= Post eum M. Antōnīnus sōlus rem pūblicam tenuit, vir - quem mīrārī facilius quis quam laudāre possit. Ā prīncipiō - vītae tranquillissimus, adeō ut ex īnfantīa quoque vultum - nec ex gaudiō nec ex maerōre mutāverit. Philosophiae dēditus 15 - Stoicae, ipse etiam nōn sōlum vītae moribus, sed etiam - ērudītiōne philosophus. Tantae admirātiōnis adhūc iuvenis - ut eum successōrem parāverit Hadriānus relinquere, - adoptātō tamen Antōnīnō Piō generum eī idcircō esse voluerit, - ut hōc ōrdine ad imperium pervenīret. 20 - - =12.= Īnstitūtus est ad philosophiam per Apollōnium[173] - Chalcēdōnium, ad scientiam litterārum Graecārum per Sextum - Chaerōnēnsem, Plūtarchī nepōtem, Latīnās autem eum litterās - Frontō, ōrātor nōbilissimus, docuit. Hīc cum omnibus - Rōmae aequō iūre ēgit, ad nūllam īnsolentiam ēlātus est 25 - imperiī fastīgiō; līberālitātis prōmptissimae. Prōvinciās - ingentī benīgnitāte et moderātiōne trāctāvit. Contrā Germānōs - 79 eō prīncipe rēs fēlīciter gestae sunt. Bellum ipse ūnum - gessit Marcomannicum, sed quantum nūllā memoriā fuit, - adeō ut Pūnicīs cōnferātur. Nam eō[174] gravius est factum, - quod ūniversī exercitūs Rōmānī perierant. Sub hōc enim - tantus cāsus pestilentiae fuit ut post victōriam Persicam 5 - Rōmae ac per Ītaliam prōvinciāsque māxima hominum pars, - mīlitum omnēs ferē cōpiae languōre dēfēcerint. - - =13.= Ingentī ergō labōre et moderātiōne, cum apud Carnuntum - iūgī trienniō perseverāsset, bellum Marcomannicum cōnfēcit, - quod cum hīs Quādī, Vandalī, Sarmatae, Suēvī atque 10 - omnis barbaria commoverat, multa hominum mīlia interfēcit, - ac Pannoniīs servitiō līberātīs Rōmae rūrsus cum - Commodō Antōnīnō, fīliō suō, quem iam Caesarem fēcerat, - triumphāvit. Ad hūius bellī sūmptum cum aerāriō exhaustō - largītiōnēs nūllās habēret neque indīcere prōvinciālibus 15 - aut senātuī aliquid vellet, īnstrumentum rēgiī cultūs - factā in forō Dīvī Trāiānī sectiōne distrāxit, vāsa aurea, - pōcula crystallina et murrina, uxōriam ac suam sēricam et - auream vestem, multa ōrnamenta gemmārum. Ac per duōs - continuōs mēnsēs ea vēnditiō habita est multumque aurī 20 - redāctum. Post victōriam tamen ēmptōribus pretia restituit, - quī reddere comparāta voluērunt; molestus nūllī fuit - quī māluit semel ēmpta retinēre. - - =14.= Hīc permīsit virīs clāriōribus ut convīvia eōdem cultū - quō ipse et ministrīs similibus exhibērent. In ēditiōne 25 - mūnerum post victōriam adeō māgnificus fuit ut centum - simul leōnēs exhibuisse trādātur. Cum igitur fortūnātam - rem pūblicam et virtūte et mānsuetūdine reddidisset, obiit - XVIII imperiī annō, vītae LXI, et omnibus certātim adnitentibus - inter Dīvōs relātus est. 30 - - - 80 _Commodus Emperor, 180-193 A.D._ - - =15.= Hūius successōr L. Antōnīnus Commodus nihil paternum - habuit, nisi quod contrā Germānōs fēlīciter et ipse - pūgnāvit. Septembrem mēnsem ad nōmen suum trānsferre - conātus est, ut Commodus dīcerētur. Sed lūxuriā et obscēnitāte - dēprāvātus gladiātōriīs armīs saepissimē in lūdō, 5 - deincēps etiam in amphitheātrō cum hūiusmodī hominibus - dīmicāvit. Obiit morte subitā atque adeō ut strangulātus - vel venēnō interfectus putārētur, cum annīs XII post patrem - et VIII mēnsibus imperāsset, tantā exsecrātiōne omnium ut - hostis humānī generis etiam mortuus iūdicārētur. 10 - - - _Pertinax Emperor, 193 A.D._ - - =16.= Huic successit Pertināx, grandaevus iam et quī - septuāgenāriam attigisset aetātem, praefectūram urbī tum agēns, - ex senātūs cōnsultō imperāre iussus. Octōgēsimō diē imperiī - praetōriānōrum mīlitum sēditiōne et Iūliānī scelere - occīsus est. 15 - - =17.= Post eum Salvius Iūliānus rem pūblicam invāsit, vir - nōbilis et iūre perītissimus, nepōs Salvī Iūliānī, quī sub - Dīvō Hadriānō perpetuum composuit ēdictum. Victus est - ā Sevērō apud Mulvium pontem, interfectus in Palātiō. - Vīxit mēnsibus septem postquam coeperat imperāre. 20 - - - _Septimius Severus Emperor, 193-211 A.D._ - - =18.= Hinc imperiī Rōmānī administrātiōnem Septimius - Sevērus accēpit, oriundus ex Āfricā prōvinciā Tripolitānā, - oppidō Leptī. Sōlus omnī memoriā[175] et ante et posteā ex - Āfricā imperātōr fuit. Hīc prīmum fiscī advocātus, mox - mīlitāris tribūnus, per multa deinde et varia officia atque 25 - 81 honōrēs ūsque ad administrātiōnem tōtīus reī pūblicae vēnit. - Pertinācem sē appellārī voluit in honōrem ēius Pertinācis, - quī ā Iūliānō fuerat occīsus. Parcus admodum fuit, natūrā - saevus. Bella multa et fēlīciter gessit. Pescennium Nigrum, - quī in Aegyptō et Syriā rebellāverat, apud Cȳzicum 5 - interfēcit. Parthōs vīcit et Arabās interiōrēs et Adiabēnōs. - Arabās eō ūsque superāvit ut etiam prōvinciam ibi faceret. - Idcircō Parthicus, Arabicus, Adiabēnicus dictus est. Multa - tōtō orbe Rōmānō reparāvit. Sub eō etiam Clōdius Albīnus, - quī in occidendō Pertināce socius fuerat Iūliānō,[176] Caesarem 10 - sē in Galliā fēcit, victusque apud Lugdūnum est interfectus. - - =19.= Sevērus tamen praeter bellicam glōriam etiam cīvīlibus - studiīs clārus fuit et litterīs doctus, philosophiae scientiam - ad plēnum adeptus. Novissimum bellum in Britanniā - habuit, utque receptās prōvinciās omnī sēcūritāte mūnīret, 15 - vāllum per CXXXII passuum mīlia ā marī ad mare dēdūxit. - Dēcessit Eborācī admodum senex, imperiī annō sextō - decimō, mēnse tertiō. Dīvus appellātus est. Nam fīliōs - duōs successōrēs relīquit, Bassiānum et Getam, sed Bassiānō - Antōnīnī nōmen ā senātū voluit impōnī. Itaque dictus 20 - est M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus patrīque successit. - Nam Geta hostis pūblicus iūdicātus cōnfestim periit. - - - _Caracalla Emperor, 211-217 A.D._ - - =20.= M. igitur Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus, īdemque Caracalla, - mōrum ferē paternōrum fuit, paulō asperior et mināx. - Opus Rōmae ēgregium fēcit lavācrī, quae thermae Antōnīniānae 25 - appellantur, nihil praetereā memorābile. Impatientis - libīdinis, quī novercam suam Iūliam uxōrem dūxerit. Dēfūnctus - est in Osdroēna apud Edessam moliēns adversum - 82 Parthōs expedītiōnem annō imperiī sextō, mēnse secundō, - vix ēgressus quadrāgēsimum tertium annum. Fūnere pūblicō - ēlātus est. - - - _Macrinus Emperor, 218 A.D._ - - =21.= Deinde Opilius Macrīnus, quī praefectus praetōriō - erat, cum fīliō Diadūmenō factī imperātōrēs nihil memorābile 5 - ex temporis brevitāte gessērunt. Nam imperium - eōrum duum mēnsuum et ūnīus annī fuit. Sēditiōne mīlitārī - ambō pariter occīsī sunt. - - - _Heliogabalus Emperor, 218-221 A.D._ - - =22.= Creātus est post hōs M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus. Hīc - Antonīnī Caracallae fīlius putābātur, sacerdōs autem 10 - Heliogabalī templī erat. Is cum Rōmam ingentī et mīlitum et - senātūs exspectātiōne vēnisset, probrīs sē omnibus contāmināvit. - Impudicissimē et obscēnissimē vīxit, bienniōque post - et octō mēnsibus tumultū interfectus est mīlitārī et cum eō - māter Symiasera. 15 - - - _Alexander Severus Emperor, 221-235 A.D._ - - =23.= Successit huic Aurēlius Alexander, ab exercitū Caesar, - ā senātū Augustus nōminātus, iuvenis admodum, susceptōque - adversus Persās bellō Xerxēn, eōrum rēgem, glōriōsissimē - vīcit. Mīlitārem disciplīnam sevērissimē rēxit. - Quāsdam tumultuantēs legiōnēs integrās exauctorāvit. 20 - Adsessōrem habuit vel scriniī magistrum Ulpiānum, iūris - conditōrem. Rōmae quoque favōrābilis fuit. Periit in Galliā - mīlitārī tumultū tertiō decimō imperiī annō et diē nōnō. - In Mamaeam, mātrem suam, ūnicē pius. - - - - - 83 LIBER NŌNUS - - FROM THE ACCESSION OF MAXIMUS TO THE ABDICATION OF - DIOCLETIAN, 235-305 A.D. - - - _Maximinus Emperor, 235-237 A.D._ - - =1.= Post hunc Māximīnus ex corpore mīlitārī prīmus ad - imperium accessit sōlā mīlitum voluntāte, cum nūlla senātūs - intercessisset auctōritās neque ipse senātor esset. Is bellō - adversus Germānōs fēlīciter gestō cum ā mīlitibus imperātōr - esset appellātus, ā Pupiēnō Aquilēiae occīsus est 5 - dēserentibus eum mīlitibus suīs cum fīliō adhūc puerō, cum quō - imperāverat trienniō et paucīs diēbus. - - - _Antonius Gordianus Emperor, 237-238 A.D. Gordianus III - Emperor, 238-244 A.D._ - - =2.= Posteā trēs simul Augustī fuērunt, Pupiēnus, Balbīnus, - Gordiānus, duo superiōrēs obscūrissimō genere, Gordiānus - nōbilis, quippe cūius pater, senior Gordiānus, cōnsensū 10 - mīlitum, cum prōcōnsulātum Āfricae gereret, Māximīnō - imperante prīnceps fuisset ēlēctus. Itaque cum Rōmam - vēnissent, Balbīnus et Pupiēnus in Palātiō interfectī sunt, - sōlī[177] Gordiānō imperium reservātum. Gordiānus admodum - puer cum Tranquillīnam Rōmae dūxisset uxōrem, Iānum 15 - Geminum aperuit et ad Orientem profectus Parthīs bellum - intulit, quī iam mōliēbantur ērumpere. Quod quidem fēlīciter - gessit proeliīsque ingentibus Persās adflīxit. Rediēns - haud longē ā Rōmānīs fīnibus interfectus est fraude Philippī, - quī post eum imperāvit. Mīles eī tumulum vīcēsimō 20 - mīliāriō ā Circēsiō, quod castrum nunc Rōmānōrum est - Euphrātae inminēns, aedificāvit, exsequiās Rōmam revexit, - ipsum Dīvum appellāvit. - - - _Philip Emperor, 244-249 A.D._ - - 84 =3.= Philippī duo, fīlius ac pater, Gordiānō occīsō imperium - invāsērunt atque exercitū incolumī reductō ad Ītaliam ex - Syriā profectī sunt. Hīs imperantibus mīllēsimus annus - Rōmae urbis ingentī lūdōrum apparātū spectāculōrumque - celebrātus est. Ambō deinde ab exercitū interfectī sunt, 5 - senior Philippus Vērōnae, Rōmae iūnior. Annīs quīnque - imperāvērunt; inter Dīvōs tamen relātī sunt. - - - _Metius Decius Emperor, 249-251 A.D._ - - =4.= Post hōs Decius ē Pannoniā īnferiōre Budaliae nātus - imperium sūmpsit. Bellum cīvīle, quod in Galliā motum - fuerat, oppressit. Fīlium suum Caesarem fēcit. Rōmae 10 - lavācrum aedificāvit. Cum imperāssent bienniō ipse et - fīlius, uterque in Barbaricō interfectī sunt. Senior meruit - inter Dīvōs referrī. - - - _Gallus Hostilianus and Volusianus Emperors, 251-253 A.D._ - - =5.= Mox imperātōrēs creātī sunt Gallus Hostīliānus et Gallī - fīlius Volusiānus. Sub hīs Aemiliānus in Moesiā rēs novās 15 - mōlītus est; ad quem opprimendum cum ambō profectī - essent, Interamnae interfectī sunt nōn complētō bienniō. - Nihil omnīnō clārum gessērunt. Sōlā pestilentiā[178] et morbīs - atque aegritūdinibus nōtus eōrum prīncipātus fuit. - - _Aemilianus Emperor, 253 A.D._ - - =6.= Aemiliānus obscūrissimē nātus obscūrius imperāvit ac 20 - tertiō mēnse exstinctus est. - - - _Valerianus Emperor, 253-260 A.D._ - - =7.= Hinc Licinius Valeriānus in Raetiā et Nōricō agēns ab - exercitū imperātōr et mox Augustus est factus. Galliēnus - 85 quoque Rōmae ā senātū Caesar est appellātus. Hōrum imperium - Rōmānō nōminī perniciōsum et paene exitiābile fuit - vel īnfēlīcitāte prīncipum vel ignāviā. Germānī Ravennam - ūsque vēnērunt. Valeriānus in Mesopotamiā bellum gerēns - ā Sapōre, Persārum rēge, superātus est, mox etiam captus 5 - apud Parthōs ignōbilī servitūte cōnsenuit. - - - _Gallienus Emperor, 260-268 A.D._ - - =8.= Galliēnus cum adulēscēns factus esset Augustus, imperium - prīmum fēlīciter, mox commodē, ad ultimum perniciōsē - gessit. Nam iuvenis in Galliā et Īllyricō multa strēnuē - fēcit occīsō apud Mursam Ingenuō, quī purpuram sūmpserat, 10 - et Trebelliānō. Diū placidus et quiētus, mox in omnem - lascīviam dissolūtus, tenendae reī pūblicae habēnās probrōsā - ignāviā et dēspērātiōne laxāvit. Alamannī vāstātīs - Galliīs in Ītaliam penetrāvērunt. Dācia, quae ā Trāiānō - ultrā Dānuvium fuerat adiectā, tum āmissa, Graecia, Macedonia, 15 - Pontus, Asia vāstāta est per Gothōs, Pannonia ā - Sarmatīs Quadīsque populāta est, Germānī ūsque ad Hispāniās - penetrāvērunt et cīvitātem nōbilem Tarracōnem expūgnāvērunt, - Parthī Mesopotamiā occupātā Syriam sibi - coeperant vindicāre. 20 - - =9.= Iam dēspērātīs rēbus et dēlētō paene imperiō Rōmānō - Postumus in Galliā, obscūrissimē nātus, purpuram sūmpsit - et per annōs decem ita imperāvit ut cōnsūmptās paene prōvinciās - ingentī virtūte et moderātiōne reparāverit. Quī - sēditiōne mīlitum interfectus est, quod Mogontiacum cīvitātem, 25 - quae adversus eum rebellāverat Laeliānō rēs novās - mōliente, dīripiendam[179] mīlitibus trādere nōluisset. Post - eum Marius, vīlissimus opifex, purpuram accēpit et secundō - 86 diē interfectus est. Victorīnus posteā Galliārum accēpit - imperium, vir strēnuissimus, sed cum nimiae libīdinis[180] esset - et mātrimōnia aliēna corrumperet, Agrippīnae occīsus est - āctuāriō quōdam dolum māchinante, imperiī suī annō - secundō. 5 - - =10.= Huic successit Tetricus senātor, quī Aquitāniam honōre - praesidīs administrāns absēns ā mīlitibus imperātōr ēlēctus - est et apud Burdigalam purpuram sūmpsit. Sēditiōnēs - multās mīlitum pertulit. Sed dum haec in Galliā geruntur, - in Oriente per Odenāthum Persae victī sunt. Dēfēnsā 10 - Syriā, receptā Mesopotamiā ūsque ad Ctēsiphōntem Odenāthus - penetrāvit. - - - _Claudius Emperor, 268-270 A.D._ - - =11.= Ita Galliēnō rem pūblicam dēserente Rōmānum imperium - in Occidente per Postumum, per Odenāthum in Oriente - servātum est. Galliēnus intereā Mediōlānī cum Valeriānō 15 - frātre occīsus est imperiī annō nōnō, Claudiusque eī successit - ā mīlitibus ēlēctus, ā senātū appellatus Augustus. Hīc - Gothōs Īllyricum Macedoniamque vāstantēs ingentī proeliō - vīcit. Parcus vir ac modestus et iūstī[181] tenāx ac reī pūblicae - gerendae idōneus, quī tamen intrā imperiī biennium morbō 20 - interiit. Dīvus appellātus est. Senātus eum ingentī honōre - decorāvit, scīlicet ut in cūriā clipeus ipsī aureus, item in - Capitōliō statua aurea pōnerētur. - - - _Quintillus Emperor, 270 A.D._ - - =12.= Quintillus post eum, Claudī frāter, cōnsēnsū mīlitum - imperātōr ēlēctus est, ūnicae moderātionīs[180] vir et 25 - 87 cīvīlitātis, aequandus frātrī vel praeponendus. Cōnsēnsū senātūs - appellātus Augustus septimō decimō diē imperiī occīsus est. - - - _Aurelian Emperor, 270-275 A.D._ - - =13.= Post eum Aurēliānus suscēpit imperium, Dāciā Rīpēnsī - oriundus, vir in bellō potēns, animī tamen immodicī et ad - crūdēlitātem prōpēnsiōris. Is quoque Gothōs strēnuissimē 5 - vīcit. Rōmānam diciōnem ad fīnēs prīstinōs variā bellōrum - fēlīcitāte revocāvit. Superāvit in Galliā Tetricum apud - Catalaunōs ipsō Tetricō prōdente exercitum suum, cūius - adsiduās sēditiōnēs ferre nōn poterat. Quīn etiam per litterās - occultās Aurēliānum ita fuerat dēprecātus ut inter 10 - alia versū[182] Vergiliānō uterētur: ‘Ēripe mē hīs, invicte, - malīs.’ Zēnobiam quoque, quae occīsō Odenāthō marītō - Orientem tenēbat, haud longē ab Antiochīā sine gravī - proeliō cēpit, ingressusque Rōmam nōbilem triumphum - quasi receptor Orientis Occidentisque ēgit praecēdentibus 15 - currum Tetricō et Zēnobiā. Quī quidem Tetricus corrēctor - Lūcāniae posteā fuit ac prīvātus diūtissimē vīxit; Zēnobia - autem posterōs, quī adhūc manent, Rōmae relīquit. - - =14.= Hōc imperante etiam in urbe monētāriī rebellāvērunt - vitiātīs pecūniīs et Fēlīcissimō rationālī interfectō. Quōs 20 - Aurēliānus victōs ultimā crūdēlitāte compescuit. Plūrimōs - nōbilēs capite[183] damnāvit. Saevus et sanguinārius ac - necessārius magis in quibusdam quam in ūllō amābilis imperātōr. - Trux omnī tempore, etiam fīliī sorōris interfector, disciplīnae - tamen mīlitāris et morum dissolūtōrum māgnā ex parte corrēctor. 25 - - =15.= Urbem Rōmam mūrīs fīrmiōribus cīnxit. Templum - 88 Sōlī aedificāvit, in quō īnfīnītum aurī gemmārumque cōnstituit. - Prōvinciam Dāciam, quam Trāiānus ultrā Dānuvium - fēcerat, intermīsit, vāstātō omnī Īllyricō et Moesiā dēspērāns - eam posse retinērī, abductōsque Rōmānōs ex urbibus et - agrīs Dāciae in mediā Moesiā conlocāvit appellāvitque eam 5 - Dāciam, quae nunc duās Moesiās dīvīdit et est in dextrā - Dānuviō in mare fluentī, cum anteā fuerit in laevā. Occīditur - servī suī fraude, quī ad quōsdam mīlitārēs virōs, amīcōs - ipsīus, nōmina pertulit adnotāta falsō manum ēius imitātus, - tamquam Aurēliānus ipsōs pārāret occīdere; itaque ut 10 - praevenīrētur, ab īsdem interfectus est in itineris mediō, quod - inter Cōnstantīnopolim et Hēraclēam est strātae veteris; - locus Caenophrūrium appellātur. Mors tamen ēius inulta - nōn fuit. Meruit quoque inter Dīvōs referrī. - - - _Tacitus Emperor, 275-276 A.D._ - - =16.= Tacitus post hunc suscēpit imperium, vir ēgregiē morātus 15 - et reī pūblicae gerendae idōneus. Nihil tamen clārum - potuit ostendere intrā sextum mēnsem imperiī morte praeventus. - Flōriānus, quī Tacitō successerat, duōbus mēnsibus - et diēbus XX in imperiō fuit neque quicquam dīgnum memoriā - ēgit. 20 - - - _Probus Emperor, 276-282 A.D._ - - =17.= Post hunc Probus, vir inlūstris glōriā mīlitārī, ad - administrātiōnem reī pūblicae accessit. Galliās ā barbarīs - occupātās ingentī proeliōrum fēlīcitāte restituit. Quōsdam - imperium ūsūrpāre cōnātōs, scīlicet Sāturnīnum in Oriente, - Proculum et Bonōsum Agrippīnae, certāminibus oppressit. 25 - Vineās Gallōs et Pannoniōs habēre permīsit, opere mīlitārī - Almam montem apud Sirmium et Aureum apud Moesiam - superiōrem vīneīs cōnseruit et prōvinciālibus colendōs dedit. - 89 Hīc cum bella innumera gessisset, pāce pārātā dīxit brevī - mīlitēs necessāriōs nōn futūrōs. Vir ācer, strēnuus, iūstus - et quī Aurēliānum aequāret glōriā mīlitārī, morum autem - cīvīlitāte superāret. Interfectus tamen est Sirmī tumultū - mīlitārī in turrī ferrātā. 5 - - - _Carus Emperor, 282-283 A.D. Carus and Numerianus Emperors, - 283-284 A.D._ - - =18.= Post hunc Cārus est factus Augustus, Narbōne nātus - in Galliā. Is cōnfestim Carīnum et Numeriānum fīliōs Caesarēs - fēcit. Sed dum bellum adversus Sarmatās gerit, nūntiātō - Persārum tumultū ad Orientem profectus rēs contrā - Persās nōbilēs gessit. Ipsōs proeliō fūdit, Cōchēn et 10 - Ctēsiphōntem, urbēs nōbilissimās, cēpit. Et cum castra suprā - Tigridem habēret, vī dīvīnī fulminis periit. Numeriānus - quoque, fīlius ēius, quem sēcum Caesarem ad Persās dūxerat, - adulēscēns ēgregiae indolis, cum oculōrum dolōre correptus - in lectīculā veherētur, impulsōre Aprō, quī socer ēius 15 - erat, per īnsidiās occīsus est. Et cum dolō occultārētur - ipsīus mors, quoūsque Aper invādere posset imperium, fētōre - cadāveris prōdita est. Mīlitēs enim, quī eum sequebantur, - putōre commōtī dēductīs lectīculae palliīs post aliquot diēs - mortem ēius nōtam habēre potuērunt. 20 - - - _Diocletian Emperor, 284-305 A.D._ - - =19.= Intereā Carīnus, quem Caesarem ad Parthōs proficīscēns - Cārus in Īllyricō, Galliā, Italiā relīquerat, omnibus sē sceleribus - inquināvit. Plūrimōs innoxiōs fīctīs crīminibus occīdit, - mātrimōnia nōbilia corrūpit, condiscipulīs[184] quoque, quī - eum in auditōriō vel levī fatīgātiōne taxāverant, perniciōsus 25 - 90 fuit. Ob quae omnibus hominibus invīsus nōn multō post - poenās dedit. Nam dē Perside victor exercitus rediēns, - cum Cārum Augustum fulmine, Numeriānum Caesarem īnsidiīs - perdidisset, Dioclētiānum imperātōrem creāvit, Dalmatiā - oriundum, virum obscūrissimē nātum, adeō ut ā 5 - plerīsque scrībae fīlius, ā nōnnūllīs Ānullīnī senātōris - lībertīnus fuisse crēdātur. - - =20.= Is prīma mīlitum cōntiōne iūrāvit Numeriānum nūllō - suō dolō interfectum, et cum iūxtā eum Aper, quī Numeriānō - īnsidiās fēcerat, cōnstitisset, in cōnspectū exercitūs manū 10 - Dioclētiānī percussus est. Posteā Carīnum omnium odiō et - dētestātiōne vīventem apud Margum ingentī proeliō vīcit, - prōditum ab exercitū suō, quem fortiōrem habēbat, aut certē - dēsertum, inter Viminācium atque Aureum montem. Ita - rērum[185] Rōmānārum potītus cum tumultum rūsticānī in 15 - Galliā concitāssent et factiōnī suae Bacaudārum nōmen - impōnerent, ducēs autem habērent Amandum et Aeliānum, - ad subigendōs eōs Māximiānum Herculium Caesarem mīsit, - quī levibus proeliīs agrestēs domuit et pācem Galliae - refōrmāvit. 20 - - =21.= Per haec tempora etiam Carausius quī vīlissimē nātus - strēnuae mīlitiae ōrdine fāmam ēgregiam fuerat cōnsecūtus, - cum apud Bonōniam per trāctum Belgicae et Armoricī - pacandum mare accēpisset, quod Francī et Saxonēs īnfestābant. - Multīs barbarīs saepe captīs nec praedā integrā aut 25 - prōvincialibus redditā aut imperātōribus missā cum suspiciō - esse coepisset cōnsultō ab eō admittī barbarōs, ut trānseuntēs - cum praedā exciperet atque hāc sē occasiōne dītāret, - ā Māximiānō iussus occīdī purpuram sūmpsit et Britanniās - occupāvit. 30 - - - 91 _Diocletian makes Maximianus Herculius Augustus, Constantius - and Maximianus Caesars._ - - =22.= Ita cum per omnem orbem terrārum rēs turbātae essent, - Carausius in Britanniīs rebellāret, Achilleus in Aegyptō, - Āfricam Quīnquegentiānī īnfestārent, Narseus Orientī - bellum īnferret, Dioclētiānus Māximiānum Herculium ex - Caesare fēcit Augustum, Cōnstantium et Māximiānum 5 - Caesarēs, quōrum Cōnstantius per fīliam nepōs Claudī trāditur, - Māximiānus Gālerius in Dāciā haud longē ā Serdicā - nātus. Atque ut eōs etiam adfīnitāte coniungeret, Cōnstantius - prīvīgnam Herculī Theodōram accēpit, ex quā - posteā sex līberōs, Cōnstantīnī frātrēs, habuit, Gālerius 10 - fīliam Dioclētiānī Valeriam, ambō uxōrēs quās habuerant - repudiāre compulsī. Cum Carausiō tamen, cum bella frūstrā - temptāta essent contrā virum reī[186] mīlitāris perītissimum, - ad postrēmum pāx convēnit. Eum post septennium - Allectus, socius ēius, occīdit, atque ipse post eum Britanniās 15 - trienniō tenuit. Quī ductū Asclēpiodotī, praefectī praetōriō, - oppressus est. Ita Britanniae decimō annō receptae. - - =23.= Per idem tempus ā Cōnstantiō Caesare in Galliā bene - pūgnātum est. Circā Lingonas diē ūnā adversam et secundam - fortūnam expertus est. Nam cum repentē barbarīs ingruentibus 20 - intrā cīvitātem esset coāctus tam praecipitī necessitāte - ut clausīs portīs in mūrum fūnibus tollerētur, vix - quīnque hōrīs mediīs adventante exercitū sexāgintā ferē - mīlia Alamannōrum cecīdit. Māximiānus quoque Augustus - bellum in Āfricā prōflīgāvit domitīs Quīnquegentiānīs et 25 - ad pācem redāctīs. Dioclētiānus obsessum Alexandrīae - Achilleum octāvō ferē mēnse superāvit eumque interfēcit. - Victōriā acerbē usus est; tōtam Aegyptum gravibus - 92 prōscrīptiōnibus caedibusque foedāvit. Eā tamen occāsiōne - ōrdināvit prōvide multa et disposuit, quae ad nostram aetātem - manent. - - =24.= Gālerius Māximiānus prīmum adversus Narseum proelium - īnsecundum habuit inter Callinīcum Carrāsque congressus, 5 - cum incōnsultē magis quam ignavē dīmicāsset; - admodum enim parvā manū cum cōpiōsissimō hoste commīsit. - - =25.= Pulsus igitur et ad Dioclētiānum profectus cum eī - in itinere occurrisset, tantā īnsolentiā ā Dioclētiānō fertur 10 - exceptus ut per aliquot passuum mīlia purpurātus trādātur - ad vehiculum cucurrisse; mox tamen per Īllyricum Moesiamque - contrāctīs cōpiīs rūrsus cum Narseō, Hormisdae et - Sapōris avō, in Armeniā Māiōre pūgnāvit successū ingentī - nec minōre cōnsiliō, simul fortitūdine, quippe quī etiam 15 - speculātōris mūnus cum alterō aut tertiō equite suscēperit.[187] - Pulsō Narseō castra ēius dīripuit; uxōrēs, sorōrēs, līberōs - cēpit, īnfīnītam extrīnsecus Persārum nōbilitātem, gazam - Persicam cōpiōsissimam. Ipsum in ultimās rēgnī solitūdinēs - ēgit. Quārē ā Dioclētiānō in Mesopotamiā cum praesidiīs 20 - tum morante ovāns regressus ingentī honōre susceptus est. - Varia deinceps et simul et virītim bella gessērunt Carpīs et - Basternīs subāctīs, Sarmatīs victīs, quārum nātiōnum ingentēs - captīvōrum cōpiās in Rōmānīs fīnibus locāvērunt. - - - _Diocletian abdicates, 305 A.D._ - - =26.= Dioclētiānus morātus callidē fuit, sagāx praetereā et 25 - admodum subtīlis ingeniī, et quī sevēritātem suam aliēnā - invidiā vellet explēre. Dīligentissimus tamen et sollertissimus - prīnceps et quī imperiō Rōmānō prīmus rēgiae - 93 cōnsuētūdinis fōrmam magis quam Rōmānae lībertātis invexerit[188] - adorārīque sē iusserit,[188] cum ante eum cūnctī salūtārentur. - Ōrnamenta gemmārum vestibus calciāmentīsque - indidit. Nam prius imperiī īnsīgnē in chlamyde purpureā - tantum erat, reliqua commūnia. 5 - - =27.= Herculius autem prōpalam ferus et incīvīlis ingeniī, - asperitātem suam etiam vultūs horrōre sīgnificāns. Hīc - natūrae suae indulgēns Dioclētiānō in omnibus est sevēriōribus - cōnsiliīs obsecutus. Cum tamen ingravēscente aevō - parum sē idōneum Dioclētiānus moderandō imperiō esse 10 - sentīret, auctor Herculiō fuit ut in vītam prīvātam concēderent - et statiōnem tuendae reī pūblicae viridiōribus - iūniōribusque mandārent. Cuī aegrē conlēga obtemperāvit. - Tamen uterque ūnō diē prīvātō habitū imperiī īnsīgnē - mūtāvit, Nicomediae Dioclētiānus, Herculius Mediōlānī, 15 - post triumphum inclutum, quem Rōmae ex numerōsīs - gentibus ēgerant, pompā ferculōrum inlūstrī, quā Narseī - coniugēs sorōrēsque et līberī antē currum ductī sunt. - Concessērunt tamen Salōnās ūnus, alter in Lūcāniam. - - =28.= Dioclētiānus prīvātus in vīllā, quae haud procul ā 20 - Salōnīs est, praeclārō ōtiō cōnsenuit, inūsitātā virtūte ūsus, - ut sōlus omnium post conditum Rōmānum imperium ex - tantō fastīgiō sponte ad prīvātae vītae statum cīvīlitātemque - remeāret. Contigit igitur eī, quod nūllī post nātōs hominēs, - ut cum prīvātus obīsset,[189] inter Dīvōs tamen referrētur. 25 - - - - - 94 LIBER DECIMUS - - FROM THE ABDICATION OF DIOCLETIAN TO THE DEATH OF JOVIAN, - 305-364 A.D. - - - _Constantius I and Galerius Emperors, 305-306 A.D._ - - =1.= Hīs igitur abeuntibus administrātiōne reī pūblicae - Cōnstantius et Gālerius Augustī creātī sunt dīvīsusque inter - eōs ita Rōmānus orbis, ut Galliam, Ītaliam, Āfricam - Cōnstantius, Īllyricum, Asiam, Orientem Gālerius obtinēret, - sūmptīs duōbus Caesaribus. Cōnstantius tamen contentus 5 - dīgnitāte[190] Augustī Ītaliae atque Āfricae administrandae - sollicitūdinem recusāvit, vir ēgregius et praestantissimae - cīvīlitātis, dīvitiīs prōvinciālium ac prīvātōrum studēns, - fiscī commoda nōn admodum adfectāns, dīcēnsque melius - pūblicās opēs ā prīvātīs habērī quam intrā ūnum claustrum 10 - reservārī, adeō autem cultūs modicī ut festīs diēbus, sī - amīcīs numerōsiōribus esset epulandum, prīvātōrum eī - argentō ōstiātim petītō trīclīnia sternerentur. Hīc nōn - modo amābilis, sed etiam venerābilis Gallīs fuit, praecipuē - quod Dioclētiānī suspectam prūdentiam et Māximiānī 15 - sanguināriam temeritātem imperiō ēius ēvāserant. Obiit in - Britanniā Eborācī prīncipātūs annō tertiō decimō atque - inter Dīvōs relātus est. - - - _Constantine Emperor, 306-307 A.D._ - - =2.= Gālerius, vir et probē morātus et ēgregius rē mīlitārī, - cum Ītaliam quoque sinente Cōnstantiō administrātiōnī 20 - suae accessisse sentīret, Caesarēs duōs creāvit, Māximīnum, - quem Orientī praefēcit, et Sevērum, cuī Ītaliam dedit. Ipse - 95 in Īllyricō morātus est. Verum Cōnstantiō mortuō Cōnstantīnus, - ex obscūriōre mātrimōniō ēius fīlius, in Britanniā - creātus est imperātōr et in locum patris exoptātissimus - moderātor accessit. Rōmae intereā praetōriānī excītō tumultū - Māxentium, Herculī fīlium, quī haud procul ab urbe 5 - in vīllā pūblicā morābātur, Augustum nūncupāvērunt. Quō - nūntiō Māximiānus Herculius ad spem adrectus resūmendī - fastīgiī quod invītus āmīserat, Rōmam advolāvit ē Lūcāniā, - quam sedem prīvātus ēlēgerat in agrīs amoenissimīs - cōnsenēscēns, Dioclētiānumque etiam per litterās adhortātus 10 - est ut dēpositam resūmeret potestātem, quās ille inrīsās - habuit. Sed adversum motum praetōriānōrum atque Māxentī - Sevērus Caesar Rōmam missus ā Gāleriō cum exercitū - vēnit obsidēnsque urbem mīlitum suōrum scelere dēsertus - est. Auctae Māxentī opēs cōnfirmātumque imperium. Sevērus 15 - fugiēns Ravennae interfectus est. - - =3.= Herculius tamen Māximiānus post haec in cōntiōne - exercitūs fīlium Māxentium nūdāre conātus sēditiōnem et - convīcia mīlitum tulit. Inde ad Galliās profectus est dolō - compositō, tamquam ā fīliō esset expulsus,[191] ut Cōnstantīnō 20 - generō iungerētur, mōliēns tamen Cōnstantīnum repertā - occāsiōne interficere, quī in Galliīs et mīlitum et - prōvinciālium ingentī iam favōre rēgnābat caesīs Francīs atque - Alamannīs captīsque eōrum rēgibus, quōs etiam bestiīs, - cum māgnificum spectāculum mūneris parāsset, obiēcit. 25 - Dētēctīs igitur īnsidiīs per Faustam fīliam, quae dolum - virō nūntiāverat, profūgit Herculius Massiliaeque oppressus - (ex eā etiam nāvigāre ad fīlium praeparābat) poenās dedit - iūstissimō exitū, vir ad omnem ācerbitātem saevitiamque - prōclīvis, īnfīdus, incommodus, cīvīlitātis penitus expers. 30 - - - 96 _Licinius Emperor, 307-324 A.D._ - - =4.= Per hōc tempus ā Gāleriō Licinius imperātōr est factus, - Dāciā oriundus, nōtus eī antīquā cōnsuētūdine et in bellō, - quod adversus Narseum gesserat, strēnuis labōribus et - officiīs acceptus. Mors Gālerī cōnfestim secūta. Ita rēs - pūblica tum ā novīs quattuor imperātōribus tenēbātur, 5 - Cōnstantīnō et Māxentiō, fīliīs Augustōrum, Liciniō et - Māximīnō, novīs hominibus. Quīntō tamen Cōnstantīnus imperiī - suī annō bellum adversum Māxentium cīvīle commōvit, - cōpiās ēius multīs proeliīs fūdit, ipsum postrēmō Rōmae - adversum nōbilēs omnibus exitiīs saevientem apud pontem 10 - Mulvium vīcit Ītaliāque est potītus. Nōn multō[192] deinceps - in Oriente quoque adversum Licinium Māximīnus rēs novās - mōlītus vīcīnum exitium fortuītā apud Tarsum morte praevēnit. - - - _Constantine the Great sole Ruler, 324-337 A.D._ - - =5.= Cōnstantīnus tamen, vir ingēns et omnia efficere nītēns 15 - quae animō praeparāsset,[193] simul prīncipātum tōtīus orbis - adfectāns, Liciniō bellum intulit, quamquam necessitūdō - et adfīnitās cum eō esset; nam soror Cōnstantia nūpta - Liciniō erat. Ac prīmō eum in Pannoniā Secundā ingentī - apparātū bellum apud Cibalās īnstruentem repentīnus oppressit 20 - omnīque Dardaniā, Moesiā, Macedoniā potītus numerōsās - prōvinciās occupāvit. - - =6.= Varia deinceps inter eōs bella gesta, et pāx reconciliāta - ruptaque est. Postremō Licinius nāvālī et terrestrī proeliō - victus apud Nicomediam sē dēdidit et contrā religiōnem 25 - sacrāmentī Thessalonīcae prīvātus occisus est. Eō tempore - rēs Rōmāna sub ūnō Augustō et tribus Caesaribus, quod - 97 numquam aliās, fuit, cum līberī Cōnstantīnī Galliae, Orientī - Ītaliaeque praeessent. Verum īnsolentiā rērum secundārum - aliquantum Cōnstantīnus ex illā favōrābilī animī docilitāte - mūtāvit. Prīmum necessitūdinēs persecūtus ēgregium - virum fīlium et sorōris fīlium, commodae indolis iuvenem, 5 - interfēcit, mox uxōrem, post numerōsōs amīcōs. - - =7.= Vir prīmō imperiī tempore optimīs prīncipibus, ultimō - mediīs comparandus. Innumerae in eō animī corporisque - virtūtēs clāruērunt. Mīlitāris glōriae appetentissimus, fortūnā - in bellīs prōsperā fuit, vērum ita ut nōn superāret 10 - industriam. Nam etiam Gothōs post cīvīle bellum variē - prōflīgāvit pāce hīs ad postremum datā, ingentemque apud - barbarās gentēs memoriae grātiam conlocāvit. Cīvīlibus - artibus et studiīs līberālibus dēditus, adfectātor iūstī amōris, - quem ab omnibus sibi et līberālitāte et docilitāte quaesīvit, 15 - sīcut in nōnnūllōs amīcōs dubius, ita in reliquōs ēgregius, - nihil occāsiōnum praetermittēns, quō opulentiōrēs eōs - clāriōrēsque praestāret. - - =8.= Multās lēgēs rogāvit, quāsdam ex bonō et aequō, plērāsque - superfluās, nōnnūllās sevērās, prīmusque urbem nōminis 20 - suī ad tantum fastīgium ēvehere mōlītus est, ut Rōmae - aemulam faceret. Bellum adversus Parthōs mōliēns, quī - iam Mesopotamiam fatīgābant, ūnō et trīcēsimō annō imperiī, - aetātis sextō et sexāgēsimō, Nicomediae in vīllā - pūblicā obiit. Dēnūntiāta mors ēius est etiam per crīnītam 25 - stellam, quae inūsitātae māgnitūdinis aliquamdiū fūlsit; - eam Graecī comētēn vocant. Atque inter Dīvōs meruit - referrī. - - - _The Sons of Constantine rule, 337-360 A.D._ - - =9.= Is successōrēs fīliōs trēs relīquit atque ūnum frātris - fīlium. Vērum Dalmatius Caesar prōsperrimā indole neque 30 - 98 patruō absimilis haud multō post oppressus est factiōne - mīlitārī et Cōnstantiō, patruēlī suō, sinente potius quam - iubente. Cōnstantīnum porrō bellum frātrī īnferentem et - apud Aquilēiam incōnsultius proelium aggressum Cōnstantis - ducēs interēmērunt. Ita rēs pūblica ad duōs Augustōs 5 - redācta. Cōnstantis imperium strēnuum aliquamdiū et - iūstum fuit. Mox cum et valetūdine imprōsperā et amīcīs - prāviōribus uterētur, ad gravia vitia conversus, cum - intolerābilis prōvinciālibus, mīlitī iniūcundus esset, factiōne - Māgnenti occīsus est. Obiit haud longē ab Hispāniīs in castrō, 10 - cuī Helenae[194] nōmen est, annō imperiī septimō decimō, aetātis - trīcēsimō, rēbus tamen plurimīs strēnuē in mīlitiā gestīs - exercituīque per omne vītae tempus sine gravī crūdēlitāte - terribilis. - - =10.= Dīversa Cōnstantī fortūna fuit. Ā Persīs enim multa 15 - et gravia perpessus saepe captīs oppidīs, obsessīs urbibus, - caesīs exercitibus, nūllumque eī contrā Sapōrem prōsperum - proelium fuit, nisi quod apud Singara haud dubiam victōriam - ferōciā mīlitum āmīsit, quī pūgnam sēditiōsē et stolidē - contrā ratiōnem bellī diē iam praecipitī poposcērunt. Post 20 - Cōnstantis necem Māgnentiō Ītaliam, Āfricam, Galliās obtinente - etiam Īllyricum rēs novās habuit, Vetraniōne ad imperium - cōnsēnsū mīlitum ēlēctō. Quem grandaevum iam - et cūnctīs amābilem diūturnitāte et fēlīcitāte mīlitiae ad - tuendum Īllyricum prīncipem creāvērunt, virum probum et 25 - mōrum veterum ac iūcundae cīvīlitātis, sed omnium līberālium - artium expertem adeō ut nē elementa quidem prīma - litterārum nisi grandaevus et iam imperātōr accēperit. - - =11.= Sed ā Cōnstantiō, quī ad ultiōnem frāternae necis bellum - cīvīle commōverat, abrogātum est Vetraniōnī imperium; 30 - 99 novō inūsitātōque mōre cōnsēnsū mīlitum dēponere īnsīgnē - compulsus. Rōmae quoque tumultus fuit Nepotiānō, Cōnstantīnī - sorōris fīliō, per gladiātōriam manum imperium - vīndicante, quī saevīs exōrdiīs[195] dīgnum exitum nactus est. - Vīcēsimō enim atque octāvō diē a Māgnentiānīs ducibus 5 - oppressus poenās dedit. Caput ēius pīlō per urbem circumlātum - est, gravissimaeque prōscrīptiōnēs et nōbilium caedēs - fuērunt. - - =12.= Nōn multō post Māgnentius apud Mursam prōflīgātus - aciē est ac paene captus. Ingentēs Rōmānī imperiī vīrēs eā 10 - dīmicātiōne cōnsūmptae sunt, ad quaelibet bella externa - idōneae, quae multum triumphōrum possent[196] sēcūritātisque - cōnferre. Orientī mox ā Cōnstantiō Caesar est datus patruī - fīlius Gallus, Māgnentiusque dīversīs proeliīs victus vim - vītae suae apud Lugdūnum attulit imperiī annō tertiō, 15 - mēnse septimō, frāter quoque ēius Decentius Senonibus, - quem ad tuendās Galliās Caesarem mīserat. - - =13.= Per haec tempora etiam ā Cōnstantiō multīs incīvīlibus - gestīs Gallus Caesar occīsus est, vir natūrā ferus et ad - tyrannidem prōnior, sī suō iūre imperāre licuisset.[197] 20 - Silvānus quoque in Galliā rēs novās mōlītus ante diem - trīcēsimum exstīnctus est, sōlusque imperiō Rōmānō eō tempore - Cōnstantius prīnceps et Augustus fuit. - - =14.= Mox Iūliānum Caesarem ad Galliās mīsit, patruēlem - suum, Gallī frātrem, trāditā eī in mātrimōnium sorōre, 25 - cum multa oppida barbarī expūgnāssent, alia obsidērent, - ubique foeda vāstitās esset Rōmānumque imperium nōn - dubiā iam calamitāte nūtāret. Ā quō modicīs cōpiīs apud - Argentorātum, Galliae urbem, ingentēs Alamannōrum cōpiae - 100 exstīnctae sunt, rēx nōbilissimus captus, Galliae restitūtae. - Multa posteā per eundem Iūliānum ēgregiē adversum barbarōs - gesta sunt summōtīque ultrā Rhēnum Germānī et - fīnibus suīs Rōmānum imperium restitūtum. - - - _Julian Emperor, 360-363 A.D._ - - =15.= Neque multō post, cum Germāniciānī exercitūs ā Galliārum 5 - praesidiō tollerentur, cōnsēnsū mīlitum Iūliānus factus - Augustus est, interiectōque annō ad Īllyricum obtinendum - profectus Cōnstantiō Parthicīs proeliīs occupātō. Quī rēbus - cognitīs ad bellum cīvīle conversus in itinere obiit inter - Ciliciam Cappadociamque annō imperiī octāvō et trīcēsimō, 10 - aetātis quīntō et quadrāgēsimō, meruitque inter Dīvōs referrī, - vir ēgregiae tranquillitātis, placidus, nimium amīcīs[198] - et familiāribus crēdēns, mox etiam uxōribus dēditior, quī - tamen prīmīs imperiī annīs ingentī sē modestiā ēgerit, - familiārium etiam locuplētātor neque inhonōrēs sinēns, quōrum 15 - labōriōsa expertus fuisset officia, ad sevēritātem tamen - prōpēnsior, sī suspīciō imperiī movērētur, mītis aliās, et cūius - in cīvīlibus magis quam in externīs bellīs sit laudanda - fortūna. - - - _Eutropius takes part in the Parthian Expedition, 363 A.D._ - - =16.= Hinc Iūliānus rērum potītus est ingentīque apparātū 20 - Parthīs intulit bellum, cuī expedītiōnī ego quoque interfuī. - Aliquot oppida et castella Persārum in dēditiōnem accēpit - vel vī expūgnāvit Assyriamque populātus castra apud - Ctēsiphōntem statīva aliquamdiū habuit. Remeānsque - victor, dum sē incōnsultius proeliīs īnserit, hostīlī manū 25 - interfectus est VI Kal. Iul., imperiī annō septimō, aetātis - 101 alterō et trīcēsimō atque inter Dīvōs relātus est, vir ēgregius - et rem publicam īnsīgniter moderātūrus, sī per fāta licuisset. - Līberālibus disciplīnīs apprīmē ērudītus, Graecīs doctior - atque adeō ut Latīna ērudītiō nēquāquam cum Graecā - scientiā convenīret, fācundiā ingentī et prōmptā, memoriae 5 - tenācissimae, in quibusdam philosophō proprior. In amīcōs - līberālis, sed minus dīligēns quam tantum prīncipem decuit. - Fuērunt enim nōnnūllī quī vulnera glōriae ēius īnferrent. - In prōvinciālēs iūstissimus et tribūtōrum, quātenus fierī - posset, repressor. Cīvīlis in cūnctōs, mediōcrem habēns 10 - aerāriī cūram, glōriae avidus ac per eam animī plērumque - immodicī, religiōnis Christiānae nimius īnsectātor, perinde - tamen ut cruōre abstinēret, M. Antōnīnō nōn absimilis, - quem etiam aemulārī studēbat. - - - _Jovian Emperor, 363-364 A.D._ - - =17.= Post hunc Ioviānus, quī tunc domesticus mīlitābat, 15 - ad obtinendum imperium cōnsēnsū exercitūs lēctus est, - commendātiōne patris mīlitibus quam suā nōtior. Quī iam - turbātīs rēbus exercitū quoque inopiā labōrante ūnō ā Persīs - atque alterō proeliō victus pācem cum Sapōre, necessāriam - quidem, sed ignōbilem, fēcit multātus fīnibus[199] ac nōnnūllā 20 - imperiī Rōmānī parte trāditā. Quod ante eum annīs mīlle - centum et duōbus dē vīgintī ferē, ex quō Rōmānum imperium - conditum erat, numquam accīdit. Quīn etiam legiōnēs - nostrae ita et apud Caudium per Pontium Telesīnum et in - Hispāniā apud Numantiam et in Numidiā sub iūgum missae 25 - sunt, ut nihil tamen fīnium trāderētur. Ea pācis condiciō - nōn penitus reprehendenda foret, sī foederis necessitātem - tum cum integrum fuit mutāre voluisset, sīcut a Rōmānīs - 102 omnibus hīs bellīs, quae commemorāvī, factum est. Nam - et Samnītibus et Numantīnīs et Numidīs cōnfestim bella - inlāta sunt neque pāx rata fuit. Sed dum aemulum imperiī - verētur, intra Orientem residēns glōriae parum cōnsuluit. - Itaque iter ingressus atque Īllyricum petēns in Galatiae 5 - fīnibus repentīnā morte obiit, vir aliās neque iners neque - imprūdēns. - - =18.= Multī exanimātum opīnantur nimiā crūditāte (inter - cēnandum enim epulīs indulserat), aliī odōre cubiculī, quod - ex recentī tēctōriō calcis grave quiēscentibus erat, quidam 10 - nimietāte prūnārum, quās gravī frīgore adolērī multās - iusserat. Dēcessit imperiī mēnse septimō, tertiō decimō - Kal. Mārt., aetātis tertiō et trīcēsimō annō, ac benīgnitāte - prīncipum quī eī successērunt inter Dīvōs relātus est. - Nam et cīvīlitātī propior et natūrā admodum līberālis fuit. 15 - - Is status erat Rōmānae reī Ioviānō eōdem et Varroniānō - cōnsulibus annō urbis conditae mīllēsimō centēsimō et - octāvō decimō. Quia autem ad inclutōs prīncipēs venerandōsque - perventum est, interim operī modum dabimus. Nam - reliqua stilō māiōre dīcenda sunt. Quae nunc nōn tam 20 - praetermittimus, quam ad māiōrem scrībendī dīligentiam - reservāmus. - - - - -FOOTNOTES - - -[1] H. 521, II, 2; M. 347; A. & G. 325; G. 585; B. 288. - -[2] H. 379; M. 197; A. & G. 256; G. 336; B. 181, 1. - -[3] H. 431; M. 255, 1; A. & G. 255, _d_, 1; G. 409; B. 227, 2, _a_. - -[4] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, _c_; G. 372, R. 2; B. -201, 1, _a_. - -[5] H. 497, I; M. 382, 3; A. & G. 317, 2; G. 630; B. 282, 2. - -[6] H. 517; M. 355; A. & G. 326; G. 586; B. 286, 2. - -[7] H. 425, II; M. 242, 1; A. & G. 258, _c_, 2; G. 411; B. 232, 1. - -[8] H. 386; M. 202; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III. - -[9] H. 425, II, 2, N. 2; M. 241, 2; A. & G. 258, _f_, 2; G. 385, N. 1; -B. 228, 1, _b_. - -[10] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, _a_, 1; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1. - -[11] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 3; A. & G. 216, _a_, 3; G. 372; B. 201, 1. - -[12] H. 384, 4, N. 3; M. 210; A. & G. 235, _b_; G. 353; B. 188, 2, _a_. - -[13] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, _d_. - -[14] H. 509, N. 3; M. 403; A. & G. 337, _a_, 3; G. 596, 2; B. 320. - -[15] H. 497, II; M. 328; A. & G. 317, 1; G. 545, 1; B. 282, 1. - -[16] H. 498, I; M. 333, 1; A. & G. 331, _d_; G. 546; B. 295, 4. - -[17] H. 412, 2; M. 233, 2; A. & G. 258, _a_, N. 2; G. 390, 2; B. 229, 1. - -[18] H. 380, II; M. 199, 1; A. & G. 258, _b_; G. 337; B. 182, 1, _a_. - -[19] H. 450, 4; M. 443, 1; A. & G. 102, _b_; G. 307, 2; B. 246, 3. - -[20] H. 500, II: 495, VI; M. 337: 316, 2; A. & G. 319, 1: 287, _c_, R.; -G. 552, 1: 513; B. 284, 1: 268, 6. - -[21] H. 396, III; M. 216; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -[22] H. 542, III, N. 2: 544, 1; M. 291: 297; A. & G. 300: 318, _b_; G. -432, R.; B. 338, 3: 339, 2. - -[23] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, _b_, 3; G. 640, 4, (2); B. 304, 3, -_b_. - -[24] H. 510; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304. - -[25] H. 396, V; M. 223; A. & G. 215, _b_; G. 365; B. 203, 2. - -[26] H. 515, III; M. 378, 1; A. & G. 326; G. 587; B. 309, 3. - -[27] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, _a_; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1. - -[28] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, _d_. - -[29] H. 414, I; M. 236; A. & G. 243; G. 390, 2; B. 214, 1. - -[30] H. 384, II, 5; M. 205, N.; A. & G. 230; G. 217; B. 187, II, _b_. - -[31] H. 429; M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 231. - -[32] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223. - -[33] H. 415, I; M. 247, 2; A. & G. 246; G. 401; B. 216. - -[34] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 1; B. 283, 2. - -[35] H. 384, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235, _a_; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1. - -[36] H. 498, I; M. 333, 2; A. & G. 331; G. 546, 2; B. 295, 1. - -[37] H. 409, II; M. 228; A. & G. 220, _a_; G. 378, 3; B. 208, 2, _a_. - -[38] H. 235: 516, II; M. 100, 1: 357; A. & G. 128, _a_, 1: 321, G. 131, -1: 541; B. 116, 1: 286, 1. - -[39] H. 419, III; M. 245; A. & G. 248; G. 399; B. 220, 1. - -[40] H. 374; M. 192, 2; A. & G. 239, _c_; G. 339, _a_; B. 178, 1, _a_. - -[41] H. 529, I; M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 467; B. 300, 1, _a_. - -[42] H. 420; M. 247, 1; A. & G. 248, _c_, 1; G. 401; B. 218. - -[43] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219. - -[44] H. 542, IV: 544, 1; M. 292: 297; A. & G. 301; G. 433; B. 338, 4, -_b_: 339, 1. - -[45] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226. - -[46] H. 508: 527, I; M. 363: 402; A. & G. 307, _c_: 337, 3; G. 595, R. -1; B. 319, B, 3rd ex. _a_. - -[47] H. 524; M. 392; A. & G. 336, 2; G. 650; B. 314, 1. - -[48] H. 412, 3, N.; M. 233, 3; A. & G. 258, _a_, N. 1; G. 391, R. 1; B. -229, 2. - -[49] H. 497, II; M. 328; A. & G. 317, 1; G. 545, 1; B. 282, 1. - -[50] H. 396, V; M. 221; A. & G. 214, _e_; G. 368; B. 197. - -[51] H. 391, I, footnote; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[52] H. 425, II, 2; M. 241, 3; A. & G. 258, _d_; G. 385, N. 1; B. 228, -1, _c_. - -[53] H. 385, I; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_. - -[54] H. 123; M. 55, 1; A. & G. 73; G. 64; B. 53. - -[55] H. 404; M. 224; A. & G. 252, _a_; G. 380; B. 203, 3. - -[56] H. 524, 2, 2; M. 392, N. 3; A. & G. 336, _d_; G. 628, R. _a_; B, -314, 3. - -[57] H. 542, III: 544, 1; M. 291: 297; A. & G. 300; G. 432; B. 338, 3: -339. - -[58] H. 396, V; M. 223; A. & G. 215, _b_; G. 365; B. 203, 2. - -[59] H. 542, III; M. 291; A. & G. 300; G. 432; B. 338, 3. - -[60] H. 419, I; M. 244; A. & G. 248, _a_; G. 392; B. 222. - -[61] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[62] H. 384, 5; M. 205, N.; A. & G. 230; G. 217; B. 187, II, _b_. - -[63] H. 425, II, 2; M. 241, 3; A. & G. 258, _f_, 2; G. 385, N. 1; B. -228, 1, _b_. - -[64] H. 542, IV, (1); M. 292; A. & G. 301, 1; G. 431; B. 338, 4, _a_. - -[65] H. 384, II, 1, 2); M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 2; B. 188, 1. - -[66] H. 429; M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256, 1; G. 393; B. 230. - -[67] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -[68] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219. - -[69] H. 419, III; M. 245; A. & G. 248; G. 399; B. 220. - -[70] H. 425, II; M. 242, 1; A. & G. 258, _c_, 2; G. 411; B. 232, 1. - -[71] H. 549, 5; M. 281, 4; A. & G. 292, R.; G. 664, R. 1, 2; B. 337, 2. - -[72] H. 420, 1, 3); M. 247, 1; A. & G. 258, _g_; G. 401; B. 218, 9. - -[73] H. 386; M. 212, N. 1; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III. - -[74] H. 519, II, 2; M. 354; A. & G. 328; G. 572; B. 293, III, 2. - -[75] H. 523, III, and footnote 4; M. 393; A. & G. 339; G. 652; B. 316. - -[76] H. 524, 2, 2; M. 392, N. 3; A. & G. 336, _d_; G. 628, R. _a_; B. -314, 3. - -[77] H. 379, 1; M. 197; A. & G. 256, _a_; G. 336; B. 181, 2. - -[78] H. 498, III; M. 336; A. & G. 331, _f_; G. 550, 2; B. 296, 2. - -[79] H. 390, I; M. 206; A. & G. 233, _a_; G. 356; B. 191, 2, _a_. - -[80] H. 431, 4; M. 255, 1; A. & G. 255, _d_, 1; G. 409; B. 227, 2, _a_. - -[81] H. 425, II, 1, 1); M. 240, 2; A. & G. 259, _a_; G. 389; B. 218, 7. - -[82] H. 549, 5, N. 2; M. 286; A. & G. 292, _a_; G. 325, R. 3; B. 337, 5. - -[83] H. 466, N.; M. 295, 1; A. & G. 294, _b_; G. 251; B. 337, 7, _b_, 1. - -[84] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226. - -[85] H. 499, 3; M. 333, 3; A. & G. 331, N.; G. 546, 1; B. 295, 1. - -[86] H. 384, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235, _a_; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1. - -[87] H. 396, I; M. 217, 2; A. & G. 214, _c_; G. 366; B. 198, 3. - -[88] H. 396, V; M. 222, 224, N.; A. & G. 215; G. 366; B. 203, 5. - -[89] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -[90] H. 542, III; M. 291; A. & G. 300; G. 430; B. 338, 3. - -[91] H. 415; M. 234; A. & G. 244; G. 395; B. 215. - -[92] H. 417, 2; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223. - -[93] H. 549, 5; M. 281, 4; A. & G. 292, R.; G. 664, R. 1; B. 337, 2. - -[94] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -[95] H. 416; M. 238; A. & G. 253, N.; G. 408, N. 1; B. 219, 2. - -[96] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1. - -[97] H. 515, III; M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, _d_; G. 587; B. 309, 3. - -[98] H. 521, II, 2: 466, N.; M. 348: 98, 1; A. & G. 325: 293, _a_; G. -585: 247; B. 288: 115. - -[99] H. 301, 1; M. 145, 3; A. & G. 230; G. 208, 2; B. 187, II, _b_. - -[100] H. 467, III, 4; M. 352; A. & G. 276, 3; G. 570; B. 293, I. - -[101] H. 498, III; M. 336; A. & G. 331, _f_; G. 550; B. 296, 2. - -[102] H. 414; M. 236; A. & G. 243; G. 390, 2; B. 214, 1, _b_. - -[103] H. 384, II, 2); M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1. - -[104] H. 387; M. 212; A. & G. 231; G. 349; B. 190. - -[105] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, _c_; G. 372, R. 2; B. -201, 1, _a_. - -[106] H. 500, II; M. 382, 4; A. & G. 319, 1; G. 552, 1; B. 284, 1. - -[107] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, _b_, 2; G. 670, 3; B. 337, 4. - -[108] H. 501, II, 1; M. 341, 1; A. & G. 332; G. 553; B. 297, 1. - -[109] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219. - -[110] H. 412, II; M. 236, 2; A. & G. 258, _a_; G. 391; B. 229, 1, _a_. - -[111] H. 529, I; M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 467; B. 300, 1. - -[112] H. 397, 2; M. 225, 1; A. & G. 216, _a_, 2; G. 370; B. 201, 1. - -[113] H. 467, 4; M. 352; A. & G. 276, 3; G. 570; B. 293, I. - -[114] H. 412, II, 3, N.; M. 233, 3; A. & G. 258, _a_, N. 1; G. 391, R. -1; B. 292, 2. - -[115] H. 380, II; M. 199, 1; A. & G. 258, _b_; G. 337; B. 182, 1, _a_. - -[116] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[117] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 3; A. & G. 216, _a_, 2; G. 372; B. 201, 1. - -[118] H. 542, I; M. 289, 1; A. & G. 298; G. 428; B. 338, 1, _a_. - -[119] H. 396, III; M. 216, I; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -[120] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, _c_; G. 372, R. 2; B. -201, 1, _a_. - -[121] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1. - -[122] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, _d_. - -[123] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1. - -[124] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[125] H. 384, II, 2; M. 203; A. & G. 225, 3, _d_; G. 348; B. 187, 1, -_a_. - -[126] H. 497, II; M. 382, 3; A. & G. 317, 2; G. 545, 2; B. 282, 2. - -[127] H. 544, 1; M. 296; A. & G. 300; G. 432, R.; B. 339, 2. - -[128] H. 542, IV; M. 292; A. & G. 301, footnote; G. 431, 3; B. 338, 4, -_a_. - -[129] H. 379; M. 196; A. & G. 257; G. 335; B. 181, 1. - -[130] H. 384, II; M. 205; A. & G. 227, _f_; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_. - -[131] H. 419, II; M. 246; A. & G. 251; G. 400; B. 224. - -[132] H. 500, II; M. 338; A. & G. 319, 1; G. 552, 1; B. 284, 1. - -[133] H. 543; M. 295, 1; A. & G. 294, _a_; G. 438, N.; B. 337, 7, _a_. - -[134] H. 463, I; M. 175, 2; A. & G. 205, _d_; G. 285, 1; B. 255, 3. - -[135] H. 503, I; M. 383, 2; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 1. - -[136] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, _b_, 3; G. 670, 4, (1); B. 337, 4. - -[137] H. 509, N. 3; M. 366; A. & G. 307, _f_; G. 596, 2; B. 302, 3, _a_. - -[138] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1. - -[139] H. 430; M. 258, 1; A. & G. 259, _d_; G. 403, N. 4, (_a_); B. 357, -1. - -[140] H. 433, 1; M. 258, 1; A. & G. 258, _c_, N. 1; G. 416, 4; B. 141. - -[141] H. 444, 1; M. 426; A. & G. 93, _a_; G. 297, 2; B. 240, 1. - -[142] H. 301; M. 145, 3; A. & G. 146, _d_; G. 208, 2; B. 187, II, _b_. - -[143] H. 385, I; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, III, _a_. - -[144] H. 410, V, 3; M. 231; A. & G. 223, _a_; G. 407, 2, (_d_); B. 212, -2. - -[145] H. 384, II, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1. - -[146] H. 415, I, 1, N. 1; M. 247, 3; A. & G. 246, _b_; G. 401, end; B. -141. - -[147] H. 517; M. 355; A. & G. 326; G. 586; B. 286, 2. - -[148] H. 386; M. 202, 1; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III. - -[149] H. 430 (last example); M. 249; A. & G. 262, N. 2; G. 563, 2; B. -230. - -[150] H. 391; M. 214; A. & G. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[151] H. 417; M. 239, 1; A. & G. 247; G. 398; B. 217, 1. - -[152] H. 419, II; M. 246; A. & G. 251; G. 400; B. 224, 1. - -[153] H. 503, I; M. 383, 2; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 1. - -[154] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1. - -[155] H. 391; M. 214; A. & G. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[156] H. 510, II; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304, 1. - -[157] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226. - -[158] H. 184, 3; M. 77, 2; A. & G. 99, _f_; G. 102, N. 2; B. 6, 3. - -[159] H. 404; M. 224; A. & G. 252, _a_; G. 379; B. 203, 3. - -[160] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1. - -[161] H. 517, 3, 1); M. 382, 2, N.; A. & G. 326, N. 1; G. 498, N. 8; B. -286, 2. - -[162] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 347, 5; B. 188, 2, _d_. - -[163] H. 399; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218; G. 374; B. 204, 1. - -[164] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 2; A. & G. 216, _a_, 3; G. 369; B. 201, 2. - -[165] H. 385, 1; M. 204; A. & G. 227, _c_; G. 346, R. 2, N. 2; B. 187, -III. - -[166] H. 542, IV; M. 292; A. & G. 301; G. 431; B. 338, 4, _a_. - -[167] H. 415; M. 234; A. & G. 244; G. 395; B. 215. - -[168] H. 542, I; M. 289; A. & G. 298; G. 428; B. 338, 1, _c_. - -[169] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1. - -[170] H. 417; M. 239, 1; A. & G. 247; G. 398; B. 217, 1. - -[171] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 1; B. 283, 1. - -[172] H. 451, 3; M. 446; A. &. G. 195, _e_; G. 310; B. 248, 1. - -[173] H. 415, I, N. 1; M. 247, 3; A. & G. 246, _b_; G. 401; B. 141. - -[174] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223. - -[175] H. 429; M. 243, 2; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 231. - -[176] H. 387; M. 212; A. & G. 231; G. 349; B. 190. - -[177] H. 384, 4; M. 208; A. & G. 235, _a_; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1. - -[178] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219. - -[179] H. 544, 2, N. 2; M. 295, 2; A. & G. 294, _d_; G. 430; B. 337, 7, -_b_, 2). - -[180] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1. - -[181] H. 399, II; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218, _b_; G. 375; B. 204, 1. - -[182] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1. - -[183] H. 410, III; M. 251; A. & G. 220, _b_, 1; G. 404; B. 208, 2, _b_. - -[184] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[185] H. 410, V. 3; M. 231; A. & G. 223, _a_; G. 407, N. 2, (_d_); B. -212, 2. - -[186] H. 399, 2; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218, _a_; G. 374; B. 204, 1. - -[187] H. 517, 3, 1); M. 382, 2 N.; A. & G. 320, _c_; G. 633; B. 283, 3. - -[188] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 2. - -[189] H. 515, III; M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, _d_; G. 587; B. 309, 3. - -[190] H. 421, III; M. 247, N. 1; A. & G. 254, _b_, 2; G. 401, N. 6; B. -219, 1. - -[191] H. 513, II; M. 375; A. & G. 312; G. 602; B. 307, 1. - -[192] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223. - -[193] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, _a_, 1; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1. - -[194] H. 387, N. 1; M. 212, N. 2; A. & G. 231, _b_; G. 349, R. 5; B. -190, 1. - -[195] H. 421, III; M. 238, 2; A. & G. 245, _a_, 1; G. 397, N. 2; B. -226, 2. - -[196] H. 503, II, 2; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 282, 3. - -[197] H. 510; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304, 1. - -[198] H. 385, II; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_. - -[199] H. 410, III; M. 251; A. & G. 220, _b_, 1; G. 404; B. 225. - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - -The following books have been referred to in the Notes. While the -references are intended principally for the teacher, every student -should be provided with a copy of Creighton’s Primer of Roman History. -If Eutropius is studied in connection with this book, the student -cannot fail to obtain a fair knowledge of the main facts of Roman -History. - - Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Rodolfo - Lanciani. - - Early Rome (Epochs of History). W. Ihne. - - Mommsen’s History of Rome, Abridged for Schools and Colleges. - C. Bryans and F. J. R. Hendy. - - Rome and Carthage (Epochs of History). R. Bosworth Smith. - - The History of Rome (History Primer Series). M. Creighton. - - The Early Empire (Epochs of History). W. W. Capes. - - The Roman Triumvirates (Epochs of History). Charles Merivale. - - The Age of the Antonines (Epochs of History). W. W. Capes. - - Myths of Greece and Rome. H. A. Guerber. - - The Story of the Romans. H. A. Guerber. - - The Development of the Roman Constitution (History Primer - Series). Ambrose Tighe. - -NOTE - -In the Notes the references to Harkness’ Grammar occur in two forms, -the first referring to the New Latin Grammar (1898), the second, in -brackets, to the Standard Latin Grammar. - - - - -NOTES - - -LIFE OF EUTROPIUS - -Of the life of Eutropius we know very little. Only once in his work -does he mention himself, Bk. X, Ch. 16. He was proconsul in Asia in 371 -A.D., and praetorian praefect 380-387 A.D. He is said to have been the -secretary of the Emperor Constantine the Great. - -The only one of his works that is extant is the _Breviārium_, a brief -history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the -Emperor Jovian, 364 A.D. He dedicated the work to the Emperor Valens, -364-378 A.D., composing it probably at the emperor’s request. - -Through the republican period he follows Livy, whom he knows at first -hand. Afterwards he takes Suetonius and the Augustan History for his -guides. His style is simple and terse, and the diction is very good for -the age in which the book was written. As a historian his judgment is -cool and impartial. He makes some blunders, but mostly in the matter -of dates. A Greek translation made by a certain Capito, a Lycian, is -mentioned, but it has been lost. A later Greek version by Paeanius is -extant. - - - - -BOOK I - - -PAGE 7. - -CH. 1. - -Line 1. =Rōmānum=: note emphatic position. - -=Rōmulō=: see the legend of Romulus and Remus in Ihne, p. 32; Livy, Bk. -I, IV; Guerber, p. 140. - -2. =Vestālis virginis=: the Vestals were a kind of nuns, six in number, -who were priestesses of Vesta. It was their duty to keep the fire on -the altar in her temple in the Forum burning constantly. “Her altar, -with its ever-burning fire, was the family hearth of the state, from -which the household fires were kindled at certain dates.” Lanciani, -_Anc. Rome_, Ch. VI. - -=fīlius=: in apposition with _quī_, subject of _putātus est_. - -=quantum putātus est=: ‘as he was thought’ ＝ ‘as it was thought’; note -that the Latin prefers the personal construction where we prefer the -impersonal. - -3. =is=: emphatic position. - -=cum … latrōcinārētur=: the student should note the different uses -of _cum_, viz.: Temporal, with Indicative or Subjunctive; Causal and -Concessive, with Subjunctive alone; cf. _cum … compāruisset_, Ch. 2; -_cum … habērent_, Ch. 2; _cum … ēgissent_, Ch. 18. - -4. =decem et octō annōs nātus= (_nāscor_): ‘having been born eighteen -years’ ＝ ‘eighteen years old.’ The more common expression for the -numeral is _duodēvīgintī_. Cf. _annōrum trium et vīgintī_, Bk. II, Ch. -6; _annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis_, Bk. III, Ch. 7. - -5. =urbem exiguam=: remains of this city are still found on the -Palatine Hill. - -=Palātīnō monte=: the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. -The others were the Capitoline, Quirinal, Aventine, Esquiline, Viminal, -and Caelian. - -=XI Kal. Māiās=: the full expression would be _ante diem ūndecimum -Kalendās Māiās_, April 21. “In the Roman calendar it coincided with the -Palilia, or feast of Pales, the guardian divinity of shepherds.” - -6. =Olympiadis=: the Greeks reckoned time by periods of four years, -called Olympiads from the Olympian Games, which were celebrated at that -interval. The starting point was 776 B.C. Hence the third year of the -sixth Olympiad would be 753 B.C. Some prefer to recognize 754 as the -date of the founding of the city. - -CH. 2. - -8. =conditā cīvitāte=: ‘the city having been founded’ ＝ ‘when the -city had been founded.’ The student should ascertain by analysis of -the thought what the Ablative Absolute is intended to represent, and -should translate it accordingly. The literal translation should seldom -be used. _Civitate_ ＝ _urbe_, a late usage, frequent in Eutropius. The -usual expression is _urbe conditā_, but Eutropius places the participle -first for emphasis. - -=Rōmam vocāvit=: according to Lanciani, Roma is derived from _Rumon_, -‘river.’ Roma then would mean ‘the town by the river,’ and Romulus, -‘the man from the town by the river’ (_Anc. Rome_, p. 37). Mommsen -claims that Ramnes, the early name by which the Romans were called, -means ‘bushmen.’ Hence Roma would be ‘the town of the bushmen’ -(Mommsen, _History of Rome_, Vol. I, p. 71). - -9. =ferē=: ‘about,’ indicating that the statement is a loose one. - -10. =centum ex seniōribus=: ‘a hundred of the elders’; _ex_ or _dē_ -with cardinal numerals is regularly used instead of a Partitive -Genitive. Tarquinius Priscus doubled the number of the senators, Ch. -6. Before the end of the regal period the number was increased to -300. Sulla added 300 equites. Julius Caesar raised the number to 900. -Augustus reduced it to 600. For the duties of the senate see Ihne, Ch. -XI; Tighe, pp. 49, 115; Mommsen, pp. 18, 19, 45, 46. - -12. =uxōrēs=: object of _habērent_. Emphatic on account of its position -before the subject of the verb. - - -PAGE 8. - -1. =eārum=: the antecedent is _nātiōnēs_. - -=commōtīs bellīs=: lit. ‘wars having been aroused’ ＝ ‘when war had been -aroused’; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Ch. 2. - -=propter raptārum iniūriam=: lit. ‘on account of the wrong of the -stolen (maidens)’ ＝ ‘on account of the wrong done by stealing the -maidens.’ With _raptārum_ sc. _virginum_. - -4. =nōn compāruisset=: lit. ‘he had not appeared’ ＝ ‘he had -disappeared.’ - -5. =ad deōs trānsīsse=: lit. ‘to have gone across to the gods’ ＝ ‘to -have been translated.’ - -6. =per quīnōs diēs=: ‘through five days each.’ - -CH. 3. - -8. =rēx=: predicate Nominative. - -=bellum=: emphatic by position as well as by the use of _quidem_. -“The statement that during the forty-three years of Numa’s reign Rome -enjoyed uninterrupted peace cannot be looked upon as anything but a -fiction or a dream.” - -11. =cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum=: ‘because of their habit of (waging) war.’ - -=iam … putābantur=: ‘were beginning to be thought’; note the force of -the Imperfect. - -12. =in decem=: Livy I, XIX, says _in duodecim mēnsēs_. - -13. =aliquā= ＝ _ūllā_. - -=cōnfūsum=: ‘confused’; modifies _annum_ and is modified by _prius_. - -14. =morbō=: _i.e._ a natural death as contrasted with a death by -violence. - -CH. 4. - -16. =huic successit=: lit. ‘to this one succeeded’ ＝ ‘his successor -was’; note the emphasis. - -=hīc bella reparāvit=: in allusion to the former activity of Romulus in -that direction. - -17. =Albānōs=: Alba Longa, the most ancient town in Latium, is said -to have been built by Ascanius, and to have colonized Rome. After its -destruction by Tullus Hostilius it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants -were removed to Rome. At a later time the surrounding country was -studded with the splendid villas of the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I, -XXII-XXV, gives an account of the conquest of the Albans. - -=mīliāriō=: the Roman milestones were set up at intervals of 1000 -paces, 5000 Roman feet, on the military roads. They gave the distance -from the place from which the measurement was made, its name, the name -of the person who erected the stone, and the name of the reigning -emperor. The phrase means ‘twelve miles from Rome.’ - -18. =aliī … aliī=: ‘the one … the other.’ Eutropius uses _alius_ with -the meaning of _alter_. - -20. =adiectō Caeliō monte=: lit. ‘the Caelian Hill having been annexed’ -＝ ‘by annexing the Caelian Hill’; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Ch. 2. - -21. =fulmine ictus=: lit. ‘having been struck by lightning.’ - -=ārsit=: _ārdeō_. - -CH. 5. - -22. =ex fīliā=: ‘on his daughter’s side.’ Note peculiarity of _fīlia_, -H. 80, 2 (49, 4); M. 33, N. 2; A. & G. 36, _e_; G. 29, 4; B. 21, 2, _e_. - - -PAGE 9. - -1. =Iāniculum=: Mons Ianiculus, on the opposite side of the Tiber, was -united to the city by the Pons Sublicius. - -=cīvitātem=: this city, afterwards called Ostia, was situated on the -left bank of the river, about sixteen miles from Rome. It was used as a -port for Rome until the time of the Empire. - -3. =morbō periit=: cf. _morbō dēcessit_, Ch. 3. - -CH. 6. - -4. =Prīscus Tarquinius= ＝ _Tarquinius Prīscus_. When only the _nomen_ -and the _cognomen_ are written, they are often reversed, especially -in late Latin. The legend of the Tarquins is as follows: Demaratus, -their ancestor, fled from Corinth, his native place, and settled at -Tarquinii in Etruria. He married an Etruscan wife, by whom he had -two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At his death Lucumo inherited all his -father’s property. Although he had married Tanaquil, a woman of the -highest rank, he was excluded from all power and influence in the -state. Discontented with this he removed to Rome with a large band of -followers. He and his companions were received with welcome, and were -admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. He took the name of Lucius -Tarquinius, to which Livy adds Priscus, to distinguish him from L. -Tarquinius, the seventh king of Rome. At the death of Ancus Marcius, -the senate and people unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant -throne. His reign was distinguished by great exploits in war and by -great works in peace. - -5. =circum=: the Circus Maximus. It was in a valley between the -Palatine and Aventine Hills. Here the Roman games were held. At first -the spectators sat on the hill side and watched the games being -celebrated in the valley beneath them. Tarquinius is said to have been -the first to introduce seats. In the time of Caesar the circus was 1800 -feet long and 300 feet wide, and capable of seating 180,000 people. It -was enlarged many times, until in the fourth century it was capable of -seating 385,000 people. - -=lūdōs Rōmānōs=: the _Lūdī Rōmānī_, consisting of horse and chariot -races, were the oldest games, and were celebrated originally in honor -of Jupiter by victorious generals as a part of a triumph. At first they -lasted only one day, but the time was gradually increased until in the -age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days, September 4-19. - -6. =ad nostram memoriam=: ‘to our time.’ - -7. =vīcit=: emphatic position. - -=nōn parum= ＝ _māgnum_: ‘a large part’; cf. _nōn compāruisset_, Ch. 2. - -8. =prīmus … intrāvit=: ‘and he was the first to enter the city -celebrating a triumph.’ A triumph was a solemn procession in which -a victorious general entered the city in a chariot drawn by four -horses. He was preceded by the captives and spoils taken in war, and -was followed by his troops; and, after passing in state along the Via -Sacra, ascended the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the Temple of Jupiter -Capitolinus. The following conditions had to be complied with: (_a_) -The general must have been dictator, consul, or praetor. (_b_) He must -have actually commanded in the battle and commenced it, himself taking -the auspices. (_c_) The battle must have been decisive and ended the -campaign. (_d_) The foes must have been foreigners, and at least 5000 -of them must have been slain. - -9. =mūrōs fēcit=: he began to surround the city with a stone wall, a -work his successor, Servius Tullius, completed. - -=cloācās=: the Cloaca Maxima is a semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide, -beneath the city. A part of this sewer, about 1020 feet, is still -in existence, and after a lapse of 2500 years goes on fulfilling -its original purpose. Its opening into the Tiber near the Temple of -Hercules in the Forum Boarium is still in a good state of preservation. - -=Capitōlium=: the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. Its -foundations were laid by Tarquinius Priscus. Its walls were raised -by his successor Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus completed -it, although it was not consecrated until the third year after the -expulsion of the kings. It consisted of three parts, a nave sacred -to Jupiter, and two wings, the right sacred to Minerva and the left -to Juno. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost -incredible. It was burned in the time of Sulla, who rebuilt it. After -being destroyed several times it was raised for the last time by -Domitian, who made it more grand and magnificent than had any of his -predecessors. - -10. =per … fīliōs=: Eutropius occasionally substitutes _per_ with the -Accusative for the Ablative or Dative of agent; cf. _per eum multa ā -cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt_, Bk. IV, 10. - -11. =rēgis ēius=: apposition with _Ancī_. - -=cuī=: cf. _huic successit_, Ch. 4. - -CH. 7. - -12. =Servius Tullius=: the legend of Servius Tullius is as follows: -Ocrisia, his mother, was one of the captives taken at Corniculum, and -became a slave of Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Servius was -born and reared at the palace of the king. As Tanaquil by her power -of divination had foreseen the greatness of the child, she persuaded -Tarquinius to give his daughter to Servius in marriage. At the death -of Tarquinius, by the aid of Tanaquil, Servius became firmly fixed in -the royal power. The great deeds of Servius were deeds of peace, and he -was regarded by posterity as the author of all their civil rights and -institutions. Three important events are assigned to him. He reformed -the constitution of the state. He extended the boundary of the city -and surrounded it with a wall. He established an important alliance by -which Rome and the Latin cities became members of one great league. - -=genitus=: lit. ‘born’ ＝ ‘the son.’ - -13. =quoque=: as well as Tarquinius Priscus. _Quoque_ must not be -confounded with _quōque_, the Ablative of the pronoun _quisque_. - -15. =fossās circum mūrum=: portions of the Servian wall still exist. - -16. =cēnsum=: the number of Roman citizens was ascertained every five -years, though not always with perfect regularity, for the assessment -of taxes and the arrangement of military service. Originally the kings -took the census. After the establishment of the republic the duty was -performed by the consuls. After 444 B.C., special officers, called -censors, had charge of it. The census was concluded with the solemn -ceremony of reviewing the newly constituted army, called a _lustrum_. - -=orbem terrārum=: lit. ‘the circle of lands’ ＝ ‘the world.’ - -18. =capita=: ‘souls’; cf. our expression ‘head of cattle.’ - -19. =in agrīs=: others than inhabitants of Rome possessed Roman -citizenship. - -21. =uxōrem=: ‘as his wife.’ - -CH. 8. - -22. =L. Tarquinius Superbus=: L. Tarquinius, called Superbus, ‘the -Overbearing,’ from his haughty manner and conduct, commenced his -reign without any of the forms of election. One of his first acts was -to abolish the rights that Servius Tullius had conferred upon the -plebeians. All the senators whom he mistrusted and all whose wealth -he coveted he put to death or banished. He surrounded himself with a -bodyguard, by means of which he was enabled to do what he liked. After -several successful campaigns his tyranny caused the people to depose -him and drive him from the city. - -23. =euntibus=; lit. ‘for those going’ ＝ ‘as you go.’ - -24. =Gabiōs=: ‘the city Gabii’; the name of the town, though plural, is -in apposition with _cīvitātem_. - - -PAGE 10. - -1. =Capitōliō=: here the Capitoline Hill. - -2. =oppūgnāns=: ‘while besieging the city’; a clause with _cum_ or -_dum_ would have been more usual. - -4. =ēius=: antecedent is _L. Tarquinius_. - -=et ipse Tarquinius iūnior=: ‘also a Tarquin (but) younger’ ＝ ‘who was -also called Tarquinius’; his praenomen was Sextus. - -5. =Lucrētiam=: for the interesting story of Lucretia, see _The Story -of the Romans_, p. 62. - -=eandemque=: ‘who was also’; H. 508, 3 (451, 3); M. 446, 1; A. & G. -195, _e_; G. 310; B. 248. - -6. =stuprāsset=: ‘had offered violence to.’ _Stuprāsset_ for -_stuprāvisset_, cf. _rēgnāsset_, Ch. 4. - -7. =questa fuisset=: for _questa esset_. Eutropius generally uses -_essem_, etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive. For other -exceptions see Bk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily uses _fueram_, etc., for -_eram_ in the Pluperfect Passive Indicative. - -8. =parēns et ipse=: ‘a relative likewise,’ _i.e._ as well as -Collatinus. He was the son of Marcus Iunius and Tarquinia, the second -daughter of Tarquinius Superbus. He was called ‘Brutus,’ _i.e._ ‘the -Stupid,’ on account of the mental imbecility he feigned to deceive -Tarquinius. _Parēns_, ‘relative,’ a late meaning. - -10. =eum=: refers to the king. - -=quī=: antecedent is _exercitus_. - -13. =rēgnātum est=: lit. ‘it was ruled’ ＝ ‘the dynasty lasted.’ - -14. =annīs=: Eutropius and some other post-classical writers use the -Ablative of Time within which for the Accusative of Duration of Time. -The Ablative makes prominent the limits that mark the time. - -15. =ubi plūrimum=: lit. ‘where most’ ＝ ‘at the most,’ at the place of -the widest extent. - -CH. 9. - -17. =hinc=: ‘from this time.’ - -=cōnsulēs=: at first they were called _praetōrēs_, ‘leaders.’ The -consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, the new assembly -organized by Servius Tullius. - -=coepēre= ＝ _coepērunt_. - -18. =alter eum=: note the fondness of the Latin for antitheses. It -tends to place contrasted words near each other. Often the observance -of this is of assistance in determining the meaning of a passage. - -20. =annuum=: ‘lasting one year.’ - -=habērent=: the clause _nē_ … _habērent_ is the Subject of _placuit_. - -21. =redderentur=: cf. _coërceret_, above. - -=cīvīlēs=: lit. ‘like citizens’ ＝ ‘good citizens.’ - -23. =ab expulsīs rēgibus=: ‘after the expulsion of the kings;’ cf. -_post rēgēs exactōs_, Ch. 11. - -24. =māximē … pellerētur=: ‘had done the most to drive out -Tarquinius.’ - -25. =Tarquiniō=: cf. _īsdem_, Ch. 6. Note the emphasis. - - -PAGE 11. - -1. =manēret=: cf. _habērent_, above. - -3. =L. Valerius Pūblicola=: Livy, Bk. II, 2, calls him Publius -Valerius. Owing to his efforts to secure the rights of the plebeians -and for his popular measures he was called _Pūblicola_, ‘the Partisan -of the People.’ He secured the passage of the Valerian law giving to -every citizen condemned on a capital charge the right of appeal to the -people. - -CH. 10. - -7. =in vicem sē=: ‘each other in turn.’ As the Latin has no reciprocal -pronoun it is compelled to resort to various circumlocutions; cf. -Caesar, Bk. I, 1, _inter se_, Bk. II, 10, _alius alium circumspectant_. - -8. =tamen=: although both the leaders were slain. - -10. =per annum=: cf. _annum lūxērunt_, Ch. 11. - -11. =quō morbō mortuō=: ‘and when he had died.’ The Latin relative is -very often best translated by ‘and’ with a personal pronoun. For the -case of _morbō_, cf. _morbō_, Ch. 3. - -12. =iterum=: construe with _sūmpsit_. - -CH. 11. - -18. =Porsennā=: Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium in Etruria. He aided the -Tarquins as they had come from Etruria. See Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient -Rome_, _Horatius_. - -=Rōmam paene cēpit=: Ihne (p. 89) thinks that by this is meant that the -Etruscans conquered the city. - -22. =Tusculum=: said to have been founded by Telegonus, the son of -Ulysses. It was always one of the most important of the Latin towns, -and was a favorite resort of the Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a villa -there. - -24. =cōnsenuit=: lit. ‘he grew old’ ＝ ‘lived to be an old man.’ - -26. =dē hīs=: ‘over them’; the regular expression used for a triumph -celebrated for a victory over an enemy. - - -PAGE 12. - -2. =fātāliter=: lit. ‘by fate’ ＝ ‘a natural death’; cf. _morbō -dēcessit_, Ch. 3. - -3. =nummīs=: ‘money’; particularly small coins. - -=sūmptum habuerit sepultūrae=: ‘had the cost of a burial,’ _i.e._ was -buried at public expense. - -=quem=: note its position. - -CH. 12. - -5. =gener Tarquinī=: Manilius Octavius of Tusculum. - -7. =dictātūra=: at times of great danger, when it was necessary for one -man to hold the supreme power, a dictator was appointed by one of the -consuls on the nomination of the senate. The office was for six months; -but in case the specific object for which the dictator was appointed -was accomplished before that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118; Tighe, p. -65. - -8. =magister equitum=: he was aid-de-camp to the dictator and -was appointed by him. In the absence of the latter he became the -representative of the dictator. - -9. =neque … potestātī=: ‘neither can anything be said to be more -similar than the ancient dictatorship to the imperial power which,’ -etc. _Imperium_ was the regular term for the power possessed by the -magistrates. Here it refers to the power of the emperor. - -Eutropius explains for the benefit of his readers the ancient -dictatorship, which had long since fallen into disuse, by comparing it -to the power possessed by the emperor. - -11. =Tranquillitās Vestra=: ‘Your Serene Highness’; Valens, Emperor -of the East, 364-378 A.D. “Other titles used of the emperors were -_Aeternitās Tua_, _Clēmentia Tua_, _Serēnitās Tua_, _Māgnitūdō Tua_, -_Māiestās Tua_.” - -=Vestra=: in Latin of the classical period _tua_ would have been used, -as only one person is referred to. In late Latin the pronouns of the -second person plural take the place of the singular, just as ‘you’ has -taken the place of ‘thou.’ - -13. =sub dictātūrae nōmine=: in 45 B.C. Caesar was made perpetual -dictator. - -CH. 13. - -17. =populus= ＝ _plebs_ here. _Populus_ is a collective noun, and so -takes a singular verb. - -=tamquam=: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning. - -18. =tribūnōs plēbis=: these magistrates, elected by the plebeians in -an assembly of their own (Comitia Tributa), were invested with the -right of ‘intercession,’ by which they could stop all legislation that -they judged to be harmful to the plebeians. To make their intercession -effective they were declared to be _sacrosancti_, _i.e._ ‘inviolable,’ -and the curse of outlawry was pronounced against any one who harmed -them. The First Secession of the Plebeians, as this was called, was -the beginning of a long struggle between the orders, and terminated -in the complete political equality of the plebeians. Ihne, Ch. XIII; -Creighton, p. 12; Tighe, p. 91. - -19. =per quōs= ＝ _ut per eōs_. - - -PAGE 13. - -CH. 14. - -2. =quam habēbant optimam= ＝ _optimam quam habēbant_. - -CH. 15. - -5. =Q. Mārcius=: called _Coriolānus_ from the city Corioli, which he -had conquered. Ihne, p. 155; Creighton, p. 21. - -8. =oppūgnātūrus=: the Participle ＝ _oppūgnāvisset_. - -9. =patriam suam=: ‘his native city.’ - -12. =secundus=: really the first after Tarquinius, but the second in -order. In an enumeration of a series the Latin generally includes the -starting point. - -CH. 16. - -14. =C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus=: lit. ‘C. Fabius and L. -Virginius being consuls’ ＝ ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. One of the -regular ways of dating events in Latin is to give the names of the -consuls for that year. Another is to reckon the time from the founding -of the city; cf. _ab urbe conditā_, Ch. 18. - -15. =quī … erant=: ‘who belonged to the Fabian household’; cf. _centum -ex seniōribus_, Ch. 2. - -16. =prōmittentēs … implendum=: sc. _esse_; ‘promising the senate and -the people that the whole contest would be completed by themselves.’ -_Prōmittō_ regularly takes the Future Infinitive. - -18. =quī singulī=: ‘each one of whom.’ - -=dēbērent=: cf. _esset_, Ch. 15. - -19. =ūnus omnīnō superfuit=: see Ihne, p. 163. - - -PAGE 14. - -CH. 17. - -1. =sequentī tamen annō=: in the year after the consuls mentioned in -the last chapter. - -3. =Quīntius=: generally written _Quīnctius_. He held the dictatorial -power for fourteen days only, and having completed his work returned -to his farm. Later he was again appointed dictator, and again proved -himself to be the deliverer of his country. - -4. =in opere et arāns=: the post-classical writers seem to strive -almost as much to avoid uniformity in expression as the classical -writers strive for it. - -5. =togam praetextam=: by metonomy the badge of office is put for the -office itself. The toga praetexta had a red border woven in it. It was -the badge of office of the higher magistrates and priests. It was worn -by boys also until they reached the age of manhood and by girls until -they married. - -CH. 18. - -7. =alterō= ＝ _secundō_. - -=ab urbe conditā=: ‘from the founding of the city.’ - -9. =decemvirī=: the laws, which the decemvirs codified, known as the -Twelve Tables, remained the foundation of Roman law for a thousand -years. They were engraved on twelve bronze tables and were set up in -the Forum that all might read them. Every school-boy was required -to commit them to memory. For an account of the decemvirs and their -legislation, see Ihne, p. 167; Creighton, p. 16; Tighe, p. 95. - -10. =ex hīs=: cf. _ex seniōribus_, Ch. 2. - -11. =Virgīnī … fīliam=: see Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient Rome_, -_Virginia_; Ihne, p. 173; Creighton, p. 16. - -13. =quam= ＝ _sed eam_. - -CH. 19. - -17. =Fīdēnātēs=: the town of Fidenae is said to have been colonized by -Romulus. It frequently revolted and was as frequently retaken by the -Romans. After its destruction in 437 B.C. it was rebuilt. - -20. =coniūnxērunt sē=: ‘united.’ - - -PAGE 15. - -2. =victī … perdidērunt=: ‘they were conquered and also lost their -king.’ - -CH. 20. - -4. =Vēientānī=: they were engaged in almost unceasing hostilities with -the Romans for more than three centuries and a half. - -5. =ipsōs= ＝ _eos_. Eutropius often uses _ipse_ for _is_. - -6. =aciē=: note the difference of meaning between _exercitus_, _āgmen_, -_aciēs_, and _cōpiae_. - -=diū obsidēns=: the siege is said to have lasted ten years. - -8. =et Faliscōs=: in classical prose _etiam_ would have been used. - -9. =quasi=: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning. - -=dīvīsisset=: cf. _premerētur_, Ch. 13. - -11. =Gallī Senonēs=: see Ihne, Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25; _The Story of -the Romans_, p. 104. - -12. =apud flūmen Alliam=: the fight occurred on July 16, which was -henceforth considered as an unlucky day. - -=secūtī … occupāvērunt=: cf. _victī … perdidērunt_, Ch. 19. - -15. =obsidērent=: cf. _sustinēret_, Ch. 18. - -21. =et ipse=: ‘he too,’ as well as Romulus. - - - - -BOOK II - - -PAGE 16. - -CH. 1. - -3. =tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte=: six military tribunes -with consular powers and consular duration of office were elected by -the Comitia Centuriata. The office was open alike to patricians and -plebeians. This was a compromise measure on the part of the patricians -when they were forced to yield to the demands of the plebeians to be -admitted to the consulship. All the rights of the consulship were given -to them by this means without the honorary privileges the holding of -the office of consul conferred. Each year the people determined whether -consuls or military tribunes with consular power should be elected. -From the time of the creation of the tribunes with consular power -until the opening of the consulship to the plebeians in 367 B.C., the -tribunes were elected fifty times and the consuls twenty-three. The -plebeians were kept out of the office until 400 B.C. Mommsen, p. 63; -Tighe, p. 100. - -4. =hinc=: cf. _hinc_, Bk. I, 9. - -7. =trēs … ēgit=: _i.e._ a triumph for each of the cities. - -CH. 2. - -11. =sub ipsīs=: ‘under the direction of these’; _i.e._ the citizens of -Praeneste. - -12. =Rōmānīs=: note the name of the people for that of the city. - -14. =dēcrētus=: sc. _est_ from the _sunt_ preceding. - -CH. 3. - -16. =placuit=: lit. ‘it was pleasing’ ＝ ‘they determined.’ - -17. =ita fluxit=: lit. ‘it flowed so’ ＝ ‘there was such disturbance.’ - -CH. 4. - -21. =L. Genuciō … cōnsulibus=: cf. _C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus_, Bk. I, 16. - -22. =honor … dēlātus est=: lit. ‘honor second after Romulus was -conferred upon him’ ＝ ‘honor second to that of Romulus,’ etc. - - -PAGE 17. - -CH. 5. - -2. =mīliāriō=: cf. _mīliāriō_, Bk. I, 4. - -3. =Aniēnem=: the Anio, a tributary of the Tiber. _Aniēnem_ is -Accusative from the old Nominative _Anien_. - -=nōbilissimus=: lit. ‘of highest birth.’ √GNO, cf. _nōscō_. - -=dē senātōribus=: cf. _ex seniōribus_, Bk. I, 2. - -4. =L. Mānlius=: his name is generally given as _Titus_. _The Story of -the Romans_, p. 106. - -5. =sublātō … impositō=: ‘having taken off his (the Gaul’s) golden -necklace and having placed it on his own neck’; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, -Bk. I, 2. - -6. =in perpetuum=: ‘forever.’ - -7. =fugātī sunt=: note the difference in form and meaning between -_fugāre_ and _fugere_. - -8. =nōn multō post=: lit. ‘not after by much’ ＝ ‘not long after.’ - -9. =mīlia captīvōrum=: it was customary to adorn the procession of -the victorious general, when he was celebrating a triumph, with the -captives he had taken in the campaign. When the procession passed -up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple of Jupiter, the captives were -led aside to the Mamertine prison at the foot of the hill and were -strangled. - -CH. 6. - -11. =Latīnī=: Creighton, p. 27. - -12. =mīlitēs praestāre=: it was the custom of Rome to compel the states -she had subdued to furnish soldiers for the Roman army. These were used -as auxiliary forces. - -=ex Rōmānīs=: cf. _ex seniōribus_, Bk. I, 2. - -13. =quī modus= ＝ _modus quī_; ‘a force which.’ - -14. =parvīs … rēbus=: ‘although up to this time the Roman state was -small.’ - -16. =quae= ＝ _eae lēgiōnēs_. - -=duce L. Fūriō=: lit. ‘L. Furius being the leader’ ＝ ‘under the -leadership of L. Furius.’ - -17. =quī esset optimus=: ‘whoever was the best.’ - -18. =sē … obtulit=: ‘offered himself.’ - -=Valerius=: see _The Story of the Romans_, p. 111. - -20. =commissā … pūgnā=: _cf. conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, 2. - -21. =ālīs et unguibus=: cf. _fulmine_, Bk. I, 4. - -25. =annōrum=: by a law passed in 181 B.C., the legal age of the -consulship was fixed at forty-three. There were exceptions made, as in -the case of Cn. Pompeius, who was elected consul when he was thirty-six -years old. - - -PAGE 18. - -CH. 7. - -1. =Latīnī=: Creighton, p. 28. - -2. =ex eōrum=: sc. _populō_. - -4. =pūgnā=: see _The Story of the Romans_, p. 113. - -5. =dē hīs perdomitīs=: ‘a triumph was celebrated on account of their -defeat.’ - -6. =rōstrīs=: the Rostra or speaker’s platform in the Forum. From it -the speaker could command the entire Forum and the Comitium. In 42 B.C. -it was removed and set up again at the west end of the Forum. Another -rostra was constructed about the same time at the opposite end, in -front of the new Temple of Divus Iulius. - -7. =Alexandrō Macedone=: Alexander the Great. - -CH. 8. - -9. =Samnītas=: a Greek form of the Accusative. The Samnites were -offshoots of the Sabines, occupying the hilly country between the Nar, -the Tiber, and the Anio. Their bravery made them the most formidable -rival of Rome in Italy. In 290 B.C. they were subjected to Rome. - -12. =Q. Fabiō Māximō=: called _Rulliānus_. This Fabius was five times -consul and dictator twice. He triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi, -Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the great-grandfather of Q. Fabius -Maximus, the hero of the Second Punic war. - -14. =sē absente=: ‘while he (Papīrius) was absent.’ - -16. =capitis damnātus=: lit. ‘having been condemned of the head’ -＝ ‘having been condemned on a capital charge’; cf. our expression -‘capital punishment.’ - -=sē vetante=: cf. _parvīs … rēbus_, Ch. 6. _Sē_; the antecedent is -_Papīrius_. - -CH. 9. - -19. =T. Veturiō … cōnsulibus=: cf. _C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus_, Bk. I, 16. - -20. =vīcērunt=: at the battle of the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass east -of Campania. The commander of the Samnites was Gavius Pontius. See _The -Story of the Romans_, p. 113. - -=sub iugum=: the yoke was formed by sticking two spears in the ground -and fastening a third on top. To pass under the yoke was a sign of -subjection, and is equivalent to our expression ‘laying down arms.’ -Livy, Bk. IX, VI, describes the process. - -21. =pāx … solūta est=: a Roman general could not make peace with the -enemy without the ratification of the senate and the people. - -22. =ipsīs=: see note on _ipsōs_, Bk. I, 20. - -=facta fuerat=: see note on _facta fuisset_, Bk. I, 8. - - -PAGE 19. - -3. =aquam Claudiam indūxit=: _i.e._ he built the aqueduct named after -him. It was more commonly called ‘Aqua Appia.’ Between seven and eight -miles in length, chiefly under ground, it was the beginning of the -magnificent system of water works that distinguished ancient Rome. Four -of these old aqueducts still furnish the water supply of modern Rome. -Lanciani, _Ancient Rome_, p. 58. - -4. =viam Appiam=: “the Appian road was made in 312 B.C. to join Rome to -Capua, and was afterwards carried as far as Brundisium. This ‘queen of -roads,’ as it was called, was a stone causeway, constructed according -to the nature of the country, with an embankment either beneath or -beside it, and was of such a width that two broad wagons could easily -pass each other.” - -=Q. Fabium Māximum=: called _Gurges_, the son of Q. Fabius Maximus, -mentioned in Ch. 8. - -6. =datus fuisset=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8. - -7. =ipsōrum=: cf. _ipsīs_, above. - -10. =per annōs=: cf. _per annum_, Bk. I, 10. - -11. =āctum=: ‘waged’; agrees with _bellum_. - -CH. 10. - -13. =sē … iūnxērunt=: cf. _coniūnxērunt sē_, Bk. I, 19. - -15. =dēlētae sunt=: _The Story of the Romans_, p. 114. - -CH. 11. - -17. =Tarentīnīs=: the people of Tarentum, a rich and luxurious city in -southern Italy. It played an important part in the war with Pyrrhus. -The whole of southern Italy was known as Magna Graecia, on account of -the number of cities founded there by the Greeks. - -=in ultimā Ītaliā=: ‘in the most remote part of Italy’; H. 497, 3 (440, -N. 1); M. 423; A. & G. 193; G. 291, R. 2; B. 241. - -19. =Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt=: ‘asked aid of Pyrrhus.’ Pyrrhus -was regarded as one of the greatest generals that had ever lived. With -his daring courage, his military skill, and his kingly bearing, he -might have become the most powerful monarch of his day. But he never -rested satisfied with any acquisition, and was ever grasping at some -fresh object. For an account of the war see _The Story of the Romans_, -pp. 115-121; Creighton, p. 31. - -20. =orīginem trahēbat=: ‘was claiming descent’; it was the custom of -royal families to claim descent from heroes or gods. - -21. =prīmum=: ‘for the first time.’ - -24. =cēpisset=: cf. _latrōcinārētur_, Bk. I, 1. - -=dūcī=: cf. the construction with _praecēpit_, Ch. 8. - - -PAGE 20. - -2. =auxiliō=: cf. _fulmine_, Bk. I, 4. - -=vīcit=: although the loss of the Romans was nearly equaled by that of -Pyrrhus, the value of winning the first battle was at once shown by the -fact that the Lucanians, Bruttians, Samnites, and all the Greek cities -joined Pyrrhus. - -6. =quōs … vīdisset=: ‘and when he saw them lying’; _quos ＝ et eos_; -cf. _quō morbō mortuō_, Bk. I, 10. - -=adversō vulnere=: ‘with their wounds in front’; _i.e._ they died -facing the enemy. - -8. =hāc vōce=: lit. ‘this voice’ ＝ ‘these words.’ - -CH. 12. - -10. =sibi=: cf. _Tuscīs Samnītibusque_, Ch. 10. - -13. =terrōre exercitūs=: ‘on account of his fear of the army’; note the -difference in meaning between the Subjective and Objective Genitive; -H. 440, 2 (396, III); M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -14. =sē recēpit=: lit. ‘he took himself back’ ＝ ‘he withdrew.’ This -march was merely a feint on the part of Pyrrhus. - -15. =honōrificē=: the Romans always regarded Pyrrhus as an honorable -enemy. Their feelings towards Hannibal were entirely different. - -17. =Fābricium=: _C. Fābricius Luscīnus_. He was consul for the first -time 283 B.C., when he triumphed over the Boii and Etrurians. He was -noted for his extreme frugality and simplicity, as well as for his -integrity. He is cited by Cicero and Horace as a type of the Roman -citizens of the best days of the Commonwealth. - -18. =cognōvisset=: cf. _latrōcinārētur_, Bk. I, 1. - -19. =voluerit=: cf. _habuerit_, Bk. I, 11. - -CH. 13. - -25. =pāx displicuit=: it is said that at first the senate wavered; but -by the energy of the blind and aged Appius Claudius, who caused himself -to be carried into the senate house, their courage was revived. - -=remandātum est=: ‘word was sent back.’ - - -PAGE 21. - -1. =nisi … posse=: this answer passed into a maxim of state. - -4. =ante … quam=: note the fondness of the Latin for separating the -parts of this and other compounds of the same nature. - -=veterem=: ‘former.’ - -=bīnōrum=: ‘two apiece.’ - -6. =quālem=: predicate to _Rōmam_; ‘what sort (of a city) he had found -Rome (to be).’ - -7. =comperisset=, cf. _agerentur_, Ch. 11. - -CH. 14. - -18. =occīsūrum=: cf. note on _prōmittentēs … implendum_, Bk. I, Ch. 16. - -=sī … aliquid=: ‘if something.’ - -=pollicērētur=: Imperf. Subjunctive representing the Future Indicative -in Direct Discourse; H. 574, 646 (507, I, 527, I); M. 363, 1, 402; A. & -G. 307, 1, 337, _a_, 3; G. 595, R. 1; B. 319, B. - -19. =dominum=: indicating that the physician was a slave, as was usual -at that time. - -23. =Lūcānīs et Samnītibus=: they, with the Bruttii, had joined Pyrrhus -against Rome. This was the second triumph of Fabricius; cf. note on -Fabricius, Ch. 12. He was consul the third time two years after. - - -PAGE 22. - -2. =prīmus=: ‘he was the first to.’ - -3. =apud Argōs=: it is said that he perished ingloriously in a street -fight, 272 B.C. - -CH. 15. - -6. =urbis conditae=: cf. _ab urbe conditā_, Bk. I, Ch. 18. - -8. =petierant= for _petīverant_: the shorter forms are more usual in -this verb. - -CH. 16. - -11. =dē hīs=: cf. _dē hīs_, Bk. I, Ch. 11. - -12. =cīvitātēs= ＝ _urbēs_: see note on _conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, Ch. 2. - -=Beneventum=: its name is said to have been originally _Maleventum_, -and to have been changed because of the evil omen it contained. The -name Beneventum was given it in 271 B.C. Here Fabricius defeated -Pyrrhus 275 B.C. It remained a possession of the Romans during the -whole of the Second Punic War and was thanked by the senate for its -faithfulness during that critical period. - -CH. 17. - -16. =Brundisīnī=: the people of Brundisium, the modern Brindisi. It was -a seaport of Calabria, the chief naval station of the Romans on the -Adriatic Sea, and their regular port of departure for Greece. - -CH. 18. - -17. =annō=: sc. _ab urbe conditā_. - -18. =extrā Ītaliam=: ‘the Roman power was now dominant throughout the -peninsula to the river Aesis; the valley of the Po, however, was still -reckoned a part of Gaul.’ - -24. =contrā Āfrōs=: _i.e._ Carthaginians. Carthage was one of the -first cities of the ancient world. It was situated on the north coast -of Africa, and was said to have been founded by Phoenicians from Tyre -under the leadership of Dido. Carthage had been the ally of Rome in the -war against Pyrrhus. But the growing commercial activity of Carthage -caused jealousy to arise which resulted in the three wars for the -supremacy of the West,--known as the Punic wars. The first was from 264 -B.C. to 241 B.C. The second 218-202 B.C. and the third 149-146 B.C. It -resulted in the capture and destruction of Carthage by the Romans under -P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch. III. - -26. =rēge Siciliae Hierōne=: Hiero was the king of Syracuse and its -dependencies. Nearly all the rest of Sicily was in the power of the -Carthaginians. - - -PAGE 23. - -CH. 19. - -2. =rēs māgnae=: ‘great operations.’ - -3. =in fidem acceptae=: sc. _sunt_; ‘were taken under their -protection’; _i.e._ they were made tributary. - -CH. 20. - -11. =Liburnās=: sc. _nāvēs_; these were light vessels built after a -model taken from the Liburnians, a sea-faring people that lived on the -east coast of the Adriatic Sea. - -12. =Duilius=: the victory of Duilius was due to a device by which he -turned a naval battle into a land contest. His ships were furnished -with grappling irons, by means of which he seized the ships of the -enemy and then boarded them, when the Roman soldiers easily proved -themselves superior to the Carthaginian mercenaries. It was the first -naval victory the Romans had ever gained, and in honor of it a column -was erected to the memory of Duilius. - -17. =possent=: cf. _pūgnāsset_, Ch. 8. - -19. =inde= ＝ _ex his locis_: ‘from these places.’ - -20. =triumphum ēgit=: ‘he celebrated a triumph.’ - -CH. 21. - -23. =pūgnātum=: sc. _est_; ‘they fought.’ - -=victus est=: ‘he (Hamilcar) was conquered.’ - -24. =retrō sē recēpit=: cf. _sē recēpit_, Ch. 12. - - -PAGE 24. - -1. =in dēditiōnem accēpērunt=: ‘they received in surrender.’ - -2. =ūsque ad=: lit. ‘even up to’ ＝ ‘as far as.’ - -6. =decem et octō=: cf. _decem et octō_, Bk. I, Ch. 1. - -8. =in fidem accēpit=: cf. _in fidem acceptae_, Ch. 19. - -11. =ā Lacedaemoniīs=: cf. _Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt_, Ch. 11. -The Spartans were called Lacedaemonii from Lacedaemon, another name for -Sparta. - -CH. 22. - -22. =ingentī praedā=: after a victory a portion of the booty generally -was divided among the soldiers. - -23. =subācta … fuisset=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8. - -30. =neque … īnfrāctus fuit=: lit. ‘neither in any one was courage -broken by these’ ＝ ‘and no one’s courage was broken by these -(misfortunes).’ - -=hīs=: sc. _cāsibus_. - - -PAGE 25. - -CH. 23. - -4. =continuae=: ‘repeated’; one following another without any break. - -6. =recēderētur=: lit. ‘it should be withdrawn’ ＝ ‘they should -withdraw.’ - -CH. 24. - -8. =Metellō=: a coin was struck to commemorate this battle, having the -head of Metellus on the one side and an elephant on the other. Metellus -was consul a second time in 249 B.C., and was elected Pontifex Maximus -in 243 B.C. In 241 B.C. he rescued the Palladium when the Temple of -Vesta was on fire. - -10. =venientem=: ‘on his arrival’; in Sicily from Africa. - -12. =in auxilium=: lit. ‘for aid’ ＝ ‘as auxiliaries.’ - -13. =ingentī pompā=: cf. _ultimā perniciē_, Ch. 21. - -CH. 25. - -17. =obtinēret=: ‘obtain’; a late meaning. - -18. =nihil … ēgit=: ‘did not act at all’; _i.e._ he made no use of the -privileges enjoyed by Roman citizens, but acted as a foreigner on -the ground that he had lost his citizenship when he had been captured -by the enemy. It was so provided by Roman law, but there was also the -provision that when a prisoner returned he recovered his former status. -The story of the return of Regulus is more than doubtful. - -20. =uxōrem=: according to the view he took she had ceased to be his -wife. - - -PAGE 26. - -1. =obtinuit=: ‘he gained his point.’ - -2. =nūllus admīsit=: ‘no one admitted (to the senate)’; _i.e._ the -Romans refused to admit the ambassadors. - -3. =negāvit= ＝ _dīxit nōn_. - -4. =mānsūrum=: sc. _esse_. - -CH. 26. - -8. =contrā auspicia=: nothing was undertaken by the Romans without -consulting the will of the gods. In this case the sacred chickens -refused to eat, this being an unfavorable omen, yet Claudius persisted -in fighting. - -11. =alius=: in classical Latin _alter_ would have been used; cf. _aliī -… aliī_, Bk. I, 4. L. Junius is meant. - -CH. 27. - -15. =trecentīs nāvibus=: this fleet was not raised by the state, but by -private subscription. The number is generally given as 200. - -18. =nāvem aeger ascendit=: ‘embarked with difficulty.’ - -=vulnerātus … fuerat=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8. - -22. =īnfīnītum=: ‘a very great (amount).’ - -=aurī=: cf. _argentī_, Ch. 19. - -24. =VI Īdūs Mārtiās=: the full expression would be _ante diem sextum -Īdūs Mārtiās_; cf. _XI Kal. Māiās_, Bk. I, 1. - -25. =tribūta … pāx=: peace was granted finally on these terms: Carthage -was to evacuate Sicily, to give up the Roman prisoners without ransom, -and to pay a war indemnity of 3,200 talents,--$4,000,000,--one third -down and the remainder in ten annual payments. - - -PAGE 27. - -1. =licēret=: ‘it might be permitted’; the subject is _redimī captīvōs_. - -4. =redīrent=: _iubeō_ generally takes the Accusative and Infinitive, -but in poetry and in late prose it sometimes takes _ut_ with the -Subjunctive. - -5. =ex fiscō=: ‘from the treasury’; a late meaning. - -CH. 28. - -6. =Q. Lutātius=: _Cercō_. - -=A. Mānlius=: _Torquātus_. - -8. =quam vēnerant=: ‘after they had come.’ - - - - -BOOK III - -CH. 1. - -12. =Ptolemaeum=: this was the famous Ptolemy Philadelphus. He was -engaged in war with Antiochus II, king of Syria, for a long time, but -finally concluded peace with him and gave him his daughter in marriage. -He was noted for his patronage of literature and science. - -14. =Antiochus=: this was the name of several kings of Syria. The one -referred to here was Antiochus II, called Theos. - -=grātiās … ēgit=: ‘gave thanks.’ - -16. =Hierō=: more properly the king of Syracuse (see Bk. II, 18, 19). -During his reign the celebrated mathematician Archimedes lived. He -became the firm ally of the Romans, and when the Second Punic War -broke out he remained true to his alliance. After the battle of Lake -Trasimenus he sent a fleet with provisions and other gifts to the -Romans and also furnished them with a body of light troops. - -18. =exhibuit=: lit. ‘held out’ ＝ ‘presented.’ - -CH. 2. - -19. =quibus=: sc. _annīs_; cf. _tempore_, Ch. 1. - -20. =Ligurēs=: they inhabited the upper part of the Po valley. They -were of small stature, but strong, active, and brave. In early times -they served as mercenaries in the armies of Carthage. They were not -subdued finally by the Romans until after a long and fierce struggle. -Genua was their chief city. - -21. =dē hīs=: cf. _dē hīs_, Bk. I, 11. - - -PAGE 28. - -1. =Sardiniēnsēs=: when a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome took -advantage of the exhausted condition of Carthage, and demanded the -surrender of the island and an additional indemnity of 1200 talents -($1,500,000). Corsica was obtained in a similar manner. This was the -beginning of the Roman provincial system. Each province was governed by -a praetor and paid taxes to the Roman people. _Rome and Carthage_, p. -102; Creighton, p. 39. - -3. =impellentēs=: nominative agreeing with _Karthāginiēnsēs_ and -governing _Sardiniēnsēs_. - -CH. 3. - -7. =nūllum bellum habuērunt=: at Rome there was the so-called Temple of -Janus, the gates of which were open in time of war and closed in time -of peace. The gates were closed only three times from the building of -the temple by Numa to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 235 B.C., and by -Augustus in 29 and 25 B.C. - -8. =semel tantum=: ‘only once.’ - -=Numā Pompiliō rēgnante=: cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, 2. - -CH. 4. - -10. =Īllyriōs=: the Illyrians lived on the eastern side of the Adriatic -Sea. They were a nation of pirates, and made the whole Adriatic and -Ionian seas unsafe for commerce. Even the towns on the coast were not -safe from their ravages. The Romans sent a force against them and -compelled them to give up their conquests and to make peace. - -11. =ex Īllyriīs=: _dē Īllyriīs_ would be more common. - -CH. 5. - -13. =Gallōrum=: the Romans, recalling the terrible battle of Allia, -Bk. I, 20, were panic-stricken at first. A large army was raised and -stationed at Ariminum, where the first attack was expected. But the -Gauls passed around the Roman army, and, falling in with a small -reserve force, utterly defeated it. Instead of hastening to Rome, they -resolved to put their plunder in a place of safety. The Roman army -following them met them finally near Telamon, where the decisive -battle was fought, and the Gauls were annihilated. - -14. =cōnsēnsit=: ‘united.’ - -15. =Fabiō=: _Q. Fabius Pictor_, the earliest of the annalists. -He wrote in Greek an account of the early history of Rome. He is -frequently quoted by Livy. - -17. =tantum=: ‘alone.’ - -CH. 6. - -20. =M. Claudiō Mārcellō=: he was five times consul. This was his first -consulship. He was one of the chief generals of the Romans in the -Second Punic War. He captured Syracuse after a siege of two years (Chs. -12, 14). He fell in battle 208 B.C., and was buried by the enemy with -military honors (Ch. 16). - -24. =Mediōlānum=: the modern Milan. - -=expūgnāvit=: note the difference between _expūgnō_ and _oppūgnō_. - -26. =spolia=: called _opīma_, were the arms taken from a hostile -general by a Roman general commanding under his own auspices. They were -hung in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius on the Capitol. This temple is -said to have been built by Romulus, who inaugurated the custom. They -were won on only two subsequent occasions, when A. Cornelius Cossus -killed Lars Tolumnius, king of the Veii (Bk. I, 19), and the time -mentioned in this chapter. - - -PAGE 29. - -CH. 7. - -4. =bellum Pūnicum secundum=: immediately after the end of the First -Punic War the Carthaginians began to prepare for a renewal of the -struggle against Rome. Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, crossed -over into Spain and conquered a large part of it. Probably it was -his intention to make this province the basis of operations against -Italy. But death prevented the realization of his plans. Hasdrubal, his -son-in-law, took command of the empire Hamilcar had founded in Spain, -and organized and enlarged it. He founded the city of New Carthage, -which from its situation seemed destined to become a second Carthage in -commercial importance. In 221 B.C. he was assassinated. At his death -the command was turned over to Hannibal, the idol of the army and the -sworn enemy of the Romans. Active preparations were made. Forces were -assembled, supplies were prepared, and when all was ready Hannibal gave -the signal for war by besieging Saguntum. - -=per Hannibalem=: cf. _per fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6. - -5. =Saguntum=: a town on the southern coast of Spain, said to have been -founded by the Greeks as a trading post. It was in alliance with the -Romans, although by the terms of the last treaty with the Carthaginians -independence was secured to the Saguntines by both parties. The capture -of this town was the first hostile act of the war. _Rome and Carthage_, -p. 112; Creighton, p. 40. - -7. =annum … aetātis=: lit. ‘passing the twentieth year of his life’ ＝ -‘being twenty years of age’; cf. _decem et octō annōs nātus_, Bk. I, 1. - -10. =mīsērunt=: sc. _lēgātōs_. - -=ut mandārētur=: lit. ‘that it might be commanded’ ＝ ‘that instructions -might be given.’ - -11. =dūra respōnsa=: the story is told that when Q. Fabius, the chief -of the embassy, held up his toga, saying, ‘I carry here peace and war: -choose ye which ye will have.’ ‘Give us which ever you please,’ replied -the Carthaginians. ‘War, then,’ said Fabius; and the decision was -greeted by the short-sighted acclamations of the masses. - -13. =adficiuntur=: historical Present. - -CH. 8. - -15. =in Hispāniam=: cf. _Rōmam_, Ch. 2. - -16. =Ti. Semprōnius=: sc. _Longus_. - -17. =Alpēs=: there is a disagreement as to the pass by which Hannibal -entered Italy. Probably he crossed by the Little St. Bernard pass, and -came into Italy near the present town of Aosta. Creighton, p. 41; _Rome -and Carthage_, p. 118. - -19. =LXXX mīlia peditum=: the number of the forces of Hannibal given -here is taken from L. Cincius Alimentus, a Roman annalist. He was -captured by Hannibal, and so had excellent opportunities for gaining -information. - -21. =Semprōnius Gracchus=: a mistake of Eutropius. It was Ti. -Sempronius Longus. In the next chapter it should be _Semprōnius Longus_ -instead of _Semprōnius Gracchus_. - -CH. 9. - -23. =P. Cornēlius Scīpiō=: at the beginning of the war he set out for -Spain, Ch. 8, but finding that Hannibal had already left and was on his -way to Italy, he went to Gaul to encounter the Carthaginian before he -should cross the Alps. Hannibal was too quick for him. Scipio returned -to Italy and awaited the arrival of the Carthaginians in Cisalpine -Gaul. Near the river Ticinus, one of the northern tributaries of -the Po, the first engagement of the war took place. The Romans were -defeated; Scipio received a severe wound, and was only saved from death -by the courage of his son Publius, the future conqueror of Hannibal. P. -Scipio and his brother Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14. _Rome and -Carthage_, p. 127; Creighton, p. 43. - - -PAGE 30. - -1. =apud Trebiam amnem=: the Trebia is a small stream flowing into -the Po from the south. For an account of the battle see _Rome and -Carthage_, p. 130; Creighton, p. 43. - -2. =multī … dēdidērunt=: it was Hannibal’s policy to encourage the -communities subject to Rome to revolt and to attach themselves to his -standard. Everywhere he proclaimed himself to be the ‘Liberator of -Italy.’ - -3. =Flāminiō … occurrit=: this battle took place in the following -year, 217 B.C. Hannibal wintered in the plains of Lombardy, and at the -approach of spring attempted to cross the Apennines. He was driven -back by a violent storm, and was forced to return to his winter -quarters. Later in the year he passed the mountains and marched into -Etruria, where he was met by the Romans under Flaminius, who had been -elected consul for that year, in the battle of Lake Trasimenus, in -which the Romans were utterly defeated, and almost the whole force was -annihilated. _Rome and Carthage_, p. 138; Creighton, p. 43. - -6. =Q. Fabius Māximus=: was the great-grandson of the Q. Fabius Maximus -mentioned in Bk. II, 8, and grandson of the Q. Fabius mentioned in -Bk. II, 9. He was one of the greatest generals of Rome. He was chosen -dictator in 217 B.C., after the battle of Lake Trasimenus. The policy -he adopted is well known. By following Hannibal from place to place, -by watching for any error or neglect on his part and immediately -taking advantage of it, and by avoiding a general engagement, he -earned for himself the name of Cunctator, ‘delayer,’ but he saved the -state. In 215 B.C. he was elected consul again, and again employed the -same tactics. In 210 B.C., when he was consul for the fifth time, he -recaptured Tarentum by stratagem (Ch. 16). He opposed the sending of -Scipio to Africa, saying that Italy ought to be rid of Hannibal first. - -=eum … frēgit= ＝ _ab impetū eum prohibuit_; ‘prevented him from -attacking in force.’ - -=differendō pūgnam=: ‘by postponing battle’: _i.e._ by avoiding a -decisive engagement. - -CH. 10. - -8. =quadrāgēsimō=: Eutropius is mistaken in the date; it was 216 B.C. - -9. =L. Aemilius Paulus=: father of the L. Aemilius Paulus mentioned in -Bk. IV, 6, 7. He had distinguished himself in his former consulship -in the war against the Illyrians. Against his advice the battle of -Cannae was fought, and, refusing to fly from the field when the battle -was lost, he was slain. He was an aristocrat, and was raised to the -consulship by that party to counterbalance the influence of the -plebeian P. Terentius Varro. - -13. =impatientiā Varrōnis=: the aristocracy laid all the blame of the -defeat on Varro. - -14. =Cannae=: a town of Apulia to the south of the Aufidus, about -halfway between Canusium and the sea. This was one of the most -important battles of the war. Although the Romans greatly outnumbered -the Carthaginians, by the skillful maneuvers of Hannibal, they were -surrounded on all sides and were cut down without mercy. “For eight -hours the work of destruction went on, and at the end 50,000 men lay -dead upon the ground. Aemilius Paulus, the Illyrian hero, who, though -wounded by a sling early in the day, had clung to his horse, heartening -on his men, till he dropped exhausted from his saddle, the proconsul -Servilius, the late high-spirited master of the horse, Minucius, both -quaestors, twenty-one military tribunes, sixty senators, and an -unknown number of knights were among the slain. Nearly 20,000 Roman -prisoners were taken. Of the rest, Varro, with a few horsemen only, -escaped to Venusia. Amid all this slaughter the conqueror had lost only -5500 of his infantry and but 200 of that matchless cavalry to whom the -victory was mainly due.” _Rome and Carthage_, p. 160; Creighton, p. 44. - -16. =pars dē exercitū= ＝ _pars exercitūs_; a very rare usage. - -18. =acceptī sunt=: ‘were handled’; an ironical use of the word. - -20. =nōbilēs virī=: men whose ancestors had held high office. - -22. =mentiōnem habēre=: usually _mentiōnem facere_. - -=quod numquam ante=: sc. _factum erat_. - -23. =manūmissī=: sc. _sunt_; they were liberated because none but -freemen could serve in the Roman legions. - -CH. 11. - -24. =multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs=: “chiefly Samnites and other south -Italian states. The Greek cities held to Rome, and ‘not one Roman -citizen, nor one Latin community, had joined Hannibal.’” - - -PAGE 31. - -2. =variīs suppliciīs=: probably the Romans exaggerated the cruelty and -treachery of Hannibal. - -3. =ānulōrum=: these rings were the distinctive badges of the knights -and senators. - -7. =duōbus Scīpiōnibus=: P. Cornelius and Gnaeus, the father and -uncle of P. Scipio Africanus. For the campaign in Spain see _Rome and -Carthage_, p. 183. - -CH. 12. - -12. =annō quartō postquam=: H. 486 (429); M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G. -393; B. 223; cf. _aliquot annīs post_, Ch. 6. - -13. =Mārcellus=: see note on _M. Claudiō Mārcellō_, Ch. 6. - -=cīvitātem= ＝ _urbem_; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, 2. - -16. =rēx Macedoniae Philippus=: although Philip promised aid, he never -gave it. Owing to his frequent struggles with the states of Greece, and -the invasion of Macedonia by the Romans, he was compelled to devote his -undivided attention to preserving his realm. - -21. =prōcōnsulem=: ‘ex-consul’; at the expiration of his term of office -the consul was given a province to govern, under the title of proconsul. - -22. =ea=: the antecedent is _Sardinia_. - -CH. 13. - -25. =Hispāniīs=: the two divisions of Spain, Hither and Further. - -28. =missus fuerat=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8. - - -PAGE 32. - -3. =et Hasdrubalem=: ‘including Hasdrubal.’ - -CH. 14. - -8. =ad … urbis=: cf. _ad quintum mīliārum urbis_, Bk. I, 15. This was -merely a feint on the part of Hannibal to draw the Romans away from -Capua, which they were besieging, to the defense of Rome. _Rome and -Carthage_, p. 187. - -12. =per multōs annōs=: cf. _per annum_, Bk. I, 10. - -16. =nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna=: “So fell Syracuse, the virgin city, -which had seen two Athenian armaments perish beneath its walls which -had for centuries saved Sicily from becoming altogether, what its -greater part then was, a Carthaginian appanage. … It fell to rise no -more, at least to its former opulence. Its temples were left standing, -because they would not pay for moving; … but the choicest works of art -were swept off to adorn the imperial city.” _Rome and Carthage_, p. 181. - -22. =in dēditiōnem accēpit=: cf. _in dēditiōnem accēpērunt_, Bk. II, 21. - -24. =cōnsulem=: he was praetor, not consul. He was surprised by -Hannibal and slain before Herdonia. - - -PAGE 33. - -CH. 15. - -2. =P. Cornēlius Scīpiō=: he is one of the most interesting characters -in Roman history. Brilliant and versatile, he seemed to be the favorite -of fortune. When the senate had resolved to make one more attempt to -conquer Spain and were looking for a leader, he offered himself and -was sent with 11,000 men. On his arrival he found the forces of the -Carthaginians scattered in different parts of the province, and New -Carthage defended by a weak garrison. By a brilliant stratagem he -captured this with its riches and munitions of war, 207 B.C. Next he -attacked Hasdrubal at Baecula in Andalusia. Although the Romans claimed -the victory, Hasdrubal escaped from his hands and started for Italy -to bear aid to his brother Hannibal. Spain was left to the undisputed -possession of the Romans. - -3. =annōs nātus … vīgintī=: cf. _decem … nātus_, Bk. I, 1. He was too -young to be elected to the consulship. - -5. =ferē prīmus=: ‘almost the first.’ - -=Karthāginem Hispāniae=: called ‘New Carthage.’ See note on _bellum -Pūnicum secundum_, Ch. 7. A town still exists on the same spot bearing -the name Cartagena. - -11. =ūnō animō=: ‘with one accord.’ - -CH. 16. - -14. =Q. Fabius Māximus=: see note on _Q. Fabiō Māximō_, Ch. 9. - -17. =pecūniam hominum vēnditōrum=: ‘the money derived from the sale of -the prisoners.’ - -18. =ad fiscum=: cf. _ex fiscō_, Bk. II, 27. - -21. =ēgregiās rēs=: ‘extraordinary exploits.’ - -=per sē=: cf. _per fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6. - -22. =L. Scīpiōnem=: became famous for his victories in the East, Bk. -IV, 4. - -23. =Claudius Mārcellus=: see note on _M. Claudiō Mārcellō_, Ch. 6. - -CH. 17. - -26. =rēs inclitās=: cf. _ēgregiās rēs_, Ch. 16. - - -PAGE 34. - -1. =in amīcitiam accēpit=: cf. _in dēditiōnem accēpērunt_, Bk. II, 21. -It meant practical subjection in either case. - -=ā victō=: sc. _hoste_. - -2. =obsidēs nōn poposcit=: by pursuing the opposite course to that of -the Carthaginians he hoped to win over the Spaniards. - -CH. 18. - -3. =dēspērāns=: ‘giving up the hope.’ - -6. =ā cōnsulibus=: construe with _īnsidiās compositās_. - -7. =apud Sēnam=: one of the critical battles of the world’s history. -It is generally known as the battle of the Metaurus, from the name of -the river near which it was fought. The messenger sent by Hasdrubal -to inform his brother Hannibal of his coming fell into the hands of -the Romans. Nero, leaving a part of his forces to watch Hannibal, -with a picked band hastened north, joined the force under Salinator, -defeated Hasdrubal, who perished in the battle, and returned to his -army in Apulia before Hannibal discovered his absence. It is said that -he ordered the severed head of Hasdrubal to be flung into the camp of -Hannibal. He “recognized the features of the brother whom he had so -long and eagerly expected, and in them sadly saw the doom of Carthage.” -_Rome and Carthage_, p. 196; Creighton, p. 45. - -12. =ingēns animus accessit=: lit. ‘great courage came to in addition’ -＝ ‘great courage was inspired in.’ - -=et ipsī= ＝ _etiam_: cf. _et ipse_, Bk. I, 8. - -CH. 20. - -19. =in Āfricam missus=: the senate, led by Fabius, opposed the sending -of Scipio, but the people forced that body to accede to their demands. -Owing to the opposition Scipio was not as well equipped for the -expedition as he should have been. - -=dīvīnum quiddam=: ‘something divine.’ The ancients believed that great -men were inspired by the gods. Scipio pretended to hold communication -with Jupiter Capitolinus. Probably he merely took advantage of a -popular superstition. - -24. =Syphācem=: Syphax had driven Masinissa, a Libyan king, from his -throne. Masinissa joined Scipio on his arrival in Africa and gave him -valuable aid. When the war was ended Masinissa was restored to his -throne as his reward. - - -PAGE 35. - -CH. 21. - -5. =lēgātī … petīvērunt=: their purpose was to enable Hannibal to reach -Africa and prepare for war against Scipio. - -7. =quoūsque= ＝ _dōnec_: a late usage. - -8. =mīlia=: sc. _lībrārum_. - -=pondō=: ‘by weight.’ - -11. =nē … redderent=: Indirect Discourse depending on an idea of -commanding implied in _hīs … dedit_. - -CH. 22. - -19. =quibus prius=: sc. _data esset_; cf. _hīs condiciōnibus dedit_, -Ch. 21. - -20. =quīngentīs mīlibus=: Dative, object of _additīs_. - -24. =Karthāginī bellum=: the details of these operations are -imperfectly known. _Rome and Carthage_, p. 222. - - -PAGE 36. - -CH. 23. - -2. =ūllā memoriā=: ‘within the memory of any one.’ - -3. =Scīpiō victor=: this was at the famous battle of Zama, one of the -decisive battles of the world. Although Hannibal managed his forces -with his usual skill, and his veterans fought like the men who had so -often conquered in Italy, the Carthaginians were utterly defeated. This -ended the Second Punic War. _Rome and Carthage_, p. 224; Creighton, p. -46. - -6. =mīlia=: sc. _lībrārum_. - -7. =supellectilis=: Nominative, the usual form is _supellex_. - -9. =Āfricānus=: later _Māior_ was added to his name to distinguish him -from the Scipio Africanus who destroyed Carthage, 146 B.C. - -11. =quam coeperat=: cf. _quam vēnerant_, Bk. II, 28. - - - - -BOOK IV - -CH. 1. - -12. =Macedonicum=: sc. _bellum_. - -CH. 2. - -13. =Philippum=: Philip V, king of Macedonia, began to reign 220 B.C., -was defeated by Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 197 B.C., and died 179 B.C. -_The Story of the Romans_, p. 137; Creighton, p. 47. - -15. =rem prōsperē gessit=: in 196 B.C., at the meeting of the Isthmian -games, Flamininus caused a herald to proclaim, “that the senate and the -people of Rome, and their commander, Titus Quinctius, having subdued -Philip and the Macedonians, now restored the Corinthians, Phocians, -Locrians, Euboeans, Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to their freedom and -independence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws.” - -19. =quaterna mīlia=: sc. _lībrārum_; note the force of the -distributive. - -=pondō=: cf. _pondō_, Bk. III, 21. - - -PAGE 37. - -2. =Nabidem=: Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had seized the city of -Argos. - -=quibus voluit condiciōnibus= ＝ _quibus voluit eīs condiciōnibus_. - -=in fidem accēpit=: cf. _in fidem acceptae_, Bk. II, 19. This is a mild -way of saying that he made the king a subject of Rome. - -CH. 3. - -6. =Syriacum=: sc. _bellum_. Creighton, p. 48. - -7. =Antiochum=: the most illustrious of the family of the Seleucidae, -kings of Syria, was Antiochus, surnamed the Great. After having -conquered Caelo-Syria and Palestine, he was urged by Hannibal, who -had taken refuge at his court, to make war on the Romans. He invaded -Greece, but was defeated by L. Scipio at Thermopylae in 191 B.C., and -again at Mt. Sipylus in Magnesia in 190 B.C., when he was compelled to -sue for peace. - -12. =fuisset=: cf. _quia … fēcissent_, Bk. II, 11. - -CH. 4. - -14. =L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne=: cf. Bk. III, 16. - -=Scīpiō Āfricānus=: although Scipio Africanus was the _legatus_ of his -brother, yet he practically acted as commander, as his brother was a -man of no ability. - -17. =nāvālī proeliō=: this battle, fought at the mouth of the -Eurymedon, off Aspendus in Pamphylia, “was the first naval battle and -the last battle fought by Hannibal against the Romans.” - -18. =apud Māgnēsiam=: “with the day of Magnesia Asia was erased from -the list of great states; and never perhaps did a great power fall so -rapidly, so thoroughly, and so ignominiously as the kingdom of the -Seleucidae under this Antiochus the Great.” Mommsen. - -20. =Eumenēs=: Antiochus had offered one of his daughters in marriage -to Eumenes, the king of Pergamus, on condition that he assist him -against the Romans. - -22. =ex parte rēgis=: ‘on the side of the king.’ - -24. =data est=: sc. _pāx_. - -25. =recēderet=: cf. _īnferret_, Ch. 2. - - -PAGE 38. - -1. =concitātōrem bellī=: ‘who had aroused the war’; often it is best to -translate nouns of Agency by a clause. - -6. =et ipse=: cf. _et ipse_, Bk. I, 8. - -=Asiāgenis=: the more usual title is _Asiāticus_. - -CH. 5. - -12. =per T. Quīntium Flāminīnum=: cf. _per fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6. - -13. =trādendus esset=: the bitterness with which the Romans hunted down -Hannibal was unworthy of such a man and such a nation. - -=venēnum bibit=: “Thus ignominiously ended the career of the man who -stood once at the head of the commanders of the world, and whose memory -is still honored for the magnificence of his ambition in daring to -attack and expecting to conquer the most powerful nation of his time.” - -CH. 6. - -19. =rebellāvit=: on account of the division of the conquered territory -after the fall of Antiochus, Philip became indignant at the Romans, and -planned a revolt on a large scale. His death in 179 B.C. prevented him -from putting his plans into execution. His son Perseus attempted to -carry them out. Owing to his lack of genius, he did not act promptly -and with energy when the opportunity offered, and let it slip by. - -20. =Thraciae=: Thrace was the name given originally to the whole -region north of the Aegean Sea. Afterwards it was confined to the -valley of the Hebrus. It became a Roman province in 46 A.D. - -=Īllyricī=: Illyricum was on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its -rocky coasts were infested with pirates until it was conquered by the -Romans in the second century B.C. It was made a province afterwards and -known as Dalmatia. - -21. =Rōmānīs … auxiliō=: cf. _auxiliō … Rōmānīs_, Ch. 4. - -24. =utrīsque … praebuit=: lit. ‘furnished himself equal to both’ ＝ -‘remained neutral.’ - -25. =P. Licinius=: sc. _Crassus_. He was utterly incompetent and -thoroughly unscrupulous. - -26. =gravī proeliō victus=: near Larisa. If Perseus had possessed the -energy to follow up this victory, the result might have been different. - - -PAGE 39. - -1. =mox missus contrā eum=: Eutropius does not mention the two -campaigns under Aulus Hostilius and Quintius Marcius Philippus, in both -of which the Romans were unsuccessful. - -2. =L. Aemilius Paulus=: he was the son of the consul who fell at -Cannae, Bk. III, 10. He was one of the best specimens of the sturdy -Roman character. He was noted for his discipline in the army, and -maintained throughout life a pure and unspotted character. - -6. =ante … quam=: cf. note on _ante … quam_, Bk. II, 13. - -CH. 7. - -8. =III Nōnās Septembrēs=: the full expression would be _ante diem -tertium Nōnās Septembrēs_; cf. _XI Kal. Māiās_, Bk. I, 1. - -9. =vīcit=: at the battle of Pydna in Macedonia, 168 B.C. “It was in -fact the last battle in which a civilized state confronted Rome in the -field on a footing of equality with her as a great power. … The whole -civilized world henceforth recognized in the Roman senate the supreme -tribunal whose commissioners decided in the last resort between kings -and nations.” Mommsen, _History of Rome_, Vol. II, p. 330. - -14. =honōrem … habuit=: ‘held him in honor’ ＝ ‘honored him.’ - -=victō=: in apposition with _eī_. - -15. =sibi=: _sibi_ and _sē_ refer to Paulus. - -23. =convīviī apparātū=: ‘in his entertainments.’ - -CH. 8. - -25. =praedam … distribuit=: this act of cruelty was commanded by the -senate. - - -PAGE 40. - -2. =triumphāvit autem māgnificentissimē=: never before had Rome seen so -grand a triumph. It lasted for three days. - -3. =cum duōbus fīliīs=: Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus -Minor, both of whom had been adopted into other families. - -9. =Bīthȳniae=: supply _rēx_ from _rēgēs_ above. - -CH. 10. - -15. =tertium … Karthāginem=: _The Story of the Romans_, p. 139; -Creighton, p. 50; _Rome and Carthage_, Ch. XIX. The Romans encouraged -their ally Masinissa to encroach on the territories of Carthage and to -harass her in every way. They were seeking a pretext for war, having -fully decided to utterly destroy their hated rival. The story is told -that every speech that Cato the Censor made was concluded with the -words ‘_Dēlenda est Carthāgō_,’ ‘Carthage must be destroyed.’ - -16. =L. Mānliō Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō=: they were utterly incompetent. -On several occasions they were saved from destruction only by the skill -of Scipio. - -19. =Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt=: the Carthaginians tried in every way -to avert the war. Embassy after embassy was sent to Rome, offering -everything that could be asked. When the Romans demanded the surrender -of the arms of the city, they were given. But when it was demanded that -they should leave their city and should settle somewhere else at a -distance of ten miles from the sea, they refused and prepared for the -struggle that was inevitable. - -21. =Scīpiō=: “Publius Cornelius Scipio was the youngest son of -Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia. When quite a youth he had -fought at his father’s side at Pydna, and he was afterwards adopted -into a still more illustrious family, that of the Scipios. Like his -grandfather, the great Africanus, he had early shown a taste for other -arts than that of war; and his fondness for literature was cemented -by the friendship which he formed, while still a youth, with the -historian Polybius. He was inferior in all respects to his grandfather -by adoption, the elder Africanus.” He is chosen by Cicero in the _De -Amicitia_ as one whose friendship was worthy of immortality. - -24. =cōnsultissimus=: ‘most fertile in council.’ - -=per eum=: cf. _per Ancī fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6. - -27. =committere=: sc. _proelium_; the omission is late and rare. - - -PAGE 41. - -CH. 11. - -1. =per idem tempus=: equivalent to the Ablative of Time within which. - -=Masinissa=: see note on _Syphācem_, Bk. III, 20. - -CH. 12. - -5. =iuvenis=: see note on _annōrum_, Bk. II, 6. Scipio was about -thirty-seven years old, and had held the office of military tribune -only. - -6. =cōnsul est factus=: as in the case of his grandfather by adoption, -there was the tacit understanding that his office was to be continued -until he had brought the war to an end. The Romans by this time had -learned the advantage of retaining in office in times of danger a man -who showed himself adapted to the place. - -9. =quae sua recognōscēbant=: ‘which they recognized as their own.’ - -10. =Karthāgō … dēlēta est=: “Thus happened what, happily, has rarely -happened in history before or since. An ancient seat of civilization -with the race which inhabited it, with its arts and its sciences, its -laws, its literature, and its religion, was swept away at a single -stroke, leaving hardly a wrack behind; and with it vanished the last -rival whom Rome had to fear, the one state which ever met her on equal -terms, and therefore alone stood between her and universal empire.” -_Rome and Carthage_, p. 260. - -=quam= ＝ _postquam_. - -11. =avus ēius=: his grandfather by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio -Africanus Maior, the conqueror of Hannibal. - -12. =Āfricānus iūnior=: _etiam ipse_ can, of course, refer only to -Africanus, _iunior_ being adversative; ‘Africanus (but) younger’; cf. -note on _Tarquinius iūnior_, Bk. I, 8. - -CH. 13. - -14. =Pseudophilippus=: “A pretender, calling himself Phillip, the -son of Perseus, met with support from Thrace and Byzantium, and -was accepted as king by the Macedonian nation. He even extended his -rule over Thessaly by his victory over the Roman praetor Juventius.” -Mommsen, p. 219. - -15. =praetorem=: the praetor was one of the chief magistrates at Rome, -next to the consuls. The number varied at different times. After -Sulla’s time there were eight. The duties of the praetor were to -administer justice, and in the absence of the consuls to act in their -place. Praetors were also sent to govern provinces subject to Rome. - -16. =ad interneciōnem=: ‘to the point of destruction.’ - -CH. 14. - -22. =cēpit=: after the battle of Leucopatra, in which the Achaeans were -utterly defeated. - -=dīruit=: “With Corinth fell the liberties of Greece; a Roman province -took the place of the state that for six centuries had been the home -of art and eloquence, the intellectual sovereign of antiquity; but -though overcome and despoiled, she became the guide and teacher of her -conqueror.” The light of Greece was extinguished. - -27. =pīctae tabulae=: ‘pictures.’ - - -PAGE 42. - -CH. 15. - -3. =habēret=: H. 598 (515, III); M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, _d_; G. 587; -B. 309, 3. - -=quaestōre=: the quaestor was an officer in charge of the treasury. -Two remained in the city while the others accompanied the provincial -governors and managed the finances of the provinces. - -CH. 16. - -5. =Metellus=: Q. Caecilius Metellus, called Macedonicus, was the son -of Caecilius mentioned in Bk. III, 19. He was consul in 143 B.C., and -received the province of Hither Spain, where he carried on war with -success for two years against the Celtiberi. His brother, L. Caecilius, -was consul in 142 B.C. Chs. 21, 23. - -8. =Viriāthus=: it is said that Caepio procured his assassination. - -9. =quō metū= ＝ _cūius metū_: for the case of _metū_, cf. _metū_, Ch. 3. - -12. =adsertor=: ‘restorer of liberty.’ - -CH. 17. - -17. =pācem ignōbilem fēcit=: but fearing the reckoning that awaited him -at home for concluding peace, he denied before the senate the agreement -he had made with the people of Numantia. The total incompetency of -Pompeius and of his successor, Mancinus, and the demoralization of the -army, caused the war to drag on with disgrace and disaster for three -years. Creighton, p. 49. - -20. =Mancīnum hostibus trādī=: they refused to receive him, as the -senate knew they would. - -24. =cōnsul factus=: sc. _est_; this was in 134 B.C. He was then at the -legal age for the consulship. - -25. =mīlitem=: ‘the soldiers’; a collective noun. - - -PAGE 43. - -4. =reliquam … accēpit=: “A senatorial commission was shortly -afterwards sent to Spain, and the provinces were reorganized. Spain -gradually became exceedingly prosperous, and, despite the guerilla -warfare ever waged by the half-subdued native tribes, it was the -most flourishing and best organized country in the Roman dominions.” -Mommsen, p. 215. - -CH. 18. - -6. =Attalus=: the kingdom of Attalus consisted of Lydia, Phrygia, -Mysia, and Caria, four states on the coast of Asia Minor. - -CH. 19. - -9. =Callaecīs=: generally written _Gallaecī_. They were a people -inhabiting the northwestern part of Spain, bordering on the Atlantic. -They were the most uncivilized people of Spain. - -=Lūsitānīs=: they lived a little south of the Gallaeci. - -10. =P. Scīpiō … Numantīnīs=: from the capture of the city of Numantia -he received the name _Numantīnus_. - -12. =dē Āfricā=: _i.e. dē Karthāgine_. - -CH. 20. - -13. =Aristonīcō=: he was a natural son of Eumenes II of Pergamus. Upon -the death of his brother Attalus, who left his kingdom to the Romans, -Ch. 18, he claimed the throne. At first he met with considerable -success. - -15. =P. Licinius Crassus=: he was consul for the year 131 B.C. He was a -good orator and jurist. - -25. =carcere=: the Mamertine prison at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. -This was the only prison in Rome in early times. In it most of the -famous captives of the Romans were strangled. It consisted of an upper -and lower chamber. The term Tullianum sometimes applied to the prison -as a whole is more properly restricted to the lower dungeon. Sallust -in the ‘Catiline’ gives an impressive picture of the lower vault in -which Jugurtha perished. “There is,” he says, “in the prison a chamber -named the Tullianum, about twelve feet below the surface of the earth. -It is surrounded by walls, and covered by a vaulted roof of stone; but -its appearance is repulsive and fearful, because of the neglect, the -darkness, and the stench.” - -27. =diem obierat=: lit. ‘he had met his day’ ＝ ‘he died.’ - -CH. 21. - -29. =quae nunc manet=: Eutropius is in error. The Carthage of his time -was founded by Augustus. He was carrying out the plans of Julius Caesar -in this. - - -PAGE 44. - -2. =dēductī sunt=: the regular term for the founding of a colony. - -=eō= ＝ _ad eum locum_. - -CH. 22. - -5. =Gallīs trānsalpīnīs=: the Gauls of the modern France and -Switzerland were called _trānsalpīnī_, to distinguish them from the -Gauls of northern Italy, who were called _cisalpīnī_. - -=Arvernōrum=: the Arverni were a people of Aquitania, in the modern -Auvergne. In early times they were the most powerful people in southern -Gaul. They still possessed considerable power in Caesar’s time, as he -refers to them several times in the _Gallic War_. - -7. =fluvium=: a late word. The regular term for river is _flūmen_. - -8. =torquibus=: cf. _torque_, Bk. II, 5. - -9. =dēductus est=: _i.e._ from Gaul. - -CH. 23. - -12. =Narbōne=: this was the first colony of the Romans in Gaul. Later -it gave the name of _Narbōnēnsis_ to the province. It was situated on -the river Atax, and was of considerable commercial importance. - -13. =L. Caeciliō Metellō=: see note on _Metellus_, Ch. 16. - -CH. 24. - -17. =Scordiscīs=: a people of Pannonia. They were sometimes classed -with the Illyrians, but they were remains of an ancient and powerful -Celtic tribe. - -CH. 25. - -19. =C. Caeciliō Metellō=: he was the son of Quintus Caecilius -Metellus, mentioned in Ch. 16. He was consul in 113 B.C., and carried -on war in Macedonia against the Thracians, whom he subdued. He obtained -a triumph, in consequence, in the same year and on the same day with -his brother. - -20. =alterum ex Sardiniā=: this was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a -brother of Gaius Caecilius mentioned above. He was consul in 115 -B.C. In 114 he was sent to Sardinia as proconsul, and while there he -suppressed a revolt in the province. For this he was granted a triumph, -which he celebrated at the same time with his brother. - -22. =Cimbrōs=: see Bk. V, 1, 2. - -CH. 26. - -23. =P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā=: _i.e._ ‘Scipio with the pointed nose.’ This -name, which was given in derision to one member of his family, clung to -all his descendants. - -24. =Iugurthae … inlātum est=: Jugurtha is an interesting character -in Roman history. He was the illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the -king of Numidia. He served under Scipio in Spain, and there made the -acquaintance of the dissolute patricians who were serving in the army. -On the death of his uncle, he put Hiempsal to death and seized the -kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in the town of Cirta, and, having taken -the town, he put him to death with savage torture. In the capture of -Cirta several Roman citizens were slain. This compelled the senate -to make an investigation; but many of its members had been bribed by -Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. Finally war was declared against -him. The army, however, was poorly equipped and badly organized. -Nothing but defeat resulted. Metellus, on taking command in 109 B.C., -reformed the army, won several victories, and seemed on the point of -bringing the war to an end when he was succeeded by Gaius Marius, his -lieutenant. Marius speedily brought the war to a close. Jugurtha, -however, was surrendered to Sulla, Marius’ lieutenant, by the Moors, -with whom he had taken refuge. After gracing the triumphal procession -of Marius, he was strangled in the Mamertine prison. He is said to -have exclaimed as he touched the water at the bottom of the prison, -‘How cold are thy baths, O Hercules’! - -25. =frātrēs suōs=: Eutropius is incorrect. They were his cousins, not -brothers. - - -PAGE 45. - -2. =quae … improbāta est=: probably the senate would have approved of -it, but such an outcry was raised by the people that they were forced -to reject the peace and order the war to be continued. - -CH. 27. - -6. =Q. Caecilius Metellus=: he was the son of Lucius Caecilius, -mentioned in Chs. 21, 23. He received the name of Numidicus for -his campaign against Jugurtha. In an age of growing corruption his -integrity remained unsullied, and he was distinguished for his -abilities in war and peace. Creighton, p. 61. - -12. =successum est eī=: lit. ‘it was succeeded to him’ ＝ ‘he was -succeeded.’ - -=C. Mariō=: see Bk. V, 1. Marius, who had accompanied Metellus, gained -his consulship by appealing to the credulity of the people and by -misleading them with the most unfair misrepresentations of the conduct -of Metellus. - -=Bocchum=: king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha. - -16. =Cornēlium Sullam=: see Bk. V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an -aristocrat was very annoying to Marius. - - - - -BOOK V - - -PAGE 46. - -CH. 1. - -2. =Cimbrīs et Teutonibus=: the Cimbri and Teutones were Germanic -tribes who had migrated from their homes and had come into Gaul. They -defeated the Romans in several engagements. In the battle of Arausio, -105 B.C., three Roman armies were cut to pieces. Then they turned their -course towards Spain and gave the Romans a respite of two years. In -102 B.C. they returned from Spain and prepared to invade Italy. Before -their entrance they divided. The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed the -Rhone, intending to enter Italy by the eastern Alps. The Teutones and -the Ambrones tried to come in by the Maritime Alps, intending to join -their countrymen in the valley of the Po. Marius met them at Aquae -Sextiae, modern Aix, 102 B.C., and the mighty host of the barbarians -was annihilated. The next year the united armies of Marius and Catulus -met the Cimbri near Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul and utterly defeated -them. Those who survived the battle were either killed or sold in the -slave market at Rome. “The human avalanche which for thirteen years -had alarmed the nations from the Danube to the Ebro, from the Seine to -the Po, rested beneath the sod, or toiled under the yoke of slavery.” -Mommsen, _History of Rome_, Vol. III, p. 203. Creighton, p. 63; _The -Story of the Romans_, p. 155. - -7. =quantus … tempore=: ‘barely was it as great in the time of -Hannibal.’ - -8. =Marius=: Gaius Marius was born near Arpinum 157 B.C. of an obscure -family. By his valor and his energy he worked his way up in the army, -winning distinction in the siege of Numantia in Spain. In 119 B.C. -he was elected tribune of the plebs. He now became a marked man. He -acquired influence and importance by marrying into the family of the -Caesars. In 109 B.C. he went to Africa as lieutenant of Metellus. In -107 B.C. he was elected consul and brought the war with Jugurtha to an -end, Bk. IV, 27. After his return from Africa he was elected consul -the second time in 104 B.C. and took command of the war against the -Cimbri and Teutones. Again in 103, 102, and 101 B.C. he was elected -to the consulship, and crushed the barbarians in the two famous -battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae, 102, 101 B.C., Chs. 1, 2. In -100 B.C. he was elected consul for the sixth time. The Social war -again called him into active service. He defeated the Marsi in two -successive engagements, Ch. 3. That he might gratify his ambition and -be sent to the war with Mithradates, he procured the passage of a law -removing Sulla from the command of the army and conferring it upon -himself. Sulla refused to give up his command, marched upon Rome, and -forced Marius to flee. After having arranged matters at Rome to his -satisfaction Sulla left for the East, Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius -returned to Italy, besieged Rome, and entered the city as a conqueror. -“The most frightful scenes followed. The guards of Marius stabbed every -one whom he did not salute, and the streets ran with the blood of the -noblest of the Roman aristocracy.” Ch. 7. Without the formality of an -election he became consul for the seventh time, 86 B.C. But he did not -long enjoy his honor. On the eighteenth day of his consulship he died. - -15. =absēns=: this was unusual. The law provided that a man must be -present to stand for the consulship, and that at least ten years must -elapse before he could be re-elected. - -CH. 2. - -18. =dīmicātum est=: this battle was fought in the Campi Raudii, near -Vercellae. Before the battle, the Cimbri demanded that lands should be -given them for themselves and the Teutones. ‘The Teutones,’ replied -Marius, ‘have all the land they need on the other side of the Alps.’ - -=ā Catulī parte=: ‘on the part of Catulus.’ - - -PAGE 47. - -CH. 3. - -7. =gravissimum bellum=: this is known as the Social or Italian war. It -was waged by the Italian allies of the Romans. For nearly thirty years -the hope of obtaining Roman citizenship had been held out to them, but -no measure had been carried to better their condition. The burdens -that Rome had imposed upon them had been steadily increased. Finally, -in despair of securing any reforms, they appealed to arms. At first -they were successful, but in the end the Romans conquered. However, -they were compelled to grant nearly all the Italians had demanded. -Creighton, p. 64. - -12. =alius=: for _alter_. - -15. =ā Rōmānīs=: ‘on the side of the Romans’; cf. _ā Catulī parte_, Ch. -2. - -CH. 4. - -24. =bellum cīvīle=: the First Civil war, called also the Civil war of -Marius and Sulla. See Chs. 7-9. _The Story of the Romans_, pp. 160-164; -Creighton, p. 66. - - -PAGE 48. - -1. =Mithradāticum=: sc. _bellum commōtum est_. - -=bellō cīvīlī=: in classical Latin probably a Genitive would have been -used. - -2. =cum Sulla=: Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born of a patrician family -in 138 B.C. After having secured a good education, he passed his early -life in the pursuit of pleasure, squandering the small fortune left -him by his father. He served under Marius in Africa (Bk. IV, 8), and -received the surrender of Jugurtha. During the war with the Cimbri and -Teutones, he served under Marius and Catulus with distinction. When the -Social war broke out he again entered the service and won fresh laurels -(Ch. 3). In 88 B.C. he was elected consul and received the command of -the war against Mithradates (Chs. 5-7). When he had concluded peace -with Mithradates, he returned to Italy in 83 B.C., and prepared for -the campaign against the leaders of the Marian party. His efforts were -crowned with success. In 82 B.C. he brought the conflict to a close -with the decisive battle of the Colline gate (Ch. 8). Sulla was now -master of Italy. He resolved to take the most ample vengeance upon -his enemies, and utterly to crush the popular party. He inaugurated a -proscription, in which as many as 47,000 are said to have perished. -He was chosen dictator by the senate, and made various reforms in the -constitution of the state, all tending to strengthen the power of the -aristocracy and to weaken that of the commons. In 79 B.C. he resigned -his office and retired to his estate at Puteoli, where he died in 78 -B.C. “None of his friends ever did him a kindness, and none of his -enemies a wrong, without being fully repaid.” - -3. =gestūrus=: the Future Participle is not used by prose writers of -the classical period to denote purpose. - -9. =prīmus … armātus=: a general with his army could not enter the -city, except when celebrating a triumph, without losing his command. - -11. =in futūrum annum=: ‘for the next year.’ - -=Cn. Octāviō et L. Cornēliō Cinnā=: in apposition with _cōnsulibus_. - -CH. 5. - -13. =Mithradātēs=: Mithradates V was king of Pontus, a state of Asia -Minor. He is one of the most striking characters of Roman history. -Possessed of a large and powerful frame, he was endowed also with -a mind of great strength and alertness, indomitable courage, and -consuming ambition. It was the desire to extend his realm that brought -him into collision with the Romans. In 88 B.C. he overran Bithynia, -Cappadocia, and the greater part of the Roman province of Asia. In -84 B.C. peace was concluded with Sulla. In 83 B.C. he again began -war. This was brought to an end two years later (Chs. 6, 8). For the -third time he began to wage war in 74 B.C. This was the last and most -important war, and, owing to mismanagement on the part of the Romans, -was not concluded until 63 B.C., when he was driven from his kingdom -and forced to take his own life (Bk. VI, 14). Creighton, pp. 66, 71. - -16. =eī=: the antecedent is _Nīcomēdēs_. - -18. =faceret=: Subjunctive in Indirect Discourse representing the -Future Indicative in Direct. - -=quod … patērētur=: this use of _quod_ with the Subjunctive after a -verb of speaking, instead of the Infinitive with subject Accusative, is -late. For the usual construction, cf. Bk. III, 11. - -=et ipse=: ‘he too.’ - -23. =Ephesum=: Ephesus at the mouth of the Caÿster in Lydia, was the -chief city in Asia Minor. It was especially famous for its temple of -Diana. - -24. =ūnō diē occiderentur=: on that day over 80,000 Italians were put -to death. - - -PAGE 49. - -CH. 6. - -1. =Aristōne=: he was a celebrated philosopher. - -3. =Archelāum=: Archelaus was a distinguished general of Mithradates. -At first he met with some success, but was twice defeated by Sulla in -the battles of Chaeronea and Orchomenos in Boeotia. - -11. =commīsit=: sc. _proelium_. - -15. =iussit … agī=: lit. ‘ordered it to be treated concerning peace’ ＝ -‘ordered a truce to be made.’ - -CH. 7. - -18. =partim=: contrasted with _aliōs_. - -22. =pāx … ōrdināta est=: by the terms of the peace arranged -Mithradates abandoned all his conquests in Asia Minor, confined himself -to the dominion he had held before the war, paid an indemnity of 3000 -talents, and surrendered 80 ships of war fully equipped. - - -PAGE 50. - -2. =prōscrīpsērunt=: ‘outlawed.’ This was the first proscription -in Roman history. It was so called from the list of the names of -the persons who were outlawed. They might be killed by any one with -impunity, even by slaves. Their property was confiscated to the state -and was sold at public auction. Their children and grandchildren lost -their votes in the Comitia and were excluded from all public offices. - -6. =Norbānum et Scīpiōnem=: Lucius Norbanus and Gaius Scipio were -elected consuls for the year 83 B.C. - -7. =contrā Norbānum=: the battle was fought at Mt. Tifata in Campania. -After the battle Norbanus shut himself up in Capua. - -10. =tōtum … accēpit=: by means of Sulla’s emissaries the whole army -deserted Scipio, who was forced to retire from the war. - -CH. 8. - -12. =Marius=: Gaius Marius the younger was elected consul with Gnaeus -Papirius Carbo, though he had not yet attained the legal age for the -office. - -14. =dīmicāvit=: at Sacriportus, between Signia and Praeneste. Marius -was driven to Praeneste, and when the town was captured was slain. - -19. =portam Collīnam=: one of the gates of Rome on the Quirinal Hill. -The battle raged so fiercely and the result was so long in doubt, that -Sulla is said to have invoked the aid of Pythian Apollo. With this -battle the resistance of the Marian party in Italy was at an end. - - -PAGE 51. - -CH. 9. - -4. =nūllī Rōmānōrum=: this was the first time that any one who had not -held the office of consul was permitted to celebrate a triumph. - -9. =XXIV=: sc. _mīlia_ with all these numbers, except the last. - - - - -BOOK VI - -CH. 1. - -14. =Sertōrius=: Quintus Sertorius, a Sabine by birth, served under -Marius in the war against the Teutones. Before the battle of Aquae -Sextiae he entered the camp of the enemy in disguise. In 83 B.C. he -went to Spain and became the leader of the Lusitanians. For several -years he waged war successfully against the Romans. Finally he was -assassinated by one of his officers who was jealous of his power. _The -Story of the Romans_, p. 165; Creighton, p. 69. - - -PAGE 52. - -CH. 2. - -5. =levia proelia=: ‘skirmishes.’ - -=Rhodopam prōvinciam=: a small division of Thrace. - -CH. 3. - -10. =P. Servīlius=: Publius Servilius Vatia was consul in 79 B.C. -The next year he was sent to clear the sea of pirates. He waged war -successfully against them, conquered Cilicia and organized it as a -province. He took a leading part in the public affairs. - -=ex cōnsule= ＝ _prōcōnsule_; a late expression; cf. our expression -‘ex-president.’ - -CH. 5. - -20. =M. Aemilius Lepidus=: Lepidus and Catullus were consuls in the -year after the death of Sulla. They quarreled over some trifling -matter. In 77 B.C. Lepidus marched to Rome with an army. He was met by -Pompey near the Mulvian Bridge and defeated. Shortly afterwards he died -in Sardinia. - -23. =Metellī=: Genitive, depending on _triumphus_ supplied from -_triumphī_ above. - -CH. 6. - -25. =annō urbis conditae=: a variation for the usual expression _ab -urbe conditā_. The year is conceived of as belonging to the city. Cf. -_annō ā conditā urbe_, Bk. III, 10; _annō … ab urbe conditā_, Bk. IV, -22. - - -PAGE 53. - -1. =Nīcomēdēs=: Nicomedes III, surnamed Philopater, was the son and -successor of Nicomedes II mentioned in Bk. IV, Chs. 8, 20. He had been -aided by the Romans, and was encouraged by them to encroach on the -territories of Mithradates. Having no children, he left his kingdom to -the Romans. - -2. =Mithradātēs=: see note on Bk. V, 5. - -4. =apud Chalcēdōna=: the defeat was both by land and sea. - -7. =Lūcullus=: Lucius Licinius Lucullus fought in the Civil war on -the side of Sulla, was praetor in 77 B.C., and consul in 74 B.C. For -eight years he carried on the war against Mithradates with success; -but on account of the mutinous spirit of his soldiers and the jealousy -of certain Romans, he was unable to bring the war to a close. On his -return to Rome he gave himself up to a life of indolence and luxury. He -died in 57 B.C. - -10. =Bȳzantium=: the city of Byzantium was founded by the Megarians -in 658 B.C., and was a place of great importance. Constantinople was -founded on the same site by the Emperor Constantine the Great in 330 -A.D. It remained the capital of the Roman Empire of the East until its -capture by the Turks in 1453. - -13. =centum ferē mīlia=: sc. _hominum_. - -CH. 7. - -17. =novum bellum=: see _The Story of the Romans_, p. 167; Creighton, -p. 70. - -18. =Spartacō=: Spartacus was a Thracian by birth, and had been taken -prisoner and sold to a trainer of gladiators. His character has been -maligned by the Roman writers. “Accident made Spartacus a shepherd, a -freebooter, and a gladiator; nature formed him a hero.” - -19. =ludō=: ‘the gladiatorial school.’ The gladiators were mostly -slaves, and were the property of the individuals who trained them and -leased them for the games. This school belonged to Lentulus. - -20. =paene nōn levius=: ‘not much lighter.’ - -22. =armātōrum=: many slaves joined them. - -23. =victī sunt in Āpūliā=: they were conquered on the river Silarus, -which flows between Lucania and Campania. Spartacus was slain in the -battle. - -CH. 8. - -27. =duo=: nominative masculine, agreeing with _Lūcullī_. - - -PAGE 54. - -7. =Mithradātēs fugātus est=: if the Roman soldiers had been able to -restrain their eagerness for plunder and had followed Mithradates -rapidly, he would have been captured. - -10. =Tigrāne=: Tigranes, king of Armenia, was the son-in-law of -Mithradates. Although at first he refused to aid Mithradates, later -the insolence of Lucullus’ envoys caused him to change his policy and -take a hand in the war. - -CH. 9. - -13. =hostem fugātum=: ‘the enemy who had fled.’ Often it is best to -translate a participle by a clause. - -14. =Tigrānocertam=: the capital of Tigranes. - -16. =clībanāriīs=: this is the only place in Eutropius where this word -is found. It is post-classical, and is used by only two writers besides -Eutropius. - -19. =Nisibīn=: he was directing his march to Artaxata, but the mutiny -of his soldiers caused him to turn aside to Nisibis, the capital of -Mesopotamia, and take up his winter quarters there. - -20. =hī=: his lieutenants, Fannius and Triarius. They had been defeated -at Cabira and Zela. - -22. =neglegenter … agentēs=: ‘conducting themselves carelessly and -greedily.’ - -24. =bellum renovātum est=: the Romans were now exactly where they were -at the breaking out of the war, Pontus and Cappadocia were overrun by -Mithradates, and the results of eight years’ warfare were lost. - - -PAGE 55. - -CH. 11. - -12. =bellum Crēticum=: the war was in reality directed against the -pirates who made Crete their headquarters. - -CH. 12. - -20. =Cn. Pompēiō=: by the Gabinian law Pompey was invested with -absolute authority, both by sea and by land, as far as fifty miles into -the interior, over the whole eastern Mediterranean for three years. - -=quod … cōnfēcit=: in the space of forty days he had swept the whole -western tract of the Mediterranean Sea, and had driven the enemy into -the opposite quarter. He drove the pirates from the sea, and compelled -them to take refuge in their strongholds in the Cilician coast. These -he speedily surrounded and captured. He burnt over 1300 of their -vessels, and destroyed all their hostile magazines and arsenals. In -ninety days he had terminated the contest. - -22. =eī … Tigrānēn=: by the Manilian law the authority he had already -wielded against the pirates was extended over all the East. - -24. =nocturnō proeliō=: Mithradates at first attempted to procure -peace, but Pompey would hear of nothing but unconditional surrender. He -started to retire slowly but was pursued by Pompey, and was overtaken -in a narrow pass on the Lycus, where the city of Nicopolis was -afterward built. Mithradates escaped with a few horsemen and fled to -Tigranes, who refused to receive him. - -=quadrāgintā mīlia=: cf. _centum ferē mīlia_, Ch. 6. - -27. =Pharnacis=: Pompey had been active in fostering intrigues in the -family of Mithradates. He had caused Pharnaces to revolt and to ally -himself with the Romans, and had proclaimed him king at Panticapaeum. - - -PAGE 56. - -2. =venēnum hausit=: Pharnaces was about to hand him over to the -Romans. The story is that he was so inured to poisons that he was -compelled to end his life with a sword. - -CH. 13. - -7. =ab Artaxatā=: Pompey was following him, and was planning to capture -his capital city. - -11. =Syria=, =Phoenīcē=: also Galatia, Cappadocia, and a part of -Cilicia which Lucullus had taken away from him, Pompey refused to -return. - -12. =Sophānēnē=: Pompey made the son of Tigranes the king of Sophanene. - -14. =commōvisset=: Subjunctive, giving the reason of the Romans. - -CH. 14. - -22. =Syriam=: Syria was disturbed by fierce internal dissensions. -To put an end to the anarchy that existed there, Pompey resolved to -annex it. He drove from the throne Antiochus Asiaticus, who had been -acknowledged by the senate and by Lucullus. - - -PAGE 57. - -2. =Iūdaeam=: the Jews alone refused to obey his orders, and sustained -a siege of three months at Jerusalem. Although Rome had no business to -interfere with the affairs in this part of the East, yet the government -she gave to the provinces, formed from the conquered territory, was -stable and just in the main, and was welcome after the state of anarchy -that had prevailed. - -CH. 15. - -7. =L. Sergius Catilīna=: Catiline was a member of a patrician family. -By his dissolute habits and his luxury he had squandered all his -property and had run into debt. The only relief was to secure the -consulship, that at the expiration of his term of office he might -be sent to govern some province, from the plunder of which he might -acquire another fortune to be spent in riotous living. Failing to -secure the consulship, he determined to overthrow the state. He formed -a band of dissolute nobles, collected arms in various places, stationed -an armed force at Faesulae in Etruria, and made all preparations for an -outbreak as soon as the time was ripe. Meanwhile Cicero had ascertained -all Catiline’s plans by the aid of the mistress of one of the -conspirators. Desiring to drive Catiline to some overt act, he assailed -him in the senate on the 8th of November. The oration he delivered has -been preserved. Catiline hastened from the city to the armed force at -Faesulae. The conspirators who were left in the city were soon caught -in a treasonable act, and were arrested and strangled in prison by -order of the senate. Afterwards Cicero was accused of having put Roman -citizens to death without a trial, and was condemned to exile for a -time. Creighton, p. 73. - -12. =Catilīna ipse=: it was not until March of the next year (62 B.C.) -that Catiline was surrounded, while attempting to escape into Gaul, and -slain. - -CH. 16. - -16. =nūlla … fuit=: in this triumph was displayed a list of 800 -vessels, 1000 fortresses, and 300 cities captured, 39 cities repeopled, -and 20,000 talents of gold brought to the treasury. “The great -conqueror had now celebrated his third triumph. His first had been -for victories in Africa, his second for the overthrow of Sertorius in -Europe; he had now completed the illustrious cycle by inscribing on the -list the name of Asia. Each section of the globe had succumbed to his -prowess.” - -CH. 17. - -23. =C. Iūlius Caesar=: Gaius Julius Caesar was born July 12, 100 B.C. -He was of a patrician family, but from the first sided with the popular -party. Many stories of his early youth are told. He became pontifex -maximus, military tribune, and quaestor in succession. At this period -he was noted chiefly as a dissolute debtor and a demagogue. In 62 -B.C. he was elected praetor, and the next year went as propraetor to -govern the province of Further Spain. In 60 B.C. he returned to Rome -and formed a political coalition with Pompey and Crassus, known as -the ‘First Triumvirate.’ In 59 B.C. he was elected consul, and, after -the expiration of his year of office, entered on the governorship of -Gaul and Illyricum for the period of five years. This was afterwards -extended for another period of the same length. While governor of -the province he conquered the Helvetians and a wandering band of the -Germans who had come over into Gaul, crushed a revolt of the Nervii, -defeated the Veneti and the Aquitani, and twice invaded Germany and -Britain. It was Caesar’s intention to stand for the consulship a second -time as soon as his term of office as governor of Gaul should expire. -Pompey, meanwhile, had become jealous of Caesar’s power and had gone -over to the senatorial party. A measure was passed by the senate -declaring Caesar to be an outlaw unless he should disband his army -and come to Rome a private citizen before a certain date. On Caesar’s -refusal to do this, he was declared a public enemy, and preparations -for war were made. Caesar advanced to Rome. Pompey fled to Greece, -where he was defeated the following year at Pharsalus, and afterwards -was murdered in Egypt. At the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46 B.C., -Caesar defeated the remaining leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio. -This was the end of the war. He returned to Rome and was made imperator -and perpetual dictator. He inaugurated several important reforms, among -them a reform in the calendar. He formed many other plans which his -death prevented him from executing. Finally, when it was thought that -he was aiming at the kingly power, a conspiracy was formed, and he was -assassinated on the fifteenth day of March, 44 B.C. - -“While other illustrious men have been reputed great for their -excellence in some one department of intellect, the concurrent voice of -antiquity has declared that Caesar was great in all. ‘He had genius,’ -says Cicero, ‘understanding, memory, taste, reflection, industry, and -exactness.’” _The Story of the Romans_, p. 176; Creighton, p. 74; _The -Roman Triumvirates_, Ch. 5. - -=imperāvit=: ‘was emperor’; a late meaning. - - -PAGE 58. - -1. =dēcrēta est=: for the number and gender see H. 395, 1 (439, 1); M. -174, 2, 178, 2; A. & G. 187, _a_; G. 285-6; B. 235, A, 2, B, 2, _b_, B. - -2. =Helvētiōs … Sequanī=: Eutropius, following the custom of his day, -unites the Helvetians and Sequanians. In Caesar’s time they were -quite distinct. The Helvetians lived in what is now Switzerland; the -Sequanians were west of the Jura mountains along the Rhone. - -7. =Britannīs=: twice he invaded Britain. The first time it was a mere -reconnoissance. His conquest was only partial. - -11. =quadringentiēs=: sc. _centēna mīlia sestertium_; about $1,640,000. - -=Germānōs=: twice Caesar crossed the Rhine, but only for the purpose -of impressing the Germans with the power of his forces. He fought no -battles there, but he inflicted terrible defeats on two German bands -that had come over into Gaul. - -CH. 18. - -17. =M. Licinius Crassus=: there was no cause for war against the -Parthians, but Crassus was anxious to make himself popular by winning -military renown. - -18. =circā Carrās=: the overthrow at Carrae was one of the gravest -disasters ever sustained by the Roman arms: 20,000 were slain and -10,000 were carried into captivity. The Romans who were made prisoners -were treated with indulgence by the Parthians and were allowed to -settle in the land of their conquerors. Creighton, p. 77. - - -PAGE 59. - -CH. 19. - -4. =alterum cōnsulātum=: this he demanded in accordance with the -agreement formed between Pompey, Crassus, and himself. He was now -eligible for a second consulship, as ten years had passed since he was -consul for the first time. - -5. =aliquā=: cf. _aliquā_, Bk. I, 3. - -=contrādictum est=: lit. ‘it was opposed’ ＝ ‘opposition was made.’ - -8. =iniūriam=: “the ‘injury’ was in depriving him of his military -command, and leaving him without the security the consulship would have -afforded.” He was willing to disband his army and return to Rome if he -could be elected to the consulship in his absence, or if Pompey would -disband his army. - -=ab Arīminō=: he had crossed the small stream known as the Rubicon -which separated his province from Italy. The story is told that as he -crossed the stream he said, ‘The die is cast, let us go where the gods -and the injustice of our enemies call us.’ - -=mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat=: ‘kept his troops collected.’ - -CH. 20. - -14. =dictātōrem=: with the exception of Sulla there had been no -dictator since the time of the Second Punic War. - -15. =exercitūs … superāvit=: at first he met with serious reverses at -Ilerda, but he soon succeeded in compelling the Pompeians to surrender, -and enrolled most of them in his army. - -18. =prīmō proeliō=: at Dyrrhacium in Illyria. - -20. =nec … superārī=: Indirect Discourse depending on _dīxit_. - -22. =Palaeopharsālum=: this battle is generally known as the battle of -Pharsalia. - - -PAGE 60. - -CH. 21. - -4. =numquam … neque … neque=: “a general negative may be subdivided by -_neque … neque_, or _aut … aut_.” - -7. =pūgnātum tum est=: Pompey would have refused battle, but was -urged on by his followers. The knights and senators who fought in the -Pompeian ranks soon broke and fled. At the first attack Pompey fled -to his camp, where he tried to rally his routed forces, but he was -unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse at the last moment, he escaped -through the rear gate of the camp, nor did he draw rein until he -reached Larissa. Thence he hastened to the coast, where he took ship -for Egypt. - -9. =ā rēge Aegyptī=: he was only a nominal king. Egypt was made a -province by Augustus, Bk. VII, 7. - -11. =occīdit=: he caused Pompey to be inveigled into a boat, where he -was murdered and his head severed from his body. His corpse was flung -into the surf, where it was picked up later and burned. - -12. =quō cōnspectō=: ‘and when Caesar had seen it.’ - -14. =generī quondam suī=: Pompey had married Julia, the daughter of -Caesar, in 60 B.C. It was her death in 54 B.C. that tended to loosen -the bond existing between them. - -CH. 22. - -17. =victus=: Caesar conquered the royal forces on the banks of the -Nile. - -18. =Alexandrīā=: when Caesar set fire to the royal fleet, the flames -consumed the great library of Alexandria, containing 400,000 volumes. -In this fire some of the greatest literary treasures of antiquity -perished. - -=Cleopatrae=: the famous queen who proved to be the ruin of Antony, Bk. -VII, 6, 7. - -20. =Pompēiō in auxilium=: Eutropius seldom uses the double Dative; cf. -_Rōmānīs fuisset auxiliō_, Bk. IV, 3. - -22. =vīcit aciē=: it was after this battle that Caesar sent to the -senate the famous message _vēnī, vīdī, vīcī_, ‘I came, I saw, I -conquered.’ - - -PAGE 61. - -CH. 23. - -2. =eī … dictātōrī=: ‘while he was dictator’; _dictātōrī_ is in -apposition with _eī_. - -6. =hīc etiam=: ‘he also’; as well as Caesar. - -7. =M. Porcius Catō=: he was the great-grandson of the M. Porcius Cato -mentioned in Bk. IV, 23. He is known in history as Cato Uticensis, from -Utica, where he committed suicide. He was famous for the austerity of -his manners and for his studied imitation of the customs of early days. - -9. =victor fuit=: in the battle of Thapsus. - -CH. 24. - -15. =Cn. Pompēius=: he had gone into Spain and had gathered around him -adventurers of all sorts. At first Caesar had sent officers to subdue -the revolt, but finding their efforts unsuccessful, he took command in -person. After encountering great personal danger, he gained a complete -victory. Thirty thousand of the vanquished perished. Gnaeus Pompey -escaped from the field, but was afterward overtaken and slain. Sextus, -the younger son of Pompey, was the only leader of the republican party -left. - - -PAGE 62. - -CH. 25. - -1. =honōrēs=: ‘offices’; political honors. - -3. =rēgia ac paene tyrannica=: ‘like a king and almost like a usurper.’ -Nepos defines a tyrannus as one ‘who is in perpetual power in that -state which enjoyed liberty.’ - -8. =senātūs diē=: ‘on the day of the senate’; on the day when the -senate met. - -9. =cūriam=: Caesar was slain in the Curia in the Campus Martius. - - - - -BOOK VII - -CH. 1. - -12. =partium Caesaris=: ‘of Caesar’s party.’ Antony at first pretended -to favor the tyrannicides; but after he had obtained possession of the -papers and treasure of Caesar, he changed sides and endeavored to crush -them. - -16. =Octāviānus=: he was the son of Gaius Octavius and Atia, a daughter -of Julia, the sister of Caesar. After his adoption he took the name of -Octavianus. - -19. =Augustus=: this was a title conferred upon him after the battle of -Actium, when he refused the title of dictator. - -=rērum potītus=: _potior_ regularly takes the Genitive in this phrase. -Cf. _Alexandrīā potītus_, Bk. VI, 22. - -=quī … trēs ducēs=: ‘these three leaders.’ - -20. =vīcērunt eum=: in the battle of Mutina, 43 B.C. - - -PAGE 63. - -1. =morerentur=: they were wounded in battle, but Augustus was accused -of having murdered them. - -CH. 2. - -3. =Lepidum=: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Bk. VI, 1, 5, 23. He was in -Gaul at this time, being governor of Gaul and Spain. After he received -Antonius, they crossed the Alps at the head of a large body of troops -and met Augustus in the north of Italy. - -6. =pācem … fēcit=: this was known as the ‘Second Triumvirate.’ Antony, -Augustus, and Lepidus divided the Roman world among them. - -8. =vīcēsimō annō=: he was far below the legal age, 43. - -9. =senātum prōscrīpsit=: 300 senators and 2000 knights were included -in the proscription. “Each marked his victims’ names upon the fatal -list, and each consented to give up adherents of his own to the greed -or hatred of his colleagues.” - -11. =Cicero orātōr occīsus est=: Augustus tried to save him, but -Antony, whose hatred Cicero had incurred, demanded his death, and -Augustus was forced to yield. - -CH. 3. - -17. =Philippōs=: the battle of Philippi was fought in November, 42 B.C. -Creighton, p. 82; _The Roman Triumvirates_, p. 210. - -19. =Cassius=: Cassius was routed and committed suicide. - -=Brūtum=: after his forces were routed, Brutus was compelled to kill -himself to prevent capture. - -=īnfīnītam nōbilitātem=: ‘very many of the nobility.’ - -21. =dīvīsa est rēs pūblica=: Lepidus took the province of Africa, -Augustus the West, and Antony the East. - -23. =bellum cīvīle=: after the capture of Perusia, Antony threatened -war, but he made a truce with Augustus, whose sister Octavia he married. - - -PAGE 64. - -CH. 4. - -1. =Sex. Pompēiō=: the son of _Pompēius Māgnus_, cf. Bk. VI, 24. He -had collected a band of pirates and had made himself master of the -Mediterranean. - -5. =pāx postrēmō convēnit=: the agreement at Misenum. In accordance -with this, Pompey was to retain his command over the sea and the -islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. - -CH. 5. - -6. =M. Agrippa=: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had been a fellow-student -with Augustus. He was a gallant soldier and a devoted friend. It was -largely by his aid that Augustus secured his power and retained it. - -7. =Persās=: _i.e._ the Parthians. Eutropius used _Persae_ for the -Parthians who claimed descent from the old Persian kings. - -10. =Crassum occīderat=: Bk. VI, 18. - -11. =triumphum Rōmae ēgit=: several of the Roman standards lost at -Carrhae were restored by the Parthians, and were carried in the -triumphal procession. - -CH. 6. - -12. =nāvālī proeliō=: at the battle of Naulochus, 36 B.C. _The Roman -Triumvirates_, p. 219. Shortly afterward Lepidus set up the standard of -revolt. He was defeated by Augustus and his power was taken from him, -but his life was spared. - -16. =ipse pūgnāvit=: he lacked the engines necessary for reducing the -strongly fortified cities of the enemy, and besides he was very anxious -to return to Alexandria. - -17. =famē … labōrāvit=: his retreat has been compared to the flight of -Napoleon from Moscow. - -18. =prō victō=: ‘for conquered’ ＝ ‘as if conquered.’ - -CH. 7. - -20. =dum … optat= ＝ _optāns_, ‘hoping.’ The world could not endure -two masters. It was natural that they should disagree, and that the -stronger should conquer. - -22. =apud Actium=: September 2, 31 B.C. Antony had collected a large -naval and land force, but his ships were too large to be handled -easily, and many of his land forces deserted. In the midst of the fight -Cleopatra fled in her galley, and Antony basely deserted his forces and -followed her. Creighton, p. 82; _The Roman Triumvirates_, p. 225. - -23. =ex quā=: the antecedent of _quā_ is _pūgnā_. - -25. =exstincta est=: she was too proud to be carried to Rome to adorn -the triumphal procession of her conqueror. - - -PAGE 65. - -CH. 8. - -7. =duodecim annīs= ＝ _per annōs_ above: the Ablative makes the limits -of the time more prominent than the duration. - -8. =prīncipātūs=: ‘leadership’; afterwards the ‘sovereignty’ of the -emperors; cf. _prīnceps_, English ‘prince.’ - -10. =morte commūnī=: ‘a natural death’; cf. _morbō dēcessit_, Bk. I, 3. -There was a report that he was poisoned by Livia, his wife. - -11. =Ātellā=: it is generally agreed that he died at Nola, near Naples. - -=sepultus est=: the ruins of his mausoleum still exist. - -12. =ex māximā parte=: ‘in very many respects.’ - -15. =cīvīlissimē=: ‘in a manner most becoming a citizen’; cf. -_cīvīlēs_, Bk. I, 9. - -16. =ut … suō=: ‘that he placed them almost on a level with his own -dignity.’ - -17. =aequāret=: sc. _eōs_. _Aequāre_ may also take _cum_ with the -Ablative. - - -PAGE 66. - -CH. 9. - -6. =quod nūllī anteā=: sc. _dedērunt_. - -8. =Crassō victō=: ‘from Crassus when he was defeated.’ - -CH. 10. - -14. =in honōrem ēius=: the compliment was not in the founding, but in -the naming. - -18. =Dīvus appellātus=: _i.e._ he was deified and became the object of -a national worship. In the provinces he was worshiped before his death. - -=Tiberiō=: Tiberius Claudius Nero was the son of Tiberius Nero and -Livia, the third wife of Augustus. He first married the daughter of -Agrippa, whom he divorced at the command of the Emperor and married -Julia, Augustus’ daughter and the widow of Marcus Agrippa. After the -death of Gaius and Lucius Caesar, the sons of Agrippa and Julia, -Tiberius was given the tribunician power and was adopted by Augustus as -his successor. - -CH. 11. - -21. =ingentī sōcordiā … libīdine=: probably the character of Tiberius -was maligned by the Roman historians. The people disliked him on -account of his “dark and gloomy temper, with no grace or geniality of -manner, shunning the pleasures of the people, and seldom generous or -open-handed.” But we must note the many marks of bias and exaggeration -in the common story, and we may well believe that the ancient writers -formed too harsh an opinion of his motives in some cases, and reported -scandalous gossips too lightly. Creighton, pp. 89-91; _The Early -Empire_, Ch. II. - -25. =Archelāum=: he was summoned to Rome soon after the accession -of Tiberius and accused of treason. His life was spared, but he was -obliged to remain at Rome, where he died in 17 A.D. - - -PAGE 67. - -1. =Caesarēa=: called _Caesarēa ad Argaeum_ to distinguish it from -other cities of the same name. It was situated at the foot of Mt. -Argaeus and was a place of great antiquity, its foundation having been -ascribed to Mesech, the son of Japhet. - -CH. 12. - -5. =C. Caesar=: Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus was the son of -Germanicus and Agrippina. He was born in the camp, probably in Germany, -and was reared among the soldiers. He received the surname of Caligula -from his being arrayed in a mimic uniform and wearing a pair of -_caligae_ or soldiers’ boots. At first he ruled well; but his sense of -power turned his head, and the latter part of his reign was marked by -excesses of all sorts. Creighton, p. 92; _The Early Empire_, Ch. III. - -CH. 13. - -13. =Claudius=: Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar Germanicus was -the second son of Drusus and Antonia, the brother of Germanicus, the -father of Caligula. In early life he had been weak in mind and body, -and had been despised or neglected. As emperor he was ruled by his -wives and favorites, Narcissus and Pallas. He was poisoned by his last -wife, Agrippina, who was anxious that her son Domitius Ahenobarbus by -her former husband might succeed to the empire. Suetonius in his ‘Lives -of the Caesars’ gives a very dark picture of the reign of Claudius. -Creighton, p. 93; _The Early Empire_, Ch. IV. - -22. =Britannicī=: the son of Claudius and Messalina, his first wife. On -the accession of Nero, Britannicus was poisoned. - - -PAGE 68. - -CH. 14. - -1. =Nerō=: Claudius Caesar, surnamed Nero, was the son of Domitius -Ahenobarbus and Agrippina. His early youth was spent in study under -the philosopher Seneca, who remained his counselor for several years. -During the first five years of his reign he was mild and just. The -later years were filled with all sorts of excesses, and were marked by -great cruelty. Creighton, p. 93; _The Early Empire_, Ch. V. - -9. =urbem Rōmam incendit=: it is very improbable that Nero was guilty -of this crime. Rome was almost destroyed in this conflagration. Of -the fourteen districts into which the city was divided, only four -remained untouched by the flames. The fire raged for six days and seven -nights; and, after it was thought to have been extinguished, it burst -forth again, and continued for two days longer. On this occasion Nero -appears to have acted with great liberality and kindness. He caused -provisions to be sold at a very low price and the imperial gardens -to be opened to the people, and temporary shelters to be erected for -their accommodation. That he might remove suspicion from himself, Nero -caused it to be reported that the Christians had set fire to the city, -and a number of them was seized and put to death. This was the first -persecution of the Christians by the Romans, 64 A.D. - -CH. 15. - -22. =ā saxō=: sc. _Tarpēiā_. - -23. =lībertī=: his name was Phaon. - -=Salariam=: the _Via Salaria_ ran north from Rome to Ancona on the -Adriatic. - -24. =interfēcit=: “At last comes Phaon’s courier with the news that the -senate had put a price upon his head; the tramp of the horses tells him -that his pursuers are on his track, and fear gives him the nerve to put -the dagger to his throat, while, true to the passion of his life, he -mutters, ‘What a loss my death will be to art!’” _The Early Empire_, p. -127. - -25. =Nerōniānae=: the ruins of the bath may still be seen near the -Pantheon. - - -PAGE 69. - -CH. 16. - -1. =Serv. Galba=: Servius Sulpicius Galba was born in the reign of -Augustus of a patrician family. He was in Spain when Julius Vindex, -the proconsular governor of Gaul, rose against Nero. Galba joined him, -and Otho, governor of Lusitania, followed his example. He was saluted -as emperor by the soldiers, and the senate was forced to ratify their -choice. The emperors from this time on were set up and overthrown at -the will of the army. He was very parsimonious in his dealings and so -lost the good will of the soldiers, who were ready to aid any revolt -against him. He ruled for only seven months. Creighton, p. 96; _The -Early Empire_, Ch. VI. - -CH. 17. - -12. =Otho=: Marcus Salvius Otho was Roman emperor from January 15 to -April 16, 69 A.D. He was the husband of the beautiful but infamous -Poppaea Sabina, whom Nero took from him and made his own. He was -afterwards sent to Lusitania, where he governed with justice and -moderation. Creighton, p. 96; _The Early Empire_, Ch. VII. - -14. =mollis=: ‘effeminate.’ - -22. =voluntāriā morte obiit=: he put an end to his life at Brixellum in -Cisalpine Gaul. - -23. =nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī diē=: Eutropius is slightly mistaken. - - -PAGE 70. - -CH. 18. - -1. =Vitellius=: Aulus Vitellius was Roman emperor from January 2 to -December 22, 69 A.D. When the news of Galba’s death reached Upper -Germany, where Vitellius was in command, his legions proclaimed him -emperor at Cologne. He immediately sent his generals, Fabius Valens and -Caecina, at the head of a large force, to Italy, and, having defeated -Otho’s troops, obtained the undisputed command of all the West. He was -moderate in his rule, disturbing no one in the enjoyment of what had -been given by Nero, Galba, or Otho. He was a glutton and an epicure, -spending enormous sums on his table. Creighton, p. 96; _The Early -Empire_, Ch. VIII. - -10. =id … ferret=: ‘aimed so openly at this.’ - -13. =cum Capitōliō=: “In the confusion of the fight the famous temple -of Jupiter caught fire. All were too busy to give time or thought -to stay the flames, and in a few hours only ruins were left of the -greatest of the national monuments of Rome, which, full of the -associations of the past, had served for ages as a sort of record -office in which were treasured the memorials of ancient history, the -laws, the treaties, and the proclamations of old times. The loss was -one that could not be replaced.” _The Early Empire_, p. 146. - -17. =in Tiberim … sepultūrā=: Eutropius is mistaken. His body was -recovered and buried by his wife, Galeria Fundana. - -CH. 19. - -20. =Vespasiānus=: Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasian. He was proclaimed -emperor at Alexandria on the 1st of July, 69 A.D., although it was a -year before he entered Rome. He lived more like a private person than -like the emperor of Rome. The many stories that are told of his avarice -and his methods of raising money are probably exaggerated. Although -he was frugal in his personal expenditures, he spent large sums in -adorning the city. He was the first of the Flavian dynasty. The others -were his two sons and successors. He died on the 24th of June, 79 A.D. -“His last words were characteristic of his somewhat cynical humour, -‘Methinks I am becoming a god.’” Creighton, p. 96; _The Early Empire_, -Ch. IX. - - -PAGE 71. - -8. =Hierosolyma=: Vespasian was besieging Jerusalem when the war broke -out between Otho and Vitellius. When he started for Rome he left Titus, -his son, in charge of the war against the Jews. Titus captured the -city after a stubborn siege of five months, September 8, 70 A.D., and -despite his efforts the Temple was burned. Thousands of Jews perished -in the siege. - -11. =ēgerant= ＝ _fuerant_. - -CH. 20. - -15. =coërcitor=: ‘enforcer’; the word is _apax legomenon_. - -=hīc … triumphāvit=: in 71 A.D. when Titus returned to Rome. - -20. =genitūram … habuit=: ‘he so knew the horoscope of his sons.’ - -CH. 21. - -25. =Titus=: Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasian. His early years were -spent in military service in Britain and Germany. He won great credit -as a general and a soldier. When he returned to Rome after the fall of -Jerusalem, he conducted himself in such a manner as to cause a fear -that his rule would resemble that of Nero. But after he became emperor -he changed his manner of living, and his whole reign was marked by -a sincere desire for the happiness of his people. The year 79 A.D. -is memorable for the great eruption of Vesuvius, attended by the -destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. He completed the Colosseum, -often called the Flavian Amphitheater. When he died, after a reign of -only two years, there was a suspicion that he had been poisoned by his -brother Domitian. Creighton, p. 98; _The Early Empire_, Ch. X. - -26. =omnium … mīrābilis=: ‘remarkable for every species of virtue.’ - - -PAGE 72. - -CH. 22. - -17. =tamquam … orbitāte=: ‘mourned as for a loss in their own families.’ - -CH. 23. - -21. =Domitiānus=: Titus Flavius Domitian. Vespasian was aware of his -son’s disposition and put no confidence in him. When Vespasian died, -Domitian tried to arouse the soldiers against his brother Titus. After -his brother became emperor, Domitian was treated with great kindness, -and several offices were shared with him. At first mild and just, he -soon became suspicious and cruel. In Britain alone were the Roman arms -successful during his reign. In all other places defeat and disgraceful -compromises with the enemy marked his campaigns. Finally his cruelty -became unbearable, and a conspiracy was formed by the officers of the -guard, several of his intimate friends, and even his wife Domatilla, -and he was slain after a desperate struggle. Creighton, p. 98; _The -Early Empire_, Ch. XI. - -27. =dominum=: here it has the New Testament meaning, ‘Lord.’ - - -PAGE 73. - -13. =Palātiō=: in the Flavian Palace on the Palatine Hill. Extensive -remains of this structure still exist. At first the word _Palātium_ -was applied only to the hill, but from the time of Augustus it meant a -‘palace,’ especially the imperial palace of the Caesars. - - - - -BOOK VIII - -CH. 1. - -20. =Nerva=: Marcus Cocceius Nerva was born at Narnia in Umbria in 32 -A.D. He was consul with Vespasian in 71 A.D. and with Domitian in 90 -A.D. After the assassination of Domitian he was declared emperor by -the Roman people and the soldiers, and his administration restored -tranquillity to the troubled state. He stopped proceedings against -those accused of treason and permitted many exiles to return. Though -he was virtuous and humane, he did not possess the necessary vigor -for checking the many abuses that existed. He adopted as his son and -successor Marcus Ulpius Traian, who was then at the head of the army in -Germany. He died suddenly on the 27th of January, 98 A.D. Creighton, p. -99; _The Age of the Antonines_, Ch. I. - -22. =operam dante=: ‘giving him aid, assisting him.’ - -=Petrōniō Secundō, Partheniō=: Nerva could not prevent the Praetorian -soldiers from putting them to death. - - -PAGE 74. - -3. =aetātis … annō=: Eutropius is mistaken. He was sixty-five years old -when he died. - -4. =inter Dīvōs relātus est=: cf. _Dīvus appellātus_, Bk. VII, 10. - -CH. 2. - -5. =Trāiānus=: Marcus Ulpius Traian was born at Italica near Seville in -Spain, September 18, 52 A.D. He was trained to arms, and rose through -the various offices to the rank of praetor. He was adopted by Nerva in -97 A.D. After Nerva’s death he became emperor, being the first Roman -emperor who was born out of Italy. He was a great soldier and a good -administrator. Good sense, a knowledge of the world, and sound judgment -characterized him. Just and sincere in his desire for the happiness -of the people, he was one of the best emperors that governed Rome. He -crushed the Dacians, successfully waged war against the Parthians, and -brought peace and prosperity to the whole Roman world. Creighton, p. -99; _The Age of the Antonines_, Ch. II. - -13. =Dāciam=: Trajan conducted two campaigns against the Dacians, -101-103 A.D. and 104-106 A.D. On his return from the second campaign -he celebrated a triumph and entertained the people with games lasting -123 days. “It is said that 11,000 animals were slaughtered during these -amusements, and that 10,000 gladiators fought in the arena.” - -16. =tenuit= ＝ _habuit_. - -CH. 3. - -17. =Armeniam=: Trajan began this campaign in 114 A.D. The winter -of the same year he spent at Antioch. During the next two years he -conquered the greater part of the Parthian empire, taking the capital -city Ctesiphon. - - -PAGE 75. - -CH. 4. - -3. =amīcōs … frequentāns=: ‘going often to his friends to salute them.’ - -4. =fēstōs diēs habuissent=: ‘they were celebrating feast days.’ - -=indiscrēta=: ‘with no distinction of rank.’ - -6. =nihil … agēns=: his finances were prosperous, partly owing to good -management, and partly from the success of certain mining operations in -Dacia. - -9. =per orbem … multa=: “He constructed several good roads in the -provinces and Italy; among them was the road across the Pomptine -Marshes. At Ostia he built a large new basin. At Rome he constructed -the aqueduct called by his name, built a theater in the Campus Martius, -and, above all, made the Forum Traianum, with its basilicas and -libraries, and his column in the center.” - -10. =nihil nōn=: the figure of Litotes, affirming a thing by denying -its contrary; cf. _nōn compāruisset_, Bk. I, 2. - -CH. 5. - -19. =bellī domīque=: H. 484, 2 (426, 2); M. 242, 2; A. & G. 258, _d_; -G. 411, 2; B. 232, 2. - -20. =Seleuciam=: it is generally stated that he lived to reach Selinus -in Cilicia, where he died in August, 117 A.D. - -23. =sōlus … sepultus est=: he was the only one of the emperors who -was buried within the city. This privilege was enjoyed by the Vestal -Virgins. - -24. =in forō=: the _Forum Trāiānum_ was probably the most magnificent -of all the Roman fora. It occupied a large space between the Capitoline -and the Quirinal Hills, the latter of which was cut away to make room -for it. Among the many buildings it contained were two libraries, one -for Latin and the other for Greek manuscripts. It contained also the -famous Column of Trajan. This column, composed of huge drums of white -marble, is pierced within. A bas-relief of the chief events of the -Dacian war winds round the shaft. It is still standing. - -25. =CXLIV pedēs=: this was the height of the Quirinal Hill that was -cut away. - -26. =habet= ＝ _est_. - -=hūius … dēlātum est=: ‘so much respect has been paid to his memory.’ - - -PAGE 76. - -CH. 6. - -3. =Aelius Hadriānus=: Publius Aelius Hadrian was with Trajan when -the latter died. With the consent of the Syrian army he assumed the -reins of government and his act was ratified by the senate. Although -he lost some of the territory that Trajan had added to the Empire, he -strengthened and united the remainder. He was, in general, a just and -able ruler; yet at times he showed himself revengeful, suspicious, and -cruel. He died of dropsy at Baiae, 138 A.D., in the sixty-third year of -his life. Creighton, p. 100; _The Age of the Antonines_, Ch. III. - -7. =glōriae invidēns=: more probably he saw that the Empire had become -too large to be governed successfully. - -CH. 7. - -17. =orbem Rōmānum circumiit=: he visited every province in the Empire, -correcting abuses, and examining the administration of government. - -18. =multa aedificāvit=: among other famous buildings the Mausoleum of -Hadrian, now called the Castle of St. Angelo. - -CH. 8. - -27. =T. Antōnīnus=: his full name was Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius -Antoninus, called Pius because he persuaded the senate to grant to -his adopted father Hadrian the apotheosis and other honors usually -paid to deceased emperors. “His reign is almost a blank in history--a -blank caused by a suspension for a time of war, violence, and crime.” -Although he waged no war for conquest, he defended the provinces -with vigor, warring against the Moors and Britons, and the untamed -races of the Rhine and the Danube. Creighton, p. 101; _The Age of the -Antonines_, Ch. IV. - - -PAGE 77. - -6. =bonīs honōrem habēns=: ‘paying respect to the good.’ - -14. =Lorium=: in Etruria on the _Via Aurelia_. - -CH. 9. - -18. =M. Antōnīnus Vērus=: he is generally known as Marcus Aurelius. -He was the adopted son of Antoninus Pius. When only twelve years old -he assumed the philosophic mantle and gave himself up to the study of -philosophy, attaching himself to the Stoic school. After he became -emperor he associated Lucius Antoninus Verus, his brother, with him in -the government. Although they were entirely different in character, -they reigned conjointly with no disagreement. His ‘Meditations’ have -survived. Creighton, p. 101; _The Age of the Antonines_, Ch. V. - -23. =singulōs … Augustōs=: ‘one Augustus (emperor) at a time.’ - -CH. 10. - -28. =contrā Parthōs=: Lucius Verus nominally had the guidance of the -war, but it was carried on by his lieutenants while he lingered in -Antioch. - - -PAGE 78. - -CH. 12. - -21. =Apollōnium Chalcēdōnium=: called Apollonius Dyscolus. “He is -the father of scientific Grammar, being the first to reduce it to a -systematic form.” - -24. =Frontō=: Marcus Cornelius Fronto. He acquired great reputation as -a rhetorician and grammarian at Rome in the reign of Hadrian. Some of -his letters to his pupils, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, were found -in the present century. - -=hīc … ēgit=: ‘he treated all at Rome with equality.’ - -26. =prōvinciās … trāctāvit=: he did not visit the provinces, but kept -himself thoroughly informed of the details of their administration. - - -PAGE 79. - -1. =eō prīncipe=: ‘during his reign’; cf. =hīs rēgnantibus=, Bk. I, 2. - -=bellum … Marcomannicum=: the Marcomanni, ‘men of the marshes,’ were -a German tribe that threatened destruction to the Roman Empire. For -thirteen years Marcus Aurelius with difficulty held them in check. He -built many fortresses and a great wall to restrain them. - -2. =quantum … fuit=: ‘it was greater than any in the memory of man’; -_i.e._ there had been no war with the Germans equally formidable. - -5. =pestilentiae=: the plague broke out in 167 A.D. and lasted for -several years, despite all efforts to check its ravages. It was -probably brought to Rome by the soldiers returning from the expedition -against the Parthians. - -CH. 13. - -10. =Quādī=: a powerful people who dwelt in the southeastern part of -Germany. They had been taken under the protection of Rome by Tiberius. -In 174 A.D. Marcus Aurelius defeated them in a fierce battle. They -appear again during the reign of Gallienus (Bk. IX, 8). Towards the -end of the fourth century they disappear from history. _The Age of the -Antonines_, pp. 106-108. - -=Vandalī=: a confederacy of German peoples, who dwelt originally on the -northern coast of Germany. Later they settled north of the Marcomanni, -whom they joined. They invaded Spain, and later Africa. Under their -king Genseric they invaded Italy, and took and plundered Rome, 455 A.D. - -=Suēvī=: an important confederacy of German tribes. Their name survives -in the modern Suabia. - -13. =Caesarem fēcerat=: the title of Caesar was now given to the person -next in rank to the emperor, and who was intended to succeed him. - -15. =indīcere … aliquid=: ‘to make any demands on the provinces or the -senate.’ - -16. =īnstrumentum rēgiī cultūs=: ‘royal furniture.’ - -22. =comparāta=: ‘their purchases.’ - -CH. 14. - -28. =obiit=: he died at Vindobona, now Vienna. - -29. =vītae LXI=: it is generally said that he died in the fifty-ninth -year of his life. - - -PAGE 80. - -CH. 15. - -1. =L. Antōnīnus Commodus=: he was the son of Marcus Aurelius, but -like him in no respect. After concluding a disgraceful treaty with the -Germans, he hastened to Rome, where he gave himself up to the grossest -vices. Creighton, p. 102. - -6. =in amphitheātrō=: he was the conqueror in 735 combats. Nothing -delighted him more than to be called the ‘Hercules of Rome.’ - -7. =strangulātus vel venēnō=: he was poisoned and afterwards strangled -by his favorite Marcia. - -CH. 16. - -11. =Pertināx=: Creighton, p. 103. - -CH. 17. - -18. =perpetuum composuit ēdictum=: this was a digest of the mass -of edicts that had been issued by the praetors and the provincial -governors. It was the basis of the _Corpus Iūris Cīvīlis_ of Justinian. - -19. =Mulvium pontem=: about two miles north of Rome, on the _Via -Flaminia_. Here the ambassadors of the Allobroges, that had been -tampered with by the fellow-conspirators of Catiline, were arrested, 63 -B.C. The foundations of this bridge still remain and are built into the -Ponte Mollo at the same place. - -CH. 18. - -21. =Septimius Sevērus=: Lucius Septimius Severus was commander in -chief of the army in Pannonia and Illyria at the death of Pertinax, -193 A.D. He was proclaimed emperor by the army. For nearly a hundred -years the emperors were made and unmade at the will of the soldiers. -Creighton, p. 104. - -23. =omnī memoriā=: ‘in all time.’ - -24. =fiscī advocātus=: a Roman officer appointed to look after the -interests of the imperial treasury. - - -PAGE 81. - -CH. 19. - -16. =vāllum … dēdūxit=: the celebrated wall of Severus, extending from -the Solway Firth to the mouth of the Tyne. It was erected to prevent -incursions of the Caledonians. - -17. =Eborācī=: the modern York. - -22. =Geta … periit=: he was murdered by order of Caracalla. - -CH. 20. - -23. =Caracalla=: the name of Caracalla was derived from a species of -Gallic cassock he introduced at Rome. - -24. =mōrum … fuit=: his whole life was only one series of cruelties -and acts of extravagant folly. Creighton, p. 105. - -25. =thermae Antōnīniānae=: these accommodated about 1600 persons at -once. The ruins are still to be seen. - - -PAGE 82. - -CH. 22. - -9. =M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus=: known in history as Heliogabalus. He was -the grandson of Maesa, sister-in-law of Septimius Severus, and the son -of Symiasera. He was priest in the temple of the Sun at Emesa in Syria -when Caracalla died. Through the instrumentality of his grandmother he -was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers and acknowledged by the senate. -He was the most profligate of the Roman emperors. - -CH. 23. - -16. =Aurēlius Alexander=: Marcus Aurelius Alexander, generally known -as Alexander Severus. He had been adopted by Heliogabalus and had been -created Caesar. “He was distinguished by justice, wisdom, and clemency -in all public transactions, and by the simplicity and purity of his -private life.” Creighton, p. 106. - -20. =adsessōrem=: ‘legal adviser.’ - -21. =Ulpiānum=: Domitius Ulpianus was one of the most celebrated Roman -lawyers. His works are often quoted in the _Corpus Iūris Cīvīlis_ of -Justinian. He was assassinated in a mutiny of the soldiers caused by -his strict discipline. - - - - -BOOK IX - - -PAGE 83. - -CH. 1. - -1. =Māximīnus=: his full name was Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus. He was -born of barbaric parentage, his father being a Goth and his mother a -German. He was famous for his gigantic size and his marvelous feats of -strength. His government was characterized by oppression and excesses. - -CH. 2. - -9. =Gordiānus=: Marcus Antonius Gordianus was the grandson of the elder -Gordianus. He was a mere boy, probably not more than twelve years old, -when he was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers. - - -PAGE 84. - -CH. 3. - -1. =Philippī=: Marcus Iulius Philippus I was an Arabian by birth. -After the death of Misithus, the father-in-law of Gordianus, he became -praetorian praefect, and caused the soldiers to revolt, to slay -Gordianus, and to proclaim himself emperor. He proclaimed his son of -the same name Caesar, though he was only seven years old. - -3. =mīllēsimus annus=: this anniversary was marked by the celebration -of the Saecular Games with unusual magnificence, 248 A.D. - -CH. 4. - -8. =Decius=: his full name was Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius. -He was sent by Philippus to Moesia to crush an insurrection, and was -compelled by the soldiers to proclaim himself emperor. His reign was -occupied chiefly with warring against the Goths. He persecuted the -Christians with great severity. - -CH. 6. - -21. =exstinctus est=: he was slain by the soldiers. - -CH. 7. - -23. =Galliēnus=: the son of Valerianus. - - -PAGE 85. - -5. =superātus est=: at first Valerianus was successful; but he followed -the enemy too rashly. He was captured near Edessa. After his death his -skin was stuffed and long preserved as a trophy in the chief temple of -the nation. - -CH. 9. - -22. =Postumus=: this period is known as the ‘Rule of the Thirty -Tyrants.’ These men, who revolted from Gallienus and set up separate -governments for themselves, were noted in the main for their courage. -They repelled the invaders and established governments that gave peace -and security to their provinces. - -28. =vīlissimus opifex=: he is said to have been a smith, _ferrī -opifex_. - - -PAGE 86. - -3. =mātrimōnia=: here has a concrete meaning, ‘wives.’ - -CH. 10. - -10. =Odenāthum=: he was the ruler of Palmyra. He checked the incursions -of the Persians and drove Sapor out of Syria. In return for these -services Gallienus honored him with the title of Augustus. - -CH. 11. - -16. =occīsus est=: he was slain by his soldiers while besieging Milan. - -18. =Gothōs … vīcit=: he conquered the Goths at Naisus in Dardania and -received the surname Gothicus in consequence. - - -PAGE 87. - -CH. 13. - -3. =Aurēliānus=: his reign presents a succession of brilliant exploits, -and it seemed for a time that he would restore Rome to her former -position. The Goths, Vandals, and the Alemanni were conquered. Zenobia, -who had succeeded her husband as ruler of Palmyra, was captured -and carried to Rome. Tetricus was crushed near Catalauni. Aurelian -commenced many works of public utility, including a new city wall. He -was on his way to chastise the Persians when he was killed by some of -his officers, a conspiracy having been formed against him. Creighton, -p. 109. - -11. ‘=Ēripe mē=’: _Aeneid_, VI, 365. - -12. =Zēnobiam=: she was not content with the power she had, but tried -to extend her sway over all Syria, Asia, and Egypt. Aurelian captured -Palmyra in 273 A.D., and took her prisoner. After adorning his -triumphal procession, her life was spared and she lived near Tibur for -several years. - -=occīsō Odenāthō=: it is said that he was assassinated and that Zenobia -had a hand in it. - - -PAGE 88. - -CH. 15. - -2. =Dāciam … intermīsit=: he made the Danube the boundary of the -empire, as Augustus had done. - -8. =servī=: the private secretary of the emperor. He is generally said -to have been a freedman. - -13. =mors … fuit=: Tacitus had the assassins put to death soon after -the beginning of his reign. - -CH. 17. - -21. =Probus=: his full name was Marcus Aurelius Probus. He was as just -and virtuous as he was warlike, and is deservedly regarded as one of -the greatest and best of the Roman emperors. - -27. =apud Sirmium=: it was his birthplace. - - -PAGE 89. - -4. =tumultū mīlitārī=: the soldiers mutinied because he had employed -them in laborious public works. - -CH. 18. - -14. =oculōrum dolōre correptus=: ‘affected with a disease of the eye.’ - -CH. 19. - -24. =mātrimōnia=: cf. _mātrimōnia_, Ch. 9. - - -PAGE 90. - -4. =Dioclētiānum=: he was born near Salona in Dalmatia. He rose in -the army from one position to another until on the assassination of -Numerianus he was chosen emperor. He made a great change in the system -of government. In 286 A.D. he associated Maximianus with himself as -a colleague and gave him the title of Augustus. Six years later, 292 -A.D., Constantius Chlorus and Galerius were proclaimed Caesars, and the -government of the Roman world was divided among four men, Diocletian -taking the East, with Nicomedia as his residence; Maximianus taking -Italy and Africa, with Milan as his residence; Constantius taking -Britain, Gaul, and Spain, with Treves as his residence; Galerius -taking Illyricum and the whole line of the Danube, with Sirmium as his -residence. This division was natural and possessed many advantages. -It was the only way that the falling empire could be preserved, and a -semblance of union retained. Creighton, p. 109. - -CH. 21. - -22. =strēnuae mīlitiae ōrdine=: ‘by a course of active service.’ - -24. =accēpisset=: sc. _imperium_. - -29. =Britanniās occupāvit=: in 287 A.D. - - -PAGE 91. - -CH. 22. - -5. =Cōnstantium=: surnamed Chlorus, ‘the pale.’ - -6. =nepōs Claudī=: ‘the grandnephew of Claudius.’ He was the son of -Eutropius, a Dardanian noble, and Claudia, daughter of Chrispus, the -brother of Claudius. - -14. =pāx convēnit=: Carausius was recognized as a colleague. - - -PAGE 92. - -CH. 25. - -18. =extrīnsecus= ＝ _praetereā_, a late usage. - -CH. 26. - -28. =rēgiae cōnsuētūdinis fōrmam=: Diocletian introduced the customs -of an Oriental monarch. He wore the diadem, the robes of silk and -gold, and replaced the republican form of salutation by the adoring -prostration of the East. - -CH. 27. - -9. =ingravēscente aevō=: he was sixty years old, being born in 245 -A.D., and abdicating in 305 A.D. - -17. =pompā ferculōrum inlūstrī=: ‘with a famous succession of -pictures.’ _Fercula_ are representations of cities, rivers, and other -objects in the conquered countries, carried in procession at a triumph. - -CH. 28. - -24. =post nātōs hominēs=: ‘since men were created.’ - - - - -BOOK X - - -PAGE 94. - -CH. 1. - -11. =adeō … modicī=: ‘of so modest a mode of living.’ - -13. =argentō=: ‘silver plate.’ - -=trīclīnia=: properly a couch for three persons reclining at meals. -Here it means the table, which was square, and surrounded on three -sides by one-armed couches, while the fourth side remained open for -convenience in serving. Each couch accommodated three persons, who -reclined upon the left arm. - -14. =Gallīs=: he had reserved Gaul for his peculiar province. - -17. =Eborācī=: he was on an expedition against the Picts. - - -PAGE 95. - -CH. 2. - -1. =Cōnstantīnus=: known in history as Constantine the Great. The most -important change he introduced was the adoption of Christianity as the -state religion. The story is told that while marching from Gaul at the -head of his legions, he saw in the heavens a luminous cross with this -inscription, ‘By this conquer.’ In 313 A.D. he issued the famous Milan -decree that gave imperial sanction to the religion of the Christians. -Although he openly acknowledged Christianity, his religion was a -strange mixture of Christianity and Paganism. Creighton, p. 112. - -6. =in vīllā pūblicā=: a building in the Campus Martius, intended for a -lodging house or hotel for foreign ambassadors. - -11. =quās … habuit=: ‘which he utterly disregarded.’ - -CH. 3. - -18. =nūdāre=: ‘to deprive of his power.’ - - -PAGE 96. - -CH. 4. - -1. =Licinius=: his full name was Publius Flavius Galerius Valerius -Licinianus Licinius. By birth he was a Dacian peasant, and an early -friend and companion of the Emperor Galerius. He was invested with -the command of the Illyrian province in 307 A.D. After the death of -Galerius he concluded an arrangement with Maximinus, by which the -Hellespont and the Bosporus were to form the boundary of the two -empires. After his marriage with the sister of Constantine, he and -Constantine strove with each other for the undivided sovereignty of the -Roman world. - -CH. 5. - -20. =apud Cibalās=: this was in the great battle of Adrianople, July, -323 A.D., and was followed by the reduction of Byzantium. - -CH. 6. - -25. =apud Nicomediam=: this victory, September, 323 A.D., made -Constantine the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Licinius was made a -prisoner, and although his life was spared for a time, Constantine had -him put to death in 324 A.D. - -27. =tribus Caesaribus=: they were the sons of Constantine the Great, -Constantine, Constans, and Constantius. - - -PAGE 97. - -CH. 8. - -20. =urbem nōminis=: Constantinople, a city which he built on the site -of ancient Byzantium. This he aimed to make his capital city. Here -he had a second senate, a praefect of the city, regiones, and even -largesses; all of which showed that the supremacy of Rome was at an end. - -24. =in vīllā pūblicā=: a building similar in character to the one at -Rome, Ch. 2. - - -PAGE 98. - -CH. 10. - -15. =Cōnstantī=: he ruled from 337 to 361 A.D. He was the third son of -Constantine the Great. Under him the whole empire again became subject -to one ruler. But in 355 A.D. he was compelled to make Julian Caesar -and to send him into Gaul to oppose the barbarians. - - -PAGE 99. - -CH. 14. - -24. =Iūliānum=: called the Apostate, because, although he had been -brought up a Christian, later he rejected Christianity and returned -to Paganism. He was a brave soldier and a good general. Forced by his -soldiers to assume the purple, he hesitated to begin a civil war, but -was relieved of the necessity by the opportune death of Constantius -in 361 A.D. “Julian was an extraordinary character. As a monarch, -he was indefatigable in his attention to business, upright in his -administration, and comprehensive in his views; as a man, he was -virtuous in the midst of a profligate age, and did not yield to the -luxurious temptations to which he was exposed.” Many of his literary -works are extant. Creighton, p. 116. - - -PAGE 100. - -CH. 16. - -21. =cuī … interfuī=: what part Eutropius took in this expedition is -not known. - -24. =remeāns victor=: in the last battle fought on the 26th of June, -Julian was mortally wounded by an arrow and died the same day. - - -PAGE 101. - -CH. 17. - -15. =Ioviānus=: his full name was Flavius Claudius Jovian. His short -reign is remarkable only for the disgraceful peace he made with the -Persians. Although he was a Christian, he protected the pagans. - -20. =fīnibus=: he agreed that the Romans would surrender their -conquests beyond the Tigris and would give up several fortresses in -Mesopotamia. - -24. =Pontium Telesīnum=: it is generally stated that Gavius Pontius -was the leader of the Samnites in the battle of Caudine Forks. Perhaps -Eutropius confuses him with Pontius Telesinus, the leader of the -Samnites in the Social war. - - -PAGE 102. - -CH. 18. - -8. =nimiā crūditāte=: ‘violent indigestion.’ - -21. =quam … reservāmus=: whether he ever fulfilled his intention and -wrote another book is unknown. - - - - -ABBREVIATIONS - - - abl. ＝ ablative. - abs. ＝ absolute. - acc. ＝ accusative. - act. ＝ active. - adj. ＝ adjective. - adv. ＝ adverb. - cf. ＝ compare (_confer_). - comp. ＝ comparative. - conj. ＝ conjunction. - contr. ＝ contraction. - dat. ＝ dative. - dem. ＝ demonstrative. - desid. ＝ desiderative. - dim. ＝ diminutive. - disc. ＝ discourse. - e.g. ＝ for example (_exempli gratia_). - encl. ＝ enclitic. - f. ＝ feminine. - freq. ＝ frequentative. - gen. ＝ genitive. - i.e. ＝ that is (_id est_). - imp. ＝ imperfect. - impers. ＝ impersonal. - incep. ＝ inceptive. - incho. ＝ inchoative. - ind. ＝ indirect. - indecl. ＝ indeclinable. - indef. ＝ indefinite. - intens. ＝ intensive. - iter. ＝ iterative. - m. ＝ masculine. - n. ＝ neuter. - nom. ＝ nominative. - num. ＝ numeral. - pass. ＝ passive. - pers. ＝ personal. - pl. ＝ plural. - prep. ＝ preposition. - pres. ＝ present. - pron. ＝ pronoun. - sc. ＝ supply (_scilicet_). - sub. ＝ substantive. - sup. ＝ superlative. - -Compound verbs are treated under the simple verbs from which they are -derived. To this there are two exceptions: (1) When neither the simple -verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and (2) -in the case of certain verbs like _sūmō_ and _surgō_, which, though -themselves compounds, came to be regarded as simple verbs, and served -as a basis for other compounds. The star prefixed to certain simple -verbs indicates that they are not found in the text, but that two or -more compounds occur. - -All matter within square brackets is etymological. The bracketed words -when not translated occur independently in the Vocabulary. - - - - -VOCABULARY - - -A. - -=A.= , abbreviation of the praenomen Aulus. - -=ā, ab, abs= (=ā= only before consonants or =h, ab= before vowels and -consonants, =abs= usually only before t and =q=, especially frequent -before =te=), prep. with abl., 1, of place, _from_, _away from_, _out -of_; 2, of time, _from_, _since_, _after_; 3, of agency, _by_; 4, of -separation, source, cause, _from_, _through_, _because of_. - -=abdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=abeō=, see =eō=. - -=aboleō, ēre, ēvī, itus= [=ab= + =oleō=], _to destroy_, _abolish_, -_wipe out_. - -=abrogō=, see =rogō=. - -=absēns, sentis= [orig. part. of =absum=], adj., _absent_, _away_. - -=absimilis, e= [=ab= + =similis=], adj., _unlike_. - -=abstineō=, see =teneō=. - -=absum=, see =sum=. - -=abundantia, ae= [=abundō=, _to overflow_; =ab + unda=], f., _plenty_, -_fullness_, _abundance_. - -=ac=, see =atque=. - -=accēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=accidō=, see =cadō=. - -=accipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=acclāmō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =clāmō=, _to shout_], _to shout -loudly_, _exclaim_. - -=ācer, ācris, ācre=, comp. =ācrior=, sup. =ācerrimus=, adj., _sharp_, -_bitter_; _keen_, _vigorous_, _fierce_. - -=acerbē= [=acerbus=], adv., _bitterly_, _cruelly_, _severely_. - -=acerbitās, ātis= [=acerbus=], f., _harshness_, _severity_, -_unkindness_. - -=acerbus, a, um=, adj., _bitter_, _harsh_, _cruel_. - -=Achaea, ae=, f., a district in the Peloponnesus. Later the Roman -province of Southern Greece. - -=Achillēs, is=, m., a famous Greek chief at the siege of Troy, slain by -Paris, the hero of the Iliad. - -=Achilleus, ī=, m., he assumed the title of emperor under Diocletian, -and reigned over Egypt for some time. He was taken prisoner by -Diocletian, and was put to death, 296 A.D. - -=aciēs, ēī=, f., _the sharp point of a sword_; _battle line_; _battle_. - -=Acilius, ī=, m., see =Glabriō=. - -=Actium, ī=, n., a town in Epirus; a promontory near the town. - -=āctuārius, ī=, m., _a secretary_, _shorthand writer_. - -=āctus, a, um=, see =agō=. - -=ad=, prep. with accus., 1, of place, _to_, _towards_, _to the house -of_, _at_, _near_; 2, of time, _up to_, _towards_, _until_, _at_; 3, of -purpose, _to_, _in order to_, _for_, _for the sake of_. - -=addō=, see =dō=. - -=addūcō,= see =dūcō=. - -=adēmī, ademptus=, see =adimō=. - -=adeō= [=ad= + =eō=, adv.], adv., _to this point_, _so_, _very_, _to -such a degree_. - -=adeptus=, see =adipīscor=. - -=adfectātor, ōris= [=adfectō=], m., _one that strives for_. - -=adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =fectō=, freq. of =faciō=], _to -strive after_, _aspire to_. - -=adferō=, see =ferō=. - -=adficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=adfīnitās, ātis= [=ad= + =fīnis=], f., _relationship_ (by marriage). - -=adflīgō=, see =*flīgō=. - -=Adherbal, alis, m.=, a Numidian prince, son of Macipsa, slain by -Jugurtha. - -=adhortor, ārī, ātus sum= [=ad= + =hortor=, _to urge_], _to encourage_, -_exhort_, _stimulate_, _urge_. - -=adhūc= [=ad= + =hūc=], adv., _up to this time or place_; _still_, -_although_, _yet_. - -=Adiabēnī, ōrum=, pl. m., the Adiabeni, a people living in the northern -part of ancient Assyria. - -=Adiabēnicus, a, um=, adj., a cognomen of the emperor Severus, a -conqueror of the Adiabeni. - -=adimō=, see =emō=. - -=adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum= [=ad= + =apīscor=, _to gain_], _to get_, -_obtain_, _reach_. - -=adicio=, see =*iaciō=. - -=adiungo=, see =iungō=. - -=adiūtor, ōris= [=adiūvō=, _to assist_], m., _a helper_, _assistant_, -_confederate_. - -=administrātiō, ōnis= [=administrō=], f., _management_, _government_. - -=administrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =ministrō=, _to manage_], _to -manage_, _govern_, _regulate_, _carry on_ (war). - -=admīrātiō, ōnis= [=admīror=], f., _admiration_, _wonderment_, -_astonishment_. - -=admīror=, see =mīror=. - -=admittō=, see =mittō=. - -=admodum= [=ad= + =modus=], adv., _up to the full limit_, _very_, -_exceedingly_. - -=adnītor=, see =nītor=. - -=adnotō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =notō=, _to mark_], _to observe_, -_remark_. - -=adoleō, ēre, uī= [=ad= + =oleō=, _to emit a smell_], _to turn to -vapor_, _burn_. - -=adoptiō, ōnīs= [=adoptō=], f., _adoption_. - -=adoptō=, see =optō=. - -=adōrō=, see =ōrō=. - -=adrigō=, see =regō=. - -=adsentor=, see =sentiō=. - -=adserō=, see =*serō=. - -=adsertor, ōris= [=adserō=], m., _a claimant_. - -=adsessor, ōris= [=adsideō=, _to sit by_], m., _an assistant_, _aid_; -_legal adviser_. - -=adspiciō=, see =*speciō=. - -=adsurgo, ere, surrēxī, surrēctus= [=ad= + =surgō= (=sub= + =regō=), -_to rise_], _to rise_, _arise_. - -=adulēscēns, entis= [=adolēscō=, _to grow up_], m., _young_; as -substantive, _a young man_. - -=adventō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =ventō=, intens. of =veniō=], _to -arrive_. - -=adventus, ūs= [=adveniō=, _to arrive_], m., _arrival_. - -=adversus, a, um= [=advertō=, _to turn to_], adj., _turned to or -towards_; _opposed to_, _adverse_. - -=adversus= and =adversum=, prep. with accus., _facing_, _in opposition -to_, _against_. - -=advocātus, ī= [=advocō=, _to call to aid_], m., _a pleader_, -_advocate_; _aider_, _helper_. - -=advolō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =volō=, _to fly_], _to fly to_, _hurry -on_, _rush_. - -=aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=aedis= + =faciō=], _to build_. - -=aedīlīcius, ī= [=aedīlis=, _aedile_, a Roman magistrate], m., _one who -has been an aedile_. - -=aeger, gra, grum=, adj., _sick_, _feeble_. - -=aegrē= [=aeger=], adv., _with difficulty_, _scarcely_. - -=aegritūdō, inis= [=aeger=], f., _sickness_, _grief_, _vexation_, -_mortification_. - -=aegrōtō, āre, āvī= [=aeger=], _to be sick_, _languid_, _pine_. - -=Aegyptus, ī=, m., _Egypt_. - -=Aeliānus, ī=, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of -Diocletian. - -=Aelius, ī=, m., see =Hadriānus=. - -=Aemiliānus, ī=, m., the governor of Pannonia and Moesia in the reign -of Gallus, Roman emperor, 253 A.D. - -=Aemilius, ī=, m, the name of a Roman gens. 1. _Lūcius Aemilius_, -consul 224 B.C. 2. _Mārcus Aemilius_ (Mamercus), dictator. See -=Lepidus, Paulus=. - -=aemula, ae= [=aemulus=], f., _a rival_. - -=aemulor, ārī, ātus sum= [=aemulus=], _to rival_, _vie with_, _emulate_. - -=aemulus, a, um=, adj., _striving earnestly after_, _emulating_, -_rivaling_; _envious_. - -=aēneüs, a, um= [=aes=, _copper_], adj., _of copper_, _bronze_. - -=aequālis, e= [=aequus=], adj., _equal_, _like_; as subst., _a -companion_. - -=Aequī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Aequi_, a people dwelling in the upper -valley of the Aniō, in the mountains forming the eastern boundary of -Latium. - -=aequitās, ātis= [=aequus=], f., _evenness_, _fairness_, _justice_. - -=aequō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=aequus=], _to make even_, _place on an -equality_. - -=aequus, a, um=, adj., _even_, _level_; _fair_, _just_; aequō animō, -_impartially_. - -=aerārium, ī= [=aes=, _copper_], n., _treasury_, _fund_. - -=aestās, ātis=, f., _summer_. - -=aetās, ātis=, f., _time of life_, _life_; _old age_; _period of time_, -_time_. - -=Aetōlī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Aetolians_, inhabitants of Aetolia, a -division of Greece. - -=aevum, ī=, n., _period of life_, _life_, _age_. - -=Āfer, Āfrī=, m., _an African_, especially an inhabitant of Carthage. - -=Āfranius, ī=, m., _L. Afranius_, a general of Pompey in Spain, killed -in Africa, 46 B.C. - -=Āfrica, ae=, f., _Africa_; often the northern part of the continent, -especially the part near Carthage. - -=Āfricānus, ī=, m., see =Scīpiō=. - -=ager, agrī=, m., _field_, _farm_, _estate_; _territory_, _land_; _the -country_. - -=aggredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=āgnōscō=, see =nōscō=. - -=agō, agere, ēgī, āctus=, _to set in motion_, _drive_, _lead_; _act_, -_do_, _perform_; _treat_, _deal_; _spend_, _pass time_; =grātiās -agere=, _to give thanks_. =con--cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus=, _to drive -together_, _collect_; _force_. =ex--exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus=, _to drive -out_; _complete_; _pass_, _end_. =re--redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus=, _to -drive back_; _reduce_; _render_, _bring_. =sub--subigō, ere, ēgī, -āctus=, _to drive under_, _put down_, _conquer_. =trāns--trānsigō, ere, -ēgī, āctus=, _to carry through_, _finish_, _settle_, _perform_. - -=agrestis, e= [=ager=], adj., _of the fields_, _rustic_; as subst., -_countryman_. - -=Agrigentum, ī=, n., a Greek colony in Sicily. - -=Agrippa, ae=, m., _M. (Vīpsānius) Agrippa_, son-in-law of Atticus, -minister of Augustus. - -=Agrippīna, ae=, f., a city in Belgic Gaul. - -=āla, ae=, f., _a wing_, _flank_. - -=Alamannī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Alamanni_, a name applied to a -confederacy of German tribes living between the Danube, the Rhine, and -the Main. - -=Albānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Albānī_, the inhabitants of Alba Longa in -Latium; the inhabitants of Albania west of the Caspian Sea. - -=Albīnus, ī=, m., a family name at Rome. 1. _Clōdius Albīnus_, governor -of Britain at the death of Commodus. He revolted, and was defeated and -slain by Septimius Sevērus at Lugdūnum, 197 A.D. 2. _Sp. Postumius -(Albīnus)_, consul 344 and 321 B.C. 3. _Aulus Postumius Albinus_, -consul 242 B.C. 4. _L. Postumius Albīnus_, consul 234 and 229 B.C. 5. -_Sp. Postumius Albinus_, consul 186 B.C. 6. _Sp. Postumius Albīnus_, -consul 110 B.C. - -=Albis, is=, m., the river Elbe in Germany. - -=Alexander, drī=, m., Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, the -conqueror of Persia; B.C. 356-323. - -=Alexander, drī=, m., see =Aurēlius=. - -=Alexandrīa, ae=, f., a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, -founded by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C. - -=Alexandrīnus, a, um=, adj., _Alexandrine_, _pertaining to Alexandrīa_. - -=Algidus, ī=, m., a mountain in Latium. - -=aliās= [=alius=], adv., _at another time_, _under other circumstances_. - -=aliēnus, a, um= [=alius=], adj., _belonging to another_, _another’s_. - -=aliquamdiū= [=aliquis= + =diū=], adv., _for a while_, _for some time_. - -=aliquantus, a, um=, adj., _some_, _considerable_. - -=aliquī, quae, quod= [=alius= + =quī=], indef. pron. adj., _some one or -other_, _some_, _any_. - -=aliquis, qua, quid= [=alius= + =quis=], indef. pron., _some one_, -_something_; _any one_, _anything_; _some_; as subst., =aliquid=, n., -_something_, _anything_. - -=aliquot= [=alius= + =quot=], indef. indecl. adj., _some_, _several_. - -=alius, alia, aliud=, adj., _another_, _other_, _different_, _else_; -=alius … alius=, _one … one_, _another … another_; pl., _some … -others_; =longē aliam (aliō) atque=, _very different from_. - -=Allectus, ī=, m., the chief officer of Carausius in Britain. - -=Allia, ae=, f., a small river flowing into the Tiber from the east -about 11 miles north of Rome. - -=Alma, ae=, f., a mountain in Pannonia. - -=Alpēs, ium=, f., _the Alps_. - -=alter, altera, alterum=, pron. adj., _one of two_, _the other_, _the -second_; =alter … alter=, _the one … the other_. - -=Altīnum, ī=, n., a town of the Veneti in the north of Italy at the -mouth of the river Silis. - -=altitūdō, inis= [=altus=, _high_], f., _height_, _depth_. - -=amābilis, e= [=amō=, _to love_], adj., _worthy of love_, _lovely_, -_amiable_. - -=Amandus, ī=, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of -Diocletian. - -=ambō, ae, ō=, adj., _both_. - -=Ambrōnēs, um=, pl. m., a Celtic people defeated by Marius near Aquae -Sextiae in 102 B.C. - -=amīcitia, ae= [=amīcus=], f., _friendship_. - -=amīcus, a, um= [=amō=, _to love_], adj., _friendly_; as subst., -=amīcus, ī=, m., _a friend_. - -=Amīsus, I=, Gr. acc. =Amīson=, f., a coast city of Pontus, the -residence of Mithradates the Great. - -=āmittō=, see =mittō=. - -=amnis, is=, m., _river_, _torrent_, _stream_. - -=amoenitās, ātis= [=amoenus=], f., _pleasantness_, _agreeableness_. - -=amoenus, a, um= [=amō=, _to love_], adj., _pleasing_, _charming_. - -=amor, ōris= [=amō=, _to love_], m., _love_; _a beloved object_, _one’s -love_. - -=amphitheātrum, ī=, n., _amphitheater_. - -=amplē= [=amplus=], adv., _largely_. - -=amplificō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=amplus= + =faciō=], _to increase_, -_enlarge_. - -=ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=amplus=], _to enlarge_, _magnify_. - -=amplius= [=amplus=], comp. of =amplē=, _more_, _further_. - -=amplus, a, um=, adj., _great_, _large_; _noble_, _distinguished_. - -=ancilla, ae=, f., _a maid-slave_, _maid_. - -=Ancus, ī=, m., see =Mārcius=. - -=Andriscus, ī=, m., a Persian who pretended to be the natural son of -Perseus and assumed the name of Philip. - -=angustia, ae= [=angustus=, _narrow_], f., _narrowness_; pl., _narrow -places_, _a pass_. - -=Anicius, ī=, m., _C. Anicius_, praetor in the Third Macedonian war, -176-168 B.C. - -=Aniēn, ēnis= or =Aniō, ōnis=, m., a small tributary of the Tiber. - -=animus, ī=, m., _soul_, _mind_; _disposition_, _feelings_; _courage_, -_spirit_. - -=Annius, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=annus, ī=, m., _a year_. - -=annuus, a, um= [=annus=], adj., _annual_; _lasting a year_. - -=ante=, adv., of space, _before_, _in front of_; of time, _before_, -_previously_, _ago_; prep. with accus., both of space and time, _in -front of_, _before_. - -=anteā= [=ante=], adv., _before_, _formerly_. - -=Antemnātēs, um=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Antemnae_, a Sabine town -at the junction of the Anio and the Tiber. - -=Anthemūsia, ae=, f., a province of Mesopotamia. - -=Antiochēnsēs, ium=, m., _the inhabitants of Antioch_. - -=Antiochīa, ae=, f., the capital city of Syria on the river Orontes. - -=Antiochus, ī=, m., kings of Syria. 1. _Antiochus II._, called Theos, -261-246 B.C. 2. _Antiochus III._, called the Great, 223-187 B.C. 3. -_Antiochus IV._, called Epiphanes, 175-164 B.C. - -=antīquus, a, um= [=ante=], adj., _old_, _belonging to a former time_. - -=Antōnīniānus, a, um=, adj., _of_ or _belonging to the Antonines_. - -=Antōnīnus, ī=, m., the name of a dynasty of Roman emperors. 1. -_T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius Pius_, 138-161 A.D. 2. _M. -Aurēlius Antōnīnus Vērus_, 161-180 A.D. 3. _L. Annius Antōnīnus Vērus_, -161-169 A.D. 4. _L. Antōnīnus Commodus_, 180-193 A.D. 5. _M. Aurēlius -Antōnīnus Bassānius Caracalla_, 211-217 A.D. 6. _M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus, -Heliogabalus_, 218-222 A.D. - -=Antōnius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. _C. Antōnius_, consul -63 B.C. 2. _L. Antōnius_, consul 41 B.C. 3. _M. Antōnius_, the friend -of Caesar and member of the Second Triumvirate, consul 44 B.C. - -=Anullīnus, ī=, m., a Roman senator. - -=ānulus, ī= [dim. of =ānus=, _a circle_], m., _a ring_. - -=Aper, prī=, m., _Arrius Aper_, praetorian praefect. He was put to -death by Diocletian, 284 A.D. - -=āperiō=, see =*pariō=. - -=Apollonia, ae=, f., a city of Thrace on the Pontus Euxinus. - -=Apollōnius, ī=, m., _Apollōnius Chalcēdonius_, called _Dyscolus_, “the -ill-tempered.” A rhetorician. - -=apoplēxis, is=, f., _apoplexy_. - -=apparātus, ūs=, m., _equipment_, _preparation_; _splendor_, _pomp_. - -=appareō=, see =pareō=. - -=appellō=, see =pellō=. - -=appetō=, see =petō=. - -=Appiōn, ōnis=, m., _Appiōn Ptolemaeus_, king of Cyrene, 117-96 B.C. - -=Appius, ī=, m., a praenomen especially common in the Claudian gens. - -=Appius, a, um=, adj., _Appian_; especially the _via Appia_, the famous -road built by Appius Claudius the Censor, 312 B.C. - -=appōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=apprīmē= [=prīmus=], adv., _most of all_. - -=apud=, prep. with acc., of place, _near_; of persons, _with_, _among_, -_in the presence of_, _at the house of_; with the name of an author, -_in the works of_. - -=Āpūlia, ae=, f., a district in the southeastern part of Italy. - -=aqua, ae=, f., _water_. - -=Aquilēia, ae=, f., a city in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. - -=Aquīlius, ī=, m., see =Flōrus=. - -=Aquītānia, ae=, f., a province of Gaul between the Garonne and the -Pyrenees. - -=Arabēs, ūm=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Arabia_. - -=Arabia, ae=, f., _Arabia_. - -=Arabicus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to_ or _pertaining to Arabia_, -cognomen of Septimius Severus. - -=arbitrium, ī= [=arbiter=, _judge_], n., _judgment_; _will_; _power_. - -=*arceō, ēre, uī, --=, _to inclose_; _prohibit_. =con--coërceō, ēre, -uī, itus=, _to shut in_; _restrain_, _check_. =ex--exerceō, ēre, uī, -itus=, _to exercise_, _drill_. - -=Archelāus, ī=, m., (1) a distinguished general of Mithradates. (2) -Called Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 36 B.C.-14 A.D. - -=Ardea, ae=, f., the capital city of the Rutuli, in Latium, about -eighteen miles south of Rome. - -=ārdeō, ēre, ārsī, ārsus=, _to be hot_, _burn_; _be eager_, _excited_. - -=argenteus, a, um= [=argentum=], adj., _of silver_. - -=Argentorātum, ī=, n., a city in Belgic Gaul. - -=argentum, ī=, n., _silver_; _money_. - -=Argī, ōrum=, pl. m., the city of Argos in the eastern part of the -Peloponnesus. - -=Ariarātus, ī=, m., called Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 220-162 B.C. - -=Arīminum, ī=, n., a town in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. - -=Ariobarzēnēs, is=, m., king of Cappadocia, 93-63 B.C. - -=Aristarchus, ī=, m., made king of Colchis by Pompey. - -=Aristō, ōnis=, m., an Athenian philosopher who surrendered Athens to -Mithradates, 87 B.C. - -=Aristobūlus, ī=, m., king of Judea, taken captive by Pompey, 63 B.C. - -=Aristonīcus, ī=, m., a natural son of Eumenes II., king of Pergamus. - -=arma, ōrum=, pl. n., _weapons_; _warfare_. - -=Armenēs, is=, m., son of Nabis, a tyrant of Sparta. - -=Armenia, ae=, f., a country of Asia southeast of the Black Sea. -=Armenia Minor=, the portion west of the Euphrates. - -=Armeniacus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to_ or _belonging to Armenia_. - -=Armeniī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Armenia_. - -=armō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=arma=], _to arm_, _equip_; =ārmatī=, _armed -men_, _soldiers_. - -=Armoricum, ī=, n., the northern part of Celtic Gaul. - -=arō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to plow_. - -=ars, artis=, f., _skill_, _art_, _knowledge_. - -=ārsī=, see =ārdeō=. - -=Artacēs, is=, m., a king of Hiberia, conquered by Pompey. - -=Artaxata, ae=, f., the capital city of Armenia Māior. - -=Ārūns, ūntis=, m., the son of Tarquinius Superbus. - -=Arvernī, ōrum=, pl. m., an important tribe of Celtic Gaul. - -=Arzanēna, ae=, f., a district of Armenia Maior, bounded on the south -by the Tigris. - -=ascendō=, see =*scandō=. - -=Asclēpiodotus, ī=, m., a praetorian praefect during the reign of -Diocletian. - -=Asia, ae=, f., _Asia_; _Asia Minor_. - -=Asiāgenēs, is=, m., a Greek term for the Latin _Asiāticus_; cognomen -of _L. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, conqueror of Antiochus. - -=Asina, ae=, m. (1) _Cn. Cornēlius Asina_, consul 260 B.C. (2) _P. -Cornēlius (Asina)_, consul 218 B.C. - -=Asinius, ī=, m., _Hierius Asinius_, leader of the Marsi in the Marsic -war, 90 B.C. - -=asper, aspera, asperum=, adj., _rough_, _bitter_; _violent_, _severe_. - -=asperitās, ātis= [=asper=], f., _roughness_, _harshness_. - -=aspis, idis=, f., _an asp_, _viper_. - -=assiduus, a, um= [=adsideō=, _to sit by_ or _near_], adj., -_continually present_, _busied_; _diligent_, _persistent_, _faithful_; -_continual_, _unceasing_, _unremitting_. - -=Assyria, ae=, f., a division of Asia between Media, Mesopotamia, and -Babylon. - -=Ātella, ae=, f., a small town in Campania. - -=Athēnae, ārum=, pl. f., _Athens_, the chief city of Attica. - -=Athēniēnsis, e=, adj., _Athenian_. - -=Atīlius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Bulcus, Rēgulus=. - -=atque, ac= (the latter used only before consonants), conj., _and_, -_and especially_, _and even_; _than_, _as_; =simul ac=, _as soon as_; -=idem ac=, _the same as_; =alius ac=, _other than_; =contrā atque=, -_differently from what_. - -=atrōx, ōcis=, adj., _savage_, _fierce_, _cruel_, _terrible_. - -=Attalus, ī=, m., kings of Pergamus. 1. _Attalus I._, 241-197 B.C. 2. -_Attalus Philadelphus_, 159-138 B.C. 3. _Attalus Philometor_, 138-133 -B.C. - -=Attalus, ī=, m., king of Paphlagonia. - -=atterō, ere, trīvī, trītus= [=ad= + =terō=, _to rub_], _to rub -against_, _rub away_, _wear_; _destroy_, _waste_. - -=attingō=, see =*tangō=. - -=attrītus=, see =atterō=. - -=attulī=, see =adferō=. - -=auctor, ōris= [=augeō=], m., _producer_, _originator_, _cause_. - -=auctōritās, ātis= [=auctor=], f., _authority_, _power_; _influence_, -_weight_, _dignity_. - -=auctus, a=, um, see =augeō=. - -=audāx, ācis= [=audeō=], adj., _bold_, _daring_, _audacious_. - -=audeō, ēre, ausus sum=, _to dare_, _attempt_. - -=audiō, īre, īvī, ītus=, _to hear_, _hear of_, _listen to_. -=ob--oboediō, īre, īvī, ītus=, _to give ear to_, _hearken_, _listen_; -_yield_. - -=audītōrium, ī= [=audiō=], n., _a lecture hall_. - -=auferō=, see =ferō=. - -=Aufidius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Orestēs=. - -=augeō, ēre, auxī, auctus=, _to increase_, _spread_; _praise_, _honor_; -_enrich_. - -=Augustus, ī=, m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in 27 B.C., and -after him to all the Roman emperors. - -=Aureliānus, ī=, m., _Lucius Domitius Aureliānus_, Roman emperor, -270-275 A.D. - -=Aurēlius, a, um=, adj., _Aurelian_; esp. _via Aurēlia_, the Aurelian -road. - -=Aurēlius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. _Aurēlius Alexander_, -Roman emperor, 222-235 A.D. See =Antōnīnus, Cotta=. - -=aureus, a, um= [=aurum=], adj., _golden_, _of gold_; _embroidered with -gold_. - -=Aureus mōns=, m., a mountain in Upper Moesia. - -=aurum, ī=, n., _gold_. - -=Aurunculēius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Cotta=. - -=auspicium=, ī [=avis= + =*speciō=], n., _divination by watching the -flight, or noting the cries, of birds_; _an omen_; _auspices_. - -=ausus=, see =audeō=. - -=aut=, conj., _or_; =aut … aut=, _either … or_. - -=autem=, conj., always postpositive, _but_, _however_, _moreover_. - -=auxilium, ī= [=augeō=], n., _help_, _aid_; pl., _auxiliary troops_ -(usually foreign and light armed). - -=avārē= [=avārus=, _greedy_], adv., _greedily_. - -=avāritia, ae= [=avārus=, _greedy_], f., _greed_, _avarice_. - -=Aventīnus, ī=, m. (sc. =mōns=), _the Aventine_, one of the seven hills -of Rome. - -=āvertō=, see =*vertō=. - -=avidus, a, um=, adj., comp. =avidior=, _desirous_, _eager,_ _greedy_. - -=avis, is=, f., _bird_. - -=avunculus, ī= [dim. of =avus=], m., _mother’s brother_, _uncle_. - -=avus, ī=, m., _grandfather_, _ancestor_. - - -B. - -=Babylōn, ōnis=, f., capital city of the Babylonian-Assyrian Empire in -Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates. - -=Bacaudae, ārum=, pl. m., the name of the revolting peasants in Gaul in -the reign of Diocletian. - -=Balbīnus, ī=, m., _(D. Caelius) Balbīnus_ was elected emperor by the -Senate, but was slain by the soldiers at Rome, 238 A.D. - -=barbaria, ae= [=barbarus=], f., a strange land, a foreign country -(opposed to Greece and Italy). - -=barbaricus, a, um= [=barbarus=], adj., _foreign_, _strange_; as -subst., =Barbaricum, ī=, n., _strange land_. - -=barbarus, a, um=, adj., _foreign_, _barbarous_, _barbarian_; as -subst., =barbarī, ōrum=, pl. m., _foreigners_, _barbarians_. - -=Bassiānus, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=Bassus, ī=, m., _L. (P.) Ventidius Bassus_, a Roman general who gained -several victories over the Parthians. Consul 43 B.C. - -=Basternae, ārum=, pl. m., a warlike German people living near the -mouth of the Danube. - -=beātus, a, um= [=beō=, _to bless_]=, adj., _blessed_, _happy_, -_prosperous_. - -=Bēdriacum, ī=, n., a small town in Cisalpine Gaul. - -=Belgicus, a, um=, adj., _Belgic_; =Gallia Belgica=, or absol. -=Belgica=, the northern part of Gaul between the Rhine and the Seine. - -=bellicōsus, a, um= [=bellicus=], adj., _warlike_, _fond of war_, -_fierce_. - -=bellicus, a, um= [=bellum=], adj., _pertaining to war_, _military_, -_martial_. - -=bellō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=bellum=], _to wage war_. =re--rebellō, āre, -āvī, ātus=, _to wage war again_, _rebel_. - -=bellum, ī= [for =duellum=, from =duo=], n., _war_, _warfare_. - -=bene= [=bonus=], adv., comp. =melius=, sup. =optimē=; _well_, -_successfully_. - -=Beneventum, ī=, n., a city in Campania in Italy. - -=benīgnitās, ātis= [=benīgnus=], f., _good-will_, _kindness_. - -=benīgnus, a, um=, adj., _kind_, _favorable_. - -=Berenīcē, ēs=, f., a city in Cyrenaica in Africa. - -=Bessī, ōrum=, pl. m., a mountain tribe of Thrace. - -=Bēstia, ae=, m., _L. Calpurnius Bēstia_, consul 111 B.C. - -=bēstia, ae=, f., _a beast_, _animal_. - -=bibō, ere, bibī, --=, _to drink_. - -=Bibulus, ī=, m., _L. (Calpurnius) Bibulus_, consul with Caesar 59 B.C. - -=biennium, ī= [=bis= + =annus=], n., _two years’ time_. - -=bīnī, ae, a= [=bis=], dist. num. adj., _two by two_, _two each_. - -=bis= [=duis=; cf. =duo=], num. adv., _twice_. - -=Bīthȳnia, ae=, f., a country in Asia Minor, on the Propontis and Black -Sea. - -=Bituītus, ī=, m., a king of the Arverni in Gaul. - -=Blaesus, ī=, m., _C. Semprōnius Blaesus_, consul 253 B.C. - -=blanditia, ae=, f., _flattery_; in pl., _blandishments_, _allurements_. - -=blatteus, a, um= [=blatta=, _purple_], adj., _purple-colored_. - -=blattinus, a, um= [=blatta=, _purple_], adj., _purple-colored_. - -=Bocchus, ī=, m., a king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha. - -=Bōiōnius, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=bonitās, ātis= [=bonus=], f., _goodness_. - -=Bononia, ae=, f., a city in Belgic Gaul, now Boulogne. - -=Bonōsus, ī=, m., a Spaniard who usurped the imperial title in Gaul in -the reign of Probus, 281 A.D. - -=bonus, a, um=, adj., comp. =melior=, sup. =optimus=; _good_, -_advantageous_, _friendly_; =bonō animō esse=, _to feel friendly_; as -subst., =bonum, ī=, n., _profit_; =bonī, ōrum=, pl. m., _good men_, -_loyal citizens_; =bona, ōrum=, pl. n., _goods_. - -=Bosporānī, ōrum=, pl. m., dwelling on the Cimmerian Bosporus. - -=Bosporus, ī=, m. 1. _Cimmerius Bosporus_, the strait leading from the -Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. 2. A city in the Crimea on the Cimmerian -Bosporus. - -=bracchium, ī=, n., _an arm_. - -=breviārium, ī= [=brevis=], n., _a summary_, _abridgment_, _epitome_. - -=brevis, e=, adj., _short_, _brief_. - -=brevitās, ātis= [=brevis=], f., _shortness_. - -=Britannicus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Britain_, _British_; as -subst., =Britannicus, ī=, m., son of the emperor Claudius and Messalina. - -=Britannī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Britain_, _Britons_. - -=Britannia, ae=, f., _Britain_, England and Scotland; in the pl. -includes Ireland. - -=Brundisīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of the city of -Brundisium_, in Calabria. - -=Bruttiī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people in the southwestern part of Italy. - -=Brūtus, ī=, m., a family name at Rome. 1. _D. Iūnius Brūtus._ He -conquered the Callaeci and Lusitani, and won the name of Callaecus -in consequence. Consul 138 B.C. 2. _L. Iūnius Brūtus_, nephew of -Tarquinius Superbus, consul with Collatinus 509 B.C. 3. _(M. Iūnius) -Brūtus_, one of the murderers of Caesar. - -=Budalia, ae=, f., a town in Lower Pannonia, the birthplace of the -emperor Decius. - -=Bulcus, ī=, m., _C. Atīlius Bulcus_, consul 237 B.C. - -=Burdigala, ae=, f., a city in Aquitania, now Bordeaux. - -=Burziaonē, ēs=, f., a city in the modern Bulgaria. - -=Bȳzantium, ī=, n., a city on the Thracian Bosporus, later -Constantinople. - - -C. - -=C.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Gaius=. - -=C.= ＝ =centum=, 100. - -=Cabīra, ōrum=, pl. n., a city in Pontus, on the border of Armenia. - -=Cabylē, ēs=, f., a town in Thrace. - -=cadāver, eris= [=cadō=], n., _a corpse_. - -=cadō, ere, cecidī, casūrus=, _to fall_, _be killed_, _die_; _happen_. -=ad--accidō, ere, cidī, --=, _to happen_, _befall_, _come to pass_. -=con--concidō, ere, cidī, --=, _to fall_, _be slain_, _perish_. -=in--incidō, ere, cidī, --=, _to fall_, _fall in with_, _meet_; -_happen_. - -=Caecilius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. Q. _Caecilius_, consul -206 B.C. See =Metellus=. - -=Caecus, ī=, m., _Appius Claudius (Caecus)_, consul 307 B.C. - -=caedēs, is= [=caedō=], f., _killing_, _slaughter_, _massacre_. - -=caedo, ere, cecīdī, caesus=, _to cut_, _cut to pieces_; _kill_, -_conquer_, _rout_; =virgīs caedere=, _flog_. =ex--excīdō, ere, cīdī, -cīsus=, _to cut out_, _cut down_, _cut off_; _demolish_, _lay waste_. -=ob--occīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus=, _to cut down_, _kill_, _slay_. - -=Caelius, a, um=, adj., _Caelian_; =Caelius Mōns=, _the Caelian Hill_, -one of the seven hills of Rome. - -=caelum, ī=, n., _heaven_, _sky_. - -=Caenīnēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Caenīna_, a town of the -Sabines. - -=Caenophrūrium, ī=, n., a town in Thrace. - -=Caepiō, ōnis=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _Cn. Servīlius -Caepiō_, consul 253 B.C. 2. _Q. (Cn.) Servīlius Caepiō_, consul 140 -B.C. 3. _Q. (Servīlius) Caepiō_, consul 106 B.C. - -=Caesar, aris=, m., a family name in the Julian gens. 1. _C. Iūlius -Caesar_, the famous dictator. See Notes, p. 144. 2. _Sex. Iūlius -Caesar_, uncle of the dictator. Consul 91 B.C. 3. _C. Octāviānus_, see -=Augustus, Octāviānus=. - -=Caesarēa, ae=, f., the name given to several cities founded in -honor of the Caesars. 1. _Caesarēa_ in Cappadocia. 2. _Caesarēa_ in -Mauretania. 3. _Caesarēa_ in Palestine. - -=caesus, a, um=, see =caedō=. - -=Calābria, ae=, f., a division of southern Italy. - -=calamitās, ātis=, f., _a calamity_, _defeat_. - -=calceāmentum, ī=, n., _a shoe_. - -=calidus, a, um=, adj., comp. =calidior=; _warm_, _hot_. - -=Caligula, ae=, m., _C. Caesar_, surnamed _Caligula_, Roman emperor -37-41 A.D. - -=Callaecī, ōrum=, pl. m., the inhabitants of the northern part of Spain. - -=Callatis, is=, f., a town in Moesia, on the Black Sea. - -=callidē= [=callidus=, _shrewd_], adv., _keenly_, _shrewdly_. - -=Callinīcum, ī=, m., a city in Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates. - -=Calpurnius, ī=, m., see =Bēstia=. - -=Calvīnus, ī=, m., _Sex. Domitius Calvīnus_, consul 127 B.C. - -=calx, cis=, f., _limestone_, _lime_; _the goal of the race-course_. - -=Camillus, ī=, m., 1. _(M.) Fūrius Camillus_, a famous Roman hero. 2. -_L. Fūrius (Camillus)_, consul 349 B.C. - -=Campānia, ae=, f., a district of Italy on the western side, south of -Latium. - -=campus, ī=, _a plain_; =Campus Mārtius=, the level space north of the -Capitoline Hill at Rome; it was outside of the walls in the earliest -times, and served as a place for exercise. - -=Canīna, ae=, m., _C. Claudius Canīna_, consul 273 B.C. - -=Cannae, ārum=, pl. f., a small town in Apulia, where one of the most -important battles of the Second Punic War was fought, 216 B.C. - -=Cantabria, ae=, f., a division in the northern part of Spain. - -=cantō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =canō=, _to sing_], _to produce -melodious sounds_, _sing_. - -=capiō, ere, cēpī, captus=, _to take_, _get_, _seize_, _capture_, -_arrive at_; =consilium capere=, _to form a plan_. =ad--accipiō, -ere, cēpī, ceptus=, _to accept_, _receive_; _listen to_, _learn_. -=dē--dēcipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus=, _to take in_, _catch_, _deceive_, -_cheat_. =ex--excipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus=, _to take out_, _except_, -_take up_; _intercept_, _capture_; _receive_. =prae--praecipiō, ere, -cēpī, ceptus=, _to take_ _beforehand_, _foresee_; _bid_, _order_, -_direct_, _instruct_. =re--recipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus=, _to take back_, -_receive_; _admit_; =sē recipere=, _to retreat_. =sub--suscipiō, ere, -cēpī, ceptus=, _to take up_; _admit_, _support_; _undertake_, _incur_, -_undergo_. - -=Capitōlium, ī=, n., the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome; the hill on -which this stood, the _Mōns Capitōlīnus_, the citadel as well as the -chief sanctuary of Rome. - -=Cappadocia, ae=, f., a province in Asia Minor. - -=Cappadox, ocis=, m., _a Cappadocian_. - -=captīvus, a, um= [=capiō=], adj., _captive_; as subst., =captīvus, ī=, -m., =captīva, ae=, f., _captive_, _prisoner of war_. - -=captus, a, um=, see =capiō=. - -=Capua, ae=, f., a Greek city near Naples, in Campania. - -=caput, itis=, n., _the head_; _a person_, _man_; _mouth_ (of a river); -_life_. - -=Caracalla, ae=, m., see =M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus=. - -=Carausius, ī=, m., a commander of the fleet under Maximian. He -revolted, and after some time was slain, 293 A.D. - -=Carbō, ōnis=, m., 1. _Cn. (Papīrius) Carbō_, consul 113 B.C. 2. _(Cn.) -Papīrius Carbō_, consul 82 B.C. - -=carcer, eris=, m., _prison_. - -=Cardueni, ōrum=, pl. m., a powerful and warlike people in the -southeastern part of Armenia Māior. - -=careō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to be without_, _be free from_, _be destitute -of_; _refrain from_, _abstain from_. - -=Carīnās, ātis=, m., _C. Carīnās_, a leader of the Marian party. - -=Carīnus, ī=, m., the son of the emperor Carus. He was associated with -his father in the government. - -=Carnuntum, ī=, n., an ancient Celtic town in Upper Pannonia, on the -Danube. - -=Carpī, ōrum=, pl. m., a German people living between the Carpathian -mountains and the Danube. - -=Carrae, ārum=, pl. f., a city in Mesopotamia. - -=Carthalō, ōnis=, m., a leader of the Carthaginians, slain by Q. Fabius -Maximus. - -=Cārus=, ī, m., _(M. Aurēlius) Cārus_, Roman emperor, 282-283 A.D. - -=Casca, ae=, m., _(P.) Servīlius Casca_, consul 44 B.C. - -=Cassius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Longīnus, Viscellīnus=. - -=castellum, ī= [dim. from =castrum=], n., _a stronghold_, _castle_, -_fort_. - -=castrum, ī=, n., _a fortified place_, _town_; pl., =castra, ōrum=, pl. -n., _a camp_; _a campaign_. - -=cāsus, ūs= [=cadō=], m., _that which befalls_; _event_, _chance_, -_misfortune_, _death_. - -=Catalaunī, ōrum=, pl. m., a city in Belgic Gaul. - -=catēna, ae=, f., _a chain_, _fetter_. - -=catēnō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=catēna=], _to bind with chains_. - -=Catilīna, ae=, m., _L. Sergius Catiline_, a conspirator during the -consulship of Cicerō, 63 B.C. - -=Catinēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Catina_, or _Catana_, in -Sicily. - -=Catō, ōnis=, m., a family name in the Porcian gens. 1. _(M.) Porcius -Catō_, consul 89 B.C. 2. _C. (Porcius) Catō_, consul 114 B.C. 3. _M. -Porcius Catō_, consul 118 B.C. 4. _M. Porcius Catō Uticēnsis_. - -=Cattī, ōrum=, pl. m., one of the most important nations in Germany, in -Hesse, and Thuringia. - -=Catulus, ī=, m., a family name at Rome. 1. _C. Lutātius Catulus_, -consul 242 B.C. 2. _Q. Lutātius (Catulus)_, consul 241 B.C. 3. _Q. -Lutātius Catulus_, consul 202 B.C. 4. _Q. (Lutātius) Catulus_, consul -78 B.C. - -=Caudex, icis=, m., _Appius Claudius (Caudex)_, consul 264 B.C. - -=Caudīnus, a, um=, adj., _Caudine_; =Furculae Caudīnae=, the Caudine -Forks, a narrow pass in the Samnite mountains. - -=Caudium, ī=, n., a town in Samnium. - -=causa, ae=, f., _reason_, _motive_; _pretext_; _case_, _state_; -=causā=, with gen. postpositive, _for the sake of_, _on account of_; -=causam dare=, _to occasion_, _cause_. - -=causidicus, ī= [=causa= + =dīcō=], m., _a pleader_, _advocate_, -_special pleader_. - -=cecidī=, see =cadō=. - -=cecīdī=, see =caedō=. =cēdō, ere, cessī, cessus=, _to move_, _yield_, -_retreat_. =ad--accēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus=, _to move towards_, _draw -near_; _be added_; _agree to_, _enter into_. =con--concēdō, ere, cessī, -cessus=, _to withdraw_, _retire_, _depart_; _submit_; _allow_, _grant_, -_concede_. =dē--dēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessus=, _to go away_, _withdraw_, -_depart_; _to die_ (sc. =vītā=). =in--incēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus=, -_to advance_, _approach_; _march_; _move slowly_. =inter--intercēdō, -ere, cessī, cessus=, _to go between_; _intervene_; _occur_. -=prae--praecēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus=, _to go before_. =prō--prōcēdō, -ere, cessī, cessus=, _to move forward_, _advance_, _make progress_. -=re--recēdō, ere, cessī, cessus=, _to move back_, _withdraw_, _retire_, -_retreat_. =sub--succēdō, ere, cessī, cessus=, _to come up_, _advance_; -_succeed_, _follow_. - -=celeber, bris, bre=, adj., famous. - -=celebrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=celeber=], _to practice_, _repeat_; -_celebrate_. - -=celeritās, ātis= [=celer=, _swift_], f., _swiftness_, _speed_, -_alertness_. - -=celerō, āre, --, --= [=celer=, _swift_], _to hasten_. - -=Celtiberia, ae=, f., a mountainous country in the central part of -Spain. - -=cēna, ae=, f., dinner, the principal meal of the Romans, taken about -three o’clock. - -=cēnō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=cēna=], _to dine_, _eat_. - -=cēnsor, ōris= [=cēnseō=, _to value_], m., _censor_, a Roman -magistrate, elected every four years, to classify the citizens. - -=Cēnsōrīnus, ī=, m., _L. Mānlius Cēnsōrīnus_, consul 149 B.C. - -=cēnsus, ūs= [=cēnseō=, _to value_], m., the census, an enumeration and -classification of the people according to wealth. - -=centēnī, ae a, a= [=centum=], distrib. num. adj., _a hundred each_. - -=centēsimus, a, um= [=centum=], num. adj., _hundredth_. - -=centum=, indecl. num. adj., a hundred. - -=Centumalus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _Cn. Fulvius -Centumalus_, consul 229 B.C. 2. _Cn. Fulvius (Centumalus)_, consul 211 -B.C. - -=centuriō, ōnis= [=centum=], m., a century, a division of the army or -the people, containing a hundred men. - -=cēpī=, see =capiō=. - -=cernō, ere, crēvī, certus=, _to separate_; _see_, _perceive_; -_decide_, _determine_. =dē--dēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus=, _to decide_, -_determine_; _decree_, _vote_, _intrust_ (by a decree); _contend_, -_fight_. - -=certāmen, inis= [=certō=, _to fight_], n., _a struggle_, _battle_, -_engagement_. - -=certātim= [=certō=, _to fight_], adv., _in rivalry_, _zealously_. - -=certē= [=certus=, _certain_], adv., _certainly_, _surely_. - -=cessī=, see =cēdō=. - -=cessō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =cēdō=], _to be inactive_, _loiter_, -_delay_; _come to an end_, _cease_. - -=(cēterus), a, um= [nom. sing. m. lacking], adj., _the rest_, _the -others_, _others_. - -=Chaerōnēnsis, e=, adj., _belonging to Chaerōnēa_, _a town in Boeotia_. - -=Chalcēdōn, ōnis=, f., a Greek city in Bithynia. - -=Chalcēdōnius, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Chalcedon_. - -=chlamys, ydis=, f., _a Grecian upper garment of wool_, _military -cloak_, _state mantle_. - -=Christiānus, a, um=, adj., _Christian_; =Christiāna religiō=, -_Christianity_. - -=Cibalae, ārum=, pl. f., a town in Pannonia. - -=Cicerō, ōnis=, m., _M. Tullius Cicerō_, the famous orator, consul 63 -B.C. - -=Cilicia, ae=, f., a division of Asia Minor, bordering on the -Mediterranean Sea. - -=Cimbrī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Germanic tribe which, together with the -Teutones, invaded Italy, and was defeated by Marius, 101 B.C. - -=Cimbricus, a, um=, adj., _Cimbrian_. - -=Cincinnātus, ī=, m., a Roman family name. 1. _L. Quīntius -Cincinnātus_, consul 460 B.C. 2. _T. Quīntius Cincinnātus_, conquered -the Praenestini near the river Allia. - -=Cīneas, ae=, m., the friend and minister of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. - -=cingō, ere, cīnxī, cīnctus=, _to encircle_, _surround_; _gird_, _gird -on_, _equip_; =obsidiōne cingere=, _to blockade_, _besiege_. - -=Cinna, ae=, m., _L. Cornelius Cinna_, consul 87, 86 B.C. - -=circā=, adv. and prep. with acc., _around_, _round about_, -_throughout_. - -=Circēsium, ī=, n., a city of Mesopotamia on the Euphrates. - -=circueō=, see =circumeō=. - -=circuitus, ūs= [=circumeō=], m., _a going round_, _circuit_, _winding -way_. - -=circumdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=circumeō=, see =eō=. - -=circumferō=, see =ferō=. - -=circumlātus=, see =circumferō=. - -=circus, ī=, m., _a circle_, _inclosure for athletic sports_, esp. -_chariot races_; =Circus Māximus=, see Notes, p. 108. - -=citharoedicus=, a, um, adj., _of_ or _pertaining to the citharoedī_, -those who play on the cithara, accompanying it with the voice. - -=*citō, āre, āvī, ātus= [intens. of =cieō=, _to cause to move_], _to -rouse_. =con--concitō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to arouse_, _urge_, _excite_. -=ex--excitō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to rouse forth_, _excite_, _stimulate_. - -=cito=, adv., _quickly_, _speedily_, _soon_. - -=cīvīlis, e= [=cīvis=], adj., _pertaining to a citizen_; _civil_; -_polite_, _moderate_. - -=cīvīlissimē=, see =cīvīliter=. - -=cīvīlitās, ātis= [=cīvīlis=], f., _the art of government_, _politics_; -_courteousness_, _politeness_, _affability_. - -=cīvīliter= [=cīvīlis=], adv., sup. =cīvīlissimē=; _citizenlike, as -becomes a private citizen_. - -=cīvis, is=, m., _a citizen_. - -=cīvitās, ātis=, f., _citizenship_; _state_, _community_; _city_. - -=clārē= [=clārus=], adv., _clearly_; _loudly_. - -=clārēscō, ere, clarui, --= [incho. of =clāreō=, _to be bright_], _to -grow bright_; _become audible_, _sound clear_; _become illustrious_, -_grow famous_. - -=clārus, a, um=, adj., _bright_; _famous_, _renowned_; of sound, -_clear_, _loud_. - -=classis, is=, f., _a class or division of citizens_; _the navy_; -_fleet_. - -=Claudius, ī=, m., the name of one of the oldest and most famous of -the Roman gentes. 1. _Claudius I._, Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero, Roman -emperor, 41-54 A.D. 2. _Claudius II._, M. Aurelius Claudius Gothicus, -Roman emperor, 268-270 A.D. See =Caecus=, =Canīna=, =Caudex=, -=Crassus=, =Mārcellus=, =Nerō=, =Pulcher=. - -=Claudius, a, um=, adj., _Claudian_. - -=claudō, ere, clausī, clausus=, _to shut_, _close_, _inclose_. -=con--conclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus=, _to shut up_, _confine_. -=ex--exclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus=, _to shut out_, _cut off_, _exclude_. - -=claustrum, ī= [=claudō=], n., _a barrier_, _hindrance_; _frontier_, -_fortress_, _point of control_. - -=clēmentia, ae= [=clēmēns=, _gentle_], f., =mercifulness=, -_forbearance_, _kindness_. - -=Cleopatra, ae=, f., the famous queen of Egypt. - -=clībanārius, ī=, m., _a soldier clad in mail_; _a cuirassier_. - -=clipeus, ī=, m., _a round shield_, as distinguished from =scutum=, _an -oblong shield_. - -=cloāca, ae=, f., _a sewer drain_. - -=Clōdius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Albīnus=. - -=Cluentius, ī=, m., a leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war. - -=Clypea, ae=, f., a fortified town in the northern part of Africa, near -Carthage. - -=Cn.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Gnaeus=. - -=coāctus=, see =cōgō=. - -=Cōchē, ēs=, f., a city on the Tigris, near Ctesiphon. - -=coepī, isse, coeptus=, defective verb, _to begin_. - -=coërceō=, see =*arceō=. - -=coërcitor, ōris= [=coërceō=], m., _one who restrains_, _an enforcer_. - -=cognitus=, see =cognōscō=. - -=cognōmen, inis= [=con= + =(g)nōmen=], n., _a surname_, a name added to -the individual and clan names of a person, either as a title of honor, -as =Africānus=, =Māgnus=, or as a nickname, as =Cicerō=. _Cognōmina_ -served to distinguish different families of the same gens. - -=cognōmentum, ī= [=cognōmen=], n., _a surname_ (rare). - -=cognōscō=, see =nōscō=. - -=cōgō=, see =agō=. - -=Colchī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Colchis_, in Asia. - -Col=lātīnus, ī=, m., _(L.) Tarquinius Collātīnus_, the husband of -Lucretia, and one of the first two consuls, 509 B.C. - -=collīnus, a, um=, [=collis=, _a hill_], adj., _pertaining to a hill_, -_hilly_; =Porta Collīna=, the Colline Gate. - -=collum, ī=, m., _neck_. - -=colō, ere, uī, cultus=, _to till_, _cultivate_; dwell in; practice, -cherish; clothe, adorn; _honor_, _esteem_. =in--incolō, ere, uī, --=, -_to dwell_, _settle_, _inhabit_. - -=colōnia, ae=, [=colō=], f., _a colony_, _settlement_. - -=columna, ae=, f., _a column_, _pillar_. - -=coma, ae=, f., _hair_. - -=comes, itis= [=con= + =eō=], m. and f., _a companion_, _comrade_; -_attendant_, _follower_. - -=comētēs, ae=, Gr. acc. =comētēn=, m., _a comet_. - -=Commāgēnē, ēs=, f., a district in the northern part of Syria. - -=commemorō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=con= + =memor=, _mindful_], _to call to -mind_, _mention_, _tell_. - -=commendātiō, ōnīs= [=commendō=], f., _commending_, _recommendation_. - -=commendō=, see =mandō=. - -=committō=, see =mittō=. - -=commodē= [=commodus=], adv., _fitly_, _easily_, _properly_, _rightly_. - -=commodum, ī= [=commodus=], n., _convenience_, _advantage_, _utility_. - -=Commodus, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=commodus, a, um= [=con= + =modus=], adj., _in due measure_, -_suitable_, _fit_, _convenient_. - -=commoror, ārī, ātus sum= [=con= + =moror=, _to delay_], _to tarry_, -_linger_, _abide_, _remain_. - -=commoveō=, see =moveō=. - -=commūnis, e= [=con= + =mūnus=], adj., _common_; _ordinary_; _public_; -=rēs commūnis=, _the public interest_. - -=compāreō=, see =pāreō=. - -=comparō=, see =parō=. - -=comparō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=compār=, _like_], _to compare_. - -=compellō=, see =pellō=. - -=comperiō=, see =*pariō=. - -=compescō, ere, uī, --=, _to confine_, _hold in check_, _repress_, -_curb_, _restrain_. - -=compleō=, see =*pleō=. - -=complexus, ūs= [=complector=, _to embrace_], m., _surrounding_, -_embrace_. - -=compōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=compulī=, see =compellō=. - -=computātiō, ōnis= [=computō=, _to sum up_], f., _a reckoning_. - -=concēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=concidō=, see =cadō=. - -=concitō=, see =*citō=. - -=concitor, ōris= [=concitō=], m., _he who arouses_, _a stirrer up_. - -=conclūdō=, see =claudō=. - -=Concordia, ae=, f., a Roman colony founded in Venetia. - -=concubīna, ae=, f., _a concubine_. - -=condiciō, ōnis= [=condīcō=, _to agree_], f., _a condition_, _state_; -_terms_, _stipulation_. - -=condiscipulus, ī= [=con= + =discipulus=, _a student_], m., _a -fellow-student_, _schoolmate_. - -=conditor, ōris= [=condō=], m., _a founder_, _inventor_, _writer_. - -=condō=, see =dō=. - -=cōnfectus=, see =cōnficiō=. - -=cōnferō=, see =ferō=. - -=cōnfestim=, adv., _immediately_, _at once_. - -=cōnficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=cōnfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus= [=con= + =fīgō=, _to fix_], =to fasten -together=, =unite=. - -=cōnfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=con= + =fīrmō=, _to make firm_], _to -confirm_, _strengthen_, _encourage_, _affirm_. - -=cōnflīgō=, see =*flīgō=. - -=cōnfluō=, see =fluō=. - -=cōnfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus= [=con= + =fodiō=, _to dig_], _to dig_; -_stab_. - -=cōnfugiō=, see =fugiō=. - -=cōnfundō=, see =fundō=. - -=cōnfūsus=, see =cōnfundō=. - -=congerō=, see =gerō=. - -=congredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=congregō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=con= + =grex=, _a herd_], _to collect_, -_unite_. - -=congressus=, see =congredior=. - -=cōniciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=coniungō=, see =iungō=. - -=coniūnx, coniugis= [=coniungō=], m. and f., _a husband_, _wife_. - -=coniūrātiō, ōnis= [=coniūrō=], f., _a conspiracy_, _plot_. - -=coniūrō=, see =iūrō=. - -=conlātus=, see =conferō=. - -=conlēga, ae= [=conligō=], m., _a colleague_. - -=conligō=, see =legō=. - -=conlocō=, see =locō=. - -=conloquium, ī= [=con= + =loquor=, _to speak_], n., _an interview_, -_conference_. - -=cōnor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to attempt_, _try_. - -=cōnscendō=, see =*scandō=. - -=cōnsecrō=, see =*sacrō=. - -=cōnsecūtus=, see =cōnsequor=. - -=cōnsēdī=, see =cōnsīdō=. - -=cōnsenēscō=, see =senēscō=. - -=cōnsēnsī=, see =cōnsentiō=. - -=cōnsēnsus, ūs= [=cōnsentiō=], m., _consent_, _assent_, _united -opinion_; =ex commūnī cōnsēnsū=, _by common consent_. - -=cōnsentio=, see =sentiō=. - -=cōnsenuī=, see =cōnsenēscō=. - -=cōnsequor=, see =sequor=. - -=cōnserō=, see =*serō=. - -=cōnsīdō=, see =sīdō=. - -=cōnsilium, ī= [=cōnsulō=], n., _a plan_, _advice_; _counsel_, -_wisdom_; _authority_; _council_. - -=cōnsistō=, see =*sistō=. - -=cōnsōbrīna, ae= [=con= + =soror=], f., _a cousin-german_, _first -cousin_. - -=cōnspectus, ūs= [=cōnspiciō=], m., _sight_, _presence_. - -=cōnspiciō=, see =*speciō=. - -=Cōnstāns, antis=, m., the youngest of the three sons of Constantine -the Great. - -=Cōnstantia, ae=, f., daughter of Constantius Chlorus. - -=Cōnstantīnopolis, is=, f., Constantinople, a city built on the site of -Byzantium by Constantine the Great. - -=Cōnstantīnus, ī=, m., 1. _Cōnstantīnus_, surnamed “the Great.” Roman -emperor 306-337 A.D. 2. _Cōnstantīnus_, son of (1). - -=Cōnstantius, ī=, m., 1. _Cōnstantius Chlōrus_, father of Constantine -the Great. Roman emperor 305-306 A.D. 2. _Cōnstantius_, third son of -Constantine the Great. Roman emperor 337-361 A.D. - -=cōnstitī=, see =cōnsistō=. - -=cōnstituō=, see *statuō. - -=cōnsuētūdō, inis= [=cōnsuēscō=, _to become accustomed_], f., _habit_, -_custom_, _manner_. - -=cōnsul, ulis=, m., _a consul_. The usual name of the two highest -officials of the Roman republic. They were elected annually, and their -names were used in place of a date. - -=cōnsulāris, e= [=cōnsul=], adj., _of a consul_, _of consular rank_; as -subst., _an ex-consul_. - -=cōnsulātus, ūs= [=cōnsul=], m., _consulate_, _consulship_. - -=cōnsulō, ere, uī, tus=, _to consult_, _consider_; _counsel_, _give -advice to_; _provide for_; _ask advice of_. - -=cōnsultō= [=cōnsulō=], adv., _purposely_. - -=cōnsultum, ī= [=cōnsulō=], n., _resolution_, _decree_; =senātūs -cōnsultum=, _decree of the senate_. - -=cōnsultus, a, um= [=cōnsulō=], adj., _experienced_, _learned_; =iūris -cōnsultus=, _a lawyer_. - -=cōnsūmō=, see =sūmō=. - -=contāminō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=contāmen=, _touch_], _to bring into -contact_, _mingle_; _corrupt_, _defile_, _pollute_. - -=contemnō, ere, tempsī, temptus= [=con= + =temnō=, _to scorn_], _to -despise_, _scorn_. - -=contendō=, see =tendō=. - -=contentiō, ōnis= [=contendō=], f., _exertion_, _struggle_; _contest_, -_contention_. - -=contentus, a, um= [=contineō=], adj., _content_, _satisfied_. - -=contigī=, see =contingō=. - -=contineō=, see =teneō=. - -=contingō=, see =*tangō=. - -=continuus, a, um= [=contineō=], adj., _successive_, _uninterrupted_. - -=cōntiō, ōnis= [contr. from =conventiō=, _assembling_], f., _assembly_; -_an address_ (to the assembly). - -=contrā=, prep. with acc., _against_, _opposite to_, _contrary to_; -=adv.=, _on the other hand_; =contrā atque=, _contrary to what_. - -=contrāctus, a, um=, see =contrahō=. - -=contrādīcō=, see =dīcō=. - -=contrahō=, see =trahō=. - -=contrōversia, ae= [=contrā= + =vertō=], f., _dispute_, _controversy_. - -=contulī=, see =cōnferō=. - -=conveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=conventus, ūs= [=conveniō=], m., _a meeting_, _assembly_. - -=conversus=, see =convertō=. - -=convertō=, see =*vertō=. - -=convīcium, ī= [=con= + =vocō=], n., _a loud noise_, _clamor_, _cry_; -_insult_. - -=convincō=, see =vincō=. - -=convīvium, ī= [=con= + =vīvō=], n., _a feast_. - -=cōpia, ae= [=co(n)= + =ops=], f., _abundance_, _supply_; pl., -_troops_, _supplies_; _means_, _force_, _wealth_. - -=cōpiōsus, a, um= [=cōpia=], adj., _abounding in_, _well supplied_, -_rich_. - -=Corinthiī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Corinth_. - -=Corinthus, ī=, f., a city in the Peloponnesus on the isthmus of -Corinth, captured and destroyed by the Romans, 146 B.C. - -=Coriolānus, ī=, m., the surname of Q. Marcius, the conqueror of -Corioli, 493 B.C. - -=Coriolī, ōrum=, pl. m., a town of the Volsci in Latium. - -=Cornēlius, ī=, m., the name of a large and important gens at Rome. -See =Asina=, =Cinna=, =Dolābella=, =Faustus=, =Fuscus=, =Galbus=, -=Lentulus=, =Rūfīnus=, =Scīpiō=, =Sulla=. - -=cornū, ūs=, n., _a horn_; _trumpet_; _wing_ (of an army). - -=corpus, oris=, n., _a body_. - -=corrēctor, ōris= [=corrigō=], m., _a corrector_, _improver_; _a land -bailiff_, _governor_. - -=corrēctus=, see =corrigō=. - -=corrēxī=, see =corrigō=. - -=corrigō=, see =regō=. - -=corripiō=, see =rapiō=. - -=corrumpō=, see =rumpō=. - -=Corsica, ae=, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, west of Italy. - -=Corvīnus, ī=, m., _M. Valerius Corvīnus_, twice dictator, six times -consul. - -=corvus, ī=, m., =a raven=. - -=Corycus, ī=, m., a city in Cilicia. - -=Cosconius, ī=, m., _C. Cosconius_, a praetor during the Social War, 89 -B.C. - -=Cotta, ae=, m., 1. _M. Aurēlius Cotta_, consul 78 (74) B.C. 2. _(L.) -Aurunculēius (Cotta)_, one of Caesar’s lieutenants in Gaul. - -=Cottius, ī=, m., a king of several Ligurian tribes in the Cottian Alps. - -=Cottius, a, um=, adj., _Cottian_; =Alpēs Cottiae=, the Cottian Alps, -between France and Italy, from Mt. Viso to Mt. Cenis. - -=Cotys, yis=, m., a Thracian king. - -=Crassus, ī=, m., a Roman family name. 1. _Appius Claudius Crassus_, -decemvir. 2. _M. Licinius Crassus_, the triumvir, consul 70 B.C. 3. _P. -Licinius Crassus_, consul 171 B.C. 4. _P. Licinius Crassus_, called -Dives Mucianus, consul 131 B.C. - -=crēber, bra, brum=, adj., _crowded_, _numerous_, _frequent_. - -=crēdō, ere, crēdidī, crēditus=, _to believe_, _trust_, _think_; -_intrust_, _commend to_. - -=creō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to create_, _make_, _beget_; _elect_, _declare -elected_. - -=crēscō, ere, crēvī, crētus=, _to grow_, _increase_; _become -influential_, _prosper_. - -=Crēta, ae=, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Greece; -modern Candia. - -=Crēticus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Crete_; =Crēticum bellum=, _war -against Crete_. - -=crīmen, inis= [=cernō=], n., _accusation_, _slander_; _fault_, -_crime_, _offense_. - -=crīnītus, a, um= [=crīnis=, _hair_], adj., _covered with hair_. - -=Crīnītus, ī=, m., see =Trāiānus=. - -=Crixus, ī=, m., one of the gladiators who revolted with Spartacus. - -=crūdēlitās, ātis= [=crūdēlis=, _cruel_], f., _cruelty_. - -=crūdēliter= [=crūdēlis=, _cruel_], adv., _cruelly_. - -=crūditās, ātis= [=crūdus=, _unripe_], f., _overloading of the -stomach_; _indigestion_. - -=cruentus, a, um= [=cruor=], adj., _blood-stained_, _bloody_. - -=cruor, ōris=, m., _running blood_, _gore_. - -=Crustumīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Crustumerium_, a town -in the territory of the Sabines, north of Rome. - -=crystallinus, a, um= [=crystallum=, _crystal_], adj., _of crystal_. - -=Ctēsiphōn, ōntis=, f., a city in Assyria, on the Tigris. - -=cubiculum, ī= [=cubō=, _to lie down_], n., _a bedchamber_. - -=culpō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=culpa=, _fault_], _to find fault with_, -_blame_. - -=cultus, ūs= [=colō=], m., _cultivation_, _worship_; _culture_, -_training_; mo_de of life_; _dress_, _splendor_. - -=cum=, prep. with abl., _with_, _together with_. - -=cum=, conj., of time, _when_, _while_, _whenever_; of cause, _since_; -of concession, _although_; =cum … tum=, _both … and_, _not only … but -also_. - -=cūnctus, a, um= [=coniunctus, con= + =iungo=], adj., _all together_, -_all_. - -=cupiditās, ātis= [=cupidus=, _desirous_], f., _desire_, _longing_; -_greediness_, _avarice_. - -=cūra, ae=, f., _care_, _anxiety_. - -=Cūria, ae=, f., _the Roman senate house_, either the Curia Hostilia, -adjoining the Forum, or the Curia Pompeia, built by Pompey in the -Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar was murdered. - -=Cūriō, ōnis=, m., _C. Scrībōnius_, consul 76 B.C. - -=Curius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Dentātus=. - -=currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus=, to run. =ob--occurro, currere, -(cu)curri, cursus=, _to run to meet_; _meet with_, _encounter_; -_withstand_; _occur_. - -=currus, ūs= [=currō=], m., _a chariot_. - -=Cursor, ōris=, m., _L. Papīrius Cursor_, a celebrated general, six -times consul, dictator twice. - -=cursus, ūs= [=currō=], m., _running_, _speed_; _course_, _voyage_. - -=cūstōdia, ae= [=cūstōs=, a guard], f., _care_, _guard_, _custody_. - -=Cȳrēnē, ēs=, f., a Greek city on the coast of Africa, west of Egypt. - -=Cȳzicus, ī=, f., a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor. - -=Cȳzicēnus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Cȳzicus_. - - -D. - -=D.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Decimus=. - -=D.= ＝ 500. - -=Dācī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Dacians_, inhabitants of Dacia. - -=Dācia, ae=, f., a country north of the Danube. - -=Dalmatae, ārum=, pl. m., _the Dalmatians_, the inhabitants of Dalmatia. - -=Dalmatia, ae=, f., a country bordering on the eastern shore of the -Adriatic Sea. - -=Dalmatius, ī=, m., _Dalmatius Caesar_, a nephew of Constantine the -Great. - -=damnō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=damnum=, _injury_], _to condemn_, _sentence_; -_bind_, _compel_; _censure_. - -=Dānuvius, ī=, m., _the Danube_. - -=Daphnēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Daphnē_, a place near -Antioch. - -=Dardanī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of Upper Moesia. - -=Dardania, ae=, f., a district of the Troad, lying along the Hellespont. - -=datus=, see =dō=. - -=dē=, prep. with abl., of place, _from_, _down from_, _out of_; of -time, _after_, _during_; of cause, _in consequence of_, _through_; of -relation, _concerning_, _in respect to_. - -=dēbeō=, see =habeō=. - -=dēcēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=decem=, indecl. num. adj., _ten_. - -=decemvir, ī= [=decem= + =vir=], m., _one of a commission of ten men_, -_decemvir_. - -=Decentius, ī=, m., _Māgnus Decentius_, brother of Magnentius, by whom -he was created Caesar, 351 A.D. - -=dēceptus=, see =dēcipiō=. - -=dēcernō=, see =cernō=. - -=dēcessī=, see =dēcēdō=. - -=decet, ēre, uit, --= (impers.), _to be suitable_, _becoming_. - -=Decibalus, ī=, m., a celebrated king of the Dacians. - -=deciēs= [=decem=], num. adv., _ten times_. - -=decimus, a, um= [=decem=], num. adj., _Tenth_. - -=dēcipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=Decius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. _(Metius) Decius_, Roman -emperor 249-251 A.D. See =Mūs=. - -=decorō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=decus=, _honor_], _to decorate_, -_distinguish_. - -=dēcrēvī=, see =dēcernō=. - -=dēdecus, ōris= [=dē= + =decus=, _honor_], n., _disgrace_, _dishonor_. - -=dēdicātiō, ōnis= [=dēdicō=, _to dedicate_], f., _a dedication_, -_consecration_. - -=dēdidī=, see =dēdō=. - -=dēditiō, ōnis= [=dēdō=], f., _a surrender_. - -=dēditus=, see =dēdō=. - -=dēdō=, see =do=. - -=dēdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=dēfēcī=, see =dēficiō=. - -=dēfendō, ere, fendī, fēnsus=, _to ward off_, _repel_; _defend_, -_protect_. - -=dēfēnsor, ōris= [=dēfendō=], m., _a defender_. - -=dēferō=, see =ferō=. - -=dēficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=dēfōrmō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=dē= + =fōrma=], _to bring out of shape_, -_deform_, _disfigure_, _spoil_, _mar_. - -=dēfungor, fungī, fūnctus sum= [=dē= + =fungor=, _to perform_], _to -perform_, _finish_. - -=dēiciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=dein=, see =deinde=. - -=deinceps= [=deinde= + =capiō=], adv., _one after the other_, -_successively_; _next_, _moreover_. - -=deinde or dein= [=dē= + =inde=], adv., a_fterwards_, _next_, _then_, -_thereafter_. - -=Dēiotarus, ī=, m., tetrarch of Galatia. - -=dēlectō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =dēliciō=], _to delight_, _please_. - -=dēleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus=, _to destroy_, _overthrow_, _ruin_. - -=dēliciae, ārum=, pl. f., _delights_, _pleasure_, _luxury_. - -=dēmergō=, see =mergō=. - -=Dēmētrius, ī=, m., son of Philip V., king of Macedonia. - -=dēminuō=, see =minuō=. - -=dēmum=, adv., _at last_, _finally_; =tum dēmum=, _then at last_, _not -till then_. - -=dēnique=, adv., _at last_, _finally_; _briefly_, _in fine_. - -=Dentātus, ī=, m., _M. Curius Dentātus_, consul 290 and 275 B.C. - -=dēnūntiō=, see =nūntiō=. - -=dēpōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=dēpopulor=, see =populō=. - -=dēprāvō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=dē= + =prāvus=], _to distort_; _pervert_, -_seduce_, _corrupt_, _deprave_. - -=dēprecātiō, ōnis= [=dēprecor=], f., _warding off by prayer_; -_supplication_, _intercession_. - -=dēprecor, ārī, ātus sum= [=dē= + =precor=, _to ask_], _to plead -against_, _plead_, _avert by prayer_; _decline_. - -=dēprehendō=, see =*prehendō=. - -=dēscrībō=, see =scrībō=. - -=dēserō=, see =*serō=. - -=dēsinō=, see =sinō=. - -=dēspērātiō, ōnis= [=dēspērō=], f., _despair_, _desperation_. - -=dēspērō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=dē + spērō=, _to hope_], _to give up hope_, -_despair_. - -=dēstituō=, see =*statuō=. - -=dētegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus= [=dē= + =tegō=, _to cover_], _to uncover_, -_disclose_, _betray_. - -=dētergeō, ēre, tersī, tersus= [=dē= + =tergeō=, _to rub_], _to wipe -off_, _remove_, _cleanse_, _empty_. - -=dēterreō, ēre, uī, itus= [=dē= + =terreō=, _to terrify_], _to frighten -away_, _deter_. - -=dētestātiō, ōnis= [=dētestor=], f., _the invocation of a curse_; -_deprecation_. - -=dētestor, ārī, ātus sum= [=dē= + =testor=, _to cause to witness_], _to -curse_, _execrate_; _avert_, _ward off_, _deprecate_. - -=dētrahō=, see =trahō=. - -=deus, ī=, m., _a god_, _divinity_. - -=dēvincō=, see =vincō=. - -=dexter, era, erum= and =tra, trum=, adj., _right_; _on the right hand_. - -=diadēma, ātis=, n., _a royal head-dress_, _diadem_. - -=Diadumenus, ī=, m., son of the emperor Macrinus. - -(=diciō=), =ōnis=, f., _dominion_, _sovereignty_, _sway_, _rule_. - -=dīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus=, _to say_, _speak_, _tell_; _assent_, -_promise_; _appoint_, _call_. =contrā--contrādīcō, ere, dīxi, dictus=, -_to contradict_, _oppose_. =in--indīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus=, _to -proclaim_, _declare_; _appoint_. - -=dictātor, ōris= [=dictō=, _to say often_], m., _a dictator_, a -magistrate with supreme power, chosen at times of supreme peril. - -=dictātūra, ae= [=dictātor=], f., _the office of dictator_, -_dictatorship_. - -=dictum, ī=, [=dīcō=], n., _a saying_, _remark_, _word_; _command_. - -=dīdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=diēs, ēī=, m., and sometimes in the sing. f., _day_, _time_. - -=differō=, see =ferō=. - -=difficiliter= [=dis= + =facilis=, _easy_], adv., comp. =difficilius=; -with _difficulty_. - -=diffīdō, ere, fīsus sum= [=dis= + =fīdō=, _to trust_], _to distrust_, -_doubt_. - -=diffugiō=, see =fugiō=. - -=diffundō=, see =fundō=. - -=dīgnitās, ātis= [=dīgnus=], f., _value_, _merit_; _rank_, _dignity_. - -=dīgnor, ārī, ātus sum= [=dīgnus=], _to deem worthy_, _deign_, -_condescend_. - -=dīgnus, a, um=, adj., _worth_, _worthy_, _deserving_. - -=dīligēns, tis= [=dīligō=], adj., _careful_, _diligent_, _attentive_; -_sparing_; _fond of_. - -=dīligentia, ae= [=dīligēns=], f., _diligence_, _activity_, -_earnestness_. - -=dīligō=, see =legō=. - -=dīmicātiō, ōnis= [=dīmicō=], f., _a combat_, _struggle_. - -=dīmicō, āre, āvi, ātus=, _to fight_. - -=dīmidius, a, um= [=dis= + =medius=], adj., _half_; as subst., -=dīmidium, ī=, n., _a half_. - -=dīmittō=, see =mittō=. - -=Dioclētiānus, ī=, m., _(Valerius) Dioclētiānus_, emperor 284-305 A.D. - -=Diogenēs, is=, m., son of Archelaus, slain in the siege of Athens. - -=dīripiō=, see =rapiō=. - -=dīruō, ere, uī, utus= [=dis= + =ruō=, _to fall_], _to tear asunder_, -_destroy_. - -=dīs, dītis=, adj., sup. =dītissimus=; _rich_. - -=disciplīna, ae= [=discō=, _to learn_], f., _learning_, _instruction_, -_discipline_; _system_. - -=dispertiō, īre, īvī, ītus= [=dis= + =partiō=, _to share_], _to -distribute_, _divide_. - -=displiceō=, see =placeō=. - -=dispōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=dissimulātiō, ōnis= [=dissimulō=, _to make unlike_], f., _a -disguising_, _dissembling_, _concealment_. - -=dissolūtus, a, um= [part. of =dissolvō=, _to take apart_], adj., -_lax_, _remiss_, _negligent_, _careless_. - -=distrahō=, see =trahō=. - -=distribuō=, see =tribuō=. - -=dītō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=dīs=], _to make rich_, _enrich_. - -=diū=, adv., comp. =diūtius=, sup. =diūtissimē=; _long_, _for a long -time_; =quam diū=, _as long as_. - -=diūturnitās, ātis= [=diūturnus=], f., _long continuance_, _length of -time_. - -=diūturnus, a, um= [=diū=], adj., _prolonged_. - -=dīversus, a, um= [part. of =dīvertō=, _to turn aside_], adj., -_scatter_, _separate_; _different_; _contrary_, _opposed to_. - -=dīvidō, ere, vīsī, vīsus=, _to divide_, _separate_. - -=dīvīnus, a, um= [=dīvus=], adj., _divine_, _sacred_. - -=dīvīsor, ōris= [=dīvidō=], m., _one who distributes_, _an executor_. - -=dīvitiae, ārum= [=dīves=, _rich_], pl. f., _wealth_, _riches_. - -=dīvus, a, um=, adj., _divine_, _deified_; as subst., =Dīvus, ī=, m., -_a god_. An epithet given to the Roman emperors after death. - -=dō, dare, dedī, datus=, _to give_, _put_, _place_; _furnish_, -_yield_; =dare negōtium=, _to commission_, _direct_; =dare in fugam=, -_to put to flight_; =dare manūs=, _to yield_; =dare operam=, _to -attend to_, _assist_; =dare poenās=, _to pay the penalty_; =dare -verba=, _to deceive_. =ad--addō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to add_, _join -to_. =con--condō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to put together_, _compose_, -_build_, _found_; _conceal_. =dē--dēdō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to give -up_, _surrender_; _devote_. =ex--ēdō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to put -forth_, _show_, _elevate_; _bear_, _produce_. =in--indō, dere, didī, -ditus=, _to put into_; _confer_, _apply_. =per--perdō, dere, didī, -ditus=, _to lose_, _destroy_, _ruin_; _waste_. =prō--prōdō, dere, didī, -ditus=, _to give or put forth_, _make known_; _hand down_; _betray_, -_surrender_. =re--redō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to give back_, _return_; -_render_. =trāns--trādō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to give over_, _give up_, -_deliver_, _surrender_; _intrust_; _transmit_; =trāditur=, _it is said_. - -=doceō, ēre, uī, tus=, _to teach_, _point out_. - -=docilitās, ātis= [=docilis=, _teachable_], f., _teachableness_, -_docility_. - -=documentum, ī= [=doceō=], n., _a lesson_, _example_; _evidence_, -_proof_. - -=Dolābella, ae=, m., _Cn. Cornēlius Dolābella_, consul 159 B.C. - -=doleō, ēre, luī, litūrus=, _to feel pain_; _grieve_. - -=dolor, ōris= [=doleō=], m., _pain_, _sorrow_, _distress_, _vexation_. - -=dolus, ī=, m., _fraud_, _guile_, _stratagem_. - -=domesticus, a, um= [=domus=], adj., _private_, _domestic_; =domesticum -bellum=, _civil war_. - -=dominus, ī= [=domō=], m., _a master_, _lord_. - -=Domitiānus, ī=, m., _T. Flavius Domitiānus_, Roman emperor 81-96 A.D. - -=Domitius, ī=, m., a Roman family name. 1. _Cn. Domitius_, consul 32 -B.C. 2. _L. Domitius_, a Roman general in the war with Sertorius. See -=Calvīnus=. - -=domō, āre, uī, itus=, _to tame_, _conquer_. =per--perdomō, āre, uī, -itus=, _to subdue_, _vanquish_. - -=domus, ūs=, f., _a house_, _home_; _household_; =domī, loc.=, _at -home_. - -=dōnō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to give_, _present_, _confer_. - -=dōnum, ī=, n., _a gift_. - -=Drusus, ī=, m., _Nerō Claudius Drusus_, son of Ti. Claudius Nero, and -stepson of Augustus. - -=dubiē= [=dubius=], adv., _doubtfully_, _uncertainly_. - -=dubietās, ātis= [=dubius=], f., _doubt_, h_esitation_ (late). - -=dubius, a, um=, adj., _doubtful_, _uncertain_. - -=ducentī, ae, a= [=duo= + =centum=], adj., _two hundred_. - -=dūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead_; _think_, _consider_; _protract_, -_put off_; =uxōrem dūcere=, _to marry_; =vītam dūcere=, _to live_. - -=ab--abdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead away_, _withdraw_. -=ad--addūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead to_, _bring_; _induce_, -_influence_. =circum--circumdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead around_, -_draw around_, _surround_. =dē--dēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead_, -_withdraw_; _induce_; _launch_, _disembark_. =dis--dīdūcō, ere, dūxī, -ductus=, _to draw apart_, _separate_, _relax_. =ex--ēdūcō, ere, dūxī, -ductus=, _to lead out_. =in--indūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead in_; -_induce_; _put on_, _cover_. =prō--prōdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to -lead forward or out_; _prolong_. =re--redūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to -lead back_; _draw back_; _remove_. - -=ductus, ūs= [=dūcō=], m., _leadership_. - -=Duilius, ī=, m., _C. Duilius_, consul 260 B.C., commander of the Roman -fleet in the battle of Mylae, 260 B.C. - -=dum=, conj., _while_, _until_. - -=duo, ae, o=, num. adj., _two_. - -=duodecim= [=duo= + =decem=], indecl. num. adj., _twelve_. - -=duodecimus, a, um= [=duo= + =decimus=], num. adj., _twelfth_. - -=duplex, icis= [=duo= + =plicō=, _to fold_], adj., _twofold_, _double_. - -=duplicō, āre, āvi, ātus= [=duplex=], _to double_, _repeat_. - -=dūrus, a, um=, adj., _hard_, _harsh_, _difficult_. - -=dux, ducis= [=dūcō=], m., _a leader_, _guide_, _commander_. - - -E. - -=ē=, see =ex=. - -=Eborācum, ī=, n., a city in Britain, modern York. - -=Edessa, ae=, f., a city in the western part of Mesopotamia. - -=ēdictum, ī= [=ēdīcō=, _to make known_], n., _a proclamation_, _edict_. - -=ēditiō, ōnis= [=ēdō=], f., _a statement_, _account_. - -=ēdō=, see =dō=. - -=ēdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=efferō=, see =ferō=. - -=efficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=effringō=, see =frangō=. - -=effugiō=, see =fugiō=. - -=ego, meī=, pers. pron., _I_; pl. =nōs=, _we_. - -=ēgredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=ēgregiē= [=ēgregius=], adv., _excellently_, _exceedingly_, -_strikingly_. - -=ēgregius, a, um= [=ē= + =grex=, _herd_], adj., _select_, -_distinguished_, _eminent_. - -=ēiciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=ēlegāns, antis= [=ēlegō=, for =ēligō=], adj., _select_, _elegant_, -_polite_. - -=elementum, ī=, n., _a first principle_, _simple substance_; -_rudiments_. - -=elephantus, ī=, m., _elephant_. - -=ēligō=, see =legō=. - -=ēmineō, ēre, uī, --=, _to stand out_, _be conspicuous_. - -=emō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus=, _to take_; _buy_, _purchase_; _gain_, -_acquire_. =ad--adimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus=, _to take away_, _destroy_, -_deprive of_. =inter--interimō, ere, ēmī ēmptus=, _to take from the -midst of_, _kill_. =per--perimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus=, _to take away -entirely_; _annihilate_, _destroy_. =re--redimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus=, _to -buy back_, _redeem_, _ransom_. - -=ēmptor, ōris= [=emō=], m., _a buyer_, _purchaser_. - -=enim=, conj., always postpositive, _namely_, _in fact_, _you know_, -_for_, _because_. - -=eō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus=, _to go or come_, _march_. =ab--abeō, īre, -īvī (iī), itūrus=, _to go away_, _depart_. =circum--circumeō, īre, īvī -(iī), itus=, _to go around_, _surround_. =inter--intereō, īre, īvī -(iī), itūrus=, _to perish_, _die_. =ob--obeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus=, _to -go to meet_; _attend to_, _perform_; _die_, _perish_. =per--pereō, īre, -īvi (iī), itūrus=, _to perish_, _disappear_, _die_. =re--redeō, īre, -īvī (iī), itūrus=, _to go back_, _return_. =trāns--trānseō, īre, īvī -(iī), itūrus=, _to go across_, _cross_; _pass through or by_; _desert_. - -=eō= [=is=], adv., _for that reason_, _therefore_; _to that place_, -_thither_; _to that degree_, _so far_. - -=Ephesus, ī=, f., a Greek city near the coast of Asia Minor. - -=Ēpīrus, ī=, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece -proper. - -=epistola, ae=, f., _a letter_. - -=epulae, ārum=, pl. f., _a banquet_, _feast_. - -=eques, itis= [=equus=], m., _a horseman_, _knight_; pl. _cavalry_; -=magister equitum=, _master of the horse_, _aid-de-camp of the -dictator_. - -=equitātus, ūs= [=equitō=, _to ride_], m., _cavalry_. - -=equus, ī=, m., _a horse_. - -=ērēctus, a, um= [orig. part. of =ērigō=], adj., _upright_, _erect_. - -=ergō=, adv., expressing an inference, _now_, _then_, _therefore_. - -=ēripiō=, see =rapiō=. - -=errō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to wander_, _stray_, _rove_; _be in error_, -_err_. - -=ērudiō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus= [=ē= + =rudis=, _rough_], _to polish_, -_educate_, _train_. - -=ērudītiō, ōnis= [=ērudiō=], f., _a polishing_, _training_. - -=ērumpō=, see =rumpō=. - -=Ēsquilīnus, ī=, m. (sc. =collis=), _the Esquiline_, the largest of the -seven hills of Rome. - -=et=, conj., _and_, _also_, _even_, _and yet_; =et … et=, _both … and_. - -=etenim=, conj., _for_, _for truly_, _and indeed_, _because_, _since_. - -=etiam= [=et= + =iam=], conj., _also_, _even_. - -=Eumenēs, is=, m., king of Pergamus, 197-159 B.C. - -=Eumenia, ae=, f., a city in Phrygia. - -=Euphrātēs, is=, dat. =Euphrātae=, p. 83, l. 22, m., _the Euphrates_, a -river in Syria. - -=Eutropius, ī=, m., see =Life=. - -=Eurōpa, ae=, f., _Europe_. - -=ēvādō=, see =*vādō=. - -=ēvehō=, see =vehō=. - -=ēveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=ēventus, ūs= [=ēveniō=], m., _outcome_, _result_; _occurrence_, -_event_. - -=ēvertō=, see =*vertō=. - -=ēvocō=, see =vocō=. - -=ex= or =ē= (last never before vowels), prep. with abl.; of place, _out -of_, _from_; of cause, _in consequence of_, _because of_; _according -to_. - -=exanimō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ex= + =anima=], _to put out of breath_, -_kill_; _weaken_. - -=exārdēscō, ere, ārsī, ārsus= [=ex= + =ārdēscō=, _to take fire_], _to -take fire_; _be angry_. - -=exauctōrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to discharge from service_, _release from -the military oath_. - -=excidium, ī=, n., _downfall_, _ruin_. - -=excīdō=, see =caedō=. - -=excipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=excitō=, see =*citō=. - -=exclūdō=, see =claudō=. - -=exemplum, ī=, n., _a specimen_, _example_. - -=exerceō=, see =*arceō=. - -=exercitus, ūs= [=exerceō=], m., _an army_. - -=exhauriō=, see =hauriō=. - -=exhibeō=, see =habeō=. - -=exigō=, see =agō=. - -=exiguus, a, um= [=exigō=], adj., _small_, _scanty_. - -=exīstimō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ex= + =aestimō=, _to reckon_], _to -compute_, _value_, _judge_, _think_, _estimate_, _believe_, _suppose_, -_imagine_. - -=exitiābilis, e= [=exitium=], adj., _destructive_, _deadly_. - -=exitium, ī= [=exeō=], n., _destruction_, _ruin_. - -=exitus, ūs= [=exeō=], m., _a going out_, _way of egress_; _result_. - -=exōrdium, ī= [=ex= + =ōrdō=], n., _a beginning_. - -=exōsus, a, um= [part. of =exodī=], adj., _hating_, _detesting_. - -=expavēscō, ere, pāvī, --= [=ex= + =pavēscō=, incho. of =paveō=, _to -become alarmed_], _to dread_, _fear greatly_ (rare). - -=expedītiō, ōnis= [=expediō=, _to set fire_], f., _an expedition_, -_campaign_. - -=expellō=, see =pellō=. - -=experior, īrī, pertus sum=, _to test_, _try_; _await_, _undergo_; -_find, learn_. - -=expers, tis= [=ex= + =pars=], adj., _having no part in_; _destitute -of_, _devoid of_, _free from_, _without_. - -=expleō=, see =*pleō=. - -=explōrātor, ōris= [=explōrō=, _to search out_], m., _a scout_. - -=exportō=, see =*portō=. - -=expūgnō=, see =pūgnō=. - -=exsecrābilis, e= [=exsecror=], adj., _accursed_. - -=exsecrātiō, ōnis= [=exsecror=], f., _an execration_, _malediction_, -_curse_. - -=exsecror=, see =*sacrō=. - -=exsequiae, ārum= [=exsequor=, _to follow out_], f., fun_eral -procession_, _funeral_. - -=exsilium, ī= [=exsul=, _a banished person_], n., _banishment_, _exile_. - -=exsistō=, see =*sistō=. - -=exspectātiō, ōnis= [=exspectō=], f., _expectation_, _anticipation_. - -=exspectō=, see =spectō=. - -=exstinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus= [=ex= + =stinguō=, _to extinguish_], -_to quench_, _kill_, _blot out_, _destroy_, _extinguish_, _put an end -to_. - -=exsulō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=exsul=, _a banished person_], _to be in -exile_. - -=externus, a, um= [=exter=, _outer_], adj., _external_, _foreign_, -_strange_. - -=extorqueō, ēre, torsī, tortus= [=ex= + =torqueō=, _to twist_], _to -twist out_, _extort_. - -=extrā= [=exter=, _outer_], adv., _on the outside_, _without_; prep. -with acc., _outside of_, _beyond_. - -=extrahō=, see =trahō=. - -=extrīnsecus=, adv., _without_, _on the outside_; ＝ =praetereā=, _in -addition_. - - -F. - -=Fabius=, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. _Fabia familia_, the -Fabian gens. _C. Fabius_, consul 477 B.C. _Q. Fabius_, the first -Roman annalist. _C. Fabius Pictor_, consul 269 B.C. See =Licinius=, -=Māximus=, =Vibulānus=. - -=Fābricius, ī=, m., _(C.) Fābricius (Luscinus)_, a Roman statesman and -general, prominent in the war with Pyrrhus; consul 283 and 278 B.C. - -=facile= [=facilis=, _easy_], adv., comp. _facilius_; _easily_; -_readily_. - -=facilitās, ātis= [=facilis=, _easy_], f., _ease_, _kindliness_, -_kindness_, _courtesy_. - -=faciō, ere, fēcī, factus=, _to do_, _make_, _act_, _form_; _choose_, -_appoint_; pass. =fīō, fierī, factus sum=, _to be done_, _occur_, _take -place_, _happen_; =certiōrem facere=, _to inform_. - -=ad--adficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, _to do something to_, _influence_; -_treat_, _visit with_. =con--cōnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, _to -do thoroughly_, _complete_; _wear out_, _exhaust_; _prepare_, -_collect_, _furnish_. =dē--dēficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, _to fail_, -_desert_, _be wanting_; _revolt_. =ex--efficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, -_to form_, _effect_; _accomplish_; _render_; _build_; _produce_. -=inter--interficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, _to slay_, _kill_. -=prae--praeficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, _to place in command of_, -_appoint_. - -=factiō, ōnis= [=faciō=], f., _a party_, poli_tical party_, _faction_. - -=factum, ī= [=faciō=], n., _a deed_, _act_. - -=fācundia, ae= [=fācundus=], f., _eloquence_, _oratory_. - -=fācundus, a, um=, adj., _eloquent_. - -=Faliscī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Falerium_, a town in -Etruria, near Mount Soracte. - -=falsō= [=falsus=, _false_], adv., _falsely_. - -=fāma, ae= [=for=, _to speak_], f., _report_, _rumor_; _renown_, -_honor_. - -=Famea, ae=, m., the surname of Hamilco, commander of the Carthaginian -cavalry in the third Punic war. - -=famēs, is=, f., _hunger_, _starvation_. - -=familia, ae= [=famulus=, _slave_], f., _the slaves in a household_; -_family_, _household_; _race_, _estate_, _retinue_; =māter familiās= -(old gen.), _mistress_, _matron_. - -=familiāris, e= [=familia=], adj., _belonging to a family_, _private_, -_intimate_, _friendly_; as subst., _an intimate friend_; =rēs -familiārēs=, _property_. - -=familiāritās, ātis= [=familiāris=], f., _intimacy_, _friendship_. - -=famula, ae=, f., _a slave woman_. - -=fastīgium, ī=, n., _top_, _height_; _slope_, _descent_; _rank_, -_dignity_. - -=fātāliter= [=fātālis=, _fatal_], adv., _fatally_, _according to fate_. - -=fatīgātiō, ōnis= [=fatīgō=], f., _weariness_, _fatigue_. - -=fatīgō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to tire_, _vex_; _test_. - -=fātum, ī= [=for=, _to speak_], n., _an utterance_, _prophetic -declaration_, _oracle_; _fate_, _destiny_. - -=Fausta, ae=, f., _Flavia Māximiāna_, the daughter of Maximianus and -wife of Constantine the Great. - -=Faustīna, ae=, f., _Galēria Faustīna_ (called Junior to distinguish -her from her mother), the daughter of Amira Galeria Faustina. She was -the wife of M. Aurelius. - -=Faustus, ī=, m., _L. Cornēlius Faustus_, son of the dictator Sulla. - -=faveō, ēre, fāvī, fautūrus=, _to be favorable_, _favor_, _support_, -_cherish_. - -=favor, ōris= [=faveō=], m., _favor_, _good will_, _praise_. - -=favōrābilis, e= [=favor=], adj., _favored_, _in favor_; _winning -favor_, _pleasing_. - -=Fēlīcissimus, ī=, m., the name of the director of the mint under the -emperor Aurelian. - -=fēlīcitās, ātis= [=fēlīx=], f., _good fortune_, _success_. - -=fēlīciter= [=fēlīx=]=, adv., comp. =fēlicius=, sup. =fēlicissimē=; -_luckily_, _happily_. - -=fēlīx, īcis=, adj., _happy_, _successful_, _fortunate_. - -=fēmina, ae=, f., _a woman_, _female_. - -=fera, ae= [=ferus=], f., _a wild beast_. - -=ferculum, ī= [=ferō=], n., _a means of carrying_, _a frame_, _barrow_, -_litter_. - -=ferē=, adv., _almost_, _nearly_, _for the most part_, _usually_; -_about_; with neg., _hardly_, _scarcely_. - -=fēriātus, a, um= [=fēriae=, _days of rest_], adj., _keeping holidays_, -_idle_; _festive_. - -=fermē= [for =ferimē=, sup. of =ferē=], adv., _almost_, _about_ -(especially of numbers). - -=ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus=, _to bear_, _lift_; _endure_; _bring_, -_receive_, _report_; _drive_, _blow_ (of the wind); pass., _to rush_; -_enter_; =sīgna ferre=, _to advance_; =fertur=, _is said_; =ferre -sententiam=, _to judge_. - -=ab--auferō, ferre, abstulī, ablātus=, _to take_ or _carry away_, -_remove_. =ad--adferō, ferre, attulī, adlātus=, _to bring_, _present_, -_produce_, _affirm_; _carry word_. =circum--circumferō, ferre, tulī, -lātus=, _to cast around_, _go around_. =con--cōnferō, ferre, tulī, -lātus=, _to bring together_, _collect_; _convey_; _impute_; _compare_; -=sē cōnferre=, _betake one’s self_, _go_. =dē--dēferō, ferre, tulī, -lātus=, _to bring down_, _bring_; _report_, _inform_; _assign_, _confer -upon_; _offer_; _accuse_; =rem dēferre ad populum=, _to submit a -matter to the people_. =dis--differō, ferre, distulī, dīlātus=, _to -carry asunder_, _scatter_; _postpone_; _delay_; _differ_. =ex--efferō, -ferre, extulī, ēlātus=, _to carry out or away_; _spread abroad_; -_raise_, _elate_; _bury_. =in--īnferō, ferre, intulī, inlātus=, _to -bring in or upon_; _introduce_; _throw_; _inflict_; _make_, _produce_; -_inspire_; =bellum īnferre=, _to wage_ (offensive) _war_; =sīgna -īnferre=, _to advance against_; =sē īnferre=, _to betake one’s self_. -=ob--offerō, ferre, obtulī, oblātus=, _to bring before_, _offer_; -_promise_; _expose_. =per--perferō, ferre, tulī, lātus=, _to carry -through_; _convey_, _report_; _endure_. =prae--praeferō, ferre, tulī, -lātus=, _to carry before_; _put before_, _prefer_. =re--referō, -ferre, rettulī, lātus=, _to bring back_; _report_, _relate_; =pedem -referre=, _retreat_; =grātiam referre=, _make return_, _requite_. -=trāns--trānsferō, ferre, tulī, lātus=, _to bear or take over or -across_; _transport_, _transfer_. - -=ferōcia, ae= [=ferōx=, _fierce_], f., _fierceness_, _courage_, -_cruelty_. - -=ferrātus, a, um= [=ferrum=], adj., _furnished with iron_, _ironed_; -=mīlitēs ferrātī=, _cuirassiers_. - -=ferrum, ī=, n., _iron_; _sword_, _spear_. - -=ferus, a, um=, adj., _wild_, _barbarous_, _cruel_. - -=festīnō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to hasten_. - -=fēstus, a, um=, adj., _festive_; =diēs fēstus=, _feast day_. - -=fētor, ōris=, m., _an offensive smell_. - -=fīctus, a, um= [=fingō=, to form], adj., _false_, _fictitious_. - -=Fīdēnae, ārum=, pl. f., an ancient town in the country of the Sabines, -five miles north of Rome. - -=Fīdēnātēs, um=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Fīdēnae_. - -=fidēs, ēī=, f., _good faith_, _loyalty_; _promise_; _alliance_; -_trust_. - -=fīdus, a, um=, adj., _trusty_, _faithful_. - -=fīlia, ae=, f., _daughter_. - -=fīlius, ī=, m., _son_. - -=fīniō, īre, īvī, ītus= [=fīnis=], _to bound_, _limit_; _end_, _finish_. - -=fīnis, is=, m., _a limit_, _boundary_; _end_, _purpose_; pl., -_territory_, _country_. - -=finitimus, a, um= [=fīnis=], adj., _bordering_, _neighboring_; as -subst., =fīnitimī, ōrum=, pl. m., _neighbors_. - -=fīō, fierī, factus sum=, see =faciō=. - -=fīrmus, a, um=, adj., _strong_, _powerful_; _trusty_. - -=fiscus, ī=, m., a _purse_; _treasury_. - -=Flaccus, ī=, m., 1. _(M.) Fulvius Flaccus_, consul 264 B.C. 2. _Q. -Fulvius (Flaccus)_, consul 237 B.C. - -=flāgitiōsus, a, um= [=flagitium=, _a crime_], adj., _shameful_, -_disgraceful_, _infamous_. - -=Flāminīnus, i=, m., _T. Quīntius Flāminīnus_, consul 123 B.C. - -=Flāminius, i=, m., _(C.) Flaminius (Nepos)_, consul 223 and 217 B.C. - -=fleō, ere, flēvī, flētus=, _to weep_. - -=flētus, ūs= [=fleō=], m., _weeping_, _entreaties_; _tears_. - -=*flīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus=, _to strike_ (ante-classical). -=ad--adflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus=, _to dash against_, _scatter_, -_ruin_. =con--cōnflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus=, _to strike together_; -_contend_, _fight_. =prō--prōflīgō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to rout_, -_overthrow_. - -=flōreō, ēre, uī, --=[=flōs=, _a flower_], _to bloom_, _flourish_, -_prosper_. - -=Flōriānus, ī=, m., _(M. Annius) Floriānus_, the brother of the emperor -Tacitus, upon whose death he was proclaimed emperor at Rome, 276 A.D. - -=Flōrus, ī=, m., _C. Aquīlius Flōrus_, consul with L. Scipio, 259 B.C. - -=flūmen, inis= [=fluō=], n., _a stream_, _river_. - -=fluō, ere, fluxī, fluxus=, _to flow_. =con--cōnfluō, ere, fluxī, --=, -_to run together_, _crowd_, _throng_. - -=fluvius, ī= [=fluō=], m., _a river_. - -=foedō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=foedus=], _to make foul_, _pollute_; -_dishonor_. - -=foedus, a, um=, adj., _foul_, _unseemly_. - -=foedus, eris=, n., _a treaty_, _alliance_, _league_. - -=forem, ēs, et=, etc., see =sum=. - -=fōrma, ae=, f., _form_, _figure_, _beauty_. - -=fortis, e=, adj., _brave_, _strong_. - -=fortitūdō, inis= [=fortis=], f., _courage_, _bravery_. - -=fortuītus, a, um= [=fors=, _chance_], adj., _causal_, _accidental_ -(rare). - -=fortūna, ae= [=fors=, _chance_], f., _luck_, _fortune_; _state_, -_property_. - -=fortūnātus, a, um= [=fortūna=], adj., _lucky_, _fortunate_. - -=forum, ī= (cf. =forīs=, _out of doors_), n., _an out of doors place_, -_market_, _Forum_; esp., the Forum Romanum between the Capitoline and -the Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and -business life of Rome. - -=fossa, ae= [=fodiō=, _to dig_], f., _a ditch_, _pit_, _moat_. - -=Francī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Francī_, _i.e._ “the Freemen,” a -confederacy of German tribes on the lower Rhine. - -=frangō, ere, frēgī, frāctus=, _to break_; _wreck_, _subdue_, _tire -out_. =ex--effringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus=, _to break off_, _break -open_. =in--īnfringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus=, _to break off_; _subdue_, -_overcome_. - -=frāter, tris=, m., _a brother_. - -=frāternus, a, um= [=frāter=], adj., _brother’s_, _brotherly_. - -=fraus, fraudis=, f., _foul play_; _treachery_. - -=frequēns, entis=, adj., _crowded_, _frequent_; _in great numbers_. - -=frequenter= [=frequēns=], adv., _often_. - -=frequentō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=frequēns=], _to visit repeatedly_; -_frequent_; _throng_. - -=frīgidus, a, um= [=frīgeō=, _to be cold_], adj., _cold_. - -=frīgus, oris=, n., _cold_. - -=Frontō, ōnis=, m., _(M. Cornēlius) Frontō_, a celebrated teacher of -rhetoric during the reign of Hadrian. - -=frūmentum, ī= [=fruor=, _to enjoy_], n., _grain_, _corn_; pl., _crops_. - -=frūstrā=, adv., _in vain_. - -=fuga, ae=, f., _flight_. - -=fugiō, ere, fūgī, --=, _to flee_; _avoid_, _escape_. =con--cōnfugiō, -ere, fūgī, --=, _to flee_, _take refuge_. =dis--diffugiō, ere, fūgī, ---=, _to flee apart_, _scatter_. =ex--effugiō, ere, fūgī, --=, _to flee -from_, _escape_. =prō--profugiō, ere, fūgī, --=, _to flee_, _escape_. -=re--refugiō, ere, fūgī, --=, _to flee back_, _escape_. - -=fugō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=fugiō=], _to put to flight_, _rout_. - -=fulgeō, ēre, fulsī, --=, _to flash_, _gleam_. - -=fulmen, inis= [=fulgeō=], n., _lightning_, _thunderbolt_. - -=Fulvius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Centumalus=, -=Flaccus=, =Nōbiliōr=. - -=fundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus=, _to pour_, _shed_; _rout_, _vanquish_. -=con--cōnfundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus=, _to pour together_, _mingle_, -_unite_, _confuse_. =dis--diffundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus=, _to spread out_, -_extend_, _stretch_. - -=fūnestus, a, um= [=fūnus=], adj., _causing death_, _deadly_, -_destructive_. - -=fūnis, is=, f., _a rope_, _cable_. - -=fūnus, eris=, n., _burial_, _funeral rites_; _corpse_. - -=furca, ae=, f., _a two pronged fork_; _yoke_. - -=furcula, ae= [=furca=], f., _a forked prop_; pl., _a narrow pass_. - -=Fūrius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. _C. Fūrius Placidus_, consul -251 B.C. See =Camillus=. - -=Fuscus, ī=, m., _Cornēlius Fuscus_, one of the most active adherents -of Vespasian in his contest for the empire. - -=futūrus=, see =sum=. - - -G. - -=Gabiī, ōrum=, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome. - -=Galatia, ae=, f., a province of Asia Minor settled by Gallic tribes in -the third century B.C. - -=Galba, ae=, m., _Servius (Sulpīcius) Galba_, Roman emperor 68-69 A.D. - -=Gālerius, ī=, m., see =Māximiānus=. - -=Gallia, ae=, f., the country of the Gauls; modern France and the -territories on the west bank of the Rhine. The northern part of Italy -was settled by Gauls, and was called _Gallia Cisalpina_; hence the pl. -=Galliae=. - -=Galliēnus, ī=, m. _(P. Licinius Valeriānus Egnatius) Galliēnus_, Roman -emperor 260-268 A.D. - -=Gallus, ī=, m., 1. _C. (Cn.) Cornēlius Gallus_, governor of Egypt -under Augustus. 2. _Gallus Hostīliānus_, Roman emperor 251-253 A.D. - -=Gallus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Gaul_; =Gallī, ōrum=, pl. m., the -Gauls. - -=gaudium, ī= [=gaudeō=, _to rejoice_], n., _joy_. - -=gaza, ae=, f., _treasure_, _riches_. - -=geminus, a, um=, adj., _twin_, _twofold_; as subst., =geminī, ōrum=, -pl. m., _the twins_. - -=gemma, ae=, f., _a bud_; _gem_, _precious stone_. - -=gener, erī=, m., _a son-in-law_. - -=genitūra, ae=, f., _hour of birth_; _nativity_. - -=gēns, gentis=, f., _a gens_ or _clan_; _tribe_, _people_, _nation_. - -=Gentius, ī=, m., a king of the Illyrians. - -=Genucius, ī=, m., _L. Genucius_, consul 365 B.C. - -=genus, generis=, n., _race_, _family_, _stock_, _birth_; _kind_, -_class_, _sort_. - -=Germānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Germans_. - -=Germānia, ae=, f., _Germany_. - -=Germāniciānus, a, um=, adj., _stationed or serving in Germany_ (late). - -=gerō, ere, gessī, gestus=, _to bear_, _carry_; _perform_, _do_, _carry -out_; _wage_; =sē gerere=, _to conduct one’s self_, _behave_; =rem -pūblicam gerere=, _to administer the state_; =rēs gestae=, _exploits_, -_history_. - -=con--congerō, ere, gessī, gestus=, _to bring together_, _collect_. - -=Geta, ae=, m., _Septimius Geta_, brother of Caracalla, by whom he was -assassinated, 212 A.D. - -=Glabriō, ōnis=, m., _M. Acilius Glabriō_, consul 191 B.C. - -=gladiātor, ōris= [=gladius=], m., _a gladiator_. - -=gladiātōrius, a, um= [=gladiātor=], adj., _pertaining to a gladiator_, -_gladiatorial_. - -=gladius, ī=, m., _a sword_. - -=glōria, ae=, f., _glory_, _honor_, _fame_. - -=glōriōsē= [=glōria=], adv., _gloriously_. - -=Gordiānus, ī=, m., _(M. Antōnius) Gordiānus_, the name of three Roman -emperors, father, son, and grandson, 237-244 A.D. 1. _Gordiānus_, -senior. 2. _Gordiānus Augustus_, son of (1). 3. _Gordiānus Augustus_, -son of (2). - -=Gothī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Goths_, a Germanic people. - -=Gracchus, ī=, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens at Rome. _Ti. -Semprōnius Gracchus_, consul 218 B.C. See Notes, p. 124. - -=*gradior, gradī, gressus sum=, _to step_, _walk_. =ad--aggredior, -gredī, gressus sum=, _to approach_, _attack_, _undertake_. -=con--congredior, gredī, gressus= =sum=, _to come together_, _unite -with_, _engage_, _attack_. =ē--ēgredior, gredī, gressus sum=, _to go -out_, _leave_, _disembark_; _surpass_. =in--ingredior, gredī, gressus -sum=, _to enter_. =prō--prōgredior, gredī, gressus sum=, _to advance_, -_proceed_. =re--regredior, gredī, gressus sum=, _to step back_, -_retreat_, _return_. =trāns--trānsgredior, gredī, gressus sum=, _to -step over_ or _across_, _cross_. - -=Graecē=, adv., _in the Greek language_, _in Greek_. - -=Graecia, ae=, f., _Greece_. - -=Graecus, a, um=, adj., _Grecian_, _Greek_; as subst., =Graecī, ōrum=, -pl. m., _the Greeks_. - -=grandaevus, a, um= [=grandis= + =aevum=, _age_], adj., _aged_. - -=grandis, e=, adj., _large_, _grand_. - -=grātia, ae= [=grātus=], f., _favor_, _regard_; _return_, -_acknowledge_; _friendship_, _love_, _popularity_, _influence_; -=grātiae, ārum=, pl. f., _thanks_; =grātiā=, with preceding gen., -_frequent in expressions of purpose_, _for the sake of_. - -=grātus, a, um=, adj., _welcome_, _pleasing_, _grateful_. - -=gravis, e=, adj., _heavy_, _hard_, _severe_; _important_, _grave_; -_troublesome_, _grievous_. - -=graviter= [=gravis=], adv., comp. =gravius=, sup. =gravissimē=; -_weightily_, _vigorously_, _seriously_, _with dignity_. - - -H. - -=habēna, ae= [=habeō=], f., _a holder_, _halter_, _rein_; only in pl., -_the reins_, _direction_, _management_, _government_. - -=habeō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to have_, _hold_, _possess_, _keep_; _regard_, -_consider_; _render_ (honor); =habēre sē=, _to be_. - -=dē--dēbeō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to owe_, _ought_; pass., _be due_; =dēbet, -dēbuit=, inf., _ought_. =ex--exhibeō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to hold forth_, -_show_, _display_; _furnish_, _procure_. =prae--praebeō, ēre, uī, -itus=, _to hold in front_, _offer_, _furnish_, _exhibit_. - -=habitō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =habeō=], _to dwell_, _inhabit_, -_live_. - -=habitus, ūs= [=habeō=], m., _state_, _condition_; _habit_, _manner_; -_dress_. - -=Hadriānus, ī=, m., _(P.) Aelius Hadriānus_, Roman emperor 117-138 A.D. - -=Haemus, ī=, m., a lofty range of mountains separating Thrace and -Moesia. - -=Hamilcar, aris=, m., a Carthaginian general in the first Punic war. - -=Hannibal, alis=, m., the son of Hamilcar Barca, the great general of -the Carthaginians in the second Punic war. - -=Hannō, ōnis=, m., 1. A Carthaginian general in the second Punic war, -taken captive in Sicily 210 B.C. 2. A Carthaginian general in the -second Punic war, defeated by Scipio 203 B.C. - -=Hasdrubal, alis=, m., 1. Surnamed Calvus, “the Bald,” commander of the -Carthaginian expedition to Sardinia in the second Punic war 215 B.C. 2. -Brother of Hannibal, defeated and slain at the battle of the Metaurus -207 B.C. 3. The leader of the Carthaginians in the third Punic war -149-146 B.C. - -=haud=, adv., _by no means_, _not at all_, _not_. - -=hauriō, īre, hausī, haustus=, _to drink_. =ex--exhauriō, īre, hausī, -haustus=, _to take out_, _empty out_, _exhaust_. - -=Helena, ae=, f., the name of a Roman camp in Spain where Constans died. - -=Heliogabalus, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=Helvētiī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Celtic tribe living north of Lake Geneva in -modern Switzerland. - -=Hēraclēa, ae=, f., a city in Thrace on the Propontis. - -=Herculius, ī=, m., a cognomen of Maximianus. - -=Hērennius, ī=, m., _T. Hērennius (Pontius)_, leader of the Samnites in -the Marsic war. - -=hērēs, ēdis=, m., _an heir_. - -=Hibērī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Hibēria_. - -=Hibēria, ae=, f., a country of Asia. - -=hīc, haec, hōc=, dem. pron., _this_; _he_, _she_, it; _the following_; -_the latter_. - -=hiems, hiemis=, f., _winter_; _storm_. - -=Hiempsal, alis=, m., son of Micipsa, king of Numidia, was murdered by -Jugurtha. - -=Hierda, ae=, m., king of Mauretania. - -=Hierius, ī=, m., _Hierius Asinius_, leader of the Samnites in the -Marsic war. - -=Hierō, ōnis=, m., king of Syracuse, an ally of the Romans. - -=Hierosolyma, ōrum=, pl. n., _Jerusalem_. - -=hinc= [=hīc=], adv., _from this place_ or _time_, _hence_. - -=Hīrtius, ī=, m., _(A.) Hirtius_, friend of Caesar; consul 43 B.C. - -=Hirtulēius, ī=, m., a distinguished general of Sertorius in Spain. - -=Hispānia, ae=, f., _Spain_ (including Portugal). It was divided -into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Ulterior; hence the pl. -=Hispaniae=. - -=Hispānus, a, um=, adj., _Spanish_; as subst., =Hispānus, ī=, m., _a -Spaniard_. - -=historia, ae=, f., _history_, _account_, _story_. - -=historicus, ī=, m., _an historian_. - -=Hister, trī=, f., a town in Lower Moesia. - -=Histrī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Histria_, a peninsula in -the northern extremity of the Adriatic Sea. - -=hodiē= [=hōc= + =diē=], adv., _to-day_. - -=homō, hominis=, m. and f., _a human being_; _man_, _mankind_. - -=honestās, ātis= [=honestus=], f., _honor_, _virtue_. - -=honestus, a, um= [=honor=], adj., _honorable_, _upright_, _noble_, -_illustrious_. - -=honor, ōri=, m., _honor_, _respect_, _esteem_; _public office_. - -=honōrificē= [=honōrificus=, _conferring honor_], adv., _with honor_, -_honorably_. - -=honōrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=honor=], _to honor_, _respect_, _adorn_; -_celebrate_. - -=hōra, ae=, f., _hour_, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset) -or night. - -=Horātius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Pulvillus=. - -=Hormisda, ae=, m., king of Persia, 303-310 A.D. - -=horror, ōris=, m., _dread_, _terror_, _horror_. - -=hortus, ī=, m., _garden_, _orchard_, _park_. - -=Hostīliānus, ī=, m., see =Gallus=. - -=hostīlis, e= [=hostis=], adj., _hostile_. - -=Hostīlius, ī=, m., _Tullus Hostīlius_, the third king of Rome, 672-640 -B.C. See =Mancīnus=. - -=hostis, is=, m., _an enemy_, _foe_. - -=hūiusmodī= [=hīc= + =modus=], adv., _of this_ (_i.e._ the following) -_kind_. - -=hūmānus, a, um= [=homo=], adj., _human_; _refined_, _civilized_; -_humane_. - -=humerus, ī=, m., _the shoulder_. - -=humiliter= [=humus=, _the ground_], adv., _basely_, _meanly_, -_abjectly_, _humbly_. - - -I. - -=iaceō, ēre, uī, --=, _to lie_, _lie dead_. - -=*iaciō, ere, iēcī, iactus=, _to throw_, _cast_, _hurl_; _throw -up_, _construct_. =ad--adiciō, ere, iēcī, iectus=, _to throw to_, -_fling_; _add_. =con--cōniciō, icere, coniēcī, coniectus=, _to throw -together_, _unite_; _hurl_, _throw_; _conjecture_. =dē--dēiciō, icere, -iēcī, iectus=, _to throw_ or _hurl down_, _bring down_; _lay low_, -_dislodge_, _destroy_. =ex--ēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus=, _to cast_ -or _drive out_, _expel_. =inter--intericiō, icere, iēcī, iectus=, -_to throw_ or _place between_, _interpose_; _intervene_ (in pass.). -=ob--obiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus=, _to throw before_, _put in the way -of_; _put in the hands of_; _expose_. =sub--subiciō, icere, iēcī, -iectus=, _to throw_ or _place under_; _hand up_; _present_; _subdue_. -=trāns--trāiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus=, _to throw_ or _carry across_, -_transport_; _pierce_, _penetrate_, _transfix_; _go_ or _pass over_, -_cross_. - -=iam=, adv., _now_, _already_, _at once_. - -=Iāniculum, ī=, n., _Janiculum_, a hill on the west bank of the Tiber. - -=Iānus, ī=, m., _Janus_, an old Latin divinity, who presided over the -beginnings of all things; commonly represented with two faces. - -=ibi=, adv., _there_; _thereupon_, _then_. - -=ibīdem= [=ibi=], adv., _in the same place_, _just there_. - -=icō, ere, īcī, ictus=, _to strike_, _smite_; =foedus icere=, _to -strike_ (conclude) _a treaty_ (rare). - -=ictus, ūs= [=icō=], m., _a blow_, _stroke_, _wound_. - -=idcircō= [=id= + abl. of =circus=], adv., _on that account_, -_therefore_. - -=īdem, eadem, idem=, dem. pron., _the same_; often best rendered by an -adv., _also_, _too_, _besides_. - -=idōneus, a, um=, adj., _suitable_, _fit_; _capable_. - -=Īdūs, uum=, pl. f., _the Ides_; the fifteenth of March, May, July, and -October, and the thirteenth of other months. - -=igitur=, adv., _then_, _therefore_, _accordingly_. - -=ignāvē= [=ignāvus=], adv., _sluggishly_, _slothfully_, _without -spirit_. - -=ignāvia, ae= [=ignāvus=], f., _idleness_, _sloth_; _cowardice_, -_baseness_. - -=ignāvus, a, um=, adj., _inactive_, _lazy_, _slothful_; _cowardly_, -_dastardly_. - -=īgnis, is=, m., _fire_. - -=ignōbilis, e= [=in= + =(g)nōbilis=], adj., _unknown_, _unrenowned_, -_obscure_; _base_, _ignoble_. - -=ignōbiliter= [=ignōbilis=], adv., _meanly_ (late Latin). - -=ignōminia, ae= [=in= + =(g)nōmen=], f., _disgrace_, _dishonor_, -_ignominy_. - -=ignōminiōse= [=ignōminiōsus=, _disgraceful_], adv., _ignominiously_, -_disgracefully_. - -=ignōrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ignārus=, _ignorant_], _to be ignorant_, -_not to know_, _overlook_. - -=ille, illa, illud=, dem. pron., _that_; _he_, _she_, _it_; _the -former_. - -=illīc= [=ille=], adv., _there_, _in that place_. - -=illūstris, e=, adj., _clear_, _distinguished_, _glorious_. - -=Īllyricum, ī=, n., a country east of the Adriatic Sea. - -=Īllyriī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Illyricum_. - -=imāgō, inis=, f., _likeness_, _semblance_, _image_; _statue_. - -=imitātiō, ōnis= [=imitor=], f., _a copying_, _imitation_. - -=imitor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to imitate_. - -=immānis, e=, adj., _huge_, _immense_. - -=immemor, oris= [=in= + =memor=], adj., _unmindful_, _careless_. - -=immeritō= [=immeritus=, _undeserved_], adv., _unjustly_, -_undeservedly_. - -=immineō, ēre, uī, --=, _to overhang_, _threaten_. - -=immodicus, a, um= [=in= + =modus=], adj., _beyond bounds_, _enormous_, -_high_; _excessive_. - -=immūnitās, ātis= [=in= + =munus=, _burden_], f., _freedom from public -duties_, _immunity_. - -=impār, paris= [=in= + =pār=], adj., _unequal_. - -=impatiēns, entis= [=in= + =patiēns=], adj., _impatient_; _intolerant_, -_impetuous_. - -=impatientia, ae= [=impatiēns=], f., _impatience_. - -=impellō=, see =pellō=. - -=imperātōr, ōris= [=imperō=], m., _commander-in-chief_, _general_, -_emperor_. - -=imperium, ī= [=imperō=], n., _command_, _control_, _government_, -_military authority_; _sovereignty_, _empire_. - -=imperō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to rule_, _command_; _order_, _levy_; _to be -emperor_. - -=impetrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to procure_, _gain_; _accomplish_, _bring -to pass_; _succeed_. - -=impetus, ūs= [=in= + =petō=], m., _an attack_; _violence_, _vehemence_. - -=impleō=, see =*pleō=. - -=impōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=improbō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=improbus=], _to disprove_, _blame_, -_censure_; _reject_. - -=improbus, a, um= [=in + probus=, _upright_], adj., _wicked_, -_outrageous_. - -=imprōsper, spera, sperum= [=in= + =prōsperus=, _fortunate_], adj., -_unfortunate_, _unprosperous_. - -=imprūdēns, entis= [=in= + =prūdens=, _foreseeing_], adj., _not -foreseeing_, _imprudent_, _off guard_. - -=impudīcē= [=impudīcus=, _shameless_], adv., _unchastely_. - -=impulsor, ōris= [=impellō=], m., _one who incites_, _instigator_. - -=in=, prep. with acc., of place, _into_, _to_, _on_, _upon_, _towards_, -_against_; of purpose, _for_, _with a view to_; of other relations, -_respecting_, _according to_; =in diēs=, _day by day_; with abl., of -place, _in_, _on_, _upon_, _in the midst of_, _among_; of time, _in_, -_in the course of_, _during_; of other relations, _in the midst of_, -_in the case of_, _respecting_, _according to_. - -=incēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=incendō, ere, cendī, cēnsus= [=in= + =candeō=, to _shine_], _to set on -fire_, _burn_; _excite_. - -=incidō=, see =cadō=. - -=incīvīlis, e= [=in= + =cīvīlis=], adj., _rude_, _uncivil_. - -=inclutus, a, um=, adj., _famous_. - -=incognitus, a, um= [=in= + =cognōscō=], adj., _unknown_. - -=incolō=, see =colō=. - -=incolumis, e=, adj., _safe_, _unharmed_. - -=incommodus, a, um= [=in= + =commodus=], adj., _inconvenient_, -_unsuitable_, _unfit_. - -=incōnsultē= [=incōnsultus=, _not asked_], adv., _unadvisedly_, -_inconsiderately_. - -=incrēmentum, ī= [=incrēscō=, _to increase_], n., _growth_, _increase_. - -=inde=, adv., _from that place_, _thence_; _next_, _then_. - -=Indī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the people of India_. - -=India, ae=, f., _India_, modern Hindustan. - -=indīcō=, see =dīcō=. - -=indigeō, ēre, uī, --= [=in= + =egeō=], _to be poor_, _to have need -of_, _want_. - -=indiscrētus, a, um= [=in= + =discernō=, _to distinguish_], adj., -_undistinguishable_; _without distinction of rank_. - -=indō=, see =dō=. - -=indolēs, is=, f., _nature_, _disposition_. - -=indūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=indulgeō, ēre, dulsī, dultus=, _to be complaisant_; _be kind_, _be -tender_; _yield_, _grant_, _spare_; _bestow_, _confer_. - -=industria, ae=, f., _industry_, _diligence_; _ability_. - -=indūtiae, ārum=, pl. f., _truce_, _armistice_. - -=iners, ertis= [=in= + =ars=], adj., _unskillful_, _idle_, _effeminate_. - -=īnfāmis, e= [=in= + =fāma=], adj., _infamous_. - -=īnfantia, ae= [=in= + =for=, _to speak_], f., _infancy_. - -=īnfēlīcitās, ātis= [=īnfēlis=, _unfortunate_], f., _ill-luck_, -_misfortune_. - -=īnferior, ius= (comp. of =īnferus=), adj., _lower_, _inferior_. - -=īnferō=, see =ferō=. - -=īnfēstō, āre, --, --= [=īnfēstus=, _hostile_], _to attack_, _molest_, -_infest_. - -=īnfīdus, a, um= [=in= + =fīdus=], adj., _not to be trusted_, -_faithless_, _treacherous_, _false_. - -=īnfīnītus, a, um= [=in= + =fīniō=], adj., _unbounded_, _vast_, -_enormous_; _numberless_; as subst., =īnfīnītum, ī=, n., _a large -amount_, _a large number_. - -=īnfringō=, see =frangō=. - -=ingenium, ī=, n., _disposition_, _ability_, _nature_, _wit_. - -=ingēns, entis=, adj., _large_, _huge_, _great_. - -=Ingenuus, ī=, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants; defeated and slain by -Gallienus. - -=ingluviēs, --=, acc. =em=, abl. =ē=, f., _the crop_, _maw_; _gluttony_. - -=ingravēscō, ere, --, --=, _to be burdensome_, _be wearied_; -_increase_, _grow worse_. - -=ingredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=ingruō, ere, uī, --=, _to break in_; _assault in force_. - -=inhonōrus, a, um=, adj., _unsightly_. - -=inimīcitia, ae= [=inimīcus=, _unfriendly_], f., _enmity_. - -=initium, ī= [=ineō=], n., _a beginning_. - -=iniūcundus, a, um= [=in= + =iūcundus=], adj., _unpleasant_, -_disagreeable_. - -=iniūria, ae= [=in= + =iūs=], f., _wrong_, _injustice_, _violence_, -_injury_. - -=iniūstē= [=iniūstus=], adv., _unjustly_. - -=iniūstus, a, um= [=in= + =iūstus=], adj., _unjust_. - -=innoxius, a, um=, adj., _harmless_; _not guilty_, _blameless_, -_innocent_. - -=innumerus, a, um= [=in= + =numerus=], adj., _countless_. - -=inopia, ae= [=inops=, _needy_], f., _want_, _scarcity_, _poverty_. - -=inquinō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to stain_, _defile_; _dishonor_. - -=inritus, a, um= [=in= + =ratus=], adj., _undecided_, _unsettled_; -_void_, _of no effect_. - -=inrumpō=, see =rumpō=. - -=īnsatiābilis, e= [=in= + =satur=, _full_], adj., _unsating_, _not -cloying_. - -=īnsectātor, ōris=, m., _a persecutor_. - -=īnsequor=, see =sequor=. - -=īnserō=, see =*serō=. - -=īnsidiae, ārum= [=īnsideō=, _to sit upon_], pl. f., _ambush_; -_treachery_. - -=īnsīgne, is= [=īnsīgnis=], n., _a sign_, _badge_, _ornament_. - -=īnsīgnis, e= [=in= + =sīgnum=], adj., _remarkable_, _distinguished_. - -=īnsīgniter= [=īnsīgnis=], adv., _remarkably_, _extraordinarily_. - -=īnsolēns, entis= [=in= + =soleō=], adj., _unusual_; _haughty_, -_insolent_. - -=īnsolentia, ae= [=īnsolēns=], f., _unusualness_; _haughtiness_, -_arrogance_, _insolence_. - -=īnsolentius= (comp. of =īnsolenter=), adv., _too haughtily_, -_insolently_. - -=īnstituō=, see =*statuō=. - -=īnstō=, see =stō=. - -=īnstrūmentum, ī= [=īnstruō=], n., _tool_; collectively, _stock of -tools_, _plant_. - -=īnstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus= [=in= + =struō=, _to pile up_], -_to build_; _arrange_, _draw up_ or _array_ (troops); _make ready_, -_equip_, _fit out_. - -=īnsula, ae=, f., _an island_. - -=īnsulsē= [=īnsulsus=, _without taste_], adv., _tastelessly_, -_insipidly_; _foolishly_, _absurdly_. - -=insum=, see =sum=. - -=integer, gra, grum= [=in= + root =tag= in =tango=], adj., _untouched_, -_new_; _full_, _entire_, _vigorous_. - -=inter=, prep. with acc., of place, _between_, _among_; _of time_, -_during_. - -=Interamna, ae=, f., a town in Umbria. - -=intercēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=intereā= [=inter= + =is=], adv., _in the meantime_, _meanwhile_. - -=intereō=, see =eō.= - -=interfector, ōris= [=interficiō=], m., _a slayer_, _murderer_. - -=interficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=interim=, adv., _meanwhile_. - -=interimō=, see =emō=. - -=intericiō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=interior, ius= [=inter=], adj., comp., no positive, sup. =intimus=; -_inner_, _interior_. - -=intermittō=, see =mittō=. - -=interneciō, ōnis= [=internecō=, _to destroy_], f., _slaughter_, _utter -ruin_. - -=intersum=, see =sum=. - -=interveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=intolerābilis, e= [=in= + =tolerābilis=, _supportable_], adj., -_unendurable_. - -=intrā=, adv. and prep. with acc., _inside of_, _within_, _during_. - -=intrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=intrō=, _within_], _to enter_. - -=intueor=, see =tueor=. - -=inultus, a, um= [=in= + =ulcīscor=, _to avenge_], adj., _without -satisfaction_, u_navenged_, _unpunished_. - -=inūsitātus, a, um= [=in= + =ūsitātus=, _usual_], adj., _unusual_, -_unfamiliar_, _novel_. - -=invādō=, see =*vādō.= - -=invehō=, see =vehō.= - -=inveniō=, see =veniō.= - -=invicem= [=in= + =vicem=], adv., _by turns_, _in turn_, _one after -another_, _alternately_. - -=invīctus, a, um= [=in= + =vincō=], adj., _unconquerable_, _invincible_. - -=invideō=, see =videō.= - -=invidia, ae= [=invideō=], f., _envy_, _ill-will_. - -=invīsus, a, um= [=invideō=], adj., _hateful_, _hostile_, _troublesome_. - -=invītō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to invite_, _summon_. - -=invītus, a, um=, adj., _unwilling_. - -=invius, a, um= [=in= + =via=], adj., _impassible_. - -=Ioviānus, ī=, m., _(Flavius Claudius) Ioviānus_, Roman emperor 363-364 -A.D. - -=ipse, a, um=, intensive pron., _himself_, _herself_, _itself_, -_themselves_; often best rendered by _very_, _mere_, _in person_, -_even_, _actually_. - -=īra, ae=, f., _anger_, _passion_. - -=īrācundia, ae= [=īrācundus=, _irascible_], f., _a proneness to anger_, -_hasty temper_; _anger_, _wrath_, _passion_. - -=īrātus, a, um= [=īrāscor=, _to be angry_], adj., _angry_. - -=is, ea, id=, dem. pron., _this_, t_hat_; _he_, _she_, _it_; _such_. - -=Isaurī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Isauria_. - -=Isauria, ae=, f., a country of Asia Minor. - -=Isauricus, ī=, adj., _Isaurian_, a surname of P. Servilius (Vatia), -who conquered the Isaurians. - -=Īsīum, ī=, n., the temple of Isis. - -=ita= [=is=], adv., _in this way_, _so_, _thus_; _as follows_, _in such -a way_; _accordingly_, _and so_. - -=Ītalica, ae=, f., a city in Spain. - -=Ītalicus, a, um=, adj., _Italian_. - -=itaque= [=ita= + =que=], adv., _and so_, _therefore_, _consequently_. - -=item=, adv., _likewise_, _just so_, _also_, _moreover_. - -=iter, itineris= [=eō=], n., _a journey_, _march_; _road_, _highway_. - -=iterum=, adv., _again_, _once more_, _for the second time_. - -=Itūraeī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Ituraea_, a district in -Coelesyria. - -=Iuba, ae=, m., 1. King of Numidia, defeated by Caesar in the battle of -Thapsus, 46 B.C. 2. King of Mauretania. - -=iubeō, ēre, iussī, iussus=, _to order_, _command_. - -=iūcundus, a, um=, adj., _pleasant_; _pleasing_, _joyful_, _dear_. - -=Iūdaea, ae=, f., _Judea_, a part of Palestine. - -=Iūdaeī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Jews_. - -=iūdex, icis= [=iūs= + =dīcō=], m., _a judge_. - -=iūdicō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=iūdex=], _to judge_, _think_, _be of the -opinion_; _pronounce_. - -=iūgerum, ī= [=iungō=], n., _a measure of land, somewhat more than half -an acre_. - -=iūgis, e= [=iungō=], adj., _joined together_. - -=iugulō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=iugulum=, _neck_], _to cut the throat_, -_kill_, _slay_, _murder_. - -=iugum, ī= [=iungō=], n., _a yoke_; _ridge_. - -=Iugurtha, ae=, m., king of Numidia. See Notes, p. 135. - -=Iugurthīnus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Iugurtha_. - -=Iūlia, ae=, f., _Iūlia Maesa_, wife of Caracalla. - -=Iūliānus, ī=, m., 1. _(Flavius Claudius) Iūliānus_, Roman emperor -361-363 A.D. 2. _Salvius Iūliānus_, an eminent Roman jurist. 3. -_Salvius Iūliānus_, Roman emperor from March 28 to June 1, 193 A.D. - -=Iūlius, i=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Caesar, Libō.= - -=iungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus=, _to join together_, _unite_, _bind_, -_fasten_; _yoke_. =ad--adiungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus=, _to join to_, -_fasten to_, _add_. =con--cōniungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus=, _to fasten -together_, _connect_, _form by associating_. - -=iūnior=, see =iuvenis=. - -=Iūnius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Brūtus=, =Pullus=, -=Sīlānus=. - -=Iuppiter, Iovīs=, m., the chief god of the Latins. He was originally a -personification of the sky, and had control of the thunder, lightning, -rain, and storms. - -=iūrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to take an oath_, _swear_. =con--coniūrō, āre, -āvī, ātus=, _to take an oath together_, _conspire_, _plot_. - -=iūs, iūris=, n., _right_, _justice_, _authority_; _court_. - -(=iussus, ūs=) [=iubeō=], m., only in the abl. sing. =iussū=, _by order -of_, _command_. - -=iūstus, a, um= [=iūs=], adj., _just_, _fair_; _proper_, _fitting_, -_regular_. - -=iuvenīlis, e= [=iuvenis=], adj., _youthful_. - -=iuvenis, e=, adj., comp. =iūnior=; _young_. - -=iuvō, āre, iūvī, iūtus=, _to help_, _aid_. - -=iūxtā=, adv. and prep. with acc., _near_. - -=Iuventius, ī=, m., _P. (M’.) Iuventius (Thalma)_, praetor 167 B.C. - - -K. - -=Kal.= ＝ =Kalendae, ārum=, pl. f., _the Kalends_, the first day of the -month. - -=Karthāginiēnsis, e=, adj., _Carthaginian_; as subst., -=Karthāginiēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the Carthaginians_. - -=Karthāgō, inis=, f., 1. _Carthage_, a city founded by the Phoenicians -on the northern coast of Africa; destroyed by the Romans 146 B.C. 2. -_Karthāgō Nova_, a city founded by the Carthaginians on the eastern -coast of Spain. - - -L. - -=L.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Lucius=. - -=L.= ＝ 50. - -=labor, ōris=, m., _labor_, _toil_; _misfortune_. - -=labōriōsus, a, um= [=labor=], adj., _full of labor_, _laborious_, -_toilsome_; _wearisome_, _difficult_. - -=labōrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=labor=], _to toil_, _strive_; _be in -distress_; _be troubled_. - -=Lacedaemoniī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Lacedaemonians_, the inhabitants of -Lacedaemon or Sparta. - -=lacrima, ae=, f., _a tear_. - -=lacrimābilis, e= [=lacrimō=, _to weep_], adj., _lamentable_. - -=laedō, ere, laesī, laesus=, _to hurt_, _injure_. - -=Laeliānus, ī=, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants; emperor in Gaul after -the death of Postumus. - -=Laelius, ī=, m., _C. Laelius_, consul 190 B.C. - -=laetitia, ae= [=laetus=, _joyful_], f., _joy_, _rejoicing_. - -=laetor, ārī, ātus sum= [=laetus=, _joyful_], _to rejoice_, _be -joyful_, _be glad_. - -=Laevīnus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _L. Valerius -(Laevīnus)_, consul 206 B.C. 2. _M. Valerius Laevīnus_, consul 210 B.C. -3. _P. Valerius Laevīnus_, consul 280 B.C. - -=laevus, a, um=, adj., _left_; as subst., =laeva, ae=, f., _the left_; -=in laevā=, _on the left side_. - -=Lamponius, ī=, m., a leader of the Marian party in the Civil war -between Marius and Sulla. - -=languor, ōris=, m., _faintness_, _feebleness_, _weariness_. - -=Larcius, ī=, m., _T. Larcius (Flavus)_, the first dictator, 501 B.C. - -=largior, īrī, ītus sum=, _to give freely_, _distribute_; _bribe_. - -=largītiō, ōnis= [=largior=], f., _liberality_, _bribery_. - -=lascīvia, ae= [=lascīvus=, _sportive_], f., _jollity_. - -=lātē= [=lātus=, _broad_], adv., _broadly_, _widely_; _on all sides_, -_far and wide_. - -=lateō, ere, uī, --=, _to lie hid_, _escape notice_. - -=Latīnē=, adv., _in Latin_. - -=Latīnus, a, um=, adj., _Latin_, _pertainingto Latium_; as subst., -=Latīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Latins_. - -=latrō, ōnis=, m., _a robber_, _brigand_. - -=latrōcinor, ārī, --= [=latrō=], _to be a robber_, _commit piracy_. - -=latus, eris=, n., _a side_; _flank_. - -=laudō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=laus=], _to praise_, _commend_. - -=laurea, ae=, f., _the laurel tree_. - -=laus, laudis=, f., _praise_, _fame_, _glory_; _ability_, _merit_. - -=lavācrum, ī= [=lavō=], n., _bath_. - -=lavō, āre, lāvī, lautus=, _to wash_, _bathe_. - -=laxō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to loose_, _spread out_, _relax_. - -=lectīcula, ae= [dim. of =lectīca=, _couch_], f., _a litter_; _bier_. - -=lēctiō, ōnis= [=legō=], f., _a reading_. - -=lēgātiō, ōnis= [=legō=], f., _an embassy_. - -=lēgātus, ī= [=legō=], m., _an ambassador_, _legate_; _lieutenant_, -_deputy_. - -=legiō, ōnis= [=legō=], f., _a legion_. - -=legō, ere, lēgī, lēctus=, _to gather_, _collect_; _select_, _appoint_, -_choose_; _read_. =con--conlegō, ere, lēgī, lēctus=, _to collect_, -_gather_; _obtain_, _get_, _acquire_. =dis--dīligō, ere, lēxī, lēctus=, -_to single out_, _esteem_, _love_, _prize_. =ex--ēligō, ere, lēgī, -lēctus=, _to pick out_, _choose_, _select_. - -=lēnitās, ātis= [=lēnis=, _soft_], f., _softness_, _smoothness_, -_gentleness_, _mildness_. - -=lēniter= [=lēnis=, _soft_], adv., _softly_, _mildly_, _lightly_. - -=Lentulus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _(L.) Cornēlius -Lentulus_, consul 275 B.C. 2. _L. Cornēlius Lentulus_, consul 237 B.C. -3. _P. Cornēlius Lentulus_, consul 71 B.C. - -=leō, ōnis=, m., =lion=. - -=Lepidus, ī=, m., _M. Aemilius Lepidus_, a member of the Second -Triumvirate, consul 46 B.C. - -=Leptis, is=, f., a Phoenician colony in the northern part of Africa. - -=levis, e=, adj., _light_, _trivial_, _easy_. - -=lēx, lēgis=, f., _a law_, _decree_. - -=libenter= [=libēns=, _glad_], adv., _gladly_, _cheerfully_. - -=līber, era, erum=, adj., _free_; as subst., =līberī, ōrum=, pl. m., -_children_. - -=līberālis, e= [=līber=], adj., _freeborn_, _noble_; _liberal_, -_generous_. - -=līberālitās, ātis= [=līberālis=], f., _generosity_, _kindness_; _a -gift_. - -=līberō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=līber=], _to set free_, _release_. - -=lībertās, ātis= [=līber=], f., _freedom_. - -=lībertīnus, ī= [=lībertus=], adj. used as subst., m., _a manumitted -slave_, _freedman_. - -=lībertus, ī= [=līber=], m., _a freedman_. - -=libīdō, inis= [=libet=, _it pleases_], f., _pleasure_; _lust_, -_wantonness_, _passion_. - -=Libō, ōnis=, m., _L. Iūlius Libō_, consul 267 B.C. - -=lībra, ae=, f., _a pair of scales_; _a pound_. - -=Liburnus, a, um=, adj., _of_ or _belonging to the Liburnians_, an -Illyrian people living between Histria and Dalmatia; =nāvēs Liburnae=, -light galleys built after a model used by them. - -=Libya, ae=, f., the northern part of Africa, west of Egypt. - -=Libyssa, ae=, f., a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor. - -=licet, licēre, licuit= or =licitum est=, impers., _it is allowed_, -_permitted_. - -=Licinius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. _C. Fabius Licinius_, -consul 273 B.C. 2. _(P. Flavius) Licinius_, Roman emperor 307-324 A.D. -See =Crassus=, =Lūcullus=, =Valeriānus=. - -=Ligurēs, um=, pl. m., _the people of Liguria_, a district on the -western coast of Italy. - -=Lilybaeum, ī=, n., a town in western Sicily. - -=Lingonēs, um=, Gr. acc. =Lingonas=, pl. m., a Celtic people of Gaul. - -=līs, lītis=, f., _a strife_, _dispute_, _quarrel_; _a suit_, _action_. - -=littera, ae=, f., _a letter_ (of the alphabet); pl., _writing_, -_literature_, _letters_; _a letter_. - -=lītus, oris=, n., _a shore, beach_. - -=Līvius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Salīnātōr=. - -=locō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=locus=], _to place_. =con--conlocō, āre, āvī, -ātus=, _to place_, _arrange_, _station_, _establish_. - -=locuplētātor, ōris= [=locuplētō=, _to enrich_], m., _an enricher_. - -=locus, ī=, pl. =locī= and =loca=, m., _a place_, _spot_; _room_; -_position_, _rank_, _condition_. - -=Lollius, ī=, m., M. Lollius, consul 21 B.C. - -=longē= [=longus=], adv., _at a distance_, _far_, _by far_. - -=Longīnus, ī=, m., 1. _C. Cassius Longīnus_, consul 124 B.C. 2. _C. -Cassius (Longīnus)_, murderer of Caesar. - -=longus, a, um=, adj., _long_, _tall_; _distant_; _tedious_. - -=lōrīca, ae= [=lōrum=, _a strap_], f., _a corselet of leather_, _a coat -of mail_. - -=Lorium, ī=, n., a town in Etruria. - -=Lūcānī, ōrum=, pl. m., the inhabitants of Lucania. - -=Lūcānia, ae=, f., a district in southern Italy. - -=Lucrētia, ae=, f., the wife of Collatinus. - -=Lucrētius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Tricipitīnus=. - -=lūctus, ūs= [=lugeō=], m., _grief_, _sorrow_, _mourning_. - -=Lūcullus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _L. Licinius -Lūcullus_, consul 74 B.C. 2. _M. Licinius Lūcullus_, brother of (1). - -=lūcus, ī=, m., _a sacred grove_, _grove_. - -=lūdus, ī=, m., _play_, _game_; _place of training_, _school_. - -=Lugdūnum, ī=, n., a city in Gaul, now Lyons. - -=lūgeō, ēre, lūxī, lūctus=, _to mourn_, _bewail_. - -=Lūsitānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Lūsitānia_. - -=Lūsitānia, ae=, f., a province in the southwest of Spain. - -=Lutātius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Catulus=. - -=luxūria, ae= [=lūxus=, _excess_], f., _luxury_, _extravagance_. - -=Lycia, ae=, f., a division of Asia Minor. - - -M. - -=M.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Marcus=. - -=M’.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Manius=. - -=Macedo, onis=, m., _a Macedonian_. - -=Macedonia, ae=, f., an extensive country north of Greece, between -Thessaly and Thrace. - -=Macedonicus, a, um=, adj., _Macedonian_; a surname of =Q. Caecilius -Metellus=, who conquered Macedonia; also of =L. Aemilius Paulus=. - -=māchinor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to contrive skillfully_, _devise_, -_scheme_, _plot_. - -=Macrīnus, ī=, m., (M.) Opilius Macrīnus, Roman emperor 217-218 A.D. - -=Madena, ae=, f., a part of Armenia. - -=Maedī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of Thrace. - -=maeror, ōris=, m., _mourning_, _sadness_, _grief_, _sorrow_, -_lamentation_. - -=magis=, adv., comp., _more_, _rather_; =eō magis=, _all the more_; -sup., =māximē=, _greatly_, _chiefly_, _exceedingly_. - -=magister, trī=, m., _a master_, _ruler_, _teacher_; =magister -equitum=, _master of the horse_, _aid-de-camp of the dictator_. - -=Māgnentiānus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to_ or _pertaining to -Māgnentius_. - -=Māgnentius, ī=, m., Roman emperor, 350-353 A.D. - -=Māgnēsia, ae=, f., a city of Asia Minor near Mount Sipylus in Lydia. - -=māgnificentissimē= [=māgnificus=], adv., sup. of =māgnificē=; -_splendidly_, _very magnificently_. - -=māgnificus, a, um= [=māgnus= + =faciō=], adj., sup. -=māgnificentissimus=; _splendid_, _magnificent_, _noble_. - -=māgnitūdō, inis= [=māgnus=], f., _magnitude_, _greatness_, _size_. - -=māgnus, a, um=, adj., comp. =māior=, sup. =māximus=; _great_, _large_, -_abundant_, _powerful_. - -=Māgō, ōnis=, m., the brother of Hannibal, captured by Scipio in Spain. - -=māiestās, ātis= [=māior=], f., _greatness_, _grandeur_, _dignity_, -_majesty_. - -=māior=, see =māgnus=. - -=Māius, ī=, m., the month of May; usually as adj., =Māius, a, um=, -_agreeing with mēnsis_, _Kalendae_, _Nōnae_, _Īdūs_. - -=male= [=malus=], adv., comp. =pēius=, sup. =pessimē=; _badly_, _ill_, -_unhappily_, _unsuccessfully_. - -=mālo=, see =volō=. - -=malus, a, um=, adj., comp. =pēior=, sup. =pessimus=; _bad_, _evil_, -_hurtful_; as subst., =malum, ī=, n., _misfortune_. - -=Mamaea, ae=, f., _(Iūlia) Mamaea_, mother of Alexander Severus. - -=Mancīnus, ī=, m., _C. Hostīlius Mancīnus_, consul 137 B.C. - -=mandō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=manus= + =dō=], _to commission_, _command_, -_send word_. =con--commendō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to commend_ or _commit -for protection_, _intrust_, _recommend_. =re--remandō, āre, āvī, ātus=, -_to send back word_ (very rare). - -=maneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsus=, _to stay_, _continue_, _abide by_. -=per--permaneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus=, _to continue_, _remain_. -=re--remaneō, ēre, mānsī=, _to remain behind_. - -=Mānīlius, ī=, m., _M. Manilius_, consul 149 B.C. - -=Mānlius, ī=, m., 1. _A. Mānlius_, consul 241 B.C. 2. _M. Mānlius_, -consul 105 B.C. See =Cēnsōrīnus=, =Torquātus=, =Vulsō=. - -=mānsuētūdō, inis= [=mānsuētus=, _tame_], f., _mildness_, _gentleness_. - -=manūmittō, ere, mīsī, missus= [=manus= + =mittō=], _to set free_, -_emancipate_; _enfranchise_. - -=manus, ūs=, f., _hand_, _arm_; _band_, _troop_; _force_; _combat_; -=manūs cōnserere=, _to join battle_; =dare manūs=, _to yield_. - -=Mārcellus, ī=, m., the name of a famous Roman family. 1. _M. Claudius -Mārcellus_, consul 222 B.C. 2. _(M.) Claudius Mārcellus_, consul 166 -B.C. 3. _(M.) Claudius Mārcellus_, consul 51 B.C. - -=Mārcius, ī=, m., 1. _Ancus Mārcius_, the fourth king of Rome, 640-616 -B.C. 2. _C. Mārcius_, consul 310 B.C. 3. _Q. Mārcius_, surnamed -Coriolanus. See =Coriolānus=. - -=Marcomannicus, a, um=, adj., _belonging_ or _pertaining to the -Marcomannī_. - -=Marcomedī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of western Asia. - -=Mardī, ōrum=, pl. m., a powerful, warlike people that dwelt on the -southern shore of the Caspian sea. - -=mare, is=, n., _the sea_. - -=Margum, ī=, n., a town in Upper Moesia. - -=Mariānus, a, um=, adj., _belonging_ or _pertaining to Marius_. - -=maritimus, a, um= [=mare=], adj., _marine_, _maritime_, _on the -seashore_. - -=marītus, ī= [=mās=, _male_], m., _a husband_. - -=Marius, ī=, m., the name of a family at Rome. 1. _C. Marius_, seven -times consul, leader of the democratic party in the Civil war between -him and Sulla. See Notes, p. 137. 2. _C. Marius_, son of (1). Consul 82 -B.C. 3. _M. Aurēlius Marius_, one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=Mārs, Mārtis=, m., the Roman god of war. - -=Marsī, ōrum=, pl. m., a brave and warlike Sabellian people, who dwelt -in the mountains of central Italy. - -=Mārtius, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Mars_. - -=Mārtius, ī=, m., the month of March; usually used as an adj., -=Mārtius, a, um=, _agreeing with mēnsis_, _Kalendae_, _Nōnae_, _Īdūs_. - -=Masinissa, ae=, m., a king of Numidia, an ally of the Romans. - -=Massilia, ae=, f., a city in Gaul, modern Marseilles. - -=māter, tris=, f., _mother_. - -=māternus, a, um= [=māter=], adj., _of a mother_, _mother’s_; -_maternal_, _on the mother’s side_. - -=mātrimōnium, ī= [=māter=], n., _marriage_; pl. _wives_. - -=mātrōna, ae= [=māter=], f., _a matron_, _woman_. - -=Mauretania, ae=, f., a district on the northwestern coast of Africa, -embracing parts of modern Morocco and Algiers. - -=Māxentius, ī=, m. _(M. Aurēlius Valerius) Māxentius_, Roman emperor -306-312 A.D. - -=māximē=, see =magis=. - -=Māximiānus, ī=, m., 1. _Gālerius (Valerius) Māximiānus_, Roman -emperor, 305-311 A.D. 2. _(M. Aurēlius Valerius) Māximiānus_, surnamed -=Herculius=, Roman emperor 286-305 A.D. - -=Māximīnus, ī=, m., 1. _(C. Iūlius Verus) Māximīnus_, Roman emperor -235-238 A.D. 2. _Gālerius (Valerius) Māximīnus_, Roman emperor 305-314 -A.D. - -=Māximus, ī=, m., 1. _Q. Fabius Māximus_, consul six times. 2. _Q. -Fabius Māximus_, defeated by the Samnites 292 B.C. 3. _Q. Fabius -Māximus (Cunctātor)_, five times consul. - -=māximus=, see =māgnus=. - -=Māzaca, ae=, f., a city in Cappadocia, later called _Caesarēa ad -Argaeum_ from Mount Argaeus upon which it stood. - -=medicus, ī= [=medeor=, _to heal_], m., _a physician_, _surgeon_. - -=medie= [=medius=], adv., _in the middle_, _moderately_, _tolerably_. - -=medietās, ātis= [=medius=], f., _the middle_, _place in the middle_, -_midst_. - -=mediocris, cre= [=medius=], adj., _common_, _moderate_, _mediocre_. - -=Mediōlānum, ī=, n., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, modern Milan. - -=medius, a, um=, adj., _in the middle_, _middle_, _midst of_; as -subst., =medium, ī=, n., _middle_, _midst_, _space between_. - -=melior=, see =bonus=. - -=melius=, see =bene=. - -=Memmius, ī=, m., _L. Memmius_, consul 151 B.C. - -=memorābilis, e= [=memorō=, _to bring to mind_], adj., _worth telling_, -_remarkable_. - -=memoria, ae= [=memor=, _mindful_], f., _memory_; _report_, _record_, -_time_, _age_. - -=mēns, mentis=, f., _the mind_; _disposition_; _reason_. - -=mēnsis, is=, m., _a month_. - -=mentiō, ōnis=, f., _mention_. - -=mentum, ī=, n., _the chin_. - -=mereō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to get_, _earn_, _deserve_; _serve_. - -=mergō, ere, mersī, mersus=, _to dip_, _plunge_, _sink_. =dē--dēmergō, -ere, mersī, mersus=, _to sink_. - -=meritō= [=meritum=, _desert_], adv., _deservedly_, _justly_. - -=Mesopotamia, ae=, f., _Mesopotamia_, a division of Asia between the -Euphrates and Tigris rivers. - -=Messāla, ae=, m., _M. (M’.) Valerius (Messāla)_, consul 263 B.C. - -=Messēniī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Messēnē_, an island in -the Tigris river. - -=-met=, an intensive enclitic particle, _self_. - -=Metellus, ī=, m., the name of a prominent family at Rome. 1. _C. -Caecilius Metellus_, consul 113 B.C. 2. _L. Caecilius Metellus_, consul -251 B.C. 3. _L. Caecilius Metellus_, consul 123 B.C. 4. _(Q. Caecilius) -Metellus Macedonicus_, consul 143 B.C. 5. _Q. Caecilius Metellus -(Numidicus)_, consul 109 B.C. 6. _Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus_, -consul 69 B.C. 7. _L. (Caecilius) Metellus_, carried on war against -Mithradates. 8. _M. (Caecilius) Metellus._ - -=metus, ūs=, m., _fear_, _dread_. - -=Micipsa, ae=, m., king of Numidia, the eldest of the sons of Masinissa. - -=migrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to migrate_, _remove_. - -=mīles, itis=, m. and f., _a soldier_. - -=mīliārium, ī=, n., _a milestone_, _mile_. - -=mīlitāris, e= [=mīles=], adj., _military_; as subst., _a soldier_; -=rēs mīlitāris=, _the art of war_, _military operations_. - -=mīlitia, ae= [=mīles=], f., _military service_. - -=mīlitō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=mīles=], _to be a soldier_, _wage war_. - -=mīlle=, indecl. num. adj., _a thousand_; as subst. with part. gen., -=mīlia, um=, pl. n., _thousand_, _thousands_. - -=mīllēsimus, a, um= [=mīlle=], num. adj., _thousandth_. - -=mināx, ācis= [=minor=, _to threaten_], adj., _threatening_. - -=minimē=, see =parum=. - -=minimus=, see =parvus=. - -=minister, trī=, m., _an attendant_, _servant_. - -=minor, us=, see =parvus=. - -=Minucius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Rūfus=. - -=minuō, ere, ī, ūtus= [=minus=], _to make small_, _diminish_, _reduce_. -=dē--dēminuō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to make smaller_, _lessen_, _diminish_. - -=minus=, adv., see =parum=. - -=mīrābilis, e= [=mīror=], adj., _wonderful_. - -=mīror, ārī, ātus sum=, _to wonder at_, _be astonished_. =ad--admīror, -ārī, ātus sum=, _to wonder at_, _admire_. - -=Mithradātēs, is=, m., surnamed the Great, king of Pontus 120-63 B.C. - -=Mithradāticus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Mithradātēs_. - -=mītis, e=, adj., _mild_, _kind_, _placid_. - -=mittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to send_, _dispatch_; _throw_, _shoot_; -_let go_. =ab--āmittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to send away_, -_lose_; _dismiss_. =ad--admittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to permit_, -_admit_, _give audience to_. =con--committō, ere, mīsī, missus=, -_to send_ or _bring together_, _join_; _intrust_, _commit_, _bring -about_, _cause_, _allow_; =pūgnam= or =proelium committere=, _to -begin battle_. =dis--dimittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to send away_, -_dismiss_; _give up_, _abandon_. =inter--intermittō, ere, mīsī, -missus=, _to send between_, _interpose_, _interrupt_; _stop_, _cease_. -=per--permittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to let pass_; _permit_, _allow_. -=praeter--praetermittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to permit to go by_, _let -pass_, _let go_; _omit_, _neglect_. =prō--prōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, -_to put forward_; _promise_, _assure_. =re--remittō, ere, mīsī, -missus=, _to send back_, _relax_; _abate_. - -=moderātē= [=moderātus=], adv., sup. =moderātissimē=; wi_th -moderation_, _moderately_. - -=moderātiō, ōnis= [=moderor=], f., _moderation_, _self-control_. - -=moderātor, ōris= [=moderor=], m., _a manager_, _governor_, _director_. - -=moderātus, a, um= [=moderor=], adj., _self-controlled_, _temperate_, -_modest_. - -=moderor, ārī, ātus sum= [=modus=], _to set bounds to_, _check_, -_restrict_, _regulate_. - -=modestia, ae= [=modestus=], f., _moderation_; _shame_, _modesty_; -_sense of honor_, _dignity_. - -=modestus, a, um= [=modus=], adj., _keeping due measure_, _moderate_, -_modest_, _temperate_. - -=modicus, a, um= [=modus=], adj., _small_, _moderate_. - -=modius, ī= [=modus=], m., _a measure_, _peck_. - -=modo= [=modus=], adv., _only_; _just now_, _lately_; =modo … modo=, -_at one time … at another_, _now … now_; =nōn modo … sed etiam=, _not -only … but also_. - -=modus, ī=, m., _measure_, _limit_, _end_; _way_, _manner_. - -=Moesia, ae=, f., the modern Bulgaria and Servia, divided into Moesia -Superior and Inferior; hence the pl., =Moesiae=. - -=Mogontiacum, ī=, n., a city in Belgic Gaul, modern Mainz. - -=molestus, a, um= [=mōlēs=, _mass_], adj., _troublesome_, _annoying_, -_vexatious_. - -=mōlior, īrī, ītus sum= [=mōlēs=, _mass_], _to struggle_, _toil_; -_undertake_, _attempt_. - -=mollis, e=, adj., _gentle_, _smooth_; _yielding_. - -=moneō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to advise_, _warn_, _remind_. - -=monētārius, ī= [=monēta=, _mint_], m., _a minter_, _coiner_. - -=mōns, montis=, m., a mountain, _hill_, _height_. - -=monumentum, ī= [=moneō=], n., _a monument_, _record_; _tomb_. - -=mōrātus, a, um= [=mōs=], adj., _mannered_, _of morals_, _constituted_; -_characteristic_. - -=morbus, ī=, m., _sickness_, _disease_. - -=morior, morī, mortuus sum=, _to die_. - -=moror, ārī, ātus sum= [=mora=, _delay_], _to delay_, _wait_. - -=mors, mortis= [=morior=], f., _death_. - -=mōs, mōris=, m., _a custom_, _habit_; _manner_, _fashion_; pl., -_customs_, _character_. - -=mōtus, ūs= [=moveō=], m., _motion_, _disturbance_, _revolt_. - -=moveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus=, _to move_, _remove_; _influence_, _excite_. -=con--commoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus=, _to arouse_, _disturb_, _move_, -_influence_. =re--removeō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus=, _to remove_, _put aside_, -_dismiss_, _withdraw_. =sub--submoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus=, _to drive -off_, _dislodge_. - -=mox=, adv., _soon_, _directly_, _then_. - -=Mūcius, ī=, m., see =Scaevola=. - -=muliebris, e= [=mulier=, _a woman_], adj., _pertaining to a woman, -woman-like_. - -=multitūdō, inis= [=multus=], f., _a multitude_. - -=multō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=multa=, _a fine_], _to fine_, _deprive_; -_punish_, _condemn_. - -=multō= [=multus=], adv., _by far_, _much_. - -=multus, a, um=, adj., comp. =plūs=, sup. =plūrimus=; _much_, _many a_; -pl., _many_. - -=Mulvius, a, um=, adj., _Mulvian_; =Mulvius pōns=, the Mulvian bridge, -about two miles north of Rome. - -=Mummius, ī=, m., _L. Mummius_, the conqueror of Corinth; consul 146 -B.C. - -=Munda, ae=, f., a Roman colony in the south of Spain, where a battle -was fought in 45 B.C. between Caesar and the Pompeians. - -=mūniō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus= [=moenia=, _walls_], _to fortify_, -_secure_, _guard_. - -=mūnus, eris=, n., _duty_, _service_; _present_, _gift_. - -=Mūrēna, ae=, m., _L. (Licinius) Mūrēna_, consul 62 B.C. - -=murrinus, a, um=, adj., _of_ or _belonging to the stone murra_, -_murine_. - -=Mursa, ae=, f., a town in Pannonia. - -=mūrus, ī=, m., _a wall_. - -=Mūs, Mūris=, m., _(P.) Decius Mūs_, consul 279 B.C. - -=mūtō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to change_. - - -N. - -=Nabis, idis=, m., _tyrant of Sparta_. - -=nactus=, see =nancīscor=. - -=nam=, conj., _for_, _but_. - -=nancīscor, ī, nactus sum=, _to get_, _obtain_. - -=Narbō, ōnis=, m., a city in the southern part of Gaul. - -=nārrātiō, ōnis= [=nārrō=, _to tell_], f., _a relating_, _narrative_. - -=Narseus, ī=, m., king of Persia, 294-303 A.D. - -=Nāsīca=, see =Scīpiō=. - -=nāscor, ī, nātus sum=, _to be born_; _spring from_, _arise_. - -=nātiō, ōnis= [=nāscor=], f., _nation_, _tribe_, _people_. - -=nātūra, ae= [=nātus=], f., _nature_, _disposition_; _situation_. - -=nātus, a, um= [=nāscor=], adj., lit. _born_; with =annōs= and -numerals, _old_. - -=naufragium, ī= [=nāvis= + =frangō=], n., _shipwreck_, _ruin_. - -=nāvālis, e= [=nāvis=], adj., _naval_. - -=nāvigātiō, ōnis= [=nāvigō=], f., _a voyage_; _navigation_. - -=nāvigō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=nāvis= + =agō=], _to sail_, _navigate_. - -=nāvis, is=, f., _ship_, _vessel_; =nāvis longa=, _war ship_, _galley_; -=nāvis onerāria=, transport. - -=nē=, 1, adv., _not_; =nē … quidem=, _not even_, _not at all_; 2, -conj., _in order that not_, _lest_, _not to_, _for fear that_. - -=ne=, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions, and -then translatable only by the inflection of the voice; (2) as conj. -with indirect questions, _whether_. - -=nec=, see =neque=. - -=necessārius, a, um= [=necesse=, _necessary_], adj., _necessary_, -_indispensable_; as subst., _an intimate friend_, _relative_. - -=necessitūdō, inis= [=necesse=, _necessary_], f., _friendship_, -_intimacy_. - -=neglegenter= [=neglegēns=, _heedless_], adv., _heedlessly_, -_carelessly_, _negligently_. - -=negō, āre, āvi, ātus=, _to say no_, _deny_, _refuse_. - -=negōtium, ī= [=nec= + =ōtium=], n., _business_; _toil_, _labor_, -_trouble_. - -=nēmō, inis= [=nē= + =homō=], m. and f., _no one_. - -=Nepotiānus, ī=, m., _(Flavius Popilius) Nepotiānus_, Roman emperor for -28 days in 350 A.D. - -=nepōs, ōtis=, m., _grandson_; _nephew_ (late); pl., _descendants_. - -=nēquāquam= [=nē= + =quāquam=, _anywhere_], adv., _not at all_, _by no -means_. - -=neque= or =nec= [_nē_ + _que_], adv. and conj., _and not_, _but not_, -_nor_, _nor yet_; =neque (nec) … neque (nec)=, _neither … nor_. - -=Nerō, ōnis=, m., 1. Nerō (_Claudius Caesar Drūsus Germānicus_), Roman -emperor 54-68 A.D. 2. _Appius Claudius Nerō_, consul 207 B.C. - -=Nerōniānus, a, um=, adj., _belonging_ or _pertaining to Nerō_; -_Nerōniānae thermae_. - -=Nerva, ae=, m. _(M. Coccēius) Nerva_, Roman emperor 96-98 A.D. - -=neuter, tra, trum= [=nē= + =uter=], pron., _neither_ (of two). - -=nex, necis=, f., _death_; _murder_, _slaughter_. - -=Nīcomēdēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Nīcomēdia_. - -=Nīcomēdia, ae=, f., the capital city of Bithynia in Asia Minor. - -=Nicomēdēs, is=, m., 1. Surnamed Epiphanes, king of Bithynia, 149-91 -B.C. 2. Surnamed Philopator, king of Bithynia, 91-74 B.C. - -=Niger, grī=, m. _(C.) Pescennius Niger_, Roman emperor 193-194 A.D. - -=nihil= [=nē= + =hilum=, _a trifle_], n., indecl., _nothing_, _not at -all_. - -=Nīlus, ī=, m., _the river Nile_. - -=nimietās, ātis= [=nimius=], f., _a too great number or quantity_; -_superfluity_, _excess_. - -=nimis=, adv., _too much_, _very_, _excessively_. - -=nimius, a, um= [=nimis=], adj., _too much_, _too great_, _excessive_. - -=nisi= [=nē= + =sī=], conj., =if not=, =unless=, =except=. - -=Nisibis, is=, f., a city in Mesopotamia. - -=nītor, ī, nīsus= or =nīxus sum=, _to strive_, _attempt_; _rely upon_. -=ad--adnītor, ī, nīsus= or =nīxus sum=, _to lean against or upon_; -_strive_. - -=Nōbiliōr, ōris=, m., a celebrated Roman family. 1. _M. Fulvius -(Nōbiliōr)_, consul 189 B.C. 2. _Ser. Fulvius Nōbiliōr_, consul 255 B.C. - -=nōbilis, e= [=nōscō=], adj., _noted_, _notable_; _renowned_, _noble_. - -=nōbilitās, ātis= [=nōbilis=], f., _renown_, _nobility_;_the nobles_. - -=nōbiliter= [=nōbilis=], adv., _famously_, _excellently_, _splendidly_, -_nobly_. - -=nocturnus, a, um= [=nox=], adj., _by night_, _nocturnal_. - -=Nōla, ae=, f., a city in Campania in Italy. - -=nōlō=, see =volō=. - -=nōmen, inis= [=nōscō=], n., _a name_; _account_; _pretense_; -_authority_. - -=Nōmentānus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Nōmentum_, a Sabine city. - -=nōminō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=nōmen=], _to name_, _call_, _mention_. - -=nōn=, adv., _not_, _no_. - -=Nōnae, ārum=, pl. f., _the Nones_, the seventh of March, May, July, -and October, and the fifth of other months. - -=nōnāgēsimus, a, um= [=nōnāgintā=], num. adj., _ninetieth_. - -=nōnāgintā=, indecl. num. adj., _ninety_. - -=nōnnūllus, a, um= [=nōn= + =nūllus=], adj., _some_, _several_. - -=nōnus, a, um= [=novem=], num. adj., _ninth_. - -=Norbānus, ī=, m. _(C.) Norbānus_, consul 83 B.C. - -=Nōricum, ī=, n., a Roman province south of the Danube. - -=nōscō, ere, nōvī, nōtus=, _to come to know_, _become acquainted with_; -in perf. system, _to know_. - -=ad--āgnōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus=, _to recognize_. =con--cognōscō, -ere, cognōvī, cognitus=, _to learn_, _perceive_, _understand_. =re= + -=con=--=recognōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus=, _to recall_, _recognize_. - -=noster, tra, trum= [=nōs=], adj., _our_, _our own_. - -=notābilis, e= [=notō=, _to mark_], =adj.=, _noteworthy_, -_conspicuous_, _notable_. - -=nōtus, a, um= [=nōscō=], adj., _well known_, _familiar_. - -=novem=, num. adj., _nine_. - -=noverca, ae=, f., _stepmother_. - -=novus, a, um=, adj., _fresh_, _new_, _young_, _recent_; =novae rēs=, -_a revolution_. - -=nox, noctis=, f., _night_. - -=nūbō, ere, nūpsī, nūptus=, _to veil one’s self_, _marry_. - -=nūdō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=nūdus=], _to make bare_, _strip_, _expose_. - -=nūdus, a, um=, adj., _naked_, _bare_. - -=nūllus, a, um= [=nē= + =ūllus=] (gen. =nūllīus=, dat. =nūllī=), adj., -_none_, _no_; as subst., _no one_. - -=Numa, ae=, m., see =Pompilius=. - -=Numantia, ae=, f., a city in Spain. - -=Numantīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Numantia_. - -=nūmen, inis= [=nuō=, _to nod_], n., a divinity, power. - -=numerōsus, a, um= [=numerus=], adj., _in full numbers_, _numerous_, -_manifold_. - -=Numeriānus, ī=, m., the younger of the two sons of the emperor Carus. - -=numerus, ī=, m., _number_, _account_; _character_, _rank_. - -=Numidae, ārum=, pl. m., _the Numidians_. - -=Numidia, ae=, f., a country of northern Africa, west of Carthage. - -=nummus, ī=, m., _money_; _coin_; _sesterce_ (＝ 4.1 cents). - -=numquam= [=nē= + =umquam=], adv., _never_. - -=nunc=, adv., _at the present moment_, _now_. - -=nūncupō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=nōmen= + =capiō=], _to call_, _call by -name_. - -=nūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=nūntius=], _to tell_, _announce_, _report_. -=dē--dēnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to announce_, _denounce_, _order_, -_threaten_. =prō--prōnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to tell_, _declare_, -_recite_, _appoint_. - -=nūntius, ī=, m., _a messenger_; _message_. - -=nusquam= [=nē= + =usquam=], adv., _nowhere_, _in no place_. - -=nūtō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to nod_; _waver_, _be ready to give way_. - - -O. - -=ob=, prep. with acc., _to_, _towards_; _for_, _on account of_, _by -reason of_. - -=obeō=, see =eō=. - -=obiciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=obitus, ūs= [=obeō=], m., _destruction_, _death_. - -=oboediō=, see =audiō=. - -=obscēnē= [=obscēnus=, _ill-omened_], adv., sup. =obscēnissimē=; -_immodestly_, _indecently_. - -=obscēnitās, ātis= [=obscēnus=, _ill-omened_], f., _moral impurity_, -_foulness_, _unchastity_, _lewdness_, _obscenity_. - -=obscūrē= [=obscūrus=], adv., comp. =obscūrius=, sup. =obscūrissimē=; -_obscurely_. - -=obscūrus, a, um=, adj., _dark_, _obscure_; _ignoble_, _mean_, _low_. - -=obsecrō=, see =*sacrō=. - -=obsequor=, see =sequor=. - -=obses, idis= [=obsideō=], m. and f., _a hostage_. - -=obsideō=, see =sedeō=. - -=obsidiō, ōnis= [=obsideō=], f., _a siege_. - -=obtemperō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=temperō=, _to soften_], _to submit_. - -=obtineō=, see =teneō=. - -=obvius, a, um= [=ob= + =via=], adj., _in the way_, _meeting_; with -=esse, fierī=, or =venīre=, _to meet_. - -=occāsiō, ōnis= [=occidō=, _to happen_], f., _an occasion_, -_opportunity_. - -=Occidēns, tis= [=occidō=], m. (sc. =sōl=), _the setting sun_, _the -West_, _the Occident_. - -=occīdō=, see =caedō=. - -=occulō, ere, culuī, cultus=, _to cover_, _cover over_; _hide_, -_conceal_. - -=occultō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =occulō=], _to hide_, _conceal_; -_secrete_. - -=occultus, a, um= [=occulō=], adj., _hidden_, _secret_, _concealed_. - -=occupō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ob= + =capiō=], _to take possession of_, -_seize_, _hold_, _occupy_; _attack_, _employ_. - -=occurrō=, see =currō=. - -=Ōceanus, ī=, m., the Atlantic and its divisions in contrast with the -Mediterranean Sea. - -=Octāviāna, ae=, f., sister of Octavianus and wife of M. Antonius. - -=Octāviānus, ī=, m., see =Caesar, Augustus=. - -=Octāvius, ī=, m., _C. Octāvius_, consul 87 B.C. - -=octāvus, a, um= [=octō=], num. adj., _eighth_. - -=octingentēsimus, a, um= [=octingentī=], num. adj., _eight hundredth_. - -=octingentī, ae, a= [=octō= + =centum=], num. adj., _eight hundred_. - -=octō=, indecl. num. adj., _eight_. - -=octōdecim= [=octō= + =decem=], indecl. num. adj., _eighteen_. - -=octōgēsimus, a, um= [=octōgintā=], num. adj., _eightieth_. - -=octōgintā= [=octō=], indecl. num. adj., _eighty_. - -=oculus, ī=, m., _the eye_. - -=Odenāthus, ī=, m., ruler of Palmyra. He checked the incursions of the -Persians, and was honored with the title of Augustus by Gallienus. - -=odēum, ī=, n., _a public building designed for musical performances_, -_odeon_. - -=odium, ī= [=odī=, _to hate_], n., _hatred_, _aversion_. - -=odor, ōris=, m., _odor_, _stench_. - -=Oenomaus, ī=, m., a leader of the gladiators who revolted with -Spartacus. - -=offēnsa, ae=, f., _disfavor_, _offense_, _hatred_, _enmity_. - -=offerō=, see =ferō=. - -=officium, ī= [=opus= + =faciō=], n., _service_, _favor_; _duty_, -_office_. - -=Ogulnius, ī=, m., _Q. Ogulnius_, consul 269 B.C. - -=olim= [=ole=, old form of =ille=], adv., _formerly_. - -=Olympias, adis=, f., _an Olympiad_, the space of four years -intervening between the games at Olympus. The period was used in -assigning dates, the first Olympiad beginning in 776 B.C. - -=Olympus, ī=, m., a city in Lycia in Asia Minor. - -=ōmen, inis=, n., _a foreboding_, _prognostication_, _omen_. - -=omnīnō= [=omnis=], adv., _in all_, _altogether_, _only_, _in general_; -_at all_. - -=omnis, e=, adj., _every_, _all_. - -=opera, ae= [=opus=], f., _work_, _pains_, _aid_; _operam dare_, _to -attend to_, _assist_, _aid_. - -=opifex, ficis= [=opus= + =faciō=], m., _workman_, _artisan_. - -=opīnor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to think_, _believe_. - -=oppidum, ī=, n., _a walled town_. - -=Oppius, ī=, m., see =Sabīnus=. - -=opprimō=, see =premō=. - -=oppūgnātiō, ōnis= [=oppūgnō=], f., _an assault_, _attack_, _siege_. - -=oppūgnō=, see =pūgnō=. - -(=ops=), =opis=, f., _power_, _help_; pl. =opēs, um=, _wealth_, -_resources_. - -=optimus=, see =bonus=. - -=optō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to hope_, _desire_. - -=ad--adoptō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to adopt_. - -=opulentus, a, um= [=ops=], adj., _rich_, _wealthy_. - -=opus, operis=, n., _work_, _business_, _need_; _fortification_. - -=ōrātor, ōris= [=ōrō=], m., _an orator_, _ambassador_. - -=orbis, is=, m., _circle_; =orbis terrae= or =terrārum=, _the world_. - -=orbitās, ātis= [=orbus=, _destitute_], f., _bereavement_, _orphanage_. - -=Orchadēs, um=, pl. f., a group of islands north of Scotland, now -Orkney Islands. - -=ōrdinārius, a, um= [=ōrdinō=], adj., _of order_, _usual_, _regular_, -_ordinary_. - -=ōrdinō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ōrdō=], _to arrange_, _regulate_. - -=ōrdō, inis=, f., _an order_, _rank_, _row_. - -=Orestēs, is=, m., _Cn. Aufidius Orestes_, consul 73 B.C. - -=Oriēns, entis= [=orior=], m. (sc. =sōl=), _the rising sun_, _the -East_, _the Orient_. - -=orīgō, inis= [=orior=], f., _an origin_, _source_, _pedigree_. - -=orior, īrī, ortus sum=, _to rise_, _begin_, _spring from_. - -=oriundus, a, um= [=orior=], adj., _descended_, _sprung from_, -_originating_, _born_. - -=ōrnāmentum, ī= [=ōrnō=, _to fit out_], n., _a preparation_; -_decoration_, _ornament_, _jewel_. - -=ōrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ōs=, _mouth_], _to pray_, _beg_, _entreat_. - -=ad--adōrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to supplicate_; _worship_, _reverence_. - -=Orōdēs, is=, m., a king of the Parthians, conquered by Pompey. - -=os, ossis=, n., _a bone_. - -=Osdroēna, ae=, f., _Osroēnē_, a district in the west of Mesopotamia. - -=Osdroēnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Osdroēna_. - -=ostendō=, see =tendō=. - -=ōstiātim=, adv., _from door to door_, _from house to house_. - -=ōstium, ī= [=ōs=, _mouth_], m., _the mouth of a river_. - -=Otācilius, ī=, m., _(T.) Otācilius Crassus_, consul 263 B.C. - -=Othō, ōnis=, m., _(M. Salvius) Othō_, Roman emperor from January 15 to -April 16, 69 A.D. - -=ōtium, ī=, n., _leisure_; _ease_, _idleness_; _rest_, _peace_. - -=ovō, āre, --, --=, _to exult_, _rejoice_; _receive an ovation_, -_triumph_. - - -P. - -=P.=, abbreviation of the praenomen Publius. - -=pācō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=pāx=], _to pacify_, _make peaceful_. - -=Pacorus, ī=, m., son of Orodes I., king of Parthia. - -=Paelīgnī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Sabine people dwelling in central Italy. - -=paene=, adv., _almost_, _nearly_. - -=Palaeopharsālus, ī=, f., a city in Thessaly where Caesar defeated -Pompey 48 B.C. It is generally written Pharsalus. - -=Palaestīna, ae=, f., _Palestine_. - -=palam=, adv., _openly_, _publicly_. - -=Palātīnus, ī= (sc. =mōns=), adj., _the Palatine Hill_. - -=Palātium, ī=, n., _the Palatine Hill_; _the imperial palace_, which -was on the hill. - -=pallium, ī=, n., _a Grecian cloak_, _mantle_. - -=palūs, ūdis=, f., _a marsh_, _fen_. - -=Pamphȳlia, ae=, f., a division of Asia Minor. - -=Pannonia, ae=, f., one of the most important provinces of Rome, lying -between the Danube and the Alps. - -=Pannonicus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Pannonia_. - -=Pannoniī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Pannonia_. - -=Pānsa, ae=, m., _(C. Vibius) Pānsa_, consul 43 B.C. - -=Panticapaeum, ī=, n., a city in the modern Crimea. - -=Paphlagōn, onis=, m., _a Paphlagonian_. - -=Paphlagonia, ae=, f., a division of Asia Minor on the Black Sea. - -=Papirius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Carbō=, =Cursor=. - -=parēns, entis= [=pariō=], m. and f., _a father or mother_, _parent_; -_relative_ (late). - -=pāreō, ēre, uī, --=, _to appear_; _obey_, _serve_. =ad--appāreō, ēre, -uī, --=, _to become visible_, _appear_; _serve_. =con--compāreō, ēre, -uī, --=, _to appear_, _show one’s self_. - -=*pariō, ere, peperī, partus=, _to give birth to_, _bring forth_. -=ab--āperiō, īre, uī, tus=, _to uncover_, _bare_; _open_, _disclose_. -=con--comperiō, īre, perī, pertus=, _to find out_, _learn_. -=re--reperiō, īre, repperī, repertus=, _to find_ (again), _meet with_, -_discover_. - -=parō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to make ready_, _prepare_; _resolve_, _plan_; -_get_, _acquire_. =con--comparō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to make ready_, -_prepare_; _obtain_, _procure_. =prae--praeparō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to -make ready beforehand_, _provide_. =re--reparō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to -renew_. - -=parricīdium, ī= [=pater= + =caedō=], n., _murder of a father_, -_parricide_. - -=pars, partis=, f., _a part_, _number_; _district_; _side_, -_direction_; _party_, _faction_. - -=Parthenius, ī=, m., the slayer of Domitian. - -=Parthenopolis, is=, f., a city in Lower Moesia on the Black Sea. - -=Parthī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Scythian people southeast of the Caspian Sea. - -=Parthicus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Parthia_, cognomen of -_Septimius Sevērus_. - -=Parthomasīris, is=, m., king of Armenia. - -=partim= [=pars=], adv., _partly_. - -=partus, ūs= [=pariō=], m., _a bringing forth_, _delivery_, _birth_; -_progeny_. - -=parum=, adv., _too little_, _not enough_; comp., =minus=, _less_, _by -no means_, _not_; sup., =minime=, _least of all_, _by no means_, _not -at all_; as a subst., =parum=, indecl. n., _too little_, _not enough_. - -=parvus, a, um=, adj., _little_, _small_; comp., =minor=, _smaller_, -_less_; _younger_ (sc. =nātū=); sup., =minimus=, _smallest_, _least_. - -=pāscō, ere, pāvī, pāstus=, _to feed_; of animals, _to graze_, _browse_. - -=passus, ūs= [=passus= from =pandō=, _to spread_], m., _a step_, -_pace_; =mīlle passuum=, pl. =mīlia passuum=, a Roman mile ＝ 4854 -English feet. - -=patefaciō, ere, fēcī, factus= [=pateō= + =faciō=], _to lay open_, -_disclose_, _bring to light_. - -=pateō, ēre, uī, --=, _to be open_, _extend_, _be manifest_. - -=pater, tris=, m., _a father_, _ancestor_. - -=paternus, a, um= [=pater=], adj., _fatherly_, _of a father_. - -=patior, patī, passus sum=, _to suffer_, _bear_, _endure_; -_experience_; _allow_, _permit_. =per--perpetior, ī, pessus sum=, _to -endure_, _be patient under_. - -=patria, ae= [=pater=], f., _fatherland_, _country_, _home_. - -=patrimōnium, ī= [=pater=], n., _inheritance_, _patrimony_, _property_. - -=patrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to carry out_, _perform_, _execute_. - -=patruēlis, e= [=patruus=], adj., _of a father’s brother_, _child of a -father’s brother_; as subst., _a cousin_. - -=patruus, ī= [=pater=] m., _of a father’s brother_, _paternal uncle_. - -=paucus, a, um=, adj., _few_, _little_. - -=paulisper= [=paulum=, _by a little_], adv., _a short time_. - -=paulus, a, um=, adj., _little_, _small_; as subst., =paulum, ī=, n., -_a little_, _trifle_; abl., =paulō=, _by a little_. - -=Paulus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _L. Aemilius Paulus_, -consul 216 B.C. 2. _L. Aemilius Paulus_, surnamed Macedonicus, consul -168 B.C. 3. _M. Aemilius Paulus_, consul 255 B.C. - -=pauper, eris=, adj., _poor_. - -=pāx, pācis=, f., _peace_. - -=pectus, oris=, n., _the breast_. - -=pecūnia, ae= [=pecus=, _cattle_], f., _money_. - -=pedes, itis= [=pēs=], m., _a foot soldier_, _infantry_. - -=pellō, ere, pepulī, pulsus=, _to drive out_ or _away_, _expel_; -_defeat_, _rout_. =ad--appellō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to call_, _address_, -_name_; _appeal to_; _accuse_. =con--compellō, ere, pulī, pulsus=, _to -drive together_, _collect_; _force_, _compel_. =ex--expellō, ere, pulī, -pulsus=, _to drive out_ or _away_, _expel_, _dislodge_. =in--impellō, -ere, pulī, pulsus=, _to urge on_, _incite_, _impel_. - -=pendeō, ēre, pependī, --=, _to hang_, _be suspended_; _rest_, _depend_. - -=penetrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=penitus=], _to enter_, _penetrate_. - -=penitus=, adv., _inwardly_, _within_; _deeply_, _completely_. - -=per=, prep. with acc. (1) of place, _through_, _across_, _over_, -_throughout_; (2) of time, _through_, _during_; (3) of means or agency, -_by means of_, _by the agency of_, _through_. - -=percussor, ōris= [=percutiō=], m., _a stabber_, _murderer_. - -=percutiō, ere, cussī, cussus= [=per= + =quatiō=, _to shake_], _to -thrust through_, _strike_, _kill_. - -=perdō=, see =dō=. - -=perdomō=, see =domō=. - -=pereō=, see =eō=. - -=perferō=, see =ferō=. - -=perficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=perfidia, ae= [=perfidus=, _faithless_], f., _treachery_. - -=perfuga, ae= [=perfugiō=, _to flee for refuge_], m., _a fugitive_, -_deserter_, _refuge_. - -=Pergamum, ī=, n., a city in Mysia in Asia Minor. - -=pergō=, see =regō=. - -=perīculum, ī=, n., _trial_; _danger_, _peril_. - -=perimō=, see =emō=. - -=perinde= [=per= + =inde=], adv., _in the same manner_, _just as_, -_equally_. - -=perītus, a, um=, adj., _skillful_, _experienced_, _familiar with_. - -=permaneō=, see =maneō=. - -=permittō=, see =mittō=. - -=permūtātiō, ōnis= [=permūtō=, _to change_], f., _change_, _exchange_. - -=perniciēs, ēī= [=per= + =nex=], f., _destruction_, _ruin_. - -=perniciōsē= [=perniciōsus=], adv., _dangerously_, _destructively_. - -=perniciōsus, a, um= [=perniciēs=], adj., _dangerous_, _destructive_. - -=Perperna, ae=, m., _(M.) Perperna_, consul 130 B.C. - -=perpetior=, see =patior=. - -=perpetuus, a, um=, adj., _continuous_, _uninterrupted_; =in -perpetuum=, _forever_. - -=Persae, ārum=, pl. m., _the Persians_. - -=persequor=, see =sequor=. - -=Perseus, eī=, m., the last king of Macedonia, 178-168 B.C. - -=persevērō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to persist_, _persevere_. - -=Persis, idis=, f., _Persia_. - -=Pertināx, ācis=, m., _(Helvius) Pertināx_, Roman emperor from January -1 to March 28, 193 A.D. - -=Perusia, ae=, f., an ancient town in Etruria in Italy. - -=perveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=pēs, pedis=, m., _a foot_, =pedem referre=, _to retreat_. - -=Pescennius, ī=, m., see =Niger=. - -=pestilentia, ae= [=pestis=, _plague_], f., _a pestilence_, _plague_. - -=petō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus=, _to strive for_, _seek_; _beg_, _ask_, -_request_; _assail_, _attack_. =ad--appetō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus=, _to -strive for_, _reach after_; _assail_, _attack_; _long for_, _desire_; -_draw nigh_, _approach_, _be at hand_. =re--repetō, ere, īvī (iī), -ītus=, _to seek again_, _try to get back_, _demand back_; _recall_, -_repeat_; _attack_. - -=Petrēius, ī=, m., _M. Petrēius_, a partisan of Pompey; fought against -Caesar in Spain, Greece, and Africa. - -=Petrōnius, ī=, m., _Petrōnius Secundus_, a partisan of Nerva. - -=Pharnacēs, is=, m., Gr. acc. =Pharnacēn=, the son of Mithradates, who -succeeded his father as king of Pontus. - -=Phasēlis, idis=, f., a city of Lycia in Asia Minor. - -=Philippī, ōrum=, pl. m., a city in Macedonia where Brutus and Cassius -were defeated by Octavian 44 B.C. - -=Philippus, ī=, m., 1. _Philip V._, king of Macedonia 220-178 B.C. 2. -_(M. Iūlius) Philippus I._, Roman emperor 244-249 A.D. 3. _(M. Iūlius) -Philippus II._, son of (2). 4. _L. Mārcius Philippus_, consul 91 B.C. -5. _Q. Mārcius Philippus_, consul 186 B.C. - -=philosophia, ae=, f., _philosophy_. - -=philosophus, ī=, m., _a philosopher_. - -=Phoenīcē, ēs=, f., _Phoenicia_, a country of Syria. - -=Phrygia, ae=, f., a division of Asia Minor. - -=Pīcentēs, ium=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Picenum_. - -=Pīcēnum, ī=, n., a division of Italy on the Adriatic Sea, north of -Latium. - -=pīlum, ī=, n., _a heavy javelin_; _pike_. - -=pingō, ere, pīnxī, pīctus=, _to paint_; _represent_, _delineate_, -_portray_. - -=Pīraeus, ī=, m., the chief harbor of Athens. - -=pīrāta, ae=, m., _a pirate_. - -=pīrāticus, a, um= [=pīrāta=], adj., pertaining to pirates, piratical; -=Pīrāticum bellum=, _war against the pirates_. - -=piscis, is=, f., _a fish_. - -=piscor, ārī, ātus sum= [=piscis=], _to fish_. - -=pius, a, um=, adj., _reverent_, _pious_. - -=placeō, ēre, uī, --=, _to please_, _be agreeable to_; _seem best -to_; impers., =placet, placuit, placitum est=, _to be resolved by_. -=dis--displiceō, ēre, uī, --=, _to displease_. - -=placidus, a, um=, [=placō=, _to soothe_], adj., _calm_, _quiet_, -_tranquil_. - -=Plautius, ī=, m., _A. Plautius_, sent by the emperor Claudius in 43 -A.D. to subdue Britain. - -=plēbs, plēbis=, and =plēbēs, ēī=, f., _the common people_, _populace_, -_plebeians_. - -=plēnus, a, um= [=pleō=], adj., _full_. - -=*pleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus=, _to fill_. =con--compleō, ēre, plēvī, -plētus=, _to fill_ (to the brim); _complete_. =ex--expleō, ēre, plēvī, -plētus=, _to fill up_, _fill_. =in--impleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus=, _to -fill up_, _finish_. - -=plērīque, aeque, aque=, adj., _very many_, _most_. - -=plērumque=, adv., _mostly_, _generally_, _very often_. - -=Plōtīna, ae=, f., the wife of the emperor Trajan. - -=plūrimus=, see =multus=. - -=Plūtarchus, ī=, m., a Greek philosopher and biographer. - -=pōculum, ī=, n., _cup_. - -=poēma, atis=, n., _a poem_. - -=poena, ae=, f., _compensation_, _punishment_, _penalty_. - -=Poenī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Carthaginians_. - -=Polemō, ōnis=, m., king of Pontus 39-62 A.D. - -=Polemōniacus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Polemō_. - -=polliceor, ērī, itus sum=, _to promise_, _volunteer_. - -=pompa, ae=, f., _a procession_, _parade_, _pomp_. - -=Pompēius, ī=, m., 1. _Cn. Pompēius_, consul 89 B.C. 2. _Cn. Pompēius_, -surnamed Magnus, the triumvir, consul 70 B.C. 3. _Cn. Pompēius_, son -of the triumvir. 4. _Q. Pompēius_, consul 141 B.C. 5. _Sex. Pompēius_, -younger son of the triumvir. - -=Pompilius, ī=, m., _Numa Pompilius_, the second king of Rome, 715-672 -B.C. - -=pondō= [=pondus=], adv., _by weight_. - -=pondus, eris=, [=pendo=, _to weigh_], n., _weight_. - -=pōnō, ere, posuī, positus=, _to put down_, _place_, _set_, _deposit_; -_serve_ (at meals); _spend_; _set up_, _build_; _pitch_. =ad--appōnō, -ere, posuī, positus=, _to put before_, _place near_; _serve_ (at -table). =con--compōnō, ere, posuī, positus=, _to arrange_, _settle_; -_conclude_, _finish_. =dē--dēpōnō, ere, posuī, positus=, _to lay down_ -or _aside_, _put down_; _stop_; _arrange_, _establish_. =dis--dispōnō, -ere, posuī, positus=, _to arrange_, _array_, _dispose_. =in--impōnō, -ere, posuī, positus=, _to place_ or _put upon_ or _in_; _establish_. -=prae--praepōnō, ere, posuī, positus=, _to set over_, _put in charge -of_. =re--repōnō, ere, posuī, positus=, _to put back_, _replace_, -_restore_. - -=pōns, pontis=, m., _a bridge_. - -=Ponticus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Pontus_; =Ponticum= (=mare=), -the Black Sea. - -=pontifex, ficis=, m., _priest_. - -=Pontius, ī=, m., see =Telesīnus=. - -=Pontus, ī=, m., 1. _Pontus Euxīnus_, the Black Sea. 2. A country of -Asia Minor on the Black Sea. - -=populō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to plunder_, _ravage_, _lay waste_. -=dē--dēpopulor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to lay waste_, _ravage_, _plunder_, -_pillage_. - -=populus, ī=, m., _a people_, _nation_. - -=Porcius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Catō=. - -=porrō= [=prō=], adv., _forward_, _henceforth_, _furthermore_, _again_. - -=Porsenna, ae=, m., _Lars Porsenna_, king of Clusium in Etruria. - -=porta, ae=, f., _a city gate_, _gate_. - -=*portō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=porta=], _to bear_, _carry_. =ex--exportō, -āre, āvī, ātus=, _to carry out_, _export_. =re--reportō, āre, āvī, -ātus=, _to carry back_, _report_. - -=porticus, ūs=, f., _a colonnade_, _arcade_, _portico_. - -=pōscō, ere, poposcī, --=, _to ask_, _demand_. - -=possideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus= [=sedeō=], _to occupy_, _hold_, _possess_. - -=possum, posse, potuī, --= [=potis=, _able_ + =sum=], _to be able_, -_can_; =plurimum posse=, _to have great power_. - -=post=, (1) adv., _after_, _later_, _afterwards_; (2) prep. with acc., -_after_, _behind_. - -=posteā= [=post= + =is=], adv., _afterwards_. - -=posterus, a, um= [=post=], adj., _following_, _next_; comp. -=posterior, us=, gen. =ōris=, _later_; sup. =postrēmus=, _last_, -_lowest_; =ad postērum=, _finally_; as subst., =posterī, ōrum=, pl. m., -_descendants_, _posterity_. - -=postquam= or =post … quam= [=post= + =quam=], conj., _after_, _when_. - -=postrēmō= [=posterus=], adv., _at last_, _finally_. - -=Postumius, ī=, m., see =Albīnus=. - -=Postumus, ī=, m., _(M. Cassiānus) Postumus_, one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=potēns, entis= [=possum=], adj., _powerful_. - -=potestās, ātis= [=possum=], f., _power_, _might_; _opportunity_, -_permission_; _authority_, _sovereignty_. - -=potior, īrī, ītus sum= [=potis=, _able_], _to get possession_, -_acquire_. - -=potius= [comp. of =potis=, _able_], adv., sup. =potissimum=; _rather_, -_more_, _sooner_. - -=prae=, prep. with abl., _before_, _in front of_, _in comparison with_. - -=praebeō=, see habeō. - -=praecēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=praeceps, cipitis= [=prae= + =caput=], adj., _headlong_, _hasty_; -_steep_, _precipitous_. - -=praecipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=praecipitō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=praeceps=], _to throw headlong_, _cast -down_; _rush down_. - -=praecipuē= [=praecipuus=], adv., _chiefly_, _principally_, -_especially_. - -=praecipuus, a, um= [=praecipiō=], adj., _special_, _particular_; -_eminent_, _prominent_. - -=praeclārus, a, um= [=prae= + =clārus=], adj., _very bright_ or -_brilliant_, _excellent_, _distinguished_. - -=praeda, ae=, f., _booty_, _spoil_, _plunder_. - -=praefectūra, ae=, f., _the office of overseer_, _superintendence_; -_praefecture_. - -=praefectus, ī=, m., _overseer_, _superintendent_; _praefect_. - -=praeferō=, see =ferō=. - -=praeficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=praemium, ī= [=prae= + =emō=], n., _reward_, _prize_. - -=Praeneste, is=, n., a town in Latium east of Rome, modern Palestrina. - -=Praenestīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Praeneste_. - -=praeparō=, see =parō=. - -=praepōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=praesēns, entis= [=praesum=], adj., _at hand_, _present_. - -=praeses, sidis= [=praesideō=], m., _a protector_, _guard_, _defender_; -_president_. - -=praesidium, ī= [=praesideō=], n., _help_, _aid_, _defense_; _defensive -force_, _garrison_; _fort_, _station_, _post_. - -=praestō=, see =stō=. - -=praesum=, see =sum=. - -=praeter=, prep. with acc., _past_, _beyond_; _contrary to_, _against_; -_besides_, _except_. - -=praetereā= [=praeter= + =is=], adv., _in addition to this_, _besides_, -_moreover_. - -=praetermittō=, see =mittō=. - -=praetexō, ere, uī, tus= [=texō=, _to weave_], to provide with a -border; =toga praetexta=, _a_ (purple) _bordered toga_, worn by -magistrates and freeborn children till the sixteenth or seventeenth -year, when they became of age and assumed the _toga virīlis_, which was -wholly white; the girls wore the _toga praetexta_ until they married. - -=praetor, ōris= [orig. =praeitor=, from =prae= + =eō=], m., _a leader_, -_commander_; _praetor_, _magistrate_, _judge_. - -=praetōriānus, a, um= [=praetōrium=], adj., _belonging to the -bodyguard_; _praetorian_; as subst., =praetōriānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the -praetorians_. - -=praetōrium, ī=, n., _the imperial bodyguard_. - -=praetōrius, a, um= [=praetor=], adj., _of_ or _belonging to the -praetor_ or _commander_; as subst., =praetōrius, ī=, m., _a man of -praetorian rank, an ex-praetor_. - -=praeveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=prandium, ī=, n., _lunch_. - -=prāvus, a, um=, adj., _crooked_, _wrong_; _perverse_, _wicked_. - -=*prehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus=, _to grasp_. =dē--dēprehendō, ere, ī, -hēnsus=, _to seize_, _catch_; _surprise_, _detect_, _discover_. -=re--reprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus=, _to hold back_, _check_; _blame_, -_criticise_, _reprove_. - -=premō, ere, pressī, pressus=, _to press_; _press hard_, _crush_. -=ob--opprimō, ere, pressī, pressus=, _to crush utterly_, _overpower_, -_overwhelm_. - -=pretium, ī=, n., _price_, _value_; _reward_, _money_, _ransom_. - -=prīmō= [=prīmus=], adv., _at first_. - -=prīmum= [=prīmus=], adv., _first_. - -=prīmus=, see =prior=. - -=prīnceps, cipis= [=prīmus= + =capio=], adj., _first_, _foremost_; as -subst. m., _leading man_, _chief_, _leader_. - -=prīncipātus, ūs= [=prīnceps=], m., _a chief authority_ (in the state); -_headship_, _leadership_; _reign_, _sovereignty_. - -=prīncipium, ī= [=prīnceps=], n., _beginning_, _origin_. - -=prior, us=, gen. =priōris=, comp. adj., former, previous, first, -prior; sup. =prīmus=, _first_, _foremost_. - -=prīscus, a, um= [=prius=], adj., _former_, _elder_; _primitive_, -_strict_. - -=Prīscus, ī=, m., see =Tarquinius=. - -=prīstinus, a, um= [=prius=], adj., _former_, _old_. - -=prius= [=prior=], adv., _before_, _sooner_, _previously_, _first of -all_. - -=prīvātim= [=prīvātus=], adv., _privately_, _as a single individual_. - -=prīvātus, a, um= [=prīvō=, _to set apart_], adj., _private_, -_individual_; as subst., =prīvātus, ī=, m., _a man in private life_, _a -private citizen_. - -=prīvīgna, ae=, f., _a stepdaughter_. - -=prīvīgnus, ī=, m., _a stepson_. - -=prō=, prep. with abl., _in front of_, _before in behalf of_; _in -comparison with_, _in accordance with_. - -=probe= [=probus=, estimable], adv., _right_, _well_, _properly_, -_correctly_. - -=probrōsus, a, um= [=probrum=], adj., _shameful_, _ignominious_, -_infamous_. - -=probrum, ī=, m., _a shameful act_, _base deed_; _immodesty_, -_lewdness_; _insult_, _reproach_. - -=Probus, ī=, m., _(M. Aurēlius) Probus_, Roman emperor 276-282 A.D. - -=prōcēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=prōclīvus, a, um= [=prō= + =clīvus=, _slope_], adj., _sloping_, -_steep_; _liable_, _prone_; _subject_, _ready_. - -=prōcōnsul, is= [=prō=, _in place of_ + =cōnsul=], m., _a proconsul_, -_governor_ of a province. - -=prōcōnsulātus, a, um= [=prōcōnsul=], adj., _the office of a -proconsul_, _proconsulate_. - -=procul=, adv., _at a distance_, _far from_. - -=Proculus, ī=, m., a famous Roman jurist. - -=prōcumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitus= [=prō= + =cumbō=, _to lie_], _to lie -down_, _sink_, _fall forward_; _fall_, _sink down_, _be beaten down_. - -=prōdō=, see =dō=. - -=prōdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=proelium, ī=, n., _a battle_, _combat_, _engagement_. - -=proficīscor, ī, fectus sum= [=prō= + =facīscor=, from =faciō=], _to -set out_, _proceed_; _spring from_. - -=prōflīgō=, see =*flīgō=. - -=prōfluvium, ī=, n., _a flowing forth_; =ventris prōfluvium=, -_diarrhea_. - -=profugiō=, see =fugiō=. - -=prōgredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=prōmittō=, see =mittō=. - -=prōmptus, a, um= [=prōmō=, _to set forth_], adj., _prepared_, _quick_, -_prompt_. - -=prōnūntiō=, see =nūntiō=. - -=prōnus, a, um=, adj., _turned forward_, _inclined_; _tendency_; -_disposed_, _prone_. - -=prōpalam= [=prō= + =palam=], adv., _openly_, _publicly_, _manifestly_. - -=prope=, adv., _near by_; _nearly_, _almost_. - -=prōpēnsus, a, um=, adj., _hanging down_; _inclined_, _disposed_, -_prone_. - -=propior, us= [=prope=], comp. adj., _nearer_; sup. =proximus=, -_nearest_, _next_; _latest_, _last_; _next_, _following_. - -=proprius, a, um=, adj., _not common with others_, _own_, _special_, -_individual_. - -=propter=, prep. with acc., _on account of_. - -=proptereā= [=propter= + =is=], adv., _for this reason_, _therefore_; -=proptereā quod=, _because_. - -=prōpūgnātor, ōris= [=prōpūgnō=, _to defend_], m., _a defender_. - -=prōscrībō=, see =scrībō=. - -=prōscrīptiō, ōnis= [=prōscrībō=], f., _a public notice of sale_, -_proscription_. - -=prōsequor=, see =sequor=. - -=prōsper= and =prōsperus, a, um= [=prō= + =spēs=], adj., _according to -one’s hopes_, _favorable_, _prosperous_. - -=prōsperē= [=prōsperus=], adv., _propitiously_, _successfully_. - -=prōstituō=, see =*statuō=. - -=prōsum=, see =sum=. - -=prōtrahō=, see =trahō=. - -=prōvidē= [=prōvideō=, _to provide_, _foresee_], adv., _carefully_, -_prudently_ (very rare). - -=prōvincia, ae=, f., _an office_, _duty_; _province_. - -=prōvinciālis, e= [=prōvincia=], adj., _of a province_, _provincial_; -as subst., =prōvinciālis, is=, m., _a provincial_. - -=prōvīsiō, ōnis= [=prōvideō=, _to foresee_], f., _a foreseeing_, -_foreknowledge_; _foresight_, _providence_. - -=prōvocō=, see =vocō=. - -=proximus=, see =propior=. - -=prūdentia, ae= [=prūdēns=, _foreseeing_], f., _foresight_, _practical -wisdom_, _good sense_. - -=prūna, ae=, f., _a burning coal_, _live coal_. - -=Prūsiās, ae=, m., king of Bithynia 228-180 B.C. - -=Pseudopersēs, eī=, m., a pretended son of Perseus. - -=Pseudophilippus, ī=, m., a pretended son of Philip, king of Macedonia. - -=Ptolemaeus, ī=, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time -of Alexander the Great. 1. _Ptolemaeus Philadelphus_, 285-247 B.C. -2. _Ptolemaeus Euergetēs_, 247-222 B.C. 3. _Ptolemaeus Philometor_, -181-146 B.C. 4. _Ptolemaeus Aulētēs_, 47-43 B.C. - -=Ptolemāïs, is=, f., a city in Libya. - -=pūblicē= [=pūblicus=], adv., _in the name of_ (by order of) _the -state_, _publicly_, _officially_. - -=pūblicus, a, um= [orig. =poplicus=], adj., _belonging to the people_, -_public_; _official_. - -=Pūblicola, ae=, m., _L. (P.) Valerius Pūblicola_, consul 509 B.C. - -=pudīcitia, ae= [=pudīcus=], f., _modesty_, _virtue_. - -=pudīcus, a, um= [=pudeō=, _to be ashamed_], adj., _modest_, _virtuous_. - -=puer, puerī=, m., _a child_; _boy_; _slave_. - -=pūgna, ae=, f., _a combat_, _fight_, _battle_. - -=pūgnātor, ōris=, m., _a fighter_, _combatant_. - -=pūgnō, ārē, āvī, ātus= [=pūgna=], _to fight_; _oppose_, _resist_. -=ex--expūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to take by storm_, _capture_; -_overpower_, _prevail upon_. =ob--oppūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to fight -against_, _assault_, _besiege_. - -=Pulcher, chrī=, m., _P. Claudius Pulcher_, consul 249 B.C. - -=Pullus, ī=, m., _L. Iūnius Pullus_, consul 249 B.C. - -=Pulvillus, ī=, m., _(M.) Horātius Pulvillus_, consul 500 B.C. - -=Pūnicus, a, um=, adj., _Phoenician_, _Punic_; _Carthaginian_; =Pūnicum -bellum=, _Punic war_, first, 264-241 B.C.; second, 218-202 B.C.; third, -149-146 B.C. - -=pūniō, īre, īvī, ītus= [=poena=], _to punish_. - -=Pupiēnus, ī=, m. _(M. Clōdius) Pupiēnus (Māximus)_, Roman emperor 238 -A.D. - -=pūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=pūrus + agō=], _to make clear_; _clear away_, -_excuse_. - -=purpura, ae=, f., _purple-color_, _purple_, _purple garment_. - -=purpureus, a, um= [=purpura=], adj., _purple-colored_; _clothed in -purple_. - -=purpurō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=purpura=], _to be clothed in purple_. - -=putō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to think_, _consider_, _suppose_. - -=Pylaemēnēs, is=, m., king of Paphlagonia. - -=Pȳrēnaeus, a, um=, adj. (sc. =mōns=), _the Pyrenees mountains_. - -=Pyrrhus, ī=, m., king of Epirus, waged war against Rome 281-272 B.C. - - -Q. - -=Q.=, abbreviation of the _praenomen_ =Quīntus=. - -=Quādī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Suabian people. - -=quadrāgēsimus, a, um= [=quadrāgintā=], num. adj., _fortieth_. - -=quadriennium, ī= [=quattuor= + =annus=], n., _a period of four years_. - -=quadringentī, ae, a= [=quattuor= + =centum=], num. adj., _four -hundred_. - -=quadringentiēs= [=quadringentī=], num. adv., _four hundred times_. - -=quaerō, ere, quaesīvī, quaesītus=, _to seek_; _ask_; _get_, _obtain_. - -=quaestor, ōris= [orig. =quaesitor=; cf. =quaerō=, =quaesō=], m., -_quaestor_, _quartermaster_, a name given to certain magistrates who -had the care of public moneys and military supplies, both at Rome and -in the provinces. - -=qualis, e=, adj., (1) interrog., _of what kind?_ _what sort of?_ (2) -rel., _of such a kind_, _such as_, _as_. - -=quam= [=quis=], adv., _how_, _how much_; after a comp., _than_; with a -sup., _as possible_; =quam prīmum=, _as soon as possible_; =quamdiū=, -_as long as_; =tam … quam=, _as … so, not only … but also_. - -=quamquam=, conj., _although_, _even if_. - -=quamvīs= [=quam= + =vīs=, from =volō=], adv. and conj., _however -much_, _although_. - -=quantus, a, um= [=quam=], adj., (1) interrog., =how great?= =how -much?= (2) rel., correl. to =tantus=, _as great as_, _as_. - -=quantum=, adv., _how much?_ _how far?_ - -=quārē= [=quā= + =rē=], adv., (1) interrog., =why?= (2) rel., _for -which reason_, _wherefore_, _therefore_. - -=quārtō= [=quārtus=], adv., _for the fourth time_. - -=quārtus, a, um= [=quattuor=], num. adj., _fourth_. - -=quasi=, adv. and conj., _as if_, _just as if_, _as though_; _on the -ground that_. - -=quātenus=, adv., (1) interrog., _to what point?_ _how far?_ (2) rel., -_as far as_. - -=quater= [=quattuor=], num. adv., _four times_. - -=quaternī, ae, a= [=quater=], dist. num. adj., _four each_, _by fours_, -_four at a time_. - -=quattuor=, indecl. num. adj., _four_. - -=quattuordecim= [=quattuor= + =decem=], indecl. num. adj., _fourteen_. - -=-que=, conj. enclitic, _and_, _and yet_, _but_. - -=queror, ī, questus sum=, _to complain_. - -=quī, quae, quod=, rel. pron., _who_, _which_, _what_, _that_; -_whoever_, _whatever_. - -=quī, quae=, or =qua, quod=, indef. pron. used adjectivally, _any_, -_some_. - -=quia=, conj., _because_, _since_. - -=quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque=, indef. rel. pron., _whoever_, -_whichever_, _whatever_. - -=quīdam, quaedam, quiddam=, and as adj., =quoddam=, indef. pron., a -_certain one_, _somebody_; _a certain_. - -=quidem=, adv., _indeed_, _in fact_, _to be sure_; =nē … quidem=, _not -even_, _not at all_. - -=quiēscō, ere, ēvī, ētus=, _to rest_, _repose_, _keep quiet_. - -=quiētus, a, um= [=quiēscō=], adj., _at rest_, _free from exertion_; -_undisturbed_, _quiet_, _peaceful_. - -=quīlibet, quaelibet, quodlibet= (=quidlibet=), indef. pron., _any one -you please_, _any one_, _who_ or _whatsoever_. - -=quīn= [=quī=, adv., _how?_ + =ne=], conj., _how not?_ _why not?_ -_that_, _that not_, _but that_; =quīn et= or =etiam=, _nay more_. - -=quīngentēsimus, a, um= [=quīngentī=], num. adj., _five hundredth_. - -=quīngentī, ae, a= [=quīnque= + =centum=], num. adj., _five hundred_. - -=quīnī, ae, a= [=quīnque=], dist. num. adj., _five each_, _by fives_. - -=quīnquāgēsimus, a, um= [=quīnquāgintā=], num. adj., _fiftieth_. - -=quīnquāgintā=, indecl. num. adj., _fifty_. - -=quīnque=, indecl. num. adj., _five_. - -=Quīnquegentiānī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of Libya. - -=Quīntillus, ī=, m., _(M. Aurēlius) Quīntillus_, brother of the emperor -M. Aurelius Claudius. - -=Quīntius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Cincinnātus=, -=Flaminīnus=. - -=quīntō= [=quīntus=], num. adv., _for the fifth time_. - -=quīntus, a, um= [=quīnque=], num. adj., _fifth_. - -=quippe=, adv., _indeed_, _as you see_, _surely_. - -=quīque= ＝ =et quī=. - -=Quirīnālis, is= (sc. =collis=), m., _the Quirinal Hill_, one of the -seven hills of Rome. - -=quis, qua, quid=, indef. pron. used substantively, _some one_, _any -one_, _something_, _anything_. - -=quisquam, quaequam, quicquam=, indef. pron., adj., or noun, _any one_, -_anything_, _any_. - -=quō= [=quī=], adv., (1) rel., _whither_, _where_; (2) interrog., -_whither?_ _where?_ (3) indef., _to any place_, _anywhere_. - -=quō= [=quī=], conj., with comparatives, _in order that_, _that_, _that -thereby_; =quō minus=, _that not_. - -=quod= [=quī=], conj., _because_, _supposing that_, _in that_, _so far -as_; =quod sī=, _but if_. - -=quondam=, adv., _once_, _formerly_, _sometime_. - -=quoque=, conj., _also_, _too_. - -=quoūsque=, adv., _till when?_ _how long?_ _until_ (late). - - -R. - -=Raetia, ae=, f., a Roman province south of the Danube. - -=rapiō, ere, rapuī, raptus=, _to seize and carry off_, _drag off_; -_plunder_, _destroy_. =con--corripiō, ere, uī, reptus=, to seize, -_snatch up_, _grasp_; _collect_, _carry off_, _plunder_. =dis--dīripiō, -ere, uī, reptus=, _to tear asunder_, _ravage_, _plunder_. =ex--ēripiō, -ere, uī, reptus=, _to take_ or _snatch away_; _rescue_; _deprive_. - -=ratiō, ōnis= [=reor=, _to think_], f., _reckoning_, _calculation_, -_account_; _method_, _plan_. - -=rationālis, e= [=ratiō=], adj., _of_ or _belonging to accounts_; as -subst., =rationālis, is=, m., _an accountant_. - -=ratus, a, um= [=reor=, _to think_], adj., _thought out_, _defined_, -_fixed_. - -=Ravenna, ae=, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul. - -=rebellō=, see =bellō=. - -=recēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=recēns, entis=, adj., _recent_, _late_, _fresh_. - -=receptor, ōris= [=recipiō=], m., _a harborer_, _concealer_. - -=recipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=recognōscō=, see =nōscō=. - -=reconciliō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to procure again_, _regain_; _reunite_, -_reconcile_. - -=recordor, ārī, ātus sum= [=re= + =cor=, _heart_], _to remember_, -_recall_. - -=rēctus, a, um= [=regō=], adj., _straight_, _direct_. - -=recūsō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=re= + =causa=], _to refuse_, _object_, -_decline_, _hesitate_. - -=redō=, see =dō=. - -=redeō=, see =eō=. - -=redigō=, see =agō=. - -=redimō=, see =emō=. - -=redūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=referō=, see =ferō=. - -=refōrmō, āre, --, ātus= [=re= + =fōrma=], _to shape again_, _reform_, -_change_. - -=refugiō=, see =fugiō=. - -=rēgīna, ae= [=rēx=], f., _a queen_. - -=regiō, ōnis= [=regō=], f., _a direction_; _region_, _territory_. - -=rēgius, a, um= [=rēx=], adj., _royal_, _kingly_. - -=rēgnō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=rēgnum=], _to be king_, _rule_. - -=rēgnum, ī= [=rēx=], n., _kingship_, _supremacy_; _kingdom_, _reign_. - -=regō, ere, rēxī, rēctus=, _to regulate_, _rule_, _conduct_. -=ad--adrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus=, _to set up_, _raise_, _erect_; -_rouse_, _encourage_. =con--corrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus=, _to -straighten_, _correct_, _improve_. =per--pergō, ere, perrēxī, -perrēctus=, _to go straight on_, _proceed_, _hasten_; with acc., -_pursue with vigor_, _perform_. - -=regredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=Rēgulus, ī=, m., 1. _M. Atīlius Rēgulus_, consul 267 B.C. 2. _M. -Atīlius Rēgulus_, consul 256 B.C. - -=religiō, ōnis=, f., _sense of duty_; _religion_, _devotion to the -gods_; _scruple_. - -=relinquō, ere, līquī, līctus= [=re= + =linquō=, _to leave_], _to leave -behind_, _leave_; _bequeath_; _appoint by will_. - -=reliquiae, ārum= [=relinquō=], pl. f., _remainder_, _remnant_, -_residue_. - -=reliquus, a, um= [=relinquō=], adj., _remaining_, _rest_. - -=remandō=, see =mandō=. - -=remaneō=, see =maneō=. - -=remeō, āre, āvī, --=, _to go back_, _return_. - -=remittō=, see =mittō=. - -=removeō=, see =moveō=. - -=rēmus, ī=, m., =an oar=. - -=Remus, ī=, m., the brother of Romulus. - -=renovō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=re= + =novus=], _to renew_. - -=reparō=, see =parō=. - -=repente= [=repēns=, _sudden_], adv., _suddenly_. - -=repentīnus, a, um= [=repēns=, _sudden_], adj., _sudden_, _unexpected_. - -=reperiō=, see =*pariō=. - -=repetō=, see =petō=. - -=repōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=reportō=, see =*portō=. - -=reprehendō=, see =*prehendō=. - -=repressor, ōris= [=reprimō=, _to check_], m., _a restrainer_, -_represser_. - -=repudiō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to cast off_, _divorce_; _reject_, _scorn_. - -=rēs, reī=, f., _thing_, _matter_; _affair_, _deed_, _exploit_, -_event_; _circumstance_; _story_; _property_, _fortune_; _trouble_; -=rēs familiāris=, _private property_; =rēs pūblica=, _the -commonwealth_, _state_; =rēs gestae=, _exploits_. - -=reservō=, see =servō=. - -=resideō=, see =sedeō=. - -=resistō=, see =*sistō=. - -=respondeō=, see =spondeō=. - -=respōnsum, ī= [=respondeō=], n., _an answer_. - -=rēs pūblica=, see =rēs=. - -=restituō=, see =*statuō=. - -=resūmō=, see =sūmō=. - -=rēte, is=, n., _a net_, _snare_. - -=retineō=, see =teneō=. - -=retrō=, adv., _backward_, _behind_. - -=reus, ī=, m., _defendant_, _accused person_; _prisoner_. - -=revehō=, see =vehō=. - -=reverentia, ae= [=re= + =vereor=], f., _respect_, _awe_, _reverence_. - -=revertor=, see =*vertō=. - -=revocō=, see =vocō=. - -=rēx, rēgis= [=regō=], m., _a king_. - -=Rēx, Rēgis=, m., _Q. Mārcius Rēx_, consul 118 B.C. - -=Rhēa, ae=, f., _Rhēa Silvia_, the mother of Romulus and Remus. - -=Rhēnus, ī=, m., _the Rhine_. - -=Rhodanus, ī=, m., _the Rhone_. - -=Rhodiī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Rhodians_, the people of the island of -Rhodes. - -=Rhodopa, ae=, f., a lofty mountain in Thrace. - -=Rhodus, ī=, f., _Rhodes_, an island in the eastern part of the -Mediterranean Sea. - -=rīpa, ae=, f., _the bank of a river_. - -=rīpēnsis, e= [=rīpa=], adj., _situated_ or _stationed on the banks of -a river_; =Dācia rīpēnsis=, _Dacia on the Danube_. - -=rogō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to ask_, _inquire_; _request_, _implore_. -=ab--abrogō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to appeal_; _annul_, _abrogate_. - -=Rōma, ae=, f., _Rome_. - -=Rōmānus, a, um=, adj., _Roman_; as subst., =Rōmānī, ōrum=, pl. m., -_the Romans_. - -=Rōmulus, ī=, m., the son of Rhea Silvia and Mars, the founder of Rome. - -=rōstrātus, a, um= [=rōstrum=], adj., _furnished with beaks_. - -=rōstrum, ī=, n., _the beak of a ship_; pl., the Rostra or speaker’s -platform in the Forum (adorned with the beaks of captured ships). - -=ruber, bra, brum=, adj., _red_; =Rubrum mare=, _the Red Sea_. - -=Rūfīnus, ī=, m., _P. Cornēlius Rūfīnus_, consul 290 B.C. - -=Rūfus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _M. Minucius Rūfus_, -consul 221 B.C. 2. _(Q.) Minucius Rūfus_, consul 110 B.C. 3. _P. -Sulpicius (Rūfus)_, a partisan of Marius. - -=rumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus=, _to break_, _destroy_. =con--corrumpō, -ere, rūpī, ruptus=, _to destroy_; _seduce_, _bribe_, _corrupt_. -=ex--ērumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus=, _to break forth_ or _out_, _burst -forth_. =in--inrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus=, _to break in_, _fall upon_; -_interrupt_. - -=rūrsus= or =rūrsum= [orig. =revorsus=; cf. =revertō=], adv., _back_; -_again_. - -=rūsticus, a, um= [=rūs=, _the country_], adj., _of the country_, -_rustic_; as subst., =rūsticānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _countrymen_. - -=Rutilius, ī=, m., _P. Rutilius_, consul 90 B.C. - - -S. - -=Sabīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Sabines_, a race in central Italy, -adjoining Latium on the east. - -=Sabīnus, ī=, m., 1. _Oppius Sabīnus_, a Roman general slain by Dacians -during the reign of Domitian. 2. _Q. Titūrius (Sabīnus)_, a lieutenant -of Caesar. 3. _(Flavius) Sabīnus_, brother of the emperor Vespasian. - -=sacer, cra, crum=, adj., _holy_, _sacred_; as subst., sacrum, ī, n., -_a holy thing_, _sacred vessel_; pl. _religious rites_, _sacrifices_. - -=sacerdōs, ōtis= [=sacer=], m. and f., _priest_, _priestess_. - -=sacrāmentum, ī= [=sacrō=], n., _an oath_. - -=*sacrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to set apart_; _bless_; _curse_. - -=con--cōnsecrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to dedicate_, _consecrate_, _devote_. -=ex--exsecror, ārī, ātus sum=, _to curse_, _abhor_. =ob--obsecrō, āre, -āvī, ātus=, _to implore_, _supplicate_. - -=saepe=, adv., _frequently_, _often_. - -=saeviō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus= [=saevus=], _to be fierce_ or _cruel_, -_rage_; _punish cruelly_. - -=saevitia, ae= [=saevus=], f., _fury_, _cruelty_. - -=saevus, a, um=, adj., _raging_, _fierce_, _cruel_. - -=sagāx, ācis=, adj., _of quick perception_, _sagacious_, _keen-scented_. - -=sagitta, ae=, f., _arrow_. - -=sagittārius, ī= [=sagitta=], m., _an archer_, _bowman_. - -=Saguntīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Saguntum_. - -=Saguntum, ī=, n., a city on the eastern coast of Spain. - -=salārius, a, um= [=sāl=, _salt_], adj., _of salt_, _salty_; _via -Salāria_, the road from Rome to Reate. - -=Salassī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people living in the Alps. - -=Salīnātōr, ōris=, m., _M. Līvius Salīnātōr_, consul 210 B.C. - -=Sallentīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of Calabria in southern Italy. - -=Salōnae, ārum=, pl. f., a city in Dalmatia. - -=saltō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to dance_, _leap_. - -=salūtō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=salūs=, _health_], _to wish one health_, -_greet_, _salute_, _visit_. - -=Salvius=, ī, m., see =Iūliānus=. - -=salvus, a, um=, adj., _well_, _safe_, _sound_. - -=Samnītēs, um=, Gr. acc. pl. =Samnītas=, pl. m., _the Samnites_, a -branch of the Sabine race inhabiting the mountains southeast of Latium. - -=Samnium, ī=, n., a division of middle Italy. - -=Samus, ī=, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, near the coast of -Asia Minor. - -=sanguinārius, a, um= [=sanguis=], adj., _bloodthirsty_, _bloody_, -_sanguinary_. - -=sanguis, inis=, m., _blood_. - -=Sapōr, ōris=, m., the name of several Persian kings. 1. _Sapor I._, -240-273 A.D. 2. _Sapor II._, 310-381 A.D. - -=Sardī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Sardinians_, inhabitants of the island of -Sardinia. - -=Sardica, ae=, f., a city in Lower Moesia. - -=Sardinia, ae=, f., _Sardinia_, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, -west of Italy. - -=Sardiniēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the Sardinians_, inhabitants of the -island of Sardinia. - -=Sarmatae, ārum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Sarmatia_. - -=Sarmatia, ae=, f., _Sarmatia_, now the eastern part of Poland and the -southern part of Russia in Europe. - -=Sāturnīnus, ī=, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=sauciō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=saucius=], _to wound_. - -=Sauromātae, ārum=, pl. m., a people of Asia dwelling on the Tanaïs. - -=Saxonēs, um=, pl. m., _the Saxons_. - -=saxum, ī=, n., _a stone_, _rock_, _boulder_. - -=*scandō, ere, --, --=, _to climb_, _mount_. =ad--ascendō, ere, ī, -scēnsus=, _to climb up_, _mount_, _ascend_. =con--cōnscendō, ere, ī, -scēnsus=, _to mount_, _ascend_; _go on board_. - -=Scaevola, ae=, m., _Q. Mūcius Scaevola_, consul 117 B.C. - -=scelerātus, a, um= [=scelus=], adj., _wicked_, _infamous_. - -=scelus, eris=, n., _a sin_, _crime_. - -=scēna, ae=, f., _a stage_. - -=scientia, ae= [=sciō=], f., _knowledge_, _skill_. - -=scīlicet= [=scīre= + =licet=], adv., _plainly_, _of course_, -_doubtless_. - -=sciō, īre, scīvī, scītus=, _to know_, _understand_. - -=Scīpiō, ōnis=, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of -Rome. 1. _Cornēlius Scīpiō_, consul 83 B.C. 2. _Cn. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, -consul 222 B.C. 3. _L. (Cornēlius) Scīpiō_, consul 259 B.C. 4. _P. -Cornēlius Scīpiō_, consul 218 B.C. 5. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, consul 191 -B.C. 6. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, praetor 94 B.C. 7. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō -Āfricānus_, consul 205 B.C., the conqueror of Hannibal in the First -Punic War. 8. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus (Minor)_, consul 147 B.C. -He brought the Third Punic War to a close by capturing and destroying -Carthage. 9. _L. Cornēlius Scīpiō Asiāgenēs_, consul 83 B.C. 10. _P. -(Cornēlius) Scīpiō Nāsīca_, consul 91 B.C. - -=Scordiscī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Thracian people. - -=scrība, ae= [=scrībō=], f., _a clerk_, _secretary_. - -=scrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus=, _to write_. =dē--dēscrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus=, _to copy off_, _sketch_, _describe_. -=prō--prōscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus=, _to offer for sale_; -_proscribe_, _outlaw_. - -=Scrībonius, ī=, m., see =Curiō=. - -=scrīnium, ī=, n., _a case_, _box_ (especially for books and papers). - -=Scythae, ārum=, pl. m., a wandering tribe of Europe and Asia north of -the Black and Caspian Seas. - -=sē=, see =suī=. - -=sectiō, ōnis=, f., _a sale at auction of confiscated property_. - -=secundō= [=secundus=], adv., _for the second time_. - -=secundus, a, um= [=sequor=], adj., _second_; _favorable_, _successful_. - -=Secundus, ī=, m., _Petrōnius Secundus_, a partisan of Nerva. - -=sēcūritās, ātis= [=sēcūrus=, _free from care_], f., _freedom from -care_, _security_. - -=sed=, conj., _but_; _yet_. - -=sedeō, ēre, sēdī, sessus=, _to sit_, _settle_, _remain_, _be -encamped_. =ob--obsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus=, _to besiege_, _occupy_; -_watch closely_. =re--resideō, ēre, sēdī, --=, _to sit back_, _remain -sitting_, _be left behind_, _remain_. - -=sēdēs, is= [cf. =sedeō=], f., _seat_, _chair_; _residence_, _abode_. - -=sēditiō, ōnis= [=sed= + =itiō=, from =eō=], f., _dissension_, -_rebellion_, _revolt_. - -=sēditiōsē= [=sēditiō=], adv., _seditiously_. - -=Seleucīa, ae=, f., 1. A city in Assyria. 2. A city in Cilicia. 3. A -city in Syria. - -=sella, ae= [=sedeō=], f., _a seat_, _chair_. - -=semel=, adv., _once_. - -=sēmibarbarus, ī=, m., _semi-barbarian_. - -=semper=, adv., _always_. - -=Semprōnius, ī=, m., P. Semprōnius, consul 268 B.C. See =Blaesus=, -=Gracchus=. - -=Sēna, ae=, f., a city in Umbria in Italy. - -=senātor, ōris= [=senātus=], m., _a senator_. - -=senātus, ūs= [cf. =senex=], m., _council of elders_, _senate_, in the -time of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king -when he desired advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state. - -=senectūs, ūtis= [=senex=], f., _old age_. - -=senēscō, ere, senuī, --= [=senex=], _to grow old._ =con--cōnsenēscō, -ere, senuī, --=, _to grow old_. - -=senex, gen. senis=, adj., _old_; comp. =senior=, _elder_; sup. -=māximus= (=nātū=), _eldest_. As subst., =senex, senis=, m., _an old -man_; =seniōrēs, um=, pl. m., =the elders= (men over 45). - -=senior=, see =senex=. - -=Senonēs, um=, pl. m., a people of Celtic Gaul. - -=Senonēs, um=, pl. m., the chief city of the Senones. - -=sententia, ae= [=sentiō=], f., _an opinion_, _judgment_; _sense_. - -=sentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsus=, _to discern by sense_, _feel_; _see_, -_perceive_. =ad--adsentor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to assent_, _flatter_, -_fawn_. =con--cōnsentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsus=, _to agree_; _conspire_, -_plot_. - -=Sentius, ī=, m., _Cn. Sentius_, a Roman general during the reign of -the emperor Claudius. - -=sepeliō, īre, īvī (iī), sepultus=, _to bury_, _inter_. - -=septem=, indecl. num. adj., _seven_. - -=September, bris=, m., _September_, the seventh month of the year -beginning with March. - -=septendecim= [=septem= + =decem=], indecl. num. adj., _seventeen_. - -=septennium, ī= [=septem= + =annus=], n., _the space of seven years_. - -=Septimius, ī=, m., see =Sevērus=. - -=septimus, a, um= [=septem=], num. adj., _seventh_. - -=septingentēsimus, a, um= [=septingentī=, _seven hundred_], num. adj., -_seven hundredth_. - -=septuāgenārius, a, um= [=septuāgintā=], num. adj., _of_ or _belonging -to the number seventy_. - -=septuāgēsimus, a, um= [=septuāgintā=], num. adj., _seventieth_. - -=septuāgintā= [=septem=], indecl. num. adj., _seventy_. - -=sepultūra, ae= [=sepeliō=], f., _burial_, _funeral_. - -=Sēquanī, ōrum=, pl. m., an important tribe in eastern Gaul north of -the Rhone. - -=sequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to follow_, _pursue_; _ensue_. -=con--cōnsequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to pursue_, _overtake_; _arrive_; -_obtain_. =in--īnsequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to pursue_, _follow up_. -=ob--obsequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to submit to_, _indulge in_, _assist_. -=per--persequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to pursue_, _prosecute_; _relate_. -=prō--prōsequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to follow after_, _pursue_, -_address_. - -=Serāpīum, ī=, n., _Serāpīum_, the temple of Serapis. - -=Serdica, ae=, f., a town in Upper Moesia, the modern Sofia. - -=Sergius, ī=, m., see =Catilīna=. - -=sēricus, a, um=, adj., _of silk_, _silken_. - -=sermō, ōnis=, m., _talk_, _conversation_, _ discourse_. - -=*serō, ere, --, tus=, _to bind together_. - -=ad--adserō, ere, uī, tus=, _to claim_, _lay claim to_. - -=con--cōnserō, ere, uī, tus=, _to join in battle_; =cōnserere manūs=, -_to fight hand to hand_. - -=dē--dēserō, ere, uī, tus=, _to leave_, _abandon_, _desert_. - -=in--īnserō, ere, uī, tus=, _to fasten into_; _insert_. - -=Sertōrius, ī=, m., _Q. Sertōrius_, an officer in the army of Marius. -He went to Spain as propraetor in 82 B.C. and maintained an independent -command until his death in 72 B.C. - -=Servīlius, ī=, m., _Q. Servīlius_, consul 365 B.C. See =Caepiō=, -=Casca=, =Vatia=. - -=serviō, īre, īvī= (=iī=), =ītus=, _to be the slave of_, _devote one’s -self to_; _have regard to_. - -=Servius, ī=, m., see =Tullius=. - -=servitium, ī= [=servus=], n., _slavery_; _slaves_. - -=servitūs, ūtis= [=servus=], f., _slavery_. - -=servō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to save_, _preserve_, _watch_. - -=con--cōnservō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to keep safe_, _preserve_. - -=re--reservō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to keep back_, _reserve_, _preserve_. - -=servus, ī=, m., _a slave_, _servant_. - -=sēsē=, see =suī=. - -=sēstertius, ī= [=sēmis=, _half_, + =tertius=], m., (sc. =nummus=), -_a sesterce_, a small silver coin equivalent originally to two and -one-half asses, but later worth about four cents. In naming large -sums the Romans spoke of “so many times a hundred thousand sestertii” -(_centēna mīlia sēstertium_). - -=sevērē= [=sevērus=], adv., sup. =sevērissimē=; _strictly_, _severely_. - -=sevērissimē=, see =sevērē=. - -=sevēritās, ātis= [=sevērus=], f., _strictness_, _severity_, -_sternness_. - -=sevērus, a, um=, adj., _serious_, _strict_, _harsh_. - -=Sevērus, ī=, m., 1. _(L.) Septimius Sevērus_, Roman emperor 193-211 -A.D. 2. _(Flavius Valerius) Sevērus_, Roman emperor 306-307 A.D. - -=sex=, indecl. num. adj., _six_. - -=Sex.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Sextus=. - -=sexāgenārius, a, um= [=sexāgintā=], num. adj., _belonging to sixty_; -=māior sexāgenāriō=, _older than sixty years_. - -=sexāgēsimus, a, um= [=sexāgintā=], num. adj., _sixtieth_. - -=sexāgintā= [=sex=], indecl. num. adj., _sixty_. - -=sexcentēsimus, a, um= [=sexcentī=], num. adj., _six hundredth_. - -=sexcentī, ae, a= [=sex + centum=], num. adj., _six hundred_. - -=sexdecim= or =sēdecim= [=sex= + =decem=], indecl. num. adj., _sixteen_. - -=sexiēs= [=sex=], num. adv., _six times_. - -=Sextus, ī=, m., _Sextus Chaeronēnsis_, a teacher of Antoninus Pius. - -=sextus, a, um= [=sex=], num. adj., _sixth_. - -=sī=, conj., _if whether_; =quod sī=, _but if_. - -=sīc=, adv., _so_, _thus_; =sīc … ut=, _just as_. - -=Sicilia, ae=, f., _the island of Sicily_. - -=Siculī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Sicily_. - -=sīcut= [=sīc= + =ut=], adv., _just as_. - -=sīdō, ere, --, --=, _to seat one’s self_, _sit down_. =con--cōnsīdō, -ere, sēdī, sessus=, _to sit down_; _settle_, _encamp_, _take a -position_. - -=sīgnificō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=sīgnum= + =faciō=], _to make signs_, -_show_; _point out_, _indicate_. - -=sīgnum, ī=, n., _sign_, _signal_; _military_ _standard_, _ensign_; -_statue_, _image_. - -=Sīlānus, ī=, m., a celebrated Roman family. 1. _D. Iūnius Sīlānus_, -consul 62 B.C. 2. _M. Iūnius Sīlānus_, consul 109 B.C. - -=Silvānus, ī=, m., a Roman who revolted in Gaul during the reign of the -emperor Constantius. - -=Silvia=, see =Rhēa=. - -=similis, e=, adj., sup. =simillimus=; _like_, _similar_. - -=simul=, adv., _at the same time_; =simul atque= or =ac=, _as soon as_. - -=sine=, prep. with abl., _without_. - -=Singara, ae=, f., a city in Mesopotamia, on the Tigris. - -=singulāris, e= [=singulī=], adj., _one by one_, _single_, -_individual_; _remarkable_, _singular_, _unparalleled_. - -=singulī, ae, a=, adj., _one at a time_, _one apiece_, _single_. - -=sinister, tra, trum=, adj., _left_. - -=sinō, ere, sīvī, situs=, _to put_, _place_; _permit_, _let._ -=dē--dēsinō, ere, sīvī (iī), situs=, _to cease_, _stop_. - -=Sinōpē, ēs=, f., a city in Paphlagonia, on the Black Sea. - -=Sipylus, ī=, m., a mountain in Lydia. - -=Sirmium, ī=, n., a city in Lower Pannonia. - -=*sistō, ere, stitī, status=, _to cause to stand_, _place_, _set_; -_stand_. =con--cōnsistō, ere, stitī, --=, _to stand_, _take position_ -(of an army); _stop_, _halt_; _be firm_, _endure_, _continue_. -=ex--exsistō, ere, stitī, --=, _to make come out_; _appear_, _arise_, -_project_, _exist_. =re--resistō, ere, stitī, --=, _to oppose_, -_withstand_, _resist_. - -=situs, a, um= [orig. part. of =sinō=], adj., _placed_, _situate_, -_lying_. - -=Smyrna, ae=, f., one of the most flourishing and important sea-ports -of Asia Minor. - -=socer, erī=, m., _father-in-law_. - -=sociālis, e= [=socius=], adj., _social_. - -=socius, ī=, m., _a comrade_, _ally_, _confederate_. - -=sōcordia, ae=, f., _dullness_, _carelessness_; _laziness_, _indolence_. - -=sōl, sōlis=, m., _the sun_; =Sōl, Sōlis=, m., _the Sun-god_. - -=sōlitūdō, inis= [=sōlus=], f., _loneliness_; _lonely place_, -_wilderness_. - -=sollers, ertis=, adj., _skillful_, _expert_. - -=sollicitō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=sollicitus=, _agitated_], _to urge_, -_incite_, _tempt_, _solicit_. - -=sollicitūdō, inis= [=sollicitus=, _agitated_], f., _uneasiness of -mind_, _care_, _anxiety_. - -=solum, ī=, n., _the ground_, _soil_. - -=sōlum= [=sōlus=], adv., _only_. - -=sōlus, a, um=, gen. =sōlīus=, dat. =sōlī=, adj., _only_, _alone_. - -=solvō, ere, solvī, solūtus=, _to loose_; _set sail_; _annul_; _pay_; -_unseal_, _open_. - -=Sophanēnē, ēs=, f., or _Sophene_, a division of Armenia Maior. - -=soror, ōris=, f., _a sister_. - -=Sp.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Spurius=. - -=Spartacus, ī=, m., a Roman gladiator who led an insurrection of -gladiators and slaves, 73 B.C. - -=spatiōsus, a, um= [=spatium=, _space_], adj., _roomy_, _of great -extent_, _ample_, _extensive_. - -=*speciō, ere, spēxī, --=, (obsolete), _to look_. =ad--adspiciō, ere, -spēxī, spectus=, _to look at_, _examine_, _inspect_. =con--cōnspiciō, -ere, spēxī, spectus=, _to catch sight of_, _spy_; _see_. - -=spectāculum, ī= [=spectō=, _to look at_], n., _a show_, _spectacle_. - -=spectō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =*speciō=], _to look at_, _watch_, -_behold_. =ex--exspectō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to look out for_, _wait -for_, _await_. - -=speculātor, ōris=, m., _a spy_. - -=spēs, eī=, f., _hope_, _expectation_. - -=spolium, ī=, n., _spoil_, _booty_. - -=spondeō, ēre, spopondī, spōnsus=, _to promise_. =re--respondeō, ēre, -ī, spōnsus=, _to answer_, _reply_; _correspond to_, _agree with_. - -=sponte= [abl. of =spōns=, obs.], f., _voluntarily_; with =meā, tuā=, -or =suā=, _of my_, _your_, or _his own free will_. - -=stadium, ī=, n., _a stade_, _stadium_, _furlong_, 606¾ English feet; -_a course for foot races_; _race course_; _Stadium_, the race course -built by Domitian. - -=statim= [=stō=], adv., _instantly_, _at once_. - -=statiō, ōnis= [=stō=], f., _a picket_, _guard_. - -=statīvus, a, um= [=stō=], adj., _permanent_, _stationary_; =castra -statīva=, _a permanent camp_. - -=statua, ae= [=stō=], _a statue_, _image_. - -=*statuō, ere, ī, ūtus= [=stō=], _to cause to stand_, _set up_, -_place_; _determine_; _determine on_; _arrange_, _appoint_. -=con--cōnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to set up_, _erect_; _set in order_, -_organize_; _arrange_, _appoint_; _resolve_. =dē--dēstituō, ere, ī, -ūtus=, _to set down_, _deposit_. =in--īnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to set -in place_, _arrange_; _found_, _establish_; _determine_, _undertake_, -_begin_; _train_, _teach_. =prō--prōstituō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to set -forth in public_, _expose_; _dishonor_, _prostitute_, _offer for sale_. -=re--restituō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to set up again_, _replace_, _restore_, -_reinstate_; _repair_, _remedy_, _save_. - -=status, ūs= [=stō=], m., _state_, _position_, _rank_. - -=stella, ae=, f., _a star_. - -=stercus, oris=, n., _dung_, _excrement_, _manure_. - -=sternō, ere, strāvī, strātus=, _to lay low_, _scatter_; _pave_. - -=stilus, ī=, m., _stilus_, _pen_. - -=stīpendiārius, a, um= [=stīpendium=], adj., _tributary_, _paying -tribute_. - -=stīpendium, ī= [=stips=, _gift_ + =pendō=], n., _a payment_; _salary, -pay; campaign_. - -=stīpes, itis=, m., _a log_, _stock_, _post_, _trunk_. - -=*stō, āre, stetī, status=, _to stand_, _take the part of_, _stand -firm_; _continue_. =ad--astō, āre, stitī, --=, _to stand at_, _be at -hand_. =in--īnstō, āre, stitī, statūrus=, _to draw near_, _be present_; -_press on_, _pursue_. =prae--praestō, āre, stitī, stitus=, _to show_; -_bestow_, _supply_; _surpass_; _be preferable_; _do_, _perform_. - -=Stoicus, a=, um, adj., _Stoic_. - -=stolidē=, adv., _stupidly_, _stolidly_. - -=strangulō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to strangle_, _throttle_, _kill_. - -=Stratonīcē, ēs=, f., a city in Caria in Asia Minor. - -=strēnuē= [=strēnuus=], adv., sup. =strēnuissimē=, _vigorously_. - -=strēnuissimē=, see =strēnuē=. - -=strēnuus, a, um=, adj., _brisk_, _active_, _vigorous_. - -=strictim=, adv., _superficially_, _summarily_, _briefly_. - -=studeō, ēre, uī, --=, _to be eager_, _take pains about_, _pay -attention to_; _wish_, _try_; _favor_. - -=studiōsē= [=studiōsus=, _eager_], adv., _eagerly_, _zealously_. - -=studium, ī= [=studeō=], n., _zeal_, _enthusiasm_; _desire_, _pursuit_, -_study_; _good wil_l, _affection_. - -=stuprō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=stuprum=], _to debauch_, _dishonor_. - -=stuprum, ī=, n., _debauchery_, _defilement_, _dishonor_. - -=suādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsus=, _to advise_, _urge_, _exhort_. - -=sub=, prep. with acc., _under_, _towards_, _until_, _after_; with -abl., _under_, _beneath_, _at the foot of_, _close to_; _in the reign -of_. - -=subiciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=subigō=, see =agō=. - -=subitō= [=subitus=], adv., _suddenly_. - -=subitus, a, um= [=subeō=], adj., _sudden_, _unexpected_. - -=subiugō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=sub= + =iugum=], _to bring under the yoke_; -_subject_, _subjugate_. - -=sublātus=, see =tollō=. - -=submoveō=, see =moveō=. - -=subtīlis, e=, adj., _nice_, _precise_, _accurate_, _subtle_. - -=suburbānus, a, um= [=urbs=], adj., _near the city_, _suburban_. - -=subveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=succēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=successor, ōris= [=succēdō=], m., _a follower_, _successor_. - -=successus, ūs= [=succēdō=], m., _favorable outcome_, _success_. - -=sūdor, ōris= [=sūdō=, to sweat], m., _sweat_; _fatigue_. - -=Suessa, ae=, f., _Suessa Pōmētia_, a city of the Volsci, in Latium. - -=Suēvī, ōrum=, pl. m., a confederacy of German tribes. - -=Suēvia, ae=, f., _Suēvia_, the land of the Suevi, modern Bavaria and -Wurtemberg. - -=suī=, gen., =sibi=, dat., =sē= (=sēsē=), acc. and abl., reflex. pron., -sing. and pl., _himself_, _herself_, _itself_, _themselves_. - -=Sulla, ae=, m., _L. Cornēlius Sulla_, surnamed Felix, consul 88 B.C. - -=Sulpicius, ī=, m., 1. _C. Sulpicius_, dictator 304 B.C. 2. _P. -Sulpicius_, consul 279 B.C. 3. _P. Sulpicius_, consul 211 B.C. See -=Rūfus=. - -=sum, esse, fuī, futūrus=, _to be_, _exist_, _live_; with gen., -_belonging to_, _be a part of_; _be true_, _be so_; _happen_, _take -place_; with dat., _have_, _possess_. - -=ab--absum, esse, āfuī, --=, _to be away_ or _absent_, _be far from_; -=prope abesse=, _to be at no great distance_, _be near_. =in--īnsum, -īnesse, īnfuī, --=, _to be in_ or _on_; _belong to_. =inter--intersum, -esse, fuī, --=, _to be present at_, _take part in_. =prae--praesum, -praeesse, fuī, --=, _to be over_ or _before_; _rule_, _govern_, _be -in command of_. =prō--prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, --=, _to benefit_, -_profit_, _aid_. =super--supersum, esse, fuī, --=, _to be over and -above_, _remain_; _survive_, _outlive_. - -=summus=, see =superus=. - -=sumō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus=, _to use up_, _spend_. - -=con--cōnsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus=, _to use up_; _devour_, _waste_; -_destroy_; _spend_, _pass_; _use_, _employ_. - -=re--resūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus=, _to take up again_, _take back_, -_resume_. - -=sūmptus, ūs= [=sūmō=], m., _outlay_, _expense_. - -=supellex or supellectilis, is=, f., _household stuff_, _furniture_. - -=super=, prep. with acc., _over_, _above_, _upon_, _in addition to_; -with abl., _over_, _above_, _upon_, _on_; _about_, _of_, _concerning_. - -=superbia, ae= [=superbus=], f., _haughtiness_, _pride_. - -=superbus, a, um=, adj., _haughty_, _proud_, _august_. - -=superfluus, a, um= [=super= + =fluō=], adj., _running over_, -_superfluous_; _unnecessary_. - -=superior=, see =superus=. - -=superō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=super=], _to pass over_ or _around_, -_overcome_, _conquer_; _survive_. - -=supersum=, see =sum=. - -=superus, a, um= [=super=], adj., _above_, _on high_; comp. =superior, -ius=, _upper_, _higher_, _earlier_, _superior_; _victorious_; _elder_; -sup. =summus, a, um=, _highest_, _chief_, _utmost_. - -=superveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=supplicium, ī= [=supplex=, _a suppliant_], n., _punishment_, -_execution_, _torture_. - -=suprā=, adv. and prep. with acc., _above_, _over_, _before_, _on_. - -=Surēna, ae=, m., a general of the Parthians who defeated Crassus in 54 -B.C. - -=suscipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=suspectus, a, um= [orig. part. of =suspiciō=], adj., _mistrusted_, -_suspected_. - -=suspīciō, ōnis= [=suspiciō=, _to suspect_], f., _distrust_, -_suspicion_. - -=sustineō=, see =teneō=. - -=sustulī=, see =tollō=. - -=Sutrinī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Sutrium_, a city in -Etruria in Italy. - -=suus, a, um= [=suī=], pron. adj., _his own_, _her own_, _its own_, -_their own_; _his_, _her_, _its_, _their_; as subst., =suī, ōrum=, pl. -m., _his (their) friends_, _followers_, _soldiers_ or _fellow-citizens_. - -=Symiasera, ae=, f., the mother of Heliogabalus. - -=Syphāx, ācis=, m., a king of Numidia. - -=Syrācūsānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Syracuse_, a Greek city -in Sicily. - -=Syrācūsānus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Syracuse_; =urbs Syrācūsāna=, -_the city of Syracuse_. - -=Syria, ae=, f., _Syria_, a country of Asia, on the eastern coast of -the Mediterranean Sea. - -=Syriacus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Syria_, _Syrian_; =Syriacum -bellum=, _Syro-Aetolian war_, 192-189 B.C. - - -T. - -=T.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Titus=. - -=tabula, ae=, f., _a board_, _plank_; _picture_ (sc. =pīcta=, -_painted_); _writing tablet_; _record_, _list_. - -=Tacitus, ī=, m., _(M. Claudius) Tacitus_, Roman emperor 275-276 A.D. - -=Taifalī, ōrum=, pl. m., a tribe of Dacia. - -=talentum, ī=, n., _a talent_, a Greek money measure worth about $1100. - -=tālis, e=, adj., _such, of such a kind_; =tālis … qualis=, _such … as_. - -=tam=, adv., _to such a degree_, _so much_, _as much, so_; =tam … -quam=, _as … so_, _not only … but also_. - -=tamen=, adv., _yet_, _still_, _for all that_, _all the same_, -_however_, _nevertheless_. - -=tamquam=, adv. and conj., _as_, _as if_, _as though_. - -=tandem=, adv., _at length_, _at last_, _finally_. - -=*tangō, ere, tetigī, tāctus=, _to touch_; _reach to_. =ad--attingō, -ere, tigī, tāctus=, _to border on_, _touch_, _attain_. =con--contingō, -ere, tigī, tāctus=, _to touch_, _reach_; _occur_, _happen to_. - -=tantum= [=tantus=], adv., _so much_ (and no more), _only_, _merely_. - -=tantus, a, um=, adj., _so great_, _such_. - -=Tarentīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Tarentum_. - -=Tarentum, ī=, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of -Italy. - -=Tarquinius, ī=, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have -come from Etruria. 1. _(L.) Tarquinius Prīscus_, the fifth king of -Rome, 616-578 B.C. 2. _L. Tarquinius Superbus_, the son of Priscus, -the last king of Rome, 534-510 B.C. 3. _(Sextus) Tarquinius_, son of -(2). 4. _(L.) Tarquinius Collātīnus_, cousin of (3), and husband of -Lucretia, consul 509 B.C. - -=Tarracō, ōnis=, f., a city in Spain. - -=Tarsus, ī=, f., a city in Cilicia in Asia Minor. - -=Tauromenītānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Tauromenium_, a city -on the eastern coast of Sicily. - -=Taurus, ī=, m., a mountain range in Asia Minor. - -=taxō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =tangō=], _to touch sharply_, -_harass_, _vex_. - -=tēctōrium, ī= [=tegō=, _to cover_] n., _a covering_, _cover_; -_plastering_. - -=Telesīnus, ī=, m., _Pontius Telesīnus_, commander of the Samnites in -the war against Sulla. See Notes, p. 162. - -=temeritās, ātis= [=temerē=, _rashly_], f., _rashness_, _heedlessness_, -_temerity_. - -=tempestās, ātis= [=tempus=], f., _point of time_, _period of time_; -_storm_, _tempest_. - -=templum, ī=, n., _a sacred spot_; _temple_. - -=temptō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =tendō=], _to touch_, _handle_; -_try_, _attempt_; _sound_, _try to win over_. - -=tempus, oris=, n., _time_, _period_, _season_; _opportunity_, -_occasion_. - -=tenāx, ācis= [=teneō=], adj., _holding fast_, _tenacious_; _firm_, -_steadfast_, _persistent_. - -=tendō, ere, tetendī, tentus=, and =tēnsus=, _to spread out_, -_stretch_; =īnsidiās tendere=, _to lay a trap for_, _plot against_. - -=con--contendō, ere, ī, tentus=, _to stretch_; _exert one’s self_, -_strive_, _insist_; _hasten_, _march quickly_. =ob(s)--ostendō, ere, ī, -tentus=, _to stretch out_, _show_; _produce_, _furnish_; _disclose_, -_make known_. - -=teneō, ēre, uī, tentus=, _to hold_, _keep_, _possess_; _maintain_, -_guard_, _defend_; _seize_. =ab--abstineō, ēre, uī, tentus=, _to -hold back or from_; _keep aloof from_; _refrain from_, _abstain_. -=con--contineō, ēre, uī, tentus=, _to hold_, _keep_, _contain_; -_restrain_, _rule_, _curb_. =ob--obtineō, ēre, uī, tentus=, _to hold_, -_possess_; _rule_, _govern_. =re--retineō, ēre, uī, tentus=, _to hold_ -or _keep_ (back); _retain_, _detain_. =sub(s)--sustineō, ēre, uī, -tentus=, _to hold up_, _support_, _sustain_; _bear_, _endure_, _hold in -check_, _restrain_. - -=ter=, num. adv., _three times_. - -=Terentius, ī=, m., see =Varrō=. - -=tergum, ī=, n., _the back_; =tergum vertere=, _to flee_. - -=terminus, ī=, n., _the end_, _boundary_. - -=terra, ae=, f., _the earth_; _land_; _territory_, _country_. - -=terrester, tris, tre= [=terra=], adj., _of the earth_ or _land_. - -=terribilis, e= [=terreō=], adj., _frightful_, _dreadful_. - -=territōrium, ī= [=terra=], n., _a territory_, _domain_. - -=terror, ōris= [=terreō=], m., _fear_, _terror_. - -=tertiō= [=tertius=], num. adv., _the third time_. - -=tertius, a, um= [cf. =trēs=], num. adj., third. - -=Tervingī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of Dacia. - -=testāmentum, ī= [=testis=, _a witness_], n., _a will_, _testament_. - -=Tetricus, ī=, m., _(C. Pesuvius) Tetricus_, one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=Teutobodus, ī=, m., a leader of the Cimbri. - -=Teutonēs, um=, pl. m., _the Teutonēs_, a Germanic people which with -the Cimbri invaded Italy, but were defeated by Marius, 102 B.C. - -=Theodōra, ae=, f., the wife of Constantius. - -=thermae, ārum=, pl. f., _warm baths_. - -=Thessalia, ae=, f., _Thessaly_, a large district in the northeastern -part of Greece. - -=Thessalonīca, ae=, f., a city in Macedonia. - -=Thrācia, ae=, f., _Thrace_, a large district in the southeastern part -of Europe, between the Aegean Sea, Macedonia, and the Black Sea. - -=Tiberis, is=, m., the river Tiber. - -=Tiberius, ī=, m., _Tiberius (Claudius Nerō)_, Roman emperor 14-37 A.D. - -=Tigrānēs, is=, m., king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithradates, 96-56 -B.C. - -=Tigrānocerta, ae=, f., the capital city of Armenia Maior. - -=Tigris, idis=, m., _the Tigris_, a river in Mesopotamia. - -=timeō, ēre, uī, --=, _to fear_, _be anxious_. - -=timor, ōris= [=timeō=], m., _fear_, _a cause of fear_. - -=tīrō, ōnis=, m., _a recruit_; _beginner_. - -=Titūrius, ī=, m., see =Sabīnus=. - -=Titus, ī=, m., _T. Flavius Sabīnus Vespasiānus_, Roman emperor 79-81 -A.D. - -=toga, ae=, f., the toga, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans. - -=togātus, a, um= [=toga=], adj., _clad in the toga_; _in peaceful -garb_, _unarmed_. - -=tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātus=, _to lift_, _raise_, _take up_; -_remove_, _abolish_. - -=Tolumnius, ī=, m., _(Lar) Tolumnius_, leader of the Veientes. - -=Tomī, ōrum=, pl. m., a city in Lower Moesia. - -=Torquātus, ī=, m., 1. _(T.) Mānlius Torquātus_, dictator 353 B.C. 2. -_T. Mānlius Torquātus_, consul 235 B.C. - -=torquis, is=, m., _a twisted collar_, _necklace_. - -=tot=, indecl. adj., _so many_. - -=tōtus, a, um=, gen. =tōtīus=, dat. =tōtī=, adj., _all_, _all the_, -_the whole_, _entire_. - -=tractō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =trahō=], _to treat_. - -=trāctus, ūs= [=trahō=], m., _a stretch_, _tract_. - -=trādō=, see =dō=. - -=tragicus, a, um= [=tragoedia=], adj., of _tragedy_, _tragic_. - -=tragoedia, ae=, f., _tragedy_. - -=trahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus=, _to draw_, _drag_; _detain_. -=con--contrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus=, _to draw together_, _collect_, -_assemble_. =dē--dētrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus=, _to draw_ or _strip -off_, _remove_; _drag_. =dis--distrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus=, _to pull -asunder_, _part_, _separate_. =ex--extrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus=, _to -draw_ or _pull out_; _prolong_, _waste_. - -=prō--prōtrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, trāctus=, _to draw forth_, _bring -forward_, _produce_; _discover_, _disclose_. - -=trāiciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=Trāiānus, ī=, m., _(M.) Ulpius Crīnītus Trāiānus_, Roman emperor -98-117 A.D. - -=tranquillē= [=tranquillus=], adv., _calmly_, _tranquilly_. - -=Tranquillīna, ae=, the wife of the emperor Gordianus. - -=tranquillitās, ātis= [=tranquillus=], f., _calmness_, _stillness_; -=Tranquillitās, ātis= (as title of emperor), _Serene Highness_. - -=tranquillus, a, um=, adj., _calm_, _peaceful_, _tranquil_. - -=trāns=, prep. with acc., _across_, _beyond_, _over_. - -=trānsalpīnus, a, um= [=trāns= + =Alpēs=], adj., _across the Alps_, -_transalpine_. - -=trānseō=, see =eō=. - -=trānsferō=, see =ferō=. - -=trānsfuga, ae= [=trānsfugiō=, _to flee over_], m., _a deserter_. - -=trānsgredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=trānsigō=, see =agō=. - -=trānsitōrius, a, um= [=trānseō=], adj., _adapted for passing through_, -_having a passage way_; =forum Trānsitōrium=. - -=trānsmarīnus, a, um= [=trāns= + =mare=], adj., _beyond the sea_. - -=Trebelliānus, ī=, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=Trebia, ae=, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, where the second battle of -the Second Punic War was fought. - -=trecentēsimus, a, um= [=trecentī=], num. adj., _three hundredth_. - -=trecentī, ae, a= [=trēs= + =centum=], num. adj., _three hundred_. - -=Tremellius, ī=, m., a Roman quaestor who conquered Pseudoperses. - -=trēs, tria=, num. adj., _three_. - -=Triballī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Thracian people of Lower Moesia. - -=tribūnus, ī= [=tribus=], m., _chief of a tribe_, _tribune_; =tribūnus -mīlitum= or =mīlitāris=, _military tribune_, _captain_, one of the -minor officers of a legion, six in number; =tribūnus plēbis=, _tribune -of the people_, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in -494 B.C. to protect the plebeians from the patricians. Ten tribunes -were elected annually. Their persons were sacred. - -=tribuō, ere, ī, ūtus= [=tribus=], _to assign_, _grant_, _give_. -=dis--distribuō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to divide_, _distribute_, _apportion_. - -=tribus, ūs= [cf. =trēs=], f., _a tribe_ (orig. a third part of the -people). - -=tribūtum, ī= [=tribuō=], n., _a tax_, _tribute_. - -=trīcēsimus, a, um= [=trīgintā=], num. adj., _thirtieth_. - -=trīciēs= [=trīgintā=], num. adv., _thirty times_. - -=Tricipitīnus, ī=, m., Sp. Lucrētius Tricipitīnus, consul 509 B.C. - -=trīclīnium, ī=, n., a couch for three persons reclining at meals, _a -dinner sofa_. - -=trīduum, ī= [=trēs= + =diēs=], n., _the space of three days_, _three -days_. - -=triennium, ī= [=trēs= + =annus=], n., _the space of three years_, -_three years_. - -=trīgintā=, indecl. num. adj., _thirty_. - -=Tripolitānus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Tripolis_; =tripolitāna -prōvincia=, _the province of Tripolis_, in northern Africa. - -=trīstis, e=, adj., _sad_, _sorrowful_; _stern_, _strict_, _severe_. - -=trīticum, ī=, n., _wheat_. - -=triumphō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to celebrate a triumph_. - -=triumphus, ī=, m., _a triumph_, a splendid procession in which the -victorious general entered the city accompanied by his soldiers and -the spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed around the -Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and up to the -temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. - -=Trōia, ae=, f., _Troy_, a city in the northwestern part of Asia Minor, -renowned for its ten years’ siege by the Greeks. - -=trux, trucis=, adj., _wild_, _savage_, _stern_. - -=tū, tuī=, pl. =vōs, vestrūm= or =vestrī=, pers. pron., _thou_, _you_. - -=tueor, ērī, tūtus= or =tuitus sum=, _to look at_, _watch_; _defend_, -_protect_. - -=in--intueor, ērī, itus sum=, _to look closely at_ or _upon_, _gaze at_. - -=Tugurīnī=, or =Tigurīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Helvetian people who invaded -Italy with the Cimbri and Teutones. - -=Tullius, ī=, m., _Servius Tullius_, the sixth king of Rome, 578-534 -B.C. - -=Tullus, ī=, m., see =Hostīlius=. - -=tum=, adv., _then_, _at that time_; _thereupon_. - -=tumultuor, ārī, ātus sum= [=tumultus=], _to make a disturbance_, -_riot_. - -=tumultus, ūs=, m., _a disturbance_, _uproar_; _rebellion_, _riot_. - -=tumulus, ī= [=tumeō=, _to swell_], m., _a hillock_, _mound_, _hill_. - -=tunc=, adv., _then_, _at that time_; _accordingly_, _thereupon_. - -=turbō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=turba=, _a crowd_], _to disturb_, _confuse_. - -=turpis, e=, adj., _ugly_; _base_, _dishonorable_. - -=turris, is=, f., _a tower_. - -=Tuscī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Etruscans_, inhabitants of Etruria. - -=Tuscia, ae=, f., _Etruria_, a division of central Italy. - -=Tusculum, ī=, n., an old town in Latium, about ten miles southeast of -Rome. - -=tūtor, ōris= [=tueor=], m., _a guardian_, _tutor_. - -=tūtus, a, um= [=tueor=], adj., _safe_. - -=tuus, a, um= [=tū=], pron. adj., _your_, _yours_. - -=tyrannicus, a, um= [=tyrannus=], adj., _tyrannical_. - -=tyrannis, idis= [=tyrannus=], f., _the sway of a tyrant_, _arbitrary -power_, _despotic rule_. - -=tyrannus, ī=, m., _a ruler_, _tyrant_. - - -U. - -=ubi=, adv., _where_, _when_; =ubi prīmum=, _as soon as_. - -=ubicumque=, adv., _wherever_. - -=ubīque= [=ubi= + =que=], adv., _anywhere_. - -=ūllus, a, um=, gen. =ūllīus=, dat. =ūllī=, adj., _any_. - -=Ulpiānus, ī=, m., _(Domitius) Ulpiānus_, a celebrated Roman jurist. - -=Ulpius, ī=, m., see =Trāiānus=. - -=ulterior, ius=, gen. =ōris= [=ultrā=], adj., _further_, _remoter_; -sup. =ultimus=, _farthest_, _last_, _utmost_, _greatest_. - -=ultiō, ōnis= [=ulcīscor=, _to avenge_], f., _revenge_. - -=ultrā=, prep. with acc., _on the further side_, _beyond_. - -=umquam=, adv., _at any time_, _ever_; usually with a negative. - -=ūndecimus, a, um= [=ūndecim=, _eleven_], num. adj., _eleventh_. - -=unguentum, ī= [=unguō=, _to anoint_], n., _ointment_, _unguent_, -_perfume_. - -=unguis, is=, m., _a nail_, _hoof_, _claw_. - -=ūnicē= [=ūnicus=], adv., _alone_, _singly_, _uniquely_. - -=ūnicus, a, um= [=ūnus=], adj., _only_, _sole_, _single_; _uncommon_. - -=ūniversus, a, um= [=ūnus= + =*vertō=], adj., _all in one_, _whole_, -_entire_. - -=ūnus, a, um=, gen. =ūnīus=, dat. =ūnī=, adj., _one_, _only_, _sole_, -_alone_. - -=urbs, urbis, f.=, _a city_; _The City_ (Rome). - -=urna, ae= [=ūrō=, _to burn_], f., _a vessel_, urn (of baked clay). - -=Uscudama, ae, f.=, a city in Thrace. - -=ūsque=, adv., _all the way_, _right on_, _continuously_, _even_. - -=ūsūrpō, āre, āvi, ātus= [=ūsus= + =rapiō=], _to make use of_, _enjoy_; -_usurp_. - -=ūsus, ūs= [=ūtor=], m., _use_, _employment_; _experience_, _training_; -_profit_, _advantage_, _convenience_. - -=ūsus, a, um=, see =ūtor=. - -=ut=, adv., interrog., _how?_ _in what way?_ rel., _as_, _just as_; -_since_, _seeing that_; =ut … ita=, _just as … so_. - -=ut=, conj., (1) with ind., _when_; ut =prīmum=, _as soon as_; (2) with -subj. of purpose, _in order that_, _that_; _of result_, _so that_, -_that_. - -=uterque, traque, trumque= [=uter= + =que=], adj., _each_ (of two), -_both_. - -=ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum=, _to make use of_, _employ_; _enjoy_; _have_, -_possess_; _associate with_, _be intimate with_. - -=utrimque= [=uterque=], adv., _from_ or _on both sides_, _on either -hand_. - -=uxor, ōris=, f., _a wife_. - -=uxōrius, a, um= [=uxor=], adj., _of a wife_. - - -V. - -=V.= ＝ 5. - -=vacuus, a, um= [=vacō=, _to be empty_], adj., _empty_, _unoccupied_. - -=*vādō, ere, --, --=, _to go_, _rush_. =ex--ēvādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus=, -_to go forth_ or _away_; _get away_, _escape_; _get to be_, _become_. -=in--invādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus=, _to enter_; _attack_; _seize_, _take -possession of._. - -=vagor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to wander_. - -=Valēns, entis=, m., 1. _(F.) Valēns_, consul 96 A.D. 2. _Valēns_, -emperor of the East, 364-378 A.D. - -=Valeria, ae=, f., daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius. - -=Valeriānus=, ī, m., 1. _(P.) Licinius Valeriānus_, Roman emperor -253-260 A.D. 2. _(P.) Licinius Valeriānus_, son of (1). - -=Valerius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Corvīnus=, -=Laevīnus=, =Messāla=, =Pūblicola=. - -=valētūdō, inis= [=valeō=, _to be well_], f., _health_ (good or bad), -_sickness_, _weakness_. - -=validus, a, um= [=valeō=, _to be wel_l], adj., _strong_, _healthy_, -_effective_. - -=vallum, ī=, n., _stockade_, _rampart_, _wall_. - -=Vandalī, ōrum=, pl. m., _Vandals_, a confederacy of German peoples -that invaded Italy in the fifth century A.D.. - -=variē= [=varius=], adv., _variously_. - -=varius, a, um=, adj., _diverse_, _various_. - -=Varrō, ōnis=, m., 1. _M. (Terentius) Varrō_, a legate of Pompey in -Spain, where he was defeated by Caesar. 2. _P. (C.) Terentius Varrō_, -consul 219 and 216 B.C. - -=Varroniānus=, ī, consul 363 A.D. - -=Vārus, ī=, m., _Q. Vārus_, one of the leaders of the Pompeian party at -the battle of Thapsus. - -=vās, vāsis= (pl. =vāsa, ōrum=), n., _a vessel_, _dish_. - -=vāstitās, ātis= [=vāstō=], f., _devastation_. - -=vāstō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to lay waste_, _devastate_, _destroy_. - -=Vatia, ae=, m., _P. Servilius Vatia_, surnamed Isauricus, consul 79 -B.C. - -=Vēcta, ae=, f., an island off the southern coast of England, now the -Isle of Wight. - -=vehementer= [=vehemēns=, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly_, _seriously_, -_severely_; _exceedingly_. - -=vehiculum, ī= [=vehō=], n., _a vehicle_, _carriage_. - -=vehō, ere, vexī, vectus=, _to bear_, _carry_, _convey_; in pass. with -=nāvī= or =equō=, _to sail_, _ride_. =ex--ēvehō, ere, vexī, vectus=, -_to lift_, _raise_, _elevate_. =in--invehō, ere, vexī, vectus=, _to -carry in_ or _to_; in pass., _ride into_, _sail into_. =re--revehō, -ere, vexī, vectus=, _to carry back_, _bring back_, _return_. - -=Vēientānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Vēiī_. - -=Vēientēs, ium=, pl. m., _the people of Vēiī_. - -=Vēiī, ōrum=, pl. m., _Vēiī_, a powerful town in Etruria, about twelve -miles from Rome. - -=vel= [old imperative of =volō=], adv. and conj., _even_; or, _or -else_; =vel … vel=, _either … or_. - -=vēnditiō, ōnis= [=vēndō=], f., _an auction sale_, _auction_. - -=vēndō, ere, didī, ditus= [contr. from =venumdō=], _to sell_. - -=venēnum, ī=, n., _poison_. - -=venerābilis, e= [=veneror=], adj., _venerable_, _reverend_. - -=venerātiō, ōnis= [=veneror=], f., _veneration_, _reverence_. - -=veneror, ārī, ātus sum=, _to worship_, _revere_, _respect_, _honor_. - -=Venetia, ae=, f., a district at the head of the Adriatic Sea. - -=venia, ae=, f., _favor_, _grace_, _kindness_. - -=veniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come_, _go_. =con--conveniō, īre, -vēnī, ventus=, _to come together_, _assemble_; _be agreed upon_, _be -suitable_. =ex--ēveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to turn out_, _come to -pass_. =in--inveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come upon_, _find_, -_discover_. =inter--interveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come upon_, -_appear_, _intervene_. =per--perveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come -to_, _reach_; _penetrate_, _attain to_. =prae--praeveniō, īre, vēnī, -ventus=, _to come before_, _get start of_, _anticipate_, _outstrip_. -=sub--subveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come to help_, _aid_, _assist_. -=super--superveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come to the rescue_, -_arrive_; _surpass_. - -=venter, tris=, m., _the stomach_; _appetite_. - -=Ventidius, ī=, m., see =Bassus=. - -=verberō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=verber=, _lash_], _to whip_, _scourge_, -_beat_. - -=vērē= [=vērus=, _true_], adv., _truly_, _really_. - -=vereor, ērī, itus sum=, _to fear_, _dread_, _respect_. - -=Vergiliānus, a, um=, adj., _Vergilian_; =Vergiliānus versus=, a verse -from the Aeneid of Vergil. - -=Vērōna, ae=, f., an important town in Cisalpine Gaul. - -=*vertō, ere, ī, versus=, _to turn_, _change_; in pass., _turn about_, -_return_. =ab--āvertō, ere, ī, versus=, _to turn away_ or _aside_, -_avert_, _divert_. =con--convertō, ere, ī, versus=, _to turn round_, -_change_; _turn_, _direct_; _divert_, _misuse_. =ex--ēvertō, ere, ī, -versus=, _to overturn_, _destroy_, _ruin_. =re--revertor, ī, revertī= -or (less often) =reversus sum=, _to return_; _revert_, _recur_. - -=versus, ūs= [=vertō=], m., _a line_, _verse_. - -=vērum= [=vērus=, _true_], adv., _truly_, _certainly_; _but_. - -=Vērus, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=Vespasiānus, ī=, m., _(T. Flavius) Vespasiānus_, Roman emperor 70-79 -A.D. - -=vespera, ae=, f., _evening_. - -=vespillo, ōnis=, m., _a corpse bearer_. - -=Vestālis, e=, adj., pertaining to the goddess Vesta. - -=vester, tra, trum=, pron. adj., _your_, _yours_; =Vestra= (as title of -emperor), “_Your Serene Highness._” - -=vestis, is=, f., _clothing_, _garments_; _a robe_. - -=vetō, āre, uī, itus=, _not allow_, _forbid_. - -=Vetraniō, ōnis=, m., a commander of the legions in Illyria who was -proclaimed emperor by the troops. - -=Vettius, ī=, m., _T. Vettius_, a leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war. - -=Veturia, ae=, f., the mother of Coriolanus. - -=Veturius, ī=, m., _T. Veturius_, consul 321 B.C. - -=Vetus, eris=, m., consul with Valens, 96 A.D. - -=vetus, eris=, adj., _old_, _aged_; _of a former time_, _ancient_. - -=via, ae=, f., _a way_, _road_, _journey_; _passage_. - -(=Vibulānus, ī=), m., _C. Fabius (Vibulānus)_, consul for the third -time 479 B.C. His praenomen is generally given as Kaeso. - -=vīcēsimus, a, um= [=vīgintī=], num. adj., _twentieth_. - -=vīcīnus, a, um= [=vīcus=], adj., _near_, _neighboring_. - -=vicissim= [=vicis=, _alternation_], adv., _in turn_. - -=Victoalī, ōrum=, pl. m., a West Gothic people. - -=victor, ōris= [=vincō=], m., _a conqueror_; as adj., _victorious_. - -=victōria, ae= [=vincō=], f., _victory_. - -=Victorīnus, ī=, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=victrīx, icis= [=vincō=], f., _a victress_, _a female conqueror_; as -adj., _victorious_. - -=vīcus, ī=, m., _a town_, _village_. - -=videō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus=, _to see_, _perceive_, _understand_; in -pass., _seem_. =in--invideō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus=, _to look askance at_, -_envy_. - -=vīgintī=, indecl. num. adj., _twenty_. - -=vīlis, e=, adj., _cheap_, _common_, _worthless_. - -=vīlissimē=, see =vīliter=. - -=vīliter= [=vīlis=], adv., sup. =vīlissimē=; _at a low price_, -_cheaply_. - -=vīlla, ae=, f., _a country house_, _farm_, _villa_. - -=Viminācium, ī=, n., a town in Upper Moesia. - -=Vīminālis, e= [=vīmen=, _an osier_], adj., _of osiers_; as subst., -=Vīminālis, is=, m. (sc. =collis=), _the Viminal Hill_, one of the -seven hills of Rome. - -=vinciō, īre, vinxī, vinctus=, _to bind_, _fetter_. - -=vincō, ere, vīcī, victus=, _to conquer_, _defeat_; _surpass_; -intrans., _prevail_. =con--convincō, ere, vīcī, victus=, _to overcome_; -_convict_, _refute_; _expose_. =dē--dēvincō, ere, vīcī, victus=, _to -conquer completely_, _subdue_. - -=Vindelicī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people dwelling in the Roman province of -Vindelicia, south of the Danube. - -=vindicō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=vīs= + =dīcō=], _to claim_; _liberate_; -_avenge_, _take vengeance on_. - -=vīnea, ae=, f., _a plantation of vines_, _vineyard_; _vine_. - -=vir, virī=, m., _a man_; _hero_; _husband_. - -=vīrēs=, see =vīs=. - -=virga, ae=, f., _a rod_. - -=Virgīnius, ī=, m., 1. _L. (T.) Virgīnius_, consul 479 B.C. 2. _(L.) -Virgīnius_, father of Virginia, a maiden whose attempted enslavement by -Appius Claudius led to the overthrow of the decemvirs; consul 449 B.C. - -=virgō, inis=, f., _a young girl_, _maiden_, _virgin_. - -=Viriāthus, ī=, m., a celebrated Lusitanian chief who maintained a -separate command against the Romans for several years. - -=viridis, e=, adj., _green_, _fresh_, _new_. - -=Viridomarus, ī=, m., a leader of the Gauls who was slain by Marcellus. - -=virītim= [=vir=], adv., _man by man_, _separately_, _individually_. - -=virtūs, ūtis= [=vir=], f., _manliness_, _valor_; _goodness_; _virtue_. - -=vīs=, gen. and dat. wanting, acc. =vim=, abl. =vī=, f., _strength_, -_force_; _hostile force_, _violence_; _quantity_, _number_; pl. -=vīrēs=, _energy_, _vigor_, _resources_; =vim facere=, _to use -violence_. - -=Viscellīnus, ī=, m., _Sp. Cassius (Viscellīnus)_, the first master of -the horse at Rome. - -=vīta, ae= [=vīvō=], f., _life_, _conduct_. - -=Vitellius, ī=, m., 1. _(A.) Vitellius_, Roman emperor, 69 A.D. 2. -_(L.) Vitellius_, brother of (1). - -=vitiō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=vitium=], _to make faulty_, _taint_, -_corrupt_, _defile_, _dishonor_. - -=vitiōsus, a, um= [=vitium=], adj., _full of faults_, _faulty_; -_wicked_, _depraved_. - -=vitium, ī=, n., _a fault_, _vice_. - -=vīvō, ere, vīxī, --=, _to live_. - -=vīvus, a, um= [=vīvō=], adj., _living_, _alive_. - -=vix=, adv., _with difficulty_, _hardly_, _scarcely_. - -=vocō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=vōx=], _to call_, _summon_; _rouse_; _name_. -=ex--ēvocō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to call out_, _summon_. =prō--prōvocō, -āre, āvī, ātus=, _to challenge_. =re--revocō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to -recall_, _recover_. - -=volō, velle, voluī, --=, _to be willing_, _wish_. =magis--mālō, mālle, -māluī, --=, _to wish_, _rather_, _prefer_. =nē--nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ---=, _to be unwilling_, _not to wish_, _not to want_. - -=Volscī, ōrum=, pl. m., an ancient tribe living in the south of Latium. - -=Volumnia, ae=, f., the wife of Coriolanus. - -=voluntārius, a, um= [=voluntās=], adj., _of free will_, _voluntary_. - -=voluntās, ātis= [=volō=], f., _will_, _desire_, _inclination_. - -=Volusiānus, ī=, m., son of the emperor Gallus. His father conferred -the title of Caesar upon him in 251 A.D. and Augustus in 252 A.D. - -=voracitās, ātis=, f., _greediness_, _ravenousness_. - -=vōx, vōcis=, f., _voice_, _sound_, _tone_; _cry_, _call_; _saying_, -_speech_. - -=vulnerō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=vulnus=], _to wound_, _hurt_, _injure_. - -=vulnus, eris=, n., _a wound_; _blow_, _misfortune_. - -=Vulsō, ōnis=, m., _L. Mānlius Vulsō_, consul 256 B.C. - -=vultus, ūs=, m., _the expression of the face_, _features_, -_countenance_. - - -X. - -=X.= ＝ 10. - -=Xanthippus, ī,= m., a Lacedaemonian who commanded the Carthaginians -against the Romans under Regulus. - -=Xerxēs, is,= m., a king of the Persians who was conquered by Alexander -Severus. - - -Z. - -=Zēnobia, ae,= f., queen of Palmyra. - - - - -REFERENCES TO HARKNESS’ NEW LATIN GRAMMARS (1898) - - - P. 7. N. 1. 600, II. - 2. 417. - 3. 489. - 4. 444. - 5. 590. - 6. 598. - - P. 8. N. 1. 483. - 2. 429. - 3. 485, 2. - 4. 238. - - P. 9. N. 1. 442. - 2. 425, 4. - - P. 10. N. 1. 428, 2. - 2. 646. - 3. 568. - 4. 564, II. - - P. 11. N. 1. 462. - 2. 418. - - P. 12. N. 1. 507, 4. - 2. 570; 550. - 3. 440, 2. - 4. 628. - - P. 13. N. 1. 638, 3. - 2. 579. - - P. 14. N. 1. 440, 3. - 2. 598. - 3. 238. - 4. 428, 2. - - P. 15. N. 1. 463. - 2. 426, 3. - - P. 16. N. 1. 487. - - P. 17. N. 1. 479, 3. - 2. 468. - 3. 591, 1. - 4. 425, 4, N. - - P. 18. N. 1. 564, I. - 2. 456, 2. - 3. 238; 588, II. - 4. 473, 3. - - P. 19. N. 1. 411. - - P. 20. N. 1. 652. - 2. 476. - 3. 475. - 4. 629. - 5. 480. - - P. 21. N. 1. 646. - 2. 643. - - P. 22. N. 1. 462, 3. - 2. 568. - - P. 23. N. 1. 440, 3. - 2. 434. - 3. 485, 2. - - P. 25. N. 1. 426, 1. - 2. 135. - 3. 448, 1. - 4. 643, 3. - - P. 27. N. 1. 628. - 2. 440, 3. - - P. 28. N. 1. 628. - 2. 473, 1. - - P. 29. N. 1. 434. - 2. 426, 3. - 3. 485, 3. - - P. 30. N. 1. 630. - - P. 31. N. 1. 425, 2. - - P. 32. N. 1. 488, 2. - 2. 440, 2. - 3. 475. - 4. 473, 3. - - P. 33. N. 1. 483. - 2. 639. - - P. 34. N. 1. 476. - 2. 429. - - P. 35. N. 1. 603, 2. - 2. 642. - - P. 36. N. 1. 643. - 2. 417. - - P. 37. N. 1. 567. - 2. 433. - 3. 489. - 4. 485, 2. - - P. 38. N. 1. 636, 1. - 2. 531. - 3. 480. - - P. 39. N. 1. 564, III. - 2. 425, 4, N. - 3. 447. - - P. 40. N. 1. 439. - 2. 440, 2. - 3. 628. - - P. 41. N. 1. 467. - - P. 42. N. 1. 479, 3. - 2. 639. - 3. 440, 2. - - P. 43. N. 1. 475, 3. - - P. 44. N. 1. 588, II. - - P. 45. N. 1. 598. - 2. 600, II. - 3. 426, 3. - - P. 46. N. 1. 533. - 2. 567. - - P. 47. N. 1. 462. - 2. 425, 2. - 3. 430. - 4. 444. - 5. 570. - - P. 48. N. 1. 638, 3. - 2. 571, 3. - 3. 475. - 4. 463. - 5. 649, II. - - P. 49. N. 1. 442. - 2. 533. - - P. 50. N. 1. 462, 3. - 2. 418. - - P. 51. N. 1. 434. - - P. 52. N. 1. 442. - - P. 54. N. 1. 626. - - P. 55. N. 1. 440, 2. - 2. 444. - - P. 56. N. 1. 440, 3. - 2. 427. - 3. 588, II. - 4. 434. - 5. 426, 6. - - P. 57. N. 1. 568, 7. - 2. 628. - - P. 58. N. 1. 630. - 2. 417. - 3. 426, 1. - 4. 473, 2. - 5. 570. - - P. 59. N. 1. 621. - 2. 392. - - P. 60. 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N. 1. 591, 1. - 2. 598. - - P. 94. N. 1. 476, 1. - - P. 95. N. 1. 584. - - P. 96. N. 1. 479, 2. - 2. 238. - - P. 98. N. 1. 430, 1. - - P. 99. N. 1. 481. - 2. 591, 1. - 3. 579. - - P. 100. N. 1. 434. - - P. 101. N. 1. 456, 3. - - TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & CO., NORWOOD, MASS. - - - - - =Cicero’s Laelius De Amicitia= - - EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES - - BY JOHN K. LORD, Ph.D. - - Professor of Latin, Dartmouth College - - Revised Edition - - Flexible cloth, 12mo, 109 pages - - Price, 70 cents - - =In this Revised Edition= of Cicero’s Laelius the editor’s aim - in preparing the notes has been to furnish all explanations - that seem necessary for the clear understanding of points of - grammar, history, biography, and ancient customs occurring in - the book. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Eutropius - -Author: Flavius Eutropius - -Editor: Jesse Charles Hazzard - -Release Date: December 31, 2015 [EBook #50808] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUTROPIUS *** - - - - -Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="transnote"> - -<p>Transcriber’s Note: Pronunciation markers in the Latin -are inconsistent. No attempt has been made to standardize -them.</p> - -<p>The Notes refer to the body of the text by page, chapter and line -number. In this e-text, [page numbers] are given in the left margin, -<b>chapter numbers</b> at the start of paragraphs, and <i>line numbers</i> in the -right margin; this may not display well on all devices.</p> - -<p>Maps are clickable for a larger version, if your device supports this.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">EUTROPIUS</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>EDITED FOR SCHOOL USE</i><br /><br /> -<span class="smaller">BY</span><br /><br /> -<span class="smcap">J. C. HAZZARD, Ph.D.</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">PROFESSOR OF LATIN, PORTLAND ACADEMY</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 175px;"> -<img src="images/decoration.jpg" width="175" height="20" alt="(decorative)" /> -</div> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO<br /> -AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage">To<br /> -REV. JACOB COOPER, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D.<br /> -WITH GRATEFUL AFFECTION</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1898, by</span><br /> -AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">EUTROPIUS.<br /> -W. P. I</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<h2>PREFACE</h2> - -<p>The <i>Breviarium</i> of Eutropius has for many years been used -successfully in German schools, but, though an American edition -was published in the early part of this century, the author -has of late years received little attention in this country. Yet -in character and subject the <i>Breviarium</i> is admirably adapted -for elementary work. While the <i>Viri Romae</i> deals only with -the early history of Rome and the lives of a few great men of -the republican age, the <i>Breviarium</i> gives an outline of the -history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death -of the Emperor Jovian in 364 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, and is thus in subject -closely related to the Latin course. The Latin is good, remarkably -so for the time of its composition, and is not so difficult -as that of Nepos or of parts of the <i>Viri Romae</i>.</p> - -<p>In editing the text the beginner has constantly been had -in mind, and so references to the standard Latin Grammars -have been added more copiously than some will consider judicious. -It has been found, however, by experience in the classroom, -that a reference to the grammar when carefully studied -is worth far more than a translation of a difficult passage or -comment upon it. The grammatical references are placed at -the bottom of the page where they belong. In the Notes, -which are principally historical and geographical, the editor -has tried to aid the student in mastering the difficulties that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> -occur rather than to do his work for him. The references to -the histories are intended rather for the teacher than for the -pupil. If a few minutes can be spent every day in reading -to the class the portions referred to, the time will not be wasted, -and it will fill in the outline of the history that the text contains. -It is strongly urged that each student should be provided -with a copy of some good outline of Roman History -(Creighton’s Primer is admirable), and follow the text in it -from day to day. In this way a knowledge of the principal -facts of Roman History may be obtained with but slight -conscious effort on the part of the student.</p> - -<p>In the analyses of the books and the chapters the accepted -dates have been given, indicating where Eutropius is mistaken -in his chronology. In marking the quantities of the long -vowels, Lewis, in his <i>Elementary Latin Dictionary</i>, has been -followed, except where later authorities differ from him.</p> - -<p>The editor desires to acknowledge his obligation to Rev. J. -R. Wilson, D.D., Principal of Portland Academy, for advice and -assistance, and to Professors Arrowsmith and Whicher, for permission -to use material from their <i>First Latin Readings</i>.</p> - -<p>The Grammars cited are Harkness’ Standard Latin Grammar -(H.), Mooney (M.), Allen and Greenough (A. & G.), Gildersleeve -(G.), and Bennett (B.). References to Harkness’ -new Latin Grammars (1898) will be found on <a href="#Page_242">p. 242</a>.</p> - -<p class="right">J. C. H.</p> - -<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Portland, Oregon</span>,<br /> -June, 1898.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> - -<h2>CONTENTS</h2> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td></td><td class="tdr">PAGE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><a href="#TEXT">TEXT</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Liber_I"><span class="smcap">Book I</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Liber_II"><span class="smcap">Book II</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Liber_III"><span class="smcap">Book III</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Liber_IV"><span class="smcap">Book IV</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Liber_V"><span class="smcap">Book V</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Liber_VI"><span class="smcap">Book VI</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Liber_VII"><span class="smcap">Book VII</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Liber_VIII"><span class="smcap">Book VIII</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Liber_IX"><span class="smcap">Book IX</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Liber_X"><span class="smcap">Book X</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY"><span class="smcap">Bibliography</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><a href="#NOTES">NOTES</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#LIFE"><span class="smcap">Life of Eutropius</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Book_I"><span class="smcap">Book I</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Book_II"><span class="smcap">Book II</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Book_III"><span class="smcap">Book III</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Book_IV"><span class="smcap">Book IV</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Book_V"><span class="smcap">Book V</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Book_VI"><span class="smcap">Book VI</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Book_VII"><span class="smcap">Book VII</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Book_VIII"><span class="smcap">Book VIII</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Book_IX"><span class="smcap">Book IX</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Book_X"><span class="smcap">Book X</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#VOCABULARY"><span class="smcap">Vocabulary</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a><br /> -<a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 136px;"> -<a href="images/map-italy.jpg"> -<img src="images/map-italy-thumb.jpg" width="136" height="200" alt="Map of Italy" /> -</a> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h1><a name="TEXT" id="TEXT"></a>EUTROPĪ<br /> -<span class="smaller">BREVIĀRIĪ AB URBE CONDITĀ</span></h1> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="text-container"> - -<div class="text"> - -<h2><a name="Liber_I" id="Liber_I"></a>LIBER PRĪMUS</h2> - -<p class="subheading"><span class="smcap">From the Founding of Rome to the Capture of the -City by the Gauls,</span> 753-390 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> <span class="smcap">The Regal Period,</span> -753-509 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<h3><i>Rome Founded, 753 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Romulus, 753-716 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">1.</span> Rōmānum imperium ā Rōmulō exōrdium habet, quī</div> -<div class="line">Rhēae Silviae, Vestālis virginis, fīlius et, quantum putātus</div> -<div class="line">est, Mārtis, cum Remō frātre ūnō partū ēditus est. Is cum</div> -<div class="line">inter pāstōrēs latrōcinārētur,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> decem et octō annōs<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> nātus</div> -<div class="line">urbem exiguam in Palātīnō monte cōnstituit, <span class="smcapuc">XI</span> Kal. Māiās, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Olympiadis sextae annō tertiō, post Trōiae excidium, annō</div> -<div class="line">trecentēsimō nōnāgēsimō quārtō.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">2.</span> Conditā cīvitāte,<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> quam ex nōmine suō Rōmam vocāvit,</div> -<div class="line">haec ferē ēgit. Multitūdinem fīnitimōrum in cīvitātem</div> -<div class="line">recēpit, centum ex seniōribus<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> lēgit, quōrum cōnsiliō omnia <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">ageret,<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> quōs senātōrēs nōmināvit propter senectūtem. Tum,</div> -<div class="line">cum uxōrēs ipse et populus suus nōn habērent,<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> invītāvit</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>ad spectāculum lūdōrum vīcīnās urbī Rōmae nātiōnēs atque</div> -<div class="line">eārum virginēs rapuit. Commōtīs bellīs propter raptārum</div> -<div class="line">iniūriam Caenīnēnsēs vīcit, Antemnātēs, Crustumīnōs, Sabīnōs,</div> -<div class="line">Fīdēnātēs, Vēientēs. Haec omnia oppida urbem cingunt.</div> -<div class="line">Et cum ortā subitō tempestāte nōn compāruisset,</div> -<div class="line">annō rēgnī trīcēsimō septimō ad deōs trānsīsse crēditus est <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">et cōnsecrātus. Deinde Rōmae<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> per quīnōs diēs senātōrēs</div> -<div class="line">imperāvērunt et hīs rēgnantibus annus ūnus complētus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Numa Pompilius, 715-672 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">3.</span> Posteā Numa Pompilius rēx creātus est, quī bellum</div> -<div class="line">quidem nūllum gessit, sed nōn minus cīvitātī<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> quam Rōmulus</div> -<div class="line">prōfuit. Nam et lēgēs Rōmānīs mōrēsque cōnstituit, quī <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum iam latrōnēs ac sēmibarbarī putābantur,</div> -<div class="line">et annum dēscrīpsit in decem mēnsēs prius sine</div> -<div class="line">aliquā supputātiōne cōnfūsum, et īnfīnīta Rōmae sacra ac</div> -<div class="line">templa cōnstituit. Morbō dēcessit quadrāgēsimō et tertiō</div> -<div class="line">imperiī annō. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Tullus Hostilius, 672-640 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">4.</span> Huic successit Tullus Hostīlius. Hīc bella reparāvit,</div> -<div class="line">Albānōs vīcit, quī ab urbe Rōmā duodecimō mīliārio<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> sunt,</div> -<div class="line">Vēientēs et Fīdēnātēs, quōrum aliī sextō mīliāriō absunt</div> -<div class="line">ab urbe Rōmā, aliī octāvō decimō, bellō superāvit, urbem</div> -<div class="line">ampliāvit adiectō Caeliō monte. Cum trīgintā et duōs annōs <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">rēgnāsset,<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> fulmine ictus cum domō suā ārsit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Ancus Marcius, 640-616 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">5.</span> Post hunc Ancus Mārcius, Numae ex fīliā nepōs, suscēpit</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>imperium. Contrā Latīnōs dīmicāvit, Aventīnum montem</div> -<div class="line">cīvitātī adiēcit et Iāniculum, apud ōstium Tiberis cīvitātem</div> -<div class="line">suprā mare sextō decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā condidit.</div> -<div class="line">Vīcēsimō et quārtō annō imperiī morbō periit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, 616-578 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">6.</span> Deinde rēgnum Prīscus Tarquinius accēpit. Hīc numerum</div> -<div class="line">senātōrum duplicāvit, circum Rōmae aedificāvit, lūdōs <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Rōmānōs īnstituit, quī ad nostram memoriam permanent.</div> -<div class="line">Vīcit īdem etiam Sabīnōs et nōn parum agrōrum sublātum</div> -<div class="line">īsdem urbis Rōmae territōriō iūnxit, prīmusque triumphāns</div> -<div class="line">urbem intrāvit. Mūrōs fēcit et cloācās, Capitōlium incohāvit.</div> -<div class="line">Trīcēsimō octāvō imperiī annō per Ancī fīliōs occīsus <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">est, rēgis ēius, cuī ipse successerat.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Servius Tullius, 578-534 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">7.</span> Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus</div> -<div class="line">ex nōbilī fēminā, captīvā tamen et ancillā. Hīc quoque</div> -<div class="line">Sabīnōs subēgit, montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum,</div> -<div class="line">urbī adiūnxit, fossās circum mūrum dūxit. Prīmus <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">omnium cēnsum ōrdināvit, quī adhūc per orbem terrārum</div> -<div class="line">incognitus erat. Sub eō Rōma omnibus in cēnsum dēlātīs</div> -<div class="line">habuit capita <span class="smcapuc">LXXXIII</span> mīlia cīvium Rōmānōrum cum hīs,</div> -<div class="line">quī in agrīs erant. Occīsus est scelere generī suī Tarquinī</div> -<div class="line">Superbī, fīliī ēius rēgis cuī ipse successerat, et fīliae quam <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Tarquinius habēbat uxōrem.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, 534-510 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">8.</span> L. Tarquinius Superbus, septimus atque ultimus rēgum,<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></div> -<div class="line">Volscōs, quae gēns ad Campāniam euntibus<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> nōn longē ab</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>urbe est, vīcit, Gabiōs cīvitātem et Suessam Pōmētiam</div> -<div class="line">subēgit, cum Tuscīs pācem fēcit et templum Iovī in Capitōliō</div> -<div class="line">aedificāvit. Posteā Ardeam oppūgnāns, in octāvō</div> -<div class="line">decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā positam cīvitātem, imperium</div> -<div class="line">perdidit. Nam cum fīlius ēius, et ipse Tarquinius iūnior,</div> -<div class="line">nōbilissimam fēminam Lucrētiam eandemque pudīcissimam, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Collātīnī uxōrem, stuprāsset eaque dē iniūriā marītō et patrī</div> -<div class="line">et amīcīs questa fuisset, in omnium cōnspectū sē occīdit.</div> -<div class="line">Propter quam causam Brūtus, parēns et ipse Tarquinī,</div> -<div class="line">populum concitāvit et Tarquiniō<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> adēmit imperium. Mox</div> -<div class="line">exercitus quoque eum, quī cīvitātem Ardeam cum ipsō rēge <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">oppūgnābat, relīquit; veniēnsque ad urbem rēx portīs clausīs</div> -<div class="line">exclūsus est, cumque imperāsset annōs quattuor et vīgintī</div> -<div class="line">cum uxōre et līberīs suīs fūgit. Ita Rōmae rēgnātum est</div> -<div class="line">per septem rēgēs annīs ducentīs quadrāgintā tribus, cum</div> -<div class="line">adhūc Rōma, ubi plūrimum, vix ūsque ad quīntum decimum <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">mīliārium possidēret.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Establishment of the Republic. Election of Consuls, 509 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">9.</span> Hinc cōnsulēs coepēre, prō ūnō rēge duo, hāc causā</div> -<div class="line">creātī, ut, sī ūnus malus esse voluisset,<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> alter eum habēns</div> -<div class="line">potestātem similem coërcēret.<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> Et placuit nē imperium</div> -<div class="line">longius quam annuum habērent,<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> nē per diūturnitātem potestātis <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">īnsolentiōrēs redderentur, sed cīvīlēs semper essent,</div> -<div class="line">quī sē post annum scīrent futūrōs esse prīvātōs. Fuērunt</div> -<div class="line">igitur annō prīmō ab expulsīs rēgibus cōnsulēs L. Iūnius</div> -<div class="line">Brūtus, quī māximē ēgerat ut Tarquinius pellerētur, et Tarquinius</div> -<div class="line">Collātīnus, marītus Lucrētiae. Sed Tarquiniō Collātīnō <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>statim sublāta est dīgnitās. Placuerat enim nē quisquam</div> -<div class="line">in urbe manēret quī Tarquinius vocārētur. Ergō acceptō</div> -<div class="line">omnī patrimōniō suō ex urbe migrāvit et locō ipsīus factus</div> -<div class="line">est L. Valerius Pūblicola cōnsul.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with Tarquinius.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">10.</span> Commōvit tamen bellum urbī Rōmae rēx Tarquinius,</div> -<div class="line">quī fuerat expulsus, et, conlēctīs multīs gentibus, ut in rēgnum <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">posset restituī dīmicāvit. In prīmā pūgnā Brūtus cōnsul</div> -<div class="line">et Ārūns, Tarquinī fīlius, in vicem sē occīdērunt, Rōmānī</div> -<div class="line">tamen ex eā pūgnā vīctōrēs recessērunt. Brūtum mātrōnae</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānae, dēfēnsōrem pudīcitiae suae, quasi commūnem</div> -<div class="line">patrem per annum lūxērunt. Valerius Pūblicola Sp. Lucrētium <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Tricipitīnum conlēgam sibi fēcit, Lucrētiae patrem, quō</div> -<div class="line">morbō mortuō iterum Horātium Pulvillum conlēgam sibi</div> -<div class="line">sūmpsit. Ita prīmus annus quīnque cōnsulēs habuit, cum</div> -<div class="line">Tarquinius Collātīnus propter nōmen urbe<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> cessisset, Brūtus</div> -<div class="line">in proeliō perīsset, Sp. Lucrētius morbō mortuus esset. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with Porsenna, 508 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">11.</span> Secundō quoque annō iterum Tarquinius ut reciperētur</div> -<div class="line">in rēgnum bellum Rōmānīs intulit, auxilium eī ferente</div> -<div class="line">Porsennā, Tusciae rēge, et Rōmam paene cēpit. Vērum</div> -<div class="line">tum quoque victus est.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line">Tertiō annō post rēgēs exāctōs Tarquinius cum suscipī <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">nōn posset in rēgnum neque eī Porsenna, quī pācem cum</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānīs fēcerat, praestāret auxilium, Tusculum<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> sē contulit,</div> -<div class="line">quae cīvitās nōn longē ab urbe est, atque ibi per quattuordecim</div> -<div class="line">annōs prīvātus cum uxōre cōnsenuit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line">Quārtō annō post rēgēs exāctōs, cum Sabīnī Rōmānīs <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>bellum intulissent, victī sunt, et dē hīs triumphātum est.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line">Quīntō annō L. Valerius ille,<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> Brūtī conlēga et quater</div> -<div class="line">cōnsul, fātāliter mortuus est, adeō pauper ut conlātīs ā populō</div> -<div class="line">nummīs sūmptum habuerit<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> sepultūrae. Quem mātrōnae</div> -<div class="line">sīcutī Brūtum annum lūxērunt.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Institution of the Dictatorship, 501 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">12.</span> Nōnō annō post rēgēs exāctōs cum gener Tarquinī <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">ad iniūriam socerī<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> vindicandam<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> ingentem conlēgisset exercitum,</div> -<div class="line">nova Rōmae dīgnitās est creāta, quae dictātūra appellātur,</div> -<div class="line">māior quam cōnsulātus. Eōdem annō etiam magister</div> -<div class="line">equitum factus est, quī dictātōrī obsequerētur. Neque quicquam</div> -<div class="line">similius potest dīcī quam dictātūra antīqua huic <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">imperiī potestātī, quam nunc Tranquillitās Vestra habet,</div> -<div class="line">māximē cum Augustus quoque Octāviānus, dē quō posteā</div> -<div class="line">dīcēmus, et ante eum C. Caesar sub dictātūrae nōmine atque</div> -<div class="line">honōre rēgnāverint. Dictātor autem Rōmae prīmus fuit</div> -<div class="line">T. Larcius, magister equitum prīmus Sp. Cassius. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Secession of the Plebeians. Establishment of the Tribunate, -494 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">13.</span> Sextō decimō annō post rēgēs exāctōs sēditiōnem</div> -<div class="line">populus Rōmae fēcit, tamquam ā senātū atque cōnsulibus</div> -<div class="line">premerētur. Tum et ipse sibi tribūnōs plēbis quasi propriōs</div> -<div class="line">iūdicēs et dēfēnsōrēs creāvit, per quōs contrā senātum et</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>cōnsulēs tūtus esse posset. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with the Volsci, 493 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">14.</span> Sequentī annō Volscī contrā Rōmānōs bellum reparāvērunt,</div> -<div class="line">et victī aciē etiam Coriolōs cīvitātem, quam habēbant</div> -<div class="line">optimam, perdidērunt.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Coriolanus, 491 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">15.</span> Octāvō decimō annō postquam rēgēs ēiectī erant expulsus</div> -<div class="line">ex urbe Q. Mārcius, dux Rōmānus, quī Coriolōs cēperat, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Volscōrum cīvitātem, ad ipsōs Volscōs contendit īrātus et</div> -<div class="line">auxilia contrā Rōmānōs accēpit. Rōmānōs saepe vīcit, ūsque</div> -<div class="line">ad quīntum mīliārium urbis accessit, oppūgnātūrus<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> etiam</div> -<div class="line">patriam suam, lēgātīs quī pācem petēbant repudiātīs, nisi</div> -<div class="line">ad eum māter Veturia et uxor Volumnia ex urbe vēnissent,<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">quārum flētū et dēprecātiōne superātus remōvit exercitum.</div> -<div class="line">Atque hīc secundus post Tarquinium fuit quī dux contrā</div> -<div class="line">patriam suam esset.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Slaughter of the Fabii, 477 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">16.</span> C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus trecentī nōbilēs</div> -<div class="line">hominēs, quī ex Fabiā familiā erant, contrā Vēientēs bellum <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">sōlī suscēpērunt, prōmittentēs senātuī et populō per sē omne</div> -<div class="line">certāmen implendum. Itaque profectī, omnēs nōbilēs et</div> -<div class="line">quī singulī māgnōrum exercituum ducēs esse dēbērent, in</div> -<div class="line">proeliō concidērunt. Ūnus omnīnō superfuit ex tantā familiā,</div> -<div class="line">quī propter aetātem puerīlem dūcī nōn potuerat ad <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">pūgnam. Post haec cēnsus in urbe habitus est et inventa</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>sunt cīvium capita <span class="smcapuc">CXVII</span> mīlia <span class="smcapuc">CCCXIX</span>.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Dictatorship of Cincinnatus, 458 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">17.</span> Sequentī tamen annō cum in Algidō monte ab urbe</div> -<div class="line">duodecimō fermē mīliāriō Rōmānus obsiderētur exercitus, L.</div> -<div class="line">Quīntius Cincinnātus dictātor est factus, quī agrum quattuor</div> -<div class="line">iūgerūm<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> possidēns manibus suīs colēbat. Is cum in opere</div> -<div class="line">et arāns esset inventus, sūdōre dētersō togam praetextam <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">accēpit et caesīs hostibus līberāvit exercitum.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Decemvirs appointed, 451 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Laws of XII Tables promulgated, -450 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Death of Virginia; Decemvirs deposed, -449 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">18.</span> Annō trecentēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā imperium</div> -<div class="line">cōnsulāre cessāvit et prō duōbus cōnsulibus decem factī</div> -<div class="line">sunt, quī summam potestātem habērent, decemvirī nōminātī.</div> -<div class="line">Sed cum prīmō annō bene ēgissent,<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> secundō ūnus ex hīs, <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Ap. Claudius, Virgīnī cūiusdam, quī honestīs iam stīpendiīs</div> -<div class="line">contrā Latīnōs in monte Algidō mīlitārat,<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> fīliam virginem</div> -<div class="line">corrumpere voluit; quam pater occīdit, nē stuprum ā decemvirō</div> -<div class="line">sustinēret, et regressus ad mīlitēs mōvit tumultum.</div> -<div class="line">Sublāta est decemvirīs<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> potestās ipsīque damnātī sunt. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Revolt of the Fidenates, 438 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">19.</span> Annō trecentēsimō et quīntō decimō ab urbe conditā</div> -<div class="line">Fīdēnātēs contrā Rōmānōs rebellāvērunt. Auxilium hīs</div> -<div class="line">praestābant Vēientēs et rēx Vēientium Tolumnius. Quae</div> -<div class="line">ambae cīvitātēs tam vīcīnae urbī sunt ut Fīdēnae sextō,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>Vēī octāvō decimō mīliāriō absint. Coniūnxērunt sē hīs <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">et Volscī. Sed Mam. Aemiliō dictātōre et L. Quīntiō Cincinnātō</div> -<div class="line">magistrō equitum victī etiam rēgem perdidērunt.</div> -<div class="line">Fīdēnae captae et excīsae.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with Vei, 396 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">20.</span> Post vīgintī deinde annōs Vēientānī rebellāvērunt.</div> -<div class="line">Dictātor contrā ipsōs missus est Fūrius Camillus, quī prīmum <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">eōs vīcit aciē, mox etiam cīvitātem diū obsidēns cēpit,</div> -<div class="line">antīquissimam Ītaliae atque dītissimam. Post eam cēpit</div> -<div class="line">et Faliscōs, nōn minus nōbilem cīvitātem. Sed commōta</div> -<div class="line">est eī invidia, quasi praedam male dīvīsisset, damnātusque</div> -<div class="line">ob eam causam et expulsus cīvitāte.<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Rome Captured by the Gauls, 390 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line">Statim Gallī Senonēs ad urbem vēnērunt et victōs Rōmānōs</div> -<div class="line">ūndecimō mīliāriō ā Rōmā apud flūmen Alliam secūtī</div> -<div class="line">etiam urbem occupāvērunt. Neque dēfendī quicquam nisi</div> -<div class="line">Capitōlium potuit; quod cum diū obsēdissent et iam Rōmānī</div> -<div class="line">famē labōrārent, acceptō aurō, nē Capitōlium obsidērent, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">recessērunt. Sed ā Camillō, quī in vīcīnā cīvitāte</div> -<div class="line">exsulābat, Gallīs<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> superventum est gravissimēque victī sunt.</div> -<div class="line">Posteā tamen etiam secūtus eōs Camillus ita cecīdit ut et</div> -<div class="line">aurum, quod hīs datum fuerat, et omnia quae cēperant</div> -<div class="line">mīlitāria sīgna revocāret. Ita tertiō triumphāns urbem <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">ingressus est et appellātus secundus Rōmulus, quasi et ipse</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>patriae conditor.</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="Liber_II" id="Liber_II"></a>LIBER SECUNDUS</h2> - -<p class="subheading"><span class="smcap">From the Capture of the City to the End of The -First Punic War,</span> 390-241 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<h3><i>Military Tribunes with Consular Power Elected, 444 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">1.</span> Annō trecentēsimō sexāgēsimō quīntō ab urbe conditā,</div> -<div class="line">post captam autem prīmō, dīgnitātēs mūtātae sunt, et prō</div> -<div class="line">duōbus cōnsulibus factī tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte.</div> -<div class="line">Hinc iam coepit Rōmāna rēs crēscere. Nam Camillus eō</div> -<div class="line">annō Volscōrum cīvitātem, quae per septuāgintā annōs <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">bellum gesserat, vīcit et Aequōrum urbem et Sūtrīnōrum</div> -<div class="line">atque omnēs dēlētīs eārundem exercitibus occupāvit et trēs</div> -<div class="line">simul triumphōs ēgit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">2.</span> T. etiam Quīntius Cincinnātus Praenestīnōs, quī ūsque</div> -<div class="line">ad urbis Rōmae portās cum bellō vēnerant, persecūtus ad <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">flūmen Alliam vīcit, octō cīvitātēs, quae sub ipsīs agēbant,</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānīs adiūnxit, ipsum Praeneste aggressus in dēditiōnem</div> -<div class="line">accēpit. Quae omnia ab eō gesta sunt vīgintī diēbus,<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></div> -<div class="line">triumphusque ipsī dēcrētus.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">3.</span> Vērum dīgnitās tribūnōrum mīlitārium nōn diū persevērāvit. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Nam post aliquantum nūllōs placuit fierī et quadriennium</div> -<div class="line">in urbe ita fluxit ut potestātēs ibi māiōrēs nōn</div> -<div class="line">essent. Praesūmpsērunt tamen tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī</div> -<div class="line">potestāte iterum dīgnitātem et trienniō persevērāvērunt.</div> -<div class="line">Rūrsus cōnsulēs factī. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Death of Camillus, 365 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">4.</span> L. Genuciō et Q. Servīliō cōnsulibus mortuus est</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>Camillus. Honor eī post Rōmulum secundus dēlātus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Invasion of the Gauls; Torquatus, 361 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">5.</span> T. Quīntius dictātor adversus Gallōs, quī ad Ītaliam</div> -<div class="line">vēnerant, missus est. Hī ab urbe quārtō mīliāriō trāns</div> -<div class="line">Aniēnem fluvium cōnsēderant. Ibi nōbilissimus dē senātōribus</div> -<div class="line">iuvenis L. Mānlius prōvocantem Gallum ad singulāre</div> -<div class="line">certāmen prōgressus occīdit, et sublātō torque aureō collōque <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">suō impositō in perpetuum Torquātī et sibi et posterīs</div> -<div class="line">cognōmen accēpit. Gallī fugātī sunt, mox per C. Sulpicium</div> -<div class="line">dictātōrem etiam victī. Nōn multō<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> post ā C. Mārciō Tuscī</div> -<div class="line">victī sunt et octō mīlia captīvōrum ex hīs in triumphum</div> -<div class="line">ducta. <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>First Samnite War, 343-341 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">6.</span> Cēnsus iterum habitus est. Et cum Latīnī, quī a Rōmānīs<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></div> -<div class="line">subāctī erant, mīlitēs praestāre nōllent, ex Rōmānīs</div> -<div class="line">tantum tīrōnēs lēctī sunt, factaeque legiōnēs decem, quī modus</div> -<div class="line">sexāgintā vel amplius armātōrum mīlia efficiēbat. Parvīs</div> -<div class="line">adhūc Rōmānīs rēbus tanta tamen in rē mīlitārī virtūs erat. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Quae cum profectae essent adversum Gallōs duce L. Fūriō,</div> -<div class="line">quīdam ex Gallīs ūnum ex Rōmānīs, quī esset<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> optimus,</div> -<div class="line">prōvocāvit. Tum sē M. Valerius tribūnus mīlitum obtulit,</div> -<div class="line">et cum prōcessisset armātus corvus eī<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> suprā dextrum bracchium</div> -<div class="line">sēdit. Mox commissā adversum Gallum pūgnā īdem <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">corvus ālīs et unguibus Gallī oculōs verberāvit, nē rēctum</div> -<div class="line">posset aspicere. Ita ā tribūnō Valeriō interfectus. Corvus</div> -<div class="line">nōn sōlum victōriam eī, sed etiam nōmen dedit. Nam</div> -<div class="line">posteā īdem Corvīnus est dictus. Ac propter hōc meritum</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>annōrum trium et vīgintī cōnsul est factus. <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Latin War, 340-338 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">7.</span> Latīnī, quī nōluerant mīlitēs dare, hōc quoque ā Rōmānīs</div> -<div class="line">exigere coepērunt, ut ūnus cōnsul ex eōrum, alter ex</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānōrum populō creārētur. Quod cum esset negātum,</div> -<div class="line">bellum contrā eōs susceptum est et ingentī pūgnā superātī</div> -<div class="line">sunt; ac dē hīs perdomitīs triumphātum est. Statuae cōnsulibus <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">ob meritum victōriae in rōstrīs positae sunt. Eō</div> -<div class="line">annō etiam Alexandrīa ab Alexandrō Macedone condita est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Second Samnite War, 326-304 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">8.</span> Iam Rōmānī potentēs esse coepērunt. Bellum enim in</div> -<div class="line">centēsimō et trīcēsimō ferē mīliāriō ab urbe apud Samnītas</div> -<div class="line">gerēbātur, quī mediī sunt inter Pīcēnum, Campāniam et <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Āpūliam. L. Papīrius Cursor cum honōre dictātōris ad id</div> -<div class="line">bellum profectus est. Quī cum Rōmam redīret, Q. Fabiō</div> -<div class="line">Māximō, magistrō equitum, quem apud exercitum relīquit,</div> -<div class="line">praecēpit nē sē absente pūgnāret.<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> Ille occāsiōne repertā</div> -<div class="line">fēlīcissimē dīmicāvit et Samnītas dēlēvit. Ob quam rem ā <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">dictātōre capitis<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> damnātus, quod sē vetante pūgnāsset,<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></div> -<div class="line">ingentī favōre mīlitum et populī līberātus est, tantā Papīriō</div> -<div class="line">sēditiōne commōtā ut paene ipse interficerētur.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Romans defeated at Caudine Forks, 321 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">9.</span> Posteā Samnītēs Rōmānōs T. Veturiō et Sp. Postumiō</div> -<div class="line">cōnsulibus ingentī dēdecōre<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> vīcērunt et sub iugum mīsērunt. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Pāx tamen ā senātū et populō solūta est, quae cum</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>ipsīs propter necessitātem facta fuerat. Posteā Samnītēs</div> -<div class="line">victī sunt ā L. Papīriō cōnsule, septem mīlia eōrum sub</div> -<div class="line">iugum missa. Papīrius prīmus dē Samnītibus triumphāvit.</div> -<div class="line">Eō tempore Ap. Claudius cēnsor aquam Claudiam indūxit</div> -<div class="line">et viam Appiam strāvit. Samnītēs reparātō bellō Q. Fabium</div> -<div class="line">Māximum vīcērunt tribus mīlibus hominum occīsīs. Posteā, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">cum pater eī Fabius Māximus lēgātus datus fuisset, et</div> -<div class="line">Samnītas vīcit et plūrima ipsōrum oppida cēpit. Deinde</div> -<div class="line">P. Cornēlius Rūfīnus M. Curius Dentātus, ambō cōnsulēs,</div> -<div class="line">contrā Samnītas missī ingentibus proeliīs eōs cōnfēcēre.</div> -<div class="line">Tum bellum cum Samnītibus per annōs quadrāgintā novem <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">āctum sustulērunt. Neque ūllus hostis fuit intrā Ītaliam</div> -<div class="line">quī Rōmānam virtūtem magis fatīgāverit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with the Gauls and Etruscans, 283 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">10.</span> Interiectīs aliquot annīs iterum sē Gallōrum cōpiae</div> -<div class="line">contrā Rōmānōs Tuscīs Samnītibusque iūnxērunt, sed cum</div> -<div class="line">Rōmam tenderent ā Cn. Cornēliō Dolābellā cōnsule dēlētae <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">sunt.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus, 281-272 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Battle of -Heraclea, 280 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">11.</span> Eōdem tempore Tarentīnīs, quī iam in ultimā Ītaliā</div> -<div class="line">sunt, bellum indictum est, quia lēgātīs Rōmānōrum iniūriam</div> -<div class="line">fēcissent. Hī Pyrrhum,<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> Ēpīrī rēgem, contrā Rōmānōs</div> -<div class="line">auxilium poposcērunt, quī ex genere Achillis orīginem <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">trahēbat. Is mox ad Ītaliam vēnit, tumque prīmum Rōmānī</div> -<div class="line">cum trānsmarīnō hoste dīmicāvērunt. Missus est</div> -<div class="line">contrā eum cōnsul P. Valerius Laevīnus, quī cum explōrātōrēs</div> -<div class="line">Pyrrhī cēpisset, iussit eōs per castra dūcī, ostendī</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>omnem exercitum tumque dīmittī, ut renūntiārent Pyrrhō <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">quaecumque ā Rōmānīs agerentur.<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> Commissā mox pūgnā,</div> -<div class="line">cum iam Pyrrhus fugeret, elephantōrum auxiliō vīcit, quōs</div> -<div class="line">incognitōs Rōmānī expāvērunt. Sed nox proeliō fīnem</div> -<div class="line">dedit; Laevīnus tamen per noctem fūgit, Pyrrhus Rōmānōs</div> -<div class="line">mīlle octingentōs cēpit et eōs summō honōre trāctāvit, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">occīsōs sepelīvit. Quōs cum adversō vulnere et trucī vultū</div> -<div class="line">etiam mortuōs iacēre vīdisset, tulisse ad caelum manūs</div> -<div class="line">dīcitur cum hāc vōce: sē tōtīus orbis dominum esse potuisse,</div> -<div class="line">sī tālēs sibi mīlitēs contigissent.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Embassy of Cineas.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">12.</span> Posteā Pyrrhus coniūnctīs sibi Samnītibus, Lūcānīs, <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Bruttiīs Rōmam perrēxit, omnia ferrō<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> īgnīque vāstāvit, Campāniam</div> -<div class="line">populātus est atque ad Praeneste vēnit, mīliāriō ab</div> -<div class="line">urbe octāvō decimō. Mox terrōre<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> exercitūs, quī eum cum</div> -<div class="line">cōnsule sequēbātur, in Campāniam sē recēpit. Lēgātī ad</div> -<div class="line">Pyrrhum dē redimendīs captīvīs<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> missī ab eō honōrificē <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">susceptī sunt. Captīvōs sine pretiō Rōmam mīsit. Ūnum</div> -<div class="line">ex lēgātīs Rōmānōrum, Fābricium, sīc admīrātus, cum eum</div> -<div class="line">pauperem esse cognōvisset, ut quārtā parte rēgnī prōmissā</div> -<div class="line">sollicitāre voluerit ut ad sē trānsīret, contemptusque est ā</div> -<div class="line">Fābriciō. Quārē cum Pyrrhus Rōmānōrum ingentī admīrātiōne <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">tenērētur, lēgātum mīsit, quī pācem aequīs condiciōnibus</div> -<div class="line">peteret, praecipuum virum, Cīneam nōmine,<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> ita ut</div> -<div class="line">Pyrrhus partem Ītaliae, quam iam armīs occupāverat,</div> -<div class="line">obtinēret.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span><span class="chapnum">13.</span> Pāx displicuit remandātumque Pyrrhō est ā senātū eum <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">cum Rōmānīs, nisi ex Ītaliā recessisset,<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> pācem habēre nōn</div> -<div class="line">posse. Tum Rōmānī iussērunt captīvōs omnēs, quōs Pyrrhus</div> -<div class="line">reddiderat, īnfāmēs habērī, quod armātī capī potuissent, nec</div> -<div class="line">ante eōs ad veterem statum revertī, quam sī bīnōrum hostium</div> -<div class="line">occīsōrum spolia retulissent. Ita lēgātus Pyrrhī reversus <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">est. Ā quō cum quaereret Pyrrhus, quālem Rōmam</div> -<div class="line">comperisset, Cīneās dīxit rēgum sē patriam vīdisse; scīlicet</div> -<div class="line">tālēs illīc ferē omnēs esse, quālis ūnus Pyrrhus apud Ēpīrum</div> -<div class="line">et reliquam Graeciam putārētur.<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line">Missī sunt contrā Pyrrhum ducēs P. Sulpicius et Decius <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Mūs cōnsulēs. Certāmine commissō Pyrrhus vulnerātus est,</div> -<div class="line">elephantī interfectī, vīgintī mīlia caesa hostium, et ex Rōmānīs</div> -<div class="line">tantum quīnque mīlia; Pyrrhus Tarentum fugātus.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Fabricius; Battle of Beneventum, 275 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">14.</span> Interiectō annō contrā Pyrrhum Fābricius est missus,</div> -<div class="line">quī prius inter lēgātōs sollicitārī nōn poterat quārtā rēgnī <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">parte prōmissā. Tum, cum vīcīna castra ipse et rēx habērent,</div> -<div class="line">medicus Pyrrhī nocte ad eum vēnit, prōmittēns venēnō sē</div> -<div class="line">Pyrrhum occīsūrum, sī sibi aliquid pollicērētur. Quem Fābricius</div> -<div class="line">vinctum redūcī iussit ad dominum Pyrrhōque dīcī</div> -<div class="line">quae contrā caput ēius medicus spopondisset. Tum rēx <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">admīrātus eum dīxisse fertur: ‘Ille est Fābricius, quī difficilius</div> -<div class="line">ab honestāte quam sōl ā cursū suō āvertī potest.’ Tum</div> -<div class="line">rēx ad Siciliam profectus est. Fābricius victīs Lūcānīs et</div> -<div class="line">Samnītibus triumphāvit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line">Cōnsulēs deinde M. Curius Dentātus et Cornēlius Lentulus <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">adversum Pyrrhum missī sunt. Curius contrā eum pūgnāvit,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>exercitum ēius cecīdit, ipsum Tarentum fugāvit, castra</div> -<div class="line">cēpit. Eā diē caesa hostium vīgintī tria mīlia. Curius in</div> -<div class="line">cōnsulātū triumphāvit. Prīmus Rōmam elephantōs quattuor</div> -<div class="line">dūxit. Pyrrhus etiam ā Tarentō<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> mox recessit et apud</div> -<div class="line">Argōs, Graeciae cīvitātem, occīsus est.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">15.</span> C. Fabiō Liciniō C. Claudiō Canīnā cōnsulibus annō <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">urbis conditae quadringentēsimō sexāgēsimō prīmō lēgātī</div> -<div class="line">Alexandrīnī ā Ptolemaeō missī Rōmam vēnēre et ā Rōmānīs</div> -<div class="line">amīcitiam quam petierant obtinuērunt.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">16.</span> Q. Ogulniō C. Fabiō Pīctōre cōnsulibus Pīcentēs bellum</div> -<div class="line">commovēre et ab īnsequentibus cōnsulibus P. Semprōniō <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Ap. Claudiō victī sunt; et dē hīs triumphātum est. Conditae</div> -<div class="line">ā Rōmānīs cīvitātēs Arīminum in Galliā et Beneventum</div> -<div class="line">in Samniō.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">17.</span> M. Atīliō Rēgulō L. Iūliō Libōne cōnsulibus Sallentīnīs</div> -<div class="line">in Āpūliā bellum indictum est, captīque sunt cum cīvitāte <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">simul Brundisīnī, et dē hīs triumphātum est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>First Punic War, 264-241 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>; Romans victorious in Sicily, -264 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">18.</span> Annō quadringentēsimō septuāgēsimō septimō, cum</div> -<div class="line">iam clārum urbis Rōmae nōmen esset, arma tamen extrā</div> -<div class="line">Ītaliam mōta nōn fuerant. Ut igitur cognōscerētur<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> quae</div> -<div class="line">cōpiae Rōmānōrum essent, cēnsus est habitus. Tum inventa <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">sunt cīvium capita ducenta nōnāgintā duo mīlia trecenta trīgintā</div> -<div class="line">quattuor, quamquam ā conditā urbe numquam bella</div> -<div class="line">cessāssent.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line">Et contrā Āfrōs bellum susceptum est prīmum Ap. Claudiō</div> -<div class="line">Q. Fulviō cōnsulibus. In Siciliā contrā eōs pūgnātum est et <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>Ap. Claudius dē Āfrīs et rēge Siciliae Hierōne triumphāvit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">19.</span> Īnsequentī annō Valeriō Mārcō et Otāciliō Crassō cōnsulibus</div> -<div class="line">in Siciliā ā Rōmānīs rēs māgnae gestae sunt. Tauromenītānī,</div> -<div class="line">Catinēnsēs et praetereā quīnquāgintā cīvitātēs in</div> -<div class="line">fidem acceptae. Tertiō annō in Siciliā contrā Hierōnem,</div> -<div class="line">rēgem Siculōrum, bellum parātum est. Is cum omnī nōbilitāte <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Syrācūsanōrum pācem ā Rōmānīs impetrāvit deditque</div> -<div class="line">argentī<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> ducenta talenta. Āfrī in Siciliā victī sunt et dē</div> -<div class="line">hīs secundō Rōmae triumphātum est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Mylae, 260 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">20.</span> Quīntō annō prīmī bellī, quod contrā Āfrōs gerēbātur,</div> -<div class="line">prīmum Rōmānī C. Duiliō et Cn. Cornēliō Asinā cōnsulibus <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">in marī dīmicāvērunt parātīs nāvibus rōstrātīs, quās Liburnās</div> -<div class="line">vocant. Cōnsul Cornēlius fraude dēceptus est. Duilius</div> -<div class="line">commissō proeliō Karthāginiēnsium ducem vīcit, trīgintā et</div> -<div class="line">ūnam nāvēs cēpit, quattuordecim mersit, septem mīlia hostium</div> -<div class="line">cēpit, tria mīlia occīdit. Neque ūlla victōria Rōmānīs<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">grātior fuit, quod invictī terrā<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> iam etiam marī<a name="FNanchor_52a" id="FNanchor_52a"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> plūrimum</div> -<div class="line">possent.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line">C. Aquīliō Flōrō L. Scīpiōne cōnsulibus Scīpiō Corsicam</div> -<div class="line">et Sardiniam vāstāvit, multa mīlia inde captīvōrum abdūxit,</div> -<div class="line">triumphum ēgit. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Invasion of Africa by the Romans, 256 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">21.</span> L. Mānliō Vulsōne M. Atīliō Rēgulō cōnsulibus bellum</div> -<div class="line">in Āfricam trānslātum est. Contrā Hamilcarem, Karthāginiēnsium</div> -<div class="line">ducem, in marī pūgnātum, victusque est. Nam</div> -<div class="line">perditīs sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus retrō sē recēpit. Rōmānī</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>vīgintī duās āmīsērunt. Sed cum in Āfricam trānsīssent, <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">prīmam Clypeam, Āfricae cīvitātem, in dēditiōnem</div> -<div class="line">accēpērunt. Cōnsulēs ūsque ad Karthāginem prōcessērunt,</div> -<div class="line">multīsque castellīs vāstātīs Mānlius victor Rōmam rediit et</div> -<div class="line">vīgintī septem mīlia captīvōrum redūxit, Atīlius Rēgulus</div> -<div class="line">in Āfricā remānsit. Is contrā Āfrōs aciem īnstrūxit. Contrā <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">trēs Karthāginiēnsium ducēs dīmicāns victor fuit, decem</div> -<div class="line">et octō mīlia hostium cecīdit, quīnque mīlia cum decem et</div> -<div class="line">octō elephantīs cēpit, septuāgintā quattuor cīvitātēs in fidem</div> -<div class="line">accēpit. Tum victī Karthāginiēnsēs pācem ā Rōmānīs petīvērunt.</div> -<div class="line">Quam cum Rēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">dare, Āfrī auxilium ā Lacedaemoniīs petīvērunt. Et</div> -<div class="line">duce Xanthippō, quī ā Lacedaemoniīs missus fuerat, Rōmānōrum</div> -<div class="line">dux Rēgulus victus est ultimā perniciē. Nam duo</div> -<div class="line">mīlia tantum ex omnī Rōmānō exercitū refūgērunt, quīngentī</div> -<div class="line">cum imperātōre Rēgulō captī sunt, trīgintā mīlia <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">occīsa, Rēgulus ipse in catēnās coniectus.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Romans shipwrecked near Sicily.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">22.</span> M. Aemiliō Paulō Ser. Fulviō Nōbiliōre cōnsulibus ambō</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānī cōnsulēs ad Āfricam profectī sunt cum trecentārum</div> -<div class="line">nāvium classe. Prīmum Āfrōs nāvālī certāmine superant.</div> -<div class="line">Aemilius cōnsul centum et quattuor nāvēs hostium dēmersit, <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">trīgintā cum pūgnātōribus cēpit, quindecim mīlia hostium</div> -<div class="line">aut occīdit aut cēpit, mīlitem suum ingentī praedā</div> -<div class="line">dītāvit. Et subācta Āfrica tunc fuisset, nisi quod tanta</div> -<div class="line">famēs erat ut diūtius exercitus exspectāre nōn posset.</div> -<div class="line">Cōnsulēs cum victricī classe redeuntēs circā Siciliam <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">naufragium passī sunt. Et tanta tempestās fuit ut ex quadringentīs</div> -<div class="line">sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus tantum octōgintā servārī</div> -<div class="line">potuerint; neque ūllō tempore tanta maritima tempestās</div> -<div class="line">audīta est. Rōmānī tamen statim ducentās nāvēs reparāvērunt,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>neque in aliquō animus hīs īnfrāctus fuit. <span class="linenum">30</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">23.</span> Cn. Servīlius Caepiō C. Semprōnius Blaesus cōnsulēs</div> -<div class="line">cum ducentīs sexāgintā nāvibus ad Āfricam profectī sunt.</div> -<div class="line">Aliquot cīvitātēs cēpērunt. Praedam ingentem redūcentēs</div> -<div class="line">naufragium passī sunt. Itaque cum continuae calamitātēs</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānīs<a name="FNanchor_53" id="FNanchor_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> displicērent, dēcrēvit senātus ut ā maritimīs <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">proeliīs recēderētur et tantum sexāgintā nāvēs ad praesidium</div> -<div class="line">Ītaliae salvae essent.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Panormus, 250 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">24.</span> L. Caeciliō Metellō C. Fūriō Placidō cōnsulibus Metellus</div> -<div class="line">in Siciliā Āfrōrum ducem cum centum trīgintā elephantīs</div> -<div class="line">et māgnīs cōpiīs venientem superāvit, vīgintī mīlia hostium <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">cecīdit, sex et vīgintī elephantōs cēpit, reliquōs errantēs</div> -<div class="line">per Numidās, quōs in auxilium habēbat, conlēgit et Rōmam</div> -<div class="line">dēdūxit ingentī pompā, cum elephantōrum numerus omnia</div> -<div class="line">itinera complēret.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Regulus sent to Rome to solicit Peace, 250 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">25.</span> Post haec mala Karthāginiēnsēs Rēgulum ducem, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">quem cēperant, petīvērunt ut Rōmam proficīscerētur et pācem</div> -<div class="line">ā Rōmānīs obtinēret ac permūtātiōnem captīvōrum faceret.</div> -<div class="line">Ille Rōmam cum vēnisset, inductus in senātum nihil quasi</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānus ēgit dīxitque sē ex illā diē,<a name="FNanchor_54" id="FNanchor_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> quā in potestātem</div> -<div class="line">Āfrōrum vēnisset, Rōmānum esse dēsīsse. Itaque et uxōrem <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">ā complexū remōvit et senātuī suāsit nē pāx cum</div> -<div class="line">Poenīs fieret; illōs enim frāctōs tot cāsibus spem nūllam</div> -<div class="line">habēre; sē tantī<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> nōn esse, ut tot mīlia captīvōrum propter</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>ūnum sē et senem et paucōs, quī ex Rōmānīs captī<a name="FNanchor_56" id="FNanchor_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> fuerant,</div> -<div class="line">redderentur. Itaque obtinuit. Nam Āfrōs pācem petentēs</div> -<div class="line">nūllus admīsit. Ipse Karthāginem rediit, offerentibusque</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānīs ut eum Rōmae tenērent, negāvit sē in eā urbe</div> -<div class="line">mānsūrum in quā, postquam Āfrīs servierat, dīgnitātem</div> -<div class="line">honestī cīvis habēre nōn posset. Regressus igitur ad Āfricam <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">omnibus suppliciīs exstinctus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Publius Claudius defeated near Drepana, 249 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">26.</span> P. Claudiō Pulchrō L. Iūniō cōnsulibus Claudius</div> -<div class="line">contrā auspicia pūgnāvit et ā Karthāginiēnsibus victus est.</div> -<div class="line">Nam ex ducentīs et vīgintī nāvibus cum trīgintā fūgit,</div> -<div class="line">nōnāgintā cum pūgnātōribus captae sunt, dēmersae cēterae. <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Alius quoque cōnsul naufragiō classem āmīsit, exercitum</div> -<div class="line">tamen salvum habuit, quia vīcīna lītora erant.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Lilybaeum, 242 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Battle of the Aegates Islands -and End of the War, 241 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">27.</span> C. Lutātiō Catulō A. Postumiō Albīnō cōnsulibus, annō</div> -<div class="line">bellī Pūnicī vīcēsimō et tertiō Catulō bellum contrā Āfrōs</div> -<div class="line">commissum est. Profectus est cum trecentīs nāvibus in <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Siciliam; Āfrī contrā ipsum quadringentās parāvērunt.</div> -<div class="line">Numquam in marī tantīs cōpiīs pūgnātum est. Lutātius</div> -<div class="line">Catulus nāvem aeger ascendit; vulnerātus enim in pūgnā</div> -<div class="line">superiōre fuerat. Contrā Lilybaeum, cīvitātem Siciliae,</div> -<div class="line">pūgnātum est ingentī virtūte Rōmānōrum. Nam <span class="smcapuc">LXIII</span> <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Karthāginiēnsium nāvēs captae sunt, <span class="smcapuc">CXXV</span> dēmersae, <span class="smcapuc">XXXII</span></div> -<div class="line">mīlia hostium capta, <span class="smcapuc">XIII</span> mīlia occīsa, īnfīnītum aurī, argentī,</div> -<div class="line">praedae in potestātem Rōmānōrum redāctum. Ex</div> -<div class="line">classe Rōmānā <span class="smcapuc">XII</span> nāvēs dēmersae. Pūgnātum est <span class="smcapuc">VI</span> Īdūs</div> -<div class="line">Mārtiās. Statim pācem Karthāginiēnsēs petīvērunt tribūtaque <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">est hīs pāx. Captīvī Rōmānōrum quī tenēbantur ā</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>Karthāginiēnsibus redditī sunt. Etiam Karthāginiēnsēs</div> -<div class="line">petīvērunt ut redimī eōs captīvōs licēret quōs ex Āfrīs</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānī tenēbant. Senātus iussit sine pretiō eōs darī quī</div> -<div class="line">in pūblicā cūstōdiā essent; quī autem ā prīvātīs tenērentur</div> -<div class="line">ut pretiō dominīs redditō Karthāginem redīrent atque id</div> -<div class="line">pretium ex fiscō magis quam ā Karthāginiēnsibus solverētur. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">28.</span> Q. Lutātius A. Mānlius cōnsulēs creātī bellum Faliscīs</div> -<div class="line">intulērunt, quae cīvitās Ītaliae opulenta quondam fuit.</div> -<div class="line">Quod ambō cōnsulēs intrā sex diēs, quam vēnerant, trānsēgērunt</div> -<div class="line"><span class="smcapuc">XV</span> mīlibus hostium caesīs, cēterīs pāce concessā,</div> -<div class="line">agrō tamen ex medietāte sublātō. <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="Liber_III" id="Liber_III"></a>LIBER TERTIUS</h2> - -<p class="subheading"><span class="smcap">From the End of the First to the End of the -Second Punic War,</span> 241-201 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">1.</span> Fīnītō igitur Pūnicō bellō, quod per <span class="smcapuc">XXIII</span> annōs trāctum</div> -<div class="line">est, Rōmānī iam clārissimā glōriā nōtī lēgātōs ad Ptolemaeum,</div> -<div class="line">Aegyptī rēgem, mīsērunt auxilia prōmittentēs, quia</div> -<div class="line">rēx Syriae Antiochus bellum eī intulerat. Ille grātiās</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānīs ēgit, auxilia nōn accēpit. Iam enim fuerat pūgna <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">trānsācta. Eōdem tempore potentissimus rēx Siciliae Hierō</div> -<div class="line">Rōmam vēnit ad lūdōs spectandōs<a name="FNanchor_57" id="FNanchor_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> et ducenta mīlia modiōrum<a name="FNanchor_58" id="FNanchor_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></div> -<div class="line">trīticī populō dōnum exhibuit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Sardinia taken by the Romans, 238 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">2.</span> L. Cornēliō Lentulō Fulviō Flaccō cōnsulibus, quibus</div> -<div class="line">Hierō Rōmam vēnerat, etiam contrā Ligurēs intrā Ītaliam <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>bellum gestum est et dē hīs triumphātum. Karthāginiēnsēs</div> -<div class="line">tamen bellum reparāre temptābant, Sardiniēnsēs, quī ex</div> -<div class="line">condiciōne pācis Rōmānīs pārēre dēbēbant, ad rebellandum<a name="FNanchor_59" id="FNanchor_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></div> -<div class="line">impellentēs. Vēnit tamen Rōmam lēgātiō Karthāginiēnsium</div> -<div class="line">et pācem impetrāvit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">3.</span> T. Mānliō Torquātō C. Atīliō Bulcō cōnsulibus dē <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Sardīs triumphātum est, et pāce omnibus locīs factā Rōmānī</div> -<div class="line">nūllum bellum habuērunt, quod hīs post Rōmam conditam</div> -<div class="line">semel tantum Numā Pompiliō rēgnante contigerat.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with the Illyrians, 229 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">4.</span> L. Postumius Albīnus Cn. Fulvius Centumalus cōnsulēs</div> -<div class="line">bellum contrā Īllyriōs gessērunt et multīs cīvitātibus captīs <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">etiam rēgēs in dēditiōnem accēpērunt. Ac tum prīmum ex</div> -<div class="line">Īllyriīs triumphātum est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Invasion of the Gauls, 225 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">5.</span> L. Aemiliō cōnsule ingentēs Gallōrum cōpiae Alpēs trānsiērunt.</div> -<div class="line">Sed prō Rōmānīs tōta Ītalia cōnsēnsit, trāditumque</div> -<div class="line">est ā Fabiō historicō, quī eī bellō interfuit, <span class="smcapuc">DCCC</span> mīlia <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">hominum parāta ad id bellum fuisse. Sed rēs per cōnsulem</div> -<div class="line">tantum prōsperē gesta est. <span class="smcapuc">XL</span> mīlia hostium interfecta</div> -<div class="line">sunt et triumphus Aemiliō dēcrētus.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">6.</span> Aliquot deinde annīs post contrā Gallōs intrā Ītaliam</div> -<div class="line">pūgnātum est, fīnītumque bellum M. Claudiō Mārcellō et <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Cn. Cornēliō Scīpiōne cōnsulibus. Tum Mārcellus cum<a name="FNanchor_60" id="FNanchor_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></div> -<div class="line">parvā manū equitum dīmicāvit et rēgem Gallōrum, Viridomarum</div> -<div class="line">nōmine, manū suā occīdit. Posteā cum conlēgā</div> -<div class="line">ingentēs cōpiās Gallōrum perēmit, Mediōlānum expūgnāvit,</div> -<div class="line">grandem praedam Rōmam pertulit. Ac triumphāns Mārcellus <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>spolia Gallī stīpitī imposita umerīs suīs vexit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Second Punic War begun, 218 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">7.</span> M. Minuciō Rūfō P. Cornēliō cōnsulibus Histrīs bellum</div> -<div class="line">inlātum est, quia latrōcinātī nāvibus Rōmānōrum fuerant,</div> -<div class="line">quae frūmenta exhibēbant, perdomitīque sunt omnēs. Eōdem</div> -<div class="line">annō bellum Pūnicum secundum Rōmānīs inlātum est per</div> -<div class="line">Hannibalem, Karthāginiēnsium ducem, quī Saguntum, Hispāniae <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">cīvitātem Rōmānīs<a name="FNanchor_61" id="FNanchor_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> amīcam, oppūgnāre aggressus</div> -<div class="line">est, annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis, cōpiīs congregātīs CL</div> -<div class="line">mīlium. Huic Rōmānī per lēgātōs dēnūntiāvērunt ut bellō</div> -<div class="line">abstinēret. Is lēgātōs admittere nōluit. Rōmānī etiam</div> -<div class="line">Karthāginem mīsērunt, ut mandārētur Hannibalī<a name="FNanchor_62" id="FNanchor_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> nē bellum <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">contrā sociōs populī Rōmānī gereret. Dūra respōnsa ā</div> -<div class="line">Karthāginiēnsibus data sunt. Saguntīnī intereā famē victī</div> -<div class="line">sunt, captīque ab Hannibale ultimīs poenīs adficiuntur.</div> -<div class="line">Bellum Karthāginiēnsibus indictum est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Hannibal crosses the Alps.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">8.</span> Tum P. Cornēlius Scīpiō cum exercitū in Hispāniam <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">profectus est, Ti. Semprōnius in Siciliam. Hannibal relīctō</div> -<div class="line">in Hispāniā frātre Hasdrubale Pȳrēnaeum trānsiit. Alpēs,</div> -<div class="line">adhūc eā parte<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> inviās, sibi patefēcit. Trāditur ad Ītaliam</div> -<div class="line"><span class="smcapuc">LXXX</span> mīlia peditum, <span class="smcapuc">X</span> mīlia equitum, septem et <span class="smcapuc">XXX</span> elephantōs</div> -<div class="line">addūxisse. Intereā multī Ligurēs et Gallī Hannibalī <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">sē coniūnxērunt. Semprōnius Gracchus cognitō ad Ītaliam</div> -<div class="line">Hannibalis adventū ex Siciliā exercitum Arīminum trāiēcit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of the Trebia, 218 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Battle of Trasumenus, 217 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">9.</span> P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Hannibalī prīmus occurrit. Commissō</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>proeliō, fugātīs suīs ipse vulnerātus in castra rediit.</div> -<div class="line">Semprōnius Gracchus et ipse cōnflīgit apud Trebiam amnem.</div> -<div class="line">Is quoque vincitur. Hannibalī multī sē in Ītaliā dēdidērunt.</div> -<div class="line">Inde ad Tusciam veniēns Hannibal Flāminiō cōnsulī occurrit.</div> -<div class="line">Ipsum Flāminium interēmit; Rōmānōrum <span class="smcapuc">XXV</span> mīlia</div> -<div class="line">caesa sunt, cēterī diffūgērunt. Missus adversus Hannibalem <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">posteā ā Rōmānīs Q. Fabius Māximus. Is eum differendō<a name="FNanchor_64" id="FNanchor_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></div> -<div class="line">pūgnam ab impetū frēgit, mox inventā occāsiōne vīcit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Cannae, 216 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">10.</span> Quīngentēsimō et quadrāgēsimō annō ā conditā urbe</div> -<div class="line">L. Aemilius Paulus P. Terentius Varrō contrā Hannibalem</div> -<div class="line">mittuntur Fabiōque succēdunt, quī abiēns ambō cōnsulēs <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">monuit ut Hannibalem, callidum et impatientem ducem,</div> -<div class="line">nōn aliter vincerent quam proelium differendō.<a name="FNanchor_64a" id="FNanchor_64a"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> Vērum</div> -<div class="line">cum impatientiā Varrōnis cōnsulis contrādīcente alterō cōnsule</div> -<div class="line">apud vīcum, quī Cannae appellātur, in Āpūliā pūgnātum</div> -<div class="line">esset, ambō cōnsulēs ab Hannibale vincuntur. In eā <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">pūgnā tria mīlia Āfrōrum pereunt; māgna pars dē exercitū</div> -<div class="line">Hannibalis sauciātur. Nūllō tamen proeliō Pūnicō bellō</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānī gravius acceptī sunt. Periit enim in eō cōnsul</div> -<div class="line">Aemilius Paulus, cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī <span class="smcapuc">XX</span>, senātōrēs captī</div> -<div class="line">aut occīsī <span class="smcapuc">XXX</span>, nōbilēs virī <span class="smcapuc">CCC</span>, mīlitum <span class="smcapuc">XL</span> mīlia, equitum <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="smcapuc">III</span> mīlia et quīngentī. In quibus malīs nēmō tamen Rōmānōrum</div> -<div class="line">pācis mentiōnem habēre dīgnātus est. Servī, quod</div> -<div class="line">numquam ante, manūmissī et mīlitēs factī sunt.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War in Spain, 218 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">11.</span> Post eam pūgnam multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs, quae Rōmānīs</div> -<div class="line">pāruerant, sē ad Hannibalem trānstulērunt. Hannibal <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>Rōmānīs obtulit ut captīvōs redimerent, respōnsumque est ā</div> -<div class="line">senātū eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs quī, cum armātī essent,</div> -<div class="line">capī potuissent. Ille omnēs posteā variīs suppliciīs interfēcit</div> -<div class="line">et trēs modiōs ānulōrum aureōrum Karthāginem mīsit,</div> -<div class="line">quōs ex manibus equitum Rōmānōrum, senātōrum et mīlitum</div> -<div class="line">dētrāxerat. Intereā in Hispāniā, ubi frāter Hannibalis <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Hasdrubal remānserat cum māgnō exercitū, ut eam tōtam</div> -<div class="line">Āfrīs<a name="FNanchor_65" id="FNanchor_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> subigeret, ā duōbus Scīpiōnibus, Rōmānīs ducibus,</div> -<div class="line">vincitur. Perdit in pūgnā <span class="smcapuc">XXXV</span> mīlia hominum; ex hīs</div> -<div class="line">capiuntur <span class="smcapuc">X</span> mīlia, occīduntur <span class="smcapuc">XXV</span> mīlia. Mittuntur eī ā</div> -<div class="line">Karthāginiēnsibus ad reparandās vīrēs <span class="smcapuc">XII</span> mīlia peditum, <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="smcapuc">IV</span> mīlia equitum, <span class="smcapuc">XX</span> elephantī.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle near Nola, 215 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">12.</span> Annō quārtō postquam ad Ītaliam Hannibal vēnit,</div> -<div class="line">M. Claudius Mārcellus cōnsul apud Nōlam, cīvitātem Campāniae,</div> -<div class="line">contrā Hannibalem bene pūgnāvit. Hannibal multās</div> -<div class="line">cīvitātēs Rōmānōrum per Āpūliam, Calābriam, Bruttiōs occupāvit. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Quō tempore etiam rēx Macedoniae Philippus ad eum</div> -<div class="line">lēgātōs mīsit, prōmittēns auxilia contrā Rōmānōs sub hāc</div> -<div class="line">condiciōne, ut dēlētīs Rōmānīs ipse quoque contrā Graecōs</div> -<div class="line">ab Hannibale auxilia acciperet. Captīs igitur lēgātīs Philippī</div> -<div class="line">et rē cognitā Rōmānī in Macedoniam M. Valerium Laevīnum <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">īre iussērunt, in Sardiniam T. Mānlium Torquātum prōcōnsulem.</div> -<div class="line">Nam etiam ea sollicitāta ab Hannibale Rōmānōs</div> -<div class="line">dēseruerat.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">13.</span> Ita ūnō tempore quattuor locīs pūgnābātur: in Ītaliā</div> -<div class="line">contrā Hannibalem, in Hispāniīs contrā frātrem ēius <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">Hasdrubalem, in Macedoniā contrā Philippum, in Sardinia contrā</div> -<div class="line">Sardōs et alterum Hasdrubalem Karthāginiēnsem. Is ā</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>T. Mānliō prōcōnsule, quī ad Sardiniam missus fuerat, vīvus</div> -<div class="line">est captus, occīsa duodecim mīlia, captī cum eō mīlle</div> -<div class="line">quīngentī, et ā Rōmānīs Sardinia subācta. Mānlius victōr</div> -<div class="line">captīvōs et Hasdrubalem Rōmam reportāvit. Intereā</div> -<div class="line">etiam Philippus ā Laevīnō in Macedoniā vincitur et in</div> -<div class="line">Hispāniā ab Scīpiōnibus Hasdrubal et Māgō, tertius frāter <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Hannibalis.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Campaign in Sicily, 214-210 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">14.</span> Decimō annō<a name="FNanchor_66" id="FNanchor_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> postquam Hannibal in Ītaliam vēnerat,</div> -<div class="line">P. Sulpiciō Cn. Fulviō cōnsulibus Hannibal ūsque ad quārtum</div> -<div class="line">mīliārium urbis accessit, equitēs ēius ūsque ad portam.</div> -<div class="line">Mox cōnsulum<a name="FNanchor_67" id="FNanchor_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> cum exercitū venientium metū<a name="FNanchor_68" id="FNanchor_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> Hannibal <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">ad Campāniam sē recēpit. In Hispāniā ā frātre ēius Hasdrubale</div> -<div class="line">ambō Scīpiōnēs, quī per multōs annōs vīctōrēs</div> -<div class="line">fuerant, interficiuntur, exercitus tamen integer mānsit; cāsū</div> -<div class="line">enim magis erant quam virtūte dēceptī. Quō tempore etiam</div> -<div class="line">ā cōnsule Mārcello Siciliae māgna pars capta est, quam <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">tenēre Āfrī coeperant, et nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna;</div> -<div class="line">praeda ingēns Rōmam perlāta est. Laevīnus in Macedoniā</div> -<div class="line">cum Philippō et multīs Graeciae populīs et rēge Asiae Attalō</div> -<div class="line">amīcitiam fēcit, et ad Siciliam profectus Hannōnem quendam,</div> -<div class="line">Āfrōrum ducem, apud Agrigentum cīvitātem cum ipsō <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">oppidō cēpit eumque Rōmam cum captīvīs nōbilissimīs mīsit.</div> -<div class="line"><span class="smcapuc">XL</span> cīvitātēs in dēditiōnem accēpit, <span class="smcapuc">XXVI</span> expūgnāvit. Ita</div> -<div class="line">omnis Sicilia recepta est; ingentī glōriā<a name="FNanchor_69" id="FNanchor_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> Rōmam regressus</div> -<div class="line">est. Hannibal in Ītaliā Cn. Fulvium cōnsulem subitō</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>aggressus cum octō mīlibus hominum interfēcit. <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War in Spain, 210-206 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">15.</span> Intereā ad Hispāniās, ubi occīsīs duōbus Scīpiōnibus</div> -<div class="line">nūllus Rōmānus dux erat, P. Cornēlius Scīpiō mittitur,</div> -<div class="line">fīlius P. Scīpiōnis, quī ibīdem bellum gesserat, annōs nātus</div> -<div class="line">quattuor et vīgintī, vir Rōmānōrum omnium et suā aetāte</div> -<div class="line">et posteriōre tempore ferē prīmus. Is Karthāginem Hispāniae <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">capit, in quā omne aurum, argentum et bellī apparātum</div> -<div class="line">Āfrī habēbant, nōbilissimōs quoque obsidēs, quōs ab Hispānīs</div> -<div class="line">accēperant. Māgōnem etiam, frātrem Hannibalis,</div> -<div class="line">ibīdem capit, quem Rōmam cum aliīs mittit. Rōmae<a name="FNanchor_70" id="FNanchor_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> ingēns</div> -<div class="line">laetitia post hunc nūntium fuit. Scīpiō Hispānōrum obsidēs <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">parentibus reddidit; quārē omnēs ferē Hispānī ūnō</div> -<div class="line">animō ad eum trānsiērunt. Post quae Hasdrubalem, Hannibalis</div> -<div class="line">frātrem, victum<a name="FNanchor_71" id="FNanchor_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> fugat et praedam māximam capit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Recapture of Tarentum, 209 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">16.</span> Intereā in Ītaliā cōnsul Q. Fabius Māximus Tarentum</div> -<div class="line">recēpit, in quā ingentēs cōpiae Hannibalis erant. Ibi etiam <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">ducem Hannibalis Carthalōnem occīdit, <span class="smcapuc">XXV</span> mīlia hominum</div> -<div class="line">cāptīvōrum vēndidit, praedam mīlitibus dispertīvit, pecūniam</div> -<div class="line">hominum vēnditōrum ad fiscum rettulit. Tum multae</div> -<div class="line">cīvitātēs Rōmānōrum, quae ad Hannibalem trānsierant</div> -<div class="line">prius, rūrsus sē Fabiō Māximō dēdidērunt. Īnsequentī <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">annō Scīpiō in Hispāniā ēgregiās rēs ēgit et per sē et per</div> -<div class="line">frātrem suum L. Scīpiōnem; <span class="smcapuc">LXX</span> cīvitātēs recēpērunt. In</div> -<div class="line">Ītaliā tamen male pūgnātum est. Nam Claudius Mārcellus</div> -<div class="line">cōnsul ab Hannibale occīsus est.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">17.</span> Tertiō annō postquam Scīpiō ad Hispāniās profectus <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>fuerat, rūrsus rēs inclitās gerit. Rēgem Hispāniārum māgnō</div> -<div class="line">proeliō victum in amīcitiam accēpit et prīmus omnium ā</div> -<div class="line">victō obsidēs nōn poposcit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Metaurus, 207 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">18.</span> Dēspērāns Hannibal Hispāniās contrā Scīpiōnem diūtius</div> -<div class="line">posse retinērī, frātrem suum Hasdrubalem ad Ītaliam</div> -<div class="line">cum omnibus cōpiīs ēvocāvit. Is, veniēns eōdem itinere<a name="FNanchor_72" id="FNanchor_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> quō <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">etiam Hannibal vēnerat, ā cōnsulibus Ap. Claudiō Nerōne</div> -<div class="line">et M. Līviō Salīnātōre apud Sēnam, Pīcēnī cīvitātem, in</div> -<div class="line">īnsidiās compositās incidit. Strēnuē tamen pūgnāns occīsus</div> -<div class="line">est; ingentēs ēius cōpiae captae aut interfectae sunt, māgnum</div> -<div class="line">pondus aurī atque argentī Rōmam relātum est. Post <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">haec Hannibal diffīdere iam dē bellī coepit ēventū. Rōmānīs</div> -<div class="line">ingēns animus accessit; itaque et ipsī ēvocāvērunt ex</div> -<div class="line">Hispāniā P. Cornēlium Scīpiōnem. Is Rōmam cum ingentī</div> -<div class="line">glōriā vēnit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">19.</span> Q. Caeciliō L. Valeriō cōnsulibus omnēs cīvitātēs, quae <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">in Bruttiīs ab Hannibale tenēbantur, Rōmānīs sē trādidērunt.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Scipio crosses into Africa, 204 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">20.</span> Annō quārtō decimō posteāquam in Ītaliam Hannibal</div> -<div class="line">vēnerat, Scīpiō, quī multa bene in Hispāniā ēgerat, cōnsul</div> -<div class="line">est factus et in Āfricam missus. Cuī virō<a name="FNanchor_73" id="FNanchor_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> dīvīnum quiddam</div> -<div class="line">inesse exīstimābātur, adeō ut putārētur etiam cum nūminibus <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">habēre sermōnem. Is in Āfricā contrā Hannōnem,</div> -<div class="line">ducem Āfrōrum, pūgnat; exercitum ēius interficit. Secundō</div> -<div class="line">proeliō castra capit cum quattuor mīlibus et quīngentīs</div> -<div class="line">mīlitibus, XI mīlibus occīsīs. Syphācem, Numidiae</div> -<div class="line">rēgem, quī sē Āfrīs coniūnxerat, capit et castra ēius invādit. <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>Syphāx cum nōbilissimīs Numidīs et īnfīnītīs spoliīs Rōmam</div> -<div class="line">ā Scīpiōne mittitur. Quā rē audītā omnis ferē Ītalia</div> -<div class="line">Hannibalem dēserit. Ipse ā Karthāginiēnsibus redīre in</div> -<div class="line">Āfricam iubētur, quam Scīpiō vāstābat.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Efforts for Peace.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">21.</span> Ita annō septimō decimō ab Hannibale Ītalia līberāta</div> -<div class="line">est. Lēgātī Karthāginiēnsium pācem ā Scīpiōne petīvērunt; <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">ab eō ad senātum Rōmam missī sunt. Quadrāgintā et quīnque</div> -<div class="line">diēbus hīs indūtiae datae sunt, quoūsque īre Rōmam et</div> -<div class="line">regredī possent<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>; et trīgintā mīlia pondō argentī ab hīs</div> -<div class="line">accepta sunt. Senātus ex arbitriō Scīpiōnis pācem iussit</div> -<div class="line">cum Karthāginiēnsibus fierī. Scīpiō hīs condiciōnibus <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">dedit: nē amplius quam trīgintā nāvēs habērent,<a name="FNanchor_75" id="FNanchor_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> ut quīngenta</div> -<div class="line">mīlia pondō argentī darent,<a name="FNanchor_75a" id="FNanchor_75a"></a><a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> captīvōs et perfugās</div> -<div class="line">redderent.<a name="FNanchor_75b" id="FNanchor_75b"></a><a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">22.</span> Interim Hannibale veniente ad Āfricam pāx turbāta</div> -<div class="line">est, multa hostīlia ab Āfrīs facta sunt. Lēgātī tamen eōrum <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">ex urbe venientēs ā Rōmānīs captī sunt, sed iubente Scīpiōne</div> -<div class="line">dīmissī. Hannibal quoque frequentibus proeliīs victus ā</div> -<div class="line">Scīpiōne petīt etiam ipse pācem. Cum ventum esset ad</div> -<div class="line">conloquium, īsdem condiciōnibus data est quibus prius,</div> -<div class="line">additīs quīngentīs mīlibus pondō argentī centum mīlibus <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">lībrārum propter novam perfidiam. Karthāginiēnsibus condiciōnēs</div> -<div class="line">displicuērunt iussēruntque Hannibalem pūgnāre.</div> -<div class="line">Īnfertur ā Scīpiōne et Masinissā, aliō rēge Numidārum, quī</div> -<div class="line">amīcitiam cum Scīpiōne fēcerat, Karthāginī bellum. Hannibal</div> -<div class="line">trēs explōrātōrēs ad Scīpiōnis castra mīsit, quōs captōs <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">Scīpiō circumdūcī per castra iussit ostendīque hīs tōtum</div> -<div class="line">exercitum, mox etiam prandium darī dīmittīque, ut renūntiārent</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>Hannibalī quae apud Rōmānōs vīdissent.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Zama, 202 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> End of the Second Punic War, -201 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">23.</span> Intereā proelium ab utrōque duce īnstrūctum est, quāle</div> -<div class="line">vix ūllā memoriā fuit, cum perītissimī virī cōpiās suās ad</div> -<div class="line">bellum ēdūcerent. Scīpiō victor recēdit paene ipsō Hannibale</div> -<div class="line">captō, quī prīmum cum multīs equitibus, deinde cum</div> -<div class="line">vīgintī, postrēmō cum quattuor ēvāsit. Inventa in castrīs <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Hannibalis argentī pondō vīgintī mīlia, aurī octōgintā, cētera</div> -<div class="line">supellectilis cōpiōsa. Post id certāmen pāx cum Karthāginiēnsibus</div> -<div class="line">facta est. Scīpiō Rōmam rediit, ingentī glōriā</div> -<div class="line">triumphāvit atque Āfricānus ex eō appellārī coeptus est.</div> -<div class="line">Fīnem accēpit secundum Pūnicum bellum post annum <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">nōnum decimum quam coeperat.</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="Liber_IV" id="Liber_IV"></a>LIBER QUĀRTUS</h2> - -<p class="subheading"><span class="smcap">From the End of the Second Punic War to the End -of the War with Jugurtha,</span> 201-106 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<h3><i>Second Macedonian War, 200-196 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">1.</span> Trānsāctō Pūnicō bellō secūtum est Macedonicum contrā</div> -<div class="line">Philippum rēgem quīngentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō et prīmō</div> -<div class="line">annō ab urbe conditā.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">2.</span> T. Quīntius Flāminīnus adversum</div> -<div class="line">Philippum rēgem missus rem prōsperē gessit. Pāx eī data <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">est hīs lēgibus: nē Graeciae cīvitātibus, quās Rōmānī contrā</div> -<div class="line">eum dēfenderant,<a name="FNanchor_76" id="FNanchor_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> bellum īnferret, ut captīvōs et trānsfugās</div> -<div class="line">redderet, quīnquāgintā sōlās nāvēs habēret, reliquās Rōmānīs</div> -<div class="line">dederet, per annōs<a name="FNanchor_77" id="FNanchor_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> decem quaterna mīlia pondō</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>argentī praestāret et obsidem daret fīlium suum Dēmētrium. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">T. Quīntius etiam Lacedaemoniīs intulit bellum. Ducem</div> -<div class="line">eōrum Nabidem vīcit et quibus voluit condiciōnibus in</div> -<div class="line">fidem accēpit. Ingentī glōriā triumphāvit; dūxit ante currum</div> -<div class="line">nōbilissimōs obsidēs, Dēmētrium, Philippī fīlium, et</div> -<div class="line">Armenēn Nabidis. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Syro-Aetolian War, 192-189 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">3.</span> Trānsāctō bellō Macedonicō secūtum est Syriacum contrā</div> -<div class="line">Antiochum rēgem P. Cornēliō Scīpiōne M. Aciliō Glabriōne</div> -<div class="line">cōnsulibus. Huic Antiochō Hannibal sē iūnxerat, Karthāginem,</div> -<div class="line">patriam suam, metū nē Rōmānīs trāderētur,<a name="FNanchor_78" id="FNanchor_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> relinquēns.</div> -<div class="line">M. Acilius Glabriō in Achaeā bene pūgnāvit. Castra <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">rēgis Antiochī nocturnā pūgnā capta sunt, ipse fugātus.</div> -<div class="line">Philippō, quia contrā Antiochum Rōmānīs<a name="FNanchor_79" id="FNanchor_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> fuisset auxiliō,<a name="FNanchor_79a" id="FNanchor_79a"></a><a href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></div> -<div class="line">fīlius Dēmētrius redditus est.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">4.</span> L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne et C. Laeliō cōnsulibus<a name="FNanchor_80" id="FNanchor_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> Scīpiō</div> -<div class="line">Āfricānus frātrī suō L. Cornēliō Scīpiōnī cōnsulī lēgātus <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">datus contrā Antiochum profectus est. Hannibal, quī cum</div> -<div class="line">Antiochō erat, nāvālī proeliō<a name="FNanchor_81" id="FNanchor_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> victus est. Ipse posteā</div> -<div class="line">Antiochus circā Sipylum apud Māgnēsiam, Asiae cīvitātem,</div> -<div class="line">ā cōnsule Cornēliō Scīpiōne ingentī proeliō<a name="FNanchor_81a" id="FNanchor_81a"></a><a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> fūsus est.</div> -<div class="line">Auxiliō fuit Rōmānīs in eā pūgnā Eumenēs, Attalī rēgis <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">frāter, quī Eumeniam in Phrygiā condidit. Quīnquāgintā</div> -<div class="line">mīlia peditum, tria equitum eō certāmine ex parte rēgis</div> -<div class="line">occīsa sunt. Tum rēx pācem petīt. Īsdem condiciōnibus</div> -<div class="line">data est ā senātū, quamquam victō, quibus ante offerēbātur:</div> -<div class="line">ut ex Eurōpā et Asiā recēderet atque intrā Taurum sē continēret, <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>decem mīlia talentōrum et vīgintī obsidēs praebēret,</div> -<div class="line">Hannibalem, concitātōrem bellī, dēderet. Eumenī</div> -<div class="line">rēgī dōnātae sunt ā senātū omnēs Asiae cīvitātēs, quās</div> -<div class="line">Antiochus bellō perdiderat, et Rhodiīs, quī auxilium Rōmānīs</div> -<div class="line">contrā rēgem Antiochum tulerant, multae urbēs</div> -<div class="line">concessae sunt. Scīpiō Rōmam rediit, ingentī glōriā triumphāvit. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Nōmen et ipse ad imitātiōnem frātris Asiāgenis</div> -<div class="line">accēpit, quia Asiam vīcerat, sīcutī frāter ipsīus propter</div> -<div class="line">Āfricam domitam<a name="FNanchor_82" id="FNanchor_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> Āfricānus appellābātur.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">5.</span> Sp. Postumiō Albīnō Q. Mārciō Philippō cōnsulibus</div> -<div class="line">M. Fulvius dē Aetōlīs triumphāvit. Hannibal, quī, victō <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Antiochō, nē Rōmānīs trāderētur ad Prūsiam, Bīthȳniae</div> -<div class="line">rēgem, fūgerat, repetītus etiam ab eō est per T. Quīntium</div> -<div class="line">Flāminīnum. Et cum trādendus<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> Rōmānīs esset, venēnum</div> -<div class="line">bibit et apud Libyssam in fīnibus Nīcomēdēnsium sepultus</div> -<div class="line">est. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Third Macedonian War, 176-168 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">6.</span> Philippō, rēge Macedoniae, mortuō, quī et adversum</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānōs bellum gesserat et posteā Rōmānīs contrā Antiochum</div> -<div class="line">auxilium tulerat, fīlius ēius Perseus in Macedoniā</div> -<div class="line">rebellāvit ingentibus cōpiīs ad bellum parātīs. Nam adiūtōrēs</div> -<div class="line">habēbat Cotyn, Thraciae rēgem, et rēgem Īllyricī, Gentium <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">nōmine.<a name="FNanchor_84" id="FNanchor_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> Rōmānīs autem auxiliō erant Eumenēs,</div> -<div class="line">Asiae rēx, Ariarātus Cappadociae, Antiochus Syriae, Ptolemaeus</div> -<div class="line">Aegyptī, Masinissa Numidiae. Prūsiās autem Bīthȳniae,</div> -<div class="line">quamquam sorōrem Perseī uxōrem habēret, utrīsque</div> -<div class="line">sē aequum praebuit. Dux Rōmānōrum P. Licinius cōnsul <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">contrā Perseum missus est et ā rēge gravī proeliō victus.</div> -<div class="line">Neque tamen Rōmānī, quamquam superātī, rēgī petentī</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>pācem praestāre voluērunt, nisi hīs condiciōnibus: ut sē</div> -<div class="line">et suōs senātuī et populō Rōmānō dēderet.<a name="FNanchor_85" id="FNanchor_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> Mox missus</div> -<div class="line">contrā eum L. Aemilius Paulus cōnsul et in Īllyricum C.</div> -<div class="line">Anicius praetor contrā Gentium. Sed Gentius facile ūnō</div> -<div class="line">proeliō victus mox sē dēdidit. Māter ēius et uxor et duo</div> -<div class="line">fīliī, frāter quoque simul in potestātem Rōmānōrum vēnērunt. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Ita bellō intrā <span class="smcapuc">XXX</span> diēs perfectō ante cognitum est</div> -<div class="line">Gentium victum quam coeptum bellum nūntiārētur.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Pydna, 168 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">7.</span> Cum Perseō autem Aemilius Paulus cōnsul <span class="smcapuc">III</span> Nōnās</div> -<div class="line">Septembrēs dīmicāvit vīcitque eum vīgintī mīlibus peditum</div> -<div class="line">ēius occīsīs. Equitātus cum rēge integer fūgit. Rōmānōrum <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">centum mīlitēs āmissī sunt. Urbēs Macedoniae omnēs,</div> -<div class="line">quās rēx tenuerat, Rōmānīs sē dēdidērunt; ipse rēx, cum</div> -<div class="line">dēsererētur ab amīcīs, vēnit in Paulī potestātem. Sed</div> -<div class="line">honōrem eī cōnsul nōn quasi victō habuit. Nam et volentem</div> -<div class="line">ad pedēs sibi<a name="FNanchor_86" id="FNanchor_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> cadere nōn permīsit et iūxtā sē in sellā <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">conlocāvit. Macedonibus et Īllyriīs hae lēgēs ā Rōmānīs datae:</div> -<div class="line">ut līberī essent<a name="FNanchor_85a" id="FNanchor_85a"></a><a href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> et dīmidium eōrum tribūtōrum praestārent,<a name="FNanchor_85b" id="FNanchor_85b"></a><a href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></div> -<div class="line">quae rēgibus praestitissent, ut appārēret populum Rōmānum</div> -<div class="line">prō aequitāte magis quam avāritiā dīmicāre. Itaque in conventū</div> -<div class="line">īnfīnītōrum populōrum Paulus hōc prōnūntiāvit et <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">lēgātiōnēs multārum gentium, quae ad eum vēnerant, māgnificentissimē</div> -<div class="line">convīviō pāvit, dīcēns ēiusdem hominis<a name="FNanchor_87" id="FNanchor_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> esse</div> -<div class="line">dēbēre et bellō vincere et convīviī apparātū ēlegantem esse.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Revolt in Epirus.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">8.</span> Mox septuāgintā cīvitātēs Ēpīrī, quae rebellārant, cēpit,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>praedam mīlitibus distribuit. Rōmam ingentī pompā rediit <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">in nāvī Perseī, quae inūsitātae māgnitūdinis<a name="FNanchor_88" id="FNanchor_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> fuisse trāditur,</div> -<div class="line">adeō ut sedecim ordinēs dīcātur habuisse rēmōrum. Triumphāvit</div> -<div class="line">autem māgnificentissimē in currū aureō cum duōbus</div> -<div class="line">fīliīs utrōque latere astantibus. Ductī sunt ante currum</div> -<div class="line">duo rēgis fīliī et ipse Perseus, <span class="smcapuc">XLV</span> annōs nātus. Post eum <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">etiam Anicius dē Īllyriīs triumphāvit. Gentius cum frātre</div> -<div class="line">et fīliīs ante currum ductus est. Ad hōc spectāculum rēgēs</div> -<div class="line">multārum gentium Rōmam vēnērunt, inter aliōs etiam</div> -<div class="line">Attalus atque Eumenēs, Asiae rēgēs, et Prūsiās Bīthȳniae.</div> -<div class="line">Māgnō honōre exceptī sunt et permittente senātū dōna <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">quae attulerant in Capitōliō posuērunt. Prūsiās etiam</div> -<div class="line">fīlium suum Nīcomēdēn senātuī commendāvit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">9.</span> Īnsequentī annō L. Memmius in Lūsitāniā bene pūgnāvit.</div> -<div class="line">Mārcellus posteā cōnsul rēs ibīdem prōsperās gessit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Third Punic War, 149-146 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">10.</span> Tertium deinde bellum contrā Karthāginem suscipitur, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">sexcentēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā annō, L. Mānliō</div> -<div class="line">Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō cōnsulibus, annō quīnquagēsimō</div> -<div class="line">prīmō postquam secundum Pūnicum trānsāctum erat. Hī</div> -<div class="line">profectī Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt. Contrā eōs Hasdrubal,</div> -<div class="line">dux Karthāginiēnsium, dīmicābat. Famea, dux alius, <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">equitātuī Karthāginiēnsium praeerat. Scīpiō tunc, Scīpiōnis</div> -<div class="line">Āfricānī nepōs, tribūnus ibi mīlitābat. Hūius<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> apud omnēs</div> -<div class="line">ingēns metus et reverentia erat. Nam et parātissimus ad</div> -<div class="line">dīmicandum<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> et cōnsultissimus habēbātur. Itaque per eum</div> -<div class="line">multa ā cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt, neque quicquam <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">magis vel Hasdrubal vel Famea vītābant quam contrā eam</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>Rōmānōrum partem committere ubi Scīpiō dīmicāret.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">11.</span> Per idem tempus Masinissa, rēx Numidārum, per annōs</div> -<div class="line">sexāgintā ferē amīcus populī Rōmānī, annō vītae nōnāgēsimō</div> -<div class="line">septimō mortuus quadrāgintā quattuor fīliīs relīctīs</div> -<div class="line">Scīpiōnem dīvīsōrem rēgnī inter fīliōs suōs esse iussit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">12.</span> Cum igitur clārum Scīpiōnis nōmen esset, iuvenis adhūc <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">cōnsul est factus et contrā Karthāginem missus. Is eam</div> -<div class="line">cēpit ac dīruit. Spolia ibi inventa, quae variārum cīvitātum</div> -<div class="line">excidiīs<a name="FNanchor_91" id="FNanchor_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> Karthāgō conlēgerat, et ōrnāmenta urbium cīvitātibus</div> -<div class="line">Siciliae, Ītaliae, Āfricae reddidit, quae sua recognōscēbant.</div> -<div class="line">Ita Karthāgō septingentēsimō annō, quam condita <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">erat, dēlēta est. Scīpiō nōmen quod avus ēius accēperat</div> -<div class="line">meruit, scīlicet ut propter virtūtem etiam ipse Āfricānus</div> -<div class="line">iūnior vocārētur.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">13.</span> Interim in Macedoniā quīdam Pseudophilippus arma</div> -<div class="line">mōvit et Rōmānum praetōrem P. Iuventium contrā sē missum <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">ad interneciōnem vīcit. Post eum Q. Caecilius Metellus</div> -<div class="line">dux ā Rōmānīs contrā Pseudophilippum missus est et</div> -<div class="line"><span class="smcapuc">XXV</span> mīlibus ēius occīsīs Macedoniam recēpit, ipsum etiam</div> -<div class="line">Pseudophilippum in potestātem suam redēgit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Destruction of Corinth, 146 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">14.</span> Corinthiīs quoque bellum indictum est, nōbilissimae <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Graeciae cīvitātī, propter iniūriam lēgātōrum Rōmānōrum.</div> -<div class="line">Hanc Mummius cōnsul cēpit et dīruit. Trēs igitur Rōmae</div> -<div class="line">simul cēleberrimī triumphī fuērunt: Āfricānī ex Āfricā,</div> -<div class="line">ante cūius currum ductus est Hasdrubal, Metellī ex Macedoniā,</div> -<div class="line">cūius currum praecessit Andriscus, īdem quī et Pseudophilippus, <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">Mummī ex Corinthō, ante quem sīgna aēnea et</div> -<div class="line">pīctae tabulae et alia urbis clārissimae ōrnāmenta praelāta</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>sunt.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">15.</span> Iterum in Macedoniā Pseudopersēs, quī sē Perseī fīlium</div> -<div class="line">esse dīcēbat, conlēctīs servitiīs rebellāvit et, cum</div> -<div class="line">sēdecim mīlia armātōrum habēret, ā Tremelliō quaestōre</div> -<div class="line">superātus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Celtiberian War, 154 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">16.</span> Eōdem tempore Metellus in Celtiberiā apud Hispānōs <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">rēs ēgregiās gessit. Successit eī Q. Pompēius. Nec multō<a name="FNanchor_92" id="FNanchor_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></div> -<div class="line">post Q. quoque Caepiō ad idem bellum missus est, quod</div> -<div class="line">quīdam Viriāthus contrā Rōmānōs in Lūsitāniā gerēbat.</div> -<div class="line">Quō metū Viriāthus ā suīs interfectus est, cum quattuordecim</div> -<div class="line">annīs Hispāniās adversus Rōmānōs mōvisset. Pāstor <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">prīmō fuit, mox latrōnum dux, postrēmō tantōs ad bellum</div> -<div class="line">populōs concitāvit ut adsertor contrā Rōmānōs Hispāniae</div> -<div class="line">putārētur. Et cum interfectōrēs ēius praemium ā Caepiōne</div> -<div class="line">cōnsule peterent, respōnsum est numquam Rōmānīs placuisse</div> -<div class="line">imperātōrēs ā suīs mīlitibus interficī. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Capture of Numantia, 133 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">17.</span> Q. Pompēius deinde cōnsul ā Numantīnīs, quae Hispāniae</div> -<div class="line">cīvitās fuit opulentissima, superātus<a name="FNanchor_93" id="FNanchor_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> pācem ignōbilem</div> -<div class="line">fēcit. Post eum C. Hostīlius Mancīnus cōnsul iterum cum</div> -<div class="line">Numantīnīs pācem fēcit īnfāmem, quam populus et senātus</div> -<div class="line">iussit īnfringī atque ipsum Mancīnum hostibus trādī, ut in <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">illō, quem auctōrem foederis habēbant, iniūriam solūtī</div> -<div class="line">foederis<a name="FNanchor_94" id="FNanchor_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> vindicārent. Post tantam igitur ignōminiam, quā</div> -<div class="line">ā Numantīnīs bis Rōmānī exercitūs fuerant subiugātī, P.</div> -<div class="line">Scīpiō Āfricānus secundō cōnsul factus et ad Numantiam</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>missus est. Is prīmum mīlitem vitiōsum et ignāvum exercendō <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">magis quam pūniendō sine aliquā ācerbitāte corrēxit,</div> -<div class="line">tum multās Hispāniae cīvitātēs partim cēpit, partim in</div> -<div class="line">dēditiōnem accēpit, postrēmō ipsam Numantiam diū obsessam</div> -<div class="line">famē confēcit et ā solō ēvertit, reliquam prōvinciam in</div> -<div class="line">fidem accēpit. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">18.</span> Eōdem tempore Attalus, rēx Asiae, frāter Eumenis,</div> -<div class="line">mortuus est hērēdemque populum Rōmānum relīquit. Ita</div> -<div class="line">imperiō Rōmānō per testāmentum Asia accessit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">19.</span> Mox etiam D. Iūnius Brūtus dē Callaecīs et Lūsitānīs</div> -<div class="line">māgnā glōriā triumphāvit et P. Scīpiō Āfricānus dē Numantīnīs <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">secundum triumphum ēgit quartō decimō annō</div> -<div class="line">postquam priōrem dē Āfricā ēgerat.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with Aristonicus, 131 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">20.</span> Mōtum interim in Asiā bellum est ab Aristonīcō, Eumenis</div> -<div class="line">fīliō, quī ex concubīnā susceptus fuerat. Hīc Eumenēs</div> -<div class="line">frāter Attalī fuerat. Adversus eum missus P. Licinius <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Crassus īnfīnīta rēgum habuit auxilia. Nam et Bīthȳniae</div> -<div class="line">rēx Nīcomēdēs Rōmānōs iūvit et Mithradātēs Ponticus, cum</div> -<div class="line">quō bellum posteā gravissimum fuit, et Ariarātus Cappadox</div> -<div class="line">et Pylaemēnēs Paphlagōn. Victus est tamen Crassus</div> -<div class="line">et in proeliō interfectus est. Caput ipsīus Aristonīcō <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">oblātum est, corpus Smyrnae sepultum. Posteā Perperna,</div> -<div class="line">cōnsul Rōmānus, quī successor Crassō veniēbat, audītā bellī</div> -<div class="line">fortūnā ad Asiam celerāvit et aciē victum Aristonīcum apud</div> -<div class="line">Stratonīcēn cīvitātem, quō cōnfūgerat, famē ad dēditiōnem</div> -<div class="line">compulit. Aristonīcus iussū<a name="FNanchor_95" id="FNanchor_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> senātūs Rōmae in carcere <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">strangulātus est. Triumphārī enim dē eō nōn poterat, quia</div> -<div class="line">Perperna apud Pergamum Rōmam rediēns diem obierat.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">21.</span> L. Caeciliō Metellō et T. Quīntiō Flāminīnō cōnsulibus</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>Karthāgō in Āfricā iussū<a name="FNanchor_95a" id="FNanchor_95a"></a><a href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> senātūs reparāta est, quae nunc</div> -<div class="line">manet, annīs duōbus et vīgintī postquam ā Scīpiōne fuerat</div> -<div class="line">ēversa. Dēductī sunt eō cīvēs Rōmānī.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with Transalpine Gauls, 125-121 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">22.</span> Annō sexcentēsimō vīcēsimō septimō ab urbe conditā</div> -<div class="line">C. Cassius Longīnus et Sex. Domitius Calvīnus cōnsulēs</div> -<div class="line">Gallīs trānsalpīnīs bellum intulērunt et Arvernōrum tunc <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">nōbilissimae cīvitātī atque eōrum ducī Bituītō, īnfīnītamque</div> -<div class="line">multitūdinem iūxtā Rhodanum fluvium interfēcērunt.</div> -<div class="line">Praeda ex torquibus Gallōrum ingēns Rōmam perlāta est.</div> -<div class="line">Bituītus sē Domitiō dedit atque ab eō Rōmam dēductus est,</div> -<div class="line">māgnāque glōriā cōnsulēs ambō triumphāvērunt. <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">23.</span> M. Porciō Catōne et Q. Mārciō Rēge cōnsulibus sexcentēsimō</div> -<div class="line">trīcēsimō et tertiō annō ab urbe conditā Narbōne</div> -<div class="line">in Galliā colōnia dēducta est annōque post ā L. Caeciliō</div> -<div class="line">Metellō et Q. Mūciō Scaevolā cōnsulibus dē Dalmatiā triumphātum</div> -<div class="line">est. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">24.</span> Ab urbe conditā annō sexcentēsimō trīcēsimō quīntō</div> -<div class="line">C. Catō cōnsul Scordiscīs intulit bellum ignōminiōsēque</div> -<div class="line">pūgnāvit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">25.</span> C. Caeciliō Metellō et Cn. Carbōne cōnsulibus duo</div> -<div class="line">Metellī frātrēs eōdem diē, alterum ex Sardiniā, alterum ex <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Thrāciā, triumphum ēgērunt, nūntiātumque Rōmae est</div> -<div class="line">Cimbrōs ē Galliā in Ītaliam trānsisse.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with Jugurtha, 111-104 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">26.</span> P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā et L. Calpurniō Bēstiā cōnsulibus</div> -<div class="line">Iugurthae, Numidārum rēgī, bellum inlātum est, quod Adherbalem</div> -<div class="line">et Hiempsalem, Micipsae fīliōs, frātrēs suōs, rēgēs <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>et populī Rōmānī amīcōs, interēmisset.<a name="FNanchor_96" id="FNanchor_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> Missus adversum</div> -<div class="line">eum cōnsul Calpurnius Bēstia, corruptus rēgis pecūniā,</div> -<div class="line">pācem cum eō flāgitiōsissimam fēcit, quae ā senātū improbāta</div> -<div class="line">est. Posteā contrā eundem īnsequentī annō Sp. Postumius</div> -<div class="line">Albīnus profectus est. Is quoque per frātrem ignōminiōsē</div> -<div class="line">contrā Numidās pūgnāvit. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">27.</span> Tertiō missus est Q. Caecilius Metellus cōnsul. Is</div> -<div class="line">exercitum ā priōribus ducibus corruptum ingentī sevēritāte</div> -<div class="line">et moderātiōne cum nihil in quemquam cruentum faceret,<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></div> -<div class="line">ad disciplīnam Rōmānam redūxit. Iugurtham variīs proeliīs</div> -<div class="line">vīcit, elephantōs ēius occīdit vel cēpit, multās cīvitātēs ipsīus <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">in dēditiōnem accēpit. Et cum iam fīnem bellō<a name="FNanchor_98" id="FNanchor_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> positūrus</div> -<div class="line">esset, successum est<a name="FNanchor_99" id="FNanchor_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> eī ā C. Mariō. Is Iugurtham et Bocchum,</div> -<div class="line">Mauretāniae rēgem, quī auxilium Iugurthae ferre</div> -<div class="line">coeperat, pariter superāvit. Aliquanta et ipse oppida Numidiae</div> -<div class="line">cēpit bellōque terminum posuit captō Iugurthā per <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">quaestōrem suum Cornēlium Sullam, ingentem virum, trādente</div> -<div class="line">Bocchō Iugurtham. Ā M. Iūniō Sīlānō, conlēga</div> -<div class="line">Q. Metellī, Cimbrī in Galliā victī sunt et ā Minuciō Rūfō in</div> -<div class="line">Macedoniā Scordiscī et Triballī, et ā Serviliō Caepiōne in</div> -<div class="line">Hispāniā Lūsitānī subāctī. Āctī sunt et duo triumphī dē <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Iugurthā, prīmus per Metellum, secundus per Marium.</div> -<div class="line">Ante currum tamen Marī Iugurtha cum duōbus fīliīs ductus</div> -<div class="line">est catēnātus et mox iussū cōnsulis in carcere strangulātus</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>est.</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="Liber_V" id="Liber_V"></a>LIBER QUINTUS</h2> - -<p class="subheading"><span class="smcap">From the End of the War with Jugurtha to the -End of the First Civil War,</span> 106-81 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<h3><i>War with the Cimbri and Teutones, 105-101 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Battle -of Aquae Sextiae, 102 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">1.</span> Dum bellum in Numidiā contrā Iugurtham geritur,<a name="FNanchor_100" id="FNanchor_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></div> -<div class="line">Rōmānī cōnsulēs M. Mānlius et Q. Caepiō ā Cimbrīs et</div> -<div class="line">Teutonibus et Tugurīnīs et Ambrōnibus, quae erant Germānōrum</div> -<div class="line">et Gallōrum gentēs, victī sunt iūxtā flūmen Rhodanum</div> -<div class="line">ingentī interneciōne; etiam castra sua et māgnam <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">partem exercitūs perdidērunt. Timor Rōmae grandis fuit,</div> -<div class="line">quantus vix Hannibalis tempore nē iterum Gallī Rōmam</div> -<div class="line">venīrent.<a name="FNanchor_101" id="FNanchor_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> Ergō Marius post victōriam Iugurthīnam secundō</div> -<div class="line">cōnsul est factus, bellumque eī contrā Cimbrōs et</div> -<div class="line">Teutonas dēcrētum est. Tertiō quoque eī et quārtō dēlātus <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">est cōnsulātus, quia bellum Cimbricum prōtrahēbātur. Sed</div> -<div class="line">in quārtō cōnsulātū conlēgam habuit Q. Lutātium Catulum.</div> -<div class="line">Cum Cimbrīs itaque cōnflīxit et duōbus proeliīs CC mīlia</div> -<div class="line">hostium cecīdit, <span class="smcapuc">LXXX</span> mīlia cēpit et ducem eōrum Teutobodum,</div> -<div class="line">propter quod meritum absēns quīntō cōnsul est factus. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Vercellae, 101 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">2.</span> Intereā Cimbrī et Teutonēs, quōrum cōpia adhūc īnfīnīta</div> -<div class="line">erat, ad Ītaliam trānsiērunt. Iterum ā C. Mariō et Q. Catulō</div> -<div class="line">contrā eōs dīmicātum est, sed ā Catulī parte fēlicius. Nam</div> -<div class="line">proeliō, quod simul ambō gessērunt, <span class="smcapuc">CXL</span> mīlia aut in pūgnā</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>aut in fugā caesa sunt, <span class="smcapuc">LX</span> mīlia capta. Rōmānī mīlitēs ex <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">utrōque exercitū trecentī periērunt. Tria et trīgintā Cimbrīs<a name="FNanchor_102" id="FNanchor_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></div> -<div class="line">sīgna sublāta sunt; ex hīs exercitus Marī duo reportāvit,</div> -<div class="line">Catulī exercitus <span class="smcapuc">XXXI</span>. Is bellī fīnis fuit; triumphus</div> -<div class="line">utrīque dēcrētus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Social War, 90-88 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">3.</span> Sex. Iūliō Caesare et L. Mārciō Philippō cōnsulibus <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">sexcentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō nōnō annō ab urbe conditā, cum</div> -<div class="line">prope alia omnia bella cessārent, in Ītaliā gravissimum</div> -<div class="line">bellum Pīcentēs, Marsī Paelīgnīque mōvērunt, quī, cum annīs</div> -<div class="line">numerōsīs iam populō Rōmānō oboedīrent, tum lībertātem</div> -<div class="line">sibi<a name="FNanchor_103" id="FNanchor_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> aequam adserēre coepērunt. Perniciōsum admodum <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">hōc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius cōnsul in eō occīsus est, Caepiō,</div> -<div class="line">nōbilis iuvenis, Porcius Catō, alius cōnsul. Ducēs</div> -<div class="line">autem adversus Rōmānōs Pīcentibus<a name="FNanchor_104" id="FNanchor_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> et Marsīs fuērunt</div> -<div class="line">T. Vettius, Hierius Asinius, T. Hērennius, A. Cluentius.</div> -<div class="line">Ā Rōmānīs bene contrā eōs pūgnātum est ā C. Mariō, quī <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">sexiēs cōnsul fuerat, et ā Cn. Pompēiō, māximē tamen ā</div> -<div class="line">L. Cornēliō Sullā, quī inter alia ēgregia ita Cluentium, hostium</div> -<div class="line">ducem, cum māgnīs cōpiīs fūdit ut ex suīs<a name="FNanchor_105" id="FNanchor_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> ūnum</div> -<div class="line">āmitteret.<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Quadrienniō cum gravī tamen calamitāte hōc</div> -<div class="line">bellum trāctum est. Quīntō demum annō fīnem accēpit per <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">L. Cornēlium Sullam cōnsulem, cum anteā in eōdem bellō</div> -<div class="line">ipse multa strēnuē, sed praetor, ēgisset.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>First Mithradatic War, 88-84 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">4.</span> Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō sexāgēsimō secundō</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle commōtum est, eōdem annō</div> -<div class="line">etiam Mithradāticum. Causam bellō cīvīlī C. Marius sexiēs</div> -<div class="line">cōnsul dedit. Nam cum Sulla cōnsul contrā Mithradātēn</div> -<div class="line">gestūrus<a name="FNanchor_107" id="FNanchor_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> bellum, quī Asiam et Achaeam occupāverat,</div> -<div class="line">mitterētur, isque exercitum in Campāniā paulisper tenēret,</div> -<div class="line">ut bellī sociālis, dē quō dīximus, quod intrā Ītaliam gestum <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">fuerat, reliquiae tollerentur, Marius adfectāvit ut ipse ad</div> -<div class="line">bellum Mithradāticum mittēretur.<a name="FNanchor_108" id="FNanchor_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> Quā rē<a name="FNanchor_109" id="FNanchor_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> Sulla commōtus</div> -<div class="line">cum exercitū ad urbem vēnit. Illīc contrā Marium</div> -<div class="line">et Sulpicium dīmicāvit. Prīmus urbem Rōmam armātus</div> -<div class="line">ingressus est, Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit, atque <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">ita ōrdinātīs cōnsulibus in futūrum annum Cn. Octāviō et</div> -<div class="line">L. Cornēliō Cinnā ad Asiam profectus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Mithradates invades Asia.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">5.</span> Mithradātēs enim, quī Pontī rēx erat atque Armeniam</div> -<div class="line">Minōrem et tōtum Ponticum mare in circuitū cum Bosporō</div> -<div class="line">tenēbat, prīmum Nīcomēdēn, amīcum populī Rōmānī, Bīthȳniā<a name="FNanchor_110" id="FNanchor_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">voluit expellere senātuīque mandāvit bellum sē eī propter</div> -<div class="line">iniūriās quās passus fuerat inlātūrum. Ā senātū respōnsum</div> -<div class="line">Mithradātī est, sī id faceret, quod bellum ā Rōmānīs et ipse</div> -<div class="line">patērētur. Quārē īrātus Cappadociam statim occupāvit et</div> -<div class="line">ex eā Ariobarzānēn, rēgem et amīcum populī Rōmānī, fugāvit. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Mox etiam Bīthȳniam invāsit et Paphlagoniam pulsīs</div> -<div class="line">rēgibus, amīcīs populī Rōmānī, Pylaemēne et Nīcomēde.</div> -<div class="line">Inde Ephesum contendit et per omnem Asiam litterās mīsit</div> -<div class="line">ut ubicumque inventī essent<a name="FNanchor_111" id="FNanchor_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> cīvēs Rōmānī, ūnō diē</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>occiderentur. <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Sulla takes Athens, 87 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Battle of Chaeronea, 86 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">6.</span> Intereā etiam Athēnae, cīvitās Achaeae, ab Aristōne</div> -<div class="line">Athēniēnsī Mithradātī trādita est. Mīserat enim iam ad</div> -<div class="line">Achaeam Mithradātēs Archelāum, ducem suum, cum centum</div> -<div class="line">et vīgintī mīlibus equitum<a name="FNanchor_112" id="FNanchor_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> ac peditum, per quem etiam</div> -<div class="line">reliqua Graecia occupāta est. Sulla Archelāum apud Pīraeum, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">nōn longē ab Athēnīs, obsēdit, ipsās Athēnās cēpit.</div> -<div class="line">Posteā commissō proeliō contrā Archelāum ita eum vīcit ut</div> -<div class="line">ex <span class="smcapuc">CXX</span> mīlibus vix decem Archelāō superessent, ex Sullae</div> -<div class="line">exercitū <span class="smcapuc">XIII</span> tantum hominēs interficerentur. Hāc pūgnā</div> -<div class="line">Mithradātēs cognitā septuāgintā mīlia lēctissima ex Asiā <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Archelāō mīsit, contrā quem iterum Sulla commīsit. Prīmō</div> -<div class="line">proeliō quīndecim mīlia hostium interfecta sunt et fīlius</div> -<div class="line">Archelāī Diogenēs; secundō omnēs Mithradātis cōpiae exstinctae</div> -<div class="line">sunt, Archelāus ipse trīduō nūdus in palūdibus</div> -<div class="line">latuit. Hāc rē audītā Mithradātēs iussit cum Sullā dē pāce <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">agī.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Terms of Peace, 84 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Sulla’s Return to Italy, 83 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">7.</span> Interim eō tempore Sulla etiam Dardanōs, Scordiscōs,</div> -<div class="line">Dalmatās et Maedōs partim vīcit, aliōs in fidem accēpit.</div> -<div class="line">Sed cum lēgātī ā rēge Mithradāte, quī pācem petēbant,</div> -<div class="line">vēnissent, nōn aliter sē datūrum Sulla esse respōndit, nisi <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">rēx relīctīs hīs, quae occupāverat, ad rēgnum suum redisset.</div> -<div class="line">Posteā tamen ad conloquium ambō vēnērunt. Pāx inter eōs</div> -<div class="line">ōrdināta est, ut Sulla ad bellum cīvīle festīnāns ā tergō</div> -<div class="line">perīculum nōn habēret. Nam dum Sulla in Achaeā atque</div> -<div class="line">Asiā Mithradātēn vincit,<a name="FNanchor_113" id="FNanchor_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> Marius, quī fugātus erat, et <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>Cornēlius Cinna, ūnus ex cōnsulibus, bellum in Ītaliā reparāvērunt</div> -<div class="line">et ingressī urbem Rōmam nōbilissimōs ē senātū et cōnsulārēs</div> -<div class="line">virōs interfēcērunt, multōs prōscrīpsērunt, ipsīus</div> -<div class="line">Sullae domō ēversā fīliōs et uxōrem ad fugam compulērunt.</div> -<div class="line">Ūniversus reliquus senātus ex urbe fugiēns ad Sullam in</div> -<div class="line">Graeciam vēnit, orāns ut patriae subvenīret. Ille in <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Ītaliam trāiēcit, bellum cīvīle gestūrus adversus Norbānum</div> -<div class="line">et Scīpiōnem cōnsulēs. Et prīmō proeliō contrā Norbānum</div> -<div class="line">dīmicāvit nōn longē ā Capuā.<a name="FNanchor_114" id="FNanchor_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> Tunc sex mīlia ēius cecīdit,</div> -<div class="line">sex mīlia cēpit, <span class="smcapuc">CXXIV</span> suōs āmīsit. Inde etiam ad Scīpiōnem</div> -<div class="line">sē convertit et ante proelium tōtum ēius exercitum sine <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">sanguine in dēditiōnem accēpit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Colline Gate, 82 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">8.</span> Sed cum Rōmae mūtātī cōnsulēs essent, Marius, Marī</div> -<div class="line">fīlius, ac Papīrius Carbō cōnsulātum accēpissent, Sulla</div> -<div class="line">contrā Marium iūniōrem dīmicāvit et <span class="smcapuc">XV</span> mīlibus ēius occīsīs</div> -<div class="line"><span class="smcapuc">CCCC</span> dē suīs perdidit. Mox etiam urbem ingressus est. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Marium, Marī fīlium, Praeneste<a name="FNanchor_115" id="FNanchor_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> persecūtus obsēdit et ad</div> -<div class="line">mortem compulit. Rūrsus pūgnam gravissimam habuit</div> -<div class="line">contrā Lamponium et Carīnātem, ducēs partis Mariānae, ad</div> -<div class="line">portam Collīnam. <span class="smcapuc">LXX</span> mīlia hostium in eō proeliō contrā</div> -<div class="line">Sullam fuisse dīcuntur. <span class="smcapuc">XII</span> mīlia sē Sullae dēdidērunt, <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">cēterī in aciē, in castris, in fugā īnsatiābilī īrā victōrum</div> -<div class="line">cōnsūmptī sunt. Cn. quoque Carbō, cōnsul alter, ab Arīminō</div> -<div class="line">ad Siciliam fūgit et ibi per Cn. Pompēium interfectus</div> -<div class="line">est, quem adulēscentem Sulla atque annōs ūnum et vīgintī</div> -<div class="line">nātum cognitā ēius industriā exercitibus praefēcerat, ut <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">secundus ā Sullā habērētur.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span><span class="chapnum">9.</span> Occīsō ergō Carbōne Siciliam Pompēius recēpit. Trānsgressus</div> -<div class="line">inde ad Āfricam Domitium, Mariānae partis ducem,</div> -<div class="line">et Hiardam, rēgem Mauretāniae, quī Domitiō auxilium ferēbat,</div> -<div class="line">occīdit. Post haec Sulla dē Mithradāte ingentī glōriā</div> -<div class="line">triumphāvit. Cn. etiam Pompēius, quod nūllī Rōmānōrum</div> -<div class="line">tribūtum erat, quārtum et vīcēsimum annum agēns dē <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Āfricā triumphāvit. Hunc fīnem habuērunt duo bella</div> -<div class="line">fūnestissima, Ītalicum, quod et sociāle dictum est, et cīvīle,</div> -<div class="line">quae ambō trācta sunt per annōs decem. Cōnsūmpsērunt</div> -<div class="line">ultrā <span class="smcapuc">CL</span> mīlia hominum, virōs cōnsulārēs <span class="smcapuc">XXIV</span>, praetōriōs</div> -<div class="line"><span class="smcapuc">VII</span>, aedīlīciōs <span class="smcapuc">LX</span>, senātōrēs ferē <span class="smcapuc">CC</span>. <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="Liber_VI" id="Liber_VI"></a>LIBER SEXTUS</h2> - -<p class="subheading"><span class="smcap">From the End of the First Civil War to the -Assassination of Caesar,</span> 81-44 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<h3><i>War with Sertorius, 78-72 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">1.</span> M. Aemiliō Lepidō Q. Catulō cōnsulibus, cum Sulla</div> -<div class="line">rem publicam composuisset, bella nova exārsērunt, ūnum in</div> -<div class="line">Hispāniā, aliud in Pamphȳliā et Ciliciā, tertium in Macedoniā,</div> -<div class="line">quārtum in Dalmatiā. Nam Sertōrius, quī partium</div> -<div class="line">Mariānārum fuerat, timēns fortūnam cēterōrum, quī interēmptī <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">erant, ad bellum commōvit Hispāniās. Missī sunt</div> -<div class="line">contrā eum ducēs Q. Caecilius Metellus, fīlius ēius quī</div> -<div class="line">Iugurtham rēgem vīcit, et L. Domitius praetor. Ā Sertōrī</div> -<div class="line">duce Hirtulēiō Domitius occīsus est. Metellus variō successū</div> -<div class="line">contrā Sertōrium dīmicāvit. Posteā cum impār pūgnae<a name="FNanchor_116" id="FNanchor_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">sōlus Metellus putārētur, Cn. Pompēius ad Hispāniās</div> -<div class="line">missus est. Ita duōbus ducibus adversīs Sertōrius fortūnā</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>variā saepe pūgnāvit. Octāvō demum annō per suōs occīsus</div> -<div class="line">est, et fīnis eī bellō datus per Cn. Pompēium adulēscentem</div> -<div class="line">et Q. Metellum Pium atque omnēs prope Hispāniae in</div> -<div class="line">diciōnem populī Rōmānī redāctae.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">2.</span> Ad Macedoniam missus est Ap. Claudius post cōnsulātum.</div> -<div class="line">Levia proelia habuit contrā variās gentēs, quae Rhodopam <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">prōvinciam incolēbant, atque ibi morbō mortuus est.</div> -<div class="line">Missus eī successor C. Scrībōnius Cūriō post cōnsulātum.</div> -<div class="line">Is Dardanōs vīcit et ūsque ad Dānuvium penetrāvit triumphumque</div> -<div class="line">meruit et intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with the Isaurians, 78 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">3.</span> Ad Ciliciam et Pamphȳliam missus est P. Servīlius ex <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">cōnsule, vir strēnuus. Is Ciliciam subēgit, Lyciae urbēs</div> -<div class="line">clārissimās oppūgnāvit et cēpit, in hīs Phasēlida, Olympum,</div> -<div class="line">Cōrycum. Isaurōs quoque aggressus in diciōnem redēgit</div> -<div class="line">atque intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit. Prīmus omnium</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānōrum<a name="FNanchor_117" id="FNanchor_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> in Taurō iter fēcit. Revertēns triumphum <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">accēpit et nōmen Isauricī meruit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">4.</span> Ad Īllyricum missus est C. Coscōnius prō cōnsule. Multam</div> -<div class="line">partem Dalmatiae subēgit, Salōnās cēpit et compositō</div> -<div class="line">bellō Rōmam post biennium rediit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">5.</span> Īsdem temporibus cōnsul M. Aemilius Lepidus, Catulī <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">conlēga, bellum cīvīle voluit commovēre, intrā ūnam tamen</div> -<div class="line">aestātem mōtus ēius oppressus est. Ita ūnō tempore multī</div> -<div class="line">simul triumphī fuērunt, Metellī ex Hispāniā, Pompēī secundus</div> -<div class="line">ex Hispāniā, Cūriōnis ex Macedoniā, Servīlī ex Isauriā.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>The Third Mithradatic War, 74-63 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">6.</span> Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō sextō <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>L. Liciniō Lūcullō et M. Aurēliō Cottā cōnsulibus mortuus</div> -<div class="line">est Nīcomēdēs, rēx Bīthȳniae, et per testāmentum populum</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānum fēcit hērēdem. Mithradātēs pāce ruptā Bīthȳniam</div> -<div class="line">et Asiam rūrsus voluit invādere. Adversus eum</div> -<div class="line">ambō cōnsulēs missī variam habuēre fortūnam. Cotta apud</div> -<div class="line">Chalcēdōna victus ab eō aciē, etiam intrā oppidum coāctus <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">est et obsessus. Sed cum sē inde Mithradātēs Cȳzicum</div> -<div class="line">trānstulisset, ut Cȳzicō captā tōtam Asiam invāderet, Lūcullus</div> -<div class="line">eī, alter cōnsul, occurrit. Ac dum Mithradātēs in obsidiōne</div> -<div class="line">Cȳzicī commorātur, ipse eum ā tergō obsēdit famēque</div> -<div class="line">cōnsūmpsit et multīs proeliīs vīcit, postrēmō Bȳzantium, <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">quae nunc Cōnstantīnopolis est, fugāvit. Nāvālī quoque</div> -<div class="line">proeliō ducēs ēius Lūcullus oppressit. Ita ūnā hieme et</div> -<div class="line">aestāte ā Lūcullō centum ferē mīlia rēgis exstīncta sunt.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with the Gladiators, 73-71 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">7.</span> Annō urbis Rōmae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō octāvō</div> -<div class="line">Macedoniam prōvinciam M. Licinius Lūcullus accēpit, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">cōnsōbrīnus Lūcullī, quī contrā Mithradātēn bellum gerēbat.</div> -<div class="line">Et in Ītaliā novum bellum subitō commōtum est. Septuāgintā</div> -<div class="line">enim et quattuor gladiātōrēs ducibus Spartacō, Crixō</div> -<div class="line">et Oenomaō effrāctō Capuae ludō fūgērunt et per Ītaliam</div> -<div class="line">vagantēs paene nōn levius bellum in eā, quam Hannibal <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">mōverat, parāvērunt. Nam multīs ducibus et duōbus simul</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānōrum cōnsulibus victīs sexāgintā ferē mīlium armātōrum</div> -<div class="line">exercitum congregāvērunt, victīque sunt in Āpūliā ā</div> -<div class="line">M. Liciniō Crassō prō cōnsule, et post multās calamitātēs</div> -<div class="line">Ītaliae tertiō annō bellō huic est fīnis impositus. <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">8.</span> Sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō prīmō annō urbis conditae, P.</div> -<div class="line">Cornēliō Lentulō et Cn. Aufidiō Oreste cōnsulibus, duo tantum</div> -<div class="line">gravia bella in imperiō Rōmānō erant, Mithradāticum</div> -<div class="line">et Macedonicum. Haec duo Lūcullī agēbant, L. Lūcullus</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>et M. Lūcullus. L. ergō Lūcullus post pūgnam Cȳzicēnam, <span class="linenum">30</span></div> -<div class="line">quā vīcerat Mithradātēn, et nāvālem, quā ducēs ēius oppresserat,</div> -<div class="line">persecūtus est eum et receptā Paphlagoniā atque</div> -<div class="line">Bīthȳniā etiam rēgnum ēius invāsit, Sinōpēn et Amīson,</div> -<div class="line">cīvitātēs Pontī nōbilissimās, cēpit. Secundō proeliō apud</div> -<div class="line">Cabīra cīvitātem, quō ingentēs cōpiās ex omnī rēgnō addūxerat <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Mithradātēs, cum <span class="smcapuc">XXX</span> mīlia lēctissima rēgis ā quīnque</div> -<div class="line">mīlibus Rōmānōrum vāstāta essent, Mithradātēs fugātus</div> -<div class="line">est, castra ēius dīrepta. Armenia quoque Minor, quam</div> -<div class="line">tenuerat, eīdem sublāta est. Susceptus tamen est Mithradātēs</div> -<div class="line">post fugam ā Tigrāne, Armeniae rēge, quī tum ingentī <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">glōriā imperābat, Persās saepe vīcerat, Mesopotamiam occupāverat</div> -<div class="line">et Syriam et Phoenīcēs partem.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Tigranocerta, 69 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">9.</span> Ergō Lūcullus repetēns hostem fugātum etiam rēgnum</div> -<div class="line">Tigrānis ingressus est. Tigrānocertam, cīvitātem Arzanēnae,</div> -<div class="line">nōbilissimam rēgnī Armeniacī, cēpit, ipsum rēgem <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">cum septem mīlibus quīngentīs clībanāriīs et centum mīlibus</div> -<div class="line">sagittāriōrum et armātōrum venientem decem et octō</div> -<div class="line">mīlia mīlitum habēns ita vīcit ut māgnam partem Armeniōrum</div> -<div class="line">dēlēverit. Inde Nisibīn profectus eam quoque</div> -<div class="line">cīvitātem cum rēgis frātre cēpit. Sed hī quōs in Pontō <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Lūcullus relīquerat cum exercitūs parte, ut regīōnēs victās</div> -<div class="line">et iam Rōmānōrum tuērentur, neglegenter sē et avārē</div> -<div class="line">agentēs occāsiōnem iterum Mithradātī in Pontum inrumpendī<a name="FNanchor_118" id="FNanchor_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></div> -<div class="line">dedērunt, atque ita bellum renovātum est. Lūcullō</div> -<div class="line">parantī captā Nisibī contrā Persās expeditiōnem successor <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">est missus.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">10.</span> Alter autem Lūcullus, quī Macedoniam administrābat,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>Bessīs prīmus Rōmānōrum intulit bellum atque eōs ingentī</div> -<div class="line">proeliō in Haemō monte superāvit. Oppidum Uscudamam,</div> -<div class="line">quod Bessī habitābant, eōdem diē quō aggressus est vīcit,</div> -<div class="line">Cabylēn cēpit, ūsque ad Dānuvium penetrāvit. Inde multās</div> -<div class="line">suprā Pontum positās cīvitātēs aggressus est. Illīc Apolloniam</div> -<div class="line">ēvertit, Callatim, Parthenopolim, Tomos, Histrum, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Burziaonem cēpit bellōque cōnfectō Rōmam rediit. Ambō</div> -<div class="line">triumphāvērunt, tamen Lūcullus, quī contrā Mithradātēn</div> -<div class="line">pūgnāverat, māiōre glōriā, cum tantōrum rēgnōrum<a name="FNanchor_119" id="FNanchor_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> victor</div> -<div class="line">redisset.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">11.</span> Confectō bellō Macedonicō, manente Mithradāticō, <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">quod recedente Lūcullō rēx conlēctīs auxiliīs reparāverat,</div> -<div class="line">bellum Crēticum ortum est. Ad id missus Q. Caecilius Metellus</div> -<div class="line">ingentibus proeliīs intrā triennium omnem prōvinciam</div> -<div class="line">cēpit, appellātusque est Crēticus atque ex īnsulā triumphāvit.</div> -<div class="line">Quō tempore Libya quoque Rōmānō imperiō per <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">testāmentum Appiōnis, quī rēx ēius fuerat, accessit, in quā</div> -<div class="line">inclutae urbēs erant Berenīcē, Ptolemāïs, Cȳrēnē.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Cn. Pompey takes command, 66 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">12.</span> Dum haec geruntur, pīrātae omnia maria īnfestābant</div> -<div class="line">ita ut Rōmānīs tōtō orbe victōribus sōla nāvigātiō tūta nōn</div> -<div class="line">esset. Quārē id bellum Cn. Pompēiō dēcrētum est. Quod <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">intrā paucōs mēnsēs ingentī et fēlicitāte et celeritāte cōnfēcit.</div> -<div class="line">Mox eī dēlātum etiam bellum contrā Mithradātēn et</div> -<div class="line">Tigrānēn. Quō susceptō Mithradātēn in Armeniā Minōre</div> -<div class="line">nocturnō proeliō vīcit, castra dīripuit, quadrāgintā mīlia</div> -<div class="line">ēius occīdit, vīgintī tantum dē exercitū<a name="FNanchor_120" id="FNanchor_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> suō perdidit et <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">duōs centuriōnēs. Mithradātēs cum uxōre fūgit et duōbus</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>comitibus. Neque multō post, cum in suōs saevīret, Pharnacis,</div> -<div class="line">fīliī suī, apud mīlitēs sēditiōne ad mortem coāctus</div> -<div class="line">venēnum hausit. Hunc fīnem habuit Mithradātēs. Periit</div> -<div class="line">autem apud Bosporum, vir ingentis industriae<a name="FNanchor_121" id="FNanchor_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> cōnsiliīque.</div> -<div class="line">Rēgnāvit annīs sexāgintā, vīxit septuāgintā duōbus, contrā</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānōs bellum habuit annīs quadrāgintā. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">13.</span> Tigrānī deinde Pompēius bellum intulit. Ille sē eī</div> -<div class="line">dēdidit et in castra Pompēī sextō decimō mīliāriō ab Artaxatā</div> -<div class="line">vēnit ac diadēma suum, cum prōcubuisset ad genua</div> -<div class="line">Pompēī, in manibus ipsīus conlocāvit. Quod eī Pompēius</div> -<div class="line">reposuit honōrificēque eum habitum rēgnī tamen parte <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">multāvit et grandī pecūniā. Adēmpta est eī<a name="FNanchor_122" id="FNanchor_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> Syria, Phoenīcē,</div> -<div class="line">Sophanēnē; sex mīlia praetereā talentōrum argentī</div> -<div class="line">indicta, quae populō Rōmānō daret, quia bellum sine causā</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānīs commōvisset.<a name="FNanchor_123" id="FNanchor_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Pompey subdues Syria and Palestine, 64 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">14.</span> Pompēius mox etiam Albānīs bellum intulit et eōrum <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">rēgem Orōdēn ter vīcit, postrēmō per epistulās ac mūnera</div> -<div class="line">rogātus veniam eī ac pācem dedit. Hibēriae quoque rēgem</div> -<div class="line">Artacēn vīcit aciē et in dēditiōnem accēpit. Armeniam</div> -<div class="line">Minōrem Dēiotarō, Galatiae rēgī, dōnāvit, quia socius bellī</div> -<div class="line">Mithradāticī fuerat. Attalō et Pylaemēnī Paphlagoniam <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">reddidit. Aristarchum Colchīs rēgem imposuit. Mox Itūraeōs</div> -<div class="line">et Arabās vīcit. Et cum vēnisset in Syriam, Seleucīam,</div> -<div class="line">vīcīnam Antiochīae<a name="FNanchor_124" id="FNanchor_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> cīvitātem, lībertāte<a name="FNanchor_125" id="FNanchor_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> dōnāvit,</div> -<div class="line">quod rēgem Tigrānēn nōn recēpisset.<a name="FNanchor_123a" id="FNanchor_123a"></a><a href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> Antiochēnsibus</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>obsidēs reddidit. Aliquantum agrōrum Daphnēnsibus dedit, <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">quō lūcus ibi spatiōsior fieret,<a name="FNanchor_126" id="FNanchor_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> dēlectātus locī amoenitāte</div> -<div class="line">et aquārum abundantiā. Inde ad Iūdaeam trānsgressus</div> -<div class="line">est, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, tertiō mēnse cēpit <span class="smcapuc">XII</span> mīlibus</div> -<div class="line">Iūdaeōrum occīsīs, cēterīs in fidem accēptīs. Hīs gestīs</div> -<div class="line">in Asiam sē recēpit et fīnem antīquissimō bellō dedit. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Cicero Consul. Conspiracy of Catiline, 63 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">15.</span> M. Tulliō Cicerōne ōrātōre et C. Antōniō cōnsulibus,</div> -<div class="line">annō ab urbe conditā sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō nōnō, L.</div> -<div class="line">Sergius Catilīna, nōbilissimī generis vir, sed ingeniī prāvissimī,</div> -<div class="line">ad dēlendam patriam<a name="FNanchor_127" id="FNanchor_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> coniūrāvit cum quibusdam</div> -<div class="line">clārīs quidem sed audācibus virīs. Ā Cicerōne urbe expulsus <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">est. Sociī ēius dēprehēnsī in carcere strangulātī</div> -<div class="line">sunt. Ab Antōniō, alterō cōnsule, Catilīna ipse victus</div> -<div class="line">proeliō est interfectus.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Triumphs of Metellus and Pompey, 62 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">16.</span> Sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō annō urbis conditae D. Iūniō</div> -<div class="line">Sīlānō et L. Mūrēnā cōnsulibus Metellus dē Crētā triumphāvit, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Pompēius dē bellō pīrāticō et Mithradāticō. Nūlla</div> -<div class="line">umquam pompa triumphī similis fuit. Ductī sunt ante</div> -<div class="line">ēius currum fīliī Mithradātis, fīlius Tigrānis et Aristobūlus,</div> -<div class="line">rēx Iūdaeōrum; praelāta est ingēns pecūnia et aurī atque</div> -<div class="line">argentī īnfīnītum. Hōc tempore nūllum per orbem terrārum <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">grave bellum erat.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Caesar Consul, 59 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Governor of Gaul, 58-49 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">17.</span> Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō tertiō</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>C. Iūlius Caesar, quī posteā imperāvit, cum L. Bibulō</div> -<div class="line">cōnsul est factus. Dēcrēta est eī Gallia et Īllyricum cum</div> -<div class="line">legiōnibus decem. Is prīmus vīcit Helvētiōs, quī nunc</div> -<div class="line">Sēquanī appellantur, deinde vincendō<a name="FNanchor_128" id="FNanchor_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> per bella gravissima</div> -<div class="line">ūsque ad Ōceanum Britannicum prōcessit. Domuit autem</div> -<div class="line">annīs nōvem ferē omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpēs, flūmen <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Rhodanum, Rhēnum et Ōceanum est et circuitū patet ad</div> -<div class="line">bis et trīciēs centēna mīlia<a name="FNanchor_129" id="FNanchor_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> passuum. Britannīs mox bellum</div> -<div class="line">intulit, quibus ante eum nē nōmen quidem Rōmānōrum cognitum</div> -<div class="line">erat, eōsque victōs obsidibus acceptīs stīpendiāriōs</div> -<div class="line">fēcit. Galliae<a name="FNanchor_130" id="FNanchor_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> autem tribūtī nōmine annuum imperāvit <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">stīpendium quadringentiēs, Germānōsque trāns Rhēnum</div> -<div class="line">aggressus immanissimīs proeliīs vīcit. Inter tot successūs</div> -<div class="line">ter male pūgnāvit, apud Arvērnōs semel praesēns et absēns</div> -<div class="line">in Germāniā bis. Nam lēgātī ēius duo, Titūrius et Aurunculēius,</div> -<div class="line">per īnsidiās caesī sunt. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Carrae; M. Licinius Crassus slain, 53 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">18.</span> Circā eadem tempora, annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō</div> -<div class="line">nōnāgēsimō septimō, M. Licinius Crassus, conlēga Cn. Pompēī</div> -<div class="line">Māgnī in cōnsulātū secundō, contrā Parthōs missus est</div> -<div class="line">et cum circā Carrās contrā ōmen et auspicia dīmicāsset, ā</div> -<div class="line">Surēnā Orōdis rēgis duce victus ad postrēmum interfectus</div> -<div class="line">est cum fīliō, clārissimō et praestantissimō iuvene. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Reliquiae exercitus per C. Cassium quaestōrem servātae sunt,</div> -<div class="line">quī singulārī animō<a name="FNanchor_131" id="FNanchor_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> perditās rēs tantā virtūte restituit ut</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>Persās rediēns trāns Euphrātēn crēbrīs proeliīs vinceret.<a name="FNanchor_132" id="FNanchor_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>The Civil War between Caesar and Pompey, 49-45 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -Caesar invades Italy, Pompey flees to Greece, 49 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">19.</span> Hinc iam bellum cīvīle successit exsecrandum<a name="FNanchor_133" id="FNanchor_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> et</div> -<div class="line">lacrimābile, quō praeter calamitātēs, quae in proeliīs accidērunt,</div> -<div class="line">etiam populī Rōmānī fortūna mūtāta est. Caesar enim</div> -<div class="line">rediēns ex Galliā victor coepit poscere alterum cōnsulātum</div> -<div class="line">atque ita, ut sine dubietāte aliquā eī dēferrētur. Contrādictum <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">est ā Mārcellō cōnsule, ā Bibulō, ā Pompēiō, ā Catōne,</div> -<div class="line">iussusque dīmissīs exercitibus ad urbem redīre. Propter</div> -<div class="line">quam iniūriam ab Arīminō, ubi mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat,</div> -<div class="line">adversum patriam cum exercitū vēnit. Cōnsulēs cum Pompēiō</div> -<div class="line">senātusque omnis atque ūniversa nōbilitās ex urbe <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">fūgit<a name="FNanchor_134" id="FNanchor_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> et in Graeciam trānsiit. Apud Ēpīrum, Macedoniam,</div> -<div class="line">Achaeam Pompēiō duce senātus contrā Caesarem bellum</div> -<div class="line">parāvit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Caesar crosses to Spain.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">20.</span> Caesar vacuam urbem ingressus dictātōrem sē fēcit.</div> -<div class="line">Inde Hispāniās petiit. Ibi Pompēī exercitūs validissimōs et <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">fortissimōs cum tribus ducibus, L. Āfraniō, M. Petrēiō, M.</div> -<div class="line">Varrōne, superāvit. Inde regressus in Graeciam trānsiit,</div> -<div class="line">adversum Pompēium dīmicāvit. Prīmō proeliō victus est</div> -<div class="line">et fugātus, ēvāsit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompēius</div> -<div class="line">sequī nōluit, dīxitque Caesar nec Pompēium scīre vincere <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">et illō tantum diē sē potuisse superārī. Deinde in Thessaliā</div> -<div class="line">apud Palaeopharsālum prōductīs utrimque ingentibus</div> -<div class="line">cōpiīs dīmicāvērunt. Pompēī aciēs habuit <span class="smcapuc">XL</span> mīlia peditum,</div> -<div class="line">equitēs in sinistrō cornū sexcentōs, in dextrō quīngentōs,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>praetereā tōtīus Orientis auxilia, tōtam nōbilitātem, <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">innumerōs senātōrēs, praetōriōs, cōnsulārēs et quī māgnōrum</div> -<div class="line">iam bellōrum victōrēs fuissent.<a name="FNanchor_135" id="FNanchor_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> Caesar in aciē suā habuit</div> -<div class="line">peditum nōn integra <span class="smcapuc">XXX</span> mīlia, equitēs mīlle.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Pharsalus. Pompey is defeated, flees to Egypt, -and is slain, 48 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">21.</span> Numquam adhūc Rōmānae cōpiae in ūnum neque</div> -<div class="line">māiōrēs neque meliōribus ducibus convēnerant, tōtum terrārum <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">orbem facile subāctūrae,<a name="FNanchor_136" id="FNanchor_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> sī contrā barbarōs dūcerentur.<a name="FNanchor_137" id="FNanchor_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a></div> -<div class="line">Pūgnātum tum est ingentī contentiōne, victusque ad postrēmum</div> -<div class="line">Pompēius et castra ēius dīrepta sunt. Ipse fugātus</div> -<div class="line">Alexandrīam petiit, ut ā rēge Aegyptī, cuī tūtor ā senātū</div> -<div class="line">datus fuerat propter iuvenīlem ēius aetātem, acciperet auxilia. <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Quī fortūnam magis quam amīcitiam secūtus occīdit</div> -<div class="line">Pompēium, caput ēius et ānulum Caesarī mīsit. Quō cōnspectō</div> -<div class="line">Caesar etiam lacrimās fūdisse dīcitur, tantī virī intuēns</div> -<div class="line">caput et generī quondam suī.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Caesar defeats Ptolemy.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">22.</span> Mox Caesar Alexandrīam vēnit. Ipsī quoque Ptolemaeus <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">parāre voluit īnsidiās, quā causā bellum rēgī inlātum</div> -<div class="line">est. Victus in Nīlō periit inventumque est ēius corpus cum</div> -<div class="line">lōrīcā aureā. Caesar Alexandrīā<a name="FNanchor_138" id="FNanchor_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> potītus rēgnum Cleopatrae</div> -<div class="line">dedit, Ptolemaeī sorōrī. Rediēns inde Caesar Pharnacēn,</div> -<div class="line">Mithradātis Māgnī fīlium, quī Pompēiō in auxilium apud <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Thessaliam fuerat, rebellantem in Pontō et multās populī</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānī prōvinciās occupantem vīcit aciē, posteā ad mortem</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>coēgit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Thapsus, 46 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">23.</span> Inde Rōmam regressus tertiō sē cōnsulem fēcit cum</div> -<div class="line">M. Aemiliō Lepidō, quī eī magister equitum dictātōrī ante</div> -<div class="line">annum<a name="FNanchor_139" id="FNanchor_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> fuerat. Inde in Āfricam profectus est, ubi īnfīnīta</div> -<div class="line">nōbilitās cum Iubā, Mauretāniae rēge, bellum reparāverat.</div> -<div class="line">Ducēs autem Rōmānī erant P. Cornēlius Scīpiō ex genere <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">antīquissimō Scīpiōnis Āfricānī (hīc etiam socer Pompēī</div> -<div class="line">Māgnī fuerat), M. Petrēius, Q. Vārus, M. Porcius Catō,</div> -<div class="line">L. Cornēlius Faustus, Sullae dictātōris fīlius. Contrā hōs</div> -<div class="line">commissō proeliō post multās dīmicātiōnēs victor fuit Caesar.</div> -<div class="line">Catō, Scīpiō, Petrēius, Iuba ipsī sē occīdērunt. Faustus, <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Sullae quondam dictātōris fīlius, Pompēī gener, ā</div> -<div class="line">Caesare interfectus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Battle of Munda, 45 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">24.</span> Post annum<a name="FNanchor_139a" id="FNanchor_139a"></a><a href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> Caesar Rōmam regressus quārtō sē cōnsulem</div> -<div class="line">fēcit et statim ad Hispāniās est profectus, ubi Pompēī</div> -<div class="line">fīliī, Cn. Pompēius et Sex. Pompēius, ingēns bellum <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">praeparāverant. Multa proelia fuērunt, ultimum apud<a name="FNanchor_140" id="FNanchor_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> Mundam</div> -<div class="line">cīvitātem, in quō adeō Caesar paene victus est ut fugientibus</div> -<div class="line">suīs sē voluerit occīdere, nē post tantam reī mīlitāris</div> -<div class="line">glōriam in potestātem adulēscentium nātus annōs sex et</div> -<div class="line">quīnquāgintā vēnīret. Dēnique revocātīs suīs vīcit. Ex <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Pompēī fīliīs māior occīsus est, minor fūgit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Caesar Monarch, 45 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Caesar Assassinated, 44 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">25.</span> Inde Caesar bellīs cīvīlibus tōtō orbe compositīs Rōmam</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>rediit. Agere īnsolentius<a name="FNanchor_141" id="FNanchor_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> coepit et contrā cōnsuētūdinem</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānae lībertātis. Cum ergō et honōrēs ex suā</div> -<div class="line">voluntāte praestāret, quī ā populō anteā dēferēbantur, nec</div> -<div class="line">senātuī ad sē venientī adsurgeret aliaque rēgia ac paene</div> -<div class="line">tyrannica faceret, coniūrātum est<a name="FNanchor_142" id="FNanchor_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> in eum ā sexāgintā vel</div> -<div class="line">amplius senātōribus equitibusque Rōmānīs. Praecipuī fuērunt <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">inter coniūrātōs duo Brūtī ex eō genere Brūtī, quī prīmus</div> -<div class="line">Rōmae cōnsul fuerat et rēgēs expulerat, et C. Cassius et</div> -<div class="line">Servīlius Casca. Ergō Caesar, cum senātūs diē inter cēterōs</div> -<div class="line">vēnisset ad cūriam, tribus et vīgintī vulneribus cōnfossus est.</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="Liber_VII" id="Liber_VII"></a>LIBER SEPTIMUS</h2> - -<p class="subheading"><span class="smcap">From the Assassination of Caesar to the Death of -the Emperor Domitian,</span> 44 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>-96 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<h3><i>Civil War with Hirtius and Pansa, 44-43 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">1.</span> Annō urbis septingentēsimō ferē ac nōnō interfectō <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Caesare cīvīlia bella reparāta sunt. Percussōribus<a name="FNanchor_143" id="FNanchor_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> enim</div> -<div class="line">Caesaris senātus favēbat. Antōnius cōnsul partium Caesaris</div> -<div class="line">cīvīlibus bellīs opprimere eōs cōnābātur. Ergō turbātā rē</div> -<div class="line">pūblicā multa Antōnius scelera committēns ā senātū hostis</div> -<div class="line">iūdicātus est. Missī ad eum persequendum duo cōnsulēs, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Pānsa et Hīrtius, et Octāviānus adulēscēns annōs <span class="smcapuc">X</span> et <span class="smcapuc">VIII</span></div> -<div class="line">nātus, Caesaris nepōs, quem ille testāmentō hērēdem relīquerat</div> -<div class="line">et nōmen suum ferre iusserat. Hīc est, quī posteā</div> -<div class="line">Augustus est dictus et rērum<a name="FNanchor_144" id="FNanchor_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> potītus. Quī profectī contrā</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>Antōnium trēs ducēs vīcērunt eum. Ēvēnit tamen ut victōrēs <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">cōnsulēs ambō morerentur. Quārē trēs exercitūs ūnī</div> -<div class="line">Caesarī Augustō pāruērunt.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>The Second Triumvirate, 43 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">2.</span> Fugātus Antōnius āmissō exercitū cōnfūgit ad Lepidum,</div> -<div class="line">quī Caesarī<a name="FNanchor_145" id="FNanchor_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> magister equitum fuerat et tum mīlitum cōpiās</div> -<div class="line">grandēs habēbat, ā quō susceptus est. Mox Lepidō operam <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">dante Caesar pācem cum Antōniō fēcit et quasi vindicātūrus</div> -<div class="line">patris suī mortem, ā quō per testāmentum fuerat adoptātus,</div> -<div class="line">Rōmam cum exercitū profectus extorsit ut sibi vīcēsimō</div> -<div class="line">annō cōnsulātus darētur. Senātum prōscrīpsit, cum Antōniō</div> -<div class="line">ac Lepidō rem pūblicam armīs tenēre coepit. Per hōs<a name="FNanchor_146" id="FNanchor_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">etiam Cicero ōrātor occīsus est multīque aliī nōbilēs.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>The Battle of Philippi, 42 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">3.</span> Intereā Brūtus et Cassius, interfectōrēs Caesaris, ingēns</div> -<div class="line">bellum mōvērunt. Erant enim per Macedoniam et</div> -<div class="line">Orientem multī exercitūs, quōs occupāverant. Profectī sunt</div> -<div class="line">igitur contrā eōs Caesar Octāviānus Augustus et M. Antōnius; <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">remānserat enim ad dēfendendam Ītaliam Lepidus.</div> -<div class="line">Apud Philippōs, Macedoniae urbem, contrā eōs pūgnāvērunt.</div> -<div class="line">Prīmō proeliō victī sunt Antōnius et Caesar, periit</div> -<div class="line">tamen dux nōbilitātis Cassius, secundō Brūtum et īnfīnītam</div> -<div class="line">nōbilitātem, quae cum illīs bellum gesserat, victam <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">interfēcērunt. Ac sīc inter eōs dīvīsa est rēs pūblica, ut Augustus</div> -<div class="line">Hispāniās, Galliās et Ītaliam tenēret, Antōnius Asiam,</div> -<div class="line">Pontum, Orientem. Sed in Ītaliā L. Antōnius cōnsul bellum</div> -<div class="line">cīvīle commōvit, frāter ēius, quī cum Caesare contrā</div> -<div class="line">Brūtum et Cassium dīmicāverat. Is apud Perusiam, Tusciae <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>cīvitātem, victus et captus est, neque occīsus.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>War with Sextus Pompey.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">4.</span> Interim ā Sex. Pompēiō, Cn. Pompēī Māgnī fīliō, ingēns</div> -<div class="line">bellum in Siciliā commōtum est, hīs quī superfuerant</div> -<div class="line">ex partibus Brūtī Cassiīque ad eum cōnfluentibus. Bellātum</div> -<div class="line">per Caesarem Augustum Octāviānum et M. Antōnium adversus</div> -<div class="line">Sex. Pompēium est. Pāx postrēmō convēnit. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">5.</span> Eō tempore M. Agrippa in Aquītāniā rem prōsperē</div> -<div class="line">gessit et L. Ventidius Bassus inrumpentēs in Syriam Persās</div> -<div class="line">tribus proeliīs vīcit. Pacorum, rēgis Orōdis fīlium, interfēcit</div> -<div class="line">eō ipsō diē quō ōlim Orōdēs, Persārum rēx, per ducem</div> -<div class="line">Surēnam Crassum occīderat. Hīc prīmus dē Parthīs iūstissimum <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">triumphum Rōmae ēgit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">6.</span> Interim Pompēius pācem rūpit et nāvālī proeliō victus</div> -<div class="line">fugiēns ad Asiam interfectus est. Antōnius, quī Asiam et</div> -<div class="line">Orientem tenēbat, repudiātā sorōre Caesaris Augustī Octāviānī</div> -<div class="line">Cleopatram, rēgīnam Aegyptī, dūxit uxōrem. Contrā <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Persās etiam ipse pūgnāvit. Prīmīs eōs proeliīs vīcit, regrediēns</div> -<div class="line">tamen famē et pestilentiā labōrāvit et, cum īnstārent</div> -<div class="line">Parthī fugientī, ipse prō victō recessit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Civil War between Augustus and Antonius. The Battle of -Actium, 31 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">7.</span> Hīc quoque ingēns bellum cīvīle commōvit cōgente</div> -<div class="line">uxōre Cleopatrā, rēgīnā Aegyptī, dum cupiditāte muliebrī <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">optat etiam in urbe rēgnāre. Victus est ab Augustō nāvālī</div> -<div class="line">pūgnā clārā et inlūstrī apud Actium, quī locus in Ēpīrō est,</div> -<div class="line">ex quā fūgit in Aegyptum et dēspērātīs rēbus, cum omnēs<a name="FNanchor_147" id="FNanchor_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></div> -<div class="line">ad Augustum trānsīrent, ipse sē interēmit. Cleopatra sibi<a name="FNanchor_148" id="FNanchor_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>aspidem admīsit et venēnō ēius exstincta est. Aegyptus per <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">Octāviānum Augustum imperiō Rōmānō adiecta est praepositusque</div> -<div class="line">eī C. Cornēlius Gallus. Hunc prīmum Aegyptus</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānum iūdicem habuit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Imperial Government Established, 31 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">8.</span> Ita bellīs tōtō orbe cōnfectīs Octāviānus Augustus Rōmam</div> -<div class="line">rediit, duodecimō annō<a name="FNanchor_149" id="FNanchor_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> quam cōnsul fuerat. Ex eō <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">rem pūblicam per quadrāgintā et quattuor annōs sōlus obtinuit.</div> -<div class="line">Ante enim duodecim annīs cum Antōniō et Lepidō</div> -<div class="line">tenuerat. Ita ab initiō prīncipātūs ēius ūsque ad fīnem</div> -<div class="line">quīnquāgintā et sex annī fuērunt. Obiit autem septuāgēsimō</div> -<div class="line">sextō annō morte commūnī in oppidō Campāniae <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Ātellā. Rōmae in campō Mārtiō sepultus est, vir, quī nōn</div> -<div class="line">immeritō ex māximā parte deō<a name="FNanchor_150" id="FNanchor_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> similis est putātus. Neque</div> -<div class="line">enim facile ūllus eō<a name="FNanchor_151" id="FNanchor_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> aut in bellīs fēlīcior fuit aut in pāce</div> -<div class="line">moderātior. Quadrāgintā et quattuor annīs, quibus sōlus</div> -<div class="line">gessit imperium, cīvīlissimē vīxit, in cūnctōs līberālissimus, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">in amīcōs fīdissimus, quōs tantīs ēvēxit honōribus ut paene</div> -<div class="line">aequāret fastīgiō suō.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Extension of the Empire.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">9.</span> Nūllō tempore ante eum magis rēs Rōmāna floruit.</div> -<div class="line">Nam exceptīs cīvīlibus bellīs, in quibus invictus fuit, Rōmānō</div> -<div class="line">adiēcit imperiō Aegyptum, Cantabriam, Dalmatiam saepe <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">ante vīctam, sed penitus tunc subāctam, Pannoniam, Aquītāniam,</div> -<div class="line">Īllyricum, Raetiam, Vindelicōs et Salassōs in Alpibus,</div> -<div class="line">omnēs Pontī maritimās cīvitātēs, in hīs nōbilissimās</div> -<div class="line">Bosporum et Panticapaeum. Vīcit autem multīs proeliīs</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>Dācōs. Germānōrum ingentēs cōpiās cecīdit, ipsōs quoque <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">trāns Albim fluvium summōvit, quī in Barbaricō longē ultrā</div> -<div class="line">Rhēnum est. Hōc tamen bellum per Drūsum, prīvīgnum</div> -<div class="line">suum, administrāvit, sīcut per Tiberium, prīvīgnum alterum,</div> -<div class="line">Pannonicum, … quō bellō <span class="smcapuc">XL</span> captīvōrum mīlia ex Germāniā</div> -<div class="line">trānstulit et suprā ripam Rhēnī in Galliā conlocāvit. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Armeniam ā Parthīs recēpit. Obsidēs, quod nūllī anteā,</div> -<div class="line">Persae eī dedērunt. Reddidērunt etiam sīgna Rōmāna,</div> -<div class="line">quae Crassō victō adēmerant.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Death of Augustus, 14 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">10.</span> Scythae et Indī, quibus anteā Rōmānōrum nōmen incognitum</div> -<div class="line">fuerat, mūnera et lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt. Galatia <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">quoque sub hōc prōvincia facta est, cum anteā rēgnum fuisset,</div> -<div class="line">prīmusque eam M. Lollius prō praetōre administrāvit.</div> -<div class="line">Tantō autem amōre<a name="FNanchor_152" id="FNanchor_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> etiam apud barbarōs fuit ut rēgēs</div> -<div class="line">populī Rōmānī amīcī in honōrem ēius conderent cīvitātēs,</div> -<div class="line">quās Caesarēās nōminārent. Multī autem rēgēs ex rēgnīs <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">suīs vēnērunt, ut eī obsequerentur, et habitū Rōmānō, togātī</div> -<div class="line">scīlicet, ad vehiculum vel equum ipsīus cucurrērunt. Moriēns</div> -<div class="line">Dīvus appellātus. Rem pūblicam beātissimam Tiberiō</div> -<div class="line">successōrī relīquit, quī prīvīgnus eī, mox gener, postrēmō</div> -<div class="line">adoptiōne fīlius fuerat. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Tiberius Emperor, 14-37 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">11.</span> Sed Tiberius ingentī sōcordiā imperium gessit, gravī</div> -<div class="line">crūdēlitāte, scelestā avāritiā, turpī libīdine. Nam nūsquam</div> -<div class="line">ipse pūgnāvit, bella per lēgātōs gessit suōs. Quōsdam rēgēs</div> -<div class="line">ad sē per blanditiās ēvocātōs numquam remīsit, in quibus</div> -<div class="line">Archelāum Cappadocem, cūius etiam rēgnum in prōvinciae <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>fōrmam redēgit et māximam cīvitātem appellārī nōmine</div> -<div class="line">suō iussit, quae nunc Caesarēa dīcitur, cum Māzaca anteā</div> -<div class="line">vocārētur. Hīc tertiō et vīcēsimō imperiī annō, aetātis septuāgēsimō</div> -<div class="line">octāvō, ingentī omnium gaudiō mortuus est in</div> -<div class="line">Campāniā.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Caligula Emperor, 37-41 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">12.</span> Successit eī C. Caesar, cognōmentō Caligula, Drūsī, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">prīvīgnī Augustī, et ipsīus Tiberī nepōs, scelerātissimus ac</div> -<div class="line">fūnestissimus et quī etiam Tiberī dēdecōra pūrgāverit.<a name="FNanchor_153" id="FNanchor_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a></div> -<div class="line">Bellum contrā Germānōs suscēpit et ingressus Suēviam</div> -<div class="line">nihil strēnuē fēcit. Cum adversum cūnctōs ingentī avāritiā,</div> -<div class="line">libīdine, crūdēlitāte saevīret, interfectus in Palātiō est annō <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">aetātis vīcēsimō nōnō, imperiī tertiō, mēnse decimō diēque</div> -<div class="line">octāvō.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Claudius Emperor, 41-54 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">13.</span> Post hunc Claudius fuit, patruus Caligulae, Drūsī,</div> -<div class="line">quī apud Mogontiacum monumentum habet, fīlius, cūius et</div> -<div class="line">Caligula nepōs erat. Hīc mediē imperāvit, multa gerēns <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">tranquillē atque moderātē, quaedam crūdēliter et īnsulsē.</div> -<div class="line">Britannīs intulit bellum, quam nūllus Rōmānōrum post</div> -<div class="line">C. Caesarem attigerat, eāque dēvictā per Cn. Sentium et</div> -<div class="line">A. Plautium, inlūstrēs ac nōbilēs virōs, triumphum celebrem</div> -<div class="line">ēgit. Quāsdam īnsulās etiam ultrā Britanniās in <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Ōceanō positās imperiō Rōmānō addidit, quae appellantur</div> -<div class="line">Orchadēs, fīliō autem suō Britannicī nōmen imposuit.</div> -<div class="line">Tam cīvīlis autem circā quōsdam amīcōs exstitit, ut etiam</div> -<div class="line">Plautium, nōbilem virum, quī expeditiōne Britannicā multa</div> -<div class="line">ēgregiē fēcerat, triumphantem ipse prōsequerētur et <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">cōnscendentī Capitōlium laevus incēderet. Is vīxit annōs <span class="smcapuc">IV</span></div> -<div class="line">et <span class="smcapuc">LX</span>, imperāvit <span class="smcapuc">XIV</span>. Post mortem cōnsecrātus est Dīvusque</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>appellātus.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Nero Emperor, 54-68 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">14.</span> Successit huic Nerō, Caligulae, avunculō suō, simillimus,</div> -<div class="line">quī Rōmānum imperium et dēfōrmāvit et minuit, inūsitātae</div> -<div class="line">lūxuriae<a name="FNanchor_154" id="FNanchor_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> sūmptuumque, et quī exemplō C. Caligulae in</div> -<div class="line">calidīs et frīgidīs lavāret unguentīs, rētibus aureīs piscārētur,</div> -<div class="line">quae blattinīs fūnibus extrahēbat. Īnfīnītam senātus <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">partem interfēcit, bonīs<a name="FNanchor_155" id="FNanchor_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> omnibus hostis fuit. Ad postrēmum</div> -<div class="line">sē tantō dēdecōre prōstituit ut et saltāret et cantāret</div> -<div class="line">in scaenā citharoedicō habitū vel tragicō. Parricīdia multa</div> -<div class="line">commīsit frātre, uxōre, sorōre, mātre interfectīs. Urbem</div> -<div class="line">Rōmam incendit, ut spectāculī ēius imāginem cerneret, quālī <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">ōlim Trōia capta ārserat. In rē mīlitārī nihil omnīnō ausus</div> -<div class="line">Britanniam paene āmīsit. Nam duo sub eō nōbilissima</div> -<div class="line">oppida capta illīc atque ēversa sunt. Armeniam Parthī</div> -<div class="line">sustulērunt legiōnēsque Rōmānās sub iugum mīsērunt.</div> -<div class="line">Duae tamen sub eō prōvinciae factae sunt, Pontus Polemōniacus <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">concedente rēge Polemōne et Alpēs Cottiae Cottiō</div> -<div class="line">rēge dēfūnctō.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">15.</span> Per haec Rōmānō orbī exsecrābilis ab omnibus simul</div> -<div class="line">dēstitūtus est et ā senātū hostis iūdicātus; cum quaererētur</div> -<div class="line">ad poenam, quae poena erat tālis, ut nūdus per pūblicum <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">ductus furcā capitī ēius īnsertā virgīs ūsque ad mortem</div> -<div class="line">caederētur atque ita praecipitārētur ā saxō, ē Palātiō fūgit</div> -<div class="line">et in suburbānō sē lībertī suī, quod inter Salariam et Nōmentānam</div> -<div class="line">viam ad quārtum urbis mīliārium est, interfēcit.</div> -<div class="line">Is aedificāvit Rōmae thermās, quae ante Nerōniānae dictae <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">nunc Alexandriānae appellantur. Obiit trīcēsimō et alterō</div> -<div class="line">aetātis annō, imperiī quārtō decimō, atque in eō omnis</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>Augustī familia cōnsūmpta est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Galba Emperor, 68-69 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">16.</span> Huic Serv. Galba successit, antīquissimae nōbilitātis</div> -<div class="line">senātor, cum septuāgēsimum et tertium annum ageret aetātis,</div> -<div class="line">ab Hispānīs et Gallīs imperātōr ēlēctus, mox ab ūniversō</div> -<div class="line">exercitū lībenter acceptus. Nam privāta ēius vīta</div> -<div class="line">īnsīgnis fuerat mīlitāribus et cīvīlibus rēbus. Saepe cōnsul, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">saepe prō cōnsule, frequenter dux in gravissimīs bellīs.</div> -<div class="line">Hūius breve imperium fuit et quod bona habēret exōrdia,</div> -<div class="line">nisi ad sevēritātem prōpēnsior vidērētur.<a name="FNanchor_156" id="FNanchor_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> Īnsidiīs tamen</div> -<div class="line">Othōnis occīsus est imperiī mēnse septimō. Iugulātus in</div> -<div class="line">forō Rōmae sepultusque in hortīs suīs, quī sunt Aurēliā viā <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">nōn longē ab urbe Rōmā.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Otho Emperor, 69 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">17.</span> Otho occīsō Galbā invāsit imperium, māternō genere<a name="FNanchor_157" id="FNanchor_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a></div> -<div class="line">nōbilior quam paternō, neutrō tamen obscūrō. In privātā</div> -<div class="line">vītā mollis et Nerōnī familiāris, in imperiō documentum</div> -<div class="line">suī nōn potuit ostendere. Nam cum īsdem temporibus, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">quibus Otho Galbam occīderat, etiam Vitellius factus esset</div> -<div class="line">ā Germāniciānīs exercitibus imperātōr, bellō contrā eum</div> -<div class="line">susceptō cum apud Bēdriacum in Ītaliā levī proeliō victus</div> -<div class="line">esset, ingentēs tamen cōpiās ad bellum habēret, sponte sēmet<a name="FNanchor_158" id="FNanchor_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a></div> -<div class="line">occīdit. Petentibus mīlitibus nē tam cito dē bellī dēspērāret <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">ēventū, cum tantī<a name="FNanchor_159" id="FNanchor_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> sē nōn esse dīxisset ut propter</div> -<div class="line">eum bellum cīvīle movērētur, voluntāriā morte obiit trīcēsimō</div> -<div class="line">et octāvō aetātis annō, nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>diē.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Vitellius Emperor, 69 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">18.</span> Dein Vitellius imperiō<a name="FNanchor_160" id="FNanchor_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> potītus est, familiā honōrātā</div> -<div class="line">magis quam nōbilī. Nam pater ēius nōn admodum clārē</div> -<div class="line">nātus trēs tamen ōrdināriōs gesserat cōnsulātūs. Hīc cum</div> -<div class="line">multō dēdecōre imperāvit et gravī saevitiā nōtābilis, praecipuē</div> -<div class="line">ingluviē et vorācitāte, quippe cum dē diē saepe quārtō <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">vel quīntō ferātur<a name="FNanchor_161" id="FNanchor_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> epulātus. Nōtissima certē cēna memoriae</div> -<div class="line">mandāta est, quam eī Vitellius frāter exhibuit, in quā</div> -<div class="line">super cēterōs sūmptūs duo mīlia piscium, septem avium</div> -<div class="line">apposita trāduntur. Hīc cum Nerōnī similis esse vellet</div> -<div class="line">atque id adeō prae sē ferret, ut etiam exsequiās Nerōnis, <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">quae humiliter sepultae fuerant, honōrāret, ā Vespasiānī</div> -<div class="line">ducibus occīsus est interfectō prius in urbe Sabīnō, Vespasiānī</div> -<div class="line">imperātōris frātre, quem cum Capitōliō incendit.</div> -<div class="line">Interfectus autem est māgnō dēdecōre: trāctus per urbem</div> -<div class="line">Rōmam pūblicē, nūdus, ērēctō comā capite et subiectō ad <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">mentum gladiō, stercore in vultum et pectus ab omnibus</div> -<div class="line">obviīs appetītus, postrēmō iugulātus et in Tiberim dēiectus</div> -<div class="line">etiam commūnī caruit sepultūrā. Periit autem aetātis annō</div> -<div class="line">septimō et quīnquāgēsimō, imperiī mēnse octāvō et diē ūnō.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Vespasian Emperor, 69-79 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">19.</span> Vespasiānus huic successit, factus apud Palaestīnam <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">imperātōr, prīnceps obscūrē quidem nātus, sed optimīs comparandus,</div> -<div class="line">privātā vītā inlūstris, ut quī ā Claudiō in Germāniam</div> -<div class="line">et deinde in Britanniam missus trīciēs et bis cum</div> -<div class="line">hoste cōnflīxerit, duās validissimās gentēs, vīgintī oppida,</div> -<div class="line">īnsulam Vectam, Britanniae prōximam, imperiō Rōmānō <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>adiēcerit. Rōmae sē in imperiō moderātissimē gessit. Pecūniae</div> -<div class="line">tantum avidior fuit, ita tamen, ut eam nūllī<a name="FNanchor_162" id="FNanchor_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> iniūstē</div> -<div class="line">auferret. Quam cum omnī dīligentiae prōvīsiōne conligeret,</div> -<div class="line">tamen studiōsissimē largiēbātur, praecipuē indigentibus.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line">Nec facile ante eum cūiusquam prīncipis vel māior est</div> -<div class="line">līberālitas comperta, vel iūstior. Placidissimae lēnitātis, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">ut quī māiestātis quoque contrā sē reōs nōn facile pūnīret</div> -<div class="line">ultrā exsiliī poenam. Sub hōc Iūdaea Rōmānō accessit</div> -<div class="line">imperiō et Hierosolyma, quae fuit urbs nōbilissima Palaestīnae.</div> -<div class="line">Achaeam, Lyciam, Rhodum, Bȳzantium, Samum,</div> -<div class="line">quae līberae ante id tempus fuerant, item Thrāciam, Ciliciam, <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Commāgēnēn, quae sub rēgibus amīcīs ēgerant, in</div> -<div class="line">prōvinciārum fōrmam redēgit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">20.</span> Offēnsārum<a name="FNanchor_163" id="FNanchor_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> et inimīcitiārum immemor fuit, convīcia</div> -<div class="line">ā causidicīs et philosophīs in sē dicta lēniter tulit, dīligēns</div> -<div class="line">tamen coërcitor disciplīnae mīlitāris. Hīc cum fīliō Titō <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">dē Hierosolymīs triumphāvit. Per haec cum senātuī, populō,</div> -<div class="line">postrēmō cūnctīs amābilis ac iūcundus esset, prōfluviō</div> -<div class="line">ventris exstinctus est in vīllā propriā circā Sabīnōs, annum</div> -<div class="line">agēns aetātis sexāgēsimum nōnum, imperiī nōnum et diem</div> -<div class="line">septimum, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est. Genitūram fīliōrum <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">ita cognitam habuit, ut, cum multae contrā eum coniūrātiōnēs</div> -<div class="line">fierent, quās patefactās ingentī dissimulātiōne</div> -<div class="line">contempsit, in senātū dīxerit aut fīliōs sibi successūrōs, aut</div> -<div class="line">nēminem.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Titus Emperor, 79-81 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">21.</span> Huic Titus fīlius successit, quī et ipse Vespasiānus est <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">dictus, vir omnium virtūtum genere mirābilis adeō ut amor</div> -<div class="line">et dēliciae humānī generis dīcerētur, facundissimus, bellicōsissimus,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>moderātissimus. Causās Latīnē ēgit, poēmata</div> -<div class="line">et tragoediās Graecē composuit. In oppūgnātiōne Hierosolymōrum</div> -<div class="line">sub patre mīlitāns duodecim prōpūgnātōrēs duodecim</div> -<div class="line">sagittārum cōnfīxit ictibus. Rōmae tantae cīvīlitātis</div> -<div class="line">in imperiō fuit ut nūllum omnīnō pūnīerit, convīctōs adversum</div> -<div class="line">sē coniūrātiōnis dīmīserit vel in eādem familiāritāte <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">quā anteā habuerit. Facilitātis et līberālitātis tantae fuit</div> -<div class="line">ut, cum nūllī quicquam negāret et ab amīcīs reprehenderētur,</div> -<div class="line">responderit nūllum trīstem dēbēre ab imperātōre discēdere,</div> -<div class="line">praetereā cum quādam diē in cēnā recordātus fuisset</div> -<div class="line">nihil sē illō diē cuīquam praestitisse, dīxerit: ‘Amīcī, hodiē <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">diem perdidī.’ Hīc Rōmae amphitheātrum aedificāvit et</div> -<div class="line">quīnque mīlia ferārum in dēdicātiōne ēius occīdit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">22.</span> Per haec inūsitātō favōre dīlēctus morbō periit in eā,</div> -<div class="line">quā pater, vīllā post biennium et mēnsēs octō, diēs vīgintī,</div> -<div class="line">quam imperātōr erat factus, aetātis annō alterō et <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">quadrāgēsimō. Tantus lūctus eō mortuō pūblicus fuit ut omnēs</div> -<div class="line">tamquam in propriā doluerint orbitāte. Senātus obitū ipsīus</div> -<div class="line">circā vesperam nūntiātō nocte inrūpit in cūriam et tantās eī</div> -<div class="line">mortuō laudēs gratiāsque congessit, quantās nec vīvō umquam</div> -<div class="line">ēgerat nec praesentī. Inter Dīvōs relātus est. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Domitian Emperor, 81-96 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">23.</span> Domitiānus mox accēpit imperium, frāter ipsīus</div> -<div class="line">iūnior, Nerōnī aut Caligulae aut Tiberiō similior quam patrī</div> -<div class="line">vel frātrī suō. Prīmīs tamen annīs moderātus in imperiō fuit,</div> -<div class="line">mox ad ingentia vitia prōgressus libīdinis, īrācundiae, crūdēlitātis,</div> -<div class="line">avāritiae, tantum in sē odiī<a name="FNanchor_164" id="FNanchor_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> concitāvit ut <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">merita et patris et frātris abolēret. Interfēcit nōbilissimōs ē</div> -<div class="line">senātū. Dominum sē et deum prīmus appellārī iussit.</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>Nūllam sibi nisi auream et argenteam statuam in Capitōliō</div> -<div class="line">passus est ponī. Cōnsōbrīnōs suōs interfēcit. Superbia</div> -<div class="line">quoque in eō exsecrābilis fuit. Expeditiōnēs quattuor habuit,</div> -<div class="line">ūnam adversum Sarmatās, alteram adversum Cattōs,</div> -<div class="line">duās adversum Dācōs. Dē Dācīs Cattīsque duplicem triumphum</div> -<div class="line">ēgit, dē Sarmatīs sōlam lauream ūsūrpāvit. Multās <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">tamen calamitātēs īsdem bellīs passus est; nam in Sarmatiā</div> -<div class="line">legiō ēius cum duce interfecta est et ā Dācīs Oppius Sabīnus</div> -<div class="line">cōnsulāris et Cornēlius Fuscus, praefectus praetōriō,</div> -<div class="line">cum māgnīs exercitibus occīsī sunt. Rōmae quoque multa</div> -<div class="line">opera fēcit, in hīs Capitōlium et Forum Trānsitōrium, Dīvōrum <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Porticus, Īsīum ac Serāpīum et Stadium. Vērum cum</div> -<div class="line">ob scelera ūniversīs exōsus esse coepisset, interfectus est</div> -<div class="line">suōrum coniūrātiōne in Palātiō, annō aetātis quadrāgēsimō</div> -<div class="line">quīntō, imperiī quīntō decimō. Fūnus ēius cum ingentī</div> -<div class="line">dēdecōre per vespillōnēs exportātum et ignōbiliter est <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">sepultum.</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="Liber_VIII" id="Liber_VIII"></a>LIBER OCTĀVUS</h2> - -<p class="subheading"><span class="smcap">From the Accession of Nerva to the Death of -Alexander Severus,</span> 96-235 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<h3><i>Nerva Emperor, 96-98 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">1.</span> Annō octingentēsimō et quīnquāgēsimō ab urbe conditā</div> -<div class="line">Vetere et Valente cōnsulibus rēs pūblica ad prōsperrimum</div> -<div class="line">statum rediit bonīs prīncipibus ingentī fēlicitāte commissa.</div> -<div class="line">Domitiānō enim, exitiābilī tyrannō, Nerva successit, vir in <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">prīvātā vītā moderātus et strēnuus, nōbilitātis mediae. Quī</div> -<div class="line">senex admodum operam dante Petrōniō Secundō, praefectō</div> -<div class="line">praetōriō, item Partheniō, interfectōre Domitiānī, imperātōr</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>est factus; aequissimum sē et cīvilissimum praebuit. Reī<a name="FNanchor_165" id="FNanchor_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a></div> -<div class="line">pūblicae dīvīnā prōvīsiōne cōnsuluit Trāiānum adoptandō.<a name="FNanchor_166" id="FNanchor_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a></div> -<div class="line">Mortuus est Rōmae post annum et quattuor mēnsēs imperiī</div> -<div class="line">suī ac diēs octō, aetātis septuāgēsimō et alterō annō, atque</div> -<div class="line">inter Dīvōs relātus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Trajan Emperor, 98-117 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">2.</span> Successit eī Ulpius Crīnītus Trāiānus, nātus Ītalicae in <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Hispāniā, familiā<a name="FNanchor_167" id="FNanchor_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> antīquā magis quam clārā. Nam pater</div> -<div class="line">ēius prīmum cōnsul fuit. Imperātōr autem apud Agrippīnam</div> -<div class="line">in Galliīs factus est. Rem pūblicam ita administrāvit</div> -<div class="line">ut omnibus prīncipibus meritō praeferātur, inūsitātae</div> -<div class="line">cīvīlitātis et fortitūdinis. Rōmānī imperiī, quod post Augustum <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">dēfēnsum magis fuerat quam nōbiliter ampliātum,</div> -<div class="line">fīnēs longē lātēque diffūdit. Urbēs trāns Rhēnum in Germāniā</div> -<div class="line">reparāvit. Dāciam Decibalō victō subēgit prōvinciā</div> -<div class="line">trāns Dānubium factā in hīs agrīs quōs nunc Taifalī, Victoalī</div> -<div class="line">et Tervingī habent. Ea prōvincia deciēs centēna mīlia <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">passuum in circuitū tenuit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">3.</span> Armeniam, quam occupāverant Parthī, recēpit Parthomasīrī</div> -<div class="line">occisō, quī eam tenēbat. Albānīs rēgem dedit.</div> -<div class="line">Hibērōrum rēgem et Sauromatārum et Bosporānōrum et</div> -<div class="line">Arabum et Osdroēnōrum et Colchōrum in fidem accēpit. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Carduenōs, Marcomedōs occupāvit et Anthemūsiam, māgnam</div> -<div class="line">Persidis regiōnem, Seleuciam, Ctēsiphōntem, Babylōnem;</div> -<div class="line">Messēniōs vīcit ac tenuit. Ūsque ad Indiae fīnēs</div> -<div class="line">et mare Rubrum accessit atque ibi trēs prōvinciās fēcit,</div> -<div class="line">Armeniam, Assyriam, Mesopotamiam, cum hīs gentibus <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">quae Madenam attingunt. Arabiam posteā in prōvinciae</div> -<div class="line">fōrmam redēgit. In marī Rubrō classem īnstituit, ut per</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>eam Indiae fīnēs vāstāret.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">4.</span> Glōriam tamen mīlitārem cīvīlitāte et moderātiōne superāvit,</div> -<div class="line">Rōmae et per prōvinciās aequālem sē omnibus exhibēns,</div> -<div class="line">amīcōs salūtandī<a name="FNanchor_168" id="FNanchor_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> causā frequentāns vel aegrōtantēs</div> -<div class="line">vel cum fēstōs diēs habuissent, convīvia cum īsdem indiscrēta</div> -<div class="line">vicissim habēns, saepe in vehiculīs eōrum sedēns, nūllum <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">senātōrum laedēns, nihil iniūstum ad augendum fiscum</div> -<div class="line">agēns, līberālis in cūnctōs, pūblicē prīvātimque dītāns omnēs</div> -<div class="line">et honōribus augēns, quōs vel mediōcrī familiāritāte cognōvisset,</div> -<div class="line">per orbem terrārum aedificāns multa, immūnitātēs</div> -<div class="line">cīvitātibus tribuēns, nihil nōn tranquillum et placidum <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">agēns, adeō ut omnī ēius aetāte ūnus senātor damnātus sit</div> -<div class="line">atque is tamen per senātum ignōrante Trāiānō. Ob haec</div> -<div class="line">per orbem terrārum deō proximus nihil nōn venerātiōnis</div> -<div class="line">meruit et vīvus et mortuus.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">5.</span> Inter alia dicta hoc ipsīus fertur ēgregium. Amīcīs <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">enim culpantibus, quod nimium circā omnēs commūnis esset,<a name="FNanchor_169" id="FNanchor_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></div> -<div class="line">respondit tālem sē imperātōrem esse prīvātīs, quālēs esse</div> -<div class="line">sibi imperātōrēs prīvātus optāsset. Post ingentem igitur</div> -<div class="line">glōriam bellī domīque quaesitam ē Perside rediēns apud</div> -<div class="line">Seleuciam Isauriae prōfluviō ventris exstinctus est. Obiit <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">autem aetātis annō sexāgēsimō tertiō, mēnse nōnō, diē</div> -<div class="line">quārtō, imperiī nōnō decimō, mēnse sextō, diē quīntō decimō.</div> -<div class="line">Inter Dīvōs relātus est sōlusque omnium intrā urbem</div> -<div class="line">sepultus est. Ossa conlāta in urnam auream in forō, quod</div> -<div class="line">aedificāvit, sub columnā posita sunt, cūius altitūdō <span class="smcapuc">CXLIV</span> <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">pedēs habet. Hūius tantum memoriae dēlātum est ut</div> -<div class="line">ūsque ad nostram aetātem nōn aliter in senātū prīncipibus</div> -<div class="line">acclāmētur, nisi ‘Fēlīciōr Augustō,<a name="FNanchor_170" id="FNanchor_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> meliōr Trāiānō.’ Adeō</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>in eō glōria bonitātis obtinuit, ut vel adsentantibus vel</div> -<div class="line">vērē laudantibus occāsiōnem māgnificentissimī praestet</div> -<div class="line">exemplī.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Hadrian Emperor, 117-138 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">6.</span> Dēfūnctō Trāiānō Aelius Hadriānus creātus est prīnceps,</div> -<div class="line">sine aliquā quidem voluntāte Trāiānī, sed operam dante</div> -<div class="line">Plōtīnā, Trāiānī uxōre; nam eum Trāiānus, quamquam <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">cōnsōbrīnae suae fīlium, vīvus nōluerat adoptāre. Nātus</div> -<div class="line">et ipse Ītalicae in Hispāniā. Quī Trāiānī glōriae invidēns</div> -<div class="line">statim prōvinciās trēs relīquit, quās Trāiānus addiderat, et</div> -<div class="line">dē Assyriā, Mesopotamiā, Armeniā revocāvit exercitūs ac</div> -<div class="line">fīnem imperiī esse voluit Euphrātēn. Idem dē Dāciā facere <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">conātum amīcī dēterruērunt, nē multī cīvēs Rōmānī barbarīs</div> -<div class="line">trāderentur, proptereā quia Trāiānus victā Dāciā ex tōtō</div> -<div class="line">orbe Rōmānō īnfīnītās eō cōpiās hominum trānstulerat ad</div> -<div class="line">agrōs et urbēs colendās. Dācia enim diūturnō bellō Decibalī</div> -<div class="line">virīs fuerat exhausta. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">7.</span> Pācem tamen omnī imperiī suī tempore habuit, semel</div> -<div class="line">tantum per praesidem dīmicāvit. Orbem Rōmānum circumiit;</div> -<div class="line">multa aedificāvit. Fācundissimus Latīnō sermōne,</div> -<div class="line">Graecō ērudītissimus fuit. Nōn māgnam clēmentiae glōriam</div> -<div class="line">habuit, dīligentissimus tamen circā aerārium et mīlitum <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">disciplīnam. Obiit in Campāniā māior sexāgenāriō, imperiī</div> -<div class="line">annō vīcēsimō prīmō, mēnse decimō, diē vīcēsimō nōnō.</div> -<div class="line">Senātus eī tribuere nōluit dīvīnōs honōrēs, tamen cum successor</div> -<div class="line">ipsīus T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius hōc vehementer</div> -<div class="line">exigeret, etsī ūniversī senātōrēs palam resisterent, tandem <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">obtinuit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Antoninus Pius Emperor, 138-161 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">8.</span> Ergō Hadriānō successit T. Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>īdem etiam Pius nōminātus, genere clārō, sed nōn admodum</div> -<div class="line">vetere, vir īnsīgnis et quī meritō Numae Pompiliō cōnferātur,<a name="FNanchor_171" id="FNanchor_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a></div> -<div class="line">ita ut Rōmulō Trāiānus aequētur. Vīxit ingentī honestāte</div> -<div class="line">prīvātus, māiōre in imperiō, nūllī acerbus, cūnctīs</div> -<div class="line">benīgnus, in rē mīlitārī moderātā glōriā, dēfendere magis</div> -<div class="line">prōvinciās quam amplificāre studēns, virōs aequissimōs ad <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">administrandam rem pūblicam quaerēns, bonīs honōrem</div> -<div class="line">habēns, improbōs sine aliquā acerbitāte dētestāns, rēgibus</div> -<div class="line">amīcīs venerābilis nōn minus quam terribilis, adeō ut barbarōrum</div> -<div class="line">plūrimae nātiōnēs dēpositīs armīs ad eum contrōversiās</div> -<div class="line">suās lītēsque dēferrent sententiaeque pārērent. Hīc <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">ante imperium dītissimus opēs quidem omnēs suās stīpendiīs</div> -<div class="line">mīlitum et circā amīcōs līberālītātibus minuit, vērum</div> -<div class="line">aerārium opulentum relīquit. Pius propter clēmentiam</div> -<div class="line">dictus est. Obiit apud Lorium, vīllam suam, mīliāriō ab</div> -<div class="line">urbe duodecimō, vītae annō septuāgēsimō tertiō, imperiī <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">vīcēsimō tertiō, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est et meritō</div> -<div class="line">cōnsecrātus.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Emperors, 161-169 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">9.</span> Post hunc imperāvit M. Antōnīnus Vērus, haud dubiē</div> -<div class="line">nōbilissimus, quippe cum ēius orīgō paterna ā Numā Pompiliō,</div> -<div class="line">māterna ā Sallentīnō rēge penderet, et cum eō L. Annius <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Antōnīnus Vērus. Tumque prīmum Rōmāna rēs pūblica</div> -<div class="line">duōbus aequō iūre imperium administrantibus pāruit, cum</div> -<div class="line">ūsque ad eōs singulōs semper habuisset Augustōs. Hī et</div> -<div class="line">genere inter sē coniūnctī fuērunt et adfīnitāte. Nam Vērus</div> -<div class="line">Annius Antōnīnus M. Antōnīnī fīliam in mātrimōnium habuit, <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">M. autem Antōnīnus gener Antōnīnī Piī fuit per uxōrem</div> -<div class="line">Galēriam Faustīnam iūniōrem, cōnsōbrīnam suam.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span><span class="chapnum">10.</span> Hī bellum contrā Parthōs gessērunt, quī post victōriam</div> -<div class="line">Trāiānī tum prīmum rebellāverant. Vērus Antōnīnus ad id</div> -<div class="line">profectus est. Quī Antiochīae et circā Armeniam agēns multa</div> -<div class="line">per ducēs suōs et ingentiā patrāvit. Seleucīam, Assyriae</div> -<div class="line">urbem nōbilissimam, cum quadringentīs mīlibus hominum</div> -<div class="line">cēpit; Parthicum triumphum revexit. Cum frātre eōdemque<a name="FNanchor_172" id="FNanchor_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">socerō triumphāvit. Obiit tamen in Venetiā, cum ā</div> -<div class="line">Concordiā cīvitāte Altīnum proficīscerētur et cum frātre</div> -<div class="line">in vehiculō sēderet, subitō sanguine ictus, cāsū morbī quem</div> -<div class="line">Graecī apoplēxin vocant. Vir ingeniī parum cīvīlis, reverentiā</div> -<div class="line">tamen frātris nihil umquam atrōx ausus. Cum obisset <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">ūndecimō imperiī annō, inter deōs relātus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Marcus Aurelius reigns alone, 169-180 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">11.</span> Post eum M. Antōnīnus sōlus rem pūblicam tenuit, vir</div> -<div class="line">quem mīrārī facilius quis quam laudāre possit. Ā prīncipiō</div> -<div class="line">vītae tranquillissimus, adeō ut ex īnfantīa quoque vultum</div> -<div class="line">nec ex gaudiō nec ex maerōre mutāverit. Philosophiae dēditus <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Stoicae, ipse etiam nōn sōlum vītae moribus, sed etiam</div> -<div class="line">ērudītiōne philosophus. Tantae admirātiōnis adhūc iuvenis</div> -<div class="line">ut eum successōrem parāverit Hadriānus relinquere,</div> -<div class="line">adoptātō tamen Antōnīnō Piō generum eī idcircō esse voluerit,</div> -<div class="line">ut hōc ōrdine ad imperium pervenīret. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">12.</span> Īnstitūtus est ad philosophiam per Apollōnium<a name="FNanchor_173" id="FNanchor_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> Chalcēdōnium,</div> -<div class="line">ad scientiam litterārum Graecārum per Sextum</div> -<div class="line">Chaerōnēnsem, Plūtarchī nepōtem, Latīnās autem eum litterās</div> -<div class="line">Frontō, ōrātor nōbilissimus, docuit. Hīc cum omnibus</div> -<div class="line">Rōmae aequō iūre ēgit, ad nūllam īnsolentiam ēlātus est <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">imperiī fastīgiō; līberālitātis prōmptissimae. Prōvinciās ingentī</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>benīgnitāte et moderātiōne trāctāvit. Contrā Germānōs</div> -<div class="line">eō prīncipe rēs fēlīciter gestae sunt. Bellum ipse ūnum</div> -<div class="line">gessit Marcomannicum, sed quantum nūllā memoriā fuit,</div> -<div class="line">adeō ut Pūnicīs cōnferātur. Nam eō<a name="FNanchor_174" id="FNanchor_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> gravius est factum,</div> -<div class="line">quod ūniversī exercitūs Rōmānī perierant. Sub hōc enim</div> -<div class="line">tantus cāsus pestilentiae fuit ut post victōriam Persicam <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Rōmae ac per Ītaliam prōvinciāsque māxima hominum pars,</div> -<div class="line">mīlitum omnēs ferē cōpiae languōre dēfēcerint.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">13.</span> Ingentī ergō labōre et moderātiōne, cum apud Carnuntum</div> -<div class="line">iūgī trienniō perseverāsset, bellum Marcomannicum cōnfēcit,</div> -<div class="line">quod cum hīs Quādī, Vandalī, Sarmatae, Suēvī atque <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">omnis barbaria commoverat, multa hominum mīlia interfēcit,</div> -<div class="line">ac Pannoniīs servitiō līberātīs Rōmae rūrsus cum</div> -<div class="line">Commodō Antōnīnō, fīliō suō, quem iam Caesarem fēcerat,</div> -<div class="line">triumphāvit. Ad hūius bellī sūmptum cum aerāriō exhaustō</div> -<div class="line">largītiōnēs nūllās habēret neque indīcere prōvinciālibus <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">aut senātuī aliquid vellet, īnstrumentum rēgiī cultūs</div> -<div class="line">factā in forō Dīvī Trāiānī sectiōne distrāxit, vāsa aurea,</div> -<div class="line">pōcula crystallina et murrina, uxōriam ac suam sēricam et</div> -<div class="line">auream vestem, multa ōrnamenta gemmārum. Ac per duōs</div> -<div class="line">continuōs mēnsēs ea vēnditiō habita est multumque aurī <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">redāctum. Post victōriam tamen ēmptōribus pretia restituit,</div> -<div class="line">quī reddere comparāta voluērunt; molestus nūllī fuit</div> -<div class="line">quī māluit semel ēmpta retinēre.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">14.</span> Hīc permīsit virīs clāriōribus ut convīvia eōdem cultū</div> -<div class="line">quō ipse et ministrīs similibus exhibērent. In ēditiōne <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">mūnerum post victōriam adeō māgnificus fuit ut centum</div> -<div class="line">simul leōnēs exhibuisse trādātur. Cum igitur fortūnātam</div> -<div class="line">rem pūblicam et virtūte et mānsuetūdine reddidisset, obiit</div> -<div class="line"><span class="smcapuc">XVIII</span> imperiī annō, vītae <span class="smcapuc">LXI</span>, et omnibus certātim adnitentibus</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>inter Dīvōs relātus est. <span class="linenum">30</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Commodus Emperor, 180-193 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">15.</span> Hūius successōr L. Antōnīnus Commodus nihil paternum</div> -<div class="line">habuit, nisi quod contrā Germānōs fēlīciter et ipse</div> -<div class="line">pūgnāvit. Septembrem mēnsem ad nōmen suum trānsferre</div> -<div class="line">conātus est, ut Commodus dīcerētur. Sed lūxuriā et obscēnitāte</div> -<div class="line">dēprāvātus gladiātōriīs armīs saepissimē in lūdō, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">deincēps etiam in amphitheātrō cum hūiusmodī hominibus</div> -<div class="line">dīmicāvit. Obiit morte subitā atque adeō ut strangulātus</div> -<div class="line">vel venēnō interfectus putārētur, cum annīs <span class="smcapuc">XII</span> post patrem</div> -<div class="line">et <span class="smcapuc">VIII</span> mēnsibus imperāsset, tantā exsecrātiōne omnium ut</div> -<div class="line">hostis humānī generis etiam mortuus iūdicārētur. <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Pertinax Emperor, 193 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">16.</span> Huic successit Pertināx, grandaevus iam et quī septuāgenāriam</div> -<div class="line">attigisset aetātem, praefectūram urbī tum agēns,</div> -<div class="line">ex senātūs cōnsultō imperāre iussus. Octōgēsimō diē imperiī</div> -<div class="line">praetōriānōrum mīlitum sēditiōne et Iūliānī scelere</div> -<div class="line">occīsus est. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">17.</span> Post eum Salvius Iūliānus rem pūblicam invāsit, vir</div> -<div class="line">nōbilis et iūre perītissimus, nepōs Salvī Iūliānī, quī sub</div> -<div class="line">Dīvō Hadriānō perpetuum composuit ēdictum. Victus est</div> -<div class="line">ā Sevērō apud Mulvium pontem, interfectus in Palātiō.</div> -<div class="line">Vīxit mēnsibus septem postquam coeperat imperāre. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Septimius Severus Emperor, 193-211 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">18.</span> Hinc imperiī Rōmānī administrātiōnem Septimius</div> -<div class="line">Sevērus accēpit, oriundus ex Āfricā prōvinciā Tripolitānā,</div> -<div class="line">oppidō Leptī. Sōlus omnī memoriā<a name="FNanchor_175" id="FNanchor_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> et ante et posteā ex</div> -<div class="line">Āfricā imperātōr fuit. Hīc prīmum fiscī advocātus, mox</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>mīlitāris tribūnus, per multa deinde et varia officia atque <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">honōrēs ūsque ad administrātiōnem tōtīus reī pūblicae vēnit.</div> -<div class="line">Pertinācem sē appellārī voluit in honōrem ēius Pertinācis,</div> -<div class="line">quī ā Iūliānō fuerat occīsus. Parcus admodum fuit, natūrā</div> -<div class="line">saevus. Bella multa et fēlīciter gessit. Pescennium Nigrum,</div> -<div class="line">quī in Aegyptō et Syriā rebellāverat, apud Cȳzicum <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">interfēcit. Parthōs vīcit et Arabās interiōrēs et Adiabēnōs.</div> -<div class="line">Arabās eō ūsque superāvit ut etiam prōvinciam ibi faceret.</div> -<div class="line">Idcircō Parthicus, Arabicus, Adiabēnicus dictus est. Multa</div> -<div class="line">tōtō orbe Rōmānō reparāvit. Sub eō etiam Clōdius Albīnus,</div> -<div class="line">quī in occidendō Pertināce socius fuerat Iūliānō,<a name="FNanchor_176" id="FNanchor_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> Caesarem <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">sē in Galliā fēcit, victusque apud Lugdūnum est interfectus.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">19.</span> Sevērus tamen praeter bellicam glōriam etiam cīvīlibus</div> -<div class="line">studiīs clārus fuit et litterīs doctus, philosophiae scientiam</div> -<div class="line">ad plēnum adeptus. Novissimum bellum in Britanniā</div> -<div class="line">habuit, utque receptās prōvinciās omnī sēcūritāte mūnīret, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">vāllum per <span class="smcapuc">CXXXII</span> passuum mīlia ā marī ad mare dēdūxit.</div> -<div class="line">Dēcessit Eborācī admodum senex, imperiī annō sextō</div> -<div class="line">decimō, mēnse tertiō. Dīvus appellātus est. Nam fīliōs</div> -<div class="line">duōs successōrēs relīquit, Bassiānum et Getam, sed Bassiānō</div> -<div class="line">Antōnīnī nōmen ā senātū voluit impōnī. Itaque dictus <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">est M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus patrīque successit.</div> -<div class="line">Nam Geta hostis pūblicus iūdicātus cōnfestim periit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Caracalla Emperor, 211-217 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">20.</span> M. igitur Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus, īdemque Caracalla,</div> -<div class="line">mōrum ferē paternōrum fuit, paulō asperior et mināx.</div> -<div class="line">Opus Rōmae ēgregium fēcit lavācrī, quae thermae Antōnīniānae <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">appellantur, nihil praetereā memorābile. Impatientis</div> -<div class="line">libīdinis, quī novercam suam Iūliam uxōrem dūxerit. Dēfūnctus</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>est in Osdroēna apud Edessam moliēns adversum</div> -<div class="line">Parthōs expedītiōnem annō imperiī sextō, mēnse secundō,</div> -<div class="line">vix ēgressus quadrāgēsimum tertium annum. Fūnere pūblicō</div> -<div class="line">ēlātus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Macrinus Emperor, 218 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">21.</span> Deinde Opilius Macrīnus, quī praefectus praetōriō</div> -<div class="line">erat, cum fīliō Diadūmenō factī imperātōrēs nihil memorābile <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">ex temporis brevitāte gessērunt. Nam imperium</div> -<div class="line">eōrum duum mēnsuum et ūnīus annī fuit. Sēditiōne mīlitārī</div> -<div class="line">ambō pariter occīsī sunt.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Heliogabalus Emperor, 218-221 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">22.</span> Creātus est post hōs M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus. Hīc</div> -<div class="line">Antonīnī Caracallae fīlius putābātur, sacerdōs autem <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Heliogabalī templī erat. Is cum Rōmam ingentī et mīlitum et</div> -<div class="line">senātūs exspectātiōne vēnisset, probrīs sē omnibus contāmināvit.</div> -<div class="line">Impudicissimē et obscēnissimē vīxit, bienniōque post</div> -<div class="line">et octō mēnsibus tumultū interfectus est mīlitārī et cum eō</div> -<div class="line">māter Symiasera. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Alexander Severus Emperor, 221-235 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">23.</span> Successit huic Aurēlius Alexander, ab exercitū Caesar,</div> -<div class="line">ā senātū Augustus nōminātus, iuvenis admodum, susceptōque</div> -<div class="line">adversus Persās bellō Xerxēn, eōrum rēgem, glōriōsissimē</div> -<div class="line">vīcit. Mīlitārem disciplīnam sevērissimē rēxit.</div> -<div class="line">Quāsdam tumultuantēs legiōnēs integrās exauctorāvit. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Adsessōrem habuit vel scriniī magistrum Ulpiānum, iūris conditōrem.</div> -<div class="line">Rōmae quoque favōrābilis fuit. Periit in Galliā</div> -<div class="line">mīlitārī tumultū tertiō decimō imperiī annō et diē nōnō.</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>In Mamaeam, mātrem suam, ūnicē pius.</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="Liber_IX" id="Liber_IX"></a>LIBER NŌNUS</h2> - -<p class="subheading"><span class="smcap">From the Accession of Maximus to the Abdication -of Diocletian,</span> 235-305 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<h3><i>Maximinus Emperor, 235-237 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">1.</span> Post hunc Māximīnus ex corpore mīlitārī prīmus ad</div> -<div class="line">imperium accessit sōlā mīlitum voluntāte, cum nūlla senātūs</div> -<div class="line">intercessisset auctōritās neque ipse senātor esset. Is bellō</div> -<div class="line">adversus Germānōs fēlīciter gestō cum ā mīlitibus imperātōr</div> -<div class="line">esset appellātus, ā Pupiēnō Aquilēiae occīsus est <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">dēserentibus eum mīlitibus suīs cum fīliō adhūc puerō, cum quō</div> -<div class="line">imperāverat trienniō et paucīs diēbus.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Antonius Gordianus Emperor, 237-238 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> Gordianus III -Emperor, 238-244 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">2.</span> Posteā trēs simul Augustī fuērunt, Pupiēnus, Balbīnus,</div> -<div class="line">Gordiānus, duo superiōrēs obscūrissimō genere, Gordiānus</div> -<div class="line">nōbilis, quippe cūius pater, senior Gordiānus, cōnsensū <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">mīlitum, cum prōcōnsulātum Āfricae gereret, Māximīnō</div> -<div class="line">imperante prīnceps fuisset ēlēctus. Itaque cum Rōmam</div> -<div class="line">vēnissent, Balbīnus et Pupiēnus in Palātiō interfectī sunt,</div> -<div class="line">sōlī<a name="FNanchor_177" id="FNanchor_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> Gordiānō imperium reservātum. Gordiānus admodum</div> -<div class="line">puer cum Tranquillīnam Rōmae dūxisset uxōrem, Iānum <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Geminum aperuit et ad Orientem profectus Parthīs bellum</div> -<div class="line">intulit, quī iam mōliēbantur ērumpere. Quod quidem fēlīciter</div> -<div class="line">gessit proeliīsque ingentibus Persās adflīxit. Rediēns</div> -<div class="line">haud longē ā Rōmānīs fīnibus interfectus est fraude Philippī,</div> -<div class="line">quī post eum imperāvit. Mīles eī tumulum vīcēsimō <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">mīliāriō ā Circēsiō, quod castrum nunc Rōmānōrum est</div> -<div class="line">Euphrātae inminēns, aedificāvit, exsequiās Rōmam revexit,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>ipsum Dīvum appellāvit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Philip Emperor, 244-249 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">3.</span> Philippī duo, fīlius ac pater, Gordiānō occīsō imperium</div> -<div class="line">invāsērunt atque exercitū incolumī reductō ad Ītaliam ex</div> -<div class="line">Syriā profectī sunt. Hīs imperantibus mīllēsimus annus</div> -<div class="line">Rōmae urbis ingentī lūdōrum apparātū spectāculōrumque</div> -<div class="line">celebrātus est. Ambō deinde ab exercitū interfectī sunt, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">senior Philippus Vērōnae, Rōmae iūnior. Annīs quīnque</div> -<div class="line">imperāvērunt; inter Dīvōs tamen relātī sunt.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Metius Decius Emperor, 249-251 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">4.</span> Post hōs Decius ē Pannoniā īnferiōre Budaliae nātus</div> -<div class="line">imperium sūmpsit. Bellum cīvīle, quod in Galliā motum</div> -<div class="line">fuerat, oppressit. Fīlium suum Caesarem fēcit. Rōmae <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">lavācrum aedificāvit. Cum imperāssent bienniō ipse et</div> -<div class="line">fīlius, uterque in Barbaricō interfectī sunt. Senior meruit</div> -<div class="line">inter Dīvōs referrī.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Gallus Hostilianus and Volusianus Emperors, 251-253 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">5.</span> Mox imperātōrēs creātī sunt Gallus Hostīliānus et Gallī</div> -<div class="line">fīlius Volusiānus. Sub hīs Aemiliānus in Moesiā rēs novās <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">mōlītus est; ad quem opprimendum cum ambō profectī</div> -<div class="line">essent, Interamnae interfectī sunt nōn complētō bienniō.</div> -<div class="line">Nihil omnīnō clārum gessērunt. Sōlā pestilentiā<a name="FNanchor_178" id="FNanchor_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> et morbīs</div> -<div class="line">atque aegritūdinibus nōtus eōrum prīncipātus fuit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Aemilianus Emperor, 253 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">6.</span> Aemiliānus obscūrissimē nātus obscūrius imperāvit ac <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">tertiō mēnse exstinctus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Valerianus Emperor, 253-260 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">7.</span> Hinc Licinius Valeriānus in Raetiā et Nōricō agēns ab</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>exercitū imperātōr et mox Augustus est factus. Galliēnus</div> -<div class="line">quoque Rōmae ā senātū Caesar est appellātus. Hōrum imperium</div> -<div class="line">Rōmānō nōminī perniciōsum et paene exitiābile fuit</div> -<div class="line">vel īnfēlīcitāte prīncipum vel ignāviā. Germānī Ravennam</div> -<div class="line">ūsque vēnērunt. Valeriānus in Mesopotamiā bellum gerēns</div> -<div class="line">ā Sapōre, Persārum rēge, superātus est, mox etiam captus <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">apud Parthōs ignōbilī servitūte cōnsenuit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Gallienus Emperor, 260-268 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">8.</span> Galliēnus cum adulēscēns factus esset Augustus, imperium</div> -<div class="line">prīmum fēlīciter, mox commodē, ad ultimum perniciōsē</div> -<div class="line">gessit. Nam iuvenis in Galliā et Īllyricō multa strēnuē</div> -<div class="line">fēcit occīsō apud Mursam Ingenuō, quī purpuram sūmpserat, <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">et Trebelliānō. Diū placidus et quiētus, mox in omnem</div> -<div class="line">lascīviam dissolūtus, tenendae reī pūblicae habēnās probrōsā</div> -<div class="line">ignāviā et dēspērātiōne laxāvit. Alamannī vāstātīs</div> -<div class="line">Galliīs in Ītaliam penetrāvērunt. Dācia, quae ā Trāiānō</div> -<div class="line">ultrā Dānuvium fuerat adiectā, tum āmissa, Graecia, Macedonia, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Pontus, Asia vāstāta est per Gothōs, Pannonia ā</div> -<div class="line">Sarmatīs Quadīsque populāta est, Germānī ūsque ad Hispāniās</div> -<div class="line">penetrāvērunt et cīvitātem nōbilem Tarracōnem expūgnāvērunt,</div> -<div class="line">Parthī Mesopotamiā occupātā Syriam sibi</div> -<div class="line">coeperant vindicāre. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">9.</span> Iam dēspērātīs rēbus et dēlētō paene imperiō Rōmānō</div> -<div class="line">Postumus in Galliā, obscūrissimē nātus, purpuram sūmpsit</div> -<div class="line">et per annōs decem ita imperāvit ut cōnsūmptās paene prōvinciās</div> -<div class="line">ingentī virtūte et moderātiōne reparāverit. Quī</div> -<div class="line">sēditiōne mīlitum interfectus est, quod Mogontiacum cīvitātem, <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">quae adversus eum rebellāverat Laeliānō rēs novās</div> -<div class="line">mōliente, dīripiendam<a name="FNanchor_179" id="FNanchor_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> mīlitibus trādere nōluisset. Post</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>eum Marius, vīlissimus opifex, purpuram accēpit et secundō</div> -<div class="line">diē interfectus est. Victorīnus posteā Galliārum accēpit</div> -<div class="line">imperium, vir strēnuissimus, sed cum nimiae libīdinis<a name="FNanchor_180" id="FNanchor_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> esset</div> -<div class="line">et mātrimōnia aliēna corrumperet, Agrippīnae occīsus est</div> -<div class="line">āctuāriō quōdam dolum māchinante, imperiī suī annō</div> -<div class="line">secundō. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">10.</span> Huic successit Tetricus senātor, quī Aquitāniam honōre</div> -<div class="line">praesidīs administrāns absēns ā mīlitibus imperātōr ēlēctus</div> -<div class="line">est et apud Burdigalam purpuram sūmpsit. Sēditiōnēs</div> -<div class="line">multās mīlitum pertulit. Sed dum haec in Galliā geruntur,</div> -<div class="line">in Oriente per Odenāthum Persae victī sunt. Dēfēnsā <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Syriā, receptā Mesopotamiā ūsque ad Ctēsiphōntem Odenāthus</div> -<div class="line">penetrāvit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Claudius Emperor, 268-270 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">11.</span> Ita Galliēnō rem pūblicam dēserente Rōmānum imperium</div> -<div class="line">in Occidente per Postumum, per Odenāthum in Oriente</div> -<div class="line">servātum est. Galliēnus intereā Mediōlānī cum Valeriānō <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">frātre occīsus est imperiī annō nōnō, Claudiusque eī successit</div> -<div class="line">ā mīlitibus ēlēctus, ā senātū appellatus Augustus. Hīc</div> -<div class="line">Gothōs Īllyricum Macedoniamque vāstantēs ingentī proeliō</div> -<div class="line">vīcit. Parcus vir ac modestus et iūstī<a name="FNanchor_181" id="FNanchor_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> tenāx ac reī pūblicae</div> -<div class="line">gerendae idōneus, quī tamen intrā imperiī biennium morbō <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">interiit. Dīvus appellātus est. Senātus eum ingentī honōre</div> -<div class="line">decorāvit, scīlicet ut in cūriā clipeus ipsī aureus, item in</div> -<div class="line">Capitōliō statua aurea pōnerētur.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Quintillus Emperor, 270 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">12.</span> Quintillus post eum, Claudī frāter, cōnsēnsū mīlitum</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>imperātōr ēlēctus est, ūnicae moderātionīs<a name="FNanchor_180a" id="FNanchor_180a"></a><a href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> vir et <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">cīvīlitātis, aequandus frātrī vel praeponendus. Cōnsēnsū senātūs appellātus</div> -<div class="line">Augustus septimō decimō diē imperiī occīsus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Aurelian Emperor, 270-275 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">13.</span> Post eum Aurēliānus suscēpit imperium, Dāciā Rīpēnsī</div> -<div class="line">oriundus, vir in bellō potēns, animī tamen immodicī et ad</div> -<div class="line">crūdēlitātem prōpēnsiōris. Is quoque Gothōs strēnuissimē <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">vīcit. Rōmānam diciōnem ad fīnēs prīstinōs variā bellōrum</div> -<div class="line">fēlīcitāte revocāvit. Superāvit in Galliā Tetricum apud</div> -<div class="line">Catalaunōs ipsō Tetricō prōdente exercitum suum, cūius</div> -<div class="line">adsiduās sēditiōnēs ferre nōn poterat. Quīn etiam per litterās</div> -<div class="line">occultās Aurēliānum ita fuerat dēprecātus ut inter <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">alia versū<a name="FNanchor_182" id="FNanchor_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> Vergiliānō uterētur: ‘Ēripe mē hīs, invicte,</div> -<div class="line">malīs.’ Zēnobiam quoque, quae occīsō Odenāthō marītō</div> -<div class="line">Orientem tenēbat, haud longē ab Antiochīā sine gravī</div> -<div class="line">proeliō cēpit, ingressusque Rōmam nōbilem triumphum</div> -<div class="line">quasi receptor Orientis Occidentisque ēgit praecēdentibus <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">currum Tetricō et Zēnobiā. Quī quidem Tetricus corrēctor</div> -<div class="line">Lūcāniae posteā fuit ac prīvātus diūtissimē vīxit; Zēnobia</div> -<div class="line">autem posterōs, quī adhūc manent, Rōmae relīquit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">14.</span> Hōc imperante etiam in urbe monētāriī rebellāvērunt</div> -<div class="line">vitiātīs pecūniīs et Fēlīcissimō rationālī interfectō. Quōs <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Aurēliānus victōs ultimā crūdēlitāte compescuit. Plūrimōs</div> -<div class="line">nōbilēs capite<a name="FNanchor_183" id="FNanchor_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> damnāvit. Saevus et sanguinārius ac necessārius</div> -<div class="line">magis in quibusdam quam in ūllō amābilis imperātōr.</div> -<div class="line">Trux omnī tempore, etiam fīliī sorōris interfector, disciplīnae</div> -<div class="line">tamen mīlitāris et morum dissolūtōrum māgnā ex parte corrēctor. <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span><span class="chapnum">15.</span> Urbem Rōmam mūrīs fīrmiōribus cīnxit. Templum</div> -<div class="line">Sōlī aedificāvit, in quō īnfīnītum aurī gemmārumque cōnstituit.</div> -<div class="line">Prōvinciam Dāciam, quam Trāiānus ultrā Dānuvium</div> -<div class="line">fēcerat, intermīsit, vāstātō omnī Īllyricō et Moesiā dēspērāns</div> -<div class="line">eam posse retinērī, abductōsque Rōmānōs ex urbibus et</div> -<div class="line">agrīs Dāciae in mediā Moesiā conlocāvit appellāvitque eam <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Dāciam, quae nunc duās Moesiās dīvīdit et est in dextrā</div> -<div class="line">Dānuviō in mare fluentī, cum anteā fuerit in laevā. Occīditur</div> -<div class="line">servī suī fraude, quī ad quōsdam mīlitārēs virōs, amīcōs</div> -<div class="line">ipsīus, nōmina pertulit adnotāta falsō manum ēius imitātus,</div> -<div class="line">tamquam Aurēliānus ipsōs pārāret occīdere; itaque ut <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">praevenīrētur, ab īsdem interfectus est in itineris mediō, quod</div> -<div class="line">inter Cōnstantīnopolim et Hēraclēam est strātae veteris;</div> -<div class="line">locus Caenophrūrium appellātur. Mors tamen ēius inulta</div> -<div class="line">nōn fuit. Meruit quoque inter Dīvōs referrī.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Tacitus Emperor, 275-276 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">16.</span> Tacitus post hunc suscēpit imperium, vir ēgregiē morātus <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">et reī pūblicae gerendae idōneus. Nihil tamen clārum</div> -<div class="line">potuit ostendere intrā sextum mēnsem imperiī morte praeventus.</div> -<div class="line">Flōriānus, quī Tacitō successerat, duōbus mēnsibus</div> -<div class="line">et diēbus <span class="smcapuc">XX</span> in imperiō fuit neque quicquam dīgnum memoriā</div> -<div class="line">ēgit. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Probus Emperor, 276-282 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">17.</span> Post hunc Probus, vir inlūstris glōriā mīlitārī, ad</div> -<div class="line">administrātiōnem reī pūblicae accessit. Galliās ā barbarīs</div> -<div class="line">occupātās ingentī proeliōrum fēlīcitāte restituit. Quōsdam</div> -<div class="line">imperium ūsūrpāre cōnātōs, scīlicet Sāturnīnum in Oriente,</div> -<div class="line">Proculum et Bonōsum Agrippīnae, certāminibus oppressit. <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">Vineās Gallōs et Pannoniōs habēre permīsit, opere mīlitārī</div> -<div class="line">Almam montem apud Sirmium et Aureum apud Moesiam</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>superiōrem vīneīs cōnseruit et prōvinciālibus colendōs dedit.</div> -<div class="line">Hīc cum bella innumera gessisset, pāce pārātā dīxit brevī</div> -<div class="line">mīlitēs necessāriōs nōn futūrōs. Vir ācer, strēnuus, iūstus</div> -<div class="line">et quī Aurēliānum aequāret glōriā mīlitārī, morum autem</div> -<div class="line">cīvīlitāte superāret. Interfectus tamen est Sirmī tumultū</div> -<div class="line">mīlitārī in turrī ferrātā. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Carus Emperor, 282-283 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> Carus and Numerianus -Emperors, 283-284 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">18.</span> Post hunc Cārus est factus Augustus, Narbōne nātus</div> -<div class="line">in Galliā. Is cōnfestim Carīnum et Numeriānum fīliōs Caesarēs</div> -<div class="line">fēcit. Sed dum bellum adversus Sarmatās gerit, nūntiātō</div> -<div class="line">Persārum tumultū ad Orientem profectus rēs contrā</div> -<div class="line">Persās nōbilēs gessit. Ipsōs proeliō fūdit, Cōchēn et <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Ctēsiphōntem, urbēs nōbilissimās, cēpit. Et cum castra suprā</div> -<div class="line">Tigridem habēret, vī dīvīnī fulminis periit. Numeriānus</div> -<div class="line">quoque, fīlius ēius, quem sēcum Caesarem ad Persās dūxerat,</div> -<div class="line">adulēscēns ēgregiae indolis, cum oculōrum dolōre correptus</div> -<div class="line">in lectīculā veherētur, impulsōre Aprō, quī socer ēius <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">erat, per īnsidiās occīsus est. Et cum dolō occultārētur</div> -<div class="line">ipsīus mors, quoūsque Aper invādere posset imperium, fētōre</div> -<div class="line">cadāveris prōdita est. Mīlitēs enim, quī eum sequebantur,</div> -<div class="line">putōre commōtī dēductīs lectīculae palliīs post aliquot diēs</div> -<div class="line">mortem ēius nōtam habēre potuērunt. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Diocletian Emperor, 284-305 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">19.</span> Intereā Carīnus, quem Caesarem ad Parthōs proficīscēns</div> -<div class="line">Cārus in Īllyricō, Galliā, Italiā relīquerat, omnibus sē sceleribus</div> -<div class="line">inquināvit. Plūrimōs innoxiōs fīctīs crīminibus occīdit,</div> -<div class="line">mātrimōnia nōbilia corrūpit, condiscipulīs<a name="FNanchor_184" id="FNanchor_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> quoque, quī</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>eum in auditōriō vel levī fatīgātiōne taxāverant, perniciōsus <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">fuit. Ob quae omnibus hominibus invīsus nōn multō post</div> -<div class="line">poenās dedit. Nam dē Perside victor exercitus rediēns,</div> -<div class="line">cum Cārum Augustum fulmine, Numeriānum Caesarem īnsidiīs</div> -<div class="line">perdidisset, Dioclētiānum imperātōrem creāvit, Dalmatiā</div> -<div class="line">oriundum, virum obscūrissimē nātum, adeō ut ā <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">plerīsque scrībae fīlius, ā nōnnūllīs Ānullīnī senātōris lībertīnus</div> -<div class="line">fuisse crēdātur.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">20.</span> Is prīma mīlitum cōntiōne iūrāvit Numeriānum nūllō</div> -<div class="line">suō dolō interfectum, et cum iūxtā eum Aper, quī Numeriānō</div> -<div class="line">īnsidiās fēcerat, cōnstitisset, in cōnspectū exercitūs manū <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Dioclētiānī percussus est. Posteā Carīnum omnium odiō et</div> -<div class="line">dētestātiōne vīventem apud Margum ingentī proeliō vīcit,</div> -<div class="line">prōditum ab exercitū suō, quem fortiōrem habēbat, aut certē</div> -<div class="line">dēsertum, inter Viminācium atque Aureum montem. Ita</div> -<div class="line">rērum<a name="FNanchor_185" id="FNanchor_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> Rōmānārum potītus cum tumultum rūsticānī in <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">Galliā concitāssent et factiōnī suae Bacaudārum nōmen</div> -<div class="line">impōnerent, ducēs autem habērent Amandum et Aeliānum,</div> -<div class="line">ad subigendōs eōs Māximiānum Herculium Caesarem mīsit,</div> -<div class="line">quī levibus proeliīs agrestēs domuit et pācem Galliae</div> -<div class="line">refōrmāvit. <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">21.</span> Per haec tempora etiam Carausius quī vīlissimē nātus</div> -<div class="line">strēnuae mīlitiae ōrdine fāmam ēgregiam fuerat cōnsecūtus,</div> -<div class="line">cum apud Bonōniam per trāctum Belgicae et Armoricī</div> -<div class="line">pacandum mare accēpisset, quod Francī et Saxonēs īnfestābant.</div> -<div class="line">Multīs barbarīs saepe captīs nec praedā integrā aut <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">prōvincialibus redditā aut imperātōribus missā cum suspiciō</div> -<div class="line">esse coepisset cōnsultō ab eō admittī barbarōs, ut trānseuntēs</div> -<div class="line">cum praedā exciperet atque hāc sē occasiōne dītāret,</div> -<div class="line">ā Māximiānō iussus occīdī purpuram sūmpsit et Britanniās</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>occupāvit. <span class="linenum">30</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Diocletian makes Maximianus Herculius Augustus, Constantius -and Maximianus Caesars.</i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">22.</span> Ita cum per omnem orbem terrārum rēs turbātae essent,</div> -<div class="line">Carausius in Britanniīs rebellāret, Achilleus in Aegyptō,</div> -<div class="line">Āfricam Quīnquegentiānī īnfestārent, Narseus Orientī</div> -<div class="line">bellum īnferret, Dioclētiānus Māximiānum Herculium ex</div> -<div class="line">Caesare fēcit Augustum, Cōnstantium et Māximiānum <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Caesarēs, quōrum Cōnstantius per fīliam nepōs Claudī trāditur,</div> -<div class="line">Māximiānus Gālerius in Dāciā haud longē ā Serdicā</div> -<div class="line">nātus. Atque ut eōs etiam adfīnitāte coniungeret, Cōnstantius</div> -<div class="line">prīvīgnam Herculī Theodōram accēpit, ex quā</div> -<div class="line">posteā sex līberōs, Cōnstantīnī frātrēs, habuit, Gālerius <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">fīliam Dioclētiānī Valeriam, ambō uxōrēs quās habuerant</div> -<div class="line">repudiāre compulsī. Cum Carausiō tamen, cum bella frūstrā</div> -<div class="line">temptāta essent contrā virum reī<a name="FNanchor_186" id="FNanchor_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> mīlitāris perītissimum,</div> -<div class="line">ad postrēmum pāx convēnit. Eum post septennium</div> -<div class="line">Allectus, socius ēius, occīdit, atque ipse post eum Britanniās <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">trienniō tenuit. Quī ductū Asclēpiodotī, praefectī praetōriō,</div> -<div class="line">oppressus est. Ita Britanniae decimō annō receptae.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">23.</span> Per idem tempus ā Cōnstantiō Caesare in Galliā bene</div> -<div class="line">pūgnātum est. Circā Lingonas diē ūnā adversam et secundam</div> -<div class="line">fortūnam expertus est. Nam cum repentē barbarīs ingruentibus <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">intrā cīvitātem esset coāctus tam praecipitī necessitāte</div> -<div class="line">ut clausīs portīs in mūrum fūnibus tollerētur, vix</div> -<div class="line">quīnque hōrīs mediīs adventante exercitū sexāgintā ferē</div> -<div class="line">mīlia Alamannōrum cecīdit. Māximiānus quoque Augustus</div> -<div class="line">bellum in Āfricā prōflīgāvit domitīs Quīnquegentiānīs et <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">ad pācem redāctīs. Dioclētiānus obsessum Alexandrīae</div> -<div class="line">Achilleum octāvō ferē mēnse superāvit eumque interfēcit.</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>Victōriā acerbē usus est; tōtam Aegyptum gravibus</div> -<div class="line">prōscrīptiōnibus caedibusque foedāvit. Eā tamen occāsiōne</div> -<div class="line">ōrdināvit prōvide multa et disposuit, quae ad nostram aetātem</div> -<div class="line">manent.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">24.</span> Gālerius Māximiānus prīmum adversus Narseum proelium</div> -<div class="line">īnsecundum habuit inter Callinīcum Carrāsque congressus, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">cum incōnsultē magis quam ignavē dīmicāsset;</div> -<div class="line">admodum enim parvā manū cum cōpiōsissimō hoste commīsit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">25.</span> Pulsus igitur et ad Dioclētiānum profectus cum eī</div> -<div class="line">in itinere occurrisset, tantā īnsolentiā ā Dioclētiānō fertur <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">exceptus ut per aliquot passuum mīlia purpurātus trādātur</div> -<div class="line">ad vehiculum cucurrisse; mox tamen per Īllyricum Moesiamque</div> -<div class="line">contrāctīs cōpiīs rūrsus cum Narseō, Hormisdae et</div> -<div class="line">Sapōris avō, in Armeniā Māiōre pūgnāvit successū ingentī</div> -<div class="line">nec minōre cōnsiliō, simul fortitūdine, quippe quī etiam <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">speculātōris mūnus cum alterō aut tertiō equite suscēperit.<a name="FNanchor_187" id="FNanchor_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a></div> -<div class="line">Pulsō Narseō castra ēius dīripuit; uxōrēs, sorōrēs, līberōs</div> -<div class="line">cēpit, īnfīnītam extrīnsecus Persārum nōbilitātem, gazam</div> -<div class="line">Persicam cōpiōsissimam. Ipsum in ultimās rēgnī solitūdinēs</div> -<div class="line">ēgit. Quārē ā Dioclētiānō in Mesopotamiā cum praesidiīs <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">tum morante ovāns regressus ingentī honōre susceptus est.</div> -<div class="line">Varia deinceps et simul et virītim bella gessērunt Carpīs et</div> -<div class="line">Basternīs subāctīs, Sarmatīs victīs, quārum nātiōnum ingentēs</div> -<div class="line">captīvōrum cōpiās in Rōmānīs fīnibus locāvērunt.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Diocletian abdicates, 305 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">26.</span> Dioclētiānus morātus callidē fuit, sagāx praetereā et <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">admodum subtīlis ingeniī, et quī sevēritātem suam aliēnā</div> -<div class="line">invidiā vellet explēre. Dīligentissimus tamen et sollertissimus</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>prīnceps et quī imperiō Rōmānō prīmus rēgiae</div> -<div class="line">cōnsuētūdinis fōrmam magis quam Rōmānae lībertātis invexerit<a name="FNanchor_188" id="FNanchor_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></div> -<div class="line">adorārīque sē iusserit,<a name="FNanchor_188a" id="FNanchor_188a"></a><a href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> cum ante eum cūnctī salūtārentur.</div> -<div class="line">Ōrnamenta gemmārum vestibus calciāmentīsque</div> -<div class="line">indidit. Nam prius imperiī īnsīgnē in chlamyde purpureā</div> -<div class="line">tantum erat, reliqua commūnia. <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">27.</span> Herculius autem prōpalam ferus et incīvīlis ingeniī,</div> -<div class="line">asperitātem suam etiam vultūs horrōre sīgnificāns. Hīc</div> -<div class="line">natūrae suae indulgēns Dioclētiānō in omnibus est sevēriōribus</div> -<div class="line">cōnsiliīs obsecutus. Cum tamen ingravēscente aevō</div> -<div class="line">parum sē idōneum Dioclētiānus moderandō imperiō esse <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">sentīret, auctor Herculiō fuit ut in vītam prīvātam concēderent</div> -<div class="line">et statiōnem tuendae reī pūblicae viridiōribus</div> -<div class="line">iūniōribusque mandārent. Cuī aegrē conlēga obtemperāvit.</div> -<div class="line">Tamen uterque ūnō diē prīvātō habitū imperiī īnsīgnē</div> -<div class="line">mūtāvit, Nicomediae Dioclētiānus, Herculius Mediōlānī, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">post triumphum inclutum, quem Rōmae ex numerōsīs</div> -<div class="line">gentibus ēgerant, pompā ferculōrum inlūstrī, quā Narseī</div> -<div class="line">coniugēs sorōrēsque et līberī antē currum ductī sunt. Concessērunt</div> -<div class="line">tamen Salōnās ūnus, alter in Lūcāniam.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">28.</span> Dioclētiānus prīvātus in vīllā, quae haud procul ā <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Salōnīs est, praeclārō ōtiō cōnsenuit, inūsitātā virtūte ūsus,</div> -<div class="line">ut sōlus omnium post conditum Rōmānum imperium ex</div> -<div class="line">tantō fastīgiō sponte ad prīvātae vītae statum cīvīlitātemque</div> -<div class="line">remeāret. Contigit igitur eī, quod nūllī post nātōs hominēs,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>ut cum prīvātus obīsset,<a name="FNanchor_189" id="FNanchor_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> inter Dīvōs tamen referrētur. <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="Liber_X" id="Liber_X"></a>LIBER DECIMUS</h2> - -<p class="subheading"><span class="smcap">From the Abdication of Diocletian to the Death -of Jovian,</span> 305-364 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<h3><i>Constantius I and Galerius Emperors, 305-306 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">1.</span> Hīs igitur abeuntibus administrātiōne reī pūblicae Cōnstantius</div> -<div class="line">et Gālerius Augustī creātī sunt dīvīsusque inter</div> -<div class="line">eōs ita Rōmānus orbis, ut Galliam, Ītaliam, Āfricam Cōnstantius,</div> -<div class="line">Īllyricum, Asiam, Orientem Gālerius obtinēret,</div> -<div class="line">sūmptīs duōbus Caesaribus. Cōnstantius tamen contentus <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">dīgnitāte<a name="FNanchor_190" id="FNanchor_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> Augustī Ītaliae atque Āfricae administrandae</div> -<div class="line">sollicitūdinem recusāvit, vir ēgregius et praestantissimae</div> -<div class="line">cīvīlitātis, dīvitiīs prōvinciālium ac prīvātōrum studēns,</div> -<div class="line">fiscī commoda nōn admodum adfectāns, dīcēnsque melius</div> -<div class="line">pūblicās opēs ā prīvātīs habērī quam intrā ūnum claustrum <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">reservārī, adeō autem cultūs modicī ut festīs diēbus, sī</div> -<div class="line">amīcīs numerōsiōribus esset epulandum, prīvātōrum eī</div> -<div class="line">argentō ōstiātim petītō trīclīnia sternerentur. Hīc nōn</div> -<div class="line">modo amābilis, sed etiam venerābilis Gallīs fuit, praecipuē</div> -<div class="line">quod Dioclētiānī suspectam prūdentiam et Māximiānī <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">sanguināriam temeritātem imperiō ēius ēvāserant. Obiit in</div> -<div class="line">Britanniā Eborācī prīncipātūs annō tertiō decimō atque</div> -<div class="line">inter Dīvōs relātus est.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Constantine Emperor, 306-307 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">2.</span> Gālerius, vir et probē morātus et ēgregius rē mīlitārī,</div> -<div class="line">cum Ītaliam quoque sinente Cōnstantiō administrātiōnī <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">suae accessisse sentīret, Caesarēs duōs creāvit, Māximīnum,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>quem Orientī praefēcit, et Sevērum, cuī Ītaliam dedit. Ipse</div> -<div class="line">in Īllyricō morātus est. Verum Cōnstantiō mortuō Cōnstantīnus,</div> -<div class="line">ex obscūriōre mātrimōniō ēius fīlius, in Britanniā</div> -<div class="line">creātus est imperātōr et in locum patris exoptātissimus</div> -<div class="line">moderātor accessit. Rōmae intereā praetōriānī excītō tumultū</div> -<div class="line">Māxentium, Herculī fīlium, quī haud procul ab urbe <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">in vīllā pūblicā morābātur, Augustum nūncupāvērunt. Quō</div> -<div class="line">nūntiō Māximiānus Herculius ad spem adrectus resūmendī</div> -<div class="line">fastīgiī quod invītus āmīserat, Rōmam advolāvit ē Lūcāniā,</div> -<div class="line">quam sedem prīvātus ēlēgerat in agrīs amoenissimīs cōnsenēscēns,</div> -<div class="line">Dioclētiānumque etiam per litterās adhortātus <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">est ut dēpositam resūmeret potestātem, quās ille inrīsās</div> -<div class="line">habuit. Sed adversum motum praetōriānōrum atque Māxentī</div> -<div class="line">Sevērus Caesar Rōmam missus ā Gāleriō cum exercitū</div> -<div class="line">vēnit obsidēnsque urbem mīlitum suōrum scelere dēsertus</div> -<div class="line">est. Auctae Māxentī opēs cōnfirmātumque imperium. Sevērus <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">fugiēns Ravennae interfectus est.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">3.</span> Herculius tamen Māximiānus post haec in cōntiōne</div> -<div class="line">exercitūs fīlium Māxentium nūdāre conātus sēditiōnem et</div> -<div class="line">convīcia mīlitum tulit. Inde ad Galliās profectus est dolō</div> -<div class="line">compositō, tamquam ā fīliō esset expulsus,<a name="FNanchor_191" id="FNanchor_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> ut Cōnstantīnō <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">generō iungerētur, mōliēns tamen Cōnstantīnum repertā</div> -<div class="line">occāsiōne interficere, quī in Galliīs et mīlitum et prōvinciālium</div> -<div class="line">ingentī iam favōre rēgnābat caesīs Francīs atque</div> -<div class="line">Alamannīs captīsque eōrum rēgibus, quōs etiam bestiīs,</div> -<div class="line">cum māgnificum spectāculum mūneris parāsset, obiēcit. <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">Dētēctīs igitur īnsidiīs per Faustam fīliam, quae dolum</div> -<div class="line">virō nūntiāverat, profūgit Herculius Massiliaeque oppressus</div> -<div class="line">(ex eā etiam nāvigāre ad fīlium praeparābat) poenās dedit</div> -<div class="line">iūstissimō exitū, vir ad omnem ācerbitātem saevitiamque</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>prōclīvis, īnfīdus, incommodus, cīvīlitātis penitus expers. <span class="linenum">30</span></div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Licinius Emperor, 307-324 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">4.</span> Per hōc tempus ā Gāleriō Licinius imperātōr est factus,</div> -<div class="line">Dāciā oriundus, nōtus eī antīquā cōnsuētūdine et in bellō,</div> -<div class="line">quod adversus Narseum gesserat, strēnuis labōribus et officiīs</div> -<div class="line">acceptus. Mors Gālerī cōnfestim secūta. Ita rēs</div> -<div class="line">pūblica tum ā novīs quattuor imperātōribus tenēbātur, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">Cōnstantīnō et Māxentiō, fīliīs Augustōrum, Liciniō et Māximīnō,</div> -<div class="line">novīs hominibus. Quīntō tamen Cōnstantīnus imperiī</div> -<div class="line">suī annō bellum adversum Māxentium cīvīle commōvit,</div> -<div class="line">cōpiās ēius multīs proeliīs fūdit, ipsum postrēmō Rōmae</div> -<div class="line">adversum nōbilēs omnibus exitiīs saevientem apud pontem <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">Mulvium vīcit Ītaliāque est potītus. Nōn multō<a name="FNanchor_192" id="FNanchor_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> deinceps</div> -<div class="line">in Oriente quoque adversum Licinium Māximīnus rēs novās</div> -<div class="line">mōlītus vīcīnum exitium fortuītā apud Tarsum morte praevēnit.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Constantine the Great sole Ruler, 324-337 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">5.</span> Cōnstantīnus tamen, vir ingēns et omnia efficere nītēns <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">quae animō praeparāsset,<a name="FNanchor_193" id="FNanchor_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> simul prīncipātum tōtīus orbis</div> -<div class="line">adfectāns, Liciniō bellum intulit, quamquam necessitūdō</div> -<div class="line">et adfīnitās cum eō esset; nam soror Cōnstantia nūpta</div> -<div class="line">Liciniō erat. Ac prīmō eum in Pannoniā Secundā ingentī</div> -<div class="line">apparātū bellum apud Cibalās īnstruentem repentīnus oppressit <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">omnīque Dardaniā, Moesiā, Macedoniā potītus numerōsās</div> -<div class="line">prōvinciās occupāvit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">6.</span> Varia deinceps inter eōs bella gesta, et pāx reconciliāta</div> -<div class="line">ruptaque est. Postremō Licinius nāvālī et terrestrī proeliō</div> -<div class="line">victus apud Nicomediam sē dēdidit et contrā religiōnem <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">sacrāmentī Thessalonīcae prīvātus occisus est. Eō tempore</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>rēs Rōmāna sub ūnō Augustō et tribus Caesaribus, quod</div> -<div class="line">numquam aliās, fuit, cum līberī Cōnstantīnī Galliae, Orientī</div> -<div class="line">Ītaliaeque praeessent. Verum īnsolentiā rērum secundārum</div> -<div class="line">aliquantum Cōnstantīnus ex illā favōrābilī animī docilitāte</div> -<div class="line">mūtāvit. Prīmum necessitūdinēs persecūtus ēgregium</div> -<div class="line">virum fīlium et sorōris fīlium, commodae indolis iuvenem, <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">interfēcit, mox uxōrem, post numerōsōs amīcōs.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">7.</span> Vir prīmō imperiī tempore optimīs prīncipibus, ultimō</div> -<div class="line">mediīs comparandus. Innumerae in eō animī corporisque</div> -<div class="line">virtūtēs clāruērunt. Mīlitāris glōriae appetentissimus, fortūnā</div> -<div class="line">in bellīs prōsperā fuit, vērum ita ut nōn superāret <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">industriam. Nam etiam Gothōs post cīvīle bellum variē</div> -<div class="line">prōflīgāvit pāce hīs ad postremum datā, ingentemque apud</div> -<div class="line">barbarās gentēs memoriae grātiam conlocāvit. Cīvīlibus</div> -<div class="line">artibus et studiīs līberālibus dēditus, adfectātor iūstī amōris,</div> -<div class="line">quem ab omnibus sibi et līberālitāte et docilitāte quaesīvit, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">sīcut in nōnnūllōs amīcōs dubius, ita in reliquōs ēgregius,</div> -<div class="line">nihil occāsiōnum praetermittēns, quō opulentiōrēs eōs clāriōrēsque</div> -<div class="line">praestāret.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">8.</span> Multās lēgēs rogāvit, quāsdam ex bonō et aequō, plērāsque</div> -<div class="line">superfluās, nōnnūllās sevērās, prīmusque urbem nōminis <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">suī ad tantum fastīgium ēvehere mōlītus est, ut Rōmae</div> -<div class="line">aemulam faceret. Bellum adversus Parthōs mōliēns, quī</div> -<div class="line">iam Mesopotamiam fatīgābant, ūnō et trīcēsimō annō imperiī,</div> -<div class="line">aetātis sextō et sexāgēsimō, Nicomediae in vīllā</div> -<div class="line">pūblicā obiit. Dēnūntiāta mors ēius est etiam per crīnītam <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">stellam, quae inūsitātae māgnitūdinis aliquamdiū fūlsit;</div> -<div class="line">eam Graecī comētēn vocant. Atque inter Dīvōs meruit</div> -<div class="line">referrī.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>The Sons of Constantine rule, 337-360 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">9.</span> Is successōrēs fīliōs trēs relīquit atque ūnum frātris</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>fīlium. Vērum Dalmatius Caesar prōsperrimā indole neque <span class="linenum">30</span></div> -<div class="line">patruō absimilis haud multō post oppressus est factiōne</div> -<div class="line">mīlitārī et Cōnstantiō, patruēlī suō, sinente potius quam</div> -<div class="line">iubente. Cōnstantīnum porrō bellum frātrī īnferentem et</div> -<div class="line">apud Aquilēiam incōnsultius proelium aggressum Cōnstantis</div> -<div class="line">ducēs interēmērunt. Ita rēs pūblica ad duōs Augustōs <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">redācta. Cōnstantis imperium strēnuum aliquamdiū et</div> -<div class="line">iūstum fuit. Mox cum et valetūdine imprōsperā et amīcīs</div> -<div class="line">prāviōribus uterētur, ad gravia vitia conversus, cum intolerābilis</div> -<div class="line">prōvinciālibus, mīlitī iniūcundus esset, factiōne Māgnenti</div> -<div class="line">occīsus est. Obiit haud longē ab Hispāniīs in castrō, <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">cuī Helenae<a name="FNanchor_194" id="FNanchor_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> nōmen est, annō imperiī septimō decimō, aetātis</div> -<div class="line">trīcēsimō, rēbus tamen plurimīs strēnuē in mīlitiā gestīs</div> -<div class="line">exercituīque per omne vītae tempus sine gravī crūdēlitāte</div> -<div class="line">terribilis.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">10.</span> Dīversa Cōnstantī fortūna fuit. Ā Persīs enim multa <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">et gravia perpessus saepe captīs oppidīs, obsessīs urbibus,</div> -<div class="line">caesīs exercitibus, nūllumque eī contrā Sapōrem prōsperum</div> -<div class="line">proelium fuit, nisi quod apud Singara haud dubiam victōriam</div> -<div class="line">ferōciā mīlitum āmīsit, quī pūgnam sēditiōsē et stolidē</div> -<div class="line">contrā ratiōnem bellī diē iam praecipitī poposcērunt. Post <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Cōnstantis necem Māgnentiō Ītaliam, Āfricam, Galliās obtinente</div> -<div class="line">etiam Īllyricum rēs novās habuit, Vetraniōne ad imperium</div> -<div class="line">cōnsēnsū mīlitum ēlēctō. Quem grandaevum iam</div> -<div class="line">et cūnctīs amābilem diūturnitāte et fēlīcitāte mīlitiae ad</div> -<div class="line">tuendum Īllyricum prīncipem creāvērunt, virum probum et <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">mōrum veterum ac iūcundae cīvīlitātis, sed omnium līberālium</div> -<div class="line">artium expertem adeō ut nē elementa quidem prīma</div> -<div class="line">litterārum nisi grandaevus et iam imperātōr accēperit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">11.</span> Sed ā Cōnstantiō, quī ad ultiōnem frāternae necis bellum</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>cīvīle commōverat, abrogātum est Vetraniōnī imperium; <span class="linenum">30</span></div> -<div class="line">novō inūsitātōque mōre cōnsēnsū mīlitum dēponere īnsīgnē</div> -<div class="line">compulsus. Rōmae quoque tumultus fuit Nepotiānō, Cōnstantīnī</div> -<div class="line">sorōris fīliō, per gladiātōriam manum imperium</div> -<div class="line">vīndicante, quī saevīs exōrdiīs<a name="FNanchor_195" id="FNanchor_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> dīgnum exitum nactus est.</div> -<div class="line">Vīcēsimō enim atque octāvō diē a Māgnentiānīs ducibus <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">oppressus poenās dedit. Caput ēius pīlō per urbem circumlātum</div> -<div class="line">est, gravissimaeque prōscrīptiōnēs et nōbilium caedēs</div> -<div class="line">fuērunt.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">12.</span> Nōn multō post Māgnentius apud Mursam prōflīgātus</div> -<div class="line">aciē est ac paene captus. Ingentēs Rōmānī imperiī vīrēs eā <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">dīmicātiōne cōnsūmptae sunt, ad quaelibet bella externa</div> -<div class="line">idōneae, quae multum triumphōrum possent<a name="FNanchor_196" id="FNanchor_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> sēcūritātisque</div> -<div class="line">cōnferre. Orientī mox ā Cōnstantiō Caesar est datus patruī</div> -<div class="line">fīlius Gallus, Māgnentiusque dīversīs proeliīs victus vim</div> -<div class="line">vītae suae apud Lugdūnum attulit imperiī annō tertiō, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">mēnse septimō, frāter quoque ēius Decentius Senonibus,</div> -<div class="line">quem ad tuendās Galliās Caesarem mīserat.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">13.</span> Per haec tempora etiam ā Cōnstantiō multīs incīvīlibus</div> -<div class="line">gestīs Gallus Caesar occīsus est, vir natūrā ferus et ad</div> -<div class="line">tyrannidem prōnior, sī suō iūre imperāre licuisset.<a name="FNanchor_197" id="FNanchor_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Silvānus quoque in Galliā rēs novās mōlītus ante diem trīcēsimum</div> -<div class="line">exstīnctus est, sōlusque imperiō Rōmānō eō tempore</div> -<div class="line">Cōnstantius prīnceps et Augustus fuit.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">14.</span> Mox Iūliānum Caesarem ad Galliās mīsit, patruēlem</div> -<div class="line">suum, Gallī frātrem, trāditā eī in mātrimōnium sorōre, <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">cum multa oppida barbarī expūgnāssent, alia obsidērent,</div> -<div class="line">ubique foeda vāstitās esset Rōmānumque imperium nōn</div> -<div class="line">dubiā iam calamitāte nūtāret. Ā quō modicīs cōpiīs apud</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>Argentorātum, Galliae urbem, ingentēs Alamannōrum cōpiae</div> -<div class="line">exstīnctae sunt, rēx nōbilissimus captus, Galliae restitūtae.</div> -<div class="line">Multa posteā per eundem Iūliānum ēgregiē adversum barbarōs</div> -<div class="line">gesta sunt summōtīque ultrā Rhēnum Germānī et</div> -<div class="line">fīnibus suīs Rōmānum imperium restitūtum.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Julian Emperor, 360-363 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">15.</span> Neque multō post, cum Germāniciānī exercitūs ā Galliārum <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">praesidiō tollerentur, cōnsēnsū mīlitum Iūliānus factus</div> -<div class="line">Augustus est, interiectōque annō ad Īllyricum obtinendum</div> -<div class="line">profectus Cōnstantiō Parthicīs proeliīs occupātō. Quī rēbus</div> -<div class="line">cognitīs ad bellum cīvīle conversus in itinere obiit inter</div> -<div class="line">Ciliciam Cappadociamque annō imperiī octāvō et trīcēsimō, <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">aetātis quīntō et quadrāgēsimō, meruitque inter Dīvōs referrī,</div> -<div class="line">vir ēgregiae tranquillitātis, placidus, nimium amīcīs<a name="FNanchor_198" id="FNanchor_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a></div> -<div class="line">et familiāribus crēdēns, mox etiam uxōribus dēditior, quī</div> -<div class="line">tamen prīmīs imperiī annīs ingentī sē modestiā ēgerit, familiārium</div> -<div class="line">etiam locuplētātor neque inhonōrēs sinēns, quōrum <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">labōriōsa expertus fuisset officia, ad sevēritātem tamen prōpēnsior,</div> -<div class="line">sī suspīciō imperiī movērētur, mītis aliās, et cūius</div> -<div class="line">in cīvīlibus magis quam in externīs bellīs sit laudanda</div> -<div class="line">fortūna.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Eutropius takes part in the Parthian Expedition, 363 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">16.</span> Hinc Iūliānus rērum potītus est ingentīque apparātū <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">Parthīs intulit bellum, cuī expedītiōnī ego quoque interfuī.</div> -<div class="line">Aliquot oppida et castella Persārum in dēditiōnem accēpit</div> -<div class="line">vel vī expūgnāvit Assyriamque populātus castra apud</div> -<div class="line">Ctēsiphōntem statīva aliquamdiū habuit. Remeānsque</div> -<div class="line">victor, dum sē incōnsultius proeliīs īnserit, hostīlī manū <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>interfectus est <span class="smcapuc">VI</span> Kal. Iul., imperiī annō septimō, aetātis</div> -<div class="line">alterō et trīcēsimō atque inter Dīvōs relātus est, vir ēgregius</div> -<div class="line">et rem publicam īnsīgniter moderātūrus, sī per fāta licuisset.</div> -<div class="line">Līberālibus disciplīnīs apprīmē ērudītus, Graecīs doctior</div> -<div class="line">atque adeō ut Latīna ērudītiō nēquāquam cum Graecā</div> -<div class="line">scientiā convenīret, fācundiā ingentī et prōmptā, memoriae <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">tenācissimae, in quibusdam philosophō proprior. In amīcōs</div> -<div class="line">līberālis, sed minus dīligēns quam tantum prīncipem decuit.</div> -<div class="line">Fuērunt enim nōnnūllī quī vulnera glōriae ēius īnferrent.</div> -<div class="line">In prōvinciālēs iūstissimus et tribūtōrum, quātenus fierī</div> -<div class="line">posset, repressor. Cīvīlis in cūnctōs, mediōcrem habēns <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">aerāriī cūram, glōriae avidus ac per eam animī plērumque</div> -<div class="line">immodicī, religiōnis Christiānae nimius īnsectātor, perinde</div> -<div class="line">tamen ut cruōre abstinēret, M. Antōnīnō nōn absimilis,</div> -<div class="line">quem etiam aemulārī studēbat.</div> -</div> - -<h3><i>Jovian Emperor, 363-364 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></i></h3> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">17.</span> Post hunc Ioviānus, quī tunc domesticus mīlitābat, <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -<div class="line">ad obtinendum imperium cōnsēnsū exercitūs lēctus est, commendātiōne</div> -<div class="line">patris mīlitibus quam suā nōtior. Quī iam turbātīs</div> -<div class="line">rēbus exercitū quoque inopiā labōrante ūnō ā Persīs</div> -<div class="line">atque alterō proeliō victus pācem cum Sapōre, necessāriam</div> -<div class="line">quidem, sed ignōbilem, fēcit multātus fīnibus<a name="FNanchor_199" id="FNanchor_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> ac nōnnūllā <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">imperiī Rōmānī parte trāditā. Quod ante eum annīs mīlle</div> -<div class="line">centum et duōbus dē vīgintī ferē, ex quō Rōmānum imperium</div> -<div class="line">conditum erat, numquam accīdit. Quīn etiam legiōnēs</div> -<div class="line">nostrae ita et apud Caudium per Pontium Telesīnum et in</div> -<div class="line">Hispāniā apud Numantiam et in Numidiā sub iūgum missae <span class="linenum">25</span></div> -<div class="line">sunt, ut nihil tamen fīnium trāderētur. Ea pācis condiciō</div> -<div class="line">nōn penitus reprehendenda foret, sī foederis necessitātem</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>tum cum integrum fuit mutāre voluisset, sīcut a Rōmānīs</div> -<div class="line">omnibus hīs bellīs, quae commemorāvī, factum est. Nam</div> -<div class="line">et Samnītibus et Numantīnīs et Numidīs cōnfestim bella</div> -<div class="line">inlāta sunt neque pāx rata fuit. Sed dum aemulum imperiī</div> -<div class="line">verētur, intra Orientem residēns glōriae parum cōnsuluit.</div> -<div class="line">Itaque iter ingressus atque Īllyricum petēns in Galatiae <span class="linenum">5</span></div> -<div class="line">fīnibus repentīnā morte obiit, vir aliās neque iners neque</div> -<div class="line">imprūdēns.</div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line"><span class="chapnum">18.</span> Multī exanimātum opīnantur nimiā crūditāte (inter</div> -<div class="line">cēnandum enim epulīs indulserat), aliī odōre cubiculī, quod</div> -<div class="line">ex recentī tēctōriō calcis grave quiēscentibus erat, quidam <span class="linenum">10</span></div> -<div class="line">nimietāte prūnārum, quās gravī frīgore adolērī multās</div> -<div class="line">iusserat. Dēcessit imperiī mēnse septimō, tertiō decimō</div> -<div class="line">Kal. Mārt., aetātis tertiō et trīcēsimō annō, ac benīgnitāte</div> -<div class="line">prīncipum quī eī successērunt inter Dīvōs relātus est.</div> -<div class="line">Nam et cīvīlitātī propior et natūrā admodum līberālis fuit. <span class="linenum">15</span></div> -</div> - -<div class="paragraph"> -<div class="line">Is status erat Rōmānae reī Ioviānō eōdem et Varroniānō</div> -<div class="line">cōnsulibus annō urbis conditae mīllēsimō centēsimō et</div> -<div class="line">octāvō decimō. Quia autem ad inclutōs prīncipēs venerandōsque</div> -<div class="line">perventum est, interim operī modum dabimus. Nam</div> -<div class="line">reliqua stilō māiōre dīcenda sunt. Quae nunc nōn tam <span class="linenum">20</span></div> -<div class="line">praetermittimus, quam ad māiōrem scrībendī dīligentiam</div> -<div class="line">reservāmus.</div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> H. 521, II, 2; M. 347; A. & G. 325; G. 585; B. 288.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> H. 379; M. 197; A. & G. 256; G. 336; B. 181, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> H. 431; M. 255, 1; A. & G. 255, <i>d</i>, 1; G. 409; B. 227, 2, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> H. 397, 3, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 3; M. 225, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; A. & G. 216, <i>c</i>; G. 372, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 2; B. 201, 1, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> H. 497, I; M. 382, 3; A. & G. 317, 2; G. 630; B. 282, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> H. 517; M. 355; A. & G. 326; G. 586; B. 286, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> H. 425, II; M. 242, 1; A. & G. 258, <i>c</i>, 2; G. 411; B. 232, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> H. 386; M. 202; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> H. 425, II, 2, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; M. 241, 2; A. & G. 258, <i>f</i>, 2; G. 385, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; B. 228, 1, <i>b</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, <i>a</i>, 1; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> H. 397, 3; M. 225, 3; A. & G. 216, <i>a</i>, 3; G. 372; B. 201, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> H. 384, 4, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 3; M. 210; A. & G. 235, <i>b</i>; G. 353; B. 188, 2, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 1; B. 188, 2, <i>d</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> H. 509, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 3; M. 403; A. & G. 337, <i>a</i>, 3; G. 596, 2; B. 320.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> H. 497, II; M. 328; A. & G. 317, 1; G. 545, 1; B. 282, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> H. 498, I; M. 333, 1; A. & G. 331, <i>d</i>; G. 546; B. 295, 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> H. 412, 2; M. 233, 2; A. & G. 258, <i>a</i>, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; G. 390, 2; B. 229, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> H. 380, II; M. 199, 1; A. & G. 258, <i>b</i>; G. 337; B. 182, 1, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> H. 450, 4; M. 443, 1; A. & G. 102, <i>b</i>; G. 307, 2; B. 246, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> H. 500, II: 495, VI; M. 337: 316, 2; A. & G. 319, 1: 287, <i>c</i>, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span>; G. -552, 1: 513; B. 284, 1: 268, 6.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> H. 396, III; M. 216; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> H. 542, III, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2: 544, 1; M. 291: 297; A. & G. 300: 318, <i>b</i>; G. 432, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span>; -B. 338, 3: 339, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, <i>b</i>, 3; G. 640, 4, (2); B. 304, 3, <i>b</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> H. 510; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> H. 396, V; M. 223; A. & G. 215, <i>b</i>; G. 365; B. 203, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> H. 515, III; M. 378, 1; A. & G. 326; G. 587; B. 309, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, <i>a</i>; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 1; B. 188, 2, <i>d</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> H. 414, I; M. 236; A. & G. 243; G. 390, 2; B. 214, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> H. 384, II, 5; M. 205, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; A. & G. 230; G. 217; B. 187, II, <i>b</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> H. 429; M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 231.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> H. 415, I; M. 247, 2; A. & G. 246; G. 401; B. 216.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 1; B. 283, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> H. 384, 4, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235, <i>a</i>; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> H. 498, I; M. 333, 2; A. & G. 331; G. 546, 2; B. 295, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> H. 409, II; M. 228; A. & G. 220, <i>a</i>; G. 378, 3; B. 208, 2, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> H. 235: 516, II; M. 100, 1: 357; A. & G. 128, <i>a</i>, 1: 321, G. 131, 1: -541; B. 116, 1: 286, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> H. 419, III; M. 245; A. & G. 248; G. 399; B. 220, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> H. 374; M. 192, 2; A. & G. 239, <i>c</i>; G. 339, <i>a</i>; B. 178, 1, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> H. 529, I; M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 467; B. 300, 1, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> H. 420; M. 247, 1; A. & G. 248, <i>c</i>, 1; G. 401; B. 218.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> H. 542, IV: 544, 1; M. 292: 297; A. & G. 301; G. 433; B. 338, 4, <i>b</i>: -339, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> H. 508: 527, I; M. 363: 402; A. & G. 307, <i>c</i>: 337, 3; G. 595, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 1; -B. 319, B, 3rd ex. <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> H. 524; M. 392; A. & G. 336, 2; G. 650; B. 314, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> H. 412, 3, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; M. 233, 3; A. & G. 258, <i>a</i>, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; G. 391, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 1; B. 229, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> H. 497, II; M. 328; A. & G. 317, 1; G. 545, 1; B. 282, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> H. 396, V; M. 221; A. & G. 214, <i>e</i>; G. 368; B. 197.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> H. 391, I, footnote; M. 214; A. & G. 234, <i>a</i>; G. 359; B. 192, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> H. 425, II, 2; M. 241, 3; A. & G. 258, <i>d</i>; G. 385, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; B. 228, 1, <i>c</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> H. 385, I; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> H. 123; M. 55, 1; A. & G. 73; G. 64; B. 53.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> H. 404; M. 224; A. & G. 252, <i>a</i>; G. 380; B. 203, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> H. 524, 2, 2; M. 392, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 3; A. & G. 336, <i>d</i>; G. 628, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> <i>a</i>; B, 314, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> H. 542, III: 544, 1; M. 291: 297; A. & G. 300; G. 432; B. 338, 3: 339.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> H. 396, V; M. 223; A. & G. 215, <i>b</i>; G. 365; B. 203, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> H. 542, III; M. 291; A. & G. 300; G. 432; B. 338, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> H. 419, I; M. 244; A. & G. 248, <i>a</i>; G. 392; B. 222.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_61" id="Footnote_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, <i>a</i>; G. 359; B. 192, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> H. 384, 5; M. 205, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; A. & G. 230; G. 217; B. 187, II, <i>b</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_63" id="Footnote_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> H. 425, II, 2; M. 241, 3; A. & G. 258, <i>f</i>, 2; G. 385, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; B. 228, 1, <i>b</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_64" id="Footnote_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> H. 542, IV, (1); M. 292; A. & G. 301, 1; G. 431; B. 338, 4, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> H. 384, II, 1, 2); M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 2; B. 188, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> H. 429; M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256, 1; G. 393; B. 230.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> H. 419, III; M. 245; A. & G. 248; G. 399; B. 220.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> H. 425, II; M. 242, 1; A. & G. 258, <i>c</i>, 2; G. 411; B. 232, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> H. 549, 5; M. 281, 4; A. & G. 292, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span>; G. 664, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 1, 2; B. 337, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> H. 420, 1, 3); M. 247, 1; A. & G. 258, <i>g</i>; G. 401; B. 218, 9.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> H. 386; M. 212, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> H. 519, II, 2; M. 354; A. & G. 328; G. 572; B. 293, III, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> H. 523, III, and footnote 4; M. 393; A. & G. 339; G. 652; B. 316.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> H. 524, 2, 2; M. 392, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 3; A. & G. 336, <i>d</i>; G. 628, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> <i>a</i>; B. 314, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> H. 379, 1; M. 197; A. & G. 256, <i>a</i>; G. 336; B. 181, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> H. 498, III; M. 336; A. & G. 331, <i>f</i>; G. 550, 2; B. 296, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> H. 390, I; M. 206; A. & G. 233, <i>a</i>; G. 356; B. 191, 2, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> H. 431, 4; M. 255, 1; A. & G. 255, <i>d</i>, 1; G. 409; B. 227, 2, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> H. 425, II, 1, 1); M. 240, 2; A. & G. 259, <i>a</i>; G. 389; B. 218, 7.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> H. 549, 5, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; M. 286; A. & G. 292, <i>a</i>; G. 325, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 3; B. 337, 5.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> H. 466, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; M. 295, 1; A. & G. 294, <i>b</i>; G. 251; B. 337, 7, <i>b</i>, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> H. 499, 3; M. 333, 3; A. & G. 331, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; G. 546, 1; B. 295, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> H. 384, 4, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235, <i>a</i>; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> H. 396, I; M. 217, 2; A. & G. 214, <i>c</i>; G. 366; B. 198, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> H. 396, V; M. 222, 224, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; A. & G. 215; G. 366; B. 203, 5.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_89" id="Footnote_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_90" id="Footnote_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> H. 542, III; M. 291; A. & G. 300; G. 430; B. 338, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_91" id="Footnote_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> H. 415; M. 234; A. & G. 244; G. 395; B. 215.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> H. 417, 2; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> H. 549, 5; M. 281, 4; A. & G. 292, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span>; G. 664, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 1; B. 337, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> H. 416; M. 238; A. & G. 253, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; G. 408, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; B. 219, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_97" id="Footnote_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> H. 515, III; M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, <i>d</i>; G. 587; B. 309, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_98" id="Footnote_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> H. 521, II, 2: 466, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; M. 348: 98, 1; A. & G. 325: 293, <i>a</i>; G. 585: -247; B. 288: 115.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> H. 301, 1; M. 145, 3; A. & G. 230; G. 208, 2; B. 187, II, <i>b</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_100" id="Footnote_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> H. 467, III, 4; M. 352; A. & G. 276, 3; G. 570; B. 293, I.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> H. 498, III; M. 336; A. & G. 331, <i>f</i>; G. 550; B. 296, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> H. 414; M. 236; A. & G. 243; G. 390, 2; B. 214, 1, <i>b</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_103" id="Footnote_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> H. 384, II, 2); M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_104" id="Footnote_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> H. 387; M. 212; A. & G. 231; G. 349; B. 190.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_105" id="Footnote_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> H. 397, 3, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 3; M. 225, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; A. & G. 216, <i>c</i>; G. 372, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 2; B. 201, 1, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> H. 500, II; M. 382, 4; A. & G. 319, 1; G. 552, 1; B. 284, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, <i>b</i>, 2; G. 670, 3; B. 337, 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> H. 501, II, 1; M. 341, 1; A. & G. 332; G. 553; B. 297, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_110" id="Footnote_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> H. 412, II; M. 236, 2; A. & G. 258, <i>a</i>; G. 391; B. 229, 1, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> H. 529, I; M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 467; B. 300, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> H. 397, 2; M. 225, 1; A. & G. 216, <i>a</i>, 2; G. 370; B. 201, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> H. 467, 4; M. 352; A. & G. 276, 3; G. 570; B. 293, I.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> H. 412, II, 3, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; M. 233, 3; A. & G. 258, <i>a</i>, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; G. 391, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 1; -B. 292, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> H. 380, II; M. 199, 1; A. & G. 258, <i>b</i>; G. 337; B. 182, 1, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, <i>a</i>; G. 359; B. 192, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> H. 397, 3; M. 225, 3; A. & G. 216, <i>a</i>, 2; G. 372; B. 201, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> H. 542, I; M. 289, 1; A. & G. 298; G. 428; B. 338, 1, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> H. 396, III; M. 216, I; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> H. 397, 3, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 3; M. 225, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; A. & G. 216, <i>c</i>; G. 372, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 2; B. 201, 1, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 1; B. 188, 2, <i>d</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_123" id="Footnote_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, <i>a</i>; G. 359; B. 192, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> H. 384, II, 2; M. 203; A. & G. 225, 3, <i>d</i>; G. 348; B. 187, 1, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_126" id="Footnote_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> H. 497, II; M. 382, 3; A. & G. 317, 2; G. 545, 2; B. 282, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_127" id="Footnote_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> H. 544, 1; M. 296; A. & G. 300; G. 432, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span>; B. 339, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> H. 542, IV; M. 292; A. & G. 301, footnote; G. 431, 3; B. 338, 4, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> H. 379; M. 196; A. & G. 257; G. 335; B. 181, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> H. 384, II; M. 205; A. & G. 227, <i>f</i>; G. 346; B. 187, II, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> H. 419, II; M. 246; A. & G. 251; G. 400; B. 224.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> H. 500, II; M. 338; A. & G. 319, 1; G. 552, 1; B. 284, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> H. 543; M. 295, 1; A. & G. 294, <i>a</i>; G. 438, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; B. 337, 7, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> H. 463, I; M. 175, 2; A. & G. 205, <i>d</i>; G. 285, 1; B. 255, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_135" id="Footnote_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> H. 503, I; M. 383, 2; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, <i>b</i>, 3; G. 670, 4, (1); B. 337, 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> H. 509, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 3; M. 366; A. & G. 307, <i>f</i>; G. 596, 2; B. 302, 3, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> H. 430; M. 258, 1; A. & G. 259, <i>d</i>; G. 403, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 4, (<i>a</i>); B. 357, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> H. 433, 1; M. 258, 1; A. & G. 258, <i>c</i>, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; G. 416, 4; B. 141.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> H. 444, 1; M. 426; A. & G. 93, <i>a</i>; G. 297, 2; B. 240, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> H. 301; M. 145, 3; A. & G. 146, <i>d</i>; G. 208, 2; B. 187, II, <i>b</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> H. 385, I; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, III, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_144" id="Footnote_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> H. 410, V, 3; M. 231; A. & G. 223, <i>a</i>; G. 407, 2, (<i>d</i>); B. 212, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> H. 384, II, 4, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> H. 415, I, 1, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; M. 247, 3; A. & G. 246, <i>b</i>; G. 401, end; B. 141.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> H. 517; M. 355; A. & G. 326; G. 586; B. 286, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_148" id="Footnote_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> H. 386; M. 202, 1; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> H. 430 (last example); M. 249; A. & G. 262, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; G. 563, 2; B. 230.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> H. 391; M. 214; A. & G. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> H. 417; M. 239, 1; A. & G. 247; G. 398; B. 217, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> H. 419, II; M. 246; A. & G. 251; G. 400; B. 224, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_153" id="Footnote_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> H. 503, I; M. 383, 2; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_154" id="Footnote_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> H. 391; M. 214; A. & G. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> H. 510, II; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> H. 184, 3; M. 77, 2; A. & G. 99, <i>f</i>; G. 102, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; B. 6, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> H. 404; M. 224; A. & G. 252, <i>a</i>; G. 379; B. 203, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_160" id="Footnote_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> H. 517, 3, 1); M. 382, 2, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; A. & G. 326, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; G. 498, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 8; B. 286, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 347, 5; B. 188, 2, <i>d</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_163" id="Footnote_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> H. 399; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218; G. 374; B. 204, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> H. 397, 3; M. 225, 2; A. & G. 216, <i>a</i>, 3; G. 369; B. 201, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_165" id="Footnote_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> H. 385, 1; M. 204; A. & G. 227, <i>c</i>; G. 346, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 2, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; B. 187, III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> H. 542, IV; M. 292; A. & G. 301; G. 431; B. 338, 4, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_167" id="Footnote_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> H. 415; M. 234; A. & G. 244; G. 395; B. 215.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> H. 542, I; M. 289; A. & G. 298; G. 428; B. 338, 1, <i>c</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_170" id="Footnote_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> H. 417; M. 239, 1; A. & G. 247; G. 398; B. 217, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_171" id="Footnote_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 1; B. 283, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_172" id="Footnote_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> H. 451, 3; M. 446; A. &. G. 195, <i>e</i>; G. 310; B. 248, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_173" id="Footnote_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> H. 415, I, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; M. 247, 3; A. & G. 246, <i>b</i>; G. 401; B. 141.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_174" id="Footnote_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_175" id="Footnote_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> H. 429; M. 243, 2; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 231.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_176" id="Footnote_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> H. 387; M. 212; A. & G. 231; G. 349; B. 190.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_177" id="Footnote_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> H. 384, 4; M. 208; A. & G. 235, <i>a</i>; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_178" id="Footnote_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_179" id="Footnote_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> H. 544, 2, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; M. 295, 2; A. & G. 294, <i>d</i>; G. 430; B. 337, 7, <i>b</i>, 2).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_180" id="Footnote_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_181" id="Footnote_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> H. 399, II; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218, <i>b</i>; G. 375; B. 204, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_182" id="Footnote_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> H. 410, III; M. 251; A. & G. 220, <i>b</i>, 1; G. 404; B. 208, 2, <i>b</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_184" id="Footnote_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, <i>a</i>; G. 359; B. 192, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_185" id="Footnote_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> H. 410, V. 3; M. 231; A. & G. 223, <i>a</i>; G. 407, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2, (<i>d</i>); B. 212, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_186" id="Footnote_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> H. 399, 2; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218, <i>a</i>; G. 374; B. 204, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_187" id="Footnote_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> H. 517, 3, 1); M. 382, 2 <span class="smcapuc">N.</span>; A. & G. 320, <i>c</i>; G. 633; B. 283, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_188" id="Footnote_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_189" id="Footnote_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> H. 515, III; M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, <i>d</i>; G. 587; B. 309, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_190" id="Footnote_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> H. 421, III; M. 247, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; A. & G. 254, <i>b</i>, 2; G. 401, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 6; B. 219, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_191" id="Footnote_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> H. 513, II; M. 375; A. & G. 312; G. 602; B. 307, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_192" id="Footnote_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_193" id="Footnote_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, <i>a</i>, 1; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_194" id="Footnote_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> H. 387, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1; M. 212, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; A. & G. 231, <i>b</i>; G. 349, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 5; B. 190, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_195" id="Footnote_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> H. 421, III; M. 238, 2; A. & G. 245, <i>a</i>, 1; G. 397, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; B. 226, 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_196" id="Footnote_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> H. 503, II, 2; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 282, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_197" id="Footnote_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> H. 510; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_198" id="Footnote_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> H. 385, II; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, <i>a</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_199" id="Footnote_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> H. 410, III; M. 251; A. & G. 220, <i>b</i>, 1; G. 404; B. 225.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a><br /> -<a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<a href="images/map-europe.jpg"> -<img src="images/map-europe-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="145" alt="Map of Europe" /> -</a> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> - -<p>The following books have been referred to in the Notes. While -the references are intended principally for the teacher, every student -should be provided with a copy of Creighton’s Primer of Roman -History. If Eutropius is studied in connection with this book, the -student cannot fail to obtain a fair knowledge of the main facts of -Roman History.</p> - -<ul> - -<li>Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Rodolfo -Lanciani.</li> - -<li>Early Rome (Epochs of History). W. Ihne.</li> - -<li>Mommsen’s History of Rome, Abridged for Schools and Colleges. -C. Bryans and F. J. R. Hendy.</li> - -<li>Rome and Carthage (Epochs of History). R. Bosworth Smith.</li> - -<li>The History of Rome (History Primer Series). M. Creighton.</li> - -<li>The Early Empire (Epochs of History). W. W. Capes.</li> - -<li>The Roman Triumvirates (Epochs of History). Charles Merivale.</li> - -<li>The Age of the Antonines (Epochs of History). W. W. Capes.</li> - -<li>Myths of Greece and Rome. H. A. Guerber.</li> - -<li>The Story of the Romans. H. A. Guerber.</li> - -<li>The Development of the Roman Constitution (History Primer Series). -Ambrose Tighe.</li> - -</ul> - -<p class="center">NOTE</p> - -<p>In the Notes the references to Harkness’ Grammar occur in two -forms, the first referring to the New Latin Grammar (1898), the -second, in brackets, to the Standard Latin Grammar.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="NOTES" id="NOTES"></a>NOTES</h2> - -<h3><a name="LIFE" id="LIFE"></a>LIFE OF EUTROPIUS</h3> - -<p>Of the life of Eutropius we know very little. Only once in his work -does he mention himself, Bk. X, Ch. 16. He was proconsul in Asia in -371 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, and praetorian praefect 380-387 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> He is said to have been -the secretary of the Emperor Constantine the Great.</p> - -<p>The only one of his works that is extant is the <i>Breviārium</i>, a brief -history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the -Emperor Jovian, 364 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> He dedicated the work to the Emperor Valens, -364-378 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, composing it probably at the emperor’s request.</p> - -<p>Through the republican period he follows Livy, whom he knows at first -hand. Afterwards he takes Suetonius and the Augustan History for his -guides. His style is simple and terse, and the diction is very good for -the age in which the book was written. As a historian his judgment is cool -and impartial. He makes some blunders, but mostly in the matter of -dates. A Greek translation made by a certain Capito, a Lycian, is mentioned, -but it has been lost. A later Greek version by Paeanius is extant.</p> - -<div class="notes"> - -<h3><a name="Book_I" id="Book_I"></a><span class="smcap">Book I</span></h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 7.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 1.</h5> - -<p>Line 1. <b>Rōmānum</b>: -note emphatic position.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Rōmulō</b>: see the legend of Romulus -and Remus in Ihne, p. 32; -Livy, Bk. I, IV; Guerber, p. 140.</p> - -<p>2. <b>Vestālis virginis</b>: the Vestals -were a kind of nuns, six in number, -who were priestesses of Vesta. It -was their duty to keep the fire on -the altar in her temple in the Forum -burning constantly. “Her altar, with -its ever-burning fire, was the family -hearth of the state, from which the -household fires were kindled at certain -dates.” Lanciani, <i>Anc. Rome</i>, -Ch. VI.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>fīlius</b>: in apposition with <i>quī</i>, -subject of <i>putātus est</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>quantum putātus est</b>: ‘as he -was thought’ ＝ ‘as it was thought’; -note that the Latin prefers the personal -construction where we prefer -the impersonal.</p> - -<p>3. <b>is</b>: emphatic position.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>cum … latrōcinārētur</b>: the -student should note the different<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> -uses of <i>cum</i>, viz.: Temporal, with -Indicative or Subjunctive; Causal -and Concessive, with Subjunctive -alone; cf. <i>cum … compāruisset</i>, -Ch. 2; <i>cum … habērent</i>, Ch. 2; -<i>cum … ēgissent</i>, Ch. 18.</p> - -<p>4. <b>decem et octō annōs nātus</b> -(<i>nāscor</i>): ‘having been born eighteen -years’ ＝ ‘eighteen years old.’ -The more common expression for -the numeral is <i>duodēvīgintī</i>. Cf. -<i>annōrum trium et vīgintī</i>, Bk. II, -Ch. 6; <i>annum agēns vīcēsimum -aetātis</i>, Bk. III, Ch. 7.</p> - -<p>5. <b>urbem exiguam</b>: remains of -this city are still found on the Palatine -Hill.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Palātīnō monte</b>: the Palatine -Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. -The others were the Capitoline, Quirinal, -Aventine, Esquiline, Viminal, -and Caelian.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>XI Kal. Māiās</b>: the full expression -would be <i>ante diem ūndecimum -Kalendās Māiās</i>, April 21. “In the -Roman calendar it coincided with -the Palilia, or feast of Pales, the -guardian divinity of shepherds.”</p> - -<p>6. <b>Olympiadis</b>: the Greeks reckoned -time by periods of four years, -called Olympiads from the Olympian -Games, which were celebrated at -that interval. The starting point -was 776 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Hence the third year -of the sixth Olympiad would be -753 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Some prefer to recognize -754 as the date of the founding of -the city.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 2.</h5> - -<p>8. <b>conditā cīvitāte</b>: ‘the -city having been founded’ ＝ ‘when -the city had been founded.’ The -student should ascertain by analysis -of the thought what the Ablative -Absolute is intended to represent, -and should translate it accordingly. -The literal translation should seldom -be used. <i>Civitate</i> ＝ <i>urbe</i>, a late -usage, frequent in Eutropius. The -usual expression is <i>urbe conditā</i>, but -Eutropius places the participle first -for emphasis.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Rōmam vocāvit</b>: according to -Lanciani, Roma is derived from -<i>Rumon</i>, ‘river.’ Roma then would -mean ‘the town by the river,’ and -Romulus, ‘the man from the town -by the river’ (<i>Anc. Rome</i>, p. 37). -Mommsen claims that Ramnes, the -early name by which the Romans -were called, means ‘bushmen.’ -Hence Roma would be ‘the town of -the bushmen’ (Mommsen, <i>History -of Rome</i>, Vol. I, p. 71).</p> - -<p>9. <b>ferē</b>: ‘about,’ indicating that -the statement is a loose one.</p> - -<p>10. <b>centum ex seniōribus</b>: ‘a -hundred of the elders’; <i>ex</i> or <i>dē</i> -with cardinal numerals is regularly -used instead of a Partitive Genitive. -Tarquinius Priscus doubled the number -of the senators, Ch. 6. Before -the end of the regal period the number -was increased to 300. Sulla -added 300 equites. Julius Caesar -raised the number to 900. Augustus -reduced it to 600. For the duties -of the senate see Ihne, Ch. XI; -Tighe, pp. 49, 115; Mommsen, pp. 18, -19, 45, 46.</p> - -<p>12. <b>uxōrēs</b>: object of <i>habērent</i>. -Emphatic on account of its position -before the subject of the verb.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 8.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>eārum</b>: the antecedent -is <i>nātiōnēs</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>commōtīs bellīs</b>: lit. ‘wars having -been aroused’ ＝ ‘when war had -been aroused’; cf. <i>conditā cīvitāte</i>, -Ch. 2.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>propter raptārum iniūriam</b>: lit. -‘on account of the wrong of the -stolen (maidens)’ ＝ ‘on account of -the wrong done by stealing the -maidens.’ With <i>raptārum</i> sc. <i>virginum</i>.</p> - -<p>4. <b>nōn compāruisset</b>: lit. ‘he -had not appeared’ ＝ ‘he had disappeared.’</p> - -<p>5. <b>ad deōs trānsīsse</b>: lit. ‘to -have gone across to the gods’ ＝ ‘to -have been translated.’</p> - -<p>6. <b>per quīnōs diēs</b>: ‘through -five days each.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 3.</h5> - -<p>8. <b>rēx</b>: predicate Nominative.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>bellum</b>: emphatic by position as -well as by the use of <i>quidem</i>. “The -statement that during the forty-three -years of Numa’s reign Rome enjoyed -uninterrupted peace cannot -be looked upon as anything but a -fiction or a dream.”</p> - -<p>11. <b>cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum</b>: -‘because of their habit of (waging) -war.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>iam … putābantur</b>: ‘were -beginning to be thought’; note the -force of the Imperfect.</p> - -<p>12. <b>in decem</b>: Livy I, XIX, says -<i>in duodecim mēnsēs</i>.</p> - -<p>13. <b>aliquā</b> ＝ <i>ūllā</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>cōnfūsum</b>: ‘confused’; modifies -<i>annum</i> and is modified by <i>prius</i>.</p> - -<p>14. <b>morbō</b>: <i>i.e.</i> a natural death -as contrasted with a death by -violence.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 4.</h5> - -<p>16. <b>huic successit</b>: lit. -‘to this one succeeded’ ＝ ‘his successor -was’; note the emphasis.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>hīc bella reparāvit</b>: in allusion -to the former activity of Romulus -in that direction.</p> - -<p>17. <b>Albānōs</b>: Alba Longa, the -most ancient town in Latium, is -said to have been built by Ascanius, -and to have colonized Rome. After -its destruction by Tullus Hostilius -it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants -were removed to Rome. At a later -time the surrounding country was -studded with the splendid villas of -the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I, -XXII-XXV, gives an account of the -conquest of the Albans.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>mīliāriō</b>: the Roman milestones -were set up at intervals of 1000 -paces, 5000 Roman feet, on the -military roads. They gave the distance -from the place from which the -measurement was made, its name, -the name of the person who erected -the stone, and the name of the -reigning emperor. The phrase -means ‘twelve miles from Rome.’</p> - -<p>18. <b>aliī … aliī</b>: ‘the one … -the other.’ Eutropius uses <i>alius</i> -with the meaning of <i>alter</i>.</p> - -<p>20. <b>adiectō Caeliō monte</b>: lit. -‘the Caelian Hill having been annexed’ -＝ ‘by annexing the Caelian -Hill’; cf. <i>conditā cīvitāte</i>, Ch. 2.</p> - -<p>21. <b>fulmine ictus</b>: lit. ‘having -been struck by lightning.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>ārsit</b>: <i>ārdeō</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 5.</h5> - -<p>22. <b>ex fīliā</b>: ‘on his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> -daughter’s side.’ Note peculiarity -of <i>fīlia</i>, H. 80, 2 (49, 4); M. 33, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 2; -A. & G. 36, <i>e</i>; G. 29, 4; B. 21, 2, <i>e</i>.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 9.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>Iāniculum</b>: Mons -Ianiculus, on the opposite side of -the Tiber, was united to the city by -the Pons Sublicius.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>cīvitātem</b>: this city, afterwards -called Ostia, was situated on the left -bank of the river, about sixteen miles -from Rome. It was used as a port -for Rome until the time of the -Empire.</p> - -<p>3. <b>morbō periit</b>: cf. <i>morbō dēcessit</i>, -Ch. 3.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 6.</h5> - -<p>4. <b>Prīscus Tarquinius</b> ＝ -<i>Tarquinius Prīscus</i>. When only the -<i>nomen</i> and the <i>cognomen</i> are written, -they are often reversed, especially -in late Latin. The legend of the -Tarquins is as follows: Demaratus, -their ancestor, fled from Corinth, -his native place, and settled at Tarquinii -in Etruria. He married an -Etruscan wife, by whom he had -two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At -his death Lucumo inherited all his -father’s property. Although he had -married Tanaquil, a woman of the -highest rank, he was excluded from -all power and influence in the state. -Discontented with this he removed -to Rome with a large band of followers. -He and his companions were -received with welcome, and were -admitted to the rights of Roman -citizens. He took the name of -Lucius Tarquinius, to which Livy -adds Priscus, to distinguish him from -L. Tarquinius, the seventh king -of Rome. At the death of Ancus -Marcius, the senate and people -unanimously elected Tarquinius to -the vacant throne. His reign was -distinguished by great exploits in -war and by great works in peace.</p> - -<p>5. <b>circum</b>: the Circus Maximus. -It was in a valley between the Palatine -and Aventine Hills. Here the -Roman games were held. At first -the spectators sat on the hill side -and watched the games being celebrated -in the valley beneath them. -Tarquinius is said to have been the -first to introduce seats. In the time -of Caesar the circus was 1800 feet -long and 300 feet wide, and capable -of seating 180,000 people. It was -enlarged many times, until in the -fourth century it was capable of -seating 385,000 people.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>lūdōs Rōmānōs</b>: the <i>Lūdī Rōmānī</i>, -consisting of horse and chariot -races, were the oldest games, and -were celebrated originally in honor -of Jupiter by victorious generals as -a part of a triumph. At first they -lasted only one day, but the time -was gradually increased until in the -age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days, -September 4-19.</p> - -<p>6. <b>ad nostram memoriam</b>: ‘to -our time.’</p> - -<p>7. <b>vīcit</b>: emphatic position.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>nōn parum</b> ＝ <i>māgnum</i>: ‘a large -part’; cf. <i>nōn compāruisset</i>, Ch. 2.</p> - -<p>8. <b>prīmus … intrāvit</b>: ‘and -he was the first to enter the city -celebrating a triumph.’ A triumph -was a solemn procession in which a -victorious general entered the city -in a chariot drawn by four horses.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> -He was preceded by the captives and -spoils taken in war, and was followed -by his troops; and, after passing in -state along the Via Sacra, ascended -the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the -Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The -following conditions had to be complied -with: (<i>a</i>) The general must -have been dictator, consul, or praetor. -(<i>b</i>) He must have actually -commanded in the battle and commenced -it, himself taking the auspices. -(<i>c</i>) The battle must have -been decisive and ended the campaign. -(<i>d</i>) The foes must have been -foreigners, and at least 5000 of them -must have been slain.</p> - -<p>9. <b>mūrōs fēcit</b>: he began to surround -the city with a stone wall, a -work his successor, Servius Tullius, -completed.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>cloācās</b>: the Cloaca Maxima is -a semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide, -beneath the city. A part of this -sewer, about 1020 feet, is still in -existence, and after a lapse of 2500 -years goes on fulfilling its original -purpose. Its opening into the Tiber -near the Temple of Hercules in the -Forum Boarium is still in a good -state of preservation.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Capitōlium</b>: the Temple of Jupiter -on the Capitoline Hill. Its foundations -were laid by Tarquinius -Priscus. Its walls were raised by -his successor Servius Tullius, and -Tarquinius Superbus completed it, -although it was not consecrated until -the third year after the expulsion of -the kings. It consisted of three -parts, a nave sacred to Jupiter, and -two wings, the right sacred to Minerva -and the left to Juno. The -magnificence and richness of this -temple are almost incredible. It -was burned in the time of Sulla, who -rebuilt it. After being destroyed -several times it was raised for the -last time by Domitian, who made it -more grand and magnificent than -had any of his predecessors.</p> - -<p>10. <b>per … fīliōs</b>: Eutropius -occasionally substitutes <i>per</i> with the -Accusative for the Ablative or Dative -of agent; cf. <i>per eum multa ā -cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt</i>, Bk. -IV, 10.</p> - -<p>11. <b>rēgis ēius</b>: apposition with -<i>Ancī</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>cuī</b>: cf. <i>huic successit</i>, Ch. 4.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 7.</h5> - -<p>12. <b>Servius Tullius</b>: the -legend of Servius Tullius is as follows: -Ocrisia, his mother, was one -of the captives taken at Corniculum, -and became a slave of Tanaquil, the -wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Servius -was born and reared at the palace -of the king. As Tanaquil by her -power of divination had foreseen -the greatness of the child, she persuaded -Tarquinius to give his daughter -to Servius in marriage. At the -death of Tarquinius, by the aid of -Tanaquil, Servius became firmly -fixed in the royal power. The -great deeds of Servius were deeds -of peace, and he was regarded by -posterity as the author of all their -civil rights and institutions. Three -important events are assigned to him. -He reformed the constitution of the -state. He extended the boundary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> -of the city and surrounded it with a -wall. He established an important -alliance by which Rome and the -Latin cities became members of one -great league.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>genitus</b>: lit. ‘born’ ＝ ‘the son.’</p> - -<p>13. <b>quoque</b>: as well as Tarquinius -Priscus. <i>Quoque</i> must not -be confounded with <i>quōque</i>, the Ablative -of the pronoun <i>quisque</i>.</p> - -<p>15. <b>fossās circum mūrum</b>: portions -of the Servian wall still -exist.</p> - -<p>16. <b>cēnsum</b>: the number of Roman -citizens was ascertained every -five years, though not always with -perfect regularity, for the assessment -of taxes and the arrangement -of military service. Originally -the kings took the census. After the -establishment of the republic the -duty was performed by the consuls. -After 444 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, special officers, called -censors, had charge of it. The census -was concluded with the solemn -ceremony of reviewing the newly -constituted army, called a <i>lustrum</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>orbem terrārum</b>: lit. ‘the circle -of lands’ ＝ ‘the world.’</p> - -<p>18. <b>capita</b>: ‘souls’; cf. our expression -‘head of cattle.’</p> - -<p>19. <b>in agrīs</b>: others than inhabitants -of Rome possessed Roman citizenship.</p> - -<p>21. <b>uxōrem</b>: ‘as his wife.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 8.</h5> - -<p>22. <b>L. Tarquinius Superbus</b>: -L. Tarquinius, called Superbus, -‘the Overbearing,’ from his -haughty manner and conduct, commenced -his reign without any of the -forms of election. One of his first -acts was to abolish the rights that -Servius Tullius had conferred upon -the plebeians. All the senators -whom he mistrusted and all whose -wealth he coveted he put to death -or banished. He surrounded himself -with a bodyguard, by means -of which he was enabled to do what -he liked. After several successful -campaigns his tyranny caused the -people to depose him and drive him -from the city.</p> - -<p>23. <b>euntibus</b>; lit. ‘for those going’ -＝ ‘as you go.’</p> - -<p>24. <b>Gabiōs</b>: ‘the city Gabii’; -the name of the town, though plural, -is in apposition with <i>cīvitātem</i>.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 10.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>Capitōliō</b>: here the -Capitoline Hill.</p> - -<p>2. <b>oppūgnāns</b>: ‘while besieging -the city’; a clause with <i>cum</i> or <i>dum</i> -would have been more usual.</p> - -<p>4. <b>ēius</b>: antecedent is <i>L. Tarquinius</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>et ipse Tarquinius iūnior</b>: ‘also -a Tarquin (but) younger’ ＝ ‘who -was also called Tarquinius’; his -praenomen was Sextus.</p> - -<p>5. <b>Lucrētiam</b>: for the interesting -story of Lucretia, see <i>The Story -of the Romans</i>, p. 62.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>eandemque</b>: ‘who was also’; -H. 508, 3 (451, 3); M. 446, 1; A. & -G. 195, <i>e</i>; G. 310; B. 248.</p> - -<p>6. <b>stuprāsset</b>: ‘had offered violence -to.’ <i>Stuprāsset</i> for <i>stuprāvisset</i>, -cf. <i>rēgnāsset</i>, Ch. 4.</p> - -<p>7. <b>questa fuisset</b>: for <i>questa esset</i>. -Eutropius generally uses <i>essem</i>, -etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive. -For other exceptions see<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> -Bk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily uses -<i>fueram</i>, etc., for <i>eram</i> in the Pluperfect -Passive Indicative.</p> - -<p>8. <b>parēns et ipse</b>: ‘a relative -likewise,’ <i>i.e.</i> as well as Collatinus. -He was the son of Marcus Iunius -and Tarquinia, the second daughter -of Tarquinius Superbus. He was -called ‘Brutus,’ <i>i.e.</i> ‘the Stupid,’ -on account of the mental imbecility -he feigned to deceive Tarquinius. -<i>Parēns</i>, ‘relative,’ a late meaning.</p> - -<p>10. <b>eum</b>: refers to the king.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>quī</b>: antecedent is <i>exercitus</i>.</p> - -<p>13. <b>rēgnātum est</b>: lit. ‘it was -ruled’ ＝ ‘the dynasty lasted.’</p> - -<p>14. <b>annīs</b>: Eutropius and some -other post-classical writers use the -Ablative of Time within which for -the Accusative of Duration of Time. -The Ablative makes prominent the -limits that mark the time.</p> - -<p>15. <b>ubi plūrimum</b>: lit. ‘where -most’ ＝ ‘at the most,’ at the place -of the widest extent.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 9.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>hinc</b>: ‘from this time.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>cōnsulēs</b>: at first they were -called <i>praetōrēs</i>, ‘leaders.’ The consuls -were elected by the Comitia -Centuriata, the new assembly organized -by Servius Tullius.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>coepēre</b> ＝ <i>coepērunt</i>.</p> - -<p>18. <b>alter eum</b>: note the fondness -of the Latin for antitheses. It -tends to place contrasted words near -each other. Often the observance -of this is of assistance in determining -the meaning of a passage.</p> - -<p>20. <b>annuum</b>: ‘lasting one year.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>habērent</b>: the clause <i>nē</i> … -<i>habērent</i> is the Subject of <i>placuit</i>.</p> - -<p>21. <b>redderentur</b>: cf. <i>coërceret</i>, -above.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>cīvīlēs</b>: lit. ‘like citizens’ ＝ -‘good citizens.’</p> - -<p>23. <b>ab expulsīs rēgibus</b>: ‘after -the expulsion of the kings;’ cf. <i>post -rēgēs exactōs</i>, Ch. 11.</p> - -<p>24. <b>māximē … pellerētur</b>: -‘had done the most to drive out -Tarquinius.’</p> - -<p>25. <b>Tarquiniō</b>: cf. <i>īsdem</i>, Ch. 6. -Note the emphasis.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 11.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>manēret</b>: cf. <i>habērent</i>, -above.</p> - -<p>3. <b>L. Valerius Pūblicola</b>: Livy, -Bk. II, 2, calls him Publius Valerius. -Owing to his efforts to secure the -rights of the plebeians and for his -popular measures he was called <i>Pūblicola</i>, -‘the Partisan of the People.’ -He secured the passage of the Valerian -law giving to every citizen condemned -on a capital charge the right -of appeal to the people.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 10.</h5> - -<p>7. <b>in vicem sē</b>: ‘each -other in turn.’ As the Latin has no -reciprocal pronoun it is compelled to -resort to various circumlocutions; -cf. Caesar, Bk. I, 1, <i>inter se</i>, Bk. II, -10, <i>alius alium circumspectant</i>.</p> - -<p>8. <b>tamen</b>: although both the -leaders were slain.</p> - -<p>10. <b>per annum</b>: cf. <i>annum lūxērunt</i>, -Ch. 11.</p> - -<p>11. <b>quō morbō mortuō</b>: ‘and -when he had died.’ The Latin relative -is very often best translated by -‘and’ with a personal pronoun. For -the case of <i>morbō</i>, cf. <i>morbō</i>, Ch. 3.</p> - -<p>12. <b>iterum</b>: construe with <i>sūmpsit</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span></p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 11.</h5> - -<p>18. <b>Porsennā</b>: Lars Porsenna, -king of Clusium in Etruria. -He aided the Tarquins as they had -come from Etruria. See Macaulay’s -<i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i>, <i>Horatius</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Rōmam paene cēpit</b>: Ihne -(p. 89) thinks that by this is meant -that the Etruscans conquered the -city.</p> - -<p>22. <b>Tusculum</b>: said to have been -founded by Telegonus, the son of -Ulysses. It was always one of the -most important of the Latin towns, -and was a favorite resort of the -Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a -villa there.</p> - -<p>24. <b>cōnsenuit</b>: lit. ‘he grew old’ -＝ ‘lived to be an old man.’</p> - -<p>26. <b>dē hīs</b>: ‘over them’; the -regular expression used for a -triumph celebrated for a victory -over an enemy.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 12.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>fātāliter</b>: lit. ‘by -fate’ ＝ ‘a natural death’; cf. <i>morbō -dēcessit</i>, Ch. 3.</p> - -<p>3. <b>nummīs</b>: ‘money’; particularly -small coins.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>sūmptum habuerit sepultūrae</b>: -‘had the cost of a burial,’ <i>i.e.</i> was -buried at public expense.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>quem</b>: note its position.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 12.</h5> - -<p>5. <b>gener Tarquinī</b>: -Manilius Octavius of Tusculum.</p> - -<p>7. <b>dictātūra</b>: at times of great -danger, when it was necessary for -one man to hold the supreme power, -a dictator was appointed by one of -the consuls on the nomination of -the senate. The office was for six -months; but in case the specific -object for which the dictator was -appointed was accomplished before -that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118; -Tighe, p. 65.</p> - -<p>8. <b>magister equitum</b>: he was -aid-de-camp to the dictator and was -appointed by him. In the absence -of the latter he became the representative -of the dictator.</p> - -<p>9. <b>neque … potestātī</b>: ‘neither -can anything be said to be more -similar than the ancient dictatorship -to the imperial power which,’ etc. -<i>Imperium</i> was the regular term for -the power possessed by the magistrates. -Here it refers to the power -of the emperor.</p> - -<p class="nochap">Eutropius explains for the benefit -of his readers the ancient dictatorship, -which had long since fallen -into disuse, by comparing it to the -power possessed by the emperor.</p> - -<p>11. <b>Tranquillitās Vestra</b>: ‘Your -Serene Highness’; Valens, Emperor -of the East, 364-378 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> “Other -titles used of the emperors were -<i>Aeternitās Tua</i>, <i>Clēmentia Tua</i>, -<i>Serēnitās Tua</i>, <i>Māgnitūdō Tua</i>, -<i>Māiestās Tua</i>.”</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Vestra</b>: in Latin of the classical -period <i>tua</i> would have been used, as -only one person is referred to. In -late Latin the pronouns of the second -person plural take the place of the -singular, just as ‘you’ has taken -the place of ‘thou.’</p> - -<p>13. <b>sub dictātūrae nōmine</b>: in -45 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Caesar was made perpetual -dictator.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 13.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>populus</b> ＝ <i>plebs</i> here. -<i>Populus</i> is a collective noun, and so -takes a singular verb.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>tamquam</b>: ‘on the ground that’; -a late meaning.</p> - -<p>18. <b>tribūnōs plēbis</b>: these magistrates, -elected by the plebeians in -an assembly of their own (Comitia -Tributa), were invested with the -right of ‘intercession,’ by which -they could stop all legislation that -they judged to be harmful to the -plebeians. To make their intercession -effective they were declared to -be <i>sacrosancti</i>, <i>i.e.</i> ‘inviolable,’ and -the curse of outlawry was pronounced -against any one who harmed them. -The First Secession of the Plebeians, -as this was called, was the beginning -of a long struggle between the orders, -and terminated in the complete political -equality of the plebeians. Ihne, -Ch. XIII; Creighton, p. 12; Tighe, -p. 91.</p> - -<p>19. <b>per quōs</b> ＝ <i>ut per eōs</i>.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 13.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 14.</h5> - -<p>2. <b>quam habēbant -optimam</b> ＝ <i>optimam quam -habēbant</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 15.</h5> - -<p>5. <b>Q. Mārcius</b>: called -<i>Coriolānus</i> from the city Corioli, -which he had conquered. Ihne, -p. 155; Creighton, p. 21.</p> - -<p>8. <b>oppūgnātūrus</b>: the Participle -＝ <i>oppūgnāvisset</i>.</p> - -<p>9. <b>patriam suam</b>: ‘his native -city.’</p> - -<p>12. <b>secundus</b>: really the first -after Tarquinius, but the second in -order. In an enumeration of a -series the Latin generally includes -the starting point.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 16.</h5> - -<p>14. <b>C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō -cōnsulibus</b>: lit. ‘C. Fabius -and L. Virginius being consuls’ ＝ ‘in -the consulship of,’ etc. One of the -regular ways of dating events in -Latin is to give the names of the -consuls for that year. Another is -to reckon the time from the founding -of the city; cf. <i>ab urbe conditā</i>, -Ch. 18.</p> - -<p>15. <b>quī … erant</b>: ‘who belonged -to the Fabian household’; -cf. <i>centum ex seniōribus</i>, Ch. 2.</p> - -<p>16. <b>prōmittentēs … implendum</b>: -sc. <i>esse</i>; ‘promising the senate -and the people that the whole -contest would be completed by themselves.’ -<i>Prōmittō</i> regularly takes -the Future Infinitive.</p> - -<p>18. <b>quī singulī</b>: ‘each one of -whom.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>dēbērent</b>: cf. <i>esset</i>, Ch. 15.</p> - -<p>19. <b>ūnus omnīnō superfuit</b>: see -Ihne, p. 163.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 14.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 17.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>sequentī -tamen annō</b>: in the year after the -consuls mentioned in the last chapter.</p> - -<p>3. <b>Quīntius</b>: generally written -<i>Quīnctius</i>. He held the dictatorial -power for fourteen days only, and -having completed his work returned -to his farm. Later he was again -appointed dictator, and again proved -himself to be the deliverer of his -country.</p> - -<p>4. <b>in opere et arāns</b>: the post-classical -writers seem to strive almost -as much to avoid uniformity -in expression as the classical writers -strive for it.</p> - -<p>5. <b>togam praetextam</b>: by metonomy -the badge of office is put for -the office itself. The toga praetexta<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> -had a red border woven in it. It -was the badge of office of the higher -magistrates and priests. It was -worn by boys also until they reached -the age of manhood and by girls -until they married.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 18.</h5> - -<p>7. <b>alterō</b> ＝ <i>secundō</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>ab urbe conditā</b>: ‘from the -founding of the city.’</p> - -<p>9. <b>decemvirī</b>: the laws, which -the decemvirs codified, known as -the Twelve Tables, remained the -foundation of Roman law for a -thousand years. They were engraved -on twelve bronze tables and -were set up in the Forum that all -might read them. Every school-boy -was required to commit them -to memory. For an account of the -decemvirs and their legislation, see -Ihne, p. 167; Creighton, p. 16; -Tighe, p. 95.</p> - -<p>10. <b>ex hīs</b>: cf. <i>ex seniōribus</i>, -Ch. 2.</p> - -<p>11. <b>Virgīnī … fīliam</b>: see Macaulay’s -<i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i>, -<i>Virginia</i>; Ihne, p. 173; Creighton, -p. 16.</p> - -<p>13. <b>quam</b> ＝ <i>sed eam</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 19.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>Fīdēnātēs</b>: the town -of Fidenae is said to have been colonized -by Romulus. It frequently -revolted and was as frequently retaken -by the Romans. After its -destruction in 437 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> it was rebuilt.</p> - -<p>20. <b>coniūnxērunt sē</b>: ‘united.’</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 15.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>victī … perdidērunt</b>: -‘they were conquered and -also lost their king.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 20.</h5> - -<p>4. <b>Vēientānī</b>: they were -engaged in almost unceasing hostilities -with the Romans for more -than three centuries and a half.</p> - -<p>5. <b>ipsōs</b> ＝ <i>eos</i>. Eutropius often -uses <i>ipse</i> for <i>is</i>.</p> - -<p>6. <b>aciē</b>: note the difference of -meaning between <i>exercitus</i>, <i>āgmen</i>, -<i>aciēs</i>, and <i>cōpiae</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>diū obsidēns</b>: the siege is said -to have lasted ten years.</p> - -<p>8. <b>et Faliscōs</b>: in classical prose -<i>etiam</i> would have been used.</p> - -<p>9. <b>quasi</b>: ‘on the ground that’; -a late meaning.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>dīvīsisset</b>: cf. <i>premerētur</i>, Ch. -13.</p> - -<p>11. <b>Gallī Senonēs</b>: see Ihne, -Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25; <i>The -Story of the Romans</i>, p. 104.</p> - -<p>12. <b>apud flūmen Alliam</b>: the -fight occurred on July 16, which -was henceforth considered as an unlucky -day.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>secūtī … occupāvērunt</b>: cf. -<i>victī … perdidērunt</i>, Ch. 19.</p> - -<p>15. <b>obsidērent</b>: cf. <i>sustinēret</i>, -Ch. 18.</p> - -<p>21. <b>et ipse</b>: ‘he too,’ as well as -Romulus.</p> - -<h3><a name="Book_II" id="Book_II"></a><span class="smcap">Book II</span></h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 16.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 1.</h5> - -<p>3. <b>tribūnī mīlitārēs -cōnsulārī potestāte</b>: six -military tribunes with consular powers -and consular duration of office -were elected by the Comitia Centuriata. -The office was open alike to -patricians and plebeians. This was -a compromise measure on the part -of the patricians when they were -forced to yield to the demands of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> -the plebeians to be admitted to the -consulship. All the rights of the -consulship were given to them by -this means without the honorary -privileges the holding of the office -of consul conferred. Each year the -people determined whether consuls -or military tribunes with consular -power should be elected. From the -time of the creation of the tribunes -with consular power until the opening -of the consulship to the plebeians -in 367 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, the tribunes were -elected fifty times and the consuls -twenty-three. The plebeians were -kept out of the office until 400 -<span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Mommsen, p. 63; Tighe, p. -100.</p> - -<p>4. <b>hinc</b>: cf. <i>hinc</i>, Bk. I, 9.</p> - -<p>7. <b>trēs … ēgit</b>: <i>i.e.</i> a triumph -for each of the cities.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 2.</h5> - -<p>11. <b>sub ipsīs</b>: ‘under the -direction of these’; <i>i.e.</i> the citizens -of Praeneste.</p> - -<p>12. <b>Rōmānīs</b>: note the name of -the people for that of the city.</p> - -<p>14. <b>dēcrētus</b>: sc. <i>est</i> from the -<i>sunt</i> preceding.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 3.</h5> - -<p>16. <b>placuit</b>: lit. ‘it was -pleasing’ ＝ ‘they determined.’</p> - -<p>17. <b>ita fluxit</b>: lit. ‘it flowed so’ -＝ ‘there was such disturbance.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 4.</h5> - -<p>21. <b>L. Genuciō … cōnsulibus</b>: -cf. <i>C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus</i>, -Bk. I, 16.</p> - -<p>22. <b>honor … dēlātus est</b>: lit. -‘honor second after Romulus was -conferred upon him’ ＝ ‘honor second -to that of Romulus,’ etc.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 17.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 5.</h5> - -<p>2. <b>mīliāriō</b>: -cf. <i>mīliāriō</i>, Bk. I, 4.</p> - -<p>3. <b>Aniēnem</b>: the Anio, a tributary -of the Tiber. <i>Aniēnem</i> is Accusative -from the old Nominative -<i>Anien</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>nōbilissimus</b>: lit. ‘of highest -birth.’ √GNO, cf. <i>nōscō</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>dē senātōribus</b>: cf. <i>ex seniōribus</i>, -Bk. I, 2.</p> - -<p>4. <b>L. Mānlius</b>: his name is generally -given as <i>Titus</i>. <i>The Story of -the Romans</i>, p. 106.</p> - -<p>5. <b>sublātō … impositō</b>: ‘having -taken off his (the Gaul’s) golden -necklace and having placed it on his -own neck’; cf. <i>conditā cīvitāte</i>, Bk. -I, 2.</p> - -<p>6. <b>in perpetuum</b>: ‘forever.’</p> - -<p>7. <b>fugātī sunt</b>: note the difference -in form and meaning between -<i>fugāre</i> and <i>fugere</i>.</p> - -<p>8. <b>nōn multō post</b>: lit. ‘not -after by much’ ＝ ‘not long after.’</p> - -<p>9. <b>mīlia captīvōrum</b>: it was -customary to adorn the procession -of the victorious general, when he -was celebrating a triumph, with the -captives he had taken in the campaign. -When the procession passed -up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple -of Jupiter, the captives were led -aside to the Mamertine prison at the -foot of the hill and were strangled.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 6.</h5> - -<p>11. <b>Latīnī</b>: Creighton, -p. 27.</p> - -<p>12. <b>mīlitēs praestāre</b>: it was -the custom of Rome to compel the -states she had subdued to furnish -soldiers for the Roman army. These -were used as auxiliary forces.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>ex Rōmānīs</b>: cf. <i>ex seniōribus</i>, -Bk. I, 2.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p> - -<p>13. <b>quī modus</b> ＝ <i>modus quī</i>; ‘a -force which.’</p> - -<p>14. <b>parvīs … rēbus</b>: ‘although -up to this time the Roman state was -small.’</p> - -<p>16. <b>quae</b> ＝ <i>eae lēgiōnēs</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>duce L. Fūriō</b>: lit. ‘L. Furius -being the leader’ ＝ ‘under the -leadership of L. Furius.’</p> - -<p>17. <b>quī esset optimus</b>: ‘whoever -was the best.’</p> - -<p>18. <b>sē … obtulit</b>: ‘offered himself.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Valerius</b>: see <i>The Story of the -Romans</i>, p. 111.</p> - -<p>20. <b>commissā … pūgnā</b>: <i>cf. -conditā cīvitāte</i>, Bk. I, 2.</p> - -<p>21. <b>ālīs et unguibus</b>: cf. <i>fulmine</i>, -Bk. I, 4.</p> - -<p>25. <b>annōrum</b>: by a law passed -in 181 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, the legal age of the -consulship was fixed at forty-three. -There were exceptions made, as in -the case of Cn. Pompeius, who was -elected consul when he was thirty-six -years old.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 18.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 7.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>Latīnī</b>: -Creighton, p. 28.</p> - -<p>2. <b>ex eōrum</b>: sc. <i>populō</i>.</p> - -<p>4. <b>pūgnā</b>: see <i>The Story of the -Romans</i>, p. 113.</p> - -<p>5. <b>dē hīs perdomitīs</b>: ‘a triumph -was celebrated on account of -their defeat.’</p> - -<p>6. <b>rōstrīs</b>: the Rostra or speaker’s -platform in the Forum. From it the -speaker could command the entire -Forum and the Comitium. In 42 -<span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> it was removed and set up again -at the west end of the Forum. Another -rostra was constructed about -the same time at the opposite end, -in front of the new Temple of Divus -Iulius.</p> - -<p>7. <b>Alexandrō Macedone</b>: Alexander -the Great.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 8.</h5> - -<p>9. <b>Samnītas</b>: a Greek -form of the Accusative. The Samnites -were offshoots of the Sabines, -occupying the hilly country between -the Nar, the Tiber, and the Anio. -Their bravery made them the most -formidable rival of Rome in Italy. -In 290 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> they were subjected to -Rome.</p> - -<p>12. <b>Q. Fabiō Māximō</b>: called -<i>Rulliānus</i>. This Fabius was five -times consul and dictator twice. He -triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi, -Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the -great-grandfather of Q. Fabius Maximus, -the hero of the Second Punic -war.</p> - -<p>14. <b>sē absente</b>: ‘while he (Papīrius) -was absent.’</p> - -<p>16. <b>capitis damnātus</b>: lit. ‘having -been condemned of the head’ ＝ -‘having been condemned on a -capital charge’; cf. our expression -‘capital punishment.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>sē vetante</b>: cf. <i>parvīs … rēbus</i>, -Ch. 6. <i>Sē</i>; the antecedent is <i>Papīrius</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 9.</h5> - -<p>19. <b>T. Veturiō … cōnsulibus</b>: -cf. <i>C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus</i>, -Bk. I, 16.</p> - -<p>20. <b>vīcērunt</b>: at the battle of -the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass -east of Campania. The commander -of the Samnites was Gavius Pontius. -See <i>The Story of the Romans</i>, p. 113.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>sub iugum</b>: the yoke was formed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> -by sticking two spears in the ground -and fastening a third on top. To -pass under the yoke was a sign -of subjection, and is equivalent to -our expression ‘laying down arms.’ -Livy, Bk. IX, VI, describes the -process.</p> - -<p>21. <b>pāx … solūta est</b>: a Roman -general could not make peace -with the enemy without the ratification -of the senate and the people.</p> - -<p>22. <b>ipsīs</b>: see note on <i>ipsōs</i>, Bk. -I, 20.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>facta fuerat</b>: see note on <i>facta -fuisset</i>, Bk. I, 8.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 19.</h4> - -<p>3. <b>aquam Claudiam -indūxit</b>: <i>i.e.</i> he built the aqueduct -named after him. It was more commonly -called ‘Aqua Appia.’ Between -seven and eight miles in -length, chiefly under ground, it was -the beginning of the magnificent -system of water works that distinguished -ancient Rome. Four of -these old aqueducts still furnish the -water supply of modern Rome. -Lanciani, <i>Ancient Rome</i>, p. 58.</p> - -<p>4. <b>viam Appiam</b>: “the Appian -road was made in 312 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> to join -Rome to Capua, and was afterwards -carried as far as Brundisium. This -‘queen of roads,’ as it was called, -was a stone causeway, constructed -according to the nature of the country, -with an embankment either -beneath or beside it, and was of -such a width that two broad wagons -could easily pass each other.”</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Q. Fabium Māximum</b>: called -<i>Gurges</i>, the son of Q. Fabius Maximus, -mentioned in Ch. 8.</p> - -<p>6. <b>datus fuisset</b>: cf. <i>questa fuisset</i>, -Bk. I, 8.</p> - -<p>7. <b>ipsōrum</b>: cf. <i>ipsīs</i>, above.</p> - -<p>10. <b>per annōs</b>: cf. <i>per annum</i>, -Bk. I, 10.</p> - -<p>11. <b>āctum</b>: ‘waged’; agrees with -<i>bellum</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 10.</h5> - -<p>13. <b>sē … iūnxērunt</b>: -cf. <i>coniūnxērunt sē</i>, Bk. I, 19.</p> - -<p>15. <b>dēlētae sunt</b>: <i>The Story of -the Romans</i>, p. 114.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 11.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>Tarentīnīs</b>: the people -of Tarentum, a rich and luxurious -city in southern Italy. It played -an important part in the war with -Pyrrhus. The whole of southern -Italy was known as Magna Graecia, -on account of the number of cities -founded there by the Greeks.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>in ultimā Ītaliā</b>: ‘in the most -remote part of Italy’; H. 497, 3 -(440, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span> 1); M. 423; A. & G. 193; -G. 291, <span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 2; B. 241.</p> - -<p>19. <b>Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt</b>: -‘asked aid of Pyrrhus.’ -Pyrrhus was regarded as one of the -greatest generals that had ever lived. -With his daring courage, his military -skill, and his kingly bearing, -he might have become the most -powerful monarch of his day. But -he never rested satisfied with any -acquisition, and was ever grasping -at some fresh object. For an account -of the war see <i>The Story of the Romans</i>, -pp. 115-121; Creighton, p. 31.</p> - -<p>20. <b>orīginem trahēbat</b>: ‘was -claiming descent’; it was the custom -of royal families to claim descent -from heroes or gods.</p> - -<p>21. <b>prīmum</b>: ‘for the first time.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> - -<p>24. <b>cēpisset</b>: cf. <i>latrōcinārētur</i>, -Bk. I, 1.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>dūcī</b>: cf. the construction with -<i>praecēpit</i>, Ch. 8.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 20.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>auxiliō</b>: cf. <i>fulmine</i>, -Bk. I, 4.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>vīcit</b>: although the loss of the -Romans was nearly equaled by that -of Pyrrhus, the value of winning the -first battle was at once shown by the -fact that the Lucanians, Bruttians, -Samnites, and all the Greek cities -joined Pyrrhus.</p> - -<p>6. <b>quōs … vīdisset</b>: ‘and when -he saw them lying’; <i>quos ＝ et eos</i>; -cf. <i>quō morbō mortuō</i>, Bk. I, 10.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>adversō vulnere</b>: ‘with their -wounds in front’; <i>i.e.</i> they died -facing the enemy.</p> - -<p>8. <b>hāc vōce</b>: lit. ‘this voice’ -＝ ‘these words.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 12.</h5> - -<p>10. <b>sibi</b>: cf. <i>Tuscīs Samnītibusque</i>, -Ch. 10.</p> - -<p>13. <b>terrōre exercitūs</b>: ‘on account -of his fear of the army’; note -the difference in meaning between -the Subjective and Objective Genitive; -H. 440, 2 (396, III); M. 216, 1; -A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.</p> - -<p>14. <b>sē recēpit</b>: lit. ‘he took himself -back’ ＝ ‘he withdrew.’ This -march was merely a feint on the -part of Pyrrhus.</p> - -<p>15. <b>honōrificē</b>: the Romans always -regarded Pyrrhus as an honorable -enemy. Their feelings towards -Hannibal were entirely different.</p> - -<p>17. <b>Fābricium</b>: <i>C. Fābricius Luscīnus</i>. -He was consul for the first -time 283 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, when he triumphed -over the Boii and Etrurians. He -was noted for his extreme frugality -and simplicity, as well as for his integrity. -He is cited by Cicero and -Horace as a type of the Roman citizens -of the best days of the Commonwealth.</p> - -<p>18. <b>cognōvisset</b>: cf. <i>latrōcinārētur</i>, -Bk. I, 1.</p> - -<p>19. <b>voluerit</b>: cf. <i>habuerit</i>, Bk. I, -11.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 13.</h5> - -<p>25. <b>pāx displicuit</b>: it is -said that at first the senate wavered; -but by the energy of the blind and -aged Appius Claudius, who caused -himself to be carried into the senate -house, their courage was revived.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>remandātum est</b>: ‘word was -sent back.’</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 21.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>nisi … posse</b>: this -answer passed into a maxim of state.</p> - -<p>4. <b>ante … quam</b>: note the fondness -of the Latin for separating the -parts of this and other compounds -of the same nature.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>veterem</b>: ‘former.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>bīnōrum</b>: ‘two apiece.’</p> - -<p>6. <b>quālem</b>: predicate to <i>Rōmam</i>; -‘what sort (of a city) he had found -Rome (to be).’</p> - -<p>7. <b>comperisset</b>, cf. <i>agerentur</i>, -Ch. 11.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 14.</h5> - -<p>18. <b>occīsūrum</b>: cf. note -on <i>prōmittentēs … implendum</i>, -Bk. I, Ch. 16.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>sī … aliquid</b>: ‘if something.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>pollicērētur</b>: Imperf. Subjunctive -representing the Future Indicative -in Direct Discourse; H. 574, -646 (507, I, 527, I); M. 363, 1, 402; -A. & G. 307, 1, 337, <i>a</i>, 3; G. 595, -<span class="smcapuc">R.</span> 1; B. 319, B.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p> - -<p>19. <b>dominum</b>: indicating that -the physician was a slave, as was -usual at that time.</p> - -<p>23. <b>Lūcānīs et Samnītibus</b>: -they, with the Bruttii, had joined -Pyrrhus against Rome. This was -the second triumph of Fabricius; -cf. note on Fabricius, Ch. 12. He -was consul the third time two years -after.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 22.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>prīmus</b>: ‘he was -the first to.’</p> - -<p>3. <b>apud Argōs</b>: it is said that he -perished ingloriously in a street -fight, 272 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 15.</h5> - -<p>6. <b>urbis conditae</b>: cf. -<i>ab urbe conditā</i>, Bk. I, Ch. 18.</p> - -<p>8. <b>petierant</b> for <i>petīverant</i>: the -shorter forms are more usual in this -verb.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 16.</h5> - -<p>11. <b>dē hīs</b>: cf. <i>dē hīs</i>, -Bk. I, Ch. 11.</p> - -<p>12. <b>cīvitātēs</b> ＝ <i>urbēs</i>: see note -on <i>conditā cīvitāte</i>, Bk. I, Ch. 2.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Beneventum</b>: its name is said to -have been originally <i>Maleventum</i>, -and to have been changed because -of the evil omen it contained. The -name Beneventum was given it in -271 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Here Fabricius defeated -Pyrrhus 275 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> It remained a -possession of the Romans during -the whole of the Second Punic War -and was thanked by the senate for -its faithfulness during that critical -period.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 17.</h5> - -<p>16. <b>Brundisīnī</b>: the people -of Brundisium, the modern -Brindisi. It was a seaport of Calabria, -the chief naval station of the -Romans on the Adriatic Sea, and -their regular port of departure for -Greece.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 18.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>annō</b>: sc. <i>ab urbe -conditā</i>.</p> - -<p>18. <b>extrā Ītaliam</b>: ‘the Roman -power was now dominant throughout -the peninsula to the river Aesis; -the valley of the Po, however, was -still reckoned a part of Gaul.’</p> - -<p>24. <b>contrā Āfrōs</b>: <i>i.e.</i> Carthaginians. -Carthage was one of the -first cities of the ancient world. It -was situated on the north coast of -Africa, and was said to have been -founded by Phoenicians from Tyre -under the leadership of Dido. -Carthage had been the ally of -Rome in the war against Pyrrhus. -But the growing commercial activity -of Carthage caused jealousy to arise -which resulted in the three wars -for the supremacy of the West,—known -as the Punic wars. The first -was from 264 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> to 241 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> The -second 218-202 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> and the third -149-146 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> It resulted in the capture -and destruction of Carthage by -the Romans under P. Cornelius -Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch. -III.</p> - -<p>26. <b>rēge Siciliae Hierōne</b>: -Hiero was the king of Syracuse and -its dependencies. Nearly all the -rest of Sicily was in the power of -the Carthaginians.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 23.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 19.</h5> - -<p>2. <b>rēs māgnae</b>: -‘great operations.’</p> - -<p>3. <b>in fidem acceptae</b>: sc. <i>sunt</i>; -‘were taken under their protection’; -<i>i.e.</i> they were made tributary.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 20.</h5> - -<p>11. <b>Liburnās</b>: sc. <i>nāvēs</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> -these were light vessels built after a -model taken from the Liburnians, -a sea-faring people that lived on -the east coast of the Adriatic Sea.</p> - -<p>12. <b>Duilius</b>: the victory of Duilius -was due to a device by which he -turned a naval battle into a land -contest. His ships were furnished -with grappling irons, by means of -which he seized the ships of the -enemy and then boarded them, -when the Roman soldiers easily -proved themselves superior to the -Carthaginian mercenaries. It was -the first naval victory the Romans -had ever gained, and in honor of it -a column was erected to the memory -of Duilius.</p> - -<p>17. <b>possent</b>: cf. <i>pūgnāsset</i>, Ch. 8.</p> - -<p>19. <b>inde</b> ＝ <i>ex his locis</i>: ‘from -these places.’</p> - -<p>20. <b>triumphum ēgit</b>: ‘he celebrated -a triumph.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 21.</h5> - -<p>23. <b>pūgnātum</b>: sc. <i>est</i>; -‘they fought.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>victus est</b>: ‘he (Hamilcar) was -conquered.’</p> - -<p>24. <b>retrō sē recēpit</b>: cf. <i>sē recēpit</i>, -Ch. 12.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 24.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>in dēditiōnem accēpērunt</b>: -‘they received in surrender.’</p> - -<p>2. <b>ūsque ad</b>: lit. ‘even up to’ -＝ ‘as far as.’</p> - -<p>6. <b>decem et octō</b>: cf. <i>decem et -octō</i>, Bk. I, Ch. 1.</p> - -<p>8. <b>in fidem accēpit</b>: cf. <i>in fidem -acceptae</i>, Ch. 19.</p> - -<p>11. <b>ā Lacedaemoniīs</b>: cf. <i>Pyrrhum -… auxilium poposcērunt</i>, -Ch. 11. The Spartans were called -Lacedaemonii from Lacedaemon, -another name for Sparta.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 22.</h5> - -<p>22. <b>ingentī praedā</b>: -after a victory a portion of the -booty generally was divided among -the soldiers.</p> - -<p>23. <b>subācta … fuisset</b>: cf. -<i>questa fuisset</i>, Bk. I, 8.</p> - -<p>30. <b>neque … īnfrāctus fuit</b>: -lit. ‘neither in any one was courage -broken by these’ ＝ ‘and no one’s -courage was broken by these (misfortunes).’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>hīs</b>: sc. <i>cāsibus</i>.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 25.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 23.</h5> - -<p>4. <b>continuae</b>: -‘repeated’; one following another -without any break.</p> - -<p>6. <b>recēderētur</b>: lit. ‘it should -be withdrawn’ ＝ ‘they should withdraw.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 24.</h5> - -<p>8. <b>Metellō</b>: a coin was -struck to commemorate this battle, -having the head of Metellus on the -one side and an elephant on the -other. Metellus was consul a second -time in 249 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, and was elected -Pontifex Maximus in 243 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> In -241 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he rescued the Palladium -when the Temple of Vesta was on -fire.</p> - -<p>10. <b>venientem</b>: ‘on his arrival’; -in Sicily from Africa.</p> - -<p>12. <b>in auxilium</b>: lit. ‘for aid’ ＝ -‘as auxiliaries.’</p> - -<p>13. <b>ingentī pompā</b>: cf. <i>ultimā -perniciē</i>, Ch. 21.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 25.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>obtinēret</b>: ‘obtain’; -a late meaning.</p> - -<p>18. <b>nihil … ēgit</b>: ‘did not act -at all’; <i>i.e.</i> he made no use of the -privileges enjoyed by Roman citizens,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> -but acted as a foreigner on the -ground that he had lost his citizenship -when he had been captured by -the enemy. It was so provided by -Roman law, but there was also the -provision that when a prisoner returned -he recovered his former -status. The story of the return of -Regulus is more than doubtful.</p> - -<p>20. <b>uxōrem</b>: according to the -view he took she had ceased to be -his wife.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 26.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>obtinuit</b>: ‘he gained -his point.’</p> - -<p>2. <b>nūllus admīsit</b>: ‘no one admitted -(to the senate)’; <i>i.e.</i> the -Romans refused to admit the ambassadors.</p> - -<p>3. <b>negāvit</b> ＝ <i>dīxit nōn</i>.</p> - -<p>4. <b>mānsūrum</b>: sc. <i>esse</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 26.</h5> - -<p>8. <b>contrā auspicia</b>: -nothing was undertaken by the Romans -without consulting the will of -the gods. In this case the sacred -chickens refused to eat, this being -an unfavorable omen, yet Claudius -persisted in fighting.</p> - -<p>11. <b>alius</b>: in classical Latin <i>alter</i> -would have been used; cf. <i>aliī … -aliī</i>, Bk. I, 4. L. Junius is meant.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 27.</h5> - -<p>15. <b>trecentīs nāvibus</b>: -this fleet was not raised by the state, -but by private subscription. The -number is generally given as 200.</p> - -<p>18. <b>nāvem aeger ascendit</b>: ‘embarked -with difficulty.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>vulnerātus … fuerat</b>: cf. -<i>questa fuisset</i>, Bk. I, 8.</p> - -<p>22. <b>īnfīnītum</b>: ‘a very great -(amount).’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>aurī</b>: cf. <i>argentī</i>, Ch. 19.</p> - -<p>24. <b>VI Īdūs Mārtiās</b>: the full -expression would be <i>ante diem sextum -Īdūs Mārtiās</i>; cf. <i>XI Kal. -Māiās</i>, Bk. I, 1.</p> - -<p>25. <b>tribūta … pāx</b>: peace -was granted finally on these terms: -Carthage was to evacuate Sicily, to -give up the Roman prisoners without -ransom, and to pay a war indemnity -of 3,200 talents,—$4,000,000,—one -third down and the remainder -in ten annual payments.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 27.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>licēret</b>: ‘it might -be permitted’; the subject is <i>redimī -captīvōs</i>.</p> - -<p>4. <b>redīrent</b>: <i>iubeō</i> generally takes -the Accusative and Infinitive, but in -poetry and in late prose it sometimes -takes <i>ut</i> with the Subjunctive.</p> - -<p>5. <b>ex fiscō</b>: ‘from the treasury’; -a late meaning.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 28.</h5> - -<p>6. <b>Q. Lutātius</b>: <i>Cercō</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>A. Mānlius</b>: <i>Torquātus</i>.</p> - -<p>8. <b>quam vēnerant</b>: ‘after they -had come.’</p> - -<h3><a name="Book_III" id="Book_III"></a><span class="smcap">Book III</span></h3> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 1.</h5> - -<p>12. <b>Ptolemaeum</b>: this -was the famous Ptolemy Philadelphus. -He was engaged in war with -Antiochus II, king of Syria, for a -long time, but finally concluded -peace with him and gave him his -daughter in marriage. He was -noted for his patronage of literature -and science.</p> - -<p>14. <b>Antiochus</b>: this was the -name of several kings of Syria. The -one referred to here was Antiochus -II, called Theos.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>grātiās … ēgit</b>: ‘gave thanks.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p> - -<p>16. <b>Hierō</b>: more properly the -king of Syracuse (see Bk. II, 18, -19). During his reign the celebrated -mathematician Archimedes -lived. He became the firm ally of -the Romans, and when the Second -Punic War broke out he remained -true to his alliance. After the battle -of Lake Trasimenus he sent a fleet -with provisions and other gifts to -the Romans and also furnished them -with a body of light troops.</p> - -<p>18. <b>exhibuit</b>: lit. ‘held out’ ＝ -‘presented.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 2.</h5> - -<p>19. <b>quibus</b>: sc. <i>annīs</i>; -cf. <i>tempore</i>, Ch. 1.</p> - -<p>20. <b>Ligurēs</b>: they inhabited the -upper part of the Po valley. They -were of small stature, but strong, -active, and brave. In early times -they served as mercenaries in the -armies of Carthage. They were not -subdued finally by the Romans until -after a long and fierce struggle. -Genua was their chief city.</p> - -<p>21. <b>dē hīs</b>: cf. <i>dē hīs</i>, Bk. I, 11.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 28.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>Sardiniēnsēs</b>: when -a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome -took advantage of the exhausted -condition of Carthage, and demanded -the surrender of the island -and an additional indemnity of -1200 talents ($1,500,000). Corsica -was obtained in a similar manner. -This was the beginning of the Roman -provincial system. Each province -was governed by a praetor and -paid taxes to the Roman people. -<i>Rome and Carthage</i>, p. 102; Creighton, -p. 39.</p> - -<p>3. <b>impellentēs</b>: nominative -agreeing with <i>Karthāginiēnsēs</i> and -governing <i>Sardiniēnsēs</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 3.</h5> - -<p>7. <b>nūllum bellum habuērunt</b>: -at Rome there was the so-called -Temple of Janus, the gates of -which were open in time of war and -closed in time of peace. The gates -were closed only three times from -the building of the temple by Numa -to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 235 -<span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, and by Augustus in 29 and 25 -<span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p>8. <b>semel tantum</b>: ‘only once.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Numā Pompiliō rēgnante</b>: cf. -<i>conditā cīvitāte</i>, Bk. I, 2.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 4.</h5> - -<p>10. <b>Īllyriōs</b>: the Illyrians -lived on the eastern side of the -Adriatic Sea. They were a nation -of pirates, and made the whole Adriatic -and Ionian seas unsafe for commerce. -Even the towns on the -coast were not safe from their -ravages. The Romans sent a force -against them and compelled them to -give up their conquests and to make -peace.</p> - -<p>11. <b>ex Īllyriīs</b>: <i>dē Īllyriīs</i> would -be more common.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 5.</h5> - -<p>13. <b>Gallōrum</b>: the Romans, -recalling the terrible battle -of Allia, Bk. I, 20, were panic-stricken -at first. A large army was -raised and stationed at Ariminum, -where the first attack was expected. -But the Gauls passed around the -Roman army, and, falling in with a -small reserve force, utterly defeated -it. Instead of hastening to Rome, -they resolved to put their plunder in -a place of safety. The Roman army -following them met them finally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> -near Telamon, where the decisive -battle was fought, and the Gauls -were annihilated.</p> - -<p>14. <b>cōnsēnsit</b>: ‘united.’</p> - -<p>15. <b>Fabiō</b>: <i>Q. Fabius Pictor</i>, the -earliest of the annalists. He wrote -in Greek an account of the early -history of Rome. He is frequently -quoted by Livy.</p> - -<p>17. <b>tantum</b>: ‘alone.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 6.</h5> - -<p>20. <b>M. Claudiō Mārcellō</b>: -he was five times consul. -This was his first consulship. He -was one of the chief generals of the -Romans in the Second Punic War. -He captured Syracuse after a siege -of two years (Chs. 12, 14). He fell -in battle 208 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, and was buried -by the enemy with military honors -(Ch. 16).</p> - -<p>24. <b>Mediōlānum</b>: the modern -Milan.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>expūgnāvit</b>: note the difference -between <i>expūgnō</i> and <i>oppūgnō</i>.</p> - -<p>26. <b>spolia</b>: called <i>opīma</i>, were the -arms taken from a hostile general -by a Roman general commanding -under his own auspices. They were -hung in the Temple of Jupiter -Feretrius on the Capitol. This -temple is said to have been built -by Romulus, who inaugurated the -custom. They were won on only -two subsequent occasions, when -A. Cornelius Cossus killed Lars -Tolumnius, king of the Veii (Bk. I, -19), and the time mentioned in this -chapter.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 29.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 7.</h5> - -<p>4. <b>bellum Pūnicum -secundum</b>: immediately after -the end of the First Punic War the -Carthaginians began to prepare for a -renewal of the struggle against Rome. -Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, -crossed over into Spain and conquered -a large part of it. Probably -it was his intention to make this -province the basis of operations -against Italy. But death prevented -the realization of his plans. Hasdrubal, -his son-in-law, took command -of the empire Hamilcar had -founded in Spain, and organized and -enlarged it. He founded the city of -New Carthage, which from its situation -seemed destined to become a -second Carthage in commercial importance. -In 221 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he was assassinated. -At his death the command -was turned over to Hannibal, the -idol of the army and the sworn -enemy of the Romans. Active -preparations were made. Forces -were assembled, supplies were prepared, -and when all was ready Hannibal -gave the signal for war by besieging -Saguntum.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>per Hannibalem</b>: cf. <i>per fīliōs</i>, -Bk. I, 6.</p> - -<p>5. <b>Saguntum</b>: a town on the -southern coast of Spain, said to have -been founded by the Greeks as a -trading post. It was in alliance -with the Romans, although by the -terms of the last treaty with the -Carthaginians independence was -secured to the Saguntines by both -parties. The capture of this town -was the first hostile act of the war. -<i>Rome and Carthage</i>, p. 112; Creighton, -p. 40.</p> - -<p>7. <b>annum … aetātis</b>: lit. ‘passing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> -the twentieth year of his life’ ＝ -‘being twenty years of age’; cf. -<i>decem et octō annōs nātus</i>, Bk. I, 1.</p> - -<p>10. <b>mīsērunt</b>: sc. <i>lēgātōs</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>ut mandārētur</b>: lit. ‘that it might -be commanded’ ＝ ‘that instructions -might be given.’</p> - -<p>11. <b>dūra respōnsa</b>: the story is -told that when Q. Fabius, the chief -of the embassy, held up his toga, -saying, ‘I carry here peace and -war: choose ye which ye will have.’ -‘Give us which ever you please,’ -replied the Carthaginians. ‘War, -then,’ said Fabius; and the decision -was greeted by the short-sighted -acclamations of the masses.</p> - -<p>13. <b>adficiuntur</b>: historical Present.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 8.</h5> - -<p>15. <b>in Hispāniam</b>: cf. -<i>Rōmam</i>, Ch. 2.</p> - -<p>16. <b>Ti. Semprōnius</b>: sc. <i>Longus</i>.</p> - -<p>17. <b>Alpēs</b>: there is a disagreement -as to the pass by which Hannibal -entered Italy. Probably he -crossed by the Little St. Bernard -pass, and came into Italy near the -present town of Aosta. Creighton, -p. 41; <i>Rome and Carthage</i>, p. 118.</p> - -<p>19. <b>LXXX mīlia peditum</b>: the -number of the forces of Hannibal -given here is taken from L. Cincius -Alimentus, a Roman annalist. He -was captured by Hannibal, and so -had excellent opportunities for gaining -information.</p> - -<p>21. <b>Semprōnius Gracchus</b>: a -mistake of Eutropius. It was Ti. -Sempronius Longus. In the next -chapter it should be <i>Semprōnius Longus</i> -instead of <i>Semprōnius Gracchus</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 9.</h5> - -<p>23. <b>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō</b>: -at the beginning of the war he set -out for Spain, Ch. 8, but finding -that Hannibal had already left and -was on his way to Italy, he went to -Gaul to encounter the Carthaginian -before he should cross the Alps. -Hannibal was too quick for him. -Scipio returned to Italy and awaited -the arrival of the Carthaginians in -Cisalpine Gaul. Near the river Ticinus, -one of the northern tributaries -of the Po, the first engagement of -the war took place. The Romans -were defeated; Scipio received a -severe wound, and was only saved -from death by the courage of his -son Publius, the future conqueror of -Hannibal. P. Scipio and his brother -Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14. -<i>Rome and Carthage</i>, p. 127; Creighton, -p. 43.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 30.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>apud Trebiam amnem</b>: -the Trebia is a small stream -flowing into the Po from the south. -For an account of the battle see -<i>Rome and Carthage</i>, p. 130; Creighton, -p. 43.</p> - -<p>2. <b>multī … dēdidērunt</b>: it was -Hannibal’s policy to encourage the -communities subject to Rome to -revolt and to attach themselves to -his standard. Everywhere he proclaimed -himself to be the ‘Liberator -of Italy.’</p> - -<p>3. <b>Flāminiō … occurrit</b>: this -battle took place in the following -year, 217 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Hannibal wintered -in the plains of Lombardy, and at -the approach of spring attempted to -cross the Apennines. He was driven -back by a violent storm, and was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> -forced to return to his winter quarters. -Later in the year he passed -the mountains and marched into -Etruria, where he was met by the -Romans under Flaminius, who had -been elected consul for that year, in -the battle of Lake Trasimenus, in -which the Romans were utterly defeated, -and almost the whole force -was annihilated. <i>Rome and Carthage</i>, -p. 138; Creighton, p. 43.</p> - -<p>6. <b>Q. Fabius Māximus</b>: was -the great-grandson of the Q. Fabius -Maximus mentioned in Bk. II, 8, -and grandson of the Q. Fabius mentioned -in Bk. II, 9. He was one of -the greatest generals of Rome. He -was chosen dictator in 217 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, -after the battle of Lake Trasimenus. -The policy he adopted is well known. -By following Hannibal from place to -place, by watching for any error or -neglect on his part and immediately -taking advantage of it, and by avoiding -a general engagement, he earned -for himself the name of Cunctator, -‘delayer,’ but he saved the state. -In 215 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he was elected consul -again, and again employed the same -tactics. In 210 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, when he was -consul for the fifth time, he recaptured -Tarentum by stratagem (Ch. -16). He opposed the sending of -Scipio to Africa, saying that Italy -ought to be rid of Hannibal first.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>eum … frēgit</b> ＝ <i>ab impetū eum -prohibuit</i>; ‘prevented him from attacking -in force.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>differendō pūgnam</b>: ‘by postponing -battle’: <i>i.e.</i> by avoiding a -decisive engagement.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 10.</h5> - -<p>8. <b>quadrāgēsimō</b>: Eutropius -is mistaken in the date; it -was 216 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p>9. <b>L. Aemilius Paulus</b>: father of -the L. Aemilius Paulus mentioned in -Bk. IV, 6, 7. He had distinguished -himself in his former consulship -in the war against the Illyrians. -Against his advice the battle of -Cannae was fought, and, refusing to -fly from the field when the battle -was lost, he was slain. He was an -aristocrat, and was raised to the -consulship by that party to counterbalance -the influence of the plebeian -P. Terentius Varro.</p> - -<p>13. <b>impatientiā Varrōnis</b>: the -aristocracy laid all the blame of the -defeat on Varro.</p> - -<p>14. <b>Cannae</b>: a town of Apulia to -the south of the Aufidus, about halfway -between Canusium and the sea. -This was one of the most important -battles of the war. Although the -Romans greatly outnumbered the -Carthaginians, by the skillful maneuvers -of Hannibal, they were -surrounded on all sides and were -cut down without mercy. “For -eight hours the work of destruction -went on, and at the end 50,000 -men lay dead upon the ground. -Aemilius Paulus, the Illyrian hero, -who, though wounded by a sling -early in the day, had clung to his -horse, heartening on his men, till he -dropped exhausted from his saddle, -the proconsul Servilius, the late -high-spirited master of the horse, -Minucius, both quaestors, twenty-one -military tribunes, sixty senators,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> -and an unknown number of knights -were among the slain. Nearly 20,000 -Roman prisoners were taken. Of -the rest, Varro, with a few horsemen -only, escaped to Venusia. Amid all -this slaughter the conqueror had lost -only 5500 of his infantry and but -200 of that matchless cavalry to -whom the victory was mainly due.” -<i>Rome and Carthage</i>, p. 160; Creighton, -p. 44.</p> - -<p>16. <b>pars dē exercitū</b> ＝ <i>pars exercitūs</i>; -a very rare usage.</p> - -<p>18. <b>acceptī sunt</b>: ‘were handled’; -an ironical use of the word.</p> - -<p>20. <b>nōbilēs virī</b>: men whose ancestors -had held high office.</p> - -<p>22. <b>mentiōnem habēre</b>: usually -<i>mentiōnem facere</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>quod numquam ante</b>: sc. <i>factum -erat</i>.</p> - -<p>23. <b>manūmissī</b>: sc. <i>sunt</i>; they -were liberated because none but -freemen could serve in the Roman -legions.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 11.</h5> - -<p>24. <b>multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs</b>: -“chiefly Samnites and other -south Italian states. The Greek -cities held to Rome, and ‘not one -Roman citizen, nor one Latin community, -had joined Hannibal.’”</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 31.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>variīs suppliciīs</b>: -probably the Romans exaggerated -the cruelty and treachery of Hannibal.</p> - -<p>3. <b>ānulōrum</b>: these rings were -the distinctive badges of the knights -and senators.</p> - -<p>7. <b>duōbus Scīpiōnibus</b>: P. Cornelius -and Gnaeus, the father and -uncle of P. Scipio Africanus. For -the campaign in Spain see <i>Rome -and Carthage</i>, p. 183.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 12.</h5> - -<p>12. <b>annō quartō postquam</b>: -H. 486 (429); M. 243, 1; -A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 223; cf. -<i>aliquot annīs post</i>, Ch. 6.</p> - -<p>13. <b>Mārcellus</b>: see note on <i>M. -Claudiō Mārcellō</i>, Ch. 6.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>cīvitātem</b> ＝ <i>urbem</i>; cf. <i>conditā -cīvitāte</i>, Bk. I, 2.</p> - -<p>16. <b>rēx Macedoniae Philippus</b>: -although Philip promised aid, he -never gave it. Owing to his frequent -struggles with the states of -Greece, and the invasion of Macedonia -by the Romans, he was compelled -to devote his undivided attention to -preserving his realm.</p> - -<p>21. <b>prōcōnsulem</b>: ‘ex-consul’; -at the expiration of his term of -office the consul was given a province -to govern, under the title of -proconsul.</p> - -<p>22. <b>ea</b>: the antecedent is <i>Sardinia</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 13.</h5> - -<p>25. <b>Hispāniīs</b>: the two -divisions of Spain, Hither and -Further.</p> - -<p>28. <b>missus fuerat</b>: cf. <i>questa -fuisset</i>, Bk. I, 8.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 32.</h4> - -<p>3. <b>et Hasdrubalem</b>: -‘including Hasdrubal.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 14.</h5> - -<p>8. <b>ad … urbis</b>: cf. -<i>ad quintum mīliārum urbis</i>, Bk. I, -15. This was merely a feint on the -part of Hannibal to draw the Romans -away from Capua, which they -were besieging, to the defense of -Rome. <i>Rome and Carthage</i>, p. -187.</p> - -<p>12. <b>per multōs annōs</b>: cf. <i>per -annum</i>, Bk. I, 10.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p> - -<p>16. <b>nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna</b>: -“So fell Syracuse, the virgin -city, which had seen two Athenian -armaments perish beneath its walls -which had for centuries saved Sicily -from becoming altogether, what its -greater part then was, a Carthaginian -appanage. … It fell to rise -no more, at least to its former opulence. -Its temples were left standing, -because they would not pay for -moving; … but the choicest works -of art were swept off to adorn the -imperial city.” <i>Rome and Carthage</i>, -p. 181.</p> - -<p>22. <b>in dēditiōnem accēpit</b>: cf. -<i>in dēditiōnem accēpērunt</i>, Bk. II, 21.</p> - -<p>24. <b>cōnsulem</b>: he was praetor, -not consul. He was surprised by -Hannibal and slain before Herdonia.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 33.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 15.</h5> - -<p>2. <b>P. Cornēlius -Scīpiō</b>: he is one of the most -interesting characters in Roman -history. Brilliant and versatile, he -seemed to be the favorite of fortune. -When the senate had resolved to -make one more attempt to conquer -Spain and were looking for a leader, -he offered himself and was sent with -11,000 men. On his arrival he found -the forces of the Carthaginians scattered -in different parts of the province, -and New Carthage defended -by a weak garrison. By a brilliant -stratagem he captured this with its -riches and munitions of war, 207 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -Next he attacked Hasdrubal at Baecula -in Andalusia. Although the -Romans claimed the victory, Hasdrubal -escaped from his hands and -started for Italy to bear aid to his -brother Hannibal. Spain was left -to the undisputed possession of the -Romans.</p> - -<p>3. <b>annōs nātus … vīgintī</b>: cf. -<i>decem … nātus</i>, Bk. I, 1. He was -too young to be elected to the consulship.</p> - -<p>5. <b>ferē prīmus</b>: ‘almost the -first.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Karthāginem Hispāniae</b>: called -‘New Carthage.’ See note on <i>bellum -Pūnicum secundum</i>, Ch. 7. A -town still exists on the same spot -bearing the name Cartagena.</p> - -<p>11. <b>ūnō animō</b>: ‘with one accord.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 16.</h5> - -<p>14. <b>Q. Fabius Māximus</b>: -see note on <i>Q. Fabiō Māximō</i>, -Ch. 9.</p> - -<p>17. <b>pecūniam hominum vēnditōrum</b>: -‘the money derived from -the sale of the prisoners.’</p> - -<p>18. <b>ad fiscum</b>: cf. <i>ex fiscō</i>, Bk. -II, 27.</p> - -<p>21. <b>ēgregiās rēs</b>: ‘extraordinary -exploits.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>per sē</b>: cf. <i>per fīliōs</i>, Bk. I, 6.</p> - -<p>22. <b>L. Scīpiōnem</b>: became famous -for his victories in the East, -Bk. IV, 4.</p> - -<p>23. <b>Claudius Mārcellus</b>: see -note on <i>M. Claudiō Mārcellō</i>, Ch. 6.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 17.</h5> - -<p>26. <b>rēs inclitās</b>: cf. -<i>ēgregiās rēs</i>, Ch. 16.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 34.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>in amīcitiam accēpit</b>: -cf. <i>in dēditiōnem accēpērunt</i>, -Bk. II, 21. It meant practical subjection -in either case.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>ā victō</b>: sc. <i>hoste</i>.</p> - -<p>2. <b>obsidēs nōn poposcit</b>: by -pursuing the opposite course to that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> -of the Carthaginians he hoped to win -over the Spaniards.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 18.</h5> - -<p>3. <b>dēspērāns</b>: ‘giving -up the hope.’</p> - -<p>6. <b>ā cōnsulibus</b>: construe with -<i>īnsidiās compositās</i>.</p> - -<p>7. <b>apud Sēnam</b>: one of the critical -battles of the world’s history. -It is generally known as the battle -of the Metaurus, from the name of -the river near which it was fought. -The messenger sent by Hasdrubal to -inform his brother Hannibal of his -coming fell into the hands of the -Romans. Nero, leaving a part of -his forces to watch Hannibal, with -a picked band hastened north, joined -the force under Salinator, defeated -Hasdrubal, who perished in the battle, -and returned to his army in -Apulia before Hannibal discovered -his absence. It is said that he ordered -the severed head of Hasdrubal -to be flung into the camp of Hannibal. -He “recognized the features -of the brother whom he had so long -and eagerly expected, and in them -sadly saw the doom of Carthage.” -<i>Rome and Carthage</i>, p. 196; Creighton, -p. 45.</p> - -<p>12. <b>ingēns animus accessit</b>: -lit. ‘great courage came to in addition’ -＝ ‘great courage was inspired -in.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>et ipsī</b> ＝ <i>etiam</i>: cf. <i>et ipse</i>, Bk. -I, 8.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 20.</h5> - -<p>19. <b>in Āfricam missus</b>: -the senate, led by Fabius, opposed -the sending of Scipio, but the people -forced that body to accede to their -demands. Owing to the opposition -Scipio was not as well equipped for -the expedition as he should have -been.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>dīvīnum quiddam</b>: ‘something -divine.’ The ancients believed that -great men were inspired by the -gods. Scipio pretended to hold -communication with Jupiter Capitolinus. -Probably he merely took -advantage of a popular superstition.</p> - -<p>24. <b>Syphācem</b>: Syphax had -driven Masinissa, a Libyan king, -from his throne. Masinissa joined -Scipio on his arrival in Africa and -gave him valuable aid. When the -war was ended Masinissa was restored -to his throne as his reward.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 35.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 21.</h5> - -<p>5. <b>lēgātī … -petīvērunt</b>: their purpose was to -enable Hannibal to reach Africa -and prepare for war against Scipio.</p> - -<p>7. <b>quoūsque</b> ＝ <i>dōnec</i>: a late -usage.</p> - -<p>8. <b>mīlia</b>: sc. <i>lībrārum</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>pondō</b>: ‘by weight.’</p> - -<p>11. <b>nē … redderent</b>: Indirect -Discourse depending on an idea of -commanding implied in <i>hīs … -dedit</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 22.</h5> - -<p>19. <b>quibus prius</b>: sc. -<i>data esset</i>; cf. <i>hīs condiciōnibus -dedit</i>, Ch. 21.</p> - -<p>20. <b>quīngentīs mīlibus</b>: Dative, -object of <i>additīs</i>.</p> - -<p>24. <b>Karthāginī bellum</b>: the details -of these operations are imperfectly -known. <i>Rome and Carthage</i>, -p. 222.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 36.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 23.</h5> - -<p>2. <b>ūllā memoriā</b>: -‘within the memory of -any one.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p> - -<p>3. <b>Scīpiō victor</b>: this was at -the famous battle of Zama, one of -the decisive battles of the world. -Although Hannibal managed his -forces with his usual skill, and his -veterans fought like the men who -had so often conquered in Italy, the -Carthaginians were utterly defeated. -This ended the Second Punic War. -<i>Rome and Carthage</i>, p. 224; Creighton, -p. 46.</p> - -<p>6. <b>mīlia</b>: sc. <i>lībrārum</i>.</p> - -<p>7. <b>supellectilis</b>: Nominative, -the usual form is <i>supellex</i>.</p> - -<p>9. <b>Āfricānus</b>: later <i>Māior</i> was -added to his name to distinguish -him from the Scipio Africanus who -destroyed Carthage, 146 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p>11. <b>quam coeperat</b>: cf. <i>quam -vēnerant</i>, Bk. II, 28.</p> - -<h3><a name="Book_IV" id="Book_IV"></a><span class="smcap">Book IV</span></h3> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 1.</h5> - -<p>12. <b>Macedonicum</b>: sc. -<i>bellum</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 2.</h5> - -<p>13. <b>Philippum</b>: Philip -V, king of Macedonia, began to -reign 220 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, was defeated by -Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 197 -<span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, and died 179 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> <i>The Story -of the Romans</i>, p. 137; Creighton, -p. 47.</p> - -<p>15. <b>rem prōsperē gessit</b>: in 196 -<span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, at the meeting of the Isthmian -games, Flamininus caused a herald -to proclaim, “that the senate and -the people of Rome, and their commander, -Titus Quinctius, having -subdued Philip and the Macedonians, -now restored the Corinthians, -Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans, -Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to -their freedom and independence, -and to the enjoyment of their own -laws.”</p> - -<p>19. <b>quaterna mīlia</b>: sc. <i>lībrārum</i>; -note the force of the distributive.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>pondō</b>: cf. <i>pondō</i>, Bk. III, 21.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 37.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>Nabidem</b>: Nabis, -the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had -seized the city of Argos.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>quibus voluit condiciōnibus</b> ＝ -<i>quibus voluit eīs condiciōnibus</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>in fidem accēpit</b>: cf. <i>in fidem -acceptae</i>, Bk. II, 19. This is a mild -way of saying that he made the -king a subject of Rome.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 3.</h5> - -<p>6. <b>Syriacum</b>: sc. <i>bellum</i>. -Creighton, p. 48.</p> - -<p>7. <b>Antiochum</b>: the most illustrious -of the family of the Seleucidae, -kings of Syria, was Antiochus, surnamed -the Great. After having conquered -Caelo-Syria and Palestine, -he was urged by Hannibal, who had -taken refuge at his court, to make -war on the Romans. He invaded -Greece, but was defeated by L. -Scipio at Thermopylae in 191 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, -and again at Mt. Sipylus in Magnesia -in 190 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, when he was compelled -to sue for peace.</p> - -<p>12. <b>fuisset</b>: cf. <i>quia … fēcissent</i>, -Bk. II, 11.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 4.</h5> - -<p>14. <b>L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne</b>: -cf. Bk. III, 16.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Scīpiō Āfricānus</b>: although -Scipio Africanus was the <i>legatus</i> of -his brother, yet he practically acted -as commander, as his brother was -a man of no ability.</p> - -<p>17. <b>nāvālī proeliō</b>: this battle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> -fought at the mouth of the Eurymedon, -off Aspendus in Pamphylia, -“was the first naval battle and -the last battle fought by Hannibal -against the Romans.”</p> - -<p>18. <b>apud Māgnēsiam</b>: “with -the day of Magnesia Asia was erased -from the list of great states; and -never perhaps did a great power fall -so rapidly, so thoroughly, and so -ignominiously as the kingdom of the -Seleucidae under this Antiochus the -Great.” Mommsen.</p> - -<p>20. <b>Eumenēs</b>: Antiochus had -offered one of his daughters in marriage -to Eumenes, the king of Pergamus, -on condition that he assist -him against the Romans.</p> - -<p>22. <b>ex parte rēgis</b>: ‘on the side -of the king.’</p> - -<p>24. <b>data est</b>: sc. <i>pāx</i>.</p> - -<p>25. <b>recēderet</b>: cf. <i>īnferret</i>, Ch. 2.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 38.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>concitātōrem bell</b>ī: -‘who had aroused the war’; often -it is best to translate nouns of -Agency by a clause.</p> - -<p>6. <b>et ipse</b>: cf. <i>et ipse</i>, Bk. I, 8.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Asiāgenis</b>: the more usual title -is <i>Asiāticus</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 5.</h5> - -<p>12. <b>per T. Quīntium Flāminīnum</b>: -cf. <i>per fīliōs</i>, Bk. I, 6.</p> - -<p>13. <b>trādendus esset</b>: the bitterness -with which the Romans hunted -down Hannibal was unworthy of -such a man and such a nation.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>venēnum bibit</b>: “Thus ignominiously -ended the career of the -man who stood once at the head of -the commanders of the world, and -whose memory is still honored for -the magnificence of his ambition in -daring to attack and expecting to -conquer the most powerful nation -of his time.”</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 6.</h5> - -<p>19. <b>rebellāvit</b>: on account -of the division of the conquered territory -after the fall of Antiochus, -Philip became indignant at the Romans, -and planned a revolt on a -large scale. His death in 179 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -prevented him from putting his plans -into execution. His son Perseus attempted -to carry them out. Owing -to his lack of genius, he did not -act promptly and with energy when -the opportunity offered, and let it -slip by.</p> - -<p>20. <b>Thraciae</b>: Thrace was the -name given originally to the whole -region north of the Aegean Sea. -Afterwards it was confined to the -valley of the Hebrus. It became a -Roman province in 46 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Īllyricī</b>: Illyricum was on the -east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its -rocky coasts were infested with -pirates until it was conquered by the -Romans in the second century <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -It was made a province afterwards -and known as Dalmatia.</p> - -<p>21. <b>Rōmānīs … auxiliō</b>: cf. -<i>auxiliō … Rōmānīs</i>, Ch. 4.</p> - -<p>24. <b>utrīsque … praebuit</b>: lit. -‘furnished himself equal to both’ ＝ -‘remained neutral.’</p> - -<p>25. <b>P. Licinius</b>: sc. <i>Crassus</i>. He -was utterly incompetent and thoroughly -unscrupulous.</p> - -<p>26. <b>gravī proeliō victus</b>: near -Larisa. If Perseus had possessed -the energy to follow up this victory, -the result might have been different.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 39.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>mox missus contrā -eum</b>: Eutropius does not mention -the two campaigns under Aulus Hostilius -and Quintius Marcius Philippus, -in both of which the Romans -were unsuccessful.</p> - -<p>2. <b>L. Aemilius Paulus</b>: he was -the son of the consul who fell at -Cannae, Bk. III, 10. He was one -of the best specimens of the sturdy -Roman character. He was noted -for his discipline in the army, and -maintained throughout life a pure -and unspotted character.</p> - -<p>6. <b>ante … quam</b>: cf. note on -<i>ante … quam</i>, Bk. II, 13.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 7.</h5> - -<p>8. <b>III Nōnās Septembrēs</b>: -the full expression would be -<i>ante diem tertium Nōnās Septembrēs</i>; -cf. <i>XI Kal. Māiās</i>, Bk. I, 1.</p> - -<p>9. <b>vīcit</b>: at the battle of Pydna -in Macedonia, 168 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> “It was in -fact the last battle in which a civilized -state confronted Rome in the -field on a footing of equality with -her as a great power. … The -whole civilized world henceforth -recognized in the Roman senate the -supreme tribunal whose commissioners -decided in the last resort -between kings and nations.” -Mommsen, <i>History of Rome</i>, Vol. -II, p. 330.</p> - -<p>14. <b>honōrem … habuit</b>: ‘held -him in honor’ ＝ ‘honored him.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>victō</b>: in apposition with <i>eī</i>.</p> - -<p>15. <b>sibi</b>: <i>sibi</i> and <i>sē</i> refer to -Paulus.</p> - -<p>23. <b>convīviī apparātū</b>: ‘in his -entertainments.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 8.</h5> - -<p>25. <b>praedam … distribuit</b>: -this act of cruelty was -commanded by the senate.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 40.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>triumphāvit autem -māgnificentissimē</b>: never -before had Rome seen so grand a -triumph. It lasted for three days.</p> - -<p>3. <b>cum duōbus fīliīs</b>: Q. Fabius -Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus -Minor, both of whom had -been adopted into other families.</p> - -<p>9. <b>Bīthȳniae</b>: supply <i>rēx</i> from -<i>rēgēs</i> above.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 10.</h5> - -<p>15. <b>tertium … Karthāginem</b>: -<i>The Story of the Romans</i>, -p. 139; Creighton, p. 50; <i>Rome and -Carthage</i>, Ch. XIX. The Romans -encouraged their ally Masinissa to -encroach on the territories of Carthage -and to harass her in every -way. They were seeking a pretext -for war, having fully decided to -utterly destroy their hated rival. -The story is told that every speech -that Cato the Censor made was concluded -with the words ‘<i>Dēlenda est -Carthāgō</i>,’ ‘Carthage must be destroyed.’</p> - -<p>16. <b>L. Mānliō Cēnsōrīnō et -M. Mānīliō</b>: they were utterly incompetent. -On several occasions -they were saved from destruction -only by the skill of Scipio.</p> - -<p>19. <b>Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt</b>: -the Carthaginians tried in -every way to avert the war. Embassy -after embassy was sent to -Rome, offering everything that could -be asked. When the Romans demanded -the surrender of the arms -of the city, they were given. But -when it was demanded that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> -should leave their city and should -settle somewhere else at a distance -of ten miles from the sea, they refused -and prepared for the struggle -that was inevitable.</p> - -<p>21. <b>Scīpiō</b>: “Publius Cornelius -Scipio was the youngest son of -Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of -Macedonia. When quite a youth -he had fought at his father’s side -at Pydna, and he was afterwards -adopted into a still more illustrious -family, that of the Scipios. Like -his grandfather, the great Africanus, -he had early shown a taste for other -arts than that of war; and his fondness -for literature was cemented by -the friendship which he formed, -while still a youth, with the historian -Polybius. He was inferior in -all respects to his grandfather by -adoption, the elder Africanus.” He -is chosen by Cicero in the <i>De Amicitia</i> -as one whose friendship was -worthy of immortality.</p> - -<p>24. <b>cōnsultissimus</b>: ‘most fertile -in council.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>per eum</b>: cf. <i>per Ancī fīliōs</i>, -Bk. I, 6.</p> - -<p>27. <b>committere</b>: sc. <i>proelium</i>; -the omission is late and rare.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 41.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 11.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>per idem -tempus</b>: equivalent to the Ablative -of Time within which.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Masinissa</b>: see note on <i>Syphācem</i>, -Bk. III, 20.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 12.</h5> - -<p>5. <b>iuvenis</b>: see note on -<i>annōrum</i>, Bk. II, 6. Scipio was -about thirty-seven years old, and -had held the office of military tribune -only.</p> - -<p>6. <b>cōnsul est factus</b>: as in the -case of his grandfather by adoption, -there was the tacit understanding -that his office was to be continued -until he had brought the war to an -end. The Romans by this time had -learned the advantage of retaining -in office in times of danger a man -who showed himself adapted to the -place.</p> - -<p>9. <b>quae sua recognōscēbant</b>: -‘which they recognized as their -own.’</p> - -<p>10. <b>Karthāgō … dēlēta est</b>: -“Thus happened what, happily, has -rarely happened in history before -or since. An ancient seat of civilization -with the race which inhabited -it, with its arts and its sciences, its -laws, its literature, and its religion, -was swept away at a single stroke, -leaving hardly a wrack behind; and -with it vanished the last rival whom -Rome had to fear, the one state -which ever met her on equal terms, -and therefore alone stood between -her and universal empire.” <i>Rome -and Carthage</i>, p. 260.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>quam</b> ＝ <i>postquam</i>.</p> - -<p>11. <b>avus ēius</b>: his grandfather -by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio -Africanus Maior, the conqueror of -Hannibal.</p> - -<p>12. <b>Āfricānus iūnior</b>: <i>etiam -ipse</i> can, of course, refer only to -Africanus, <i>iunior</i> being adversative; -‘Africanus (but) younger’; cf. -note on <i>Tarquinius iūnior</i>, Bk. I, 8.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 13.</h5> - -<p>14. <b>Pseudophilippus</b>: -“A pretender, calling himself Phillip, -the son of Perseus, met with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> -support from Thrace and Byzantium, -and was accepted as king by -the Macedonian nation. He even -extended his rule over Thessaly by -his victory over the Roman praetor -Juventius.” Mommsen, p. 219.</p> - -<p>15. <b>praetorem</b>: the praetor was -one of the chief magistrates at -Rome, next to the consuls. The -number varied at different times. -After Sulla’s time there were eight. -The duties of the praetor were to -administer justice, and in the absence -of the consuls to act in their -place. Praetors were also sent to -govern provinces subject to Rome.</p> - -<p>16. <b>ad interneciōnem</b>: ‘to the -point of destruction.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 14.</h5> - -<p>22. <b>cēpit</b>: after the -battle of Leucopatra, in which the -Achaeans were utterly defeated.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>dīruit</b>: “With Corinth fell the -liberties of Greece; a Roman province -took the place of the state that -for six centuries had been the home -of art and eloquence, the intellectual -sovereign of antiquity; but -though overcome and despoiled, she -became the guide and teacher of her -conqueror.” The light of Greece -was extinguished.</p> - -<p>27. <b>pīctae tabulae</b>: ‘pictures.’</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 42.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 15.</h5> - -<p>3. <b>habēret</b>: -H. 598 (515, III); M. 378, 6; A. & -G. 313, <i>d</i>; G. 587; B. 309, 3.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>quaestōre</b>: the quaestor was an -officer in charge of the treasury. -Two remained in the city while the -others accompanied the provincial -governors and managed the finances -of the provinces.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 16.</h5> - -<p>5. <b>Metellus</b>: Q. Caecilius -Metellus, called Macedonicus, -was the son of Caecilius mentioned -in Bk. III, 19. He was consul in -143 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, and received the province -of Hither Spain, where he carried -on war with success for two years -against the Celtiberi. His brother, -L. Caecilius, was consul in 142 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -Chs. 21, 23.</p> - -<p>8. <b>Viriāthus</b>: it is said that -Caepio procured his assassination.</p> - -<p>9. <b>quō metū</b> ＝ <i>cūius metū</i>: for -the case of <i>metū</i>, cf. <i>metū</i>, Ch. 3.</p> - -<p>12. <b>adsertor</b>: ‘restorer of liberty.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 17.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>pācem ignōbilem -fēcit</b>: but fearing the reckoning -that awaited him at home for concluding -peace, he denied before the -senate the agreement he had made -with the people of Numantia. The -total incompetency of Pompeius -and of his successor, Mancinus, and -the demoralization of the army, -caused the war to drag on with disgrace -and disaster for three years. -Creighton, p. 49.</p> - -<p>20. <b>Mancīnum hostibus trādī</b>: -they refused to receive him, as the -senate knew they would.</p> - -<p>24. <b>cōnsul factus</b>: sc. <i>est</i>; this -was in 134 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> He was then at -the legal age for the consulship.</p> - -<p>25. <b>mīlitem</b>: ‘the soldiers’; a -collective noun.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 43.</h4> - -<p>4. <b>reliquam … accēpit</b>: -“A senatorial commission -was shortly afterwards sent to -Spain, and the provinces were reorganized. -Spain gradually became<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> -exceedingly prosperous, and, -despite the guerilla warfare ever -waged by the half-subdued native -tribes, it was the most flourishing -and best organized country in the -Roman dominions.” Mommsen, -p. 215.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 18.</h5> - -<p>6. <b>Attalus</b>: the kingdom -of Attalus consisted of Lydia, -Phrygia, Mysia, and Caria, four -states on the coast of Asia Minor.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 19.</h5> - -<p>9. <b>Callaecīs</b>: generally -written <i>Gallaecī</i>. They were a -people inhabiting the northwestern -part of Spain, bordering on the -Atlantic. They were the most uncivilized -people of Spain.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Lūsitānīs</b>: they lived a little -south of the Gallaeci.</p> - -<p>10. <b>P. Scīpiō … Numantīnīs</b>: -from the capture of the city of Numantia -he received the name <i>Numantīnus</i>.</p> - -<p>12. <b>dē Āfricā</b>: <i>i.e. dē Karthāgine</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 20.</h5> - -<p>13. <b>Aristonīcō</b>: he was -a natural son of Eumenes II of -Pergamus. Upon the death of his -brother Attalus, who left his kingdom -to the Romans, Ch. 18, he -claimed the throne. At first he -met with considerable success.</p> - -<p>15. <b>P. Licinius Crassus</b>: he -was consul for the year 131 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -He was a good orator and jurist.</p> - -<p>25. <b>carcere</b>: the Mamertine -prison at the foot of the Capitoline -Hill. This was the only prison in -Rome in early times. In it most -of the famous captives of the -Romans were strangled. It consisted -of an upper and lower chamber. -The term Tullianum sometimes -applied to the prison as a whole is -more properly restricted to the lower -dungeon. Sallust in the ‘Catiline’ -gives an impressive picture of the -lower vault in which Jugurtha perished. -“There is,” he says, “in -the prison a chamber named the -Tullianum, about twelve feet below -the surface of the earth. It is surrounded -by walls, and covered by a -vaulted roof of stone; but its appearance -is repulsive and fearful, -because of the neglect, the darkness, -and the stench.”</p> - -<p>27. <b>diem obierat</b>: lit. ‘he had -met his day’ ＝ ‘he died.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 21.</h5> - -<p>29. <b>quae nunc manet</b>: -Eutropius is in error. The Carthage -of his time was founded by -Augustus. He was carrying out -the plans of Julius Caesar in this.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 44.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>dēductī sunt</b>: the -regular term for the founding of a -colony.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>eō</b> ＝ <i>ad eum locum</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 22.</h5> - -<p>5. <b>Gallīs trānsalpīnīs</b>: -the Gauls of the modern France -and Switzerland were called <i>trānsalpīnī</i>, -to distinguish them from the -Gauls of northern Italy, who were -called <i>cisalpīnī</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Arvernōrum</b>: the Arverni were a -people of Aquitania, in the modern -Auvergne. In early times they were -the most powerful people in southern -Gaul. They still possessed considerable -power in Caesar’s time, as -he refers to them several times in -the <i>Gallic War</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p> - -<p>7. <b>fluvium</b>: a late word. The -regular term for river is <i>flūmen</i>.</p> - -<p>8. <b>torquibus</b>: cf. <i>torque</i>, Bk. -II, 5.</p> - -<p>9. <b>dēductus est</b>: <i>i.e.</i> from -Gaul.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 23.</h5> - -<p>12. <b>Narbōne</b>: this was -the first colony of the Romans in -Gaul. Later it gave the name of -<i>Narbōnēnsis</i> to the province. It -was situated on the river Atax, and -was of considerable commercial importance.</p> - -<p>13. <b>L. Caeciliō Metellō</b>: see -note on <i>Metellus</i>, Ch. 16.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 24.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>Scordiscīs</b>: a people -of Pannonia. They were sometimes -classed with the Illyrians, but they -were remains of an ancient and -powerful Celtic tribe.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 25.</h5> - -<p>19. <b>C. Caeciliō Metellō</b>: -he was the son of Quintus -Caecilius Metellus, mentioned in -Ch. 16. He was consul in 113 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, -and carried on war in Macedonia -against the Thracians, whom he -subdued. He obtained a triumph, -in consequence, in the same year -and on the same day with his -brother.</p> - -<p>20. <b>alterum ex Sardiniā</b>: this -was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a -brother of Gaius Caecilius mentioned -above. He was consul in -115 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> In 114 he was sent to -Sardinia as proconsul, and while -there he suppressed a revolt in the -province. For this he was granted -a triumph, which he celebrated at -the same time with his brother.</p> - -<p>22. <b>Cimbrōs</b>: see Bk. V, 1, 2.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 26.</h5> - -<p>23. <b>P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā</b>: -<i>i.e.</i> ‘Scipio with the pointed -nose.’ This name, which was given -in derision to one member of his -family, clung to all his descendants.</p> - -<p>24. <b>Iugurthae … inlātum est</b>: -Jugurtha is an interesting character -in Roman history. He was the -illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the -king of Numidia. He served under -Scipio in Spain, and there made the -acquaintance of the dissolute patricians -who were serving in the army. -On the death of his uncle, he put -Hiempsal to death and seized the -kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in -the town of Cirta, and, having taken -the town, he put him to death with -savage torture. In the capture of -Cirta several Roman citizens were -slain. This compelled the senate to -make an investigation; but many -of its members had been bribed by -Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. -Finally war was declared against -him. The army, however, was -poorly equipped and badly organized. -Nothing but defeat resulted. -Metellus, on taking command in 109 -<span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, reformed the army, won several -victories, and seemed on the -point of bringing the war to an end -when he was succeeded by Gaius -Marius, his lieutenant. Marius -speedily brought the war to a -close. Jugurtha, however, was surrendered -to Sulla, Marius’ lieutenant, -by the Moors, with whom he -had taken refuge. After gracing -the triumphal procession of Marius,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> -he was strangled in the Mamertine -prison. He is said to have exclaimed -as he touched the water at -the bottom of the prison, ‘How -cold are thy baths, O Hercules’!</p> - -<p>25. <b>frātrēs suōs</b>: Eutropius is -incorrect. They were his cousins, -not brothers.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 45.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>quae … improbāta -est</b>: probably the senate -would have approved of it, but -such an outcry was raised by the -people that they were forced to reject -the peace and order the war to -be continued.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 27.</h5> - -<p>6. <b>Q. Caecilius Metellus</b>: -he was the son of Lucius -Caecilius, mentioned in Chs. 21, 23. -He received the name of Numidicus -for his campaign against Jugurtha. -In an age of growing corruption his -integrity remained unsullied, and -he was distinguished for his abilities -in war and peace. Creighton, -p. 61.</p> - -<p>12. <b>successum est eī</b>: lit. ‘it -was succeeded to him’ ＝ ‘he was -succeeded.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>C. Mariō</b>: see Bk. V, 1. Marius, -who had accompanied Metellus, -gained his consulship by appealing -to the credulity of the people and -by misleading them with the most -unfair misrepresentations of the -conduct of Metellus.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Bocchum</b>: king of Mauretania, -father-in-law of Jugurtha.</p> - -<p>16. <b>Cornēlium Sullam</b>: see Bk. -V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an -aristocrat was very annoying to -Marius.</p> - -<h3><a name="Book_V" id="Book_V"></a><span class="smcap">Book V</span></h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 46.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 1.</h5> - -<p>2. <b>Cimbrīs et -Teutonibus</b>: the Cimbri and Teutones -were Germanic tribes who had -migrated from their homes and had -come into Gaul. They defeated the -Romans in several engagements. -In the battle of Arausio, 105 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, -three Roman armies were cut to -pieces. Then they turned their -course towards Spain and gave the -Romans a respite of two years. In -102 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> they returned from Spain -and prepared to invade Italy. Before -their entrance they divided. -The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed -the Rhone, intending to enter Italy -by the eastern Alps. The Teutones -and the Ambrones tried to come in -by the Maritime Alps, intending to -join their countrymen in the valley -of the Po. Marius met them at -Aquae Sextiae, modern Aix, 102 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, -and the mighty host of the barbarians -was annihilated. The next -year the united armies of Marius -and Catulus met the Cimbri near -Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul and -utterly defeated them. Those who -survived the battle were either -killed or sold in the slave market at -Rome. “The human avalanche -which for thirteen years had alarmed -the nations from the Danube to the -Ebro, from the Seine to the Po, -rested beneath the sod, or toiled -under the yoke of slavery.” -Mommsen, <i>History of Rome</i>, Vol. -III, p. 203. Creighton, p. 63; <i>The -Story of the Romans</i>, p. 155.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> - -<p>7. <b>quantus … tempore</b>: -‘barely was it as great in the time -of Hannibal.’</p> - -<p>8. <b>Marius</b>: Gaius Marius was -born near Arpinum 157 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> of an -obscure family. By his valor and -his energy he worked his way up in -the army, winning distinction in the -siege of Numantia in Spain. In -119 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he was elected tribune of -the plebs. He now became a -marked man. He acquired influence -and importance by marrying -into the family of the Caesars. In -109 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he went to Africa as lieutenant -of Metellus. In 107 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he -was elected consul and brought the -war with Jugurtha to an end, Bk. -IV, 27. After his return from -Africa he was elected consul the -second time in 104 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> and took -command of the war against the -Cimbri and Teutones. Again in -103, 102, and 101 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he was elected -to the consulship, and crushed the -barbarians in the two famous battles -of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae, -102, 101 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, Chs. 1, 2. In 100 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -he was elected consul for the sixth -time. The Social war again called -him into active service. He defeated -the Marsi in two successive -engagements, Ch. 3. That he might -gratify his ambition and be sent to -the war with Mithradates, he procured -the passage of a law removing -Sulla from the command of the -army and conferring it upon himself. -Sulla refused to give up his -command, marched upon Rome, and -forced Marius to flee. After having -arranged matters at Rome to his -satisfaction Sulla left for the East, -Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius -returned to Italy, besieged Rome, -and entered the city as a conqueror. -“The most frightful scenes followed. -The guards of Marius stabbed every -one whom he did not salute, and the -streets ran with the blood of the -noblest of the Roman aristocracy.” -Ch. 7. Without the formality of an -election he became consul for the -seventh time, 86 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> But he did -not long enjoy his honor. On the -eighteenth day of his consulship he -died.</p> - -<p>15. <b>absēns</b>: this was unusual. -The law provided that a man must -be present to stand for the consulship, -and that at least ten years -must elapse before he could be re-elected.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 2.</h5> - -<p>18. <b>dīmicātum est</b>: this -battle was fought in the Campi -Raudii, near Vercellae. Before the -battle, the Cimbri demanded that -lands should be given them for -themselves and the Teutones. ‘The -Teutones,’ replied Marius, ‘have all -the land they need on the other side -of the Alps.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>ā Catulī parte</b>: ‘on the part of -Catulus.’</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 47.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 3.</h5> - -<p>7. <b>gravissimum -bellum</b>: this is known as the Social -or Italian war. It was waged by the -Italian allies of the Romans. For -nearly thirty years the hope of obtaining -Roman citizenship had been -held out to them, but no measure -had been carried to better their condition.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> -The burdens that Rome had -imposed upon them had been steadily -increased. Finally, in despair -of securing any reforms, they appealed -to arms. At first they were -successful, but in the end the Romans -conquered. However, they -were compelled to grant nearly all the -Italians had demanded. Creighton, -p. 64.</p> - -<p>12. <b>alius</b>: for <i>alter</i>.</p> - -<p>15. <b>ā Rōmānīs</b>: ‘on the side of -the Romans’; cf. <i>ā Catulī parte</i>, -Ch. 2.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 4.</h5> - -<p>24. <b>bellum cīvīle</b>: the -First Civil war, called also the -Civil war of Marius and Sulla. See -Chs. 7-9. <i>The Story of the Romans</i>, -pp. 160-164; Creighton, p. 66.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 48.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>Mithradāticum</b>: -sc. <i>bellum commōtum est</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>bellō cīvīlī</b>: in classical Latin -probably a Genitive would have -been used.</p> - -<p>2. <b>cum Sulla</b>: Lucius Cornelius -Sulla was born of a patrician family -in 138 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> After having secured -a good education, he passed his early -life in the pursuit of pleasure, squandering -the small fortune left him by -his father. He served under Marius -in Africa (Bk. IV, 8), and received -the surrender of Jugurtha. During -the war with the Cimbri and Teutones, -he served under Marius and -Catulus with distinction. When the -Social war broke out he again entered -the service and won fresh -laurels (Ch. 3). In 88 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he was -elected consul and received the -command of the war against Mithradates -(Chs. 5-7). When he had -concluded peace with Mithradates, -he returned to Italy in 83 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, and -prepared for the campaign against -the leaders of the Marian party. -His efforts were crowned with success. -In 82 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he brought the conflict -to a close with the decisive -battle of the Colline gate (Ch. 8). -Sulla was now master of Italy. He -resolved to take the most ample -vengeance upon his enemies, and -utterly to crush the popular party. -He inaugurated a proscription, in -which as many as 47,000 are said to -have perished. He was chosen dictator -by the senate, and made various -reforms in the constitution of -the state, all tending to strengthen -the power of the aristocracy and to -weaken that of the commons. In -79 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he resigned his office and retired -to his estate at Puteoli, where -he died in 78 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> “None of his -friends ever did him a kindness, and -none of his enemies a wrong, without -being fully repaid.”</p> - -<p>3. <b>gestūrus</b>: the Future Participle -is not used by prose writers of -the classical period to denote purpose.</p> - -<p>9. <b>prīmus … armātus</b>: a general -with his army could not enter -the city, except when celebrating a -triumph, without losing his command.</p> - -<p>11. <b>in futūrum annum</b>: ‘for the -next year.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Cn. Octāviō et L. Cornēliō -Cinnā</b>: in apposition with <i>cōnsulibus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span></p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 5.</h5> - -<p>13. <b>Mithradātēs</b>: Mithradates -V was king of Pontus, a -state of Asia Minor. He is one of -the most striking characters of Roman -history. Possessed of a large -and powerful frame, he was endowed -also with a mind of great -strength and alertness, indomitable -courage, and consuming ambition. -It was the desire to extend his realm -that brought him into collision with -the Romans. In 88 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he overran -Bithynia, Cappadocia, and the -greater part of the Roman province -of Asia. In 84 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> peace was concluded -with Sulla. In 83 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he -again began war. This was brought -to an end two years later (Chs. 6, 8). -For the third time he began to wage -war in 74 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> This was the last -and most important war, and, owing -to mismanagement on the part of the -Romans, was not concluded until 63 -<span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, when he was driven from his kingdom -and forced to take his own life -(Bk. VI, 14). Creighton, pp. 66, 71.</p> - -<p>16. <b>eī</b>: the antecedent is <i>Nīcomēdēs</i>.</p> - -<p>18. <b>faceret</b>: Subjunctive in Indirect -Discourse representing the -Future Indicative in Direct.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>quod … patērētur</b>: this use of -<i>quod</i> with the Subjunctive after a -verb of speaking, instead of the Infinitive -with subject Accusative, is -late. For the usual construction, -cf. Bk. III, 11.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>et ipse</b>: ‘he too.’</p> - -<p>23. <b>Ephesum</b>: Ephesus at the -mouth of the Caÿster in Lydia, was -the chief city in Asia Minor. It was -especially famous for its temple of -Diana.</p> - -<p>24. <b>ūnō diē occiderentur</b>: on -that day over 80,000 Italians were -put to death.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 49.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 6.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>Aristōne</b>: -he was a celebrated philosopher.</p> - -<p>3. <b>Archelāum</b>: Archelaus was -a distinguished general of Mithradates. -At first he met with some -success, but was twice defeated by -Sulla in the battles of Chaeronea -and Orchomenos in Boeotia.</p> - -<p>11. <b>commīsit</b>: sc. <i>proelium</i>.</p> - -<p>15. <b>iussit … agī</b>: lit. ‘ordered -it to be treated concerning peace’ -＝ ‘ordered a truce to be made.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 7.</h5> - -<p>18. <b>partim</b>: contrasted -with <i>aliōs</i>.</p> - -<p>22. <b>pāx … ōrdināta est</b>: by -the terms of the peace arranged -Mithradates abandoned all his conquests -in Asia Minor, confined himself -to the dominion he had held -before the war, paid an indemnity -of 3000 talents, and surrendered -80 ships of war fully equipped.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 50.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>prōscrīpsērunt</b>: -‘outlawed.’ This was the first proscription -in Roman history. It was -so called from the list of the names -of the persons who were outlawed. -They might be killed by any one -with impunity, even by slaves. -Their property was confiscated to -the state and was sold at public -auction. Their children and grandchildren -lost their votes in the -Comitia and were excluded from all -public offices.</p> - -<p>6. <b>Norbānum et Scīpiōnem</b>:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> -Lucius Norbanus and Gaius Scipio -were elected consuls for the year -83 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p>7. <b>contrā Norbānum</b>: the battle -was fought at Mt. Tifata in Campania. -After the battle Norbanus -shut himself up in Capua.</p> - -<p>10. <b>tōtum … accēpit</b>: by -means of Sulla’s emissaries the -whole army deserted Scipio, who -was forced to retire from the war.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 8.</h5> - -<p>12. <b>Marius</b>: Gaius Marius -the younger was elected consul with -Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, though he -had not yet attained the legal age -for the office.</p> - -<p>14. <b>dīmicāvit</b>: at Sacriportus, -between Signia and Praeneste. -Marius was driven to Praeneste, -and when the town was captured -was slain.</p> - -<p>19. <b>portam Collīnam</b>: one of the -gates of Rome on the Quirinal Hill. -The battle raged so fiercely and the -result was so long in doubt, that -Sulla is said to have invoked the -aid of Pythian Apollo. With this -battle the resistance of the Marian -party in Italy was at an end.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 51.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 9.</h5> - -<p>4. <b>nūllī Rōmānōrum</b>: -this was the first time that -any one who had not held the office -of consul was permitted to celebrate -a triumph.</p> - -<p>9. <b>XXIV</b>: sc. <i>mīlia</i> with all -these numbers, except the last.</p> - -<h3><a name="Book_VI" id="Book_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Book VI</span></h3> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 1.</h5> - -<p>14. <b>Sertōrius</b>: Quintus -Sertorius, a Sabine by birth, served -under Marius in the war against the -Teutones. Before the battle of -Aquae Sextiae he entered the camp -of the enemy in disguise. In 83 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -he went to Spain and became the -leader of the Lusitanians. For several -years he waged war successfully -against the Romans. Finally he -was assassinated by one of his officers -who was jealous of his power. -<i>The Story of the Romans</i>, p. 165; -Creighton, p. 69.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 52.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 2.</h5> - -<p>5. <b>levia proelia</b>: -‘skirmishes.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Rhodopam prōvinciam</b>: a small -division of Thrace.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 3.</h5> - -<p>10. <b>P. Servīlius</b>: Publius -Servilius Vatia was consul in 79 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -The next year he was sent to clear -the sea of pirates. He waged war -successfully against them, conquered -Cilicia and organized it as a province. -He took a leading part in the public -affairs.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>ex cōnsule</b> ＝ <i>prōcōnsule</i>; a late -expression; cf. our expression ‘ex-president.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 5.</h5> - -<p>20. <b>M. Aemilius Lepidus</b>: -Lepidus and Catullus were -consuls in the year after the death -of Sulla. They quarreled over some -trifling matter. In 77 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Lepidus -marched to Rome with an army. He -was met by Pompey near the Mulvian -Bridge and defeated. Shortly -afterwards he died in Sardinia.</p> - -<p>23. <b>Metellī</b>: Genitive, depending -on <i>triumphus</i> supplied from <i>triumphī</i> -above.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 6.</h5> - -<p>25. <b>annō urbis conditae</b>: -a variation for the usual expression -<i>ab urbe conditā</i>. The year<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> -is conceived of as belonging to the -city. Cf. <i>annō ā conditā urbe</i>, Bk. -III, 10; <i>annō … ab urbe conditā</i>, -Bk. IV, 22.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 53.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>Nīcomēdēs</b>: Nicomedes -III, surnamed Philopater, -was the son and successor of Nicomedes -II mentioned in Bk. IV, Chs. -8, 20. He had been aided by the -Romans, and was encouraged by -them to encroach on the territories -of Mithradates. Having no children, -he left his kingdom to the -Romans.</p> - -<p>2. <b>Mithradātēs</b>: see note on -Bk. V, 5.</p> - -<p>4. <b>apud Chalcēdōna</b>: the defeat -was both by land and sea.</p> - -<p>7. <b>Lūcullus</b>: Lucius Licinius -Lucullus fought in the Civil war on -the side of Sulla, was praetor in 77 -<span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, and consul in 74 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> For -eight years he carried on the war -against Mithradates with success; -but on account of the mutinous -spirit of his soldiers and the jealousy -of certain Romans, he was unable -to bring the war to a close. -On his return to Rome he gave himself -up to a life of indolence and -luxury. He died in 57 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p>10. <b>Bȳzantium</b>: the city of Byzantium -was founded by the Megarians -in 658 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, and was a -place of great importance. Constantinople -was founded on the -same site by the Emperor Constantine -the Great in 330 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> It remained -the capital of the Roman -Empire of the East until its capture -by the Turks in 1453.</p> - -<p>13. <b>centum ferē mīlia</b>: sc. <i>hominum</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 7.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>novum bellum</b>: see -<i>The Story of the Romans</i>, p. 167; -Creighton, p. 70.</p> - -<p>18. <b>Spartacō</b>: Spartacus was a -Thracian by birth, and had been -taken prisoner and sold to a trainer -of gladiators. His character has -been maligned by the Roman -writers. “Accident made Spartacus -a shepherd, a freebooter, and a -gladiator; nature formed him a -hero.”</p> - -<p>19. <b>ludō</b>: ‘the gladiatorial -school.’ The gladiators were -mostly slaves, and were the property -of the individuals who trained -them and leased them for the -games. This school belonged to -Lentulus.</p> - -<p>20. <b>paene nōn levius</b>: ‘not -much lighter.’</p> - -<p>22. <b>armātōrum</b>: many slaves -joined them.</p> - -<p>23. <b>victī sunt in Āpūliā</b>: they -were conquered on the river Silarus, -which flows between Lucania and -Campania. Spartacus was slain in -the battle.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 8.</h5> - -<p>27. <b>duo</b>: nominative masculine, -agreeing with <i>Lūcullī</i>.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 54.</h4> - -<p>7. <b>Mithradātēs fugātus -est</b>: if the Roman soldiers had -been able to restrain their eagerness -for plunder and had followed -Mithradates rapidly, he would have -been captured.</p> - -<p>10. <b>Tigrāne</b>: Tigranes, king of -Armenia, was the son-in-law of -Mithradates. Although at first he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> -refused to aid Mithradates, later the -insolence of Lucullus’ envoys caused -him to change his policy and take a -hand in the war.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 9.</h5> - -<p>13. <b>hostem fugātum</b>: -‘the enemy who had fled.’ Often it -is best to translate a participle by a -clause.</p> - -<p>14. <b>Tigrānocertam</b>: the capital -of Tigranes.</p> - -<p>16. <b>clībanāriīs</b>: this is the only -place in Eutropius where this word -is found. It is post-classical, and -is used by only two writers besides -Eutropius.</p> - -<p>19. <b>Nisibīn</b>: he was directing his -march to Artaxata, but the mutiny -of his soldiers caused him to turn -aside to Nisibis, the capital of Mesopotamia, -and take up his winter -quarters there.</p> - -<p>20. <b>hī</b>: his lieutenants, Fannius -and Triarius. They had been defeated -at Cabira and Zela.</p> - -<p>22. <b>neglegenter … agentēs</b>: -‘conducting themselves carelessly -and greedily.’</p> - -<p>24. <b>bellum renovātum est</b>: the -Romans were now exactly where -they were at the breaking out of the -war, Pontus and Cappadocia were -overrun by Mithradates, and the -results of eight years’ warfare were -lost.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 55.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 11.</h5> - -<p>12. <b>bellum -Crēticum</b>: the war was in reality -directed against the pirates who -made Crete their headquarters.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 12.</h5> - -<p>20. <b>Cn. Pompēiō</b>: by -the Gabinian law Pompey was invested -with absolute authority, both -by sea and by land, as far as fifty -miles into the interior, over the -whole eastern Mediterranean for -three years.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>quod … cōnfēcit</b>: in the -space of forty days he had swept -the whole western tract of the -Mediterranean Sea, and had driven -the enemy into the opposite quarter. -He drove the pirates from the sea, -and compelled them to take refuge -in their strongholds in the Cilician -coast. These he speedily surrounded -and captured. He burnt over 1300 -of their vessels, and destroyed all -their hostile magazines and arsenals. -In ninety days he had terminated -the contest.</p> - -<p>22. <b>eī … Tigrānēn</b>: by the -Manilian law the authority he had -already wielded against the pirates -was extended over all the East.</p> - -<p>24. <b>nocturnō proeliō</b>: Mithradates -at first attempted to procure -peace, but Pompey would hear of -nothing but unconditional surrender. -He started to retire slowly but was -pursued by Pompey, and was overtaken -in a narrow pass on the Lycus, -where the city of Nicopolis was afterward -built. Mithradates escaped -with a few horsemen and fled to -Tigranes, who refused to receive -him.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>quadrāgintā mīlia</b>: cf. <i>centum -ferē mīlia</i>, Ch. 6.</p> - -<p>27. <b>Pharnacis</b>: Pompey had been -active in fostering intrigues in the -family of Mithradates. He had -caused Pharnaces to revolt and to -ally himself with the Romans, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> -had proclaimed him king at Panticapaeum.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 56.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>venēnum hausit</b>: -Pharnaces was about to hand him -over to the Romans. The story is -that he was so inured to poisons -that he was compelled to end his -life with a sword.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 13.</h5> - -<p>7. <b>ab Artaxatā</b>: Pompey -was following him, and was planning -to capture his capital city.</p> - -<p>11. <b>Syria</b>, <b>Phoenīcē</b>: also Galatia, -Cappadocia, and a part of Cilicia -which Lucullus had taken away -from him, Pompey refused to return.</p> - -<p>12. <b>Sophānēnē</b>: Pompey made -the son of Tigranes the king of -Sophanene.</p> - -<p>14. <b>commōvisset</b>: Subjunctive, -giving the reason of the Romans.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 14.</h5> - -<p>22. <b>Syriam</b>: Syria was -disturbed by fierce internal dissensions. -To put an end to the anarchy -that existed there, Pompey resolved -to annex it. He drove from the -throne Antiochus Asiaticus, who -had been acknowledged by the senate -and by Lucullus.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 57.</h4> - -<p>2. <b>Iūdaeam</b>: the Jews -alone refused to obey his orders, and -sustained a siege of three months at -Jerusalem. Although Rome had no -business to interfere with the affairs -in this part of the East, yet the -government she gave to the provinces, -formed from the conquered -territory, was stable and just in the -main, and was welcome after the -state of anarchy that had prevailed.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 15.</h5> - -<p>7. <b>L. Sergius Catilīna</b>: -Catiline was a member of a patrician -family. By his dissolute habits and -his luxury he had squandered all his -property and had run into debt. The -only relief was to secure the consulship, -that at the expiration of his term -of office he might be sent to govern -some province, from the plunder -of which he might acquire another -fortune to be spent in riotous living. -Failing to secure the consulship, he -determined to overthrow the state. -He formed a band of dissolute nobles, -collected arms in various places, -stationed an armed force at Faesulae -in Etruria, and made all preparations -for an outbreak as soon as the -time was ripe. Meanwhile Cicero -had ascertained all Catiline’s plans -by the aid of the mistress of one of -the conspirators. Desiring to drive -Catiline to some overt act, he assailed -him in the senate on the 8th of -November. The oration he delivered -has been preserved. Catiline -hastened from the city to the armed -force at Faesulae. The conspirators -who were left in the city were soon -caught in a treasonable act, and -were arrested and strangled in -prison by order of the senate. -Afterwards Cicero was accused of -having put Roman citizens to death -without a trial, and was condemned -to exile for a time. Creighton, -p. 73.</p> - -<p>12. <b>Catilīna ipse</b>: it was not -until March of the next year (62 -<span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>) that Catiline was surrounded, -while attempting to escape into -Gaul, and slain.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 16.</h5> - -<p>16. <b>nūlla … fuit</b>: in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> -this triumph was displayed a list of -800 vessels, 1000 fortresses, and 300 -cities captured, 39 cities repeopled, -and 20,000 talents of gold brought -to the treasury. “The great conqueror -had now celebrated his third -triumph. His first had been for -victories in Africa, his second for -the overthrow of Sertorius in Europe; -he had now completed the -illustrious cycle by inscribing on -the list the name of Asia. Each -section of the globe had succumbed -to his prowess.”</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 17.</h5> - -<p>23. <b>C. Iūlius Caesar</b>: -Gaius Julius Caesar was born July -12, 100 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> He was of a patrician -family, but from the first sided with -the popular party. Many stories of -his early youth are told. He became -pontifex maximus, military -tribune, and quaestor in succession. -At this period he was noted chiefly -as a dissolute debtor and a demagogue. -In 62 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he was elected -praetor, and the next year went as -propraetor to govern the province of -Further Spain. In 60 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he returned -to Rome and formed a political -coalition with Pompey and -Crassus, known as the ‘First Triumvirate.’ -In 59 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> he was elected -consul, and, after the expiration of -his year of office, entered on the -governorship of Gaul and Illyricum -for the period of five years. This -was afterwards extended for another -period of the same length. -While governor of the province he -conquered the Helvetians and a -wandering band of the Germans -who had come over into Gaul, -crushed a revolt of the Nervii, defeated -the Veneti and the Aquitani, -and twice invaded Germany and -Britain. It was Caesar’s intention -to stand for the consulship a second -time as soon as his term of office -as governor of Gaul should expire. -Pompey, meanwhile, had become -jealous of Caesar’s power and had -gone over to the senatorial party. -A measure was passed by the senate -declaring Caesar to be an outlaw -unless he should disband his army -and come to Rome a private citizen -before a certain date. On Caesar’s -refusal to do this, he was declared a -public enemy, and preparations for -war were made. Caesar advanced -to Rome. Pompey fled to Greece, -where he was defeated the following -year at Pharsalus, and afterwards -was murdered in Egypt. At -the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46 -<span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, Caesar defeated the remaining -leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio. -This was the end of the war. He -returned to Rome and was made -imperator and perpetual dictator. -He inaugurated several important -reforms, among them a reform in -the calendar. He formed many -other plans which his death prevented -him from executing. Finally, -when it was thought that he was -aiming at the kingly power, a conspiracy -was formed, and he was -assassinated on the fifteenth day of -March, 44 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p class="nochap">“While other illustrious men -have been reputed great for their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> -excellence in some one department -of intellect, the concurrent voice of -antiquity has declared that Caesar -was great in all. ‘He had genius,’ -says Cicero, ‘understanding, memory, -taste, reflection, industry, and -exactness.’” <i>The Story of the -Romans</i>, p. 176; Creighton, p. 74; -<i>The Roman Triumvirates</i>, Ch. 5.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>imperāvit</b>: ‘was emperor’; a -late meaning.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 58.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>dēcrēta est</b>: for -the number and gender see H. 395, 1 -(439, 1); M. 174, 2, 178, 2; A. & G. -187, <i>a</i>; G. 285-6; B. 235, A, 2, B, 2, <i>b</i>, B.</p> - -<p>2. <b>Helvētiōs … Sequanī</b>: Eutropius, -following the custom of his -day, unites the Helvetians and Sequanians. -In Caesar’s time they -were quite distinct. The Helvetians -lived in what is now Switzerland; -the Sequanians were west of the -Jura mountains along the Rhone.</p> - -<p>7. <b>Britannīs</b>: twice he invaded -Britain. The first time it was a -mere reconnoissance. His conquest -was only partial.</p> - -<p>11. <b>quadringentiēs</b>: sc. <i>centēna -mīlia sestertium</i>; about $1,640,000.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Germānōs</b>: twice Caesar crossed -the Rhine, but only for the purpose -of impressing the Germans with the -power of his forces. He fought no -battles there, but he inflicted terrible -defeats on two German bands that -had come over into Gaul.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 18.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>M. Licinius Crassus</b>: -there was no cause for war -against the Parthians, but Crassus -was anxious to make himself popular -by winning military renown.</p> - -<p>18. <b>circā Carrās</b>: the overthrow -at Carrae was one of the gravest disasters -ever sustained by the Roman -arms: 20,000 were slain and 10,000 -were carried into captivity. The -Romans who were made prisoners -were treated with indulgence by the -Parthians and were allowed to settle -in the land of their conquerors. -Creighton, p. 77.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 59.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 19.</h5> - -<p>4. <b>alterum -cōnsulātum</b>: this he demanded -in accordance with the agreement -formed between Pompey, Crassus, -and himself. He was now eligible -for a second consulship, as ten years -had passed since he was consul for -the first time.</p> - -<p>5. <b>aliquā</b>: cf. <i>aliquā</i>, Bk. I, 3.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>contrādictum est</b>: lit. ‘it was -opposed’ ＝ ‘opposition was made.’</p> - -<p>8. <b>iniūriam</b>: “the ‘injury’ was -in depriving him of his military command, -and leaving him without the -security the consulship would have -afforded.” He was willing to disband -his army and return to Rome -if he could be elected to the consulship -in his absence, or if Pompey -would disband his army.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>ab Arīminō</b>: he had crossed the -small stream known as the Rubicon -which separated his province from -Italy. The story is told that as he -crossed the stream he said, ‘The die -is cast, let us go where the gods and -the injustice of our enemies call us.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat</b>: -‘kept his troops collected.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 20.</h5> - -<p>14. <b>dictātōrem</b>: with -the exception of Sulla there had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> -been no dictator since the time of -the Second Punic War.</p> - -<p>15. <b>exercitūs … superāvit</b>: -at first he met with serious reverses -at Ilerda, but he soon succeeded in -compelling the Pompeians to surrender, -and enrolled most of them in -his army.</p> - -<p>18. <b>prīmō proeliō</b>: at Dyrrhacium -in Illyria.</p> - -<p>20. <b>nec … superārī</b>: Indirect -Discourse depending on <i>dīxit</i>.</p> - -<p>22. <b>Palaeopharsālum</b>: this battle -is generally known as the battle -of Pharsalia.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 60.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 21.</h5> - -<p>4. <b>numquam -… neque … neque</b>: “a general -negative may be subdivided by -<i>neque … neque</i>, or <i>aut … aut</i>.”</p> - -<p>7. <b>pūgnātum tum est</b>: Pompey -would have refused battle, but was -urged on by his followers. The -knights and senators who fought in -the Pompeian ranks soon broke and -fled. At the first attack Pompey -fled to his camp, where he tried to -rally his routed forces, but he was -unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse -at the last moment, he escaped -through the rear gate of the camp, -nor did he draw rein until he reached -Larissa. Thence he hastened to -the coast, where he took ship for -Egypt.</p> - -<p>9. <b>ā rēge Aegyptī</b>: he was only -a nominal king. Egypt was made a -province by Augustus, Bk. VII, 7.</p> - -<p>11. <b>occīdit</b>: he caused Pompey -to be inveigled into a boat, where he -was murdered and his head severed -from his body. His corpse was flung -into the surf, where it was picked up -later and burned.</p> - -<p>12. <b>quō cōnspectō</b>: ‘and when -Caesar had seen it.’</p> - -<p>14. <b>generī quondam suī</b>: Pompey -had married Julia, the daughter -of Caesar, in 60 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> It was her -death in 54 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> that tended to -loosen the bond existing between -them.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 22.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>victus</b>: Caesar conquered -the royal forces on the banks -of the Nile.</p> - -<p>18. <b>Alexandrīā</b>: when Caesar -set fire to the royal fleet, the flames -consumed the great library of Alexandria, -containing 400,000 volumes. -In this fire some of the greatest literary -treasures of antiquity perished.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Cleopatrae</b>: the famous queen -who proved to be the ruin of Antony, -Bk. VII, 6, 7.</p> - -<p>20. <b>Pompēiō in auxilium</b>: Eutropius -seldom uses the double Dative; -cf. <i>Rōmānīs fuisset auxiliō</i>, -Bk. IV, 3.</p> - -<p>22. <b>vīcit aciē</b>: it was after this -battle that Caesar sent to the senate -the famous message <i>vēnī, vīdī, vīcī</i>, -‘I came, I saw, I conquered.’</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 61.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 23.</h5> - -<p>2. <b>eī … dictātōrī</b>: -‘while he was dictator’; -<i>dictātōrī</i> is in apposition with <i>eī</i>.</p> - -<p>6. <b>hīc etiam</b>: ‘he also’; as well -as Caesar.</p> - -<p>7. <b>M. Porcius Catō</b>: he was the -great-grandson of the M. Porcius -Cato mentioned in Bk. IV, 23. -He is known in history as Cato -Uticensis, from Utica, where he committed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> -suicide. He was famous for -the austerity of his manners and for -his studied imitation of the customs -of early days.</p> - -<p>9. <b>victor fuit</b>: in the battle of -Thapsus.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 24.</h5> - -<p>15. <b>Cn. Pompēius</b>: he -had gone into Spain and had gathered -around him adventurers of all -sorts. At first Caesar had sent officers -to subdue the revolt, but finding -their efforts unsuccessful, he took -command in person. After encountering -great personal danger, he -gained a complete victory. Thirty -thousand of the vanquished perished. -Gnaeus Pompey escaped -from the field, but was afterward -overtaken and slain. Sextus, the -younger son of Pompey, was the -only leader of the republican party -left.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 62.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 25.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>honōrēs</b>: -‘offices’; political honors.</p> - -<p>3. <b>rēgia ac paene tyrannica</b>: -‘like a king and almost like a -usurper.’ Nepos defines a tyrannus -as one ‘who is in perpetual -power in that state which enjoyed -liberty.’</p> - -<p>8. <b>senātūs diē</b>: ‘on the day of -the senate’; on the day when the -senate met.</p> - -<p>9. <b>cūriam</b>: Caesar was slain in -the Curia in the Campus Martius.</p> - -<h3><a name="Book_VII" id="Book_VII"></a><span class="smcap">Book VII</span></h3> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 1.</h5> - -<p>12. <b>partium Caesaris</b>: -‘of Caesar’s party.’ Antony at -first pretended to favor the tyrannicides; -but after he had obtained -possession of the papers and treasure -of Caesar, he changed sides and endeavored -to crush them.</p> - -<p>16. <b>Octāviānus</b>: he was the son -of Gaius Octavius and Atia, a -daughter of Julia, the sister of -Caesar. After his adoption he took -the name of Octavianus.</p> - -<p>19. <b>Augustus</b>: this was a title -conferred upon him after the battle -of Actium, when he refused the -title of dictator.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>rērum potītus</b>: <i>potior</i> regularly -takes the Genitive in this phrase. -Cf. <i>Alexandrīā potītus</i>, Bk. VI, 22.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>quī … trēs ducēs</b>: ‘these three -leaders.’</p> - -<p>20. <b>vīcērunt eum</b>: in the battle -of Mutina, 43 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 63.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>morerentur</b>: they -were wounded in battle, but Augustus -was accused of having murdered -them.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 2.</h5> - -<p>3. <b>Lepidum</b>: Marcus -Aemilius Lepidus, Bk. VI, 1, 5, 23. -He was in Gaul at this time, being -governor of Gaul and Spain. After -he received Antonius, they crossed -the Alps at the head of a large body -of troops and met Augustus in the -north of Italy.</p> - -<p>6. <b>pācem … fēcit</b>: this was -known as the ‘Second Triumvirate.’ -Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus divided -the Roman world among -them.</p> - -<p>8. <b>vīcēsimō annō</b>: he was far -below the legal age, 43.</p> - -<p>9. <b>senātum prōscrīpsit</b>: 300 -senators and 2000 knights were included -in the proscription. “Each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> -marked his victims’ names upon the -fatal list, and each consented to give -up adherents of his own to the greed -or hatred of his colleagues.”</p> - -<p>11. <b>Cicero orātōr occīsus est</b>: -Augustus tried to save him, but -Antony, whose hatred Cicero had -incurred, demanded his death, and -Augustus was forced to yield.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 3.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>Philippōs</b>: the battle -of Philippi was fought in November, -42 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Creighton, p. 82; <i>The -Roman Triumvirates</i>, p. 210.</p> - -<p>19. <b>Cassius</b>: Cassius was routed -and committed suicide.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Brūtum</b>: after his forces were -routed, Brutus was compelled to kill -himself to prevent capture.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>īnfīnītam nōbilitātem</b>: ‘very -many of the nobility.’</p> - -<p>21. <b>dīvīsa est rēs pūblica</b>: -Lepidus took the province of Africa, -Augustus the West, and Antony -the East.</p> - -<p>23. <b>bellum cīvīle</b>: after the capture -of Perusia, Antony threatened -war, but he made a truce with -Augustus, whose sister Octavia he -married.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 64.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 4.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>Sex. Pompēiō</b>: -the son of <i>Pompēius Māgnus</i>, -cf. Bk. VI, 24. He had collected a -band of pirates and had made himself -master of the Mediterranean.</p> - -<p>5. <b>pāx postrēmō convēnit</b>: -the agreement at Misenum. In accordance -with this, Pompey was to -retain his command over the sea -and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, -and Corsica.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 5.</h5> - -<p>6. <b>M. Agrippa</b>: Marcus -Vipsanius Agrippa had been a fellow-student -with Augustus. He -was a gallant soldier and a devoted -friend. It was largely by his aid -that Augustus secured his power -and retained it.</p> - -<p>7. <b>Persās</b>: <i>i.e.</i> the Parthians. -Eutropius used <i>Persae</i> for the Parthians -who claimed descent from -the old Persian kings.</p> - -<p>10. <b>Crassum occīderat</b>: Bk. -VI, 18.</p> - -<p>11. <b>triumphum Rōmae ēgit</b>: -several of the Roman standards lost -at Carrhae were restored by the -Parthians, and were carried in the -triumphal procession.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 6.</h5> - -<p>12. <b>nāvālī proeliō</b>: at -the battle of Naulochus, 36 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -<i>The Roman Triumvirates</i>, p. 219. -Shortly afterward Lepidus set up the -standard of revolt. He was defeated -by Augustus and his power -was taken from him, but his life -was spared.</p> - -<p>16. <b>ipse pūgnāvit</b>: he lacked -the engines necessary for reducing -the strongly fortified cities of the -enemy, and besides he was very -anxious to return to Alexandria.</p> - -<p>17. <b>famē … labōrāvit</b>: his -retreat has been compared to the -flight of Napoleon from Moscow.</p> - -<p>18. <b>prō victō</b>: ‘for conquered’ -＝ ‘as if conquered.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 7.</h5> - -<p>20. <b>dum … optat</b> ＝ <i>optāns</i>, -‘hoping.’ The world could not -endure two masters. It was natural -that they should disagree, and that -the stronger should conquer.</p> - -<p>22. <b>apud Actium</b>: September 2,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> -31 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Antony had collected a -large naval and land force, but his -ships were too large to be handled -easily, and many of his land forces -deserted. In the midst of the fight -Cleopatra fled in her galley, and -Antony basely deserted his forces -and followed her. Creighton, p. 82; -<i>The Roman Triumvirates</i>, p. 225.</p> - -<p>23. <b>ex quā</b>: the antecedent of -<i>quā</i> is <i>pūgnā</i>.</p> - -<p>25. <b>exstincta est</b>: she was too -proud to be carried to Rome to -adorn the triumphal procession of -her conqueror.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 65.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 8.</h5> - -<p>7. <b>duodecim -annīs</b> ＝ <i>per annōs</i> above: the Ablative -makes the limits of the time -more prominent than the duration.</p> - -<p>8. <b>prīncipātūs</b>: ‘leadership’; -afterwards the ‘sovereignty’ of -the emperors; cf. <i>prīnceps</i>, English -‘prince.’</p> - -<p>10. <b>morte commūnī</b>: ‘a natural -death’; cf. <i>morbō dēcessit</i>, Bk. I, 3. -There was a report that he was -poisoned by Livia, his wife.</p> - -<p>11. <b>Ātellā</b>: it is generally agreed -that he died at Nola, near Naples.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>sepultus est</b>: the ruins of his -mausoleum still exist.</p> - -<p>12. <b>ex māximā parte</b>: ‘in very -many respects.’</p> - -<p>15. <b>cīvīlissimē</b>: ‘in a manner -most becoming a citizen’; cf. -<i>cīvīlēs</i>, Bk. I, 9.</p> - -<p>16. <b>ut … suō</b>: ‘that he placed -them almost on a level with his own -dignity.’</p> - -<p>17. <b>aequāret</b>: sc. <i>eōs</i>. <i>Aequāre</i> -may also take <i>cum</i> with the Ablative.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 66.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 9.</h5> - -<p>6. <b>quod nūllī -anteā</b>: sc. <i>dedērunt</i>.</p> - -<p>8. <b>Crassō victō</b>: ‘from Crassus -when he was defeated.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 10.</h5> - -<p>14. <b>in honōrem ēius</b>: -the compliment was not in the -founding, but in the naming.</p> - -<p>18. <b>Dīvus appellātus</b>: <i>i.e.</i> he -was deified and became the object -of a national worship. In the -provinces he was worshiped before -his death.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Tiberiō</b>: Tiberius Claudius Nero -was the son of Tiberius Nero and -Livia, the third wife of Augustus. -He first married the daughter of -Agrippa, whom he divorced at the -command of the Emperor and -married Julia, Augustus’ daughter -and the widow of Marcus Agrippa. -After the death of Gaius and -Lucius Caesar, the sons of Agrippa -and Julia, Tiberius was given the -tribunician power and was adopted -by Augustus as his successor.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 11.</h5> - -<p>21. <b>ingentī sōcordiā -… libīdine</b>: probably the character -of Tiberius was maligned by -the Roman historians. The people -disliked him on account of his -“dark and gloomy temper, with -no grace or geniality of manner, -shunning the pleasures of the people, -and seldom generous or open-handed.” -But we must note the -many marks of bias and exaggeration -in the common story, and we -may well believe that the ancient -writers formed too harsh an opinion -of his motives in some cases, and -reported scandalous gossips too<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> -lightly. Creighton, pp. 89-91; -<i>The Early Empire</i>, Ch. II.</p> - -<p>25. <b>Archelāum</b>: he was summoned -to Rome soon after the accession -of Tiberius and accused of -treason. His life was spared, but -he was obliged to remain at Rome, -where he died in 17 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 67.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>Caesarēa</b>: called -<i>Caesarēa ad Argaeum</i> to distinguish -it from other cities of the -same name. It was situated at the -foot of Mt. Argaeus and was a place -of great antiquity, its foundation -having been ascribed to Mesech, -the son of Japhet.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 12.</h5> - -<p>5. <b>C. Caesar</b>: Gaius -Caesar Augustus Germanicus was -the son of Germanicus and Agrippina. -He was born in the camp, -probably in Germany, and was -reared among the soldiers. He received -the surname of Caligula from -his being arrayed in a mimic uniform -and wearing a pair of <i>caligae</i> -or soldiers’ boots. At first he ruled -well; but his sense of power turned -his head, and the latter part of his -reign was marked by excesses of all -sorts. Creighton, p. 92; <i>The Early -Empire</i>, Ch. III.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 13.</h5> - -<p>13. <b>Claudius</b>: Tiberius -Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar Germanicus -was the second son of -Drusus and Antonia, the brother -of Germanicus, the father of Caligula. -In early life he had been -weak in mind and body, and had -been despised or neglected. As -emperor he was ruled by his -wives and favorites, Narcissus and -Pallas. He was poisoned by his last -wife, Agrippina, who was anxious -that her son Domitius Ahenobarbus -by her former husband might succeed -to the empire. Suetonius in -his ‘Lives of the Caesars’ gives a -very dark picture of the reign of -Claudius. Creighton, p. 93; <i>The -Early Empire</i>, Ch. IV.</p> - -<p>22. <b>Britannicī</b>: the son of -Claudius and Messalina, his first -wife. On the accession of Nero, -Britannicus was poisoned.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 68.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 14.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>Nerō</b>: -Claudius Caesar, surnamed Nero, -was the son of Domitius Ahenobarbus -and Agrippina. His early -youth was spent in study under the -philosopher Seneca, who remained -his counselor for several years. -During the first five years of his -reign he was mild and just. The -later years were filled with all sorts -of excesses, and were marked by -great cruelty. Creighton, p. 93; -<i>The Early Empire</i>, Ch. V.</p> - -<p>9. <b>urbem Rōmam incendit</b>: it -is very improbable that Nero was -guilty of this crime. Rome was -almost destroyed in this conflagration. -Of the fourteen districts into -which the city was divided, only four -remained untouched by the flames. -The fire raged for six days and -seven nights; and, after it was -thought to have been extinguished, -it burst forth again, and continued -for two days longer. On this occasion -Nero appears to have acted -with great liberality and kindness. -He caused provisions to be sold at a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> -very low price and the imperial gardens -to be opened to the people, -and temporary shelters to be erected -for their accommodation. That he -might remove suspicion from himself, -Nero caused it to be reported -that the Christians had set fire to -the city, and a number of them was -seized and put to death. This was -the first persecution of the Christians -by the Romans, 64 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 15.</h5> - -<p>22. <b>ā saxō</b>: sc. <i>Tarpēiā</i>.</p> - -<p>23. <b>lībertī</b>: his name was Phaon.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Salariam</b>: the <i>Via Salaria</i> ran -north from Rome to Ancona on the -Adriatic.</p> - -<p>24. <b>interfēcit</b>: “At last comes -Phaon’s courier with the news that -the senate had put a price upon his -head; the tramp of the horses tells -him that his pursuers are on his -track, and fear gives him the nerve -to put the dagger to his throat, -while, true to the passion of his -life, he mutters, ‘What a loss my -death will be to art!’” <i>The Early -Empire</i>, p. 127.</p> - -<p>25. <b>Nerōniānae</b>: the ruins of -the bath may still be seen near the -Pantheon.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 69.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 16.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>Serv. Galba</b>: -Servius Sulpicius Galba was born in -the reign of Augustus of a patrician -family. He was in Spain when -Julius Vindex, the proconsular governor -of Gaul, rose against Nero. -Galba joined him, and Otho, governor -of Lusitania, followed his example. -He was saluted as emperor -by the soldiers, and the senate was -forced to ratify their choice. The -emperors from this time on were -set up and overthrown at the will -of the army. He was very parsimonious -in his dealings and so lost -the good will of the soldiers, who -were ready to aid any revolt against -him. He ruled for only seven -months. Creighton, p. 96; <i>The -Early Empire</i>, Ch. VI.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 17.</h5> - -<p>12. <b>Otho</b>: Marcus Salvius -Otho was Roman emperor -from January 15 to April 16, 69 -<span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> He was the husband of the -beautiful but infamous Poppaea -Sabina, whom Nero took from him -and made his own. He was afterwards -sent to Lusitania, where he -governed with justice and moderation. -Creighton, p. 96; <i>The Early -Empire</i>, Ch. VII.</p> - -<p>14. <b>mollis</b>: ‘effeminate.’</p> - -<p>22. <b>voluntāriā morte obiit</b>: he -put an end to his life at Brixellum -in Cisalpine Gaul.</p> - -<p>23. <b>nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī -diē</b>: Eutropius is slightly mistaken.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 70.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 18.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>Vitellius</b>: -Aulus Vitellius was Roman emperor -from January 2 to December 22, 69 -<span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> When the news of Galba’s -death reached Upper Germany, -where Vitellius was in command, -his legions proclaimed him emperor -at Cologne. He immediately sent -his generals, Fabius Valens and -Caecina, at the head of a large -force, to Italy, and, having defeated -Otho’s troops, obtained the undisputed -command of all the West. -He was moderate in his rule, disturbing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> -no one in the enjoyment -of what had been given by Nero, -Galba, or Otho. He was a glutton -and an epicure, spending enormous -sums on his table. Creighton, p. 96; -<i>The Early Empire</i>, Ch. VIII.</p> - -<p>10. <b>id … ferret</b>: ‘aimed so -openly at this.’</p> - -<p>13. <b>cum Capitōliō</b>: “In the confusion -of the fight the famous temple -of Jupiter caught fire. All were too -busy to give time or thought to stay -the flames, and in a few hours only -ruins were left of the greatest of -the national monuments of Rome, -which, full of the associations of the -past, had served for ages as a sort -of record office in which were treasured -the memorials of ancient history, -the laws, the treaties, and the -proclamations of old times. The -loss was one that could not be replaced.” -<i>The Early Empire</i>, p. 146.</p> - -<p>17. <b>in Tiberim … sepultūrā</b>: -Eutropius is mistaken. His body -was recovered and buried by his -wife, Galeria Fundana.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 19.</h5> - -<p>20. <b>Vespasiānus</b>: Titus -Flavius Sabinus Vespasian. He was -proclaimed emperor at Alexandria -on the 1st of July, 69 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, although -it was a year before he entered -Rome. He lived more like a private -person than like the emperor -of Rome. The many stories that -are told of his avarice and his methods -of raising money are probably -exaggerated. Although he was frugal -in his personal expenditures, he -spent large sums in adorning the -city. He was the first of the Flavian -dynasty. The others were his -two sons and successors. He died -on the 24th of June, 79 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> “His -last words were characteristic of his -somewhat cynical humour, ‘Methinks -I am becoming a god.’” -Creighton, p. 96; <i>The Early Empire</i>, -Ch. IX.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 71.</h4> - -<p>8. <b>Hierosolyma</b>: Vespasian -was besieging Jerusalem when -the war broke out between Otho and -Vitellius. When he started for -Rome he left Titus, his son, in charge -of the war against the Jews. Titus -captured the city after a stubborn -siege of five months, September 8, -70 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, and despite his efforts the -Temple was burned. Thousands of -Jews perished in the siege.</p> - -<p>11. <b>ēgerant</b> ＝ <i>fuerant</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 20.</h5> - -<p>15. <b>coërcitor</b>: ‘enforcer’; -the word is <i>apax legomenon</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>hīc … triumphāvit</b>: in 71 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -when Titus returned to Rome.</p> - -<p>20. <b>genitūram … habuit</b>: ‘he -so knew the horoscope of his sons.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 21.</h5> - -<p>25. <b>Titus</b>: Titus Flavius -Sabinus Vespasian. His early years -were spent in military service in -Britain and Germany. He won -great credit as a general and a soldier. -When he returned to Rome -after the fall of Jerusalem, he conducted -himself in such a manner as -to cause a fear that his rule would -resemble that of Nero. But after -he became emperor he changed his -manner of living, and his whole -reign was marked by a sincere desire -for the happiness of his people. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> -year 79 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> is memorable for the -great eruption of Vesuvius, attended -by the destruction of Pompeii and -Herculaneum. He completed the -Colosseum, often called the Flavian -Amphitheater. When he died, after -a reign of only two years, there was -a suspicion that he had been poisoned -by his brother Domitian. -Creighton, p. 98; <i>The Early Empire</i>, -Ch. X.</p> - -<p>26. <b>omnium … mīrābilis</b>: ‘remarkable -for every species of virtue.’</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 72.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 22.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>tamquam -… orbitāte</b>: ‘mourned as for a -loss in their own families.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 23.</h5> - -<p>21. <b>Domitiānus</b>: Titus -Flavius Domitian. Vespasian was -aware of his son’s disposition and -put no confidence in him. When -Vespasian died, Domitian tried to -arouse the soldiers against his brother -Titus. After his brother became -emperor, Domitian was treated with -great kindness, and several offices -were shared with him. At first mild -and just, he soon became suspicious -and cruel. In Britain alone were -the Roman arms successful during -his reign. In all other places defeat -and disgraceful compromises with -the enemy marked his campaigns. -Finally his cruelty became unbearable, -and a conspiracy was formed -by the officers of the guard, several -of his intimate friends, and even his -wife Domatilla, and he was slain -after a desperate struggle. Creighton, -p. 98; <i>The Early Empire</i>, Ch. XI.</p> - -<p>27. <b>dominum</b>: here it has the -New Testament meaning, ‘Lord.’</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 73.</h4> - -<p>13. <b>Palātiō</b>: in the -Flavian Palace on the Palatine Hill. -Extensive remains of this structure -still exist. At first the word <i>Palātium</i> -was applied only to the hill, -but from the time of Augustus it -meant a ‘palace,’ especially the imperial -palace of the Caesars.</p> - -<h3><a name="Book_VIII" id="Book_VIII"></a><span class="smcap">Book VIII</span></h3> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 1.</h5> - -<p>20. <b>Nerva</b>: Marcus Cocceius -Nerva was born at Narnia in -Umbria in 32 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> He was consul -with Vespasian in 71 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> and with -Domitian in 90 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> After the assassination -of Domitian he was declared -emperor by the Roman people and -the soldiers, and his administration -restored tranquillity to the troubled -state. He stopped proceedings -against those accused of treason -and permitted many exiles to return. -Though he was virtuous and -humane, he did not possess the -necessary vigor for checking the -many abuses that existed. He -adopted as his son and successor -Marcus Ulpius Traian, who was -then at the head of the army in Germany. -He died suddenly on the 27th -of January, 98 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> Creighton, p. 99; -<i>The Age of the Antonines</i>, Ch. I.</p> - -<p>22. <b>operam dante</b>: ‘giving him -aid, assisting him.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Petrōniō Secundō, Partheniō</b>: -Nerva could not prevent the Praetorian -soldiers from putting them to -death.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 74.</h4> - -<p>3. <b>aetātis … annō</b>: -Eutropius is mistaken. He was -sixty-five years old when he died.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span></p> - -<p>4. <b>inter Dīvōs relātus est</b>: cf. -<i>Dīvus appellātus</i>, Bk. VII, 10.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 2.</h5> - -<p>5. <b>Trāiānus</b>: Marcus -Ulpius Traian was born at Italica -near Seville in Spain, September 18, -52 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> He was trained to arms, -and rose through the various offices -to the rank of praetor. He was -adopted by Nerva in 97 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> After -Nerva’s death he became emperor, -being the first Roman emperor who -was born out of Italy. He was a -great soldier and a good administrator. -Good sense, a knowledge of -the world, and sound judgment -characterized him. Just and sincere -in his desire for the happiness -of the people, he was one of the -best emperors that governed Rome. -He crushed the Dacians, successfully -waged war against the Parthians, -and brought peace and -prosperity to the whole Roman -world. Creighton, p. 99; <i>The Age -of the Antonines</i>, Ch. II.</p> - -<p>13. <b>Dāciam</b>: Trajan conducted -two campaigns against the Dacians, -101-103 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> and 104-106 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> On -his return from the second campaign -he celebrated a triumph and -entertained the people with games -lasting 123 days. “It is said that -11,000 animals were slaughtered -during these amusements, and that -10,000 gladiators fought in the -arena.”</p> - -<p>16. <b>tenuit</b> ＝ <i>habuit</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 3.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>Armeniam</b>: Trajan -began this campaign in 114 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> The -winter of the same year he spent at -Antioch. During the next two years -he conquered the greater part of the -Parthian empire, taking the capital -city Ctesiphon.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 75.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 4.</h5> - -<p>3. <b>amīcōs … -frequentāns</b>: ‘going often to his -friends to salute them.’</p> - -<p>4. <b>fēstōs diēs habuissent</b>: -‘they were celebrating feast days.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>indiscrēta</b>: ‘with no distinction -of rank.’</p> - -<p>6. <b>nihil … agēns</b>: his finances -were prosperous, partly owing to -good management, and partly from -the success of certain mining operations -in Dacia.</p> - -<p>9. <b>per orbem … multa</b>: “He -constructed several good roads in -the provinces and Italy; among -them was the road across the -Pomptine Marshes. At Ostia he -built a large new basin. At Rome -he constructed the aqueduct called -by his name, built a theater in the -Campus Martius, and, above all, -made the Forum Traianum, with its -basilicas and libraries, and his -column in the center.”</p> - -<p>10. <b>nihil nōn</b>: the figure of Litotes, -affirming a thing by denying -its contrary; cf. <i>nōn compāruisset</i>, -Bk. I, 2.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 5.</h5> - -<p>19. <b>bellī domīque</b>: H. -484, 2 (426, 2); M. 242, 2; A. & G. -258, <i>d</i>; G. 411, 2; B. 232, 2.</p> - -<p>20. <b>Seleuciam</b>: it is generally -stated that he lived to reach Selinus -in Cilicia, where he died in August, -117 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p>23. <b>sōlus … sepultus est</b>: he -was the only one of the emperors -who was buried within the city.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> -This privilege was enjoyed by the -Vestal Virgins.</p> - -<p>24. <b>in forō</b>: the <i>Forum Trāiānum</i> -was probably the most magnificent -of all the Roman fora. It -occupied a large space between the -Capitoline and the Quirinal Hills, -the latter of which was cut away to -make room for it. Among the many -buildings it contained were two -libraries, one for Latin and the other -for Greek manuscripts. It contained -also the famous Column of Trajan. -This column, composed of huge -drums of white marble, is pierced -within. A bas-relief of the chief -events of the Dacian war winds -round the shaft. It is still standing.</p> - -<p>25. <b>CXLIV pedēs</b>: this was the -height of the Quirinal Hill that was -cut away.</p> - -<p>26. <b>habet</b> ＝ <i>est</i>.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>hūius … dēlātum est</b>: ‘so -much respect has been paid to his -memory.’</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 76.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 6.</h5> - -<p>3. <b>Aelius Hadriānus</b>: -Publius Aelius Hadrian -was with Trajan when the latter -died. With the consent of the -Syrian army he assumed the reins -of government and his act was ratified -by the senate. Although he -lost some of the territory that Trajan -had added to the Empire, he -strengthened and united the remainder. -He was, in general, a -just and able ruler; yet at times he -showed himself revengeful, suspicious, -and cruel. He died of dropsy -at Baiae, 138 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, in the sixty-third -year of his life. Creighton, p. 100; -<i>The Age of the Antonines</i>, Ch. -III.</p> - -<p>7. <b>glōriae invidēns</b>: more probably -he saw that the Empire had -become too large to be governed -successfully.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 7.</h5> - -<p>17. <b>orbem Rōmānum -circumiit</b>: he visited every province -in the Empire, correcting -abuses, and examining the administration -of government.</p> - -<p>18. <b>multa aedificāvit</b>: among -other famous buildings the Mausoleum -of Hadrian, now called the -Castle of St. Angelo.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 8.</h5> - -<p>27. <b>T. Antōnīnus</b>: his -full name was Titus Aurelius Fulvius -Boionius Antoninus, called Pius -because he persuaded the senate to -grant to his adopted father Hadrian -the apotheosis and other honors -usually paid to deceased emperors. -“His reign is almost a blank in history—a -blank caused by a suspension -for a time of war, violence, -and crime.” Although he waged -no war for conquest, he defended -the provinces with vigor, warring -against the Moors and Britons, and -the untamed races of the Rhine and -the Danube. Creighton, p. 101; -<i>The Age of the Antonines</i>, Ch. IV.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 77.</h4> - -<p>6. <b>bonīs honōrem -habēns</b>: ‘paying respect to the -good.’</p> - -<p>14. <b>Lorium</b>: in Etruria on the -<i>Via Aurelia</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 9.</h5> - -<p>18. <b>M. Antōnīnus Vērus</b>: -he is generally known as Marcus -Aurelius. He was the adopted son -of Antoninus Pius. When only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> -twelve years old he assumed the -philosophic mantle and gave himself -up to the study of philosophy, -attaching himself to the Stoic school. -After he became emperor he associated -Lucius Antoninus Verus, his -brother, with him in the government. -Although they were entirely -different in character, they reigned -conjointly with no disagreement. -His ‘Meditations’ have survived. -Creighton, p. 101; <i>The Age of the -Antonines</i>, Ch. V.</p> - -<p>23. <b>singulōs … Augustōs</b>: -‘one Augustus (emperor) at a time.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 10.</h5> - -<p>28. <b>contrā Parthōs</b>: -Lucius Verus nominally had the -guidance of the war, but it was carried -on by his lieutenants while he -lingered in Antioch.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 78.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 12.</h5> - -<p>21. <b>Apollōnium -Chalcēdōnium</b>: called Apollonius -Dyscolus. “He is the father -of scientific Grammar, being the first -to reduce it to a systematic form.”</p> - -<p>24. <b>Frontō</b>: Marcus Cornelius -Fronto. He acquired great reputation -as a rhetorician and grammarian -at Rome in the reign of Hadrian. -Some of his letters to his pupils, -Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, -were found in the present century.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>hīc … ēgit</b>: ‘he treated all at -Rome with equality.’</p> - -<p>26. <b>prōvinciās … trāctāvit</b>: -he did not visit the provinces, but -kept himself thoroughly informed of -the details of their administration.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 79.</h4> - -<p>1. <b>eō prīncipe</b>: ‘during -his reign’; cf. <b>hīs rēgnantibus</b>, -Bk. I, 2.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>bellum … Marcomannicum</b>: -the Marcomanni, ‘men of the -marshes,’ were a German tribe -that threatened destruction to the -Roman Empire. For thirteen years -Marcus Aurelius with difficulty held -them in check. He built many fortresses -and a great wall to restrain -them.</p> - -<p>2. <b>quantum … fuit</b>: ‘it was -greater than any in the memory -of man’; <i>i.e.</i> there had been no -war with the Germans equally formidable.</p> - -<p>5. <b>pestilentiae</b>: the plague broke -out in 167 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> and lasted for several -years, despite all efforts to -check its ravages. It was probably -brought to Rome by the soldiers returning -from the expedition against -the Parthians.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 13.</h5> - -<p>10. <b>Quādī</b>: a powerful -people who dwelt in the southeastern -part of Germany. They had been -taken under the protection of Rome -by Tiberius. In 174 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> Marcus -Aurelius defeated them in a fierce -battle. They appear again during -the reign of Gallienus (Bk. IX, 8). -Towards the end of the fourth century -they disappear from history. <i>The -Age of the Antonines</i>, pp. 106-108.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Vandalī</b>: a confederacy of German -peoples, who dwelt originally -on the northern coast of Germany. -Later they settled north of the -Marcomanni, whom they joined. -They invaded Spain, and later -Africa. Under their king Genseric -they invaded Italy, and took -and plundered Rome, 455 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span></span></p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>Suēvī</b>: an important confederacy of -German tribes. Their name survives -in the modern Suabia.</p> - -<p>13. <b>Caesarem fēcerat</b>: the title -of Caesar was now given to the person -next in rank to the emperor, -and who was intended to succeed -him.</p> - -<p>15. <b>indīcere … aliquid</b>: ‘to -make any demands on the provinces -or the senate.’</p> - -<p>16. <b>īnstrumentum rēgiī cultūs</b>: -‘royal furniture.’</p> - -<p>22. <b>comparāta</b>: ‘their purchases.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 14.</h5> - -<p>28. <b>obiit</b>: he died at -Vindobona, now Vienna.</p> - -<p>29. <b>vītae LXI</b>: it is generally -said that he died in the fifty-ninth -year of his life.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 80.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 15.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>L. Antōnīnus -Commodus</b>: he was the -son of Marcus Aurelius, but like -him in no respect. After concluding -a disgraceful treaty with the -Germans, he hastened to Rome, -where he gave himself up to the -grossest vices. Creighton, p. 102.</p> - -<p>6. <b>in amphitheātrō</b>: he was the -conqueror in 735 combats. Nothing -delighted him more than to be called -the ‘Hercules of Rome.’</p> - -<p>7. <b>strangulātus vel venēnō</b>: he -was poisoned and afterwards strangled -by his favorite Marcia.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 16.</h5> - -<p>11. <b>Pertināx</b>: Creighton, -p. 103.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 17.</h5> - -<p>18. <b>perpetuum composuit -ēdictum</b>: this was a digest of -the mass of edicts that had been -issued by the praetors and the provincial -governors. It was the basis -of the <i>Corpus Iūris Cīvīlis</i> of Justinian.</p> - -<p>19. <b>Mulvium pontem</b>: about -two miles north of Rome, on the -<i>Via Flaminia</i>. Here the ambassadors -of the Allobroges, that had -been tampered with by the fellow-conspirators -of Catiline, were arrested, -63 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> The foundations of -this bridge still remain and are -built into the Ponte Mollo at the -same place.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 18.</h5> - -<p>21. <b>Septimius Sevērus</b>: -Lucius Septimius Severus was commander -in chief of the army in -Pannonia and Illyria at the death -of Pertinax, 193 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> He was proclaimed -emperor by the army. For -nearly a hundred years the emperors -were made and unmade at the will -of the soldiers. Creighton, p. 104.</p> - -<p>23. <b>omnī memoriā</b>: ‘in all -time.’</p> - -<p>24. <b>fiscī advocātus</b>: a Roman -officer appointed to look after the -interests of the imperial treasury.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 81.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 19.</h5> - -<p>16. <b>vāllum … -dēdūxit</b>: the celebrated wall of -Severus, extending from the Solway -Firth to the mouth of the Tyne. -It was erected to prevent incursions -of the Caledonians.</p> - -<p>17. <b>Eborācī</b>: the modern York.</p> - -<p>22. <b>Geta … periit</b>: he was -murdered by order of Caracalla.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 20.</h5> - -<p>23. <b>Caracalla</b>: the name -of Caracalla was derived from a -species of Gallic cassock he introduced -at Rome.</p> - -<p>24. <b>mōrum … fuit</b>: his whole -life was only one series of cruelties<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> -and acts of extravagant folly. -Creighton, p. 105.</p> - -<p>25. <b>thermae Antōnīniānae</b>: -these accommodated about 1600 -persons at once. The ruins are -still to be seen.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 82.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 22.</h5> - -<p>9. <b>M. Aurēlius -Antōnīnus</b>: known in history -as Heliogabalus. He was the grandson -of Maesa, sister-in-law of Septimius -Severus, and the son of -Symiasera. He was priest in the -temple of the Sun at Emesa in -Syria when Caracalla died. Through -the instrumentality of his grandmother -he was proclaimed emperor -by the soldiers and acknowledged -by the senate. He was the most -profligate of the Roman emperors.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 23.</h5> - -<p>16. <b>Aurēlius Alexander</b>: -Marcus Aurelius Alexander, generally -known as Alexander Severus. -He had been adopted by Heliogabalus -and had been created Caesar. -“He was distinguished by justice, -wisdom, and clemency in all public -transactions, and by the simplicity -and purity of his private life.” -Creighton, p. 106.</p> - -<p>20. <b>adsessōrem</b>: ‘legal adviser.’</p> - -<p>21. <b>Ulpiānum</b>: Domitius Ulpianus -was one of the most celebrated -Roman lawyers. His works are -often quoted in the <i>Corpus Iūris -Cīvīlis</i> of Justinian. He was assassinated -in a mutiny of the soldiers -caused by his strict discipline.</p> - -<h3><a name="Book_IX" id="Book_IX"></a><span class="smcap">Book IX</span></h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 83.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 1.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>Māximīnus</b>: -his full name was Gaius Iulius Verus -Maximinus. He was born of barbaric -parentage, his father being a Goth -and his mother a German. He was -famous for his gigantic size and his -marvelous feats of strength. His -government was characterized by -oppression and excesses.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 2.</h5> - -<p>9. <b>Gordiānus</b>: Marcus -Antonius Gordianus was the grandson -of the elder Gordianus. He -was a mere boy, probably not more -than twelve years old, when he -was proclaimed emperor by the -soldiers.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 84.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 3.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>Philippī</b>: -Marcus Iulius Philippus I was an -Arabian by birth. After the death -of Misithus, the father-in-law of -Gordianus, he became praetorian -praefect, and caused the soldiers to -revolt, to slay Gordianus, and to -proclaim himself emperor. He proclaimed -his son of the same name -Caesar, though he was only seven -years old.</p> - -<p>3. <b>mīllēsimus annus</b>: this anniversary -was marked by the celebration -of the Saecular Games with -unusual magnificence, 248 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 4.</h5> - -<p>8. <b>Decius</b>: his full name -was Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus -Decius. He was sent by -Philippus to Moesia to crush an -insurrection, and was compelled by -the soldiers to proclaim himself -emperor. His reign was occupied -chiefly with warring against the -Goths. He persecuted the Christians -with great severity.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 6.</h5> - -<p>21. <b>exstinctus est</b>: he -was slain by the soldiers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span></p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 7.</h5> - -<p>23. <b>Galliēnus</b>: the son of -Valerianus.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 85.</h4> - -<p>5. <b>superātus est</b>: at -first Valerianus was successful; but -he followed the enemy too rashly. -He was captured near Edessa. After -his death his skin was stuffed and -long preserved as a trophy in the -chief temple of the nation.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 9.</h5> - -<p>22. <b>Postumus</b>: this -period is known as the ‘Rule of the -Thirty Tyrants.’ These men, who -revolted from Gallienus and set up -separate governments for themselves, -were noted in the main for -their courage. They repelled the -invaders and established governments -that gave peace and security -to their provinces.</p> - -<p>28. <b>vīlissimus opifex</b>: he is said -to have been a smith, <i>ferrī opifex</i>.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 86.</h4> - -<p>3. <b>mātrimōnia</b>: here -has a concrete meaning, ‘wives.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 10.</h5> - -<p>10. <b>Odenāthum</b>: he was -the ruler of Palmyra. He checked -the incursions of the Persians and -drove Sapor out of Syria. In return -for these services Gallienus -honored him with the title of Augustus.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 11.</h5> - -<p>16. <b>occīsus est</b>: he was -slain by his soldiers while besieging -Milan.</p> - -<p>18. <b>Gothōs … vīcit</b>: he conquered -the Goths at Naisus in Dardania -and received the surname -Gothicus in consequence.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 87.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 13.</h5> - -<p>3. <b>Aurēliānus</b>: -his reign presents a succession -of brilliant exploits, and it -seemed for a time that he would -restore Rome to her former position. -The Goths, Vandals, and the -Alemanni were conquered. Zenobia, -who had succeeded her husband as -ruler of Palmyra, was captured and -carried to Rome. Tetricus was -crushed near Catalauni. Aurelian -commenced many works of public -utility, including a new city wall. -He was on his way to chastise the -Persians when he was killed by -some of his officers, a conspiracy -having been formed against him. -Creighton, p. 109.</p> - -<p>11. ‘<b>Ēripe mē</b>’: <i>Aeneid</i>, VI, -365.</p> - -<p>12. <b>Zēnobiam</b>: she was not content -with the power she had, but -tried to extend her sway over all -Syria, Asia, and Egypt. Aurelian -captured Palmyra in 273 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, and -took her prisoner. After adorning -his triumphal procession, her -life was spared and she lived near -Tibur for several years.</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>occīsō Odenāthō</b>: it is said that -he was assassinated and that Zenobia -had a hand in it.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 88.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 15.</h5> - -<p>2. <b>Dāciam -… intermīsit</b>: he made the Danube -the boundary of the empire, as -Augustus had done.</p> - -<p>8. <b>servī</b>: the private secretary of -the emperor. He is generally said -to have been a freedman.</p> - -<p>13. <b>mors … fuit</b>: Tacitus had -the assassins put to death soon after -the beginning of his reign.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 17.</h5> - -<p>21. <b>Probus</b>: his full -name was Marcus Aurelius Probus. -He was as just and virtuous as he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> -was warlike, and is deservedly regarded -as one of the greatest and -best of the Roman emperors.</p> - -<p>27. <b>apud Sirmium</b>: it was his -birthplace.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 89.</h4> - -<p>4. <b>tumultū mīlitārī</b>: -the soldiers mutinied because he -had employed them in laborious -public works.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 18.</h5> - -<p>14. <b>oculōrum dolōre -correptus</b>: ‘affected with a disease -of the eye.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 19.</h5> - -<p>24. <b>mātrimōnia</b>: cf. -<i>mātrimōnia</i>, Ch. 9.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 90.</h4> - -<p>4. <b>Dioclētiānum</b>: he -was born near Salona in Dalmatia. -He rose in the army from one position -to another until on the assassination -of Numerianus he was chosen -emperor. He made a great change -in the system of government. In -286 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> he associated Maximianus -with himself as a colleague and gave -him the title of Augustus. Six -years later, 292 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, Constantius -Chlorus and Galerius were proclaimed -Caesars, and the government -of the Roman world was -divided among four men, Diocletian -taking the East, with Nicomedia as -his residence; Maximianus taking -Italy and Africa, with Milan as his -residence; Constantius taking Britain, -Gaul, and Spain, with Treves -as his residence; Galerius taking -Illyricum and the whole line of the -Danube, with Sirmium as his residence. -This division was natural -and possessed many advantages. It -was the only way that the falling -empire could be preserved, and -a semblance of union retained. -Creighton, p. 109.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 21.</h5> - -<p>22. <b>strēnuae mīlitiae ōrdine</b>: -‘by a course of active service.’</p> - -<p>24. <b>accēpisset</b>: sc. <i>imperium</i>.</p> - -<p>29. <b>Britanniās occupāvit</b>: in -287 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 91.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 22.</h5> - -<p>5. <b>Cōnstantium</b>: -surnamed Chlorus, ‘the pale.’</p> - -<p>6. <b>nepōs Claudī</b>: ‘the grandnephew -of Claudius.’ He was the -son of Eutropius, a Dardanian noble, -and Claudia, daughter of Chrispus, -the brother of Claudius.</p> - -<p>14. <b>pāx convēnit</b>: Carausius was -recognized as a colleague.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 92.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 25.</h5> - -<p>18. <b>extrīnsecus</b> -＝ <i>praetereā</i>, a late usage.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 26.</h5> - -<p>28. <b>rēgiae cōnsuētūdinis -fōrmam</b>: Diocletian introduced -the customs of an Oriental -monarch. He wore the diadem, the -robes of silk and gold, and replaced -the republican form of salutation by -the adoring prostration of the East.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 27.</h5> - -<p>9. <b>ingravēscente aevō</b>: -he was sixty years old, being born -in 245 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, and abdicating in 305 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p>17. <b>pompā ferculōrum inlūstrī</b>: -‘with a famous succession of pictures.’ -<i>Fercula</i> are representations -of cities, rivers, and other objects -in the conquered countries, carried -in procession at a triumph.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 28.</h5> - -<p>24. <b>post nātōs hominēs</b>: -‘since men were created.’</p> - -<h3><a name="Book_X" id="Book_X"></a><span class="smcap">Book X</span></h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 94.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 1.</h5> - -<p>11. <b>adeō … -modicī</b>: ‘of so modest a mode of -living.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span></p> - -<p>13. <b>argentō</b>: ‘silver plate.’</p> - -<p class="nochap"><b>trīclīnia</b>: properly a couch for -three persons reclining at meals. -Here it means the table, which was -square, and surrounded on three -sides by one-armed couches, while -the fourth side remained open for -convenience in serving. Each couch -accommodated three persons, who -reclined upon the left arm.</p> - -<p>14. <b>Gallīs</b>: he had reserved Gaul -for his peculiar province.</p> - -<p>17. <b>Eborācī</b>: he was on an expedition -against the Picts.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 95.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 2.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>Cōnstantīnus</b>: -known in history as Constantine -the Great. The most important -change he introduced was the adoption -of Christianity as the state religion. -The story is told that while -marching from Gaul at the head of -his legions, he saw in the heavens a -luminous cross with this inscription, -‘By this conquer.’ In 313 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> he -issued the famous Milan decree that -gave imperial sanction to the religion -of the Christians. Although he -openly acknowledged Christianity, -his religion was a strange mixture of -Christianity and Paganism. Creighton, -p. 112.</p> - -<p>6. <b>in vīllā pūblicā</b>: a building -in the Campus Martius, intended for -a lodging house or hotel for foreign -ambassadors.</p> - -<p>11. <b>quās … habuit</b>: ‘which -he utterly disregarded.’</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 3.</h5> - -<p>18. <b>nūdāre</b>: ‘to deprive -of his power.’</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 96.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 4.</h5> - -<p>1. <b>Licinius</b>: -his full name was Publius Flavius -Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius. -By birth he was a Dacian -peasant, and an early friend and -companion of the Emperor Galerius. -He was invested with the -command of the Illyrian province -in 307 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> After the death of -Galerius he concluded an arrangement -with Maximinus, by which -the Hellespont and the Bosporus -were to form the boundary of the -two empires. After his marriage -with the sister of Constantine, he -and Constantine strove with each -other for the undivided sovereignty -of the Roman world.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 5.</h5> - -<p>20. <b>apud Cibalās</b>: this -was in the great battle of Adrianople, -July, 323 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, and was followed -by the reduction of Byzantium.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 6.</h5> - -<p>25. <b>apud Nicomediam</b>: -this victory, September, 323 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, -made Constantine the sole ruler of -the Roman Empire. Licinius was -made a prisoner, and although his -life was spared for a time, Constantine -had him put to death in 324 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p>27. <b>tribus Caesaribus</b>: they -were the sons of Constantine the -Great, Constantine, Constans, and -Constantius.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 97.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 8.</h5> - -<p>20. <b>urbem nōminis</b>: -Constantinople, a city which he -built on the site of ancient Byzantium. -This he aimed to make his -capital city. Here he had a second -senate, a praefect of the city, -regiones, and even largesses; all of -which showed that the supremacy -of Rome was at an end.</p> - -<p>24. <b>in vīllā pūblicā</b>: a building<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> -similar in character to the one at -Rome, Ch. 2.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 98.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 10.</h5> - -<p>15. <b>Cōnstantī</b>: -he ruled from 337 to 361 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -He was the third son of Constantine -the Great. Under him the whole -empire again became subject to one -ruler. But in 355 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> he was compelled -to make Julian Caesar and to -send him into Gaul to oppose the -barbarians.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 99.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 14.</h5> - -<p>24. <b>Iūliānum</b>: -called the Apostate, because, although -he had been brought up a -Christian, later he rejected Christianity -and returned to Paganism. -He was a brave soldier and a good -general. Forced by his soldiers to -assume the purple, he hesitated to -begin a civil war, but was relieved -of the necessity by the opportune -death of Constantius in 361 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -“Julian was an extraordinary character. -As a monarch, he was indefatigable -in his attention to business, -upright in his administration, and -comprehensive in his views; as a -man, he was virtuous in the midst -of a profligate age, and did not yield -to the luxurious temptations to -which he was exposed.” Many of -his literary works are extant. -Creighton, p. 116.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 100.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 16.</h5> - -<p>21. <b>cuī -… interfuī</b>: what part Eutropius -took in this expedition is not -known.</p> - -<p>24. <b>remeāns victor</b>: in the last -battle fought on the 26th of June, -Julian was mortally wounded by an -arrow and died the same day.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 101.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 17.</h5> - -<p>15. <b>Ioviānus</b>: -his full name was Flavius -Claudius Jovian. His short reign is -remarkable only for the disgraceful -peace he made with the Persians. -Although he was a Christian, he protected -the pagans.</p> - -<p>20. <b>fīnibus</b>: he agreed that the -Romans would surrender their conquests -beyond the Tigris and would -give up several fortresses in Mesopotamia.</p> - -<p>24. <b>Pontium Telesīnum</b>: it is -generally stated that Gavius Pontius -was the leader of the Samnites in -the battle of Caudine Forks. Perhaps -Eutropius confuses him with -Pontius Telesinus, the leader of the -Samnites in the Social war.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Page</span> 102.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Ch.</span> 18.</h5> - -<p>8. <b>nimiā -crūditāte</b>: ‘violent indigestion.’</p> - -<p>21. <b>quam … reservāmus</b>: -whether he ever fulfilled his intention -and wrote another book is -unknown.</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a><br /> -<a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span></p> - -<h2>ABBREVIATIONS</h2> - -<table summary="Abbreviations" style="max-width: 25em; margin: auto;"> - <tr> - <td>abl.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>ablative.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>abs.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>absolute.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>acc.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>accusative.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>act.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>active.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>adj.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>adjective.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>adv.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>adverb.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>cf.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>compare (<i>confer</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>comp.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>comparative.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>conj.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>conjunction.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>contr.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>contraction.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>dat.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>dative.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>dem.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>demonstrative.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>desid.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>desiderative.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>dim.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>diminutive.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>disc.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>discourse.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>e.g.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>for example (<i>exempli gratia</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>encl.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>enclitic.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>f.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>feminine.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>freq.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>frequentative.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>gen.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>genitive.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>i.e.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>that is (<i>id est</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>imp.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>imperfect.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>impers.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>impersonal.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>incep.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>inceptive.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>incho.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>inchoative.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>ind.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>indirect.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>indecl.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>indeclinable.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>indef.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>indefinite.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>intens.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>intensive.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>iter.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>iterative.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>m.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>masculine.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>n.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>neuter.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>nom.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>nominative.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>num.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>numeral.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>pass.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>passive.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>pers.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>personal.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>pl.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>plural.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>prep.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>preposition.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>pres.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>present.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>pron.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>pronoun.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>sc.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>supply (<i>scilicet</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>sub.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>substantive.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>sup.</td><td class="tdc">＝</td><td>superlative.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Compound verbs are treated under the simple verbs from which they are -derived. To this there are two exceptions: (1) When neither the simple -verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and (2) in -the case of certain verbs like <i>sūmō</i> and <i>surgō</i>, which, though themselves compounds, -came to be regarded as simple verbs, and served as a basis for other -compounds. The star prefixed to certain simple verbs indicates that they are -not found in the text, but that two or more compounds occur.</p> - -<p>All matter within square brackets is etymological. The bracketed words -when not translated occur independently in the Vocabulary.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="VOCABULARY" id="VOCABULARY"></a>VOCABULARY</h2> - -<div class="vocab"> - -<h3>A.</h3> - -<p><b>A.</b> , abbreviation of the praenomen Aulus.</p> - -<p><b>ā, ab, abs</b> (<b>ā</b> only before consonants or <b>h, ab</b> before vowels and consonants, <b>abs</b> usually only before t and <b>q</b>, especially frequent before <b>te</b>), prep. with abl., 1, of place, <i>from</i>, <i>away from</i>, <i>out of</i>; -2, of time, <i>from</i>, <i>since</i>, <i>after</i>; -3, of agency, <i>by</i>; -4, of separation, source, cause, <i>from</i>, <i>through</i>, <i>because of</i>.</p> - -<p><b>abdūcō</b>, see <b>dūcō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>abeō</b>, see <b>eō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>aboleō, ēre, ēvī, itus</b> [<b>ab</b> + <b>oleō</b>], <i>to destroy</i>, <i>abolish</i>, <i>wipe out</i>.</p> - -<p><b>abrogō</b>, see <b>rogō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>absēns, sentis</b> [orig. part. of <b>absum</b>], adj., <i>absent</i>, <i>away</i>.</p> - -<p><b>absimilis, e</b> [<b>ab</b> + <b>similis</b>], adj., <i>unlike</i>.</p> - -<p><b>abstineō</b>, see <b>teneō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>absum</b>, see <b>sum</b>.</p> - -<p><b>abundantia, ae</b> [<b>abundō</b>, <i>to overflow</i>; <b>ab + unda</b>], f., <i>plenty</i>, <i>fullness</i>, <i>abundance</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ac</b>, see <b>atque</b>.</p> - -<p><b>accēdō</b>, see <b>cēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>accidō</b>, see <b>cadō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>accipiō</b>, see <b>capiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>acclāmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>clāmō</b>, <i>to shout</i>], <i>to shout loudly</i>, <i>exclaim</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ācer, ācris, ācre</b>, comp. <b>ācrior</b>, sup. <b>ācerrimus</b>, adj., <i>sharp</i>, <i>bitter</i>; <i>keen</i>, <i>vigorous</i>, <i>fierce</i>.</p> - -<p><b>acerbē</b> [<b>acerbus</b>], adv., <i>bitterly</i>, <i>cruelly</i>, <i>severely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>acerbitās, ātis</b> [<b>acerbus</b>], f., <i>harshness</i>, <i>severity</i>, <i>unkindness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>acerbus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>bitter</i>, <i>harsh</i>, <i>cruel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Achaea, ae</b>, f., a district in the Peloponnesus. -Later the Roman province of Southern Greece.</p> - -<p><b>Achillēs, is</b>, m., a famous Greek chief at the siege of Troy, slain by Paris, the hero of the Iliad.</p> - -<p><b>Achilleus, ī</b>, m., he assumed the title of emperor under Diocletian, and reigned over Egypt for some time. He was taken prisoner by Diocletian, and was put to death, 296 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>aciēs, ēī</b>, f., <i>the sharp point of a sword</i>; <i>battle line</i>; <i>battle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Acilius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Glabriō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Actium, ī</b>, n., a town in Epirus; -a promontory near the town.</p> - -<p><b>āctuārius, ī</b>, m., <i>a secretary</i>, <i>shorthand writer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>āctus, a, um</b>, see <b>agō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ad</b>, prep. with accus., 1, of place, <i>to</i>, <i>towards</i>, <i>to the house of</i>, <i>at</i>, <i>near</i>; -2, of time, <i>up to</i>, <i>towards</i>, <i>until</i>, <i>at</i>; -3, of purpose, <i>to</i>, <i>in order to</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>for the sake of</i>.</p> - -<p><b>addō</b>, see <b>dō</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>addūcō,</b> see <b>dūcō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adēmī, ademptus</b>, see <b>adimō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adeō</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>eō</b>, adv.], adv., <i>to this point</i>, <i>so</i>, <i>very</i>, <i>to such a degree</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adeptus</b>, see <b>adipīscor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adfectātor, ōris</b> [<b>adfectō</b>], m., <i>one that strives for</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>fectō</b>, freq. of <b>faciō</b>], <i>to strive after</i>, <i>aspire to</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adferō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adficiō</b>, see <b>faciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adfīnitās, ātis</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>fīnis</b>], f., <i>relationship</i> (by marriage).</p> - -<p><b>adflīgō</b>, see <b>*flīgō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Adherbal, alis, m.</b>, a Numidian prince, son of Macipsa, slain by Jugurtha.</p> - -<p><b>adhortor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>hortor</b>, <i>to urge</i>], <i>to encourage</i>, <i>exhort</i>, <i>stimulate</i>, <i>urge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adhūc</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>hūc</b>], adv., <i>up to this time or place</i>; <i>still</i>, <i>although</i>, <i>yet</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Adiabēnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., the Adiabeni, a people living in the northern part of ancient Assyria.</p> - -<p><b>Adiabēnicus, a, um</b>, adj., a cognomen of the emperor Severus, a conqueror of the Adiabeni.</p> - -<p><b>adimō</b>, see <b>emō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>apīscor</b>, <i>to gain</i>], <i>to get</i>, <i>obtain</i>, <i>reach</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adicio</b>, see <b>*iaciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adiungo</b>, see <b>iungō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adiūtor, ōris</b> [<b>adiūvō</b>, <i>to assist</i>], m., <i>a helper</i>, <i>assistant</i>, <i>confederate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>administrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>administrō</b>], f., <i>management</i>, <i>government</i>.</p> - -<p><b>administrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>ministrō</b>, <i>to manage</i>], <i>to manage</i>, <i>govern</i>, <i>regulate</i>, <i>carry on</i> (war).</p> - -<p><b>admīrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>admīror</b>], f., <i>admiration</i>, <i>wonderment</i>, <i>astonishment</i>.</p> - -<p><b>admīror</b>, see <b>mīror</b>.</p> - -<p><b>admittō</b>, see <b>mittō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>admodum</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>modus</b>], adv., <i>up to the full limit</i>, <i>very</i>, <i>exceedingly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adnītor</b>, see <b>nītor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adnotō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>notō</b>, <i>to mark</i>], <i>to observe</i>, <i>remark</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adoleō, ēre, uī</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>oleō</b>, <i>to emit a smell</i>], <i>to turn to vapor</i>, <i>burn</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adoptiō, ōnīs</b> [<b>adoptō</b>], f., <i>adoption</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adoptō</b>, see <b>optō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adōrō</b>, see <b>ōrō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adrigō</b>, see <b>regō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adsentor</b>, see <b>sentiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adserō</b>, see <b>*serō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adsertor, ōris</b> [<b>adserō</b>], m., <i>a claimant</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adsessor, ōris</b> [<b>adsideō</b>, <i>to sit by</i>], m., <i>an assistant</i>, <i>aid</i>; <i>legal adviser</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adspiciō</b>, see <b>*speciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>adsurgo, ere, surrēxī, surrēctus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>surgō</b> (<b>sub</b> + <b>regō</b>), <i>to rise</i>], <i>to rise</i>, <i>arise</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adulēscēns, entis</b> [<b>adolēscō</b>, <i>to grow up</i>], m., <i>young</i>; -as substantive, <i>a young man</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adventō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>ventō</b>, intens. of <b>veniō</b>], <i>to arrive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adventus, ūs</b> [<b>adveniō</b>, <i>to arrive</i>], m., <i>arrival</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adversus, a, um</b> [<b>advertō</b>, <i>to turn to</i>], adj., <i>turned to or towards</i>; <i>opposed to</i>, <i>adverse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>adversus</b> and <b>adversum</b>, prep. with accus., <i>facing</i>, <i>in opposition to</i>, <i>against</i>.</p> - -<p><b>advocātus, ī</b> [<b>advocō</b>, <i>to call to aid</i>], m., <i>a pleader</i>, <i>advocate</i>; <i>aider</i>, <i>helper</i>.</p> - -<p><b>advolō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>volō</b>, <i>to fly</i>], <i>to fly to</i>, <i>hurry on</i>, <i>rush</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>aedis</b> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to build</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aedīlīcius, ī</b> [<b>aedīlis</b>, <i>aedile</i>, a Roman magistrate], m., <i>one who has been an aedile</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>aeger, gra, grum</b>, adj., <i>sick</i>, <i>feeble</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aegrē</b> [<b>aeger</b>], adv., <i>with difficulty</i>, <i>scarcely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aegritūdō, inis</b> [<b>aeger</b>], f., <i>sickness</i>, <i>grief</i>, <i>vexation</i>, <i>mortification</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aegrōtō, āre, āvī</b> [<b>aeger</b>], <i>to be sick</i>, <i>languid</i>, <i>pine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Aegyptus, ī</b>, m., <i>Egypt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Aeliānus, ī</b>, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of Diocletian.</p> - -<p><b>Aelius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Hadriānus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Aemiliānus, ī</b>, m., the governor of Pannonia and Moesia in the reign of Gallus, Roman emperor, 253 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Aemilius, ī</b>, m, the name of a Roman gens. -1. <i>Lūcius Aemilius</i>, consul 224 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Mārcus Aemilius</i> (Mamercus), dictator. -See <b>Lepidus, Paulus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>aemula, ae</b> [<b>aemulus</b>], f., <i>a rival</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aemulor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>aemulus</b>], <i>to rival</i>, <i>vie with</i>, <i>emulate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aemulus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>striving earnestly after</i>, <i>emulating</i>, <i>rivaling</i>; <i>envious</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aēneüs, a, um</b> [<b>aes</b>, <i>copper</i>], adj., <i>of copper</i>, <i>bronze</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aequālis, e</b> [<b>aequus</b>], adj., <i>equal</i>, <i>like</i>; -as subst., <i>a companion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Aequī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Aequi</i>, a people dwelling in the upper valley of the Aniō, in the mountains forming the eastern boundary of Latium.</p> - -<p><b>aequitās, ātis</b> [<b>aequus</b>], f., <i>evenness</i>, <i>fairness</i>, <i>justice</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aequō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>aequus</b>], <i>to make even</i>, <i>place on an equality</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aequus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>even</i>, <i>level</i>; <i>fair</i>, <i>just</i>; -aequō animō, <i>impartially</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aerārium, ī</b> [<b>aes</b>, <i>copper</i>], n., <i>treasury</i>, <i>fund</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aestās, ātis</b>, f., <i>summer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aetās, ātis</b>, f., <i>time of life</i>, <i>life</i>; <i>old age</i>; <i>period of time</i>, <i>time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Aetōlī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Aetolians</i>, inhabitants of Aetolia, a division of Greece.</p> - -<p><b>aevum, ī</b>, n., <i>period of life</i>, <i>life</i>, <i>age</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Āfer, Āfrī</b>, m., <i>an African</i>, especially an inhabitant of Carthage.</p> - -<p><b>Āfranius, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Afranius</i>, a general of Pompey in Spain, killed in Africa, 46 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Āfrica, ae</b>, f., <i>Africa</i>; often the northern part of the continent, especially the part near Carthage.</p> - -<p><b>Āfricānus, ī</b>, m., see <b>Scīpiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ager, agrī</b>, m., <i>field</i>, <i>farm</i>, <i>estate</i>; <i>territory</i>, <i>land</i>; <i>the country</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aggredior</b>, see <b>*gradior</b>.</p> - -<p><b>āgnōscō</b>, see <b>nōscō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>agō, agere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to set in motion</i>, <i>drive</i>, <i>lead</i>; <i>act</i>, <i>do</i>, <i>perform</i>; <i>treat</i>, <i>deal</i>; <i>spend</i>, <i>pass time</i>; -<b>grātiās agere</b>, <i>to give thanks</i>. -<b>con—cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus</b>, <i>to drive together</i>, <i>collect</i>; <i>force</i>. -<b>ex—exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to drive out</i>; <i>complete</i>; <i>pass</i>, <i>end</i>. -<b>re—redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to drive back</i>; <i>reduce</i>; <i>render</i>, <i>bring</i>. -<b>sub—subigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to drive under</i>, <i>put down</i>, <i>conquer</i>. -<b>trāns—trānsigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to carry through</i>, <i>finish</i>, <i>settle</i>, <i>perform</i>.</p> - -<p><b>agrestis, e</b> [<b>ager</b>], adj., <i>of the fields</i>, <i>rustic</i>; -as subst., <i>countryman</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Agrigentum, ī</b>, n., a Greek colony in Sicily.</p> - -<p><b>Agrippa, ae</b>, m., <i>M. (Vīpsānius) Agrippa</i>, son-in-law of Atticus, minister of Augustus.</p> - -<p><b>Agrippīna, ae</b>, f., a city in Belgic Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>āla, ae</b>, f., <i>a wing</i>, <i>flank</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Alamannī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Alamanni</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> -a name applied to a confederacy of German tribes living between the Danube, the Rhine, and the Main.</p> - -<p><b>Albānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Albānī</i>, the inhabitants of Alba Longa in Latium; the inhabitants of Albania west of the Caspian Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Albīnus, ī</b>, m., a family name at Rome. -1. <i>Clōdius Albīnus</i>, governor of Britain at the death of Commodus. He revolted, and was defeated and slain by Septimius Sevērus at Lugdūnum, 197 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>Sp. Postumius (Albīnus)</i>, consul 344 and 321 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>Aulus Postumius Albinus</i>, consul 242 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -4. <i>L. Postumius Albīnus</i>, consul 234 and 229 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -5. <i>Sp. Postumius Albinus</i>, consul 186 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -6. <i>Sp. Postumius Albīnus</i>, consul 110 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Albis, is</b>, m., the river Elbe in Germany.</p> - -<p><b>Alexander, drī</b>, m., Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, the conqueror of Persia; <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> 356-323.</p> - -<p><b>Alexander, drī</b>, m., see <b>Aurēlius</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Alexandrīa, ae</b>, f., a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, founded by Alexander the Great, 331 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Alexandrīnus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Alexandrine</i>, <i>pertaining to Alexandrīa</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Algidus, ī</b>, m., a mountain in Latium.</p> - -<p><b>aliās</b> [<b>alius</b>], adv., <i>at another time</i>, <i>under other circumstances</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aliēnus, a, um</b> [<b>alius</b>], adj., <i>belonging to another</i>, <i>another’s</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aliquamdiū</b> [<b>aliquis</b> + <b>diū</b>], adv., <i>for a while</i>, <i>for some time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aliquantus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>some</i>, <i>considerable</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aliquī, quae, quod</b> [<b>alius</b> + <b>quī</b>], indef. pron. adj., <i>some one or other</i>, <i>some</i>, <i>any</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aliquis, qua, quid</b> [<b>alius</b> + <b>quis</b>], indef. pron., <i>some one</i>, <i>something</i>; <i>any one</i>, <i>anything</i>; <i>some</i>; -as subst., <b>aliquid</b>, n., <i>something</i>, <i>anything</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aliquot</b> [<b>alius</b> + <b>quot</b>], indef. indecl. adj., <i>some</i>, <i>several</i>.</p> - -<p><b>alius, alia, aliud</b>, adj., <i>another</i>, <i>other</i>, <i>different</i>, <i>else</i>; -<b>alius … alius</b>, <i>one … one</i>, <i>another … another</i>; pl., <i>some … others</i>; -<b>longē aliam (aliō) atque</b>, <i>very different from</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Allectus, ī</b>, m., the chief officer of Carausius in Britain.</p> - -<p><b>Allia, ae</b>, f., a small river flowing into the Tiber from the east about 11 miles north of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>Alma, ae</b>, f., a mountain in Pannonia.</p> - -<p><b>Alpēs, ium</b>, f., <i>the Alps</i>.</p> - -<p><b>alter, altera, alterum</b>, pron. adj., <i>one of two</i>, <i>the other</i>, <i>the second</i>; -<b>alter … alter</b>, <i>the one … the other</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Altīnum, ī</b>, n., a town of the Veneti in the north of Italy at the mouth of the river Silis.</p> - -<p><b>altitūdō, inis</b> [<b>altus</b>, <i>high</i>], f., <i>height</i>, <i>depth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>amābilis, e</b> [<b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], adj., <i>worthy of love</i>, <i>lovely</i>, <i>amiable</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Amandus, ī</b>, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of Diocletian.</p> - -<p><b>ambō, ae, ō</b>, adj., <i>both</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ambrōnēs, um</b>, pl. m., a Celtic people defeated by Marius near Aquae Sextiae in 102 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>amīcitia, ae</b> [<b>amīcus</b>], f., <i>friendship</i>.</p> - -<p><b>amīcus, a, um</b> [<b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], adj., <i>friendly</i>; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span>as subst., <b>amīcus, ī</b>, m., <i>a friend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Amīsus, I</b>, Gr. acc. <b>Amīson</b>, f., a coast city of Pontus, the residence of Mithradates the Great.</p> - -<p><b>āmittō</b>, see <b>mittō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>amnis, is</b>, m., <i>river</i>, <i>torrent</i>, <i>stream</i>.</p> - -<p><b>amoenitās, ātis</b> [<b>amoenus</b>], f., <i>pleasantness</i>, <i>agreeableness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>amoenus, a, um</b> [<b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], adj., <i>pleasing</i>, <i>charming</i>.</p> - -<p><b>amor, ōris</b> [<b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], m., <i>love</i>; <i>a beloved object</i>, <i>one’s love</i>.</p> - -<p><b>amphitheātrum, ī</b>, n., <i>amphitheater</i>.</p> - -<p><b>amplē</b> [<b>amplus</b>], adv., <i>largely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>amplificō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>amplus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to increase</i>, <i>enlarge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>amplus</b>], <i>to enlarge</i>, <i>magnify</i>.</p> - -<p><b>amplius</b> [<b>amplus</b>], comp. of <b>amplē</b>, <i>more</i>, <i>further</i>.</p> - -<p><b>amplus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>great</i>, <i>large</i>; <i>noble</i>, <i>distinguished</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ancilla, ae</b>, f., <i>a maid-slave</i>, <i>maid</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ancus, ī</b>, m., see <b>Mārcius</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Andriscus, ī</b>, m., a Persian who pretended to be the natural son of Perseus and assumed the name of Philip.</p> - -<p><b>angustia, ae</b> [<b>angustus</b>, <i>narrow</i>], f., <i>narrowness</i>; pl., <i>narrow places</i>, <i>a pass</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Anicius, ī</b>, m., <i>C. Anicius</i>, praetor in the Third Macedonian war, 176-168 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Aniēn, ēnis</b> or <b>Aniō, ōnis</b>, m., a small tributary of the Tiber.</p> - -<p><b>animus, ī</b>, m., <i>soul</i>, <i>mind</i>; <i>disposition</i>, <i>feelings</i>; <i>courage</i>, <i>spirit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Annius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Antōnīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>annus, ī</b>, m., <i>a year</i>.</p> - -<p><b>annuus, a, um</b> [<b>annus</b>], adj., <i>annual</i>; <i>lasting a year</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ante</b>, adv., of space, <i>before</i>, <i>in front of</i>; -of time, <i>before</i>, <i>previously</i>, <i>ago</i>; -prep. with accus., both of space and time, <i>in front of</i>, <i>before</i>.</p> - -<p><b>anteā</b> [<b>ante</b>], adv., <i>before</i>, <i>formerly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Antemnātēs, um</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Antemnae</i>, a Sabine town at the junction of the Anio and the Tiber.</p> - -<p><b>Anthemūsia, ae</b>, f., a province of Mesopotamia.</p> - -<p><b>Antiochēnsēs, ium</b>, m., <i>the inhabitants of Antioch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Antiochīa, ae</b>, f., the capital city of Syria on the river Orontes.</p> - -<p><b>Antiochus, ī</b>, m., kings of Syria. -1. <i>Antiochus II.</i>, called Theos, 261-246 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Antiochus III.</i>, called the Great, 223-187 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>Antiochus IV.</i>, called Epiphanes, 175-164 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>antīquus, a, um</b> [<b>ante</b>], adj., <i>old</i>, <i>belonging to a former time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Antōnīniānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>belonging to the Antonines</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Antōnīnus, ī</b>, m., the name of a dynasty of Roman emperors. -1. <i>T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius Pius</i>, 138-161 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Vērus</i>, 161-180 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -3. <i>L. Annius Antōnīnus Vērus</i>, 161-169 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -4. <i>L. Antōnīnus Commodus</i>, 180-193 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -5. <i>M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassānius Caracalla</i>, 211-217 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -6. <i>M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus, Heliogabalus</i>, 218-222 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Antōnius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. -1. <i>C. Antōnius</i>, consul 63 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>L. Antōnius</i>, consul 41 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>M. Antōnius</i>, the friend of Caesar and member of the Second Triumvirate, consul 44 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Anullīnus, ī</b>, m., a Roman senator.</p> - -<p><b>ānulus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>ānus</b>, <i>a circle</i>], m., <i>a ring</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Aper, prī</b>, m., <i>Arrius Aper</i>, praetorian praefect. He was put to death by Diocletian, 284 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>āperiō</b>, see <b>*pariō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Apollonia, ae</b>, f., a city of Thrace on the Pontus Euxinus.</p> - -<p><b>Apollōnius, ī</b>, m., <i>Apollōnius Chalcēdonius</i>, called <i>Dyscolus</i>, “the ill-tempered.” A rhetorician.</p> - -<p><b>apoplēxis, is</b>, f., <i>apoplexy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>apparātus, ūs</b>, m., <i>equipment</i>, <i>preparation</i>; <i>splendor</i>, <i>pomp</i>.</p> - -<p><b>appareō</b>, see <b>pareō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>appellō</b>, see <b>pellō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>appetō</b>, see <b>petō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Appiōn, ōnis</b>, m., <i>Appiōn Ptolemaeus</i>, king of Cyrene, 117-96 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Appius, ī</b>, m., a praenomen especially common in the Claudian gens.</p> - -<p><b>Appius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Appian</i>; especially the <i>via Appia</i>, the famous road built by Appius Claudius the Censor, 312 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>appōnō</b>, see <b>pōnō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>apprīmē</b> [<b>prīmus</b>], adv., <i>most of all</i>.</p> - -<p><b>apud</b>, prep. with acc., of place, <i>near</i>; -of persons, <i>with</i>, <i>among</i>, <i>in the presence of</i>, <i>at the house of</i>; -with the name of an author, <i>in the works of</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Āpūlia, ae</b>, f., a district in the southeastern part of Italy.</p> - -<p><b>aqua, ae</b>, f., <i>water</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Aquilēia, ae</b>, f., a city in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Aquīlius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Flōrus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Aquītānia, ae</b>, f., a province of Gaul between the Garonne and the Pyrenees.</p> - -<p><b>Arabēs, ūm</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Arabia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Arabia, ae</b>, f., <i>Arabia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Arabicus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>belonging to</i> or <i>pertaining to Arabia</i>, cognomen of Septimius Severus.</p> - -<p><b>arbitrium, ī</b> [<b>arbiter</b>, <i>judge</i>], n., <i>judgment</i>; <i>will</i>; <i>power</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*arceō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to inclose</i>; <i>prohibit</i>. -<b>con—coërceō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to shut in</i>; <i>restrain</i>, <i>check</i>. -<b>ex—exerceō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to exercise</i>, <i>drill</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Archelāus, ī</b>, m., (1) a distinguished general of Mithradates. -(2) Called Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 36 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>-14 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Ardea, ae</b>, f., the capital city of the Rutuli, in Latium, about eighteen miles south of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>ārdeō, ēre, ārsī, ārsus</b>, <i>to be hot</i>, <i>burn</i>; <i>be eager</i>, <i>excited</i>.</p> - -<p><b>argenteus, a, um</b> [<b>argentum</b>], adj., <i>of silver</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Argentorātum, ī</b>, n., a city in Belgic Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>argentum, ī</b>, n., <i>silver</i>; <i>money</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Argī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., the city of Argos in the eastern part of the Peloponnesus.</p> - -<p><b>Ariarātus, ī</b>, m., called Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 220-162 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Arīminum, ī</b>, n., a town in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Ariobarzēnēs, is</b>, m., king of Cappadocia, 93-63 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Aristarchus, ī</b>, m., made king of Colchis by Pompey.</p> - -<p><b>Aristō, ōnis</b>, m., an Athenian philosopher who surrendered Athens to Mithradates, 87 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Aristobūlus, ī</b>, m., king of Judea, taken captive by Pompey, 63 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Aristonīcus, ī</b>, m., a natural son of Eumenes II., king of Pergamus.</p> - -<p><b>arma, ōrum</b>, pl. n., <i>weapons</i>; <i>warfare</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Armenēs, is</b>, m., son of Nabis, a tyrant of Sparta.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span><b>Armenia, ae</b>, f., a country of Asia southeast of the Black Sea. -<b>Armenia Minor</b>, the portion west of the Euphrates.</p> - -<p><b>Armeniacus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to</i> or <i>belonging to Armenia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Armeniī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Armenia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>armō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>arma</b>], <i>to arm</i>, <i>equip</i>; -<b>ārmatī</b>, <i>armed men</i>, <i>soldiers</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Armoricum, ī</b>, n., the northern part of Celtic Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>arō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to plow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ars, artis</b>, f., <i>skill</i>, <i>art</i>, <i>knowledge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ārsī</b>, see <b>ārdeō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Artacēs, is</b>, m., a king of Hiberia, conquered by Pompey.</p> - -<p><b>Artaxata, ae</b>, f., the capital city of Armenia Māior.</p> - -<p><b>Ārūns, ūntis</b>, m., the son of Tarquinius Superbus.</p> - -<p><b>Arvernī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., an important tribe of Celtic Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>Arzanēna, ae</b>, f., a district of Armenia Maior, bounded on the south by the Tigris.</p> - -<p><b>ascendō</b>, see <b>*scandō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Asclēpiodotus, ī</b>, m., a praetorian praefect during the reign of Diocletian.</p> - -<p><b>Asia, ae</b>, f., <i>Asia</i>; <i>Asia Minor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Asiāgenēs, is</b>, m., a Greek term for the Latin <i>Asiāticus</i>; cognomen of <i>L. Cornēlius Scīpiō</i>, conqueror of Antiochus.</p> - -<p><b>Asina, ae</b>, m. (1) <i>Cn. Cornēlius Asina</i>, consul 260 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -(2) <i>P. Cornēlius (Asina)</i>, consul 218 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Asinius, ī</b>, m., <i>Hierius Asinius</i>, leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war, 90 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>asper, aspera, asperum</b>, adj., <i>rough</i>, <i>bitter</i>; <i>violent</i>, <i>severe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>asperitās, ātis</b> [<b>asper</b>], f., <i>roughness</i>, <i>harshness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>aspis, idis</b>, f., <i>an asp</i>, <i>viper</i>.</p> - -<p><b>assiduus, a, um</b> [<b>adsideō</b>, <i>to sit by</i> or <i>near</i>], adj., <i>continually present</i>, <i>busied</i>; <i>diligent</i>, <i>persistent</i>, <i>faithful</i>; <i>continual</i>, <i>unceasing</i>, <i>unremitting</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Assyria, ae</b>, f., a division of Asia between Media, Mesopotamia, and Babylon.</p> - -<p><b>Ātella, ae</b>, f., a small town in Campania.</p> - -<p><b>Athēnae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>Athens</i>, the chief city of Attica.</p> - -<p><b>Athēniēnsis, e</b>, adj., <i>Athenian</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Atīlius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Bulcus, Rēgulus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>atque, ac</b> (the latter used only before consonants), conj., <i>and</i>, <i>and especially</i>, <i>and even</i>; <i>than</i>, <i>as</i>; -<b>simul ac</b>, <i>as soon as</i>; -<b>idem ac</b>, <i>the same as</i>; -<b>alius ac</b>, <i>other than</i>; -<b>contrā atque</b>, <i>differently from what</i>.</p> - -<p><b>atrōx, ōcis</b>, adj., <i>savage</i>, <i>fierce</i>, <i>cruel</i>, <i>terrible</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Attalus, ī</b>, m., kings of Pergamus. -1. <i>Attalus I.</i>, 241-197 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Attalus Philadelphus</i>, 159-138 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>Attalus Philometor</i>, 138-133 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Attalus, ī</b>, m., king of Paphlagonia.</p> - -<p><b>atterō, ere, trīvī, trītus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>terō</b>, <i>to rub</i>], <i>to rub against</i>, <i>rub away</i>, <i>wear</i>; <i>destroy</i>, <i>waste</i>.</p> - -<p><b>attingō</b>, see <b>*tangō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>attrītus</b>, see <b>atterō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>attulī</b>, see <b>adferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>auctor, ōris</b> [<b>augeō</b>], m., <i>producer</i>, <i>originator</i>, <i>cause</i>.</p> - -<p><b>auctōritās, ātis</b> [<b>auctor</b>], f., <i>authority</i>, <i>power</i>; <i>influence</i>, <i>weight</i>, <i>dignity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>auctus, a</b>, um, see <b>augeō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>audāx, ācis</b> [<b>audeō</b>], adj., <i>bold</i>, <i>daring</i>, <i>audacious</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>audeō, ēre, ausus sum</b>, <i>to dare</i>, <i>attempt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>audiō, īre, īvī, ītus</b>, <i>to hear</i>, <i>hear of</i>, <i>listen to</i>. -<b>ob—oboediō, īre, īvī, ītus</b>, <i>to give ear to</i>, <i>hearken</i>, <i>listen</i>; <i>yield</i>.</p> - -<p><b>audītōrium, ī</b> [<b>audiō</b>], n., <i>a lecture hall</i>.</p> - -<p><b>auferō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Aufidius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Orestēs</b>.</p> - -<p><b>augeō, ēre, auxī, auctus</b>, <i>to increase</i>, <i>spread</i>; <i>praise</i>, <i>honor</i>; <i>enrich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Augustus, ī</b>, m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in 27 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, and after him to all the Roman emperors.</p> - -<p><b>Aureliānus, ī</b>, m., <i>Lucius Domitius Aureliānus</i>, Roman emperor, 270-275 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Aurēlius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Aurelian</i>; esp. <i>via Aurēlia</i>, the Aurelian road.</p> - -<p><b>Aurēlius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. -<i>Aurēlius Alexander</i>, Roman emperor, 222-235 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -See <b>Antōnīnus, Cotta</b>.</p> - -<p><b>aureus, a, um</b> [<b>aurum</b>], adj., <i>golden</i>, <i>of gold</i>; <i>embroidered with gold</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Aureus mōns</b>, m., a mountain in Upper Moesia.</p> - -<p><b>aurum, ī</b>, n., <i>gold</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Aurunculēius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Cotta</b>.</p> - -<p><b>auspicium</b>, ī [<b>avis</b> + <b>*speciō</b>], n., <i>divination by watching the flight, or noting the cries, of birds</i>; <i>an omen</i>; <i>auspices</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ausus</b>, see <b>audeō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>aut</b>, conj., <i>or</i>; <b>aut … aut</b>, <i>either … or</i>.</p> - -<p><b>autem</b>, conj., always postpositive, <i>but</i>, <i>however</i>, <i>moreover</i>.</p> - -<p><b>auxilium, ī</b> [<b>augeō</b>], n., <i>help</i>, <i>aid</i>; -pl., <i>auxiliary troops</i> (usually foreign and light armed).</p> - -<p><b>avārē</b> [<b>avārus</b>, <i>greedy</i>], adv., <i>greedily</i>.</p> - -<p><b>avāritia, ae</b> [<b>avārus</b>, <i>greedy</i>], f., <i>greed</i>, <i>avarice</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Aventīnus, ī</b>, m. (sc. <b>mōns</b>), <i>the Aventine</i>, one of the seven hills of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>āvertō</b>, see <b>*vertō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>avidus, a, um</b>, adj., comp. <b>avidior</b>, <i>desirous</i>, <i>eager,</i> <i>greedy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>avis, is</b>, f., <i>bird</i>.</p> - -<p><b>avunculus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>avus</b>], m., <i>mother’s brother</i>, <i>uncle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>avus, ī</b>, m., <i>grandfather</i>, <i>ancestor</i>.</p> - -<h3>B.</h3> - -<p><b>Babylōn, ōnis</b>, f., capital city of the Babylonian-Assyrian Empire in Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates.</p> - -<p><b>Bacaudae, ārum</b>, pl. m., the name of the revolting peasants in Gaul in the reign of Diocletian.</p> - -<p><b>Balbīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>(D. Caelius) Balbīnus</i> was elected emperor by the Senate, but was slain by the soldiers at Rome, 238 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>barbaria, ae</b> [<b>barbarus</b>], f., a strange land, a foreign country (opposed to Greece and Italy).</p> - -<p><b>barbaricus, a, um</b> [<b>barbarus</b>], adj., <i>foreign</i>, <i>strange</i>; -as subst., <b>Barbaricum, ī</b>, n., <i>strange land</i>.</p> - -<p><b>barbarus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>foreign</i>, <i>barbarous</i>, <i>barbarian</i>; -as subst., <b>barbarī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>foreigners</i>, <i>barbarians</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bassiānus, ī</b>, m., see <b>Antōnīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Bassus, ī</b>, m., <i>L. (P.) Ventidius Bassus</i>, a Roman general who gained several victories over the Parthians. Consul 43 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Basternae, ārum</b>, pl. m., a warlike German people living near the mouth of the Danube.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>beātus, a, um</b> [<b>beō</b>, <i>to bless</i>], adj., <i>blessed</i>, <i>happy</i>, <i>prosperous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bēdriacum, ī</b>, n., a small town in Cisalpine Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>Belgicus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Belgic</i>; -<b>Gallia Belgica</b>, or absol. <b>Belgica</b>, the northern part of Gaul between the Rhine and the Seine.</p> - -<p><b>bellicōsus, a, um</b> [<b>bellicus</b>], adj., <i>warlike</i>, <i>fond of war</i>, <i>fierce</i>.</p> - -<p><b>bellicus, a, um</b> [<b>bellum</b>], adj., <i>pertaining to war</i>, <i>military</i>, <i>martial</i>.</p> - -<p><b>bellō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>bellum</b>], <i>to wage war</i>. -<b>re—rebellō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to wage war again</i>, <i>rebel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>bellum, ī</b> [for <b>duellum</b>, from <b>duo</b>], n., <i>war</i>, <i>warfare</i>.</p> - -<p><b>bene</b> [<b>bonus</b>], adv., comp. <b>melius</b>, sup. <b>optimē</b>; <i>well</i>, <i>successfully</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Beneventum, ī</b>, n., a city in Campania in Italy.</p> - -<p><b>benīgnitās, ātis</b> [<b>benīgnus</b>], f., <i>good-will</i>, <i>kindness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>benīgnus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>kind</i>, <i>favorable</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Berenīcē, ēs</b>, f., a city in Cyrenaica in Africa.</p> - -<p><b>Bessī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a mountain tribe of Thrace.</p> - -<p><b>Bēstia, ae</b>, m., <i>L. Calpurnius Bēstia</i>, consul 111 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>bēstia, ae</b>, f., <i>a beast</i>, <i>animal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>bibō, ere, bibī, —</b>, <i>to drink</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bibulus, ī</b>, m., <i>L. (Calpurnius) Bibulus</i>, consul with Caesar 59 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>biennium, ī</b> [<b>bis</b> + <b>annus</b>], n., <i>two years’ time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>bīnī, ae, a</b> [<b>bis</b>], dist. num. adj., <i>two by two</i>, <i>two each</i>.</p> - -<p><b>bis</b> [<b>duis</b>; cf. <b>duo</b>], num. adv., <i>twice</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bīthȳnia, ae</b>, f., a country in Asia Minor, on the Propontis and Black Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Bituītus, ī</b>, m., a king of the Arverni in Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>Blaesus, ī</b>, m., <i>C. Semprōnius Blaesus</i>, consul 253 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>blanditia, ae</b>, f., <i>flattery</i>; -in pl., <i>blandishments</i>, <i>allurements</i>.</p> - -<p><b>blatteus, a, um</b> [<b>blatta</b>, <i>purple</i>], adj., <i>purple-colored</i>.</p> - -<p><b>blattinus, a, um</b> [<b>blatta</b>, <i>purple</i>], adj., <i>purple-colored</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bocchus, ī</b>, m., a king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha.</p> - -<p><b>Bōiōnius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Antōnīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>bonitās, ātis</b> [<b>bonus</b>], f., <i>goodness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bononia, ae</b>, f., a city in Belgic Gaul, now Boulogne.</p> - -<p><b>Bonōsus, ī</b>, m., a Spaniard who usurped the imperial title in Gaul in the reign of Probus, 281 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>bonus, a, um</b>, adj., comp. <b>melior</b>, sup. <b>optimus</b>; <i>good</i>, <i>advantageous</i>, <i>friendly</i>; -<b>bonō animō esse</b>, <i>to feel friendly</i>; -as subst., <b>bonum, ī</b>, n., <i>profit</i>; -<b>bonī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>good men</i>, <i>loyal citizens</i>; -<b>bona, ōrum</b>, pl. n., <i>goods</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bosporānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., dwelling on the Cimmerian Bosporus.</p> - -<p><b>Bosporus, ī</b>, m. -1. <i>Cimmerius Bosporus</i>, the strait leading from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. -2. A city in the Crimea on the Cimmerian Bosporus.</p> - -<p><b>bracchium, ī</b>, n., <i>an arm</i>.</p> - -<p><b>breviārium, ī</b> [<b>brevis</b>], n., <i>a summary</i>, <i>abridgment</i>, <i>epitome</i>.</p> - -<p><b>brevis, e</b>, adj., <i>short</i>, <i>brief</i>.</p> - -<p><b>brevitās, ātis</b> [<b>brevis</b>], f., <i>shortness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Britannicus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Britain</i>, <i>British</i>; -as subst., <b>Britannicus, ī</b>, m., son of the emperor Claudius and Messalina.</p> - -<p><b>Britannī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Britain</i>, <i>Britons</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Britannia, ae</b>, f., <i>Britain</i>, England and Scotland; -in the pl. includes Ireland.</p> - -<p><b>Brundisīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of the city of Brundisium</i>, in Calabria.</p> - -<p><b>Bruttiī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a people in the southwestern part of Italy.</p> - -<p><b>Brūtus, ī</b>, m., a family name at Rome. -1. <i>D. Iūnius Brūtus.</i> He conquered the Callaeci and Lusitani, and won the name of Callaecus in consequence. Consul 138 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>L. Iūnius Brūtus</i>, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus, consul with Collatinus 509 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>(M. Iūnius) Brūtus</i>, one of the murderers of Caesar.</p> - -<p><b>Budalia, ae</b>, f., a town in Lower Pannonia, the birthplace of the emperor Decius.</p> - -<p><b>Bulcus, ī</b>, m., <i>C. Atīlius Bulcus</i>, consul 237 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Burdigala, ae</b>, f., a city in Aquitania, now Bordeaux.</p> - -<p><b>Burziaonē, ēs</b>, f., a city in the modern Bulgaria.</p> - -<p><b>Bȳzantium, ī</b>, n., a city on the Thracian Bosporus, later Constantinople.</p> - -<h3>C.</h3> - -<p><b>C.</b>, abbreviation of the praenomen <b>Gaius</b>.</p> - -<p><b>C.</b> ＝ <b>centum</b>, 100.</p> - -<p><b>Cabīra, ōrum</b>, pl. n., a city in Pontus, on the border of Armenia.</p> - -<p><b>Cabylē, ēs</b>, f., a town in Thrace.</p> - -<p><b>cadāver, eris</b> [<b>cadō</b>], n., <i>a corpse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cadō, ere, cecidī, casūrus</b>, <i>to fall</i>, <i>be killed</i>, <i>die</i>; <i>happen</i>. -<b>ad—accidō, ere, cidī, —</b>, <i>to happen</i>, <i>befall</i>, <i>come to pass</i>. -<b>con—concidō, ere, cidī, —</b>, <i>to fall</i>, <i>be slain</i>, <i>perish</i>. -<b>in—incidō, ere, cidī, —</b>, <i>to fall</i>, <i>fall in with</i>, <i>meet</i>; <i>happen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Caecilius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. -Q. <i>Caecilius</i>, consul 206 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -See <b>Metellus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Caecus, ī</b>, m., <i>Appius Claudius (Caecus)</i>, consul 307 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>caedēs, is</b> [<b>caedō</b>], f., <i>killing</i>, <i>slaughter</i>, <i>massacre</i>.</p> - -<p><b>caedo, ere, cecīdī, caesus</b>, <i>to cut</i>, <i>cut to pieces</i>; <i>kill</i>, <i>conquer</i>, <i>rout</i>; -<b>virgīs caedere</b>, <i>flog</i>. -<b>ex—excīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus</b>, <i>to cut out</i>, <i>cut down</i>, <i>cut off</i>; <i>demolish</i>, <i>lay waste</i>. -<b>ob—occīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus</b>, <i>to cut down</i>, <i>kill</i>, <i>slay</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Caelius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Caelian</i>; -<b>Caelius Mōns</b>, <i>the Caelian Hill</i>, one of the seven hills of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>caelum, ī</b>, n., <i>heaven</i>, <i>sky</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Caenīnēnsēs, ium</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Caenīna</i>, a town of the Sabines.</p> - -<p><b>Caenophrūrium, ī</b>, n., a town in Thrace.</p> - -<p><b>Caepiō, ōnis</b>, m., the name of a Roman family. -1. <i>Cn. Servīlius Caepiō</i>, consul 253 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Q. (Cn.) Servīlius Caepiō</i>, consul 140 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>Q. (Servīlius) Caepiō</i>, consul 106 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Caesar, aris</b>, m., a family name in the Julian gens. -1. <i>C. Iūlius Caesar</i>, the famous dictator. See Notes, p. 144. -2. <i>Sex. Iūlius Caesar</i>, uncle of the dictator. Consul 91 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>C. Octāviānus</i>, see <b>Augustus, Octāviānus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Caesarēa, ae</b>, f., the name given to several cities founded in honor of the Caesars. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>1. <i>Caesarēa</i> in Cappadocia. -2. <i>Caesarēa</i> in Mauretania. -3. <i>Caesarēa</i> in Palestine.</p> - -<p><b>caesus, a, um</b>, see <b>caedō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Calābria, ae</b>, f., a division of southern Italy.</p> - -<p><b>calamitās, ātis</b>, f., <i>a calamity</i>, <i>defeat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>calceāmentum, ī</b>, n., <i>a shoe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>calidus, a, um</b>, adj., comp. <b>calidior</b>; <i>warm</i>, <i>hot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Caligula, ae</b>, m., <i>C. Caesar</i>, surnamed <i>Caligula</i>, Roman emperor 37-41 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Callaecī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., the inhabitants of the northern part of Spain.</p> - -<p><b>Callatis, is</b>, f., a town in Moesia, on the Black Sea.</p> - -<p><b>callidē</b> [<b>callidus</b>, <i>shrewd</i>], adv., <i>keenly</i>, <i>shrewdly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Callinīcum, ī</b>, m., a city in Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates.</p> - -<p><b>Calpurnius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Bēstia</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Calvīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>Sex. Domitius Calvīnus</i>, consul 127 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>calx, cis</b>, f., <i>limestone</i>, <i>lime</i>; <i>the goal of the race-course</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Camillus, ī</b>, m., 1. <i>(M.) Fūrius Camillus</i>, a famous Roman hero. -2. <i>L. Fūrius (Camillus)</i>, consul 349 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Campānia, ae</b>, f., a district of Italy on the western side, south of Latium.</p> - -<p><b>campus, ī</b>, <i>a plain</i>; -<b>Campus Mārtius</b>, the level space north of the Capitoline Hill at Rome; it was outside of the walls in the earliest times, and served as a place for exercise.</p> - -<p><b>Canīna, ae</b>, m., <i>C. Claudius Canīna</i>, consul 273 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Cannae, ārum</b>, pl. f., a small town in Apulia, where one of the most important battles of the Second Punic War was fought, 216 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Cantabria, ae</b>, f., a division in the northern part of Spain.</p> - -<p><b>cantō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>canō</b>, <i>to sing</i>], <i>to produce melodious sounds</i>, <i>sing</i>.</p> - -<p><b>capiō, ere, cēpī, captus</b>, <i>to take</i>, <i>get</i>, <i>seize</i>, <i>capture</i>, <i>arrive at</i>; -<b>consilium capere</b>, <i>to form a plan</i>. -<b>ad—accipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to accept</i>, <i>receive</i>; <i>listen to</i>, <i>learn</i>. -<b>dē—dēcipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take in</i>, <i>catch</i>, <i>deceive</i>, <i>cheat</i>. -<b>ex—excipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take out</i>, <i>except</i>, <i>take up</i>; <i>intercept</i>, <i>capture</i>; <i>receive</i>. -<b>prae—praecipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take</i> <i>beforehand</i>, <i>foresee</i>; <i>bid</i>, <i>order</i>, <i>direct</i>, <i>instruct</i>. -<b>re—recipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take back</i>, <i>receive</i>; <i>admit</i>; -<b>sē recipere</b>, <i>to retreat</i>. -<b>sub—suscipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take up</i>; <i>admit</i>, <i>support</i>; <i>undertake</i>, <i>incur</i>, <i>undergo</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Capitōlium, ī</b>, n., the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome; the hill on which this stood, the <i>Mōns Capitōlīnus</i>, the citadel as well as the chief sanctuary of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>Cappadocia, ae</b>, f., a province in Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>Cappadox, ocis</b>, m., <i>a Cappadocian</i>.</p> - -<p><b>captīvus, a, um</b> [<b>capiō</b>], adj., <i>captive</i>; -as subst., <b>captīvus, ī</b>, m., <b>captīva, ae</b>, f., <i>captive</i>, <i>prisoner of war</i>.</p> - -<p><b>captus, a, um</b>, see <b>capiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Capua, ae</b>, f., a Greek city near Naples, in Campania.</p> - -<p><b>caput, itis</b>, n., <i>the head</i>; <i>a person</i>, <i>man</i>; <i>mouth</i> (of a river); <i>life</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Caracalla, ae</b>, m., see <b>M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Carausius, ī</b>, m., a commander of the fleet under Maximian. He revolted, and after some time was slain, 293 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Carbō, ōnis</b>, m., 1. <i>Cn. (Papīrius) Carbō</i>, consul 113 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>(Cn.) Papīrius Carbō</i>, consul 82 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>carcer, eris</b>, m., <i>prison</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cardueni, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a powerful and warlike people in the southeastern part of Armenia Māior.</p> - -<p><b>careō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to be without</i>, <i>be free from</i>, <i>be destitute of</i>; <i>refrain from</i>, <i>abstain from</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Carīnās, ātis</b>, m., <i>C. Carīnās</i>, a leader of the Marian party.</p> - -<p><b>Carīnus, ī</b>, m., the son of the emperor Carus. He was associated with his father in the government.</p> - -<p><b>Carnuntum, ī</b>, n., an ancient Celtic town in Upper Pannonia, on the Danube.</p> - -<p><b>Carpī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a German people living between the Carpathian mountains and the Danube.</p> - -<p><b>Carrae, ārum</b>, pl. f., a city in Mesopotamia.</p> - -<p><b>Carthalō, ōnis</b>, m., a leader of the Carthaginians, slain by Q. Fabius Maximus.</p> - -<p><b>Cārus</b>, ī, m., <i>(M. Aurēlius) Cārus</i>, Roman emperor, 282-283 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Casca, ae</b>, m., <i>(P.) Servīlius Casca</i>, consul 44 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Cassius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. -See <b>Longīnus, Viscellīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>castellum, ī</b> [dim. from <b>castrum</b>], n., <i>a stronghold</i>, <i>castle</i>, <i>fort</i>.</p> - -<p><b>castrum, ī</b>, n., <i>a fortified place</i>, <i>town</i>; -pl., <b>castra, ōrum</b>, pl. n., <i>a camp</i>; <i>a campaign</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cāsus, ūs</b> [<b>cadō</b>], m., <i>that which befalls</i>; <i>event</i>, <i>chance</i>, <i>misfortune</i>, <i>death</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Catalaunī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a city in Belgic Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>catēna, ae</b>, f., <i>a chain</i>, <i>fetter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>catēnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>catēna</b>], <i>to bind with chains</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Catilīna, ae</b>, m., <i>L. Sergius Catiline</i>, a conspirator during the consulship of Cicerō, 63 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Catinēnsēs, ium</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Catina</i>, or <i>Catana</i>, in Sicily.</p> - -<p><b>Catō, ōnis</b>, m., a family name in the Porcian gens. -1. <i>(M.) Porcius Catō</i>, consul 89 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>C. (Porcius) Catō</i>, consul 114 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>M. Porcius Catō</i>, consul 118 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -4. <i>M. Porcius Catō Uticēnsis</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cattī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., one of the most important nations in Germany, in Hesse, and Thuringia.</p> - -<p><b>Catulus, ī</b>, m., a family name at Rome. -1. <i>C. Lutātius Catulus</i>, consul 242 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Q. Lutātius (Catulus)</i>, consul 241 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>Q. Lutātius Catulus</i>, consul 202 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -4. <i>Q. (Lutātius) Catulus</i>, consul 78 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Caudex, icis</b>, m., <i>Appius Claudius (Caudex)</i>, consul 264 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Caudīnus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Caudine</i>; -<b>Furculae Caudīnae</b>, the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass in the Samnite mountains.</p> - -<p><b>Caudium, ī</b>, n., a town in Samnium.</p> - -<p><b>causa, ae</b>, f., <i>reason</i>, <i>motive</i>; <i>pretext</i>; <i>case</i>, <i>state</i>; -<b>causā</b>, with gen. postpositive, <i>for the sake of</i>, <i>on account of</i>; -<b>causam dare</b>, <i>to occasion</i>, <i>cause</i>.</p> - -<p><b>causidicus, ī</b> [<b>causa</b> + <b>dīcō</b>], m., <i>a pleader</i>, <i>advocate</i>, <i>special pleader</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cecidī</b>, see <b>cadō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cecīdī</b>, see <b>caedō</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>cēdō, ere, cessī, cessus</b>, <i>to move</i>, <i>yield</i>, <i>retreat</i>. -<b>ad—accēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to move towards</i>, <i>draw near</i>; <i>be added</i>; <i>agree to</i>, <i>enter into</i>. -<b>con—concēdō, ere, cessī, cessus</b>, <i>to withdraw</i>, <i>retire</i>, <i>depart</i>; <i>submit</i>; <i>allow</i>, <i>grant</i>, <i>concede</i>. -<b>dē—dēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessus</b>, <i>to go away</i>, <i>withdraw</i>, <i>depart</i>; <i>to die</i> (sc. <b>vītā</b>). -<b>in—incēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to advance</i>, <i>approach</i>; <i>march</i>; <i>move slowly</i>. -<b>inter—intercēdō, ere, cessī, cessus</b>, <i>to go between</i>; <i>intervene</i>; <i>occur</i>. -<b>prae—praecēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to go before</i>. -<b>prō—prōcēdō, ere, cessī, cessus</b>, <i>to move forward</i>, <i>advance</i>, <i>make progress</i>. -<b>re—recēdō, ere, cessī, cessus</b>, <i>to move back</i>, <i>withdraw</i>, <i>retire</i>, <i>retreat</i>. -<b>sub—succēdō, ere, cessī, cessus</b>, <i>to come up</i>, <i>advance</i>; <i>succeed</i>, <i>follow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>celeber, bris, bre</b>, adj., famous.</p> - -<p><b>celebrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>celeber</b>], <i>to practice</i>, <i>repeat</i>; <i>celebrate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>celeritās, ātis</b> [<b>celer</b>, <i>swift</i>], f., <i>swiftness</i>, <i>speed</i>, <i>alertness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>celerō, āre, —, —</b> [<b>celer</b>, <i>swift</i>], <i>to hasten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Celtiberia, ae</b>, f., a mountainous country in the central part of Spain.</p> - -<p><b>cēna, ae</b>, f., dinner, the principal meal of the Romans, taken about three o’clock.</p> - -<p><b>cēnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>cēna</b>], <i>to dine</i>, <i>eat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cēnsor, ōris</b> [<b>cēnseō</b>, <i>to value</i>], m., <i>censor</i>, a Roman magistrate, elected every four years, to classify the citizens.</p> - -<p><b>Cēnsōrīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Mānlius Cēnsōrīnus</i>, consul 149 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>cēnsus, ūs</b> [<b>cēnseō</b>, <i>to value</i>], m., the census, an enumeration and classification of the people according to wealth.</p> - -<p><b>centēnī, ae a, a</b> [<b>centum</b>], distrib. num. adj., <i>a hundred each</i>.</p> - -<p><b>centēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>centum</b>], num. adj., <i>hundredth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>centum</b>, indecl. num. adj., a hundred.</p> - -<p><b>Centumalus, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman family. -1. <i>Cn. Fulvius Centumalus</i>, consul 229 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Cn. Fulvius (Centumalus)</i>, consul 211 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>centuriō, ōnis</b> [<b>centum</b>], m., a century, a division of the army or the people, containing a hundred men.</p> - -<p><b>cēpī</b>, see <b>capiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cernō, ere, crēvī, certus</b>, <i>to separate</i>; <i>see</i>, <i>perceive</i>; <i>decide</i>, <i>determine</i>. -<b>dē—dēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus</b>, <i>to decide</i>, <i>determine</i>; <i>decree</i>, <i>vote</i>, <i>intrust</i> (by a decree); <i>contend</i>, <i>fight</i>.</p> - -<p><b>certāmen, inis</b> [<b>certō</b>, <i>to fight</i>], n., <i>a struggle</i>, <i>battle</i>, <i>engagement</i>.</p> - -<p><b>certātim</b> [<b>certō</b>, <i>to fight</i>], adv., <i>in rivalry</i>, <i>zealously</i>.</p> - -<p><b>certē</b> [<b>certus</b>, <i>certain</i>], adv., <i>certainly</i>, <i>surely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cessī</b>, see <b>cēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cessō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>cēdō</b>], <i>to be inactive</i>, <i>loiter</i>, <i>delay</i>; <i>come to an end</i>, <i>cease</i>.</p> - -<p><b>(cēterus), a, um</b> [nom. sing. m. lacking], adj., <i>the rest</i>, <i>the others</i>, <i>others</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Chaerōnēnsis, e</b>, adj., <i>belonging to Chaerōnēa</i>, <i>a town in Boeotia</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Chalcēdōn, ōnis</b>, f., a Greek city in Bithynia.</p> - -<p><b>Chalcēdōnius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>belonging to Chalcedon</i>.</p> - -<p><b>chlamys, ydis</b>, f., <i>a Grecian upper garment of wool</i>, <i>military cloak</i>, <i>state mantle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Christiānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Christian</i>; -<b>Christiāna religiō</b>, <i>Christianity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cibalae, ārum</b>, pl. f., a town in Pannonia.</p> - -<p><b>Cicerō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>M. Tullius Cicerō</i>, the famous orator, consul 63 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Cilicia, ae</b>, f., a division of Asia Minor, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Cimbrī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a Germanic tribe which, together with the Teutones, invaded Italy, and was defeated by Marius, 101 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Cimbricus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Cimbrian</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cincinnātus, ī</b>, m., a Roman family name. -1. <i>L. Quīntius Cincinnātus</i>, consul 460 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>T. Quīntius Cincinnātus</i>, conquered the Praenestini near the river Allia.</p> - -<p><b>Cīneas, ae</b>, m., the friend and minister of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.</p> - -<p><b>cingō, ere, cīnxī, cīnctus</b>, <i>to encircle</i>, <i>surround</i>; -<i>gird</i>, <i>gird on</i>, <i>equip</i>; -<b>obsidiōne cingere</b>, <i>to blockade</i>, <i>besiege</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cinna, ae</b>, m., <i>L. Cornelius Cinna</i>, consul 87, 86 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>circā</b>, adv. and prep. with acc., <i>around</i>, <i>round about</i>, <i>throughout</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Circēsium, ī</b>, n., a city of Mesopotamia on the Euphrates.</p> - -<p><b>circueō</b>, see <b>circumeō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>circuitus, ūs</b> [<b>circumeō</b>], m., <i>a going round</i>, <i>circuit</i>, <i>winding way</i>.</p> - -<p><b>circumdūcō</b>, see <b>dūcō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>circumeō</b>, see <b>eō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>circumferō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>circumlātus</b>, see <b>circumferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>circus, ī</b>, m., <i>a circle</i>, <i>inclosure for athletic sports</i>, esp. <i>chariot races</i>; -<b>Circus Māximus</b>, see Notes, p. 108.</p> - -<p><b>citharoedicus</b>, a, um, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>pertaining to the citharoedī</i>, those who play on the cithara, accompanying it with the voice.</p> - -<p><b>*citō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [intens. of <b>cieō</b>, <i>to cause to move</i>], <i>to rouse</i>. -<b>con—concitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to arouse</i>, <i>urge</i>, <i>excite</i>. -<b>ex—excitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to rouse forth</i>, <i>excite</i>, <i>stimulate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cito</b>, adv., <i>quickly</i>, <i>speedily</i>, <i>soon</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cīvīlis, e</b> [<b>cīvis</b>], adj., <i>pertaining to a citizen</i>; -<i>civil</i>; -<i>polite</i>, <i>moderate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cīvīlissimē</b>, see <b>cīvīliter</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cīvīlitās, ātis</b> [<b>cīvīlis</b>], f., <i>the art of government</i>, <i>politics</i>; -<i>courteousness</i>, <i>politeness</i>, <i>affability</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cīvīliter</b> [<b>cīvīlis</b>], adv., sup. <b>cīvīlissimē</b>; -<i>citizenlike, as becomes a private citizen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cīvis, is</b>, m., <i>a citizen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cīvitās, ātis</b>, f., <i>citizenship</i>; -<i>state</i>, <i>community</i>; -<i>city</i>.</p> - -<p><b>clārē</b> [<b>clārus</b>], adv., <i>clearly</i>; -<i>loudly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>clārēscō, ere, clarui, —</b> [incho. of <b>clāreō</b>, <i>to be bright</i>], <i>to grow bright</i>; -<i>become audible</i>, <i>sound clear</i>; -<i>become illustrious</i>, <i>grow famous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>clārus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>bright</i>; -<i>famous</i>, <i>renowned</i>; -of sound, <i>clear</i>, <i>loud</i>.</p> - -<p><b>classis, is</b>, f., <i>a class or division of citizens</i>; -<i>the navy</i>; -<i>fleet</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Claudius, ī</b>, m., the name of one of the oldest and most famous of the Roman gentes. -1. <i>Claudius I.</i>, Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero, Roman emperor, 41-54 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span>2. <i>Claudius II.</i>, M. Aurelius Claudius Gothicus, Roman emperor, 268-270 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -See <b>Caecus</b>, <b>Canīna</b>, <b>Caudex</b>, <b>Crassus</b>, <b>Mārcellus</b>, <b>Nerō</b>, <b>Pulcher</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Claudius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Claudian</i>.</p> - -<p><b>claudō, ere, clausī, clausus</b>, <i>to shut</i>, <i>close</i>, <i>inclose</i>. -<b>con—conclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus</b>, <i>to shut up</i>, <i>confine</i>. -<b>ex—exclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus</b>, <i>to shut out</i>, <i>cut off</i>, <i>exclude</i>.</p> - -<p><b>claustrum, ī</b> [<b>claudō</b>], n., <i>a barrier</i>, <i>hindrance</i>; <i>frontier</i>, <i>fortress</i>, <i>point of control</i>.</p> - -<p><b>clēmentia, ae</b> [<b>clēmēns</b>, <i>gentle</i>], f., <b>mercifulness</b>, <i>forbearance</i>, <i>kindness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cleopatra, ae</b>, f., the famous queen of Egypt.</p> - -<p><b>clībanārius, ī</b>, m., <i>a soldier clad in mail</i>; <i>a cuirassier</i>.</p> - -<p><b>clipeus, ī</b>, m., <i>a round shield</i>, as distinguished from <b>scutum</b>, <i>an oblong shield</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cloāca, ae</b>, f., <i>a sewer drain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Clōdius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Albīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Cluentius, ī</b>, m., a leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war.</p> - -<p><b>Clypea, ae</b>, f., a fortified town in the northern part of Africa, near Carthage.</p> - -<p><b>Cn.</b>, abbreviation of the praenomen <b>Gnaeus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>coāctus</b>, see <b>cōgō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Cōchē, ēs</b>, f., a city on the Tigris, near Ctesiphon.</p> - -<p><b>coepī, isse, coeptus</b>, defective verb, <i>to begin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>coërceō</b>, see <b>*arceō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>coërcitor, ōris</b> [<b>coërceō</b>], m., <i>one who restrains</i>, <i>an enforcer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cognitus</b>, see <b>cognōscō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cognōmen, inis</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>(g)nōmen</b>], n., <i>a surname</i>, a name added to the individual and clan names of a person, either as a title of honor, as <b>Africānus</b>, <b>Māgnus</b>, or as a nickname, as <b>Cicerō</b>. <i>Cognōmina</i> served to distinguish different families of the same gens.</p> - -<p><b>cognōmentum, ī</b> [<b>cognōmen</b>], n., <i>a surname</i> (rare).</p> - -<p><b>cognōscō</b>, see <b>nōscō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōgō</b>, see <b>agō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Colchī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Colchis</i>, in Asia.</p> - -<p>Col<b>lātīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>(L.) Tarquinius Collātīnus</i>, the husband of Lucretia, and one of the first two consuls, 509 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>collīnus, a, um</b>, [<b>collis</b>, <i>a hill</i>], adj., <i>pertaining to a hill</i>, <i>hilly</i>; -<b>Porta Collīna</b>, the Colline Gate.</p> - -<p><b>collum, ī</b>, m., <i>neck</i>.</p> - -<p><b>colō, ere, uī, cultus</b>, <i>to till</i>, <i>cultivate</i>; dwell in; practice, cherish; clothe, adorn; <i>honor</i>, <i>esteem</i>. -<b>in—incolō, ere, uī, —</b>, <i>to dwell</i>, <i>settle</i>, <i>inhabit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>colōnia, ae</b>, [<b>colō</b>], f., <i>a colony</i>, <i>settlement</i>.</p> - -<p><b>columna, ae</b>, f., <i>a column</i>, <i>pillar</i>.</p> - -<p><b>coma, ae</b>, f., <i>hair</i>.</p> - -<p><b>comes, itis</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>eō</b>], m. and f., <i>a companion</i>, <i>comrade</i>; <i>attendant</i>, <i>follower</i>.</p> - -<p><b>comētēs, ae</b>, Gr. acc. <b>comētēn</b>, m., <i>a comet</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Commāgēnē, ēs</b>, f., a district in the northern part of Syria.</p> - -<p><b>commemorō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>memor</b>, <i>mindful</i>], <i>to call to mind</i>, <i>mention</i>, <i>tell</i>.</p> - -<p><b>commendātiō, ōnīs</b> [<b>commendō</b>], f., <i>commending</i>, <i>recommendation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>commendō</b>, see <b>mandō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>committō</b>, see <b>mittō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>commodē</b> [<b>commodus</b>], adv., <i>fitly</i>, <i>easily</i>, <i>properly</i>, <i>rightly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>commodum, ī</b> [<b>commodus</b>], n., <i>convenience</i>, <i>advantage</i>, <i>utility</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Commodus, ī</b>, m., see <b>Antōnīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>commodus, a, um</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>modus</b>], adj., <i>in due measure</i>, <i>suitable</i>, <i>fit</i>, <i>convenient</i>.</p> - -<p><b>commoror, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>moror</b>, <i>to delay</i>], <i>to tarry</i>, <i>linger</i>, <i>abide</i>, <i>remain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>commoveō</b>, see <b>moveō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>commūnis, e</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>mūnus</b>], adj., <i>common</i>; <i>ordinary</i>; <i>public</i>; -<b>rēs commūnis</b>, <i>the public interest</i>.</p> - -<p><b>compāreō</b>, see <b>pāreō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>comparō</b>, see <b>parō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>comparō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>compār</b>, <i>like</i>], <i>to compare</i>.</p> - -<p><b>compellō</b>, see <b>pellō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>comperiō</b>, see <b>*pariō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>compescō, ere, uī, —</b>, <i>to confine</i>, <i>hold in check</i>, <i>repress</i>, <i>curb</i>, <i>restrain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>compleō</b>, see <b>*pleō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>complexus, ūs</b> [<b>complector</b>, <i>to embrace</i>], m., <i>surrounding</i>, <i>embrace</i>.</p> - -<p><b>compōnō</b>, see <b>pōnō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>compulī</b>, see <b>compellō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>computātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>computō</b>, <i>to sum up</i>], f., <i>a reckoning</i>.</p> - -<p><b>concēdō</b>, see <b>cēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>concidō</b>, see <b>cadō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>concitō</b>, see <b>*citō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>concitor, ōris</b> [<b>concitō</b>], m., <i>he who arouses</i>, <i>a stirrer up</i>.</p> - -<p><b>conclūdō</b>, see <b>claudō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Concordia, ae</b>, f., a Roman colony founded in Venetia.</p> - -<p><b>concubīna, ae</b>, f., <i>a concubine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>condiciō, ōnis</b> [<b>condīcō</b>, <i>to agree</i>], f., <i>a condition</i>, <i>state</i>; <i>terms</i>, <i>stipulation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>condiscipulus, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>discipulus</b>, <i>a student</i>], m., <i>a fellow-student</i>, <i>schoolmate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>conditor, ōris</b> [<b>condō</b>], m., <i>a founder</i>, <i>inventor</i>, <i>writer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>condō</b>, see <b>dō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnfectus</b>, see <b>cōnficiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnferō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnfestim</b>, adv., <i>immediately</i>, <i>at once</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnficiō</b>, see <b>faciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>fīgō</b>, <i>to fix</i>], <b>to fasten together</b>, <b>unite</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>fīrmō</b>, <i>to make firm</i>], <i>to confirm</i>, <i>strengthen</i>, <i>encourage</i>, <i>affirm</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnflīgō</b>, see <b>*flīgō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnfluō</b>, see <b>fluō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>fodiō</b>, <i>to dig</i>], <i>to dig</i>; <i>stab</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnfugiō</b>, see <b>fugiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnfundō</b>, see <b>fundō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnfūsus</b>, see <b>cōnfundō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>congerō</b>, see <b>gerō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>congredior</b>, see <b>*gradior</b>.</p> - -<p><b>congregō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>grex</b>, <i>a herd</i>], <i>to collect</i>, <i>unite</i>.</p> - -<p><b>congressus</b>, see <b>congredior</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōniciō</b>, see <b>*iaciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>coniungō</b>, see <b>iungō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>coniūnx, coniugis</b> [<b>coniungō</b>], m. and f., <i>a husband</i>, <i>wife</i>.</p> - -<p><b>coniūrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>coniūrō</b>], f., <i>a conspiracy</i>, <i>plot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>coniūrō</b>, see <b>iūrō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>conlātus</b>, see <b>conferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>conlēga, ae</b> [<b>conligō</b>], m., <i>a colleague</i>.</p> - -<p><b>conligō</b>, see <b>legō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>conlocō</b>, see <b>locō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>conloquium, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>loquor</b>, <i>to speak</i>], n., <i>an interview</i>, <i>conference</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to attempt</i>, <i>try</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnscendō</b>, see <b>*scandō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsecrō</b>, see <b>*sacrō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsecūtus</b>, see <b>cōnsequor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsēdī</b>, see <b>cōnsīdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsenēscō</b>, see <b>senēscō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsēnsī</b>, see <b>cōnsentiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsēnsus, ūs</b> [<b>cōnsentiō</b>], m., <i>consent</i>, <i>assent</i>, <i>united opinion</i>; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span><b>ex -commūnī cōnsēnsū</b>, <i>by common consent</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsentio</b>, see <b>sentiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsenuī</b>, see <b>cōnsenēscō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsequor</b>, see <b>sequor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnserō</b>, see <b>*serō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsīdō</b>, see <b>sīdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsilium, ī</b> [<b>cōnsulō</b>], n., <i>a plan</i>, <i>advice</i>; <i>counsel</i>, <i>wisdom</i>; <i>authority</i>; <i>council</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsistō</b>, see <b>*sistō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsōbrīna, ae</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>soror</b>], f., <i>a cousin-german</i>, <i>first cousin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnspectus, ūs</b> [<b>cōnspiciō</b>], m., <i>sight</i>, <i>presence</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnspiciō</b>, see <b>*speciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Cōnstāns, antis</b>, m., the youngest of the three sons of Constantine the Great.</p> - -<p><b>Cōnstantia, ae</b>, f., daughter of Constantius Chlorus.</p> - -<p><b>Cōnstantīnopolis, is</b>, f., Constantinople, a city built on the site of Byzantium by Constantine the Great.</p> - -<p><b>Cōnstantīnus, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>Cōnstantīnus</i>, surnamed “the Great.” Roman emperor 306-337 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>Cōnstantīnus</i>, son of (1).</p> - -<p><b>Cōnstantius, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>Cōnstantius Chlōrus</i>, father of Constantine the Great. Roman emperor 305-306 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>Cōnstantius</i>, third son of Constantine the Great. Roman emperor 337-361 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>cōnstitī</b>, see <b>cōnsistō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnstituō</b>, see *statuō.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsuētūdō, inis</b> [<b>cōnsuēscō</b>, <i>to become accustomed</i>], f., <i>habit</i>, <i>custom</i>, <i>manner</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsul, ulis</b>, m., <i>a consul</i>. The usual name of the two highest officials of the Roman republic. They were elected annually, and their names were used in place of a date.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsulāris, e</b> [<b>cōnsul</b>], adj., <i>of a consul</i>, <i>of consular rank</i>; -as subst., <i>an ex-consul</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsulātus, ūs</b> [<b>cōnsul</b>], m., <i>consulate</i>, <i>consulship</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsulō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to consult</i>, <i>consider</i>; <i>counsel</i>, <i>give advice to</i>; <i>provide for</i>; <i>ask advice of</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsultō</b> [<b>cōnsulō</b>], adv., <i>purposely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsultum, ī</b> [<b>cōnsulō</b>], n., <i>resolution</i>, <i>decree</i>; -<b>senātūs cōnsultum</b>, <i>decree of the senate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsultus, a, um</b> [<b>cōnsulō</b>], adj., <i>experienced</i>, <i>learned</i>; -<b>iūris cōnsultus</b>, <i>a lawyer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōnsūmō</b>, see <b>sūmō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>contāminō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>contāmen</b>, <i>touch</i>], <i>to bring into contact</i>, <i>mingle</i>; <i>corrupt</i>, <i>defile</i>, <i>pollute</i>.</p> - -<p><b>contemnō, ere, tempsī, temptus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>temnō</b>, <i>to scorn</i>], <i>to despise</i>, <i>scorn</i>.</p> - -<p><b>contendō</b>, see <b>tendō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>contentiō, ōnis</b> [<b>contendō</b>], f., <i>exertion</i>, <i>struggle</i>; <i>contest</i>, <i>contention</i>.</p> - -<p><b>contentus, a, um</b> [<b>contineō</b>], adj., <i>content</i>, <i>satisfied</i>.</p> - -<p><b>contigī</b>, see <b>contingō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>contineō</b>, see <b>teneō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>contingō</b>, see <b>*tangō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>continuus, a, um</b> [<b>contineō</b>], adj., <i>successive</i>, <i>uninterrupted</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōntiō, ōnis</b> [contr. from <b>conventiō</b>, <i>assembling</i>], f., <i>assembly</i>; <i>an address</i> (to the assembly).</p> - -<p><b>contrā</b>, prep. with acc., <i>against</i>, <i>opposite to</i>, <i>contrary to</i>; -<b>adv.</b>, <i>on the other hand</i>; -<b>contrā atque</b>, <i>contrary to what</i>.</p> - -<p><b>contrāctus, a, um</b>, see <b>contrahō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>contrādīcō</b>, see <b>dīcō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>contrahō</b>, see <b>trahō</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>contrōversia, ae</b> [<b>contrā</b> + <b>vertō</b>], f., <i>dispute</i>, <i>controversy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>contulī</b>, see <b>cōnferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>conveniō</b>, see <b>veniō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>conventus, ūs</b> [<b>conveniō</b>], m., <i>a meeting</i>, <i>assembly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>conversus</b>, see <b>convertō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>convertō</b>, see <b>*vertō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>convīcium, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>vocō</b>], n., <i>a loud noise</i>, <i>clamor</i>, <i>cry</i>; <i>insult</i>.</p> - -<p><b>convincō</b>, see <b>vincō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>convīvium, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>vīvō</b>], n., <i>a feast</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōpia, ae</b> [<b>co(n)</b> + <b>ops</b>], f., <i>abundance</i>, <i>supply</i>; -pl., <i>troops</i>, <i>supplies</i>; <i>means</i>, <i>force</i>, <i>wealth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cōpiōsus, a, um</b> [<b>cōpia</b>], adj., <i>abounding in</i>, <i>well supplied</i>, <i>rich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Corinthiī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Corinth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Corinthus, ī</b>, f., a city in the Peloponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth, captured and destroyed by the Romans, 146 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Coriolānus, ī</b>, m., the surname of Q. Marcius, the conqueror of Corioli, 493 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Coriolī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a town of the Volsci in Latium.</p> - -<p><b>Cornēlius, ī</b>, m., the name of a large and important gens at Rome. See <b>Asina</b>, <b>Cinna</b>, <b>Dolābella</b>, <b>Faustus</b>, <b>Fuscus</b>, <b>Galbus</b>, <b>Lentulus</b>, <b>Rūfīnus</b>, <b>Scīpiō</b>, <b>Sulla</b>.</p> - -<p><b>cornū, ūs</b>, n., <i>a horn</i>; <i>trumpet</i>; <i>wing</i> (of an army).</p> - -<p><b>corpus, oris</b>, n., <i>a body</i>.</p> - -<p><b>corrēctor, ōris</b> [<b>corrigō</b>], m., <i>a corrector</i>, <i>improver</i>; <i>a land bailiff</i>, <i>governor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>corrēctus</b>, see <b>corrigō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>corrēxī</b>, see <b>corrigō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>corrigō</b>, see <b>regō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>corripiō</b>, see <b>rapiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>corrumpō</b>, see <b>rumpō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Corsica, ae</b>, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, west of Italy.</p> - -<p><b>Corvīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Valerius Corvīnus</i>, twice dictator, six times consul.</p> - -<p><b>corvus, ī</b>, m., <b>a raven</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Corycus, ī</b>, m., a city in Cilicia.</p> - -<p><b>Cosconius, ī</b>, m., <i>C. Cosconius</i>, a praetor during the Social War, 89 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Cotta, ae</b>, m., 1. <i>M. Aurēlius Cotta</i>, consul 78 (74) <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>(L.) Aurunculēius (Cotta)</i>, one of Caesar’s lieutenants in Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>Cottius, ī</b>, m., a king of several Ligurian tribes in the Cottian Alps.</p> - -<p><b>Cottius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Cottian</i>; -<b>Alpēs Cottiae</b>, the Cottian Alps, between France and Italy, from Mt. Viso to Mt. Cenis.</p> - -<p><b>Cotys, yis</b>, m., a Thracian king.</p> - -<p><b>Crassus, ī</b>, m., a Roman family name. -1. <i>Appius Claudius Crassus</i>, decemvir. -2. <i>M. Licinius Crassus</i>, the triumvir, consul 70 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>P. Licinius Crassus</i>, consul 171 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -4. <i>P. Licinius Crassus</i>, called Dives Mucianus, consul 131 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>crēber, bra, brum</b>, adj., <i>crowded</i>, <i>numerous</i>, <i>frequent</i>.</p> - -<p><b>crēdō, ere, crēdidī, crēditus</b>, <i>to believe</i>, <i>trust</i>, <i>think</i>; <i>intrust</i>, <i>commend to</i>.</p> - -<p><b>creō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to create</i>, <i>make</i>, <i>beget</i>; <i>elect</i>, <i>declare elected</i>.</p> - -<p><b>crēscō, ere, crēvī, crētus</b>, <i>to grow</i>, <i>increase</i>; <i>become influential</i>, <i>prosper</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Crēta, ae</b>, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Greece; modern Candia.</p> - -<p><b>Crēticus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Crete</i>; -<b>Crēticum bellum</b>, <i>war against Crete</i>.</p> - -<p><b>crīmen, inis</b> [<b>cernō</b>], n., <i>accusation</i>, <i>slander</i>; <i>fault</i>, <i>crime</i>, <i>offense</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>crīnītus, a, um</b> [<b>crīnis</b>, <i>hair</i>], adj., <i>covered with hair</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Crīnītus, ī</b>, m., see <b>Trāiānus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Crixus, ī</b>, m., one of the gladiators who revolted with Spartacus.</p> - -<p><b>crūdēlitās, ātis</b> [<b>crūdēlis</b>, <i>cruel</i>], f., <i>cruelty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>crūdēliter</b> [<b>crūdēlis</b>, <i>cruel</i>], adv., <i>cruelly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>crūditās, ātis</b> [<b>crūdus</b>, <i>unripe</i>], f., <i>overloading of the stomach</i>; <i>indigestion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cruentus, a, um</b> [<b>cruor</b>], adj., <i>blood-stained</i>, <i>bloody</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cruor, ōris</b>, m., <i>running blood</i>, <i>gore</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Crustumīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Crustumerium</i>, a town in the territory of the Sabines, north of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>crystallinus, a, um</b> [<b>crystallum</b>, <i>crystal</i>], adj., <i>of crystal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ctēsiphōn, ōntis</b>, f., a city in Assyria, on the Tigris.</p> - -<p><b>cubiculum, ī</b> [<b>cubō</b>, <i>to lie down</i>], n., <i>a bedchamber</i>.</p> - -<p><b>culpō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>culpa</b>, <i>fault</i>], <i>to find fault with</i>, <i>blame</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cultus, ūs</b> [<b>colō</b>], m., <i>cultivation</i>, <i>worship</i>; <i>culture</i>, <i>training</i>; mo<i>de of life</i>; <i>dress</i>, <i>splendor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cum</b>, prep. with abl., <i>with</i>, <i>together with</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cum</b>, conj., of time, <i>when</i>, <i>while</i>, <i>whenever</i>; -of cause, <i>since</i>; -of concession, <i>although</i>; -<b>cum … tum</b>, <i>both … and</i>, <i>not only … but also</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cūnctus, a, um</b> [<b>coniunctus, con</b> + <b>iungo</b>], adj., <i>all together</i>, <i>all</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cupiditās, ātis</b> [<b>cupidus</b>, <i>desirous</i>], f., <i>desire</i>, <i>longing</i>; <i>greediness</i>, <i>avarice</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cūra, ae</b>, f., <i>care</i>, <i>anxiety</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cūria, ae</b>, f., <i>the Roman senate house</i>, either the Curia Hostilia, adjoining the Forum, or the Curia Pompeia, built by Pompey in the Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar was murdered.</p> - -<p><b>Cūriō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>C. Scrībōnius</i>, consul 76 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Curius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Dentātus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus</b>, to run. -<b>ob—occurro, currere, (cu)curri, cursus</b>, <i>to run to meet</i>; <i>meet with</i>, <i>encounter</i>; <i>withstand</i>; <i>occur</i>.</p> - -<p><b>currus, ūs</b> [<b>currō</b>], m., <i>a chariot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cursor, ōris</b>, m., <i>L. Papīrius Cursor</i>, a celebrated general, six times consul, dictator twice.</p> - -<p><b>cursus, ūs</b> [<b>currō</b>], m., <i>running</i>, <i>speed</i>; <i>course</i>, <i>voyage</i>.</p> - -<p><b>cūstōdia, ae</b> [<b>cūstōs</b>, a guard], f., <i>care</i>, <i>guard</i>, <i>custody</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cȳrēnē, ēs</b>, f., a Greek city on the coast of Africa, west of Egypt.</p> - -<p><b>Cȳzicus, ī</b>, f., a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>Cȳzicēnus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Cȳzicus</i>.</p> - -<h3>D.</h3> - -<p><b>D.</b>, abbreviation of the praenomen <b>Decimus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>D.</b> ＝ 500.</p> - -<p><b>Dācī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Dacians</i>, inhabitants of Dacia.</p> - -<p><b>Dācia, ae</b>, f., a country north of the Danube.</p> - -<p><b>Dalmatae, ārum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Dalmatians</i>, the inhabitants of Dalmatia.</p> - -<p><b>Dalmatia, ae</b>, f., a country bordering on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Dalmatius, ī</b>, m., <i>Dalmatius Caesar</i>, a nephew of Constantine the Great.</p> - -<p><b>damnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>damnum</b>, <i>injury</i>], <i>to condemn</i>, <i>sentence</i>; <i>bind</i>, <i>compel</i>; <i>censure</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Dānuvius, ī</b>, m., <i>the Danube</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Daphnēnsēs, ium</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Daphnē</i>, a place near Antioch.</p> - -<p><b>Dardanī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a people of Upper Moesia.</p> - -<p><b>Dardania, ae</b>, f., a district of the Troad, lying along the Hellespont.</p> - -<p><b>datus</b>, see <b>dō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dē</b>, prep. with abl., of place, <i>from</i>, <i>down from</i>, <i>out of</i>; -of time, <i>after</i>, <i>during</i>; -of cause, <i>in consequence of</i>, <i>through</i>; -of relation, <i>concerning</i>, <i>in respect to</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēbeō</b>, see <b>habeō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēcēdō</b>, see <b>cēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>decem</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>ten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>decemvir, ī</b> [<b>decem</b> + <b>vir</b>], m., <i>one of a commission of ten men</i>, <i>decemvir</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Decentius, ī</b>, m., <i>Māgnus Decentius</i>, brother of Magnentius, by whom he was created Caesar, 351 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>dēceptus</b>, see <b>dēcipiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēcernō</b>, see <b>cernō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēcessī</b>, see <b>dēcēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>decet, ēre, uit, —</b> (impers.), <i>to be suitable</i>, <i>becoming</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Decibalus, ī</b>, m., a celebrated king of the Dacians.</p> - -<p><b>deciēs</b> [<b>decem</b>], num. adv., <i>ten times</i>.</p> - -<p><b>decimus, a, um</b> [<b>decem</b>], num. adj., <i>Tenth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēcipiō</b>, see <b>capiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Decius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. -<i>(Metius) Decius</i>, Roman emperor 249-251 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> See <b>Mūs</b>.</p> - -<p><b>decorō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>decus</b>, <i>honor</i>], <i>to decorate</i>, <i>distinguish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēcrēvī</b>, see <b>dēcernō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēdecus, ōris</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>decus</b>, <i>honor</i>], n., <i>disgrace</i>, <i>dishonor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēdicātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dēdicō</b>, <i>to dedicate</i>], f., <i>a dedication</i>, <i>consecration</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēdidī</b>, see <b>dēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēditiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dēdō</b>], f., <i>a surrender</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēditus</b>, see <b>dēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēdō</b>, see <b>do</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēdūcō</b>, see <b>dūcō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēfēcī</b>, see <b>dēficiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēfendō, ere, fendī, fēnsus</b>, <i>to ward off</i>, <i>repel</i>; <i>defend</i>, <i>protect</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēfēnsor, ōris</b> [<b>dēfendō</b>], m., <i>a defender</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēferō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēficiō</b>, see <b>faciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēfōrmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>fōrma</b>], <i>to bring out of shape</i>, <i>deform</i>, <i>disfigure</i>, <i>spoil</i>, <i>mar</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēfungor, fungī, fūnctus sum</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>fungor</b>, <i>to perform</i>], <i>to perform</i>, <i>finish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēiciō</b>, see <b>*iaciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dein</b>, see <b>deinde</b>.</p> - -<p><b>deinceps</b> [<b>deinde</b> + <b>capiō</b>], adv., <i>one after the other</i>, <i>successively</i>; <i>next</i>, <i>moreover</i>.</p> - -<p><b>deinde or dein</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>inde</b>], adv., a<i>fterwards</i>, <i>next</i>, <i>then</i>, <i>thereafter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dēiotarus, ī</b>, m., tetrarch of Galatia.</p> - -<p><b>dēlectō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>dēliciō</b>], <i>to delight</i>, <i>please</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to destroy</i>, <i>overthrow</i>, <i>ruin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēliciae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>delights</i>, <i>pleasure</i>, <i>luxury</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēmergō</b>, see <b>mergō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Dēmētrius, ī</b>, m., son of Philip V., king of Macedonia.</p> - -<p><b>dēminuō</b>, see <b>minuō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēmum</b>, adv., <i>at last</i>, <i>finally</i>; -<b>tum dēmum</b>, <i>then at last</i>, <i>not till then</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēnique</b>, adv., <i>at last</i>, <i>finally</i>; <i>briefly</i>, <i>in fine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dentātus, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Curius Dentātus</i>, consul 290 and 275 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>dēnūntiō</b>, see <b>nūntiō</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>dēpōnō</b>, see <b>pōnō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēpopulor</b>, see <b>populō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēprāvō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>prāvus</b>], <i>to distort</i>; <i>pervert</i>, <i>seduce</i>, <i>corrupt</i>, <i>deprave</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēprecātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dēprecor</b>], f., <i>warding off by prayer</i>; <i>supplication</i>, <i>intercession</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēprecor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>precor</b>, <i>to ask</i>], <i>to plead against</i>, <i>plead</i>, <i>avert by prayer</i>; <i>decline</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēprehendō</b>, see <b>*prehendō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēscrībō</b>, see <b>scrībō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēserō</b>, see <b>*serō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēsinō</b>, see <b>sinō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dēspērātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dēspērō</b>], f., <i>despair</i>, <i>desperation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēspērō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dē + spērō</b>, <i>to hope</i>], <i>to give up hope</i>, <i>despair</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēstituō</b>, see <b>*statuō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dētegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>tegō</b>, <i>to cover</i>], <i>to uncover</i>, <i>disclose</i>, <i>betray</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dētergeō, ēre, tersī, tersus</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>tergeō</b>, <i>to rub</i>], <i>to wipe off</i>, <i>remove</i>, <i>cleanse</i>, <i>empty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēterreō, ēre, uī, itus</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>terreō</b>, <i>to terrify</i>], <i>to frighten away</i>, <i>deter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dētestātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dētestor</b>], f., <i>the invocation of a curse</i>; <i>deprecation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dētestor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>testor</b>, <i>to cause to witness</i>], <i>to curse</i>, <i>execrate</i>; <i>avert</i>, <i>ward off</i>, <i>deprecate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dētrahō</b>, see <b>trahō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>deus, ī</b>, m., <i>a god</i>, <i>divinity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dēvincō</b>, see <b>vincō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dexter, era, erum</b> and <b>tra, trum</b>, adj., <i>right</i>; <i>on the right hand</i>.</p> - -<p><b>diadēma, ātis</b>, n., <i>a royal head-dress</i>, <i>diadem</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Diadumenus, ī</b>, m., son of the emperor Macrinus.</p> - -<p>(<b>diciō</b>), <b>ōnis</b>, f., <i>dominion</i>, <i>sovereignty</i>, <i>sway</i>, <i>rule</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus</b>, <i>to say</i>, <i>speak</i>, <i>tell</i>; <i>assent</i>, <i>promise</i>; <i>appoint</i>, <i>call</i>. -<b>contrā—contrādīcō, ere, dīxi, dictus</b>, <i>to contradict</i>, <i>oppose</i>. -<b>in—indīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus</b>, <i>to proclaim</i>, <i>declare</i>; <i>appoint</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dictātor, ōris</b> [<b>dictō</b>, <i>to say often</i>], m., <i>a dictator</i>, a magistrate with supreme power, chosen at times of supreme peril.</p> - -<p><b>dictātūra, ae</b> [<b>dictātor</b>], f., <i>the office of dictator</i>, <i>dictatorship</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dictum, ī</b>, [<b>dīcō</b>], n., <i>a saying</i>, <i>remark</i>, <i>word</i>; <i>command</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīdūcō</b>, see <b>dūcō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>diēs, ēī</b>, m., and sometimes in the sing. f., <i>day</i>, <i>time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>differō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>difficiliter</b> [<b>dis</b> + <b>facilis</b>, <i>easy</i>], adv., comp. <b>difficilius</b>; with <i>difficulty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>diffīdō, ere, fīsus sum</b> [<b>dis</b> + <b>fīdō</b>, <i>to trust</i>], <i>to distrust</i>, <i>doubt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>diffugiō</b>, see <b>fugiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>diffundō</b>, see <b>fundō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dīgnitās, ātis</b> [<b>dīgnus</b>], f., <i>value</i>, <i>merit</i>; <i>rank</i>, <i>dignity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīgnor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>dīgnus</b>], <i>to deem worthy</i>, <i>deign</i>, <i>condescend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīgnus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>worth</i>, <i>worthy</i>, <i>deserving</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīligēns, tis</b> [<b>dīligō</b>], adj., <i>careful</i>, <i>diligent</i>, <i>attentive</i>; <i>sparing</i>; <i>fond of</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīligentia, ae</b> [<b>dīligēns</b>], f., <i>diligence</i>, <i>activity</i>, <i>earnestness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīligō</b>, see <b>legō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dīmicātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dīmicō</b>], f., <i>a combat</i>, <i>struggle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīmicō, āre, āvi, ātus</b>, <i>to fight</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīmidius, a, um</b> [<b>dis</b> + <b>medius</b>], adj., <i>half</i>; -as subst., <b>dīmidium, ī</b>, n., <i>a half</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīmittō</b>, see <b>mittō</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Dioclētiānus, ī</b>, m., <i>(Valerius) Dioclētiānus</i>, emperor 284-305 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Diogenēs, is</b>, m., son of Archelaus, slain in the siege of Athens.</p> - -<p><b>dīripiō</b>, see <b>rapiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dīruō, ere, uī, utus</b> [<b>dis</b> + <b>ruō</b>, <i>to fall</i>], <i>to tear asunder</i>, <i>destroy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīs, dītis</b>, adj., sup. <b>dītissimus</b>; <i>rich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>disciplīna, ae</b> [<b>discō</b>, <i>to learn</i>], f., <i>learning</i>, <i>instruction</i>, <i>discipline</i>; <i>system</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dispertiō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>dis</b> + <b>partiō</b>, <i>to share</i>], <i>to distribute</i>, <i>divide</i>.</p> - -<p><b>displiceō</b>, see <b>placeō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dispōnō</b>, see <b>pōnō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dissimulātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dissimulō</b>, <i>to make unlike</i>], f., <i>a disguising</i>, <i>dissembling</i>, <i>concealment</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dissolūtus, a, um</b> [part. of <b>dissolvō</b>, <i>to take apart</i>], adj., <i>lax</i>, <i>remiss</i>, <i>negligent</i>, <i>careless</i>.</p> - -<p><b>distrahō</b>, see <b>trahō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>distribuō</b>, see <b>tribuō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>dītō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dīs</b>], <i>to make rich</i>, <i>enrich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>diū</b>, adv., comp. <b>diūtius</b>, sup. <b>diūtissimē</b>; <i>long</i>, <i>for a long time</i>; -<b>quam diū</b>, <i>as long as</i>.</p> - -<p><b>diūturnitās, ātis</b> [<b>diūturnus</b>], f., <i>long continuance</i>, <i>length of time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>diūturnus, a, um</b> [<b>diū</b>], adj., <i>prolonged</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīversus, a, um</b> [part. of <b>dīvertō</b>, <i>to turn aside</i>], adj., <i>scatter</i>, <i>separate</i>; <i>different</i>; <i>contrary</i>, <i>opposed to</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīvidō, ere, vīsī, vīsus</b>, <i>to divide</i>, <i>separate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīvīnus, a, um</b> [<b>dīvus</b>], adj., <i>divine</i>, <i>sacred</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīvīsor, ōris</b> [<b>dīvidō</b>], m., <i>one who distributes</i>, <i>an executor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīvitiae, ārum</b> [<b>dīves</b>, <i>rich</i>], pl. f., <i>wealth</i>, <i>riches</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dīvus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>divine</i>, <i>deified</i>; -as subst., <b>Dīvus, ī</b>, m., <i>a god</i>. An epithet given to the Roman emperors after death.</p> - -<p><b>dō, dare, dedī, datus</b>, <i>to give</i>, <i>put</i>, <i>place</i>; <i>furnish</i>, <i>yield</i>; -<b>dare negōtium</b>, <i>to commission</i>, <i>direct</i>; -<b>dare in fugam</b>, <i>to put to flight</i>; -<b>dare manūs</b>, <i>to yield</i>; -<b>dare operam</b>, <i>to attend to</i>, <i>assist</i>; -<b>dare poenās</b>, <i>to pay the penalty</i>; -<b>dare verba</b>, <i>to deceive</i>. -<b>ad—addō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to add</i>, <i>join to</i>. -<b>con—condō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put together</i>, <i>compose</i>, <i>build</i>, <i>found</i>; <i>conceal</i>. -<b>dē—dēdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give up</i>, <i>surrender</i>; <i>devote</i>. -<b>ex—ēdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put forth</i>, <i>show</i>, <i>elevate</i>; <i>bear</i>, <i>produce</i>. -<b>in—indō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put into</i>; <i>confer</i>, <i>apply</i>. -<b>per—perdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to lose</i>, <i>destroy</i>, <i>ruin</i>; <i>waste</i>. -<b>prō—prōdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give or put forth</i>, <i>make known</i>; <i>hand down</i>; <i>betray</i>, <i>surrender</i>. -<b>re—redō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give back</i>, <i>return</i>; <i>render</i>. -<b>trāns—trādō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give over</i>, <i>give up</i>, <i>deliver</i>, <i>surrender</i>; <i>intrust</i>; <i>transmit</i>; -<b>trāditur</b>, <i>it is said</i>.</p> - -<p><b>doceō, ēre, uī, tus</b>, <i>to teach</i>, <i>point out</i>.</p> - -<p><b>docilitās, ātis</b> [<b>docilis</b>, <i>teachable</i>], f., <i>teachableness</i>, <i>docility</i>.</p> - -<p><b>documentum, ī</b> [<b>doceō</b>], n., <i>a lesson</i>, <i>example</i>; <i>evidence</i>, <i>proof</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dolābella, ae</b>, m., <i>Cn. Cornēlius Dolābella</i>, consul 159 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>doleō, ēre, luī, litūrus</b>, <i>to feel pain</i>; <i>grieve</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dolor, ōris</b> [<b>doleō</b>], m., <i>pain</i>, <i>sorrow</i>, <i>distress</i>, <i>vexation</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>dolus, ī</b>, m., <i>fraud</i>, <i>guile</i>, <i>stratagem</i>.</p> - -<p><b>domesticus, a, um</b> [<b>domus</b>], adj., <i>private</i>, <i>domestic</i>; -<b>domesticum bellum</b>, <i>civil war</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dominus, ī</b> [<b>domō</b>], m., <i>a master</i>, <i>lord</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Domitiānus, ī</b>, m., <i>T. Flavius Domitiānus</i>, Roman emperor 81-96 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Domitius, ī</b>, m., a Roman family name. -1. <i>Cn. Domitius</i>, consul 32 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>L. Domitius</i>, a Roman general in the war with Sertorius. -See <b>Calvīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>domō, āre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to tame</i>, <i>conquer</i>. -<b>per—perdomō, āre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to subdue</i>, <i>vanquish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>domus, ūs</b>, f., <i>a house</i>, <i>home</i>; <i>household</i>; -<b>domī, loc.</b>, <i>at home</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dōnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to give</i>, <i>present</i>, <i>confer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dōnum, ī</b>, n., <i>a gift</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Drusus, ī</b>, m., <i>Nerō Claudius Drusus</i>, son of Ti. Claudius Nero, and stepson of Augustus.</p> - -<p><b>dubiē</b> [<b>dubius</b>], adv., <i>doubtfully</i>, <i>uncertainly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dubietās, ātis</b> [<b>dubius</b>], f., <i>doubt</i>, h<i>esitation</i> (late).</p> - -<p><b>dubius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>doubtful</i>, <i>uncertain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ducentī, ae, a</b> [<b>duo</b> + <b>centum</b>], adj., <i>two hundred</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i>; <i>think</i>, <i>consider</i>; <i>protract</i>, <i>put off</i>; -<b>uxōrem dūcere</b>, <i>to marry</i>; -<b>vītam dūcere</b>, <i>to live</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ab—abdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead away</i>, <i>withdraw</i>. -<b>ad—addūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead to</i>, <i>bring</i>; <i>induce</i>, <i>influence</i>. -<b>circum—circumdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead around</i>, <i>draw around</i>, <i>surround</i>. -<b>dē—dēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i>, <i>withdraw</i>; <i>induce</i>; <i>launch</i>, <i>disembark</i>. -<b>dis—dīdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to draw apart</i>, <i>separate</i>, <i>relax</i>. -<b>ex—ēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead out</i>. -<b>in—indūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead in</i>; <i>induce</i>; <i>put on</i>, <i>cover</i>. -<b>prō—prōdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead forward or out</i>; <i>prolong</i>. -<b>re—redūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead back</i>; <i>draw back</i>; <i>remove</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ductus, ūs</b> [<b>dūcō</b>], m., <i>leadership</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Duilius, ī</b>, m., <i>C. Duilius</i>, consul 260 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, commander of the Roman fleet in the battle of Mylae, 260 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>dum</b>, conj., <i>while</i>, <i>until</i>.</p> - -<p><b>duo, ae, o</b>, num. adj., <i>two</i>.</p> - -<p><b>duodecim</b> [<b>duo</b> + <b>decem</b>], indecl. num. adj., <i>twelve</i>.</p> - -<p><b>duodecimus, a, um</b> [<b>duo</b> + <b>decimus</b>], num. adj., <i>twelfth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>duplex, icis</b> [<b>duo</b> + <b>plicō</b>, <i>to fold</i>], adj., <i>twofold</i>, <i>double</i>.</p> - -<p><b>duplicō, āre, āvi, ātus</b> [<b>duplex</b>], <i>to double</i>, <i>repeat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dūrus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>hard</i>, <i>harsh</i>, <i>difficult</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dux, ducis</b> [<b>dūcō</b>], m., <i>a leader</i>, <i>guide</i>, <i>commander</i>.</p> - -<h3>E.</h3> - -<p><b>ē</b>, see <b>ex</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Eborācum, ī</b>, n., a city in Britain, modern York.</p> - -<p><b>Edessa, ae</b>, f., a city in the western part of Mesopotamia.</p> - -<p><b>ēdictum, ī</b> [<b>ēdīcō</b>, <i>to make known</i>], n., <i>a proclamation</i>, <i>edict</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ēditiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ēdō</b>], f., <i>a statement</i>, <i>account</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ēdō</b>, see <b>dō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ēdūcō</b>, see <b>dūcō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>efferō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>efficiō</b>, see <b>faciō</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>effringō</b>, see <b>frangō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>effugiō</b>, see <b>fugiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ego, meī</b>, pers. pron., <i>I</i>; -pl. <b>nōs</b>, <i>we</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ēgredior</b>, see <b>*gradior</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ēgregiē</b> [<b>ēgregius</b>], adv., <i>excellently</i>, <i>exceedingly</i>, <i>strikingly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ēgregius, a, um</b> [<b>ē</b> + <b>grex</b>, <i>herd</i>], adj., <i>select</i>, <i>distinguished</i>, <i>eminent</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ēiciō</b>, see <b>*iaciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ēlegāns, antis</b> [<b>ēlegō</b>, for <b>ēligō</b>], adj., <i>select</i>, <i>elegant</i>, <i>polite</i>.</p> - -<p><b>elementum, ī</b>, n., <i>a first principle</i>, <i>simple substance</i>; <i>rudiments</i>.</p> - -<p><b>elephantus, ī</b>, m., <i>elephant</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ēligō</b>, see <b>legō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ēmineō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to stand out</i>, <i>be conspicuous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>emō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to take</i>; <i>buy</i>, <i>purchase</i>; <i>gain</i>, <i>acquire</i>. -<b>ad—adimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to take away</i>, <i>destroy</i>, <i>deprive of</i>. -<b>inter—interimō, ere, ēmī ēmptus</b>, <i>to take from the midst of</i>, <i>kill</i>. -<b>per—perimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to take away entirely</i>; <i>annihilate</i>, <i>destroy</i>. -<b>re—redimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to buy back</i>, <i>redeem</i>, <i>ransom</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ēmptor, ōris</b> [<b>emō</b>], m., <i>a buyer</i>, <i>purchaser</i>.</p> - -<p><b>enim</b>, conj., always postpositive, <i>namely</i>, <i>in fact</i>, <i>you know</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>because</i>.</p> - -<p><b>eō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to go or come</i>, <i>march</i>. -<b>ab—abeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to go away</i>, <i>depart</i>. -<b>circum—circumeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to go around</i>, <i>surround</i>. -<b>inter—intereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to perish</i>, <i>die</i>. -<b>ob—obeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to go to meet</i>; <i>attend to</i>, <i>perform</i>; <i>die</i>, <i>perish</i>. -<b>per—pereō, īre, īvi (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to perish</i>, <i>disappear</i>, <i>die</i>. -<b>re—redeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to go back</i>, <i>return</i>. -<b>trāns—trānseō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to go across</i>, <i>cross</i>; <i>pass through or by</i>; <i>desert</i>.</p> - -<p><b>eō</b> [<b>is</b>], adv., <i>for that reason</i>, <i>therefore</i>; <i>to that place</i>, <i>thither</i>; <i>to that degree</i>, <i>so far</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ephesus, ī</b>, f., a Greek city near the coast of Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>Ēpīrus, ī</b>, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece proper.</p> - -<p><b>epistola, ae</b>, f., <i>a letter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>epulae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>a banquet</i>, <i>feast</i>.</p> - -<p><b>eques, itis</b> [<b>equus</b>], m., <i>a horseman</i>, <i>knight</i>; pl. <i>cavalry</i>; -<b>magister equitum</b>, <i>master of the horse</i>, <i>aid-de-camp of the dictator</i>.</p> - -<p><b>equitātus, ūs</b> [<b>equitō</b>, <i>to ride</i>], m., <i>cavalry</i>.</p> - -<p><b>equus, ī</b>, m., <i>a horse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ērēctus, a, um</b> [orig. part. of <b>ērigō</b>], adj., <i>upright</i>, <i>erect</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ergō</b>, adv., expressing an inference, <i>now</i>, <i>then</i>, <i>therefore</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ēripiō</b>, see <b>rapiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>errō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to wander</i>, <i>stray</i>, <i>rove</i>; <i>be in error</i>, <i>err</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ērudiō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus</b> [<b>ē</b> + <b>rudis</b>, <i>rough</i>], <i>to polish</i>, <i>educate</i>, <i>train</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ērudītiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ērudiō</b>], f., <i>a polishing</i>, <i>training</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ērumpō</b>, see <b>rumpō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Ēsquilīnus, ī</b>, m. (sc. <b>collis</b>), <i>the Esquiline</i>, the largest of the seven hills of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>et</b>, conj., <i>and</i>, <i>also</i>, <i>even</i>, <i>and yet</i>; -<b>et … et</b>, <i>both … and</i>.</p> - -<p><b>etenim</b>, conj., <i>for</i>, <i>for truly</i>, <i>and indeed</i>, <i>because</i>, <i>since</i>.</p> - -<p><b>etiam</b> [<b>et</b> + <b>iam</b>], conj., <i>also</i>, <i>even</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Eumenēs, is</b>, m., king of Pergamus, 197-159 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Eumenia, ae</b>, f., a city in Phrygia.</p> - -<p><b>Euphrātēs, is</b>, dat. <b>Euphrātae</b>, p. 83, l. 22, m., <i>the Euphrates</i>, a river in Syria.</p> - -<p><b>Eutropius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Life</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Eurōpa, ae</b>, f., <i>Europe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ēvādō</b>, see <b>*vādō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ēvehō</b>, see <b>vehō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ēveniō</b>, see <b>veniō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ēventus, ūs</b> [<b>ēveniō</b>], m., <i>outcome</i>, <i>result</i>; <i>occurrence</i>, <i>event</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ēvertō</b>, see <b>*vertō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ēvocō</b>, see <b>vocō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ex</b> or <b>ē</b> (last never before vowels), prep. with abl.; -of place, <i>out of</i>, <i>from</i>; -of cause, <i>in consequence of</i>, <i>because of</i>; <i>according to</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exanimō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>anima</b>], <i>to put out of breath</i>, <i>kill</i>; <i>weaken</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exārdēscō, ere, ārsī, ārsus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>ārdēscō</b>, <i>to take fire</i>], <i>to take fire</i>; <i>be angry</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exauctōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to discharge from service</i>, <i>release from the military oath</i>.</p> - -<p><b>excidium, ī</b>, n., <i>downfall</i>, <i>ruin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>excīdō</b>, see <b>caedō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>excipiō</b>, see <b>capiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>excitō</b>, see <b>*citō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>exclūdō</b>, see <b>claudō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>exemplum, ī</b>, n., <i>a specimen</i>, <i>example</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exerceō</b>, see <b>*arceō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>exercitus, ūs</b> [<b>exerceō</b>], m., <i>an army</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exhauriō</b>, see <b>hauriō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>exhibeō</b>, see <b>habeō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>exigō</b>, see <b>agō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>exiguus, a, um</b> [<b>exigō</b>], adj., <i>small</i>, <i>scanty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exīstimō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>aestimō</b>, <i>to reckon</i>], <i>to compute</i>, <i>value</i>, <i>judge</i>, <i>think</i>, <i>estimate</i>, <i>believe</i>, <i>suppose</i>, <i>imagine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exitiābilis, e</b> [<b>exitium</b>], adj., <i>destructive</i>, <i>deadly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exitium, ī</b> [<b>exeō</b>], n., <i>destruction</i>, <i>ruin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exitus, ūs</b> [<b>exeō</b>], m., <i>a going out</i>, <i>way of egress</i>; <i>result</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exōrdium, ī</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>ōrdō</b>], n., <i>a beginning</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exōsus, a, um</b> [part. of <b>exodī</b>], adj., <i>hating</i>, <i>detesting</i>.</p> - -<p><b>expavēscō, ere, pāvī, —</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>pavēscō</b>, incho. of <b>paveō</b>, <i>to become alarmed</i>], <i>to dread</i>, <i>fear greatly</i> (rare).</p> - -<p><b>expedītiō, ōnis</b> [<b>expediō</b>, <i>to set fire</i>], f., <i>an expedition</i>, <i>campaign</i>.</p> - -<p><b>expellō</b>, see <b>pellō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>experior, īrī, pertus sum</b>, <i>to test</i>, <i>try</i>; <i>await</i>, <i>undergo</i>; <i>find, learn</i>.</p> - -<p><b>expers, tis</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>pars</b>], adj., <i>having no part in</i>; <i>destitute of</i>, <i>devoid of</i>, <i>free from</i>, <i>without</i>.</p> - -<p><b>expleō</b>, see <b>*pleō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>explōrātor, ōris</b> [<b>explōrō</b>, <i>to search out</i>], m., <i>a scout</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exportō</b>, see <b>*portō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>expūgnō</b>, see <b>pūgnō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>exsecrābilis, e</b> [<b>exsecror</b>], adj., <i>accursed</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exsecrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>exsecror</b>], f., <i>an execration</i>, <i>malediction</i>, <i>curse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exsecror</b>, see <b>*sacrō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>exsequiae, ārum</b> [<b>exsequor</b>, <i>to follow out</i>], f., fun<i>eral procession</i>, <i>funeral</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exsilium, ī</b> [<b>exsul</b>, <i>a banished person</i>], n., <i>banishment</i>, <i>exile</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exsistō</b>, see <b>*sistō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>exspectātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>exspectō</b>], f., <i>expectation</i>, <i>anticipation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>exspectō</b>, see <b>spectō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>exstinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>stinguō</b>, <i>to extinguish</i>], <i>to quench</i>, <i>kill</i>, <i>blot out</i>, <i>destroy</i>, <i>extinguish</i>, <i>put an end to</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>exsulō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>exsul</b>, <i>a banished person</i>], <i>to be in exile</i>.</p> - -<p><b>externus, a, um</b> [<b>exter</b>, <i>outer</i>], adj., <i>external</i>, <i>foreign</i>, <i>strange</i>.</p> - -<p><b>extorqueō, ēre, torsī, tortus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>torqueō</b>, <i>to twist</i>], <i>to twist out</i>, <i>extort</i>.</p> - -<p><b>extrā</b> [<b>exter</b>, <i>outer</i>], adv., <i>on the outside</i>, <i>without</i>; -prep. with acc., <i>outside of</i>, <i>beyond</i>.</p> - -<p><b>extrahō</b>, see <b>trahō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>extrīnsecus</b>, adv., <i>without</i>, <i>on the outside</i>; ＝ <b>praetereā</b>, <i>in addition</i>.</p> - -<h3>F.</h3> - -<p><b>Fabius</b>, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. -<i>Fabia familia</i>, the Fabian gens. -<i>C. Fabius</i>, consul 477 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -<i>Q. Fabius</i>, the first Roman annalist. -<i>C. Fabius Pictor</i>, consul 269 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -See <b>Licinius</b>, <b>Māximus</b>, <b>Vibulānus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Fābricius, ī</b>, m., <i>(C.) Fābricius (Luscinus)</i>, a Roman statesman and general, prominent in the war with Pyrrhus; consul 283 and 278 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>facile</b> [<b>facilis</b>, <i>easy</i>], adv., comp. <i>facilius</i>; <i>easily</i>; <i>readily</i>.</p> - -<p><b>facilitās, ātis</b> [<b>facilis</b>, <i>easy</i>], f., <i>ease</i>, <i>kindliness</i>, <i>kindness</i>, <i>courtesy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>faciō, ere, fēcī, factus</b>, <i>to do</i>, <i>make</i>, <i>act</i>, <i>form</i>; <i>choose</i>, <i>appoint</i>; -pass. <b>fīō, fierī, factus sum</b>, <i>to be done</i>, <i>occur</i>, <i>take place</i>, <i>happen</i>; -<b>certiōrem facere</b>, <i>to inform</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ad—adficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to do something to</i>, <i>influence</i>; <i>treat</i>, <i>visit with</i>. -<b>con—cōnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to do thoroughly</i>, <i>complete</i>; <i>wear out</i>, <i>exhaust</i>; <i>prepare</i>, <i>collect</i>, <i>furnish</i>. -<b>dē—dēficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to fail</i>, <i>desert</i>, <i>be wanting</i>; <i>revolt</i>. -<b>ex—efficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to form</i>, <i>effect</i>; <i>accomplish</i>; <i>render</i>; <i>build</i>; <i>produce</i>. -<b>inter—interficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to slay</i>, <i>kill</i>. -<b>prae—praeficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to place in command of</i>, <i>appoint</i>.</p> - -<p><b>factiō, ōnis</b> [<b>faciō</b>], f., <i>a party</i>, poli<i>tical party</i>, <i>faction</i>.</p> - -<p><b>factum, ī</b> [<b>faciō</b>], n., <i>a deed</i>, <i>act</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fācundia, ae</b> [<b>fācundus</b>], f., <i>eloquence</i>, <i>oratory</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fācundus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>eloquent</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Faliscī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Falerium</i>, a town in Etruria, near Mount Soracte.</p> - -<p><b>falsō</b> [<b>falsus</b>, <i>false</i>], adv., <i>falsely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fāma, ae</b> [<b>for</b>, <i>to speak</i>], f., <i>report</i>, <i>rumor</i>; <i>renown</i>, <i>honor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Famea, ae</b>, m., the surname of Hamilco, commander of the Carthaginian cavalry in the third Punic war.</p> - -<p><b>famēs, is</b>, f., <i>hunger</i>, <i>starvation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>familia, ae</b> [<b>famulus</b>, <i>slave</i>], f., <i>the slaves in a household</i>; <i>family</i>, <i>household</i>; <i>race</i>, <i>estate</i>, <i>retinue</i>; -<b>māter familiās</b> (old gen.), <i>mistress</i>, <i>matron</i>.</p> - -<p><b>familiāris, e</b> [<b>familia</b>], adj., <i>belonging to a family</i>, <i>private</i>, <i>intimate</i>, <i>friendly</i>; -as subst., <i>an intimate friend</i>; -<b>rēs familiārēs</b>, <i>property</i>.</p> - -<p><b>familiāritās, ātis</b> [<b>familiāris</b>], f., <i>intimacy</i>, <i>friendship</i>.</p> - -<p><b>famula, ae</b>, f., <i>a slave woman</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fastīgium, ī</b>, n., <i>top</i>, <i>height</i>; <i>slope</i>, <i>descent</i>; <i>rank</i>, <i>dignity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fātāliter</b> [<b>fātālis</b>, <i>fatal</i>], adv., <i>fatally</i>, <i>according to fate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fatīgātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>fatīgō</b>], f., <i>weariness</i>, <i>fatigue</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>fatīgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to tire</i>, <i>vex</i>; <i>test</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fātum, ī</b> [<b>for</b>, <i>to speak</i>], n., <i>an utterance</i>, <i>prophetic declaration</i>, <i>oracle</i>; <i>fate</i>, <i>destiny</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fausta, ae</b>, f., <i>Flavia Māximiāna</i>, the daughter of Maximianus and wife of Constantine the Great.</p> - -<p><b>Faustīna, ae</b>, f., <i>Galēria Faustīna</i> (called Junior to distinguish her from her mother), the daughter of Amira Galeria Faustina. She was the wife of M. Aurelius.</p> - -<p><b>Faustus, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Cornēlius Faustus</i>, son of the dictator Sulla.</p> - -<p><b>faveō, ēre, fāvī, fautūrus</b>, <i>to be favorable</i>, <i>favor</i>, <i>support</i>, <i>cherish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>favor, ōris</b> [<b>faveō</b>], m., <i>favor</i>, <i>good will</i>, <i>praise</i>.</p> - -<p><b>favōrābilis, e</b> [<b>favor</b>], adj., <i>favored</i>, <i>in favor</i>; <i>winning favor</i>, <i>pleasing</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fēlīcissimus, ī</b>, m., the name of the director of the mint under the emperor Aurelian.</p> - -<p><b>fēlīcitās, ātis</b> [<b>fēlīx</b>], f., <i>good fortune</i>, <i>success</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fēlīciter</b> [<b>fēlīx</b>], adv., comp. <b>fēlicius</b>, sup. <b>fēlicissimē</b>; <i>luckily</i>, <i>happily</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fēlīx, īcis</b>, adj., <i>happy</i>, <i>successful</i>, <i>fortunate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fēmina, ae</b>, f., <i>a woman</i>, <i>female</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fera, ae</b> [<b>ferus</b>], f., <i>a wild beast</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ferculum, ī</b> [<b>ferō</b>], n., <i>a means of carrying</i>, <i>a frame</i>, <i>barrow</i>, <i>litter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ferē</b>, adv., <i>almost</i>, <i>nearly</i>, <i>for the most part</i>, <i>usually</i>; <i>about</i>; -with neg., <i>hardly</i>, <i>scarcely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fēriātus, a, um</b> [<b>fēriae</b>, <i>days of rest</i>], adj., <i>keeping holidays</i>, <i>idle</i>; <i>festive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fermē</b> [for <b>ferimē</b>, sup. of <b>ferē</b>], adv., <i>almost</i>, <i>about</i> (especially of numbers).</p> - -<p><b>ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bear</i>, <i>lift</i>; <i>endure</i>; <i>bring</i>, <i>receive</i>, <i>report</i>; <i>drive</i>, <i>blow</i> (of the wind); -pass., <i>to rush</i>; <i>enter</i>; -<b>sīgna ferre</b>, <i>to advance</i>; -<b>fertur</b>, <i>is said</i>; -<b>ferre sententiam</b>, <i>to judge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ab—auferō, ferre, abstulī, ablātus</b>, <i>to take</i> or <i>carry away</i>, <i>remove</i>. -<b>ad—adferō, ferre, attulī, adlātus</b>, <i>to bring</i>, <i>present</i>, <i>produce</i>, <i>affirm</i>; <i>carry word</i>. -<b>circum—circumferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to cast around</i>, <i>go around</i>. -<b>con—cōnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bring together</i>, <i>collect</i>; <i>convey</i>; <i>impute</i>; <i>compare</i>; -<b>sē cōnferre</b>, <i>betake one’s self</i>, <i>go</i>. -<b>dē—dēferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bring down</i>, <i>bring</i>; <i>report</i>, <i>inform</i>; <i>assign</i>, <i>confer upon</i>; <i>offer</i>; <i>accuse</i>; -<b>rem dēferre ad populum</b>, <i>to submit a matter to the people</i>. -<b>dis—differō, ferre, distulī, dīlātus</b>, <i>to carry asunder</i>, <i>scatter</i>; <i>postpone</i>; <i>delay</i>; <i>differ</i>. -<b>ex—efferō, ferre, extulī, ēlātus</b>, <i>to carry out or away</i>; <i>spread abroad</i>; <i>raise</i>, <i>elate</i>; <i>bury</i>. -<b>in—īnferō, ferre, intulī, inlātus</b>, <i>to bring in or upon</i>; <i>introduce</i>; <i>throw</i>; <i>inflict</i>; <i>make</i>, <i>produce</i>; <i>inspire</i>; -<b>bellum īnferre</b>, <i>to wage</i> (offensive) <i>war</i>; -<b>sīgna īnferre</b>, <i>to advance against</i>; -<b>sē īnferre</b>, <i>to betake one’s self</i>. -<b>ob—offerō, ferre, obtulī, oblātus</b>, <i>to bring before</i>, <i>offer</i>; <i>promise</i>; <i>expose</i>. -<b>per—perferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to carry through</i>; <i>convey</i>, <i>report</i>; <i>endure</i>. -<b>prae—praeferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to carry before</i>; <i>put before</i>, <i>prefer</i>. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> -<b>re—referō, ferre, rettulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bring back</i>; <i>report</i>, <i>relate</i>; -<b>pedem referre</b>, <i>retreat</i>; -<b>grātiam referre</b>, <i>make return</i>, <i>requite</i>. -<b>trāns—trānsferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bear or take over or across</i>; <i>transport</i>, <i>transfer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ferōcia, ae</b> [<b>ferōx</b>, <i>fierce</i>], f., <i>fierceness</i>, <i>courage</i>, <i>cruelty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ferrātus, a, um</b> [<b>ferrum</b>], adj., <i>furnished with iron</i>, <i>ironed</i>; -<b>mīlitēs ferrātī</b>, <i>cuirassiers</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ferrum, ī</b>, n., <i>iron</i>; <i>sword</i>, <i>spear</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ferus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>wild</i>, <i>barbarous</i>, <i>cruel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>festīnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to hasten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fēstus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>festive</i>; -<b>diēs fēstus</b>, <i>feast day</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fētor, ōris</b>, m., <i>an offensive smell</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fīctus, a, um</b> [<b>fingō</b>, to form], adj., <i>false</i>, <i>fictitious</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fīdēnae, ārum</b>, pl. f., an ancient town in the country of the Sabines, five miles north of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>Fīdēnātēs, um</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Fīdēnae</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fidēs, ēī</b>, f., <i>good faith</i>, <i>loyalty</i>; <i>promise</i>; <i>alliance</i>; <i>trust</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fīdus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>trusty</i>, <i>faithful</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fīlia, ae</b>, f., <i>daughter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fīlius, ī</b>, m., <i>son</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fīniō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>fīnis</b>], <i>to bound</i>, <i>limit</i>; <i>end</i>, <i>finish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fīnis, is</b>, m., <i>a limit</i>, <i>boundary</i>; <i>end</i>, <i>purpose</i>; -pl., <i>territory</i>, <i>country</i>.</p> - -<p><b>finitimus, a, um</b> [<b>fīnis</b>], adj., <i>bordering</i>, <i>neighboring</i>; -as subst., <b>fīnitimī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>neighbors</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fīō, fierī, factus sum</b>, see <b>faciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>fīrmus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>strong</i>, <i>powerful</i>; <i>trusty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fiscus, ī</b>, m., a <i>purse</i>; <i>treasury</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Flaccus, ī</b>, m., 1. <i>(M.) Fulvius Flaccus</i>, consul 264 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Q. Fulvius (Flaccus)</i>, consul 237 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>flāgitiōsus, a, um</b> [<b>flagitium</b>, <i>a crime</i>], adj., <i>shameful</i>, <i>disgraceful</i>, <i>infamous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Flāminīnus, i</b>, m., <i>T. Quīntius Flāminīnus</i>, consul 123 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Flāminius, i</b>, m., <i>(C.) Flaminius (Nepos)</i>, consul 223 and 217 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>fleō, ere, flēvī, flētus</b>, <i>to weep</i>.</p> - -<p><b>flētus, ūs</b> [<b>fleō</b>], m., <i>weeping</i>, <i>entreaties</i>; <i>tears</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*flīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus</b>, <i>to strike</i> (ante-classical). -<b>ad—adflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus</b>, <i>to dash against</i>, <i>scatter</i>, <i>ruin</i>. -<b>con—cōnflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus</b>, <i>to strike together</i>; <i>contend</i>, <i>fight</i>. -<b>prō—prōflīgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to rout</i>, <i>overthrow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>flōreō, ēre, uī, —</b>[<b>flōs</b>, <i>a flower</i>], <i>to bloom</i>, <i>flourish</i>, <i>prosper</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Flōriānus, ī</b>, m., <i>(M. Annius) Floriānus</i>, the brother of the emperor Tacitus, upon whose death he was proclaimed emperor at Rome, 276 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Flōrus, ī</b>, m., <i>C. Aquīlius Flōrus</i>, consul with L. Scipio, 259 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>flūmen, inis</b> [<b>fluō</b>], n., <i>a stream</i>, <i>river</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fluō, ere, fluxī, fluxus</b>, <i>to flow</i>. -<b>con—cōnfluō, ere, fluxī, —</b>, <i>to run together</i>, <i>crowd</i>, <i>throng</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fluvius, ī</b> [<b>fluō</b>], m., <i>a river</i>.</p> - -<p><b>foedō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>foedus</b>], <i>to make foul</i>, <i>pollute</i>; <i>dishonor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>foedus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>foul</i>, <i>unseemly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>foedus, eris</b>, n., <i>a treaty</i>, <i>alliance</i>, <i>league</i>.</p> - -<p><b>forem, ēs, et</b>, etc., see <b>sum</b>.</p> - -<p><b>fōrma, ae</b>, f., <i>form</i>, <i>figure</i>, <i>beauty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fortis, e</b>, adj., <i>brave</i>, <i>strong</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fortitūdō, inis</b> [<b>fortis</b>], f., <i>courage</i>, <i>bravery</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fortuītus, a, um</b> [<b>fors</b>, <i>chance</i>], adj., <i>causal</i>, <i>accidental</i> (rare).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>fortūna, ae</b> [<b>fors</b>, <i>chance</i>], f., <i>luck</i>, <i>fortune</i>; <i>state</i>, <i>property</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fortūnātus, a, um</b> [<b>fortūna</b>], adj., <i>lucky</i>, <i>fortunate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>forum, ī</b> (cf. <b>forīs</b>, <i>out of doors</i>), n., <i>an out of doors place</i>, <i>market</i>, <i>Forum</i>; esp., the Forum Romanum between the Capitoline and the Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and business life of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>fossa, ae</b> [<b>fodiō</b>, <i>to dig</i>], f., <i>a ditch</i>, <i>pit</i>, <i>moat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Francī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Francī</i>, <i>i.e.</i> “the Freemen,” a confederacy of German tribes on the lower Rhine.</p> - -<p><b>frangō, ere, frēgī, frāctus</b>, <i>to break</i>; <i>wreck</i>, <i>subdue</i>, <i>tire out</i>. -<b>ex—effringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus</b>, <i>to break off</i>, <i>break open</i>. -<b>in—īnfringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus</b>, <i>to break off</i>; <i>subdue</i>, <i>overcome</i>.</p> - -<p><b>frāter, tris</b>, m., <i>a brother</i>.</p> - -<p><b>frāternus, a, um</b> [<b>frāter</b>], adj., <i>brother’s</i>, <i>brotherly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fraus, fraudis</b>, f., <i>foul play</i>; <i>treachery</i>.</p> - -<p><b>frequēns, entis</b>, adj., <i>crowded</i>, <i>frequent</i>; <i>in great numbers</i>.</p> - -<p><b>frequenter</b> [<b>frequēns</b>], adv., <i>often</i>.</p> - -<p><b>frequentō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>frequēns</b>], <i>to visit repeatedly</i>; <i>frequent</i>; <i>throng</i>.</p> - -<p><b>frīgidus, a, um</b> [<b>frīgeō</b>, <i>to be cold</i>], adj., <i>cold</i>.</p> - -<p><b>frīgus, oris</b>, n., <i>cold</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Frontō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>(M. Cornēlius) Frontō</i>, a celebrated teacher of rhetoric during the reign of Hadrian.</p> - -<p><b>frūmentum, ī</b> [<b>fruor</b>, <i>to enjoy</i>], n., <i>grain</i>, <i>corn</i>; -pl., <i>crops</i>.</p> - -<p><b>frūstrā</b>, adv., <i>in vain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fuga, ae</b>, f., <i>flight</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to flee</i>; <i>avoid</i>, <i>escape</i>. -<b>con—cōnfugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to flee</i>, <i>take refuge</i>. -<b>dis—diffugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to flee apart</i>, <i>scatter</i>. -<b>ex—effugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to flee from</i>, <i>escape</i>. -<b>prō—profugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to flee</i>, <i>escape</i>. -<b>re—refugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to flee back</i>, <i>escape</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fugō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>fugiō</b>], <i>to put to flight</i>, <i>rout</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fulgeō, ēre, fulsī, —</b>, <i>to flash</i>, <i>gleam</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fulmen, inis</b> [<b>fulgeō</b>], n., <i>lightning</i>, <i>thunderbolt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fulvius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Centumalus</b>, <b>Flaccus</b>, <b>Nōbiliōr</b>.</p> - -<p><b>fundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus</b>, <i>to pour</i>, <i>shed</i>; <i>rout</i>, <i>vanquish</i>. -<b>con—cōnfundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus</b>, <i>to pour together</i>, <i>mingle</i>, <i>unite</i>, <i>confuse</i>. -<b>dis—diffundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus</b>, <i>to spread out</i>, <i>extend</i>, <i>stretch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fūnestus, a, um</b> [<b>fūnus</b>], adj., <i>causing death</i>, <i>deadly</i>, <i>destructive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fūnis, is</b>, f., <i>a rope</i>, <i>cable</i>.</p> - -<p><b>fūnus, eris</b>, n., <i>burial</i>, <i>funeral rites</i>; <i>corpse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>furca, ae</b>, f., <i>a two pronged fork</i>; <i>yoke</i>.</p> - -<p><b>furcula, ae</b> [<b>furca</b>], f., <i>a forked prop</i>; -pl., <i>a narrow pass</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fūrius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. -<i>C. Fūrius Placidus</i>, consul 251 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -See <b>Camillus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Fuscus, ī</b>, m., <i>Cornēlius Fuscus</i>, one of the most active adherents of Vespasian in his contest for the empire.</p> - -<p><b>futūrus</b>, see <b>sum</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span></p> - -<h3>G.</h3> - -<p><b>Gabiī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>Galatia, ae</b>, f., a province of Asia Minor settled by Gallic tribes in the third century <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Galba, ae</b>, m., <i>Servius (Sulpīcius) Galba</i>, Roman emperor 68-69 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Gālerius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Māximiānus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Gallia, ae</b>, f., the country of the Gauls; modern France and the territories on the west bank of the Rhine. The northern part of Italy was settled by Gauls, and was called <i>Gallia Cisalpina</i>; hence the pl. <b>Galliae</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Galliēnus, ī</b>, m. <i>(P. Licinius Valeriānus Egnatius) Galliēnus</i>, Roman emperor 260-268 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Gallus, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>C. (Cn.) Cornēlius Gallus</i>, governor of Egypt under Augustus. -2. <i>Gallus Hostīliānus</i>, Roman emperor 251-253 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Gallus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Gaul</i>; -<b>Gallī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., the Gauls.</p> - -<p><b>gaudium, ī</b> [<b>gaudeō</b>, <i>to rejoice</i>], n., <i>joy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>gaza, ae</b>, f., <i>treasure</i>, <i>riches</i>.</p> - -<p><b>geminus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>twin</i>, <i>twofold</i>; -as subst., <b>geminī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the twins</i>.</p> - -<p><b>gemma, ae</b>, f., <i>a bud</i>; <i>gem</i>, <i>precious stone</i>.</p> - -<p><b>gener, erī</b>, m., <i>a son-in-law</i>.</p> - -<p><b>genitūra, ae</b>, f., <i>hour of birth</i>; <i>nativity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>gēns, gentis</b>, f., <i>a gens</i> or <i>clan</i>; <i>tribe</i>, <i>people</i>, <i>nation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gentius, ī</b>, m., a king of the Illyrians.</p> - -<p><b>Genucius, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Genucius</i>, consul 365 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>genus, generis</b>, n., <i>race</i>, <i>family</i>, <i>stock</i>, <i>birth</i>; <i>kind</i>, <i>class</i>, <i>sort</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Germānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Germans</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Germānia, ae</b>, f., <i>Germany</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Germāniciānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>stationed or serving in Germany</i> (late).</p> - -<p><b>gerō, ere, gessī, gestus</b>, <i>to bear</i>, <i>carry</i>; <i>perform</i>, <i>do</i>, <i>carry out</i>; <i>wage</i>; -<b>sē gerere</b>, <i>to conduct one’s self</i>, <i>behave</i>; -<b>rem pūblicam gerere</b>, <i>to administer the state</i>; -<b>rēs gestae</b>, <i>exploits</i>, <i>history</i>.</p> - -<p><b>con—congerō, ere, gessī, gestus</b>, <i>to bring together</i>, <i>collect</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Geta, ae</b>, m., <i>Septimius Geta</i>, brother of Caracalla, by whom he was assassinated, 212 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Glabriō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>M. Acilius Glabriō</i>, consul 191 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>gladiātor, ōris</b> [<b>gladius</b>], m., <i>a gladiator</i>.</p> - -<p><b>gladiātōrius, a, um</b> [<b>gladiātor</b>], adj., <i>pertaining to a gladiator</i>, <i>gladiatorial</i>.</p> - -<p><b>gladius, ī</b>, m., <i>a sword</i>.</p> - -<p><b>glōria, ae</b>, f., <i>glory</i>, <i>honor</i>, <i>fame</i>.</p> - -<p><b>glōriōsē</b> [<b>glōria</b>], adv., <i>gloriously</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gordiānus, ī</b>, m., <i>(M. Antōnius) Gordiānus</i>, the name of three Roman emperors, father, son, and grandson, 237-244 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -1. <i>Gordiānus</i>, senior. -2. <i>Gordiānus Augustus</i>, son of (1). -3. <i>Gordiānus Augustus</i>, son of (2).</p> - -<p><b>Gothī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Goths</i>, a Germanic people.</p> - -<p><b>Gracchus, ī</b>, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens at Rome. -<i>Ti. Semprōnius Gracchus</i>, consul 218 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> See Notes, p. 124.</p> - -<p><b>*gradior, gradī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to step</i>, <i>walk</i>. -<b>ad—aggredior, gredī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to approach</i>, <i>attack</i>, <i>undertake</i>. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> -<b>con—congredior, gredī, gressus</b> -<b>sum</b>, <i>to come together</i>, <i>unite with</i>, <i>engage</i>, <i>attack</i>. -<b>ē—ēgredior, gredī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to go out</i>, <i>leave</i>, <i>disembark</i>; <i>surpass</i>. -<b>in—ingredior, gredī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to enter</i>. -<b>prō—prōgredior, gredī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to advance</i>, <i>proceed</i>. -<b>re—regredior, gredī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to step back</i>, <i>retreat</i>, <i>return</i>. -<b>trāns—trānsgredior, gredī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to step over</i> or <i>across</i>, <i>cross</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Graecē</b>, adv., <i>in the Greek language</i>, <i>in Greek</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Graecia, ae</b>, f., <i>Greece</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Graecus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Grecian</i>, <i>Greek</i>; -as subst., <b>Graecī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Greeks</i>.</p> - -<p><b>grandaevus, a, um</b> [<b>grandis</b> + <b>aevum</b>, <i>age</i>], adj., <i>aged</i>.</p> - -<p><b>grandis, e</b>, adj., <i>large</i>, <i>grand</i>.</p> - -<p><b>grātia, ae</b> [<b>grātus</b>], f., <i>favor</i>, <i>regard</i>; <i>return</i>, <i>acknowledge</i>; <i>friendship</i>, <i>love</i>, <i>popularity</i>, <i>influence</i>; -<b>grātiae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>thanks</i>; -<b>grātiā</b>, with preceding gen., <i>frequent in expressions of purpose</i>, <i>for the sake of</i>.</p> - -<p><b>grātus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>welcome</i>, <i>pleasing</i>, <i>grateful</i>.</p> - -<p><b>gravis, e</b>, adj., <i>heavy</i>, <i>hard</i>, <i>severe</i>; <i>important</i>, <i>grave</i>; <i>troublesome</i>, <i>grievous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>graviter</b> [<b>gravis</b>], adv., comp. <b>gravius</b>, sup. <b>gravissimē</b>; <i>weightily</i>, <i>vigorously</i>, <i>seriously</i>, <i>with dignity</i>.</p> - -<h3>H.</h3> - -<p><b>habēna, ae</b> [<b>habeō</b>], f., <i>a holder</i>, <i>halter</i>, <i>rein</i>; -only in pl., <i>the reins</i>, <i>direction</i>, <i>management</i>, <i>government</i>.</p> - -<p><b>habeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to have</i>, <i>hold</i>, <i>possess</i>, <i>keep</i>; <i>regard</i>, <i>consider</i>; <i>render</i> (honor); -<b>habēre sē</b>, <i>to be</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dē—dēbeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to owe</i>, <i>ought</i>; -pass., <i>be due</i>; -<b>dēbet, dēbuit</b>, inf., <i>ought</i>. -<b>ex—exhibeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to hold forth</i>, <i>show</i>, <i>display</i>; <i>furnish</i>, <i>procure</i>. -<b>prae—praebeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to hold in front</i>, <i>offer</i>, <i>furnish</i>, <i>exhibit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>habitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>habeō</b>], <i>to dwell</i>, <i>inhabit</i>, <i>live</i>.</p> - -<p><b>habitus, ūs</b> [<b>habeō</b>], m., <i>state</i>, <i>condition</i>; <i>habit</i>, <i>manner</i>; <i>dress</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hadriānus, ī</b>, m., <i>(P.) Aelius Hadriānus</i>, Roman emperor 117-138 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Haemus, ī</b>, m., a lofty range of mountains separating Thrace and Moesia.</p> - -<p><b>Hamilcar, aris</b>, m., a Carthaginian general in the first Punic war.</p> - -<p><b>Hannibal, alis</b>, m., the son of Hamilcar Barca, the great general of the Carthaginians in the second Punic war.</p> - -<p><b>Hannō, ōnis</b>, m., -1. A Carthaginian general in the second Punic war, taken captive in Sicily 210 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. A Carthaginian general in the second Punic war, defeated by Scipio 203 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Hasdrubal, alis</b>, m., -1. Surnamed Calvus, “the Bald,” commander of the Carthaginian expedition to Sardinia in the second Punic war 215 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. Brother of Hannibal, defeated and slain at the battle of the Metaurus 207 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. The leader of the Carthaginians in the third Punic war 149-146 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>haud</b>, adv., <i>by no means</i>, <i>not at all</i>, <i>not</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>hauriō, īre, hausī, haustus</b>, <i>to drink</i>. -<b>ex—exhauriō, īre, hausī, haustus</b>, <i>to take out</i>, <i>empty out</i>, <i>exhaust</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Helena, ae</b>, f., the name of a Roman camp in Spain where Constans died.</p> - -<p><b>Heliogabalus, ī</b>, m., see <b>Antōnīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Helvētiī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a Celtic tribe living north of Lake Geneva in modern Switzerland.</p> - -<p><b>Hēraclēa, ae</b>, f., a city in Thrace on the Propontis.</p> - -<p><b>Herculius, ī</b>, m., a cognomen of Maximianus.</p> - -<p><b>Hērennius, ī</b>, m., <i>T. Hērennius (Pontius)</i>, leader of the Samnites in the Marsic war.</p> - -<p><b>hērēs, ēdis</b>, m., <i>an heir</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hibērī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Hibēria</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hibēria, ae</b>, f., a country of Asia.</p> - -<p><b>hīc, haec, hōc</b>, dem. pron., <i>this</i>; <i>he</i>, <i>she</i>, it; <i>the following</i>; <i>the latter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>hiems, hiemis</b>, f., <i>winter</i>; <i>storm</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hiempsal, alis</b>, m., son of Micipsa, king of Numidia, was murdered by Jugurtha.</p> - -<p><b>Hierda, ae</b>, m., king of Mauretania.</p> - -<p><b>Hierius, ī</b>, m., <i>Hierius Asinius</i>, leader of the Samnites in the Marsic war.</p> - -<p><b>Hierō, ōnis</b>, m., king of Syracuse, an ally of the Romans.</p> - -<p><b>Hierosolyma, ōrum</b>, pl. n., <i>Jerusalem</i>.</p> - -<p><b>hinc</b> [<b>hīc</b>], adv., <i>from this place</i> or <i>time</i>, <i>hence</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hīrtius, ī</b>, m., <i>(A.) Hirtius</i>, friend of Caesar; consul 43 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Hirtulēius, ī</b>, m., a distinguished general of Sertorius in Spain.</p> - -<p><b>Hispānia, ae</b>, f., <i>Spain</i> (including Portugal). It was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Ulterior; hence the pl. <b>Hispaniae</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Hispānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Spanish</i>; -as subst., <b>Hispānus, ī</b>, m., <i>a Spaniard</i>.</p> - -<p><b>historia, ae</b>, f., <i>history</i>, <i>account</i>, <i>story</i>.</p> - -<p><b>historicus, ī</b>, m., <i>an historian</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hister, trī</b>, f., a town in Lower Moesia.</p> - -<p><b>Histrī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Histria</i>, a peninsula in the northern extremity of the Adriatic Sea.</p> - -<p><b>hodiē</b> [<b>hōc</b> + <b>diē</b>], adv., <i>to-day</i>.</p> - -<p><b>homō, hominis</b>, m. and f., <i>a human being</i>; <i>man</i>, <i>mankind</i>.</p> - -<p><b>honestās, ātis</b> [<b>honestus</b>], f., <i>honor</i>, <i>virtue</i>.</p> - -<p><b>honestus, a, um</b> [<b>honor</b>], adj., <i>honorable</i>, <i>upright</i>, <i>noble</i>, <i>illustrious</i>.</p> - -<p><b>honor, ōri</b>, m., <i>honor</i>, <i>respect</i>, <i>esteem</i>; <i>public office</i>.</p> - -<p><b>honōrificē</b> [<b>honōrificus</b>, <i>conferring honor</i>], adv., <i>with honor</i>, <i>honorably</i>.</p> - -<p><b>honōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>honor</b>], <i>to honor</i>, <i>respect</i>, <i>adorn</i>; <i>celebrate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>hōra, ae</b>, f., <i>hour</i>, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset) or night.</p> - -<p><b>Horātius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Pulvillus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Hormisda, ae</b>, m., king of Persia, 303-310 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>horror, ōris</b>, m., <i>dread</i>, <i>terror</i>, <i>horror</i>.</p> - -<p><b>hortus, ī</b>, m., <i>garden</i>, <i>orchard</i>, <i>park</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hostīliānus, ī</b>, m., see <b>Gallus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>hostīlis, e</b> [<b>hostis</b>], adj., <i>hostile</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hostīlius, ī</b>, m., <i>Tullus Hostīlius</i>, the third king of Rome, 672-640 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -See <b>Mancīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>hostis, is</b>, m., <i>an enemy</i>, <i>foe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>hūiusmodī</b> [<b>hīc</b> + <b>modus</b>], adv., <i>of this</i> (<i>i.e.</i> the following) <i>kind</i>.</p> - -<p><b>hūmānus, a, um</b> [<b>homo</b>], adj., <i>human</i>; <i>refined</i>, <i>civilized</i>; <i>humane</i>.</p> - -<p><b>humerus, ī</b>, m., <i>the shoulder</i>.</p> - -<p><b>humiliter</b> [<b>humus</b>, <i>the ground</i>], adv., <i>basely</i>, <i>meanly</i>, <i>abjectly</i>, <i>humbly</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span></p> - -<h3>I.</h3> - -<p><b>iaceō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to lie</i>, <i>lie dead</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*iaciō, ere, iēcī, iactus</b>, <i>to throw</i>, <i>cast</i>, <i>hurl</i>; <i>throw up</i>, <i>construct</i>. -<b>ad—adiciō, ere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw to</i>, <i>fling</i>; <i>add</i>. -<b>con—cōniciō, icere, coniēcī, coniectus</b>, <i>to throw together</i>, <i>unite</i>; <i>hurl</i>, <i>throw</i>; <i>conjecture</i>. -<b>dē—dēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or <i>hurl down</i>, <i>bring down</i>; <i>lay low</i>, <i>dislodge</i>, <i>destroy</i>. -<b>ex—ēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to cast</i> or <i>drive out</i>, <i>expel</i>. -<b>inter—intericiō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or <i>place between</i>, <i>interpose</i>; <i>intervene</i> (in pass.). -<b>ob—obiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw before</i>, <i>put in the way of</i>; <i>put in the hands of</i>; <i>expose</i>. -<b>sub—subiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or <i>place under</i>; <i>hand up</i>; <i>present</i>; <i>subdue</i>. -<b>trāns—trāiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or <i>carry across</i>, <i>transport</i>; <i>pierce</i>, <i>penetrate</i>, <i>transfix</i>; <i>go</i> or <i>pass over</i>, <i>cross</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iam</b>, adv., <i>now</i>, <i>already</i>, <i>at once</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Iāniculum, ī</b>, n., <i>Janiculum</i>, a hill on the west bank of the Tiber.</p> - -<p><b>Iānus, ī</b>, m., <i>Janus</i>, an old Latin divinity, who presided over the beginnings of all things; commonly represented with two faces.</p> - -<p><b>ibi</b>, adv., <i>there</i>; <i>thereupon</i>, <i>then</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ibīdem</b> [<b>ibi</b>], adv., <i>in the same place</i>, <i>just there</i>.</p> - -<p><b>icō, ere, īcī, ictus</b>, <i>to strike</i>, <i>smite</i>; -<b>foedus icere</b>, <i>to strike</i> (conclude) <i>a treaty</i> (rare).</p> - -<p><b>ictus, ūs</b> [<b>icō</b>], m., <i>a blow</i>, <i>stroke</i>, <i>wound</i>.</p> - -<p><b>idcircō</b> [<b>id</b> + abl. of <b>circus</b>], adv., <i>on that account</i>, <i>therefore</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īdem, eadem, idem</b>, dem. pron., <i>the same</i>; often best rendered by an adv., <i>also</i>, <i>too</i>, <i>besides</i>.</p> - -<p><b>idōneus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>suitable</i>, <i>fit</i>; <i>capable</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Īdūs, uum</b>, pl. f., <i>the Ides</i>; the fifteenth of March, May, July, and October, and the thirteenth of other months.</p> - -<p><b>igitur</b>, adv., <i>then</i>, <i>therefore</i>, <i>accordingly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ignāvē</b> [<b>ignāvus</b>], adv., <i>sluggishly</i>, <i>slothfully</i>, <i>without spirit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ignāvia, ae</b> [<b>ignāvus</b>], f., <i>idleness</i>, <i>sloth</i>; <i>cowardice</i>, <i>baseness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ignāvus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>inactive</i>, <i>lazy</i>, <i>slothful</i>; <i>cowardly</i>, <i>dastardly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īgnis, is</b>, m., <i>fire</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ignōbilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>(g)nōbilis</b>], adj., <i>unknown</i>, <i>unrenowned</i>, <i>obscure</i>; <i>base</i>, <i>ignoble</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ignōbiliter</b> [<b>ignōbilis</b>], adv., <i>meanly</i> (late Latin).</p> - -<p><b>ignōminia, ae</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>(g)nōmen</b>], f., <i>disgrace</i>, <i>dishonor</i>, <i>ignominy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ignōminiōse</b> [<b>ignōminiōsus</b>, <i>disgraceful</i>], adv., <i>ignominiously</i>, <i>disgracefully</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ignōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ignārus</b>, <i>ignorant</i>], <i>to be ignorant</i>, <i>not to know</i>, <i>overlook</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ille, illa, illud</b>, dem. pron., <i>that</i>; <i>he</i>, <i>she</i>, <i>it</i>; <i>the former</i>.</p> - -<p><b>illīc</b> [<b>ille</b>], adv., <i>there</i>, <i>in that place</i>.</p> - -<p><b>illūstris, e</b>, adj., <i>clear</i>, <i>distinguished</i>, <i>glorious</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Īllyricum, ī</b>, n., a country east of the Adriatic Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Īllyriī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Illyricum</i>.</p> - -<p><b>imāgō, inis</b>, f., <i>likeness</i>, <i>semblance</i>, <i>image</i>; <i>statue</i>.</p> - -<p><b>imitātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>imitor</b>], f., <i>a copying</i>, <i>imitation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>imitor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to imitate</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>immānis, e</b>, adj., <i>huge</i>, <i>immense</i>.</p> - -<p><b>immemor, oris</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>memor</b>], adj., <i>unmindful</i>, <i>careless</i>.</p> - -<p><b>immeritō</b> [<b>immeritus</b>, <i>undeserved</i>], adv., <i>unjustly</i>, <i>undeservedly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>immineō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to overhang</i>, <i>threaten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>immodicus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>modus</b>], adj., <i>beyond bounds</i>, <i>enormous</i>, <i>high</i>; <i>excessive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>immūnitās, ātis</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>munus</b>, <i>burden</i>], f., <i>freedom from public duties</i>, <i>immunity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>impār, paris</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>pār</b>], adj., <i>unequal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>impatiēns, entis</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>patiēns</b>], adj., <i>impatient</i>; <i>intolerant</i>, <i>impetuous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>impatientia, ae</b> [<b>impatiēns</b>], f., <i>impatience</i>.</p> - -<p><b>impellō</b>, see <b>pellō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>imperātōr, ōris</b> [<b>imperō</b>], m., <i>commander-in-chief</i>, <i>general</i>, <i>emperor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>imperium, ī</b> [<b>imperō</b>], n., <i>command</i>, <i>control</i>, <i>government</i>, <i>military authority</i>; <i>sovereignty</i>, <i>empire</i>.</p> - -<p><b>imperō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to rule</i>, <i>command</i>; <i>order</i>, <i>levy</i>; <i>to be emperor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>impetrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to procure</i>, <i>gain</i>; <i>accomplish</i>, <i>bring to pass</i>; <i>succeed</i>.</p> - -<p><b>impetus, ūs</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>petō</b>], m., <i>an attack</i>; <i>violence</i>, <i>vehemence</i>.</p> - -<p><b>impleō</b>, see <b>*pleō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>impōnō</b>, see <b>pōnō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>improbō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>improbus</b>], <i>to disprove</i>, <i>blame</i>, <i>censure</i>; <i>reject</i>.</p> - -<p><b>improbus, a, um</b> [<b>in + probus</b>, <i>upright</i>], adj., <i>wicked</i>, <i>outrageous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>imprōsper, spera, sperum</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>prōsperus</b>, <i>fortunate</i>], adj., <i>unfortunate</i>, <i>unprosperous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>imprūdēns, entis</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>prūdens</b>, <i>foreseeing</i>], adj., <i>not foreseeing</i>, <i>imprudent</i>, <i>off guard</i>.</p> - -<p><b>impudīcē</b> [<b>impudīcus</b>, <i>shameless</i>], adv., <i>unchastely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>impulsor, ōris</b> [<b>impellō</b>], m., <i>one who incites</i>, <i>instigator</i>.</p> - -<p><b>in</b>, prep. with acc., of place, <i>into</i>, <i>to</i>, <i>on</i>, <i>upon</i>, <i>towards</i>, <i>against</i>; -of purpose, <i>for</i>, <i>with a view to</i>; -of other relations, <i>respecting</i>, <i>according to</i>; -<b>in diēs</b>, <i>day by day</i>; -with abl., of place, <i>in</i>, <i>on</i>, <i>upon</i>, <i>in the midst of</i>, <i>among</i>; -of time, <i>in</i>, <i>in the course of</i>, <i>during</i>; -of other relations, <i>in the midst of</i>, <i>in the case of</i>, <i>respecting</i>, <i>according to</i>.</p> - -<p><b>incēdō</b>, see <b>cēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>incendō, ere, cendī, cēnsus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>candeō</b>, to <i>shine</i>], <i>to set on fire</i>, <i>burn</i>; <i>excite</i>.</p> - -<p><b>incidō</b>, see <b>cadō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>incīvīlis, e</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>cīvīlis</b>], adj., <i>rude</i>, <i>uncivil</i>.</p> - -<p><b>inclutus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>famous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>incognitus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>cognōscō</b>], adj., <i>unknown</i>.</p> - -<p><b>incolō</b>, see <b>colō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>incolumis, e</b>, adj., <i>safe</i>, <i>unharmed</i>.</p> - -<p><b>incommodus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>commodus</b>], adj., <i>inconvenient</i>, <i>unsuitable</i>, <i>unfit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>incōnsultē</b> [<b>incōnsultus</b>, <i>not asked</i>], adv., <i>unadvisedly</i>, <i>inconsiderately</i>.</p> - -<p><b>incrēmentum, ī</b> [<b>incrēscō</b>, <i>to increase</i>], n., <i>growth</i>, <i>increase</i>.</p> - -<p><b>inde</b>, adv., <i>from that place</i>, <i>thence</i>; <i>next</i>, <i>then</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Indī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the people of India</i>.</p> - -<p><b>India, ae</b>, f., <i>India</i>, modern Hindustan.</p> - -<p><b>indīcō</b>, see <b>dīcō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>indigeō, ēre, uī, —</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>egeō</b>], <i>to be poor</i>, <i>to have need of</i>, <i>want</i>.</p> - -<p><b>indiscrētus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>discernō</b>, <i>to distinguish</i>], adj., <i>undistinguishable</i>; <i>without distinction of rank</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>indō</b>, see <b>dō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>indolēs, is</b>, f., <i>nature</i>, <i>disposition</i>.</p> - -<p><b>indūcō</b>, see <b>dūcō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>indulgeō, ēre, dulsī, dultus</b>, <i>to be complaisant</i>; <i>be kind</i>, <i>be tender</i>; <i>yield</i>, <i>grant</i>, <i>spare</i>; <i>bestow</i>, <i>confer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>industria, ae</b>, f., <i>industry</i>, <i>diligence</i>; <i>ability</i>.</p> - -<p><b>indūtiae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>truce</i>, <i>armistice</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iners, ertis</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>ars</b>], adj., <i>unskillful</i>, <i>idle</i>, <i>effeminate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnfāmis, e</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>fāma</b>], adj., <i>infamous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnfantia, ae</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>for</b>, <i>to speak</i>], f., <i>infancy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnfēlīcitās, ātis</b> [<b>īnfēlis</b>, <i>unfortunate</i>], f., <i>ill-luck</i>, <i>misfortune</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnferior, ius</b> (comp. of <b>īnferus</b>), adj., <i>lower</i>, <i>inferior</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnferō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>īnfēstō, āre, —, —</b> [<b>īnfēstus</b>, <i>hostile</i>], <i>to attack</i>, <i>molest</i>, <i>infest</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnfīdus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>fīdus</b>], adj., <i>not to be trusted</i>, <i>faithless</i>, <i>treacherous</i>, <i>false</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnfīnītus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>fīniō</b>], adj., <i>unbounded</i>, <i>vast</i>, <i>enormous</i>; <i>numberless</i>; -as subst., <b>īnfīnītum, ī</b>, n., <i>a large amount</i>, <i>a large number</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnfringō</b>, see <b>frangō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ingenium, ī</b>, n., <i>disposition</i>, <i>ability</i>, <i>nature</i>, <i>wit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ingēns, entis</b>, adj., <i>large</i>, <i>huge</i>, <i>great</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ingenuus, ī</b>, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants; defeated and slain by Gallienus.</p> - -<p><b>ingluviēs, —</b>, acc. <b>em</b>, abl. <b>ē</b>, f., <i>the crop</i>, <i>maw</i>; <i>gluttony</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ingravēscō, ere, —, —</b>, <i>to be burdensome</i>, <i>be wearied</i>; <i>increase</i>, <i>grow worse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ingredior</b>, see <b>*gradior</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ingruō, ere, uī, —</b>, <i>to break in</i>; <i>assault in force</i>.</p> - -<p><b>inhonōrus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>unsightly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>inimīcitia, ae</b> [<b>inimīcus</b>, <i>unfriendly</i>], f., <i>enmity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>initium, ī</b> [<b>ineō</b>], n., <i>a beginning</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iniūcundus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>iūcundus</b>], adj., <i>unpleasant</i>, <i>disagreeable</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iniūria, ae</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>iūs</b>], f., <i>wrong</i>, <i>injustice</i>, <i>violence</i>, <i>injury</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iniūstē</b> [<b>iniūstus</b>], adv., <i>unjustly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iniūstus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>iūstus</b>], adj., <i>unjust</i>.</p> - -<p><b>innoxius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>harmless</i>; <i>not guilty</i>, <i>blameless</i>, <i>innocent</i>.</p> - -<p><b>innumerus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>numerus</b>], adj., <i>countless</i>.</p> - -<p><b>inopia, ae</b> [<b>inops</b>, <i>needy</i>], f., <i>want</i>, <i>scarcity</i>, <i>poverty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>inquinō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to stain</i>, <i>defile</i>; <i>dishonor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>inritus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>ratus</b>], adj., <i>undecided</i>, <i>unsettled</i>; <i>void</i>, <i>of no effect</i>.</p> - -<p><b>inrumpō</b>, see <b>rumpō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsatiābilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>satur</b>, <i>full</i>], adj., <i>unsating</i>, <i>not cloying</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsectātor, ōris</b>, m., <i>a persecutor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsequor</b>, see <b>sequor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>īnserō</b>, see <b>*serō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsidiae, ārum</b> [<b>īnsideō</b>, <i>to sit upon</i>], pl. f., <i>ambush</i>; <i>treachery</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsīgne, is</b> [<b>īnsīgnis</b>], n., <i>a sign</i>, <i>badge</i>, <i>ornament</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsīgnis, e</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>sīgnum</b>], adj., <i>remarkable</i>, <i>distinguished</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsīgniter</b> [<b>īnsīgnis</b>], adv., <i>remarkably</i>, <i>extraordinarily</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsolēns, entis</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>soleō</b>], adj., <i>unusual</i>; <i>haughty</i>, <i>insolent</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsolentia, ae</b> [<b>īnsolēns</b>], f., <i>unusualness</i>; <i>haughtiness</i>, <i>arrogance</i>, <i>insolence</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsolentius</b> (comp. of <b>īnsolenter</b>), adv., <i>too haughtily</i>, <i>insolently</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnstituō</b>, see <b>*statuō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>īnstō</b>, see <b>stō</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>īnstrūmentum, ī</b> [<b>īnstruō</b>], n., <i>tool</i>; -collectively, <i>stock of tools</i>, <i>plant</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>struō</b>, <i>to pile up</i>], <i>to build</i>; <i>arrange</i>, <i>draw up</i> or <i>array</i> (troops); <i>make ready</i>, <i>equip</i>, <i>fit out</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsula, ae</b>, f., <i>an island</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īnsulsē</b> [<b>īnsulsus</b>, <i>without taste</i>], adv., <i>tastelessly</i>, <i>insipidly</i>; <i>foolishly</i>, <i>absurdly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>insum</b>, see <b>sum</b>.</p> - -<p><b>integer, gra, grum</b> [<b>in</b> + root <b>tag</b> in <b>tango</b>], adj., <i>untouched</i>, <i>new</i>; <i>full</i>, <i>entire</i>, <i>vigorous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>inter</b>, prep. with acc., of place, <i>between</i>, <i>among</i>; <i>of time</i>, <i>during</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Interamna, ae</b>, f., a town in Umbria.</p> - -<p><b>intercēdō</b>, see <b>cēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>intereā</b> [<b>inter</b> + <b>is</b>], adv., <i>in the meantime</i>, <i>meanwhile</i>.</p> - -<p><b>intereō</b>, see <b>eō.</b></p> - -<p><b>interfector, ōris</b> [<b>interficiō</b>], m., <i>a slayer</i>, <i>murderer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>interficiō</b>, see <b>faciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>interim</b>, adv., <i>meanwhile</i>.</p> - -<p><b>interimō</b>, see <b>emō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>intericiō</b>, see <b>*iaciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>interior, ius</b> [<b>inter</b>], adj., comp., no positive, sup. <b>intimus</b>; <i>inner</i>, <i>interior</i>.</p> - -<p><b>intermittō</b>, see <b>mittō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>interneciō, ōnis</b> [<b>internecō</b>, <i>to destroy</i>], f., <i>slaughter</i>, <i>utter ruin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>intersum</b>, see <b>sum</b>.</p> - -<p><b>interveniō</b>, see <b>veniō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>intolerābilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>tolerābilis</b>, <i>supportable</i>], adj., <i>unendurable</i>.</p> - -<p><b>intrā</b>, adv. and prep. with acc., <i>inside of</i>, <i>within</i>, <i>during</i>.</p> - -<p><b>intrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>intrō</b>, <i>within</i>], <i>to enter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>intueor</b>, see <b>tueor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>inultus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>ulcīscor</b>, <i>to avenge</i>], adj., <i>without satisfaction</i>, u<i>navenged</i>, <i>unpunished</i>.</p> - -<p><b>inūsitātus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>ūsitātus</b>, <i>usual</i>], adj., <i>unusual</i>, <i>unfamiliar</i>, <i>novel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>invādō</b>, see <b>*vādō.</b></p> - -<p><b>invehō</b>, see <b>vehō.</b></p> - -<p><b>inveniō</b>, see <b>veniō.</b></p> - -<p><b>invicem</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>vicem</b>], adv., <i>by turns</i>, <i>in turn</i>, <i>one after another</i>, <i>alternately</i>.</p> - -<p><b>invīctus, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>vincō</b>], adj., <i>unconquerable</i>, <i>invincible</i>.</p> - -<p><b>invideō</b>, see <b>videō.</b></p> - -<p><b>invidia, ae</b> [<b>invideō</b>], f., <i>envy</i>, <i>ill-will</i>.</p> - -<p><b>invīsus, a, um</b> [<b>invideō</b>], adj., <i>hateful</i>, <i>hostile</i>, <i>troublesome</i>.</p> - -<p><b>invītō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to invite</i>, <i>summon</i>.</p> - -<p><b>invītus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>unwilling</i>.</p> - -<p><b>invius, a, um</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>via</b>], adj., <i>impassible</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ioviānus, ī</b>, m., <i>(Flavius Claudius) Ioviānus</i>, Roman emperor 363-364 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>ipse, a, um</b>, intensive pron., <i>himself</i>, <i>herself</i>, <i>itself</i>, <i>themselves</i>; -often best rendered by <i>very</i>, <i>mere</i>, <i>in person</i>, <i>even</i>, <i>actually</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īra, ae</b>, f., <i>anger</i>, <i>passion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īrācundia, ae</b> [<b>īrācundus</b>, <i>irascible</i>], f., <i>a proneness to anger</i>, <i>hasty temper</i>; <i>anger</i>, <i>wrath</i>, <i>passion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>īrātus, a, um</b> [<b>īrāscor</b>, <i>to be angry</i>], adj., <i>angry</i>.</p> - -<p><b>is, ea, id</b>, dem. pron., <i>this</i>, t<i>hat</i>; <i>he</i>, <i>she</i>, <i>it</i>; <i>such</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Isaurī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Isauria</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Isauria, ae</b>, f., a country of Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>Isauricus, ī</b>, adj., <i>Isaurian</i>, a surname of P. Servilius (Vatia), who conquered the Isaurians.</p> - -<p><b>Īsīum, ī</b>, n., the temple of Isis.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>ita</b> [<b>is</b>], adv., <i>in this way</i>, <i>so</i>, <i>thus</i>; <i>as follows</i>, <i>in such a way</i>; <i>accordingly</i>, <i>and so</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ītalica, ae</b>, f., a city in Spain.</p> - -<p><b>Ītalicus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Italian</i>.</p> - -<p><b>itaque</b> [<b>ita</b> + <b>que</b>], adv., <i>and so</i>, <i>therefore</i>, <i>consequently</i>.</p> - -<p><b>item</b>, adv., <i>likewise</i>, <i>just so</i>, <i>also</i>, <i>moreover</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iter, itineris</b> [<b>eō</b>], n., <i>a journey</i>, <i>march</i>; <i>road</i>, <i>highway</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iterum</b>, adv., <i>again</i>, <i>once more</i>, <i>for the second time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Itūraeī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Ituraea</i>, a district in Coelesyria.</p> - -<p><b>Iuba, ae</b>, m., -1. King of Numidia, defeated by Caesar in the battle of Thapsus, 46 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. King of Mauretania.</p> - -<p><b>iubeō, ēre, iussī, iussus</b>, <i>to order</i>, <i>command</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iūcundus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pleasant</i>; <i>pleasing</i>, <i>joyful</i>, <i>dear</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Iūdaea, ae</b>, f., <i>Judea</i>, a part of Palestine.</p> - -<p><b>Iūdaeī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Jews</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iūdex, icis</b> [<b>iūs</b> + <b>dīcō</b>], m., <i>a judge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iūdicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>iūdex</b>], <i>to judge</i>, <i>think</i>, <i>be of the opinion</i>; <i>pronounce</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iūgerum, ī</b> [<b>iungō</b>], n., <i>a measure of land, somewhat more than half an acre</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iūgis, e</b> [<b>iungō</b>], adj., <i>joined together</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iugulō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>iugulum</b>, <i>neck</i>], <i>to cut the throat</i>, <i>kill</i>, <i>slay</i>, <i>murder</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iugum, ī</b> [<b>iungō</b>], n., <i>a yoke</i>; <i>ridge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Iugurtha, ae</b>, m., king of Numidia. See Notes, p. 135.</p> - -<p><b>Iugurthīnus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Iugurtha</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Iūlia, ae</b>, f., <i>Iūlia Maesa</i>, wife of Caracalla.</p> - -<p><b>Iūliānus, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>(Flavius Claudius) Iūliānus</i>, Roman emperor 361-363 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>Salvius Iūliānus</i>, an eminent Roman jurist. -3. <i>Salvius Iūliānus</i>, Roman emperor from March 28 to June 1, 193 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Iūlius, i</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Caesar, Libō.</b></p> - -<p><b>iungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus</b>, <i>to join together</i>, <i>unite</i>, <i>bind</i>, <i>fasten</i>; <i>yoke</i>. -<b>ad—adiungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus</b>, <i>to join to</i>, <i>fasten to</i>, <i>add</i>. -<b>con—cōniungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus</b>, <i>to fasten together</i>, <i>connect</i>, <i>form by associating</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iūnior</b>, see <b>iuvenis</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Iūnius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Brūtus</b>, <b>Pullus</b>, <b>Sīlānus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Iuppiter, Iovīs</b>, m., the chief god of the Latins. He was originally a personification of the sky, and had control of the thunder, lightning, rain, and storms.</p> - -<p><b>iūrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to take an oath</i>, <i>swear</i>. -<b>con—coniūrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to take an oath together</i>, <i>conspire</i>, <i>plot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iūs, iūris</b>, n., <i>right</i>, <i>justice</i>, <i>authority</i>; <i>court</i>.</p> - -<p>(<b>iussus, ūs</b>) [<b>iubeō</b>], m., only in the abl. sing. <b>iussū</b>, <i>by order of</i>, <i>command</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iūstus, a, um</b> [<b>iūs</b>], adj., <i>just</i>, <i>fair</i>; <i>proper</i>, <i>fitting</i>, <i>regular</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iuvenīlis, e</b> [<b>iuvenis</b>], adj., <i>youthful</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iuvenis, e</b>, adj., comp. <b>iūnior</b>; <i>young</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iuvō, āre, iūvī, iūtus</b>, <i>to help</i>, <i>aid</i>.</p> - -<p><b>iūxtā</b>, adv. and prep. with acc., <i>near</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Iuventius, ī</b>, m., <i>P. (M’.) Iuventius (Thalma)</i>, praetor 167 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span></p> - -<h3>K.</h3> - -<p><b>Kal.</b> ＝ <b>Kalendae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>the Kalends</i>, the first day of the month.</p> - -<p><b>Karthāginiēnsis, e</b>, adj., <i>Carthaginian</i>; -as subst., <b>Karthāginiēnsēs, ium</b>, pl. m., <i>the Carthaginians</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Karthāgō, inis</b>, f., -1. <i>Carthage</i>, a city founded by the Phoenicians on the northern coast of Africa; destroyed by the Romans 146 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Karthāgō Nova</i>, a city founded by the Carthaginians on the eastern coast of Spain.</p> - -<h3>L.</h3> - -<p><b>L.</b>, abbreviation of the praenomen <b>Lucius</b>.</p> - -<p><b>L.</b> ＝ 50.</p> - -<p><b>labor, ōris</b>, m., <i>labor</i>, <i>toil</i>; <i>misfortune</i>.</p> - -<p><b>labōriōsus, a, um</b> [<b>labor</b>], adj., <i>full of labor</i>, <i>laborious</i>, <i>toilsome</i>; <i>wearisome</i>, <i>difficult</i>.</p> - -<p><b>labōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>labor</b>], <i>to toil</i>, <i>strive</i>; <i>be in distress</i>; <i>be troubled</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lacedaemoniī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Lacedaemonians</i>, the inhabitants of Lacedaemon or Sparta.</p> - -<p><b>lacrima, ae</b>, f., <i>a tear</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lacrimābilis, e</b> [<b>lacrimō</b>, <i>to weep</i>], adj., <i>lamentable</i>.</p> - -<p><b>laedō, ere, laesī, laesus</b>, <i>to hurt</i>, <i>injure</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Laeliānus, ī</b>, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants; emperor in Gaul after the death of Postumus.</p> - -<p><b>Laelius, ī</b>, m., <i>C. Laelius</i>, consul 190 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>laetitia, ae</b> [<b>laetus</b>, <i>joyful</i>], f., <i>joy</i>, <i>rejoicing</i>.</p> - -<p><b>laetor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>laetus</b>, <i>joyful</i>], <i>to rejoice</i>, <i>be joyful</i>, <i>be glad</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Laevīnus, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman family. -1. <i>L. Valerius (Laevīnus)</i>, consul 206 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>M. Valerius Laevīnus</i>, consul 210 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>P. Valerius Laevīnus</i>, consul 280 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>laevus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>left</i>; -as subst., <b>laeva, ae</b>, f., <i>the left</i>; -<b>in laevā</b>, <i>on the left side</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lamponius, ī</b>, m., a leader of the Marian party in the Civil war between Marius and Sulla.</p> - -<p><b>languor, ōris</b>, m., <i>faintness</i>, <i>feebleness</i>, <i>weariness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Larcius, ī</b>, m., <i>T. Larcius (Flavus)</i>, the first dictator, 501 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>largior, īrī, ītus sum</b>, <i>to give freely</i>, <i>distribute</i>; <i>bribe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>largītiō, ōnis</b> [<b>largior</b>], f., <i>liberality</i>, <i>bribery</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lascīvia, ae</b> [<b>lascīvus</b>, <i>sportive</i>], f., <i>jollity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lātē</b> [<b>lātus</b>, <i>broad</i>], adv., <i>broadly</i>, <i>widely</i>; <i>on all sides</i>, <i>far and wide</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lateō, ere, uī, —</b>, <i>to lie hid</i>, <i>escape notice</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Latīnē</b>, adv., <i>in Latin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Latīnus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Latin</i>, <i>pertainingto Latium</i>; -as subst., <b>Latīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Latins</i>.</p> - -<p><b>latrō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>a robber</i>, <i>brigand</i>.</p> - -<p><b>latrōcinor, ārī, —</b> [<b>latrō</b>], <i>to be a robber</i>, <i>commit piracy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>latus, eris</b>, n., <i>a side</i>; <i>flank</i>.</p> - -<p><b>laudō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>laus</b>], <i>to praise</i>, <i>commend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>laurea, ae</b>, f., <i>the laurel tree</i>.</p> - -<p><b>laus, laudis</b>, f., <i>praise</i>, <i>fame</i>, <i>glory</i>; <i>ability</i>, <i>merit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lavācrum, ī</b> [<b>lavō</b>], n., <i>bath</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lavō, āre, lāvī, lautus</b>, <i>to wash</i>, <i>bathe</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>laxō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to loose</i>, <i>spread out</i>, <i>relax</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lectīcula, ae</b> [dim. of <b>lectīca</b>, <i>couch</i>], f., <i>a litter</i>; <i>bier</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lēctiō, ōnis</b> [<b>legō</b>], f., <i>a reading</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lēgātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>legō</b>], f., <i>an embassy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lēgātus, ī</b> [<b>legō</b>], m., <i>an ambassador</i>, <i>legate</i>; <i>lieutenant</i>, <i>deputy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>legiō, ōnis</b> [<b>legō</b>], f., <i>a legion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>legō, ere, lēgī, lēctus</b>, <i>to gather</i>, <i>collect</i>; <i>select</i>, <i>appoint</i>, <i>choose</i>; <i>read</i>. -<b>con—conlegō, ere, lēgī, lēctus</b>, <i>to collect</i>, <i>gather</i>; <i>obtain</i>, <i>get</i>, <i>acquire</i>. -<b>dis—dīligō, ere, lēxī, lēctus</b>, <i>to single out</i>, <i>esteem</i>, <i>love</i>, <i>prize</i>. -<b>ex—ēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus</b>, <i>to pick out</i>, <i>choose</i>, <i>select</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lēnitās, ātis</b> [<b>lēnis</b>, <i>soft</i>], f., <i>softness</i>, <i>smoothness</i>, <i>gentleness</i>, <i>mildness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lēniter</b> [<b>lēnis</b>, <i>soft</i>], adv., <i>softly</i>, <i>mildly</i>, <i>lightly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lentulus, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman family. -1. <i>(L.) Cornēlius Lentulus</i>, consul 275 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>L. Cornēlius Lentulus</i>, consul 237 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>P. Cornēlius Lentulus</i>, consul 71 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>leō, ōnis</b>, m., <b>lion</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Lepidus, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Aemilius Lepidus</i>, a member of the Second Triumvirate, consul 46 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Leptis, is</b>, f., a Phoenician colony in the northern part of Africa.</p> - -<p><b>levis, e</b>, adj., <i>light</i>, <i>trivial</i>, <i>easy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lēx, lēgis</b>, f., <i>a law</i>, <i>decree</i>.</p> - -<p><b>libenter</b> [<b>libēns</b>, <i>glad</i>], adv., <i>gladly</i>, <i>cheerfully</i>.</p> - -<p><b>līber, era, erum</b>, adj., <i>free</i>; -as subst., <b>līberī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>children</i>.</p> - -<p><b>līberālis, e</b> [<b>līber</b>], adj., <i>freeborn</i>, <i>noble</i>; <i>liberal</i>, <i>generous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>līberālitās, ātis</b> [<b>līberālis</b>], f., <i>generosity</i>, <i>kindness</i>; <i>a gift</i>.</p> - -<p><b>līberō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>līber</b>], <i>to set free</i>, <i>release</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lībertās, ātis</b> [<b>līber</b>], f., <i>freedom</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lībertīnus, ī</b> [<b>lībertus</b>], adj. used as subst., m., <i>a manumitted slave</i>, <i>freedman</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lībertus, ī</b> [<b>līber</b>], m., <i>a freedman</i>.</p> - -<p><b>libīdō, inis</b> [<b>libet</b>, <i>it pleases</i>], f., <i>pleasure</i>; <i>lust</i>, <i>wantonness</i>, <i>passion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Libō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>L. Iūlius Libō</i>, consul 267 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>lībra, ae</b>, f., <i>a pair of scales</i>; <i>a pound</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Liburnus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>belonging to the Liburnians</i>, an Illyrian people living between Histria and Dalmatia; -<b>nāvēs Liburnae</b>, light galleys built after a model used by them.</p> - -<p><b>Libya, ae</b>, f., the northern part of Africa, west of Egypt.</p> - -<p><b>Libyssa, ae</b>, f., a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>licet, licēre, licuit</b> or <b>licitum est</b>, impers., <i>it is allowed</i>, <i>permitted</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Licinius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. -1. <i>C. Fabius Licinius</i>, consul 273 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>(P. Flavius) Licinius</i>, Roman emperor 307-324 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -See <b>Crassus</b>, <b>Lūcullus</b>, <b>Valeriānus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Ligurēs, um</b>, pl. m., <i>the people of Liguria</i>, a district on the western coast of Italy.</p> - -<p><b>Lilybaeum, ī</b>, n., a town in western Sicily.</p> - -<p><b>Lingonēs, um</b>, Gr. acc. <b>Lingonas</b>, pl. m., a Celtic people of Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>līs, lītis</b>, f., <i>a strife</i>, <i>dispute</i>, <i>quarrel</i>; <i>a suit</i>, <i>action</i>.</p> - -<p><b>littera, ae</b>, f., <i>a letter</i> (of the alphabet); -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> -pl., <i>writing</i>, <i>literature</i>, <i>letters</i>; <i>a letter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lītus, oris</b>, n., <i>a shore, beach</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Līvius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Salīnātōr</b>.</p> - -<p><b>locō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>locus</b>], <i>to place</i>. -<b>con—conlocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to place</i>, <i>arrange</i>, <i>station</i>, <i>establish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>locuplētātor, ōris</b> [<b>locuplētō</b>, <i>to enrich</i>], m., <i>an enricher</i>.</p> - -<p><b>locus, ī</b>, pl. <b>locī</b> and <b>loca</b>, m., <i>a place</i>, <i>spot</i>; <i>room</i>; <i>position</i>, <i>rank</i>, <i>condition</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lollius, ī</b>, m., M. Lollius, consul 21 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>longē</b> [<b>longus</b>], adv., <i>at a distance</i>, <i>far</i>, <i>by far</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Longīnus, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>C. Cassius Longīnus</i>, consul 124 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>C. Cassius (Longīnus)</i>, murderer of Caesar.</p> - -<p><b>longus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>long</i>, <i>tall</i>; <i>distant</i>; <i>tedious</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lōrīca, ae</b> [<b>lōrum</b>, <i>a strap</i>], f., <i>a corselet of leather</i>, <i>a coat of mail</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lorium, ī</b>, n., a town in Etruria.</p> - -<p><b>Lūcānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., the inhabitants of Lucania.</p> - -<p><b>Lūcānia, ae</b>, f., a district in southern Italy.</p> - -<p><b>Lucrētia, ae</b>, f., the wife of Collatinus.</p> - -<p><b>Lucrētius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Tricipitīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>lūctus, ūs</b> [<b>lugeō</b>], m., <i>grief</i>, <i>sorrow</i>, <i>mourning</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lūcullus, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman family. -1. <i>L. Licinius Lūcullus</i>, consul 74 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>M. Licinius Lūcullus</i>, brother of (1).</p> - -<p><b>lūcus, ī</b>, m., <i>a sacred grove</i>, <i>grove</i>.</p> - -<p><b>lūdus, ī</b>, m., <i>play</i>, <i>game</i>; <i>place of training</i>, <i>school</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lugdūnum, ī</b>, n., a city in Gaul, now Lyons.</p> - -<p><b>lūgeō, ēre, lūxī, lūctus</b>, <i>to mourn</i>, <i>bewail</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lūsitānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Lūsitānia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lūsitānia, ae</b>, f., a province in the southwest of Spain.</p> - -<p><b>Lutātius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Catulus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>luxūria, ae</b> [<b>lūxus</b>, <i>excess</i>], f., <i>luxury</i>, <i>extravagance</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lycia, ae</b>, f., a division of Asia Minor.</p> - -<h3>M.</h3> - -<p><b>M.</b>, abbreviation of the praenomen <b>Marcus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>M’.</b>, abbreviation of the praenomen <b>Manius</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Macedo, onis</b>, m., <i>a Macedonian</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Macedonia, ae</b>, f., an extensive country north of Greece, between Thessaly and Thrace.</p> - -<p><b>Macedonicus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Macedonian</i>; a surname of <b>Q. Caecilius Metellus</b>, who conquered Macedonia; also of <b>L. Aemilius Paulus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>māchinor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to contrive skillfully</i>, <i>devise</i>, <i>scheme</i>, <i>plot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Macrīnus, ī</b>, m., (M.) Opilius Macrīnus, Roman emperor 217-218 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Madena, ae</b>, f., a part of Armenia.</p> - -<p><b>Maedī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a people of Thrace.</p> - -<p><b>maeror, ōris</b>, m., <i>mourning</i>, <i>sadness</i>, <i>grief</i>, <i>sorrow</i>, <i>lamentation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>magis</b>, adv., comp., <i>more</i>, <i>rather</i>; -<b>eō magis</b>, <i>all the more</i>; -sup., <b>māximē</b>, <i>greatly</i>, <i>chiefly</i>, <i>exceedingly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>magister, trī</b>, m., <i>a master</i>, <i>ruler</i>, <i>teacher</i>; -<b>magister equitum</b>, <i>master of the horse</i>, <i>aid-de-camp of the dictator</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Māgnentiānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>belonging to</i> or <i>pertaining to Māgnentius</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Māgnentius, ī</b>, m., Roman emperor, 350-353 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Māgnēsia, ae</b>, f., a city of Asia Minor near Mount Sipylus in Lydia.</p> - -<p><b>māgnificentissimē</b> [<b>māgnificus</b>], adv., sup. of <b>māgnificē</b>; <i>splendidly</i>, <i>very magnificently</i>.</p> - -<p><b>māgnificus, a, um</b> [<b>māgnus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], adj., sup. <b>māgnificentissimus</b>; <i>splendid</i>, <i>magnificent</i>, <i>noble</i>.</p> - -<p><b>māgnitūdō, inis</b> [<b>māgnus</b>], f., <i>magnitude</i>, <i>greatness</i>, <i>size</i>.</p> - -<p><b>māgnus, a, um</b>, adj., comp. <b>māior</b>, sup. <b>māximus</b>; <i>great</i>, <i>large</i>, <i>abundant</i>, <i>powerful</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Māgō, ōnis</b>, m., the brother of Hannibal, captured by Scipio in Spain.</p> - -<p><b>māiestās, ātis</b> [<b>māior</b>], f., <i>greatness</i>, <i>grandeur</i>, <i>dignity</i>, <i>majesty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>māior</b>, see <b>māgnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Māius, ī</b>, m., the month of May; usually as adj., <b>Māius, a, um</b>, <i>agreeing with mēnsis</i>, <i>Kalendae</i>, <i>Nōnae</i>, <i>Īdūs</i>.</p> - -<p><b>male</b> [<b>malus</b>], adv., comp. <b>pēius</b>, sup. <b>pessimē</b>; <i>badly</i>, <i>ill</i>, <i>unhappily</i>, <i>unsuccessfully</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mālo</b>, see <b>volō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>malus, a, um</b>, adj., comp. <b>pēior</b>, sup. <b>pessimus</b>; <i>bad</i>, <i>evil</i>, <i>hurtful</i>; -as subst., <b>malum, ī</b>, n., <i>misfortune</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mamaea, ae</b>, f., <i>(Iūlia) Mamaea</i>, mother of Alexander Severus.</p> - -<p><b>Mancīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>C. Hostīlius Mancīnus</i>, consul 137 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>mandō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>manus</b> + <b>dō</b>], <i>to commission</i>, <i>command</i>, <i>send word</i>. -<b>con—commendō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to commend</i> or <i>commit for protection</i>, <i>intrust</i>, <i>recommend</i>. -<b>re—remandō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to send back word</i> (very rare).</p> - -<p><b>maneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsus</b>, <i>to stay</i>, <i>continue</i>, <i>abide by</i>. -<b>per—permaneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus</b>, <i>to continue</i>, <i>remain</i>. -<b>re—remaneō, ēre, mānsī</b>, <i>to remain behind</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mānīlius, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Manilius</i>, consul 149 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Mānlius, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>A. Mānlius</i>, consul 241 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>M. Mānlius</i>, consul 105 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -See <b>Cēnsōrīnus</b>, <b>Torquātus</b>, <b>Vulsō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>mānsuētūdō, inis</b> [<b>mānsuētus</b>, <i>tame</i>], f., <i>mildness</i>, <i>gentleness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>manūmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b> [<b>manus</b> + <b>mittō</b>], <i>to set free</i>, <i>emancipate</i>; <i>enfranchise</i>.</p> - -<p><b>manus, ūs</b>, f., <i>hand</i>, <i>arm</i>; <i>band</i>, <i>troop</i>; <i>force</i>; <i>combat</i>; -<b>manūs cōnserere</b>, <i>to join battle</i>; -<b>dare manūs</b>, <i>to yield</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mārcellus, ī</b>, m., the name of a famous Roman family. -1. <i>M. Claudius Mārcellus</i>, consul 222 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>(M.) Claudius Mārcellus</i>, consul 166 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>(M.) Claudius Mārcellus</i>, consul 51 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Mārcius, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>Ancus Mārcius</i>, the fourth king of Rome, 640-616 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>C. Mārcius</i>, consul 310 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>Q. Mārcius</i>, surnamed Coriolanus. -See <b>Coriolānus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Marcomannicus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>belonging</i> or <i>pertaining to the Marcomannī</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Marcomedī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a people of western Asia.</p> - -<p><b>Mardī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a powerful, warlike people that dwelt on the southern shore of the Caspian sea.</p> - -<p><b>mare, is</b>, n., <i>the sea</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Margum, ī</b>, n., a town in Upper Moesia.</p> - -<p><b>Mariānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>belonging</i> or <i>pertaining to Marius</i>.</p> - -<p><b>maritimus, a, um</b> [<b>mare</b>], adj., <i>marine</i>, <i>maritime</i>, <i>on the seashore</i>.</p> - -<p><b>marītus, ī</b> [<b>mās</b>, <i>male</i>], m., <i>a husband</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Marius, ī</b>, m., the name of a family at Rome. -1. <i>C. Marius</i>, seven times consul, leader of the democratic party in the Civil war between him and Sulla. See Notes, p. 137. -2. <i>C. Marius</i>, son of (1). Consul 82 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>M. Aurēlius Marius</i>, one of the Thirty Tyrants.</p> - -<p><b>Mārs, Mārtis</b>, m., the Roman god of war.</p> - -<p><b>Marsī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a brave and warlike Sabellian people, who dwelt in the mountains of central Italy.</p> - -<p><b>Mārtius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Mars</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mārtius, ī</b>, m., the month of March; -usually used as an adj., <b>Mārtius, a, um</b>, <i>agreeing with mēnsis</i>, <i>Kalendae</i>, <i>Nōnae</i>, <i>Īdūs</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Masinissa, ae</b>, m., a king of Numidia, an ally of the Romans.</p> - -<p><b>Massilia, ae</b>, f., a city in Gaul, modern Marseilles.</p> - -<p><b>māter, tris</b>, f., <i>mother</i>.</p> - -<p><b>māternus, a, um</b> [<b>māter</b>], adj., <i>of a mother</i>, <i>mother’s</i>; <i>maternal</i>, <i>on the mother’s side</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mātrimōnium, ī</b> [<b>māter</b>], n., <i>marriage</i>; pl. <i>wives</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mātrōna, ae</b> [<b>māter</b>], f., <i>a matron</i>, <i>woman</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mauretania, ae</b>, f., a district on the northwestern coast of Africa, embracing parts of modern Morocco and Algiers.</p> - -<p><b>Māxentius, ī</b>, m. <i>(M. Aurēlius Valerius) Māxentius</i>, Roman emperor 306-312 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>māximē</b>, see <b>magis</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Māximiānus, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>Gālerius (Valerius) Māximiānus</i>, Roman emperor, 305-311 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>(M. Aurēlius Valerius) Māximiānus</i>, surnamed <b>Herculius</b>, Roman emperor 286-305 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Māximīnus, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>(C. Iūlius Verus) Māximīnus</i>, Roman emperor 235-238 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>Gālerius (Valerius) Māximīnus</i>, Roman emperor 305-314 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Māximus, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>Q. Fabius Māximus</i>, consul six times. -2. <i>Q. Fabius Māximus</i>, defeated by the Samnites 292 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>Q. Fabius Māximus (Cunctātor)</i>, five times consul.</p> - -<p><b>māximus</b>, see <b>māgnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Māzaca, ae</b>, f., a city in Cappadocia, later called <i>Caesarēa ad Argaeum</i> from Mount Argaeus upon which it stood.</p> - -<p><b>medicus, ī</b> [<b>medeor</b>, <i>to heal</i>], m., <i>a physician</i>, <i>surgeon</i>.</p> - -<p><b>medie</b> [<b>medius</b>], adv., <i>in the middle</i>, <i>moderately</i>, <i>tolerably</i>.</p> - -<p><b>medietās, ātis</b> [<b>medius</b>], f., <i>the middle</i>, <i>place in the middle</i>, <i>midst</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mediocris, cre</b> [<b>medius</b>], adj., <i>common</i>, <i>moderate</i>, <i>mediocre</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mediōlānum, ī</b>, n., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, modern Milan.</p> - -<p><b>medius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>in the middle</i>, <i>middle</i>, <i>midst of</i>; -as subst., <b>medium, ī</b>, n., <i>middle</i>, <i>midst</i>, <i>space between</i>.</p> - -<p><b>melior</b>, see <b>bonus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>melius</b>, see <b>bene</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Memmius, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Memmius</i>, consul 151 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>memorābilis, e</b> [<b>memorō</b>, <i>to bring to mind</i>], adj., <i>worth telling</i>, <i>remarkable</i>.</p> - -<p><b>memoria, ae</b> [<b>memor</b>, <i>mindful</i>], f., <i>memory</i>; <i>report</i>, <i>record</i>, <i>time</i>, <i>age</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mēns, mentis</b>, f., <i>the mind</i>; <i>disposition</i>; <i>reason</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mēnsis, is</b>, m., <i>a month</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mentiō, ōnis</b>, f., <i>mention</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mentum, ī</b>, n., <i>the chin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mereō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to get</i>, <i>earn</i>, <i>deserve</i>; <i>serve</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mergō, ere, mersī, mersus</b>, <i>to dip</i>, <i>plunge</i>, <i>sink</i>. -<b>dē—dēmergō, ere, mersī, mersus</b>, <i>to sink</i>.</p> - -<p><b>meritō</b> [<b>meritum</b>, <i>desert</i>], adv., <i>deservedly</i>, <i>justly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mesopotamia, ae</b>, f., <i>Mesopotamia</i>, a division of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.</p> - -<p><b>Messāla, ae</b>, m., <i>M. (M’.) Valerius (Messāla)</i>, consul 263 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Messēniī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Messēnē</i>, an island in the Tigris river.</p> - -<p><b>-met</b>, an intensive enclitic particle, <i>self</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Metellus, ī</b>, m., the name of a prominent family at Rome. -1. <i>C. Caecilius Metellus</i>, consul 113 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>L. Caecilius Metellus</i>, consul 251 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>L. Caecilius Metellus</i>, consul 123 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -4. <i>(Q. Caecilius) Metellus Macedonicus</i>, consul 143 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -5. <i>Q. Caecilius Metellus (Numidicus)</i>, consul 109 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -6. <i>Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus</i>, consul 69 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -7. <i>L. (Caecilius) Metellus</i>, carried on war against Mithradates. -8. <i>M. (Caecilius) Metellus.</i></p> - -<p><b>metus, ūs</b>, m., <i>fear</i>, <i>dread</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Micipsa, ae</b>, m., king of Numidia, the eldest of the sons of Masinissa.</p> - -<p><b>migrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to migrate</i>, <i>remove</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mīles, itis</b>, m. and f., <i>a soldier</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mīliārium, ī</b>, n., <i>a milestone</i>, <i>mile</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mīlitāris, e</b> [<b>mīles</b>], adj., <i>military</i>; -as subst., <i>a soldier</i>; -<b>rēs mīlitāris</b>, <i>the art of war</i>, <i>military operations</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mīlitia, ae</b> [<b>mīles</b>], f., <i>military service</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mīlitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>mīles</b>], <i>to be a soldier</i>, <i>wage war</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mīlle</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>a thousand</i>; -as subst. with part. gen., <b>mīlia, um</b>, pl. n., <i>thousand</i>, <i>thousands</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mīllēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>mīlle</b>], num. adj., <i>thousandth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mināx, ācis</b> [<b>minor</b>, <i>to threaten</i>], adj., <i>threatening</i>.</p> - -<p><b>minimē</b>, see <b>parum</b>.</p> - -<p><b>minimus</b>, see <b>parvus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>minister, trī</b>, m., <i>an attendant</i>, <i>servant</i>.</p> - -<p><b>minor, us</b>, see <b>parvus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Minucius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Rūfus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>minuō, ere, ī, ūtus</b> [<b>minus</b>], <i>to make small</i>, <i>diminish</i>, <i>reduce</i>. -<b>dē—dēminuō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to make smaller</i>, <i>lessen</i>, <i>diminish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>minus</b>, adv., see <b>parum</b>.</p> - -<p><b>mīrābilis, e</b> [<b>mīror</b>], adj., <i>wonderful</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mīror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to wonder at</i>, <i>be astonished</i>. -<b>ad—admīror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to wonder at</i>, <i>admire</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mithradātēs, is</b>, m., surnamed the Great, king of Pontus 120-63 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Mithradāticus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Mithradātēs</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mītis, e</b>, adj., <i>mild</i>, <i>kind</i>, <i>placid</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>mittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i>, <i>dispatch</i>; <i>throw</i>, <i>shoot</i>; <i>let go</i>. -<b>ab—āmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send away</i>, <i>lose</i>; <i>dismiss</i>. -<b>ad—admittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to permit</i>, <i>admit</i>, <i>give audience to</i>. -<b>con—committō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i> or <i>bring together</i>, <i>join</i>; <i>intrust</i>, <i>commit</i>, <i>bring about</i>, <i>cause</i>, <i>allow</i>; -<b>pūgnam</b> or <b>proelium committere</b>, <i>to begin battle</i>. -<b>dis—dimittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send away</i>, <i>dismiss</i>; <i>give up</i>, <i>abandon</i>. -<b>inter—intermittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send between</i>, <i>interpose</i>, <i>interrupt</i>; <i>stop</i>, <i>cease</i>. -<b>per—permittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to let pass</i>; <i>permit</i>, <i>allow</i>. -<b>praeter—praetermittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to permit to go by</i>, <i>let pass</i>, <i>let go</i>; <i>omit</i>, <i>neglect</i>. -<b>prō—prōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to put forward</i>; <i>promise</i>, <i>assure</i>. -<b>re—remittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send back</i>, <i>relax</i>; <i>abate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>moderātē</b> [<b>moderātus</b>], adv., sup. <b>moderātissimē</b>; wi<i>th moderation</i>, <i>moderately</i>.</p> - -<p><b>moderātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>moderor</b>], f., <i>moderation</i>, <i>self-control</i>.</p> - -<p><b>moderātor, ōris</b> [<b>moderor</b>], m., <i>a manager</i>, <i>governor</i>, <i>director</i>.</p> - -<p><b>moderātus, a, um</b> [<b>moderor</b>], adj., <i>self-controlled</i>, <i>temperate</i>, <i>modest</i>.</p> - -<p><b>moderor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>modus</b>], <i>to set bounds to</i>, <i>check</i>, <i>restrict</i>, <i>regulate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>modestia, ae</b> [<b>modestus</b>], f., <i>moderation</i>; <i>shame</i>, <i>modesty</i>; <i>sense of honor</i>, <i>dignity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>modestus, a, um</b> [<b>modus</b>], adj., <i>keeping due measure</i>, <i>moderate</i>, <i>modest</i>, <i>temperate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>modicus, a, um</b> [<b>modus</b>], adj., <i>small</i>, <i>moderate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>modius, ī</b> [<b>modus</b>], m., <i>a measure</i>, <i>peck</i>.</p> - -<p><b>modo</b> [<b>modus</b>], adv., <i>only</i>; <i>just now</i>, <i>lately</i>; -<b>modo … modo</b>, <i>at one time … at another</i>, <i>now … now</i>; -<b>nōn modo … sed etiam</b>, <i>not only … but also</i>.</p> - -<p><b>modus, ī</b>, m., <i>measure</i>, <i>limit</i>, <i>end</i>; <i>way</i>, <i>manner</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Moesia, ae</b>, f., the modern Bulgaria and Servia, divided into Moesia Superior and Inferior; hence the pl., <b>Moesiae</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Mogontiacum, ī</b>, n., a city in Belgic Gaul, modern Mainz.</p> - -<p><b>molestus, a, um</b> [<b>mōlēs</b>, <i>mass</i>], adj., <i>troublesome</i>, <i>annoying</i>, <i>vexatious</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mōlior, īrī, ītus sum</b> [<b>mōlēs</b>, <i>mass</i>], <i>to struggle</i>, <i>toil</i>; <i>undertake</i>, <i>attempt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mollis, e</b>, adj., <i>gentle</i>, <i>smooth</i>; <i>yielding</i>.</p> - -<p><b>moneō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to advise</i>, <i>warn</i>, <i>remind</i>.</p> - -<p><b>monētārius, ī</b> [<b>monēta</b>, <i>mint</i>], m., <i>a minter</i>, <i>coiner</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mōns, montis</b>, m., a mountain, <i>hill</i>, <i>height</i>.</p> - -<p><b>monumentum, ī</b> [<b>moneō</b>], n., <i>a monument</i>, <i>record</i>; <i>tomb</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mōrātus, a, um</b> [<b>mōs</b>], adj., <i>mannered</i>, <i>of morals</i>, <i>constituted</i>; <i>characteristic</i>.</p> - -<p><b>morbus, ī</b>, m., <i>sickness</i>, <i>disease</i>.</p> - -<p><b>morior, morī, mortuus sum</b>, <i>to die</i>.</p> - -<p><b>moror, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>mora</b>, <i>delay</i>], <i>to delay</i>, <i>wait</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mors, mortis</b> [<b>morior</b>], f., <i>death</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mōs, mōris</b>, m., <i>a custom</i>, <i>habit</i>; <i>manner</i>, <i>fashion</i>; -pl., <i>customs</i>, <i>character</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mōtus, ūs</b> [<b>moveō</b>], m., <i>motion</i>, <i>disturbance</i>, <i>revolt</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>moveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to move</i>, <i>remove</i>; <i>influence</i>, <i>excite</i>. -<b>con—commoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to arouse</i>, <i>disturb</i>, <i>move</i>, <i>influence</i>. -<b>re—removeō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to remove</i>, <i>put aside</i>, <i>dismiss</i>, <i>withdraw</i>. -<b>sub—submoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to drive off</i>, <i>dislodge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mox</b>, adv., <i>soon</i>, <i>directly</i>, <i>then</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mūcius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Scaevola</b>.</p> - -<p><b>muliebris, e</b> [<b>mulier</b>, <i>a woman</i>], adj., <i>pertaining to a woman, woman-like</i>.</p> - -<p><b>multitūdō, inis</b> [<b>multus</b>], f., <i>a multitude</i>.</p> - -<p><b>multō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>multa</b>, <i>a fine</i>], <i>to fine</i>, <i>deprive</i>; <i>punish</i>, <i>condemn</i>.</p> - -<p><b>multō</b> [<b>multus</b>], adv., <i>by far</i>, <i>much</i>.</p> - -<p><b>multus, a, um</b>, adj., comp. <b>plūs</b>, sup. <b>plūrimus</b>; <i>much</i>, <i>many a</i>; -pl., <i>many</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mulvius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Mulvian</i>; -<b>Mulvius pōns</b>, the Mulvian bridge, about two miles north of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>Mummius, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Mummius</i>, the conqueror of Corinth; consul 146 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Munda, ae</b>, f., a Roman colony in the south of Spain, where a battle was fought in 45 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> between Caesar and the Pompeians.</p> - -<p><b>mūniō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus</b> [<b>moenia</b>, <i>walls</i>], <i>to fortify</i>, <i>secure</i>, <i>guard</i>.</p> - -<p><b>mūnus, eris</b>, n., <i>duty</i>, <i>service</i>; <i>present</i>, <i>gift</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mūrēna, ae</b>, m., <i>L. (Licinius) Mūrēna</i>, consul 62 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>murrinus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>belonging to the stone murra</i>, <i>murine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mursa, ae</b>, f., a town in Pannonia.</p> - -<p><b>mūrus, ī</b>, m., <i>a wall</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mūs, Mūris</b>, m., <i>(P.) Decius Mūs</i>, consul 279 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>mūtō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to change</i>.</p> - -<h3>N.</h3> - -<p><b>Nabis, idis</b>, m., <i>tyrant of Sparta</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nactus</b>, see <b>nancīscor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>nam</b>, conj., <i>for</i>, <i>but</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nancīscor, ī, nactus sum</b>, <i>to get</i>, <i>obtain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Narbō, ōnis</b>, m., a city in the southern part of Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>nārrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>nārrō</b>, <i>to tell</i>], f., <i>a relating</i>, <i>narrative</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Narseus, ī</b>, m., king of Persia, 294-303 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Nāsīca</b>, see <b>Scīpiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>nāscor, ī, nātus sum</b>, <i>to be born</i>; <i>spring from</i>, <i>arise</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>nāscor</b>], f., <i>nation</i>, <i>tribe</i>, <i>people</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nātūra, ae</b> [<b>nātus</b>], f., <i>nature</i>, <i>disposition</i>; <i>situation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nātus, a, um</b> [<b>nāscor</b>], adj., lit. <i>born</i>; -with <b>annōs</b> and numerals, <i>old</i>.</p> - -<p><b>naufragium, ī</b> [<b>nāvis</b> + <b>frangō</b>], n., <i>shipwreck</i>, <i>ruin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nāvālis, e</b> [<b>nāvis</b>], adj., <i>naval</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nāvigātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>nāvigō</b>], f., <i>a voyage</i>; <i>navigation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nāvigō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nāvis</b> + <b>agō</b>], <i>to sail</i>, <i>navigate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nāvis, is</b>, f., <i>ship</i>, <i>vessel</i>; -<b>nāvis longa</b>, <i>war ship</i>, <i>galley</i>; -<b>nāvis onerāria</b>, transport.</p> - -<p><b>nē</b>, 1, adv., <i>not</i>; <b>nē … quidem</b>, <i>not even</i>, <i>not at all</i>; -2, conj., <i>in order that not</i>, <i>lest</i>, <i>not to</i>, <i>for fear that</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ne</b>, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions, and then translatable only by the inflection of the voice; -(2) as conj. with indirect questions, <i>whether</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nec</b>, see <b>neque</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>necessārius, a, um</b> [<b>necesse</b>, <i>necessary</i>], adj., <i>necessary</i>, <i>indispensable</i>; -as subst., <i>an intimate friend</i>, <i>relative</i>.</p> - -<p><b>necessitūdō, inis</b> [<b>necesse</b>, <i>necessary</i>], f., <i>friendship</i>, <i>intimacy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>neglegenter</b> [<b>neglegēns</b>, <i>heedless</i>], adv., <i>heedlessly</i>, <i>carelessly</i>, <i>negligently</i>.</p> - -<p><b>negō, āre, āvi, ātus</b>, <i>to say no</i>, <i>deny</i>, <i>refuse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>negōtium, ī</b> [<b>nec</b> + <b>ōtium</b>], n., <i>business</i>; <i>toil</i>, <i>labor</i>, <i>trouble</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nēmō, inis</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>homō</b>], m. and f., <i>no one</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nepotiānus, ī</b>, m., <i>(Flavius Popilius) Nepotiānus</i>, Roman emperor for 28 days in 350 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>nepōs, ōtis</b>, m., <i>grandson</i>; <i>nephew</i> (late); -pl., <i>descendants</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nēquāquam</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>quāquam</b>, <i>anywhere</i>], adv., <i>not at all</i>, <i>by no means</i>.</p> - -<p><b>neque</b> or <b>nec</b> [<i>nē</i> + <i>que</i>], adv. and conj., <i>and not</i>, <i>but not</i>, <i>nor</i>, <i>nor yet</i>; -<b>neque (nec) … neque (nec)</b>, <i>neither … nor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nerō, ōnis</b>, m., -1. Nerō (<i>Claudius Caesar Drūsus Germānicus</i>), Roman emperor 54-68 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>Appius Claudius Nerō</i>, consul 207 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Nerōniānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>belonging</i> or <i>pertaining to Nerō</i>; <i>Nerōniānae thermae</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nerva, ae</b>, m. <i>(M. Coccēius) Nerva</i>, Roman emperor 96-98 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>neuter, tra, trum</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>uter</b>], pron., <i>neither</i> (of two).</p> - -<p><b>nex, necis</b>, f., <i>death</i>; <i>murder</i>, <i>slaughter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nīcomēdēnsēs, ium</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Nīcomēdia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nīcomēdia, ae</b>, f., the capital city of Bithynia in Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>Nicomēdēs, is</b>, m., -1. Surnamed Epiphanes, king of Bithynia, 149-91 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. Surnamed Philopator, king of Bithynia, 91-74 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Niger, grī</b>, m. <i>(C.) Pescennius Niger</i>, Roman emperor 193-194 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>nihil</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>hilum</b>, <i>a trifle</i>], n., indecl., <i>nothing</i>, <i>not at all</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nīlus, ī</b>, m., <i>the river Nile</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nimietās, ātis</b> [<b>nimius</b>], f., <i>a too great number or quantity</i>; <i>superfluity</i>, <i>excess</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nimis</b>, adv., <i>too much</i>, <i>very</i>, <i>excessively</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nimius, a, um</b> [<b>nimis</b>], adj., <i>too much</i>, <i>too great</i>, <i>excessive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nisi</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>sī</b>], conj., <b>if not</b>, <b>unless</b>, <b>except</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Nisibis, is</b>, f., a city in Mesopotamia.</p> - -<p><b>nītor, ī, nīsus</b> or <b>nīxus sum</b>, <i>to strive</i>, <i>attempt</i>; <i>rely upon</i>. -<b>ad—adnītor, ī, nīsus</b> or <b>nīxus sum</b>, <i>to lean against or upon</i>; <i>strive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nōbiliōr, ōris</b>, m., a celebrated Roman family. -1. <i>M. Fulvius (Nōbiliōr)</i>, consul 189 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Ser. Fulvius Nōbiliōr</i>, consul 255 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>nōbilis, e</b> [<b>nōscō</b>], adj., <i>noted</i>, <i>notable</i>; <i>renowned</i>, <i>noble</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nōbilitās, ātis</b> [<b>nōbilis</b>], f., <i>renown</i>, <i>nobility</i>;<i>the nobles</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nōbiliter</b> [<b>nōbilis</b>], adv., <i>famously</i>, <i>excellently</i>, <i>splendidly</i>, <i>nobly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nocturnus, a, um</b> [<b>nox</b>], adj., <i>by night</i>, <i>nocturnal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nōla, ae</b>, f., a city in Campania in Italy.</p> - -<p><b>nōlō</b>, see <b>volō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>nōmen, inis</b> [<b>nōscō</b>], n., <i>a name</i>; <i>account</i>; <i>pretense</i>; <i>authority</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nōmentānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Nōmentum</i>, a Sabine city.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>nōminō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nōmen</b>], <i>to name</i>, <i>call</i>, <i>mention</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nōn</b>, adv., <i>not</i>, <i>no</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nōnae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>the Nones</i>, the seventh of March, May, July, and October, and the fifth of other months.</p> - -<p><b>nōnāgēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>nōnāgintā</b>], num. adj., <i>ninetieth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nōnāgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>ninety</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nōnnūllus, a, um</b> [<b>nōn</b> + <b>nūllus</b>], adj., <i>some</i>, <i>several</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nōnus, a, um</b> [<b>novem</b>], num. adj., <i>ninth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Norbānus, ī</b>, m. <i>(C.) Norbānus</i>, consul 83 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Nōricum, ī</b>, n., a Roman province south of the Danube.</p> - -<p><b>nōscō, ere, nōvī, nōtus</b>, <i>to come to know</i>, <i>become acquainted with</i>; -in perf. system, <i>to know</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ad—āgnōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus</b>, <i>to recognize</i>. -<b>con—cognōscō, ere, cognōvī, cognitus</b>, <i>to learn</i>, <i>perceive</i>, <i>understand</i>. -<b>re</b> + <b>con</b>—<b>recognōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus</b>, <i>to recall</i>, <i>recognize</i>.</p> - -<p><b>noster, tra, trum</b> [<b>nōs</b>], adj., <i>our</i>, <i>our own</i>.</p> - -<p><b>notābilis, e</b> [<b>notō</b>, <i>to mark</i>], <b>adj.</b>, <i>noteworthy</i>, <i>conspicuous</i>, <i>notable</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nōtus, a, um</b> [<b>nōscō</b>], adj., <i>well known</i>, <i>familiar</i>.</p> - -<p><b>novem</b>, num. adj., <i>nine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>noverca, ae</b>, f., <i>stepmother</i>.</p> - -<p><b>novus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>fresh</i>, <i>new</i>, <i>young</i>, <i>recent</i>; -<b>novae rēs</b>, <i>a revolution</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nox, noctis</b>, f., <i>night</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nūbō, ere, nūpsī, nūptus</b>, <i>to veil one’s self</i>, <i>marry</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nūdō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nūdus</b>], <i>to make bare</i>, <i>strip</i>, <i>expose</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nūdus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>naked</i>, <i>bare</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nūllus, a, um</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>ūllus</b>] (gen. <b>nūllīus</b>, dat. <b>nūllī</b>), adj., <i>none</i>, <i>no</i>; -as subst., <i>no one</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Numa, ae</b>, m., see <b>Pompilius</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Numantia, ae</b>, f., a city in Spain.</p> - -<p><b>Numantīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Numantia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nūmen, inis</b> [<b>nuō</b>, <i>to nod</i>], n., a divinity, power.</p> - -<p><b>numerōsus, a, um</b> [<b>numerus</b>], adj., <i>in full numbers</i>, <i>numerous</i>, <i>manifold</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Numeriānus, ī</b>, m., the younger of the two sons of the emperor Carus.</p> - -<p><b>numerus, ī</b>, m., <i>number</i>, <i>account</i>; <i>character</i>, <i>rank</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Numidae, ārum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Numidians</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Numidia, ae</b>, f., a country of northern Africa, west of Carthage.</p> - -<p><b>nummus, ī</b>, m., <i>money</i>; <i>coin</i>; <i>sesterce</i> (＝ 4.1 cents).</p> - -<p><b>numquam</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>umquam</b>], adv., <i>never</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nunc</b>, adv., <i>at the present moment</i>, <i>now</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nūncupō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nōmen</b> + <b>capiō</b>], <i>to call</i>, <i>call by name</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nūntius</b>], <i>to tell</i>, <i>announce</i>, <i>report</i>. -<b>dē—dēnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to announce</i>, <i>denounce</i>, <i>order</i>, <i>threaten</i>. -<b>prō—prōnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to tell</i>, <i>declare</i>, <i>recite</i>, <i>appoint</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nūntius, ī</b>, m., <i>a messenger</i>; <i>message</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nusquam</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>usquam</b>], adv., <i>nowhere</i>, <i>in no place</i>.</p> - -<p><b>nūtō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to nod</i>; <i>waver</i>, <i>be ready to give way</i>.</p> - -<h3>O.</h3> - -<p><b>ob</b>, prep. with acc., <i>to</i>, <i>towards</i>; <i>for</i>, <i>on account of</i>, <i>by reason of</i>.</p> - -<p><b>obeō</b>, see <b>eō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>obiciō</b>, see <b>*iaciō</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>obitus, ūs</b> [<b>obeō</b>], m., <i>destruction</i>, <i>death</i>.</p> - -<p><b>oboediō</b>, see <b>audiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>obscēnē</b> [<b>obscēnus</b>, <i>ill-omened</i>], adv., sup. <b>obscēnissimē</b>; <i>immodestly</i>, <i>indecently</i>.</p> - -<p><b>obscēnitās, ātis</b> [<b>obscēnus</b>, <i>ill-omened</i>], f., <i>moral impurity</i>, <i>foulness</i>, <i>unchastity</i>, <i>lewdness</i>, <i>obscenity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>obscūrē</b> [<b>obscūrus</b>], adv., comp. <b>obscūrius</b>, sup. <b>obscūrissimē</b>; <i>obscurely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>obscūrus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>dark</i>, <i>obscure</i>; <i>ignoble</i>, <i>mean</i>, <i>low</i>.</p> - -<p><b>obsecrō</b>, see <b>*sacrō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>obsequor</b>, see <b>sequor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>obses, idis</b> [<b>obsideō</b>], m. and f., <i>a hostage</i>.</p> - -<p><b>obsideō</b>, see <b>sedeō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>obsidiō, ōnis</b> [<b>obsideō</b>], f., <i>a siege</i>.</p> - -<p><b>obtemperō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>temperō</b>, <i>to soften</i>], <i>to submit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>obtineō</b>, see <b>teneō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>obvius, a, um</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>via</b>], adj., <i>in the way</i>, <i>meeting</i>; -with <b>esse, fierī</b>, or <b>venīre</b>, <i>to meet</i>.</p> - -<p><b>occāsiō, ōnis</b> [<b>occidō</b>, <i>to happen</i>], f., <i>an occasion</i>, <i>opportunity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Occidēns, tis</b> [<b>occidō</b>], m. (sc. <b>sōl</b>), <i>the setting sun</i>, <i>the West</i>, <i>the Occident</i>.</p> - -<p><b>occīdō</b>, see <b>caedō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>occulō, ere, culuī, cultus</b>, <i>to cover</i>, <i>cover over</i>; <i>hide</i>, <i>conceal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>occultō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>occulō</b>], <i>to hide</i>, <i>conceal</i>; <i>secrete</i>.</p> - -<p><b>occultus, a, um</b> [<b>occulō</b>], adj., <i>hidden</i>, <i>secret</i>, <i>concealed</i>.</p> - -<p><b>occupō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>capiō</b>], <i>to take possession of</i>, <i>seize</i>, <i>hold</i>, <i>occupy</i>; <i>attack</i>, <i>employ</i>.</p> - -<p><b>occurrō</b>, see <b>currō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Ōceanus, ī</b>, m., the Atlantic and its divisions in contrast with the Mediterranean Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Octāviāna, ae</b>, f., sister of Octavianus and wife of M. Antonius.</p> - -<p><b>Octāviānus, ī</b>, m., see <b>Caesar, Augustus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Octāvius, ī</b>, m., <i>C. Octāvius</i>, consul 87 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>octāvus, a, um</b> [<b>octō</b>], num. adj., <i>eighth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>octingentēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>octingentī</b>], num. adj., <i>eight hundredth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>octingentī, ae, a</b> [<b>octō</b> + <b>centum</b>], num. adj., <i>eight hundred</i>.</p> - -<p><b>octō</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>eight</i>.</p> - -<p><b>octōdecim</b> [<b>octō</b> + <b>decem</b>], indecl. num. adj., <i>eighteen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>octōgēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>octōgintā</b>], num. adj., <i>eightieth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>octōgintā</b> [<b>octō</b>], indecl. num. adj., <i>eighty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>oculus, ī</b>, m., <i>the eye</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Odenāthus, ī</b>, m., ruler of Palmyra. He checked the incursions of the Persians, and was honored with the title of Augustus by Gallienus.</p> - -<p><b>odēum, ī</b>, n., <i>a public building designed for musical performances</i>, <i>odeon</i>.</p> - -<p><b>odium, ī</b> [<b>odī</b>, <i>to hate</i>], n., <i>hatred</i>, <i>aversion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>odor, ōris</b>, m., <i>odor</i>, <i>stench</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Oenomaus, ī</b>, m., a leader of the gladiators who revolted with Spartacus.</p> - -<p><b>offēnsa, ae</b>, f., <i>disfavor</i>, <i>offense</i>, <i>hatred</i>, <i>enmity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>offerō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>officium, ī</b> [<b>opus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], n., <i>service</i>, <i>favor</i>; <i>duty</i>, <i>office</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ogulnius, ī</b>, m., <i>Q. Ogulnius</i>, consul 269 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>olim</b> [<b>ole</b>, old form of <b>ille</b>], adv., <i>formerly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Olympias, adis</b>, f., <i>an Olympiad</i>, the space of four years intervening between the games at Olympus. The period was used in assigning dates, the first Olympiad beginning in 776 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Olympus, ī</b>, m., a city in Lycia in Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>ōmen, inis</b>, n., <i>a foreboding</i>, <i>prognostication</i>, <i>omen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>omnīnō</b> [<b>omnis</b>], adv., <i>in all</i>, <i>altogether</i>, <i>only</i>, <i>in general</i>; <i>at all</i>.</p> - -<p><b>omnis, e</b>, adj., <i>every</i>, <i>all</i>.</p> - -<p><b>opera, ae</b> [<b>opus</b>], f., <i>work</i>, <i>pains</i>, <i>aid</i>; -<i>operam dare</i>, <i>to attend to</i>, <i>assist</i>, <i>aid</i>.</p> - -<p><b>opifex, ficis</b> [<b>opus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], m., <i>workman</i>, <i>artisan</i>.</p> - -<p><b>opīnor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to think</i>, <i>believe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>oppidum, ī</b>, n., <i>a walled town</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Oppius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Sabīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>opprimō</b>, see <b>premō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>oppūgnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>oppūgnō</b>], f., <i>an assault</i>, <i>attack</i>, <i>siege</i>.</p> - -<p><b>oppūgnō</b>, see <b>pūgnō</b>.</p> - -<p>(<b>ops</b>), <b>opis</b>, f., <i>power</i>, <i>help</i>; -pl. <b>opēs, um</b>, <i>wealth</i>, <i>resources</i>.</p> - -<p><b>optimus</b>, see <b>bonus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>optō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to hope</i>, <i>desire</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ad—adoptō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to adopt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>opulentus, a, um</b> [<b>ops</b>], adj., <i>rich</i>, <i>wealthy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>opus, operis</b>, n., <i>work</i>, <i>business</i>, <i>need</i>; <i>fortification</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ōrātor, ōris</b> [<b>ōrō</b>], m., <i>an orator</i>, <i>ambassador</i>.</p> - -<p><b>orbis, is</b>, m., <i>circle</i>; -<b>orbis terrae</b> or <b>terrārum</b>, <i>the world</i>.</p> - -<p><b>orbitās, ātis</b> [<b>orbus</b>, <i>destitute</i>], f., <i>bereavement</i>, <i>orphanage</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Orchadēs, um</b>, pl. f., a group of islands north of Scotland, now Orkney Islands.</p> - -<p><b>ōrdinārius, a, um</b> [<b>ōrdinō</b>], adj., <i>of order</i>, <i>usual</i>, <i>regular</i>, <i>ordinary</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ōrdinō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ōrdō</b>], <i>to arrange</i>, <i>regulate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ōrdō, inis</b>, f., <i>an order</i>, <i>rank</i>, <i>row</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Orestēs, is</b>, m., <i>Cn. Aufidius Orestes</i>, consul 73 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Oriēns, entis</b> [<b>orior</b>], m. (sc. <b>sōl</b>), <i>the rising sun</i>, <i>the East</i>, <i>the Orient</i>.</p> - -<p><b>orīgō, inis</b> [<b>orior</b>], f., <i>an origin</i>, <i>source</i>, <i>pedigree</i>.</p> - -<p><b>orior, īrī, ortus sum</b>, <i>to rise</i>, <i>begin</i>, <i>spring from</i>.</p> - -<p><b>oriundus, a, um</b> [<b>orior</b>], adj., <i>descended</i>, <i>sprung from</i>, <i>originating</i>, <i>born</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ōrnāmentum, ī</b> [<b>ōrnō</b>, <i>to fit out</i>], n., <i>a preparation</i>; <i>decoration</i>, <i>ornament</i>, <i>jewel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ōs</b>, <i>mouth</i>], <i>to pray</i>, <i>beg</i>, <i>entreat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ad—adōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to supplicate</i>; <i>worship</i>, <i>reverence</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Orōdēs, is</b>, m., a king of the Parthians, conquered by Pompey.</p> - -<p><b>os, ossis</b>, n., <i>a bone</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Osdroēna, ae</b>, f., <i>Osroēnē</i>, a district in the west of Mesopotamia.</p> - -<p><b>Osdroēnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Osdroēna</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ostendō</b>, see <b>tendō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ōstiātim</b>, adv., <i>from door to door</i>, <i>from house to house</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ōstium, ī</b> [<b>ōs</b>, <i>mouth</i>], m., <i>the mouth of a river</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Otācilius, ī</b>, m., <i>(T.) Otācilius Crassus</i>, consul 263 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Othō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>(M. Salvius) Othō</i>, Roman emperor from January 15 to April 16, 69 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>ōtium, ī</b>, n., <i>leisure</i>; <i>ease</i>, <i>idleness</i>; <i>rest</i>, <i>peace</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ovō, āre, —, —</b>, <i>to exult</i>, <i>rejoice</i>; <i>receive an ovation</i>, <i>triumph</i>.</p> - -<h3>P.</h3> - -<p><b>P.</b>, abbreviation of the praenomen Publius.</p> - -<p><b>pācō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>pāx</b>], <i>to pacify</i>, <i>make peaceful</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Pacorus, ī</b>, m., son of Orodes I., king of Parthia.</p> - -<p><b>Paelīgnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a Sabine people dwelling in central Italy.</p> - -<p><b>paene</b>, adv., <i>almost</i>, <i>nearly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Palaeopharsālus, ī</b>, f., a city in Thessaly where Caesar defeated Pompey 48 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> It is generally written Pharsalus.</p> - -<p><b>Palaestīna, ae</b>, f., <i>Palestine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>palam</b>, adv., <i>openly</i>, <i>publicly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Palātīnus, ī</b> (sc. <b>mōns</b>), adj., <i>the Palatine Hill</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Palātium, ī</b>, n., <i>the Palatine Hill</i>; -<i>the imperial palace</i>, which was on the hill.</p> - -<p><b>pallium, ī</b>, n., <i>a Grecian cloak</i>, <i>mantle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>palūs, ūdis</b>, f., <i>a marsh</i>, <i>fen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pamphȳlia, ae</b>, f., a division of Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>Pannonia, ae</b>, f., one of the most important provinces of Rome, lying between the Danube and the Alps.</p> - -<p><b>Pannonicus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Pannonia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pannoniī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Pannonia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pānsa, ae</b>, m., <i>(C. Vibius) Pānsa</i>, consul 43 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Panticapaeum, ī</b>, n., a city in the modern Crimea.</p> - -<p><b>Paphlagōn, onis</b>, m., <i>a Paphlagonian</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Paphlagonia, ae</b>, f., a division of Asia Minor on the Black Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Papirius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Carbō</b>, <b>Cursor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>parēns, entis</b> [<b>pariō</b>], m. and f., <i>a father or mother</i>, <i>parent</i>; <i>relative</i> (late).</p> - -<p><b>pāreō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to appear</i>; <i>obey</i>, <i>serve</i>. -<b>ad—appāreō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to become visible</i>, <i>appear</i>; <i>serve</i>. -<b>con—compāreō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to appear</i>, <i>show one’s self</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*pariō, ere, peperī, partus</b>, <i>to give birth to</i>, <i>bring forth</i>. -<b>ab—āperiō, īre, uī, tus</b>, <i>to uncover</i>, <i>bare</i>; <i>open</i>, <i>disclose</i>. -<b>con—comperiō, īre, perī, pertus</b>, <i>to find out</i>, <i>learn</i>. -<b>re—reperiō, īre, repperī, repertus</b>, <i>to find</i> (again), <i>meet with</i>, <i>discover</i>.</p> - -<p><b>parō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to make ready</i>, <i>prepare</i>; <i>resolve</i>, <i>plan</i>; <i>get</i>, <i>acquire</i>. -<b>con—comparō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to make ready</i>, <i>prepare</i>; <i>obtain</i>, <i>procure</i>. -<b>prae—praeparō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to make ready beforehand</i>, <i>provide</i>. -<b>re—reparō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to renew</i>.</p> - -<p><b>parricīdium, ī</b> [<b>pater</b> + <b>caedō</b>], n., <i>murder of a father</i>, <i>parricide</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pars, partis</b>, f., <i>a part</i>, <i>number</i>; <i>district</i>; <i>side</i>, <i>direction</i>; <i>party</i>, <i>faction</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Parthenius, ī</b>, m., the slayer of Domitian.</p> - -<p><b>Parthenopolis, is</b>, f., a city in Lower Moesia on the Black Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Parthī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a Scythian people southeast of the Caspian Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Parthicus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>belonging to Parthia</i>, cognomen of <i>Septimius Sevērus</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Parthomasīris, is</b>, m., king of Armenia.</p> - -<p><b>partim</b> [<b>pars</b>], adv., <i>partly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>partus, ūs</b> [<b>pariō</b>], m., <i>a bringing forth</i>, <i>delivery</i>, <i>birth</i>; <i>progeny</i>.</p> - -<p><b>parum</b>, adv., <i>too little</i>, <i>not enough</i>; -comp., <b>minus</b>, <i>less</i>, <i>by no means</i>, <i>not</i>; -sup., <b>minime</b>, <i>least of all</i>, <i>by no means</i>, <i>not at all</i>; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> -as a subst., <b>parum</b>, indecl. n., <i>too little</i>, <i>not enough</i>.</p> - -<p><b>parvus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>little</i>, <i>small</i>; -comp., <b>minor</b>, <i>smaller</i>, <i>less</i>; <i>younger</i> (sc. <b>nātū</b>); -sup., <b>minimus</b>, <i>smallest</i>, <i>least</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pāscō, ere, pāvī, pāstus</b>, <i>to feed</i>; -of animals, <i>to graze</i>, <i>browse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>passus, ūs</b> [<b>passus</b> from <b>pandō</b>, <i>to spread</i>], m., <i>a step</i>, <i>pace</i>; -<b>mīlle passuum</b>, pl. <b>mīlia passuum</b>, a Roman mile ＝ 4854 English feet.</p> - -<p><b>patefaciō, ere, fēcī, factus</b> [<b>pateō</b> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to lay open</i>, <i>disclose</i>, <i>bring to light</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pateō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to be open</i>, <i>extend</i>, <i>be manifest</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pater, tris</b>, m., <i>a father</i>, <i>ancestor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>paternus, a, um</b> [<b>pater</b>], adj., <i>fatherly</i>, <i>of a father</i>.</p> - -<p><b>patior, patī, passus sum</b>, <i>to suffer</i>, <i>bear</i>, <i>endure</i>; <i>experience</i>; <i>allow</i>, <i>permit</i>. -<b>per—perpetior, ī, pessus sum</b>, <i>to endure</i>, <i>be patient under</i>.</p> - -<p><b>patria, ae</b> [<b>pater</b>], f., <i>fatherland</i>, <i>country</i>, <i>home</i>.</p> - -<p><b>patrimōnium, ī</b> [<b>pater</b>], n., <i>inheritance</i>, <i>patrimony</i>, <i>property</i>.</p> - -<p><b>patrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to carry out</i>, <i>perform</i>, <i>execute</i>.</p> - -<p><b>patruēlis, e</b> [<b>patruus</b>], adj., <i>of a father’s brother</i>, <i>child of a father’s brother</i>; -as subst., <i>a cousin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>patruus, ī</b> [<b>pater</b>] m., <i>of a father’s brother</i>, <i>paternal uncle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>paucus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>few</i>, <i>little</i>.</p> - -<p><b>paulisper</b> [<b>paulum</b>, <i>by a little</i>], adv., <i>a short time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>paulus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>little</i>, <i>small</i>; -as subst., <b>paulum, ī</b>, n., <i>a little</i>, <i>trifle</i>; -abl., <b>paulō</b>, <i>by a little</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Paulus, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman family. -1. <i>L. Aemilius Paulus</i>, consul 216 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>L. Aemilius Paulus</i>, surnamed Macedonicus, consul 168 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>M. Aemilius Paulus</i>, consul 255 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>pauper, eris</b>, adj., <i>poor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pāx, pācis</b>, f., <i>peace</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pectus, oris</b>, n., <i>the breast</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pecūnia, ae</b> [<b>pecus</b>, <i>cattle</i>], f., <i>money</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pedes, itis</b> [<b>pēs</b>], m., <i>a foot soldier</i>, <i>infantry</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pellō, ere, pepulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive out</i> or <i>away</i>, <i>expel</i>; <i>defeat</i>, <i>rout</i>. -<b>ad—appellō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call</i>, <i>address</i>, <i>name</i>; <i>appeal to</i>; <i>accuse</i>. -<b>con—compellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive together</i>, <i>collect</i>; <i>force</i>, <i>compel</i>. -<b>ex—expellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive out</i> or <i>away</i>, <i>expel</i>, <i>dislodge</i>. -<b>in—impellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to urge on</i>, <i>incite</i>, <i>impel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pendeō, ēre, pependī, —</b>, <i>to hang</i>, <i>be suspended</i>; <i>rest</i>, <i>depend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>penetrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>penitus</b>], <i>to enter</i>, <i>penetrate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>penitus</b>, adv., <i>inwardly</i>, <i>within</i>; <i>deeply</i>, <i>completely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>per</b>, prep. with acc. (1) of place, <i>through</i>, <i>across</i>, <i>over</i>, <i>throughout</i>; -(2) of time, <i>through</i>, <i>during</i>; -(3) of means or agency, <i>by means of</i>, <i>by the agency of</i>, <i>through</i>.</p> - -<p><b>percussor, ōris</b> [<b>percutiō</b>], m., <i>a stabber</i>, <i>murderer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>percutiō, ere, cussī, cussus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>quatiō</b>, <i>to shake</i>], <i>to thrust through</i>, <i>strike</i>, <i>kill</i>.</p> - -<p><b>perdō</b>, see <b>dō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>perdomō</b>, see <b>domō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>pereō</b>, see <b>eō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>perferō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>perficiō</b>, see <b>faciō</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>perfidia, ae</b> [<b>perfidus</b>, <i>faithless</i>], f., <i>treachery</i>.</p> - -<p><b>perfuga, ae</b> [<b>perfugiō</b>, <i>to flee for refuge</i>], m., <i>a fugitive</i>, <i>deserter</i>, <i>refuge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pergamum, ī</b>, n., a city in Mysia in Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>pergō</b>, see <b>regō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>perīculum, ī</b>, n., <i>trial</i>; <i>danger</i>, <i>peril</i>.</p> - -<p><b>perimō</b>, see <b>emō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>perinde</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>inde</b>], adv., <i>in the same manner</i>, <i>just as</i>, <i>equally</i>.</p> - -<p><b>perītus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>skillful</i>, <i>experienced</i>, <i>familiar with</i>.</p> - -<p><b>permaneō</b>, see <b>maneō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>permittō</b>, see <b>mittō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>permūtātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>permūtō</b>, <i>to change</i>], f., <i>change</i>, <i>exchange</i>.</p> - -<p><b>perniciēs, ēī</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>nex</b>], f., <i>destruction</i>, <i>ruin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>perniciōsē</b> [<b>perniciōsus</b>], adv., <i>dangerously</i>, <i>destructively</i>.</p> - -<p><b>perniciōsus, a, um</b> [<b>perniciēs</b>], adj., <i>dangerous</i>, <i>destructive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Perperna, ae</b>, m., <i>(M.) Perperna</i>, consul 130 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>perpetior</b>, see <b>patior</b>.</p> - -<p><b>perpetuus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>continuous</i>, <i>uninterrupted</i>; -<b>in perpetuum</b>, <i>forever</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Persae, ārum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Persians</i>.</p> - -<p><b>persequor</b>, see <b>sequor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Perseus, eī</b>, m., the last king of Macedonia, 178-168 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>persevērō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to persist</i>, <i>persevere</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Persis, idis</b>, f., <i>Persia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pertināx, ācis</b>, m., <i>(Helvius) Pertināx</i>, Roman emperor from January 1 to March 28, 193 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Perusia, ae</b>, f., an ancient town in Etruria in Italy.</p> - -<p><b>perveniō</b>, see <b>veniō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>pēs, pedis</b>, m., <i>a foot</i>, <b>pedem referre</b>, <i>to retreat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pescennius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Niger</b>.</p> - -<p><b>pestilentia, ae</b> [<b>pestis</b>, <i>plague</i>], f., <i>a pestilence</i>, <i>plague</i>.</p> - -<p><b>petō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus</b>, <i>to strive for</i>, <i>seek</i>; <i>beg</i>, <i>ask</i>, <i>request</i>; <i>assail</i>, <i>attack</i>. -<b>ad—appetō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus</b>, <i>to strive for</i>, <i>reach after</i>; <i>assail</i>, <i>attack</i>; <i>long for</i>, <i>desire</i>; <i>draw nigh</i>, <i>approach</i>, <i>be at hand</i>. -<b>re—repetō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus</b>, <i>to seek again</i>, <i>try to get back</i>, <i>demand back</i>; <i>recall</i>, <i>repeat</i>; <i>attack</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Petrēius, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Petrēius</i>, a partisan of Pompey; fought against Caesar in Spain, Greece, and Africa.</p> - -<p><b>Petrōnius, ī</b>, m., <i>Petrōnius Secundus</i>, a partisan of Nerva.</p> - -<p><b>Pharnacēs, is</b>, m., Gr. acc. <b>Pharnacēn</b>, the son of Mithradates, who succeeded his father as king of Pontus.</p> - -<p><b>Phasēlis, idis</b>, f., a city of Lycia in Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>Philippī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a city in Macedonia where Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Octavian 44 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Philippus, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>Philip V.</i>, king of Macedonia 220-178 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>(M. Iūlius) Philippus I.</i>, Roman emperor 244-249 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -3. <i>(M. Iūlius) Philippus II.</i>, son of (2). -4. <i>L. Mārcius Philippus</i>, consul 91 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -5. <i>Q. Mārcius Philippus</i>, consul 186 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>philosophia, ae</b>, f., <i>philosophy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>philosophus, ī</b>, m., <i>a philosopher</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Phoenīcē, ēs</b>, f., <i>Phoenicia</i>, a country of Syria.</p> - -<p><b>Phrygia, ae</b>, f., a division of Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Pīcentēs, ium</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Picenum</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pīcēnum, ī</b>, n., a division of Italy on the Adriatic Sea, north of Latium.</p> - -<p><b>pīlum, ī</b>, n., <i>a heavy javelin</i>; <i>pike</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pingō, ere, pīnxī, pīctus</b>, <i>to paint</i>; <i>represent</i>, <i>delineate</i>, <i>portray</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pīraeus, ī</b>, m., the chief harbor of Athens.</p> - -<p><b>pīrāta, ae</b>, m., <i>a pirate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pīrāticus, a, um</b> [<b>pīrāta</b>], adj., pertaining to pirates, piratical; -<b>Pīrāticum bellum</b>, <i>war against the pirates</i>.</p> - -<p><b>piscis, is</b>, f., <i>a fish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>piscor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>piscis</b>], <i>to fish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>reverent</i>, <i>pious</i>.</p> - -<p><b>placeō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to please</i>, <i>be agreeable to</i>; <i>seem best to</i>; -impers., <b>placet, placuit, placitum est</b>, <i>to be resolved by</i>. -<b>dis—displiceō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to displease</i>.</p> - -<p><b>placidus, a, um</b>, [<b>placō</b>, <i>to soothe</i>], adj., <i>calm</i>, <i>quiet</i>, <i>tranquil</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Plautius, ī</b>, m., <i>A. Plautius</i>, sent by the emperor Claudius in 43 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> to subdue Britain.</p> - -<p><b>plēbs, plēbis</b>, and <b>plēbēs, ēī</b>, f., <i>the common people</i>, <i>populace</i>, <i>plebeians</i>.</p> - -<p><b>plēnus, a, um</b> [<b>pleō</b>], adj., <i>full</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*pleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus</b>, <i>to fill</i>. -<b>con—compleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus</b>, <i>to fill</i> (to the brim); <i>complete</i>. -<b>ex—expleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus</b>, <i>to fill up</i>, <i>fill</i>. -<b>in—impleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus</b>, <i>to fill up</i>, <i>finish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>plērīque, aeque, aque</b>, adj., <i>very many</i>, <i>most</i>.</p> - -<p><b>plērumque</b>, adv., <i>mostly</i>, <i>generally</i>, <i>very often</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Plōtīna, ae</b>, f., the wife of the emperor Trajan.</p> - -<p><b>plūrimus</b>, see <b>multus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Plūtarchus, ī</b>, m., a Greek philosopher and biographer.</p> - -<p><b>pōculum, ī</b>, n., <i>cup</i>.</p> - -<p><b>poēma, atis</b>, n., <i>a poem</i>.</p> - -<p><b>poena, ae</b>, f., <i>compensation</i>, <i>punishment</i>, <i>penalty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Poenī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Carthaginians</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Polemō, ōnis</b>, m., king of Pontus 39-62 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Polemōniacus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>belonging to Polemō</i>.</p> - -<p><b>polliceor, ērī, itus sum</b>, <i>to promise</i>, <i>volunteer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pompa, ae</b>, f., <i>a procession</i>, <i>parade</i>, <i>pomp</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pompēius, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>Cn. Pompēius</i>, consul 89 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Cn. Pompēius</i>, surnamed Magnus, the triumvir, consul 70 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>Cn. Pompēius</i>, son of the triumvir. -4. <i>Q. Pompēius</i>, consul 141 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -5. <i>Sex. Pompēius</i>, younger son of the triumvir.</p> - -<p><b>Pompilius, ī</b>, m., <i>Numa Pompilius</i>, the second king of Rome, 715-672 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>pondō</b> [<b>pondus</b>], adv., <i>by weight</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pondus, eris</b>, [<b>pendo</b>, <i>to weigh</i>], n., <i>weight</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to put down</i>, <i>place</i>, <i>set</i>, <i>deposit</i>; <i>serve</i> (at meals); <i>spend</i>; <i>set up</i>, <i>build</i>; <i>pitch</i>. -<b>ad—appōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to put before</i>, <i>place near</i>; <i>serve</i> (at table). -<b>con—compōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to arrange</i>, <i>settle</i>; <i>conclude</i>, <i>finish</i>. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> -<b>dē—dēpōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to lay down</i> or <i>aside</i>, <i>put down</i>; <i>stop</i>; <i>arrange</i>, <i>establish</i>. -<b>dis—dispōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to arrange</i>, <i>array</i>, <i>dispose</i>. -<b>in—impōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to place</i> or <i>put upon</i> or <i>in</i>; <i>establish</i>. -<b>prae—praepōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to set over</i>, <i>put in charge of</i>. -<b>re—repōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to put back</i>, <i>replace</i>, <i>restore</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pōns, pontis</b>, m., <i>a bridge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ponticus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Pontus</i>; -<b>Ponticum</b> (<b>mare</b>), the Black Sea.</p> - -<p><b>pontifex, ficis</b>, m., <i>priest</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pontius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Telesīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Pontus, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>Pontus Euxīnus</i>, the Black Sea. -2. A country of Asia Minor on the Black Sea.</p> - -<p><b>populō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to plunder</i>, <i>ravage</i>, <i>lay waste</i>. -<b>dē—dēpopulor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to lay waste</i>, <i>ravage</i>, <i>plunder</i>, <i>pillage</i>.</p> - -<p><b>populus, ī</b>, m., <i>a people</i>, <i>nation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Porcius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Catō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>porrō</b> [<b>prō</b>], adv., <i>forward</i>, <i>henceforth</i>, <i>furthermore</i>, <i>again</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Porsenna, ae</b>, m., <i>Lars Porsenna</i>, king of Clusium in Etruria.</p> - -<p><b>porta, ae</b>, f., <i>a city gate</i>, <i>gate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*portō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>porta</b>], <i>to bear</i>, <i>carry</i>. -<b>ex—exportō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to carry out</i>, <i>export</i>. -<b>re—reportō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to carry back</i>, <i>report</i>.</p> - -<p><b>porticus, ūs</b>, f., <i>a colonnade</i>, <i>arcade</i>, <i>portico</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pōscō, ere, poposcī, —</b>, <i>to ask</i>, <i>demand</i>.</p> - -<p><b>possideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus</b> [<b>sedeō</b>], <i>to occupy</i>, <i>hold</i>, <i>possess</i>.</p> - -<p><b>possum, posse, potuī, —</b> [<b>potis</b>, <i>able</i> + <b>sum</b>], <i>to be able</i>, <i>can</i>; -<b>plurimum posse</b>, <i>to have great power</i>.</p> - -<p><b>post</b>, (1) adv., <i>after</i>, <i>later</i>, <i>afterwards</i>; -(2) prep. with acc., <i>after</i>, <i>behind</i>.</p> - -<p><b>posteā</b> [<b>post</b> + <b>is</b>], adv., <i>afterwards</i>.</p> - -<p><b>posterus, a, um</b> [<b>post</b>], adj., <i>following</i>, <i>next</i>; -comp. <b>posterior, us</b>, gen. <b>ōris</b>, <i>later</i>; -sup. <b>postrēmus</b>, <i>last</i>, <i>lowest</i>; -<b>ad postērum</b>, <i>finally</i>; -as subst., <b>posterī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>descendants</i>, <i>posterity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>postquam</b> or <b>post … quam</b> [<b>post</b> + <b>quam</b>], conj., <i>after</i>, <i>when</i>.</p> - -<p><b>postrēmō</b> [<b>posterus</b>], adv., <i>at last</i>, <i>finally</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Postumius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Albīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Postumus, ī</b>, m., <i>(M. Cassiānus) Postumus</i>, one of the Thirty Tyrants.</p> - -<p><b>potēns, entis</b> [<b>possum</b>], adj., <i>powerful</i>.</p> - -<p><b>potestās, ātis</b> [<b>possum</b>], f., <i>power</i>, <i>might</i>; <i>opportunity</i>, <i>permission</i>; <i>authority</i>, <i>sovereignty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>potior, īrī, ītus sum</b> [<b>potis</b>, <i>able</i>], <i>to get possession</i>, <i>acquire</i>.</p> - -<p><b>potius</b> [comp. of <b>potis</b>, <i>able</i>], adv., sup. <b>potissimum</b>; <i>rather</i>, <i>more</i>, <i>sooner</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prae</b>, prep. with abl., <i>before</i>, <i>in front of</i>, <i>in comparison with</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praebeō</b>, see habeō.</p> - -<p><b>praecēdō</b>, see <b>cēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>praeceps, cipitis</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>caput</b>], adj., <i>headlong</i>, <i>hasty</i>; <i>steep</i>, <i>precipitous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praecipiō</b>, see <b>capiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>praecipitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>praeceps</b>], <i>to throw headlong</i>, <i>cast down</i>; <i>rush down</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praecipuē</b> [<b>praecipuus</b>], adv., <i>chiefly</i>, <i>principally</i>, <i>especially</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>praecipuus, a, um</b> [<b>praecipiō</b>], adj., <i>special</i>, <i>particular</i>; <i>eminent</i>, <i>prominent</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praeclārus, a, um</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>clārus</b>], adj., <i>very bright</i> or <i>brilliant</i>, <i>excellent</i>, <i>distinguished</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praeda, ae</b>, f., <i>booty</i>, <i>spoil</i>, <i>plunder</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praefectūra, ae</b>, f., <i>the office of overseer</i>, <i>superintendence</i>; <i>praefecture</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praefectus, ī</b>, m., <i>overseer</i>, <i>superintendent</i>; <i>praefect</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praeferō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>praeficiō</b>, see <b>faciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>praemium, ī</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>emō</b>], n., <i>reward</i>, <i>prize</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Praeneste, is</b>, n., a town in Latium east of Rome, modern Palestrina.</p> - -<p><b>Praenestīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Praeneste</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praeparō</b>, see <b>parō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>praepōnō</b>, see <b>pōnō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>praesēns, entis</b> [<b>praesum</b>], adj., <i>at hand</i>, <i>present</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praeses, sidis</b> [<b>praesideō</b>], m., <i>a protector</i>, <i>guard</i>, <i>defender</i>; <i>president</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praesidium, ī</b> [<b>praesideō</b>], n., <i>help</i>, <i>aid</i>, <i>defense</i>; <i>defensive force</i>, <i>garrison</i>; <i>fort</i>, <i>station</i>, <i>post</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praestō</b>, see <b>stō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>praesum</b>, see <b>sum</b>.</p> - -<p><b>praeter</b>, prep. with acc., <i>past</i>, <i>beyond</i>; <i>contrary to</i>, <i>against</i>; <i>besides</i>, <i>except</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praetereā</b> [<b>praeter</b> + <b>is</b>], adv., <i>in addition to this</i>, <i>besides</i>, <i>moreover</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praetermittō</b>, see <b>mittō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>praetexō, ere, uī, tus</b> [<b>texō</b>, <i>to weave</i>], to provide with a border; -<b>toga praetexta</b>, <i>a</i> (purple) <i>bordered toga</i>, worn by magistrates and freeborn children till the sixteenth or seventeenth year, when they became of age and assumed the <i>toga virīlis</i>, which was wholly white; -the girls wore the <i>toga praetexta</i> until they married.</p> - -<p><b>praetor, ōris</b> [orig. <b>praeitor</b>, from <b>prae</b> + <b>eō</b>], m., <i>a leader</i>, <i>commander</i>; <i>praetor</i>, <i>magistrate</i>, <i>judge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praetōriānus, a, um</b> [<b>praetōrium</b>], adj., <i>belonging to the bodyguard</i>; <i>praetorian</i>; -as subst., <b>praetōriānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the praetorians</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praetōrium, ī</b>, n., <i>the imperial bodyguard</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praetōrius, a, um</b> [<b>praetor</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>belonging to the praetor</i> or <i>commander</i>; -as subst., <b>praetōrius, ī</b>, m., <i>a man of praetorian rank, an ex-praetor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>praeveniō</b>, see <b>veniō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prandium, ī</b>, n., <i>lunch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prāvus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>crooked</i>, <i>wrong</i>; <i>perverse</i>, <i>wicked</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*prehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus</b>, <i>to grasp</i>. -<b>dē—dēprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus</b>, <i>to seize</i>, <i>catch</i>; <i>surprise</i>, <i>detect</i>, <i>discover</i>. -<b>re—reprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus</b>, <i>to hold back</i>, <i>check</i>; <i>blame</i>, <i>criticise</i>, <i>reprove</i>.</p> - -<p><b>premō, ere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>to press</i>; <i>press hard</i>, <i>crush</i>. -<b>ob—opprimō, ere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>to crush utterly</i>, <i>overpower</i>, <i>overwhelm</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pretium, ī</b>, n., <i>price</i>, <i>value</i>; <i>reward</i>, <i>money</i>, <i>ransom</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prīmō</b> [<b>prīmus</b>], adv., <i>at first</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prīmum</b> [<b>prīmus</b>], adv., <i>first</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prīmus</b>, see <b>prior</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prīnceps, cipis</b> [<b>prīmus</b> + <b>capio</b>], adj., <i>first</i>, <i>foremost</i>; -as subst. m., <i>leading man</i>, <i>chief</i>, <i>leader</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prīncipātus, ūs</b> [<b>prīnceps</b>], m., <i>a chief authority</i> (in the state); <i>headship</i>, <i>leadership</i>; <i>reign</i>, <i>sovereignty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prīncipium, ī</b> [<b>prīnceps</b>], n., <i>beginning</i>, <i>origin</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>prior, us</b>, gen. <b>priōris</b>, comp. adj., former, previous, first, prior; -sup. <b>prīmus</b>, <i>first</i>, <i>foremost</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prīscus, a, um</b> [<b>prius</b>], adj., <i>former</i>, <i>elder</i>; <i>primitive</i>, <i>strict</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Prīscus, ī</b>, m., see <b>Tarquinius</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prīstinus, a, um</b> [<b>prius</b>], adj., <i>former</i>, <i>old</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prius</b> [<b>prior</b>], adv., <i>before</i>, <i>sooner</i>, <i>previously</i>, <i>first of all</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prīvātim</b> [<b>prīvātus</b>], adv., <i>privately</i>, <i>as a single individual</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prīvātus, a, um</b> [<b>prīvō</b>, <i>to set apart</i>], adj., <i>private</i>, <i>individual</i>; -as subst., <b>prīvātus, ī</b>, m., <i>a man in private life</i>, <i>a private citizen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prīvīgna, ae</b>, f., <i>a stepdaughter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prīvīgnus, ī</b>, m., <i>a stepson</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prō</b>, prep. with abl., <i>in front of</i>, <i>before in behalf of</i>; -<i>in comparison with</i>, <i>in accordance with</i>.</p> - -<p><b>probe</b> [<b>probus</b>, estimable], adv., <i>right</i>, <i>well</i>, <i>properly</i>, <i>correctly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>probrōsus, a, um</b> [<b>probrum</b>], adj., <i>shameful</i>, <i>ignominious</i>, <i>infamous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>probrum, ī</b>, m., <i>a shameful act</i>, <i>base deed</i>; <i>immodesty</i>, <i>lewdness</i>; <i>insult</i>, <i>reproach</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Probus, ī</b>, m., <i>(M. Aurēlius) Probus</i>, Roman emperor 276-282 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>prōcēdō</b>, see <b>cēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōclīvus, a, um</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>clīvus</b>, <i>slope</i>], adj., <i>sloping</i>, <i>steep</i>; <i>liable</i>, <i>prone</i>; <i>subject</i>, <i>ready</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōcōnsul, is</b> [<b>prō</b>, <i>in place of</i> + <b>cōnsul</b>], m., <i>a proconsul</i>, <i>governor</i> of a province.</p> - -<p><b>prōcōnsulātus, a, um</b> [<b>prōcōnsul</b>], adj., <i>the office of a proconsul</i>, <i>proconsulate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>procul</b>, adv., <i>at a distance</i>, <i>far from</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Proculus, ī</b>, m., a famous Roman jurist.</p> - -<p><b>prōcumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitus</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>cumbō</b>, <i>to lie</i>], <i>to lie down</i>, <i>sink</i>, <i>fall forward</i>; <i>fall</i>, <i>sink down</i>, <i>be beaten down</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōdō</b>, see <b>dō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōdūcō</b>, see <b>dūcō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>proelium, ī</b>, n., <i>a battle</i>, <i>combat</i>, <i>engagement</i>.</p> - -<p><b>proficīscor, ī, fectus sum</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>facīscor</b>, from <b>faciō</b>], <i>to set out</i>, <i>proceed</i>; <i>spring from</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōflīgō</b>, see <b>*flīgō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōfluvium, ī</b>, n., <i>a flowing forth</i>; -<b>ventris prōfluvium</b>, <i>diarrhea</i>.</p> - -<p><b>profugiō</b>, see <b>fugiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōgredior</b>, see <b>*gradior</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōmittō</b>, see <b>mittō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōmptus, a, um</b> [<b>prōmō</b>, <i>to set forth</i>], adj., <i>prepared</i>, <i>quick</i>, <i>prompt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōnūntiō</b>, see <b>nūntiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōnus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>turned forward</i>, <i>inclined</i>; <i>tendency</i>; <i>disposed</i>, <i>prone</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōpalam</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>palam</b>], adv., <i>openly</i>, <i>publicly</i>, <i>manifestly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prope</b>, adv., <i>near by</i>; <i>nearly</i>, <i>almost</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōpēnsus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>hanging down</i>; <i>inclined</i>, <i>disposed</i>, <i>prone</i>.</p> - -<p><b>propior, us</b> [<b>prope</b>], comp. adj., <i>nearer</i>; -sup. <b>proximus</b>, <i>nearest</i>, <i>next</i>; <i>latest</i>, <i>last</i>; <i>next</i>, <i>following</i>.</p> - -<p><b>proprius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>not common with others</i>, <i>own</i>, <i>special</i>, <i>individual</i>.</p> - -<p><b>propter</b>, prep. with acc., <i>on account of</i>.</p> - -<p><b>proptereā</b> [<b>propter</b> + <b>is</b>], adv., <i>for this reason</i>, <i>therefore</i>; -<b>proptereā quod</b>, <i>because</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōpūgnātor, ōris</b> [<b>prōpūgnō</b>, <i>to defend</i>], m., <i>a defender</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōscrībō</b>, see <b>scrībō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōscrīptiō, ōnis</b> [<b>prōscrībō</b>], f., <i>a public notice of sale</i>, <i>proscription</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōsequor</b>, see <b>sequor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōsper</b> and <b>prōsperus, a, um</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>spēs</b>], adj., <i>according to one’s hopes</i>, <i>favorable</i>, <i>prosperous</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>prōsperē</b> [<b>prōsperus</b>], adv., <i>propitiously</i>, <i>successfully</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōstituō</b>, see <b>*statuō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōsum</b>, see <b>sum</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōtrahō</b>, see <b>trahō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prōvidē</b> [<b>prōvideō</b>, <i>to provide</i>, <i>foresee</i>], adv., <i>carefully</i>, <i>prudently</i> (very rare).</p> - -<p><b>prōvincia, ae</b>, f., <i>an office</i>, <i>duty</i>; <i>province</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōvinciālis, e</b> [<b>prōvincia</b>], adj., <i>of a province</i>, <i>provincial</i>; -as subst., <b>prōvinciālis, is</b>, m., <i>a provincial</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōvīsiō, ōnis</b> [<b>prōvideō</b>, <i>to foresee</i>], f., <i>a foreseeing</i>, <i>foreknowledge</i>; <i>foresight</i>, <i>providence</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prōvocō</b>, see <b>vocō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>proximus</b>, see <b>propior</b>.</p> - -<p><b>prūdentia, ae</b> [<b>prūdēns</b>, <i>foreseeing</i>], f., <i>foresight</i>, <i>practical wisdom</i>, <i>good sense</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prūna, ae</b>, f., <i>a burning coal</i>, <i>live coal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Prūsiās, ae</b>, m., king of Bithynia 228-180 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Pseudopersēs, eī</b>, m., a pretended son of Perseus.</p> - -<p><b>Pseudophilippus, ī</b>, m., a pretended son of Philip, king of Macedonia.</p> - -<p><b>Ptolemaeus, ī</b>, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time of Alexander the Great. -1. <i>Ptolemaeus Philadelphus</i>, 285-247 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Ptolemaeus Euergetēs</i>, 247-222 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>Ptolemaeus Philometor</i>, 181-146 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -4. <i>Ptolemaeus Aulētēs</i>, 47-43 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Ptolemāïs, is</b>, f., a city in Libya.</p> - -<p><b>pūblicē</b> [<b>pūblicus</b>], adv., <i>in the name of</i> (by order of) <i>the state</i>, <i>publicly</i>, <i>officially</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pūblicus, a, um</b> [orig. <b>poplicus</b>], adj., <i>belonging to the people</i>, <i>public</i>; <i>official</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pūblicola, ae</b>, m., <i>L. (P.) Valerius Pūblicola</i>, consul 509 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>pudīcitia, ae</b> [<b>pudīcus</b>], f., <i>modesty</i>, <i>virtue</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pudīcus, a, um</b> [<b>pudeō</b>, <i>to be ashamed</i>], adj., <i>modest</i>, <i>virtuous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>puer, puerī</b>, m., <i>a child</i>; <i>boy</i>; <i>slave</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pūgna, ae</b>, f., <i>a combat</i>, <i>fight</i>, <i>battle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pūgnātor, ōris</b>, m., <i>a fighter</i>, <i>combatant</i>.</p> - -<p><b>pūgnō, ārē, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>pūgna</b>], <i>to fight</i>; <i>oppose</i>, <i>resist</i>. -<b>ex—expūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to take by storm</i>, <i>capture</i>; <i>overpower</i>, <i>prevail upon</i>. -<b>ob—oppūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to fight against</i>, <i>assault</i>, <i>besiege</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pulcher, chrī</b>, m., <i>P. Claudius Pulcher</i>, consul 249 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Pullus, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Iūnius Pullus</i>, consul 249 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Pulvillus, ī</b>, m., <i>(M.) Horātius Pulvillus</i>, consul 500 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Pūnicus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Phoenician</i>, <i>Punic</i>; <i>Carthaginian</i>; -<b>Pūnicum bellum</b>, <i>Punic war</i>, first, 264-241 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>; -second, 218-202 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>; -third, 149-146 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>pūniō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>poena</b>], <i>to punish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pupiēnus, ī</b>, m. <i>(M. Clōdius) Pupiēnus (Māximus)</i>, Roman emperor 238 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>pūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>pūrus + agō</b>], <i>to make clear</i>; <i>clear away</i>, <i>excuse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>purpura, ae</b>, f., <i>purple-color</i>, <i>purple</i>, <i>purple garment</i>.</p> - -<p><b>purpureus, a, um</b> [<b>purpura</b>], adj., <i>purple-colored</i>; <i>clothed in purple</i>.</p> - -<p><b>purpurō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>purpura</b>], <i>to be clothed in purple</i>.</p> - -<p><b>putō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to think</i>, <i>consider</i>, <i>suppose</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Pylaemēnēs, is</b>, m., king of Paphlagonia.</p> - -<p><b>Pȳrēnaeus, a, um</b>, adj. (sc. <b>mōns</b>), <i>the Pyrenees mountains</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pyrrhus, ī</b>, m., king of Epirus, waged war against Rome 281-272 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<h3>Q.</h3> - -<p><b>Q.</b>, abbreviation of the <i>praenomen</i> <b>Quīntus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Quādī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a Suabian people.</p> - -<p><b>quadrāgēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>quadrāgintā</b>], num. adj., <i>fortieth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quadriennium, ī</b> [<b>quattuor</b> + <b>annus</b>], n., <i>a period of four years</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quadringentī, ae, a</b> [<b>quattuor</b> + <b>centum</b>], num. adj., <i>four hundred</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quadringentiēs</b> [<b>quadringentī</b>], num. adv., <i>four hundred times</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quaerō, ere, quaesīvī, quaesītus</b>, <i>to seek</i>; <i>ask</i>; <i>get</i>, <i>obtain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quaestor, ōris</b> [orig. <b>quaesitor</b>; cf. <b>quaerō</b>, <b>quaesō</b>], m., <i>quaestor</i>, <i>quartermaster</i>, a name given to certain magistrates who had the care of public moneys and military supplies, both at Rome and in the provinces.</p> - -<p><b>qualis, e</b>, adj., (1) interrog., <i>of what kind?</i> <i>what sort of?</i> -(2) rel., <i>of such a kind</i>, <i>such as</i>, <i>as</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quam</b> [<b>quis</b>], adv., <i>how</i>, <i>how much</i>; -after a comp., <i>than</i>; -with a sup., <i>as possible</i>; -<b>quam prīmum</b>, <i>as soon as possible</i>; -<b>quamdiū</b>, <i>as long as</i>; -<b>tam … quam</b>, <i>as … so, not only … but also</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quamquam</b>, conj., <i>although</i>, <i>even if</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quamvīs</b> [<b>quam</b> + <b>vīs</b>, from <b>volō</b>], adv. and conj., <i>however much</i>, <i>although</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quantus, a, um</b> [<b>quam</b>], adj., (1) interrog., <b>how great?</b> <b>how much?</b> -(2) rel., correl. to <b>tantus</b>, <i>as great as</i>, <i>as</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quantum</b>, adv., <i>how much?</i> <i>how far?</i></p> - -<p><b>quārē</b> [<b>quā</b> + <b>rē</b>], adv., (1) interrog., <b>why?</b> -(2) rel., <i>for which reason</i>, <i>wherefore</i>, <i>therefore</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quārtō</b> [<b>quārtus</b>], adv., <i>for the fourth time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quārtus, a, um</b> [<b>quattuor</b>], num. adj., <i>fourth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quasi</b>, adv. and conj., <i>as if</i>, <i>just as if</i>, <i>as though</i>; <i>on the ground that</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quātenus</b>, adv., (1) interrog., <i>to what point?</i> <i>how far?</i> -(2) rel., <i>as far as</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quater</b> [<b>quattuor</b>], num. adv., <i>four times</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quaternī, ae, a</b> [<b>quater</b>], dist. num. adj., <i>four each</i>, <i>by fours</i>, <i>four at a time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quattuor</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>four</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quattuordecim</b> [<b>quattuor</b> + <b>decem</b>], indecl. num. adj., <i>fourteen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>-que</b>, conj. enclitic, <i>and</i>, <i>and yet</i>, <i>but</i>.</p> - -<p><b>queror, ī, questus sum</b>, <i>to complain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quī, quae, quod</b>, rel. pron., <i>who</i>, <i>which</i>, <i>what</i>, <i>that</i>; <i>whoever</i>, <i>whatever</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quī, quae</b>, or <b>qua, quod</b>, indef. pron. used adjectivally, <i>any</i>, <i>some</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quia</b>, conj., <i>because</i>, <i>since</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque</b>, indef. rel. pron., <i>whoever</i>, <i>whichever</i>, <i>whatever</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quīdam, quaedam, quiddam</b>, and as adj., <b>quoddam</b>, indef. pron., a <i>certain one</i>, <i>somebody</i>; <i>a certain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quidem</b>, adv., <i>indeed</i>, <i>in fact</i>, <i>to be sure</i>; -<b>nē … quidem</b>, <i>not even</i>, <i>not at all</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quiēscō, ere, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to rest</i>, <i>repose</i>, <i>keep quiet</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quiētus, a, um</b> [<b>quiēscō</b>], adj., <i>at rest</i>, <i>free from exertion</i>; <i>undisturbed</i>, <i>quiet</i>, <i>peaceful</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>quīlibet, quaelibet, quodlibet</b> (<b>quidlibet</b>), indef. pron., <i>any one you please</i>, <i>any one</i>, <i>who</i> or <i>whatsoever</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quīn</b> [<b>quī</b>, adv., <i>how?</i> + <b>ne</b>], conj., <i>how not?</i> <i>why not?</i> <i>that</i>, <i>that not</i>, <i>but that</i>; -<b>quīn et</b> or <b>etiam</b>, <i>nay more</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quīngentēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>quīngentī</b>], num. adj., <i>five hundredth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quīngentī, ae, a</b> [<b>quīnque</b> + <b>centum</b>], num. adj., <i>five hundred</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quīnī, ae, a</b> [<b>quīnque</b>], dist. num. adj., <i>five each</i>, <i>by fives</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quīnquāgēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>quīnquāgintā</b>], num. adj., <i>fiftieth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quīnquāgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>fifty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quīnque</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>five</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Quīnquegentiānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a people of Libya.</p> - -<p><b>Quīntillus, ī</b>, m., <i>(M. Aurēlius) Quīntillus</i>, brother of the emperor M. Aurelius Claudius.</p> - -<p><b>Quīntius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Cincinnātus</b>, <b>Flaminīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>quīntō</b> [<b>quīntus</b>], num. adv., <i>for the fifth time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quīntus, a, um</b> [<b>quīnque</b>], num. adj., <i>fifth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quippe</b>, adv., <i>indeed</i>, <i>as you see</i>, <i>surely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quīque</b> ＝ <b>et quī</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Quirīnālis, is</b> (sc. <b>collis</b>), m., <i>the Quirinal Hill</i>, one of the seven hills of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>quis, qua, quid</b>, indef. pron. used substantively, <i>some one</i>, <i>any one</i>, <i>something</i>, <i>anything</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quisquam, quaequam, quicquam</b>, indef. pron., adj., or noun, <i>any one</i>, <i>anything</i>, <i>any</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quō</b> [<b>quī</b>], adv., (1) rel., <i>whither</i>, <i>where</i>; -(2) interrog., <i>whither?</i> <i>where?</i> -(3) indef., <i>to any place</i>, <i>anywhere</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quō</b> [<b>quī</b>], conj., with comparatives, <i>in order that</i>, <i>that</i>, <i>that thereby</i>; -<b>quō minus</b>, <i>that not</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quod</b> [<b>quī</b>], conj., <i>because</i>, <i>supposing that</i>, <i>in that</i>, <i>so far as</i>; -<b>quod sī</b>, <i>but if</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quondam</b>, adv., <i>once</i>, <i>formerly</i>, <i>sometime</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quoque</b>, conj., <i>also</i>, <i>too</i>.</p> - -<p><b>quoūsque</b>, adv., <i>till when?</i> <i>how long?</i> <i>until</i> (late).</p> - -<h3>R.</h3> - -<p><b>Raetia, ae</b>, f., a Roman province south of the Danube.</p> - -<p><b>rapiō, ere, rapuī, raptus</b>, <i>to seize and carry off</i>, <i>drag off</i>; <i>plunder</i>, <i>destroy</i>. -<b>con—corripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, to seize, <i>snatch up</i>, <i>grasp</i>; <i>collect</i>, <i>carry off</i>, <i>plunder</i>. -<b>dis—dīripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to tear asunder</i>, <i>ravage</i>, <i>plunder</i>. -<b>ex—ēripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to take</i> or <i>snatch away</i>; <i>rescue</i>; <i>deprive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ratiō, ōnis</b> [<b>reor</b>, <i>to think</i>], f., <i>reckoning</i>, <i>calculation</i>, <i>account</i>; <i>method</i>, <i>plan</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rationālis, e</b> [<b>ratiō</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>belonging to accounts</i>; -as subst., <b>rationālis, is</b>, m., <i>an accountant</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ratus, a, um</b> [<b>reor</b>, <i>to think</i>], adj., <i>thought out</i>, <i>defined</i>, <i>fixed</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ravenna, ae</b>, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>rebellō</b>, see <b>bellō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>recēdō</b>, see <b>cēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>recēns, entis</b>, adj., <i>recent</i>, <i>late</i>, <i>fresh</i>.</p> - -<p><b>receptor, ōris</b> [<b>recipiō</b>], m., <i>a harborer</i>, <i>concealer</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>recipiō</b>, see <b>capiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>recognōscō</b>, see <b>nōscō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>reconciliō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to procure again</i>, <i>regain</i>; <i>reunite</i>, <i>reconcile</i>.</p> - -<p><b>recordor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>cor</b>, <i>heart</i>], <i>to remember</i>, <i>recall</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rēctus, a, um</b> [<b>regō</b>], adj., <i>straight</i>, <i>direct</i>.</p> - -<p><b>recūsō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>causa</b>], <i>to refuse</i>, <i>object</i>, <i>decline</i>, <i>hesitate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>redō</b>, see <b>dō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>redeō</b>, see <b>eō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>redigō</b>, see <b>agō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>redimō</b>, see <b>emō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>redūcō</b>, see <b>dūcō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>referō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>refōrmō, āre, —, ātus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>fōrma</b>], <i>to shape again</i>, <i>reform</i>, <i>change</i>.</p> - -<p><b>refugiō</b>, see <b>fugiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>rēgīna, ae</b> [<b>rēx</b>], f., <i>a queen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>regiō, ōnis</b> [<b>regō</b>], f., <i>a direction</i>; <i>region</i>, <i>territory</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rēgius, a, um</b> [<b>rēx</b>], adj., <i>royal</i>, <i>kingly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rēgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>rēgnum</b>], <i>to be king</i>, <i>rule</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rēgnum, ī</b> [<b>rēx</b>], n., <i>kingship</i>, <i>supremacy</i>; <i>kingdom</i>, <i>reign</i>.</p> - -<p><b>regō, ere, rēxī, rēctus</b>, <i>to regulate</i>, <i>rule</i>, <i>conduct</i>. -<b>ad—adrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus</b>, <i>to set up</i>, <i>raise</i>, <i>erect</i>; <i>rouse</i>, <i>encourage</i>. -<b>con—corrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus</b>, <i>to straighten</i>, <i>correct</i>, <i>improve</i>. -<b>per—pergō, ere, perrēxī, perrēctus</b>, <i>to go straight on</i>, <i>proceed</i>, <i>hasten</i>; -with acc., <i>pursue with vigor</i>, <i>perform</i>.</p> - -<p><b>regredior</b>, see <b>*gradior</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Rēgulus, ī</b>, m., 1. <i>M. Atīlius Rēgulus</i>, consul 267 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>M. Atīlius Rēgulus</i>, consul 256 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>religiō, ōnis</b>, f., <i>sense of duty</i>; <i>religion</i>, <i>devotion to the gods</i>; <i>scruple</i>.</p> - -<p><b>relinquō, ere, līquī, līctus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>linquō</b>, <i>to leave</i>], <i>to leave behind</i>, <i>leave</i>; <i>bequeath</i>; <i>appoint by will</i>.</p> - -<p><b>reliquiae, ārum</b> [<b>relinquō</b>], pl. f., <i>remainder</i>, <i>remnant</i>, <i>residue</i>.</p> - -<p><b>reliquus, a, um</b> [<b>relinquō</b>], adj., <i>remaining</i>, <i>rest</i>.</p> - -<p><b>remandō</b>, see <b>mandō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>remaneō</b>, see <b>maneō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>remeō, āre, āvī, —</b>, <i>to go back</i>, <i>return</i>.</p> - -<p><b>remittō</b>, see <b>mittō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>removeō</b>, see <b>moveō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>rēmus, ī</b>, m., <b>an oar</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Remus, ī</b>, m., the brother of Romulus.</p> - -<p><b>renovō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>novus</b>], <i>to renew</i>.</p> - -<p><b>reparō</b>, see <b>parō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>repente</b> [<b>repēns</b>, <i>sudden</i>], adv., <i>suddenly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>repentīnus, a, um</b> [<b>repēns</b>, <i>sudden</i>], adj., <i>sudden</i>, <i>unexpected</i>.</p> - -<p><b>reperiō</b>, see <b>*pariō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>repetō</b>, see <b>petō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>repōnō</b>, see <b>pōnō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>reportō</b>, see <b>*portō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>reprehendō</b>, see <b>*prehendō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>repressor, ōris</b> [<b>reprimō</b>, <i>to check</i>], m., <i>a restrainer</i>, <i>represser</i>.</p> - -<p><b>repudiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to cast off</i>, <i>divorce</i>; <i>reject</i>, <i>scorn</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rēs, reī</b>, f., <i>thing</i>, <i>matter</i>; <i>affair</i>, <i>deed</i>, <i>exploit</i>, <i>event</i>; <i>circumstance</i>; <i>story</i>; <i>property</i>, <i>fortune</i>; <i>trouble</i>; -<b>rēs familiāris</b>, <i>private property</i>; -<b>rēs pūblica</b>, <i>the commonwealth</i>, <i>state</i>; -<b>rēs gestae</b>, <i>exploits</i>.</p> - -<p><b>reservō</b>, see <b>servō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>resideō</b>, see <b>sedeō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>resistō</b>, see <b>*sistō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>respondeō</b>, see <b>spondeō</b>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>respōnsum, ī</b> [<b>respondeō</b>], n., <i>an answer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rēs pūblica</b>, see <b>rēs</b>.</p> - -<p><b>restituō</b>, see <b>*statuō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>resūmō</b>, see <b>sūmō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>rēte, is</b>, n., <i>a net</i>, <i>snare</i>.</p> - -<p><b>retineō</b>, see <b>teneō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>retrō</b>, adv., <i>backward</i>, <i>behind</i>.</p> - -<p><b>reus, ī</b>, m., <i>defendant</i>, <i>accused person</i>; <i>prisoner</i>.</p> - -<p><b>revehō</b>, see <b>vehō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>reverentia, ae</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>vereor</b>], f., <i>respect</i>, <i>awe</i>, <i>reverence</i>.</p> - -<p><b>revertor</b>, see <b>*vertō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>revocō</b>, see <b>vocō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>rēx, rēgis</b> [<b>regō</b>], m., <i>a king</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rēx, Rēgis</b>, m., <i>Q. Mārcius Rēx</i>, consul 118 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Rhēa, ae</b>, f., <i>Rhēa Silvia</i>, the mother of Romulus and Remus.</p> - -<p><b>Rhēnus, ī</b>, m., <i>the Rhine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rhodanus, ī</b>, m., <i>the Rhone</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rhodiī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Rhodians</i>, the people of the island of Rhodes.</p> - -<p><b>Rhodopa, ae</b>, f., a lofty mountain in Thrace.</p> - -<p><b>Rhodus, ī</b>, f., <i>Rhodes</i>, an island in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea.</p> - -<p><b>rīpa, ae</b>, f., <i>the bank of a river</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rīpēnsis, e</b> [<b>rīpa</b>], adj., <i>situated</i> or <i>stationed on the banks of a river</i>; -<b>Dācia rīpēnsis</b>, <i>Dacia on the Danube</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rogō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to ask</i>, <i>inquire</i>; <i>request</i>, <i>implore</i>. -<b>ab—abrogō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to appeal</i>; <i>annul</i>, <i>abrogate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rōma, ae</b>, f., <i>Rome</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rōmānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Roman</i>; -as subst., <b>Rōmānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Romans</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rōmulus, ī</b>, m., the son of Rhea Silvia and Mars, the founder of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>rōstrātus, a, um</b> [<b>rōstrum</b>], adj., <i>furnished with beaks</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rōstrum, ī</b>, n., <i>the beak of a ship</i>; -pl., the Rostra or speaker’s platform in the Forum (adorned with the beaks of captured ships).</p> - -<p><b>ruber, bra, brum</b>, adj., <i>red</i>; -<b>Rubrum mare</b>, <i>the Red Sea</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rūfīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>P. Cornēlius Rūfīnus</i>, consul 290 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Rūfus, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman family. -1. <i>M. Minucius Rūfus</i>, consul 221 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>(Q.) Minucius Rūfus</i>, consul 110 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>P. Sulpicius (Rūfus)</i>, a partisan of Marius.</p> - -<p><b>rumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus</b>, <i>to break</i>, <i>destroy</i>. -<b>con—corrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus</b>, <i>to destroy</i>; <i>seduce</i>, <i>bribe</i>, <i>corrupt</i>. -<b>ex—ērumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus</b>, <i>to break forth</i> or <i>out</i>, <i>burst forth</i>. -<b>in—inrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus</b>, <i>to break in</i>, <i>fall upon</i>; <i>interrupt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rūrsus</b> or <b>rūrsum</b> [orig. <b>revorsus</b>; -cf. <b>revertō</b>], adv., <i>back</i>; <i>again</i>.</p> - -<p><b>rūsticus, a, um</b> [<b>rūs</b>, <i>the country</i>], adj., <i>of the country</i>, <i>rustic</i>; -as subst., <b>rūsticānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>countrymen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rutilius, ī</b>, m., <i>P. Rutilius</i>, consul 90 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<h3>S.</h3> - -<p><b>Sabīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Sabines</i>, a race in central Italy, adjoining Latium on the east.</p> - -<p><b>Sabīnus, ī</b>, m., -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> -1. <i>Oppius Sabīnus</i>, a Roman general slain by Dacians during the reign of Domitian. -2. <i>Q. Titūrius (Sabīnus)</i>, a lieutenant of Caesar. -3. <i>(Flavius) Sabīnus</i>, brother of the emperor Vespasian.</p> - -<p><b>sacer, cra, crum</b>, adj., <i>holy</i>, <i>sacred</i>; -as subst., sacrum, ī, n., <i>a holy thing</i>, <i>sacred vessel</i>; -pl. <i>religious rites</i>, <i>sacrifices</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sacerdōs, ōtis</b> [<b>sacer</b>], m. and f., <i>priest</i>, <i>priestess</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sacrāmentum, ī</b> [<b>sacrō</b>], n., <i>an oath</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*sacrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to set apart</i>; -<i>bless</i>; -<i>curse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>con—cōnsecrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to dedicate</i>, <i>consecrate</i>, <i>devote</i>. -<b>ex—exsecror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to curse</i>, <i>abhor</i>. -<b>ob—obsecrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to implore</i>, <i>supplicate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>saepe</b>, adv., <i>frequently</i>, <i>often</i>.</p> - -<p><b>saeviō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus</b> [<b>saevus</b>], <i>to be fierce</i> or <i>cruel</i>, <i>rage</i>; -<i>punish cruelly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>saevitia, ae</b> [<b>saevus</b>], f., <i>fury</i>, <i>cruelty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>saevus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>raging</i>, <i>fierce</i>, <i>cruel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sagāx, ācis</b>, adj., <i>of quick perception</i>, <i>sagacious</i>, <i>keen-scented</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sagitta, ae</b>, f., <i>arrow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sagittārius, ī</b> [<b>sagitta</b>], m., <i>an archer</i>, <i>bowman</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Saguntīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Saguntum</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Saguntum, ī</b>, n., a city on the eastern coast of Spain.</p> - -<p><b>salārius, a, um</b> [<b>sāl</b>, <i>salt</i>], adj., <i>of salt</i>, <i>salty</i>; -<i>via Salāria</i>, the road from Rome to Reate.</p> - -<p><b>Salassī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a people living in the Alps.</p> - -<p><b>Salīnātōr, ōris</b>, m., <i>M. Līvius Salīnātōr</i>, consul 210 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Sallentīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a people of Calabria in southern Italy.</p> - -<p><b>Salōnae, ārum</b>, pl. f., a city in Dalmatia.</p> - -<p><b>saltō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to dance</i>, <i>leap</i>.</p> - -<p><b>salūtō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>salūs</b>, <i>health</i>], <i>to wish one health</i>, <i>greet</i>, <i>salute</i>, <i>visit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Salvius</b>, ī, m., see <b>Iūliānus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>salvus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>well</i>, <i>safe</i>, <i>sound</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Samnītēs, um</b>, Gr. acc. pl. <b>Samnītas</b>, pl. m., <i>the Samnites</i>, a branch of the Sabine race inhabiting the mountains southeast of Latium.</p> - -<p><b>Samnium, ī</b>, n., a division of middle Italy.</p> - -<p><b>Samus, ī</b>, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, near the coast of Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>sanguinārius, a, um</b> [<b>sanguis</b>], adj., <i>bloodthirsty</i>, <i>bloody</i>, <i>sanguinary</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sanguis, inis</b>, m., <i>blood</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sapōr, ōris</b>, m., the name of several Persian kings. -1. <i>Sapor I.</i>, 240-273 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>Sapor II.</i>, 310-381 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Sardī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Sardinians</i>, inhabitants of the island of Sardinia.</p> - -<p><b>Sardica, ae</b>, f., a city in Lower Moesia.</p> - -<p><b>Sardinia, ae</b>, f., <i>Sardinia</i>, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, west of Italy.</p> - -<p><b>Sardiniēnsēs, ium</b>, pl. m., <i>the Sardinians</i>, inhabitants of the island of Sardinia.</p> - -<p><b>Sarmatae, ārum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Sarmatia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sarmatia, ae</b>, f., <i>Sarmatia</i>, now the eastern part of Poland and the southern part of Russia in Europe.</p> - -<p><b>Sāturnīnus, ī</b>, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants.</p> - -<p><b>sauciō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>saucius</b>], <i>to wound</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Sauromātae, ārum</b>, pl. m., a people of Asia dwelling on the Tanaïs.</p> - -<p><b>Saxonēs, um</b>, pl. m., <i>the Saxons</i>.</p> - -<p><b>saxum, ī</b>, n., <i>a stone</i>, <i>rock</i>, <i>boulder</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*scandō, ere, —, —</b>, <i>to climb</i>, <i>mount</i>. -<b>ad—ascendō, ere, ī, scēnsus</b>, <i>to climb up</i>, <i>mount</i>, <i>ascend</i>. -<b>con—cōnscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus</b>, <i>to mount</i>, <i>ascend</i>; <i>go on board</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Scaevola, ae</b>, m., <i>Q. Mūcius Scaevola</i>, consul 117 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>scelerātus, a, um</b> [<b>scelus</b>], adj., <i>wicked</i>, <i>infamous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>scelus, eris</b>, n., <i>a sin</i>, <i>crime</i>.</p> - -<p><b>scēna, ae</b>, f., <i>a stage</i>.</p> - -<p><b>scientia, ae</b> [<b>sciō</b>], f., <i>knowledge</i>, <i>skill</i>.</p> - -<p><b>scīlicet</b> [<b>scīre</b> + <b>licet</b>], adv., <i>plainly</i>, <i>of course</i>, <i>doubtless</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sciō, īre, scīvī, scītus</b>, <i>to know</i>, <i>understand</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Scīpiō, ōnis</b>, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of Rome. -1. <i>Cornēlius Scīpiō</i>, consul 83 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>Cn. Cornēlius Scīpiō</i>, consul 222 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>L. (Cornēlius) Scīpiō</i>, consul 259 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -4. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō</i>, consul 218 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -5. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō</i>, consul 191 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -6. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō</i>, praetor 94 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -7. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus</i>, consul 205 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, the conqueror of Hannibal in the First Punic War. -8. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus (Minor)</i>, consul 147 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> He brought the Third Punic War to a close by capturing and destroying Carthage. -9. <i>L. Cornēlius Scīpiō Asiāgenēs</i>, consul 83 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -10. <i>P. (Cornēlius) Scīpiō Nāsīca</i>, consul 91 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Scordiscī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a Thracian people.</p> - -<p><b>scrība, ae</b> [<b>scrībō</b>], f., <i>a clerk</i>, <i>secretary</i>.</p> - -<p><b>scrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to write</i>. -<b>dē—dēscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to copy off</i>, <i>sketch</i>, <i>describe</i>. -<b>prō—prōscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to offer for sale</i>; <i>proscribe</i>, <i>outlaw</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Scrībonius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Curiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>scrīnium, ī</b>, n., <i>a case</i>, <i>box</i> (especially for books and papers).</p> - -<p><b>Scythae, ārum</b>, pl. m., a wandering tribe of Europe and Asia north of the Black and Caspian Seas.</p> - -<p><b>sē</b>, see <b>suī</b>.</p> - -<p><b>sectiō, ōnis</b>, f., <i>a sale at auction of confiscated property</i>.</p> - -<p><b>secundō</b> [<b>secundus</b>], adv., <i>for the second time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>secundus, a, um</b> [<b>sequor</b>], adj., <i>second</i>; <i>favorable</i>, <i>successful</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Secundus, ī</b>, m., <i>Petrōnius Secundus</i>, a partisan of Nerva.</p> - -<p><b>sēcūritās, ātis</b> [<b>sēcūrus</b>, <i>free from care</i>], f., <i>freedom from care</i>, <i>security</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sed</b>, conj., <i>but</i>; <i>yet</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sedeō, ēre, sēdī, sessus</b>, <i>to sit</i>, <i>settle</i>, <i>remain</i>, <i>be encamped</i>. -<b>ob—obsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus</b>, <i>to besiege</i>, <i>occupy</i>; <i>watch closely</i>. -<b>re—resideō, ēre, sēdī, —</b>, <i>to sit back</i>, <i>remain sitting</i>, <i>be left behind</i>, <i>remain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sēdēs, is</b> [cf. <b>sedeō</b>], f., <i>seat</i>, <i>chair</i>; <i>residence</i>, <i>abode</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sēditiō, ōnis</b> [<b>sed</b> + <b>itiō</b>, from <b>eō</b>], f., <i>dissension</i>, <i>rebellion</i>, <i>revolt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sēditiōsē</b> [<b>sēditiō</b>], adv., <i>seditiously</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Seleucīa, ae</b>, f., -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> -1. A city in Assyria. -2. A city in Cilicia. -3. A city in Syria.</p> - -<p><b>sella, ae</b> [<b>sedeō</b>], f., <i>a seat</i>, <i>chair</i>.</p> - -<p><b>semel</b>, adv., <i>once</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sēmibarbarus, ī</b>, m., <i>semi-barbarian</i>.</p> - -<p><b>semper</b>, adv., <i>always</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Semprōnius, ī</b>, m., P. Semprōnius, consul 268 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> See <b>Blaesus</b>, <b>Gracchus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Sēna, ae</b>, f., a city in Umbria in Italy.</p> - -<p><b>senātor, ōris</b> [<b>senātus</b>], m., <i>a senator</i>.</p> - -<p><b>senātus, ūs</b> [cf. <b>senex</b>], m., <i>council of elders</i>, <i>senate</i>, in the time of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king when he desired advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state.</p> - -<p><b>senectūs, ūtis</b> [<b>senex</b>], f., <i>old age</i>.</p> - -<p><b>senēscō, ere, senuī, —</b> [<b>senex</b>], <i>to grow old.</i> -<b>con—cōnsenēscō, ere, senuī, —</b>, <i>to grow old</i>.</p> - -<p><b>senex, gen. senis</b>, adj., <i>old</i>; -comp. <b>senior</b>, <i>elder</i>; -sup. <b>māximus</b> (<b>nātū</b>), <i>eldest</i>. -As subst., <b>senex, senis</b>, m., <i>an old man</i>; -<b>seniōrēs, um</b>, pl. m., <b>the elders</b> (men over 45).</p> - -<p><b>senior</b>, see <b>senex</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Senonēs, um</b>, pl. m., a people of Celtic Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>Senonēs, um</b>, pl. m., the chief city of the Senones.</p> - -<p><b>sententia, ae</b> [<b>sentiō</b>], f., <i>an opinion</i>, <i>judgment</i>; <i>sense</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsus</b>, <i>to discern by sense</i>, <i>feel</i>; <i>see</i>, <i>perceive</i>. -<b>ad—adsentor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to assent</i>, <i>flatter</i>, <i>fawn</i>. -<b>con—cōnsentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsus</b>, <i>to agree</i>; <i>conspire</i>, <i>plot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sentius, ī</b>, m., <i>Cn. Sentius</i>, a Roman general during the reign of the emperor Claudius.</p> - -<p><b>sepeliō, īre, īvī (iī), sepultus</b>, <i>to bury</i>, <i>inter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>septem</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>seven</i>.</p> - -<p><b>September, bris</b>, m., <i>September</i>, the seventh month of the year beginning with March.</p> - -<p><b>septendecim</b> [<b>septem</b> + <b>decem</b>], indecl. num. adj., <i>seventeen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>septennium, ī</b> [<b>septem</b> + <b>annus</b>], n., <i>the space of seven years</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Septimius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Sevērus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>septimus, a, um</b> [<b>septem</b>], num. adj., <i>seventh</i>.</p> - -<p><b>septingentēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>septingentī</b>, <i>seven hundred</i>], num. adj., <i>seven hundredth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>septuāgenārius, a, um</b> [<b>septuāgintā</b>], num. adj., <i>of</i> or <i>belonging to the number seventy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>septuāgēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>septuāgintā</b>], num. adj., <i>seventieth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>septuāgintā</b> [<b>septem</b>], indecl. num. adj., <i>seventy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sepultūra, ae</b> [<b>sepeliō</b>], f., <i>burial</i>, <i>funeral</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sēquanī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., an important tribe in eastern Gaul north of the Rhone.</p> - -<p><b>sequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow</i>, <i>pursue</i>; <i>ensue</i>. -<b>con—cōnsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to pursue</i>, <i>overtake</i>; <i>arrive</i>; <i>obtain</i>. -<b>in—īnsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to pursue</i>, <i>follow up</i>. -<b>ob—obsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to submit to</i>, <i>indulge in</i>, <i>assist</i>. -<b>per—persequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to pursue</i>, <i>prosecute</i>; <i>relate</i>. -<b>prō—prōsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow after</i>, <i>pursue</i>, <i>address</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Serāpīum, ī</b>, n., <i>Serāpīum</i>, the temple of Serapis.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Serdica, ae</b>, f., a town in Upper Moesia, the modern Sofia.</p> - -<p><b>Sergius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Catilīna</b>.</p> - -<p><b>sēricus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>of silk</i>, <i>silken</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sermō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>talk</i>, <i>conversation</i>, <i> -discourse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*serō, ere, —, tus</b>, <i>to bind together</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ad—adserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to claim</i>, <i>lay claim to</i>.</p> - -<p><b>con—cōnserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to join in battle</i>; -<b>cōnserere manūs</b>, <i>to fight hand to hand</i>.</p> - -<p><b>dē—dēserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to leave</i>, <i>abandon</i>, <i>desert</i>.</p> - -<p><b>in—īnserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to fasten into</i>; -<i>insert</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sertōrius, ī</b>, m., <i>Q. Sertōrius</i>, an officer in the army of Marius. He went to Spain as propraetor in 82 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> and maintained an independent command until his death in 72 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Servīlius, ī</b>, m., <i>Q. Servīlius</i>, consul 365 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> See <b>Caepiō</b>, <b>Casca</b>, <b>Vatia</b>.</p> - -<p><b>serviō, īre, īvī</b> (<b>iī</b>), <b>ītus</b>, <i>to be the slave of</i>, <i>devote one’s self to</i>; -<i>have regard to</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Servius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Tullius</b>.</p> - -<p><b>servitium, ī</b> [<b>servus</b>], n., <i>slavery</i>; -<i>slaves</i>.</p> - -<p><b>servitūs, ūtis</b> [<b>servus</b>], f., <i>slavery</i>.</p> - -<p><b>servō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to save</i>, <i>preserve</i>, <i>watch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>con—cōnservō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to keep safe</i>, <i>preserve</i>.</p> - -<p><b>re—reservō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to keep back</i>, <i>reserve</i>, <i>preserve</i>.</p> - -<p><b>servus, ī</b>, m., <i>a slave</i>, <i>servant</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sēsē</b>, see <b>suī</b>.</p> - -<p><b>sēstertius, ī</b> [<b>sēmis</b>, <i>half</i>, + <b>tertius</b>], m., (sc. <b>nummus</b>), <i>a sesterce</i>, a small silver coin equivalent originally to two and one-half asses, but later worth about four cents. In naming large sums the Romans spoke of “so many times a hundred thousand sestertii” (<i>centēna mīlia sēstertium</i>).</p> - -<p><b>sevērē</b> [<b>sevērus</b>], adv., sup. <b>sevērissimē</b>; -<i>strictly</i>, <i>severely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sevērissimē</b>, see <b>sevērē</b>.</p> - -<p><b>sevēritās, ātis</b> [<b>sevērus</b>], f., <i>strictness</i>, <i>severity</i>, <i>sternness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sevērus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>serious</i>, <i>strict</i>, <i>harsh</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sevērus, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>(L.) Septimius Sevērus</i>, Roman emperor 193-211 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>(Flavius Valerius) Sevērus</i>, Roman emperor 306-307 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>sex</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>six</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sex.</b>, abbreviation of the praenomen <b>Sextus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>sexāgenārius, a, um</b> [<b>sexāgintā</b>], num. adj., <i>belonging to sixty</i>; -<b>māior sexāgenāriō</b>, <i>older than sixty years</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sexāgēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>sexāgintā</b>], num. adj., <i>sixtieth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sexāgintā</b> [<b>sex</b>], indecl. num. adj., <i>sixty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sexcentēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>sexcentī</b>], num. adj., <i>six hundredth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sexcentī, ae, a</b> [<b>sex + centum</b>], num. adj., <i>six hundred</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sexdecim</b> or <b>sēdecim</b> [<b>sex</b> + <b>decem</b>], indecl. num. adj., <i>sixteen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sexiēs</b> [<b>sex</b>], num. adv., <i>six times</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sextus, ī</b>, m., <i>Sextus Chaeronēnsis</i>, a teacher of Antoninus Pius.</p> - -<p><b>sextus, a, um</b> [<b>sex</b>], num. adj., <i>sixth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sī</b>, conj., <i>if whether</i>; -<b>quod sī</b>, <i>but if</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sīc</b>, adv., <i>so</i>, <i>thus</i>; -<b>sīc … ut</b>, <i>just as</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sicilia, ae</b>, f., <i>the island of Sicily</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Siculī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Sicily</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sīcut</b> [<b>sīc</b> + <b>ut</b>], adv., <i>just as</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>sīdō, ere, —, —</b>, <i>to seat one’s self</i>, <i>sit down</i>. -<b>con—cōnsīdō, ere, sēdī, sessus</b>, <i>to sit down</i>; <i>settle</i>, <i>encamp</i>, <i>take a position</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sīgnificō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>sīgnum</b> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to make signs</i>, <i>show</i>; <i>point out</i>, <i>indicate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sīgnum, ī</b>, n., <i>sign</i>, <i>signal</i>; <i>military</i> <i>standard</i>, <i>ensign</i>; <i>statue</i>, <i>image</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sīlānus, ī</b>, m., a celebrated Roman family. -1. <i>D. Iūnius Sīlānus</i>, consul 62 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>M. Iūnius Sīlānus</i>, consul 109 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Silvānus, ī</b>, m., a Roman who revolted in Gaul during the reign of the emperor Constantius.</p> - -<p><b>Silvia</b>, see <b>Rhēa</b>.</p> - -<p><b>similis, e</b>, adj., sup. <b>simillimus</b>; <i>like</i>, <i>similar</i>.</p> - -<p><b>simul</b>, adv., <i>at the same time</i>; -<b>simul atque</b> or <b>ac</b>, <i>as soon as</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sine</b>, prep. with abl., <i>without</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Singara, ae</b>, f., a city in Mesopotamia, on the Tigris.</p> - -<p><b>singulāris, e</b> [<b>singulī</b>], adj., <i>one by one</i>, <i>single</i>, <i>individual</i>; <i>remarkable</i>, <i>singular</i>, <i>unparalleled</i>.</p> - -<p><b>singulī, ae, a</b>, adj., <i>one at a time</i>, <i>one apiece</i>, <i>single</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sinister, tra, trum</b>, adj., <i>left</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sinō, ere, sīvī, situs</b>, <i>to put</i>, <i>place</i>; <i>permit</i>, <i>let.</i> -<b>dē—dēsinō, ere, sīvī (iī), situs</b>, <i>to cease</i>, <i>stop</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sinōpē, ēs</b>, f., a city in Paphlagonia, on the Black Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Sipylus, ī</b>, m., a mountain in Lydia.</p> - -<p><b>Sirmium, ī</b>, n., a city in Lower Pannonia.</p> - -<p><b>*sistō, ere, stitī, status</b>, <i>to cause to stand</i>, <i>place</i>, <i>set</i>; <i>stand</i>. -<b>con—cōnsistō, ere, stitī, —</b>, <i>to stand</i>, <i>take position</i> (of an army); <i>stop</i>, <i>halt</i>; <i>be firm</i>, <i>endure</i>, <i>continue</i>. -<b>ex—exsistō, ere, stitī, —</b>, <i>to make come out</i>; <i>appear</i>, <i>arise</i>, <i>project</i>, <i>exist</i>. -<b>re—resistō, ere, stitī, —</b>, <i>to oppose</i>, <i>withstand</i>, <i>resist</i>.</p> - -<p><b>situs, a, um</b> [orig. part. of <b>sinō</b>], adj., <i>placed</i>, <i>situate</i>, <i>lying</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Smyrna, ae</b>, f., one of the most flourishing and important sea-ports of Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>socer, erī</b>, m., <i>father-in-law</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sociālis, e</b> [<b>socius</b>], adj., <i>social</i>.</p> - -<p><b>socius, ī</b>, m., <i>a comrade</i>, <i>ally</i>, <i>confederate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sōcordia, ae</b>, f., <i>dullness</i>, <i>carelessness</i>; <i>laziness</i>, <i>indolence</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sōl, sōlis</b>, m., <i>the sun</i>; -<b>Sōl, Sōlis</b>, m., <i>the Sun-god</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sōlitūdō, inis</b> [<b>sōlus</b>], f., <i>loneliness</i>; <i>lonely place</i>, <i>wilderness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sollers, ertis</b>, adj., <i>skillful</i>, <i>expert</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sollicitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>sollicitus</b>, <i>agitated</i>], <i>to urge</i>, <i>incite</i>, <i>tempt</i>, <i>solicit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sollicitūdō, inis</b> [<b>sollicitus</b>, <i>agitated</i>], f., <i>uneasiness of mind</i>, <i>care</i>, <i>anxiety</i>.</p> - -<p><b>solum, ī</b>, n., <i>the ground</i>, <i>soil</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sōlum</b> [<b>sōlus</b>], adv., <i>only</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sōlus, a, um</b>, gen. <b>sōlīus</b>, dat. <b>sōlī</b>, adj., <i>only</i>, <i>alone</i>.</p> - -<p><b>solvō, ere, solvī, solūtus</b>, <i>to loose</i>; <i>set sail</i>; <i>annul</i>; <i>pay</i>; <i>unseal</i>, <i>open</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sophanēnē, ēs</b>, f., or <i>Sophene</i>, a division of Armenia Maior.</p> - -<p><b>soror, ōris</b>, f., <i>a sister</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sp.</b>, abbreviation of the praenomen <b>Spurius</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Spartacus, ī</b>, m., a Roman gladiator who led an insurrection of gladiators and slaves, 73 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>spatiōsus, a, um</b> [<b>spatium</b>, <i>space</i>], adj., <i>roomy</i>, <i>of great extent</i>, <i>ample</i>, <i>extensive</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>*speciō, ere, spēxī, —</b>, (obsolete), <i>to look</i>. -<b>ad—adspiciō, ere, spēxī, spectus</b>, <i>to look at</i>, <i>examine</i>, <i>inspect</i>. -<b>con—cōnspiciō, ere, spēxī, spectus</b>, <i>to catch sight of</i>, <i>spy</i>; <i>see</i>.</p> - -<p><b>spectāculum, ī</b> [<b>spectō</b>, <i>to look at</i>], n., <i>a show</i>, <i>spectacle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>spectō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>*speciō</b>], <i>to look at</i>, <i>watch</i>, <i>behold</i>. -<b>ex—exspectō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to look out for</i>, <i>wait for</i>, <i>await</i>.</p> - -<p><b>speculātor, ōris</b>, m., <i>a spy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>spēs, eī</b>, f., <i>hope</i>, <i>expectation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>spolium, ī</b>, n., <i>spoil</i>, <i>booty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>spondeō, ēre, spopondī, spōnsus</b>, <i>to promise</i>. -<b>re—respondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus</b>, <i>to answer</i>, <i>reply</i>; <i>correspond to</i>, <i>agree with</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sponte</b> [abl. of <b>spōns</b>, obs.], f., <i>voluntarily</i>; -with <b>meā, tuā</b>, or <b>suā</b>, <i>of my</i>, <i>your</i>, or <i>his own free will</i>.</p> - -<p><b>stadium, ī</b>, n., <i>a stade</i>, <i>stadium</i>, <i>furlong</i>, 606¾ English feet; <i>a course for foot races</i>; <i>race course</i>; <i>Stadium</i>, the race course built by Domitian.</p> - -<p><b>statim</b> [<b>stō</b>], adv., <i>instantly</i>, <i>at once</i>.</p> - -<p><b>statiō, ōnis</b> [<b>stō</b>], f., <i>a picket</i>, <i>guard</i>.</p> - -<p><b>statīvus, a, um</b> [<b>stō</b>], adj., <i>permanent</i>, <i>stationary</i>; -<b>castra statīva</b>, <i>a permanent camp</i>.</p> - -<p><b>statua, ae</b> [<b>stō</b>], <i>a statue</i>, <i>image</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*statuō, ere, ī, ūtus</b> [<b>stō</b>], <i>to cause to stand</i>, <i>set up</i>, <i>place</i>; <i>determine</i>; <i>determine on</i>; <i>arrange</i>, <i>appoint</i>. -<b>con—cōnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to set up</i>, <i>erect</i>; <i>set in order</i>, <i>organize</i>; <i>arrange</i>, <i>appoint</i>; <i>resolve</i>. -<b>dē—dēstituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to set down</i>, <i>deposit</i>. -<b>in—īnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to set in place</i>, <i>arrange</i>; <i>found</i>, <i>establish</i>; <i>determine</i>, <i>undertake</i>, <i>begin</i>; <i>train</i>, <i>teach</i>. -<b>prō—prōstituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to set forth in public</i>, <i>expose</i>; <i>dishonor</i>, <i>prostitute</i>, <i>offer for sale</i>. -<b>re—restituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to set up again</i>, <i>replace</i>, <i>restore</i>, <i>reinstate</i>; <i>repair</i>, <i>remedy</i>, <i>save</i>.</p> - -<p><b>status, ūs</b> [<b>stō</b>], m., <i>state</i>, <i>position</i>, <i>rank</i>.</p> - -<p><b>stella, ae</b>, f., <i>a star</i>.</p> - -<p><b>stercus, oris</b>, n., <i>dung</i>, <i>excrement</i>, <i>manure</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sternō, ere, strāvī, strātus</b>, <i>to lay low</i>, <i>scatter</i>; <i>pave</i>.</p> - -<p><b>stilus, ī</b>, m., <i>stilus</i>, <i>pen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>stīpendiārius, a, um</b> [<b>stīpendium</b>], adj., <i>tributary</i>, <i>paying tribute</i>.</p> - -<p><b>stīpendium, ī</b> [<b>stips</b>, <i>gift</i> + <b>pendō</b>], n., <i>a payment</i>; <i>salary, pay; campaign</i>.</p> - -<p><b>stīpes, itis</b>, m., <i>a log</i>, <i>stock</i>, <i>post</i>, <i>trunk</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*stō, āre, stetī, status</b>, <i>to stand</i>, <i>take the part of</i>, <i>stand firm</i>; <i>continue</i>. -<b>ad—astō, āre, stitī, —</b>, <i>to stand at</i>, <i>be at hand</i>. -<b>in—īnstō, āre, stitī, statūrus</b>, <i>to draw near</i>, <i>be present</i>; <i>press on</i>, <i>pursue</i>. -<b>prae—praestō, āre, stitī, stitus</b>, <i>to show</i>; <i>bestow</i>, <i>supply</i>; <i>surpass</i>; <i>be preferable</i>; <i>do</i>, <i>perform</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stoicus, a</b>, um, adj., <i>Stoic</i>.</p> - -<p><b>stolidē</b>, adv., <i>stupidly</i>, <i>stolidly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>strangulō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to strangle</i>, <i>throttle</i>, <i>kill</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stratonīcē, ēs</b>, f., a city in Caria in Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>strēnuē</b> [<b>strēnuus</b>], adv., sup. <b>strēnuissimē</b>, <i>vigorously</i>.</p> - -<p><b>strēnuissimē</b>, see <b>strēnuē</b>.</p> - -<p><b>strēnuus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>brisk</i>, <i>active</i>, <i>vigorous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>strictim</b>, adv., <i>superficially</i>, <i>summarily</i>, <i>briefly</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>studeō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to be eager</i>, <i>take pains about</i>, <i>pay attention to</i>; <i>wish</i>, <i>try</i>; <i>favor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>studiōsē</b> [<b>studiōsus</b>, <i>eager</i>], adv., <i>eagerly</i>, <i>zealously</i>.</p> - -<p><b>studium, ī</b> [<b>studeō</b>], n., <i>zeal</i>, <i>enthusiasm</i>; <i>desire</i>, <i>pursuit</i>, <i>study</i>; <i>good wil</i>l, <i>affection</i>.</p> - -<p><b>stuprō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>stuprum</b>], <i>to debauch</i>, <i>dishonor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>stuprum, ī</b>, n., <i>debauchery</i>, <i>defilement</i>, <i>dishonor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>suādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsus</b>, <i>to advise</i>, <i>urge</i>, <i>exhort</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sub</b>, prep. with acc., <i>under</i>, <i>towards</i>, <i>until</i>, <i>after</i>; -with abl., <i>under</i>, <i>beneath</i>, <i>at the foot of</i>, <i>close to</i>; <i>in the reign of</i>.</p> - -<p><b>subiciō</b>, see <b>*iaciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>subigō</b>, see <b>agō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>subitō</b> [<b>subitus</b>], adv., <i>suddenly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>subitus, a, um</b> [<b>subeō</b>], adj., <i>sudden</i>, <i>unexpected</i>.</p> - -<p><b>subiugō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>sub</b> + <b>iugum</b>], <i>to bring under the yoke</i>; <i>subject</i>, <i>subjugate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sublātus</b>, see <b>tollō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>submoveō</b>, see <b>moveō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>subtīlis, e</b>, adj., <i>nice</i>, <i>precise</i>, <i>accurate</i>, <i>subtle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>suburbānus, a, um</b> [<b>urbs</b>], adj., <i>near the city</i>, <i>suburban</i>.</p> - -<p><b>subveniō</b>, see <b>veniō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>succēdō</b>, see <b>cēdō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>successor, ōris</b> [<b>succēdō</b>], m., <i>a follower</i>, <i>successor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>successus, ūs</b> [<b>succēdō</b>], m., <i>favorable outcome</i>, <i>success</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sūdor, ōris</b> [<b>sūdō</b>, to sweat], m., <i>sweat</i>; <i>fatigue</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Suessa, ae</b>, f., <i>Suessa Pōmētia</i>, a city of the Volsci, in Latium.</p> - -<p><b>Suēvī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a confederacy of German tribes.</p> - -<p><b>Suēvia, ae</b>, f., <i>Suēvia</i>, the land of the Suevi, modern Bavaria and Wurtemberg.</p> - -<p><b>suī</b>, gen., <b>sibi</b>, dat., <b>sē</b> (<b>sēsē</b>), acc. and abl., reflex. pron., sing. and pl., <i>himself</i>, <i>herself</i>, <i>itself</i>, <i>themselves</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sulla, ae</b>, m., <i>L. Cornēlius Sulla</i>, surnamed Felix, consul 88 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Sulpicius, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>C. Sulpicius</i>, dictator 304 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>P. Sulpicius</i>, consul 279 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>P. Sulpicius</i>, consul 211 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -See <b>Rūfus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>sum, esse, fuī, futūrus</b>, <i>to be</i>, <i>exist</i>, <i>live</i>; -with gen., <i>belonging to</i>, <i>be a part of</i>; <i>be true</i>, <i>be so</i>; <i>happen</i>, <i>take place</i>; -with dat., <i>have</i>, <i>possess</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ab—absum, esse, āfuī, —</b>, <i>to be away</i> or <i>absent</i>, <i>be far from</i>; -<b>prope abesse</b>, <i>to be at no great distance</i>, <i>be near</i>. -<b>in—īnsum, īnesse, īnfuī, —</b>, <i>to be in</i> or <i>on</i>; <i>belong to</i>. -<b>inter—intersum, esse, fuī, —</b>, <i>to be present at</i>, <i>take part in</i>. -<b>prae—praesum, praeesse, fuī, —</b>, <i>to be over</i> or <i>before</i>; <i>rule</i>, <i>govern</i>, <i>be in command of</i>. -<b>prō—prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, —</b>, <i>to benefit</i>, <i>profit</i>, <i>aid</i>. -<b>super—supersum, esse, fuī, —</b>, <i>to be over and above</i>, <i>remain</i>; <i>survive</i>, <i>outlive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>summus</b>, see <b>superus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>sumō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus</b>, <i>to use up</i>, <i>spend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>con—cōnsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus</b>, <i>to use up</i>; <i>devour</i>, <i>waste</i>; <i>destroy</i>; <i>spend</i>, <i>pass</i>; <i>use</i>, <i>employ</i>.</p> - -<p><b>re—resūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus</b>, <i>to take up again</i>, <i>take back</i>, <i>resume</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sūmptus, ūs</b> [<b>sūmō</b>], m., <i>outlay</i>, <i>expense</i>.</p> - -<p><b>supellex or supellectilis, is</b>, f., <i>household stuff</i>, <i>furniture</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>super</b>, prep. with acc., <i>over</i>, <i>above</i>, <i>upon</i>, <i>in addition to</i>; -with abl., <i>over</i>, <i>above</i>, <i>upon</i>, <i>on</i>; <i>about</i>, <i>of</i>, <i>concerning</i>.</p> - -<p><b>superbia, ae</b> [<b>superbus</b>], f., <i>haughtiness</i>, <i>pride</i>.</p> - -<p><b>superbus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>haughty</i>, <i>proud</i>, <i>august</i>.</p> - -<p><b>superfluus, a, um</b> [<b>super</b> + <b>fluō</b>], adj., <i>running over</i>, <i>superfluous</i>; <i>unnecessary</i>.</p> - -<p><b>superior</b>, see <b>superus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>superō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>super</b>], <i>to pass over</i> or <i>around</i>, <i>overcome</i>, <i>conquer</i>; <i>survive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>supersum</b>, see <b>sum</b>.</p> - -<p><b>superus, a, um</b> [<b>super</b>], adj., <i>above</i>, <i>on high</i>; -comp. <b>superior, ius</b>, <i>upper</i>, <i>higher</i>, <i>earlier</i>, <i>superior</i>; <i>victorious</i>; <i>elder</i>; -sup. <b>summus, a, um</b>, <i>highest</i>, <i>chief</i>, <i>utmost</i>.</p> - -<p><b>superveniō</b>, see <b>veniō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>supplicium, ī</b> [<b>supplex</b>, <i>a suppliant</i>], n., <i>punishment</i>, <i>execution</i>, <i>torture</i>.</p> - -<p><b>suprā</b>, adv. and prep. with acc., <i>above</i>, <i>over</i>, <i>before</i>, <i>on</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Surēna, ae</b>, m., a general of the Parthians who defeated Crassus in 54 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>suscipiō</b>, see <b>capiō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>suspectus, a, um</b> [orig. part. of <b>suspiciō</b>], adj., <i>mistrusted</i>, <i>suspected</i>.</p> - -<p><b>suspīciō, ōnis</b> [<b>suspiciō</b>, <i>to suspect</i>], f., <i>distrust</i>, <i>suspicion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>sustineō</b>, see <b>teneō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>sustulī</b>, see <b>tollō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Sutrinī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Sutrium</i>, a city in Etruria in Italy.</p> - -<p><b>suus, a, um</b> [<b>suī</b>], pron. adj., <i>his own</i>, <i>her own</i>, <i>its own</i>, <i>their own</i>; <i>his</i>, <i>her</i>, <i>its</i>, <i>their</i>; -as subst., <b>suī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>his (their) friends</i>, <i>followers</i>, <i>soldiers</i> or <i>fellow-citizens</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Symiasera, ae</b>, f., the mother of Heliogabalus.</p> - -<p><b>Syphāx, ācis</b>, m., a king of Numidia.</p> - -<p><b>Syrācūsānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Syracuse</i>, a Greek city in Sicily.</p> - -<p><b>Syrācūsānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>belonging to Syracuse</i>; -<b>urbs Syrācūsāna</b>, <i>the city of Syracuse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Syria, ae</b>, f., <i>Syria</i>, a country of Asia, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Syriacus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>belonging to Syria</i>, <i>Syrian</i>; -<b>Syriacum bellum</b>, <i>Syro-Aetolian war</i>, 192-189 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<h3>T.</h3> - -<p><b>T.</b>, abbreviation of the praenomen <b>Titus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>tabula, ae</b>, f., <i>a board</i>, <i>plank</i>; <i>picture</i> (sc. <b>pīcta</b>, <i>painted</i>); <i>writing tablet</i>; <i>record</i>, <i>list</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tacitus, ī</b>, m., <i>(M. Claudius) Tacitus</i>, Roman emperor 275-276 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Taifalī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a tribe of Dacia.</p> - -<p><b>talentum, ī</b>, n., <i>a talent</i>, a Greek money measure worth about $1100.</p> - -<p><b>tālis, e</b>, adj., <i>such, of such a kind</i>; -<b>tālis … qualis</b>, <i>such … as</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tam</b>, adv., <i>to such a degree</i>, <i>so much</i>, <i>as much, so</i>; -<b>tam … quam</b>, <i>as … so</i>, <i>not only … but also</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tamen</b>, adv., <i>yet</i>, <i>still</i>, <i>for all that</i>, <i>all the same</i>, <i>however</i>, <i>nevertheless</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tamquam</b>, adv. and conj., <i>as</i>, <i>as if</i>, <i>as though</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tandem</b>, adv., <i>at length</i>, <i>at last</i>, <i>finally</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>*tangō, ere, tetigī, tāctus</b>, <i>to touch</i>; <i>reach to</i>. -<b>ad—attingō, ere, tigī, tāctus</b>, <i>to border on</i>, <i>touch</i>, <i>attain</i>. -<b>con—contingō, ere, tigī, tāctus</b>, <i>to touch</i>, <i>reach</i>; <i>occur</i>, <i>happen to</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tantum</b> [<b>tantus</b>], adv., <i>so much</i> (and no more), <i>only</i>, <i>merely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tantus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>so great</i>, <i>such</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tarentīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Tarentum</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tarentum, ī</b>, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of Italy.</p> - -<p><b>Tarquinius, ī</b>, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come from Etruria. -1. <i>(L.) Tarquinius Prīscus</i>, the fifth king of Rome, 616-578 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>L. Tarquinius Superbus</i>, the son of Priscus, the last king of Rome, 534-510 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -3. <i>(Sextus) Tarquinius</i>, son of (2). -4. <i>(L.) Tarquinius Collātīnus</i>, cousin of (3), and husband of Lucretia, consul 509 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Tarracō, ōnis</b>, f., a city in Spain.</p> - -<p><b>Tarsus, ī</b>, f., a city in Cilicia in Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>Tauromenītānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Tauromenium</i>, a city on the eastern coast of Sicily.</p> - -<p><b>Taurus, ī</b>, m., a mountain range in Asia Minor.</p> - -<p><b>taxō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>tangō</b>], <i>to touch sharply</i>, <i>harass</i>, <i>vex</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tēctōrium, ī</b> [<b>tegō</b>, <i>to cover</i>] n., <i>a covering</i>, <i>cover</i>; <i>plastering</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Telesīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>Pontius Telesīnus</i>, commander of the Samnites in the war against Sulla. See Notes, p. 162.</p> - -<p><b>temeritās, ātis</b> [<b>temerē</b>, <i>rashly</i>], f., <i>rashness</i>, <i>heedlessness</i>, <i>temerity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tempestās, ātis</b> [<b>tempus</b>], f., <i>point of time</i>, <i>period of time</i>; <i>storm</i>, <i>tempest</i>.</p> - -<p><b>templum, ī</b>, n., <i>a sacred spot</i>; <i>temple</i>.</p> - -<p><b>temptō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>tendō</b>], <i>to touch</i>, <i>handle</i>; <i>try</i>, <i>attempt</i>; <i>sound</i>, <i>try to win over</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tempus, oris</b>, n., <i>time</i>, <i>period</i>, <i>season</i>; <i>opportunity</i>, <i>occasion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tenāx, ācis</b> [<b>teneō</b>], adj., <i>holding fast</i>, <i>tenacious</i>; <i>firm</i>, <i>steadfast</i>, <i>persistent</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tendō, ere, tetendī, tentus</b>, and <b>tēnsus</b>, <i>to spread out</i>, <i>stretch</i>; -<b>īnsidiās tendere</b>, <i>to lay a trap for</i>, <i>plot against</i>.</p> - -<p><b>con—contendō, ere, ī, tentus</b>, <i>to stretch</i>; <i>exert one’s self</i>, <i>strive</i>, <i>insist</i>; <i>hasten</i>, <i>march quickly</i>. -<b>ob(s)—ostendō, ere, ī, tentus</b>, <i>to stretch out</i>, <i>show</i>; <i>produce</i>, <i>furnish</i>; <i>disclose</i>, <i>make known</i>.</p> - -<p><b>teneō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold</i>, <i>keep</i>, <i>possess</i>; <i>maintain</i>, <i>guard</i>, <i>defend</i>; <i>seize</i>. -<b>ab—abstineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold back or from</i>; <i>keep aloof from</i>; <i>refrain from</i>, <i>abstain</i>. -<b>con—contineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold</i>, <i>keep</i>, <i>contain</i>; <i>restrain</i>, <i>rule</i>, <i>curb</i>. -<b>ob—obtineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold</i>, <i>possess</i>; <i>rule</i>, <i>govern</i>. -<b>re—retineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold</i> or <i>keep</i> (back); <i>retain</i>, <i>detain</i>. -<b>sub(s)—sustineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold up</i>, <i>support</i>, <i>sustain</i>; <i>bear</i>, <i>endure</i>, <i>hold in check</i>, <i>restrain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ter</b>, num. adv., <i>three times</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Terentius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Varrō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>tergum, ī</b>, n., <i>the back</i>; -<b>tergum vertere</b>, <i>to flee</i>.</p> - -<p><b>terminus, ī</b>, n., <i>the end</i>, <i>boundary</i>.</p> - -<p><b>terra, ae</b>, f., <i>the earth</i>; <i>land</i>; <i>territory</i>, <i>country</i>.</p> - -<p><b>terrester, tris, tre</b> [<b>terra</b>], adj., <i>of the earth</i> or <i>land</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>terribilis, e</b> [<b>terreō</b>], adj., <i>frightful</i>, <i>dreadful</i>.</p> - -<p><b>territōrium, ī</b> [<b>terra</b>], n., <i>a territory</i>, <i>domain</i>.</p> - -<p><b>terror, ōris</b> [<b>terreō</b>], m., <i>fear</i>, <i>terror</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tertiō</b> [<b>tertius</b>], num. adv., <i>the third time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tertius, a, um</b> [cf. <b>trēs</b>], num. adj., third.</p> - -<p><b>Tervingī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a people of Dacia.</p> - -<p><b>testāmentum, ī</b> [<b>testis</b>, <i>a witness</i>], n., <i>a will</i>, <i>testament</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tetricus, ī</b>, m., <i>(C. Pesuvius) Tetricus</i>, one of the Thirty Tyrants.</p> - -<p><b>Teutobodus, ī</b>, m., a leader of the Cimbri.</p> - -<p><b>Teutonēs, um</b>, pl. m., <i>the Teutonēs</i>, a Germanic people which with the Cimbri invaded Italy, but were defeated by Marius, 102 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Theodōra, ae</b>, f., the wife of Constantius.</p> - -<p><b>thermae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>warm baths</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Thessalia, ae</b>, f., <i>Thessaly</i>, a large district in the northeastern part of Greece.</p> - -<p><b>Thessalonīca, ae</b>, f., a city in Macedonia.</p> - -<p><b>Thrācia, ae</b>, f., <i>Thrace</i>, a large district in the southeastern part of Europe, between the Aegean Sea, Macedonia, and the Black Sea.</p> - -<p><b>Tiberis, is</b>, m., the river Tiber.</p> - -<p><b>Tiberius, ī</b>, m., <i>Tiberius (Claudius Nerō)</i>, Roman emperor 14-37 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Tigrānēs, is</b>, m., king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithradates, 96-56 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Tigrānocerta, ae</b>, f., the capital city of Armenia Maior.</p> - -<p><b>Tigris, idis</b>, m., <i>the Tigris</i>, a river in Mesopotamia.</p> - -<p><b>timeō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to fear</i>, <i>be anxious</i>.</p> - -<p><b>timor, ōris</b> [<b>timeō</b>], m., <i>fear</i>, <i>a cause of fear</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tīrō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>a recruit</i>; <i>beginner</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Titūrius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Sabīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Titus, ī</b>, m., <i>T. Flavius Sabīnus Vespasiānus</i>, Roman emperor 79-81 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>toga, ae</b>, f., the toga, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans.</p> - -<p><b>togātus, a, um</b> [<b>toga</b>], adj., <i>clad in the toga</i>; <i>in peaceful garb</i>, <i>unarmed</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātus</b>, <i>to lift</i>, <i>raise</i>, <i>take up</i>; <i>remove</i>, <i>abolish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tolumnius, ī</b>, m., <i>(Lar) Tolumnius</i>, leader of the Veientes.</p> - -<p><b>Tomī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a city in Lower Moesia.</p> - -<p><b>Torquātus, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>(T.) Mānlius Torquātus</i>, dictator 353 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>T. Mānlius Torquātus</i>, consul 235 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>torquis, is</b>, m., <i>a twisted collar</i>, <i>necklace</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tot</b>, indecl. adj., <i>so many</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tōtus, a, um</b>, gen. <b>tōtīus</b>, dat. <b>tōtī</b>, adj., <i>all</i>, <i>all the</i>, <i>the whole</i>, <i>entire</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tractō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>trahō</b>], <i>to treat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trāctus, ūs</b> [<b>trahō</b>], m., <i>a stretch</i>, <i>tract</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trādō</b>, see <b>dō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>tragicus, a, um</b> [<b>tragoedia</b>], adj., of <i>tragedy</i>, <i>tragic</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tragoedia, ae</b>, f., <i>tragedy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw</i>, <i>drag</i>; <i>detain</i>. -<b>con—contrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw together</i>, <i>collect</i>, <i>assemble</i>. -<b>dē—dētrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw</i> or <i>strip off</i>, <i>remove</i>; <i>drag</i>. -<b>dis—distrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to pull asunder</i>, <i>part</i>, <i>separate</i>. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> -<b>ex—extrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw</i> or <i>pull out</i>; <i>prolong</i>, <i>waste</i>.</p> - -<p><b>prō—prōtrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw forth</i>, <i>bring forward</i>, <i>produce</i>; <i>discover</i>, <i>disclose</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trāiciō</b>, see <b>*iaciō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Trāiānus, ī</b>, m., <i>(M.) Ulpius Crīnītus Trāiānus</i>, Roman emperor 98-117 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>tranquillē</b> [<b>tranquillus</b>], adv., <i>calmly</i>, <i>tranquilly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tranquillīna, ae</b>, the wife of the emperor Gordianus.</p> - -<p><b>tranquillitās, ātis</b> [<b>tranquillus</b>], f., <i>calmness</i>, <i>stillness</i>; -<b>Tranquillitās, ātis</b> (as title of emperor), <i>Serene Highness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tranquillus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>calm</i>, <i>peaceful</i>, <i>tranquil</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trāns</b>, prep. with acc., <i>across</i>, <i>beyond</i>, <i>over</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trānsalpīnus, a, um</b> [<b>trāns</b> + <b>Alpēs</b>], adj., <i>across the Alps</i>, <i>transalpine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trānseō</b>, see <b>eō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>trānsferō</b>, see <b>ferō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>trānsfuga, ae</b> [<b>trānsfugiō</b>, <i>to flee over</i>], m., <i>a deserter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trānsgredior</b>, see <b>*gradior</b>.</p> - -<p><b>trānsigō</b>, see <b>agō</b>.</p> - -<p><b>trānsitōrius, a, um</b> [<b>trānseō</b>], adj., <i>adapted for passing through</i>, <i>having a passage way</i>; -<b>forum Trānsitōrium</b>.</p> - -<p><b>trānsmarīnus, a, um</b> [<b>trāns</b> + <b>mare</b>], adj., <i>beyond the sea</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Trebelliānus, ī</b>, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants.</p> - -<p><b>Trebia, ae</b>, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, where the second battle of the Second Punic War was fought.</p> - -<p><b>trecentēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>trecentī</b>], num. adj., <i>three hundredth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trecentī, ae, a</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>centum</b>], num. adj., <i>three hundred</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tremellius, ī</b>, m., a Roman quaestor who conquered Pseudoperses.</p> - -<p><b>trēs, tria</b>, num. adj., <i>three</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Triballī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a Thracian people of Lower Moesia.</p> - -<p><b>tribūnus, ī</b> [<b>tribus</b>], m., <i>chief of a tribe</i>, <i>tribune</i>; -<b>tribūnus mīlitum</b> or <b>mīlitāris</b>, <i>military tribune</i>, <i>captain</i>, one of the minor officers of a legion, six in number; -<b>tribūnus plēbis</b>, <i>tribune of the people</i>, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> to protect the plebeians from the patricians. Ten tribunes were elected annually. Their persons were sacred.</p> - -<p><b>tribuō, ere, ī, ūtus</b> [<b>tribus</b>], <i>to assign</i>, <i>grant</i>, <i>give</i>. -<b>dis—distribuō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to divide</i>, <i>distribute</i>, <i>apportion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tribus, ūs</b> [cf. <b>trēs</b>], f., <i>a tribe</i> (orig. a third part of the people).</p> - -<p><b>tribūtum, ī</b> [<b>tribuō</b>], n., <i>a tax</i>, <i>tribute</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trīcēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>trīgintā</b>], num. adj., <i>thirtieth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trīciēs</b> [<b>trīgintā</b>], num. adv., <i>thirty times</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tricipitīnus, ī</b>, m., Sp. Lucrētius Tricipitīnus, consul 509 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>trīclīnium, ī</b>, n., a couch for three persons reclining at meals, <i>a dinner sofa</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trīduum, ī</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>diēs</b>], n., <i>the space of three days</i>, <i>three days</i>.</p> - -<p><b>triennium, ī</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>annus</b>], n., <i>the space of three years</i>, <i>three years</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trīgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>thirty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tripolitānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>belonging to Tripolis</i>; -<b>tripolitāna prōvincia</b>, <i>the province of Tripolis</i>, in northern Africa.</p> - -<p><b>trīstis, e</b>, adj., <i>sad</i>, <i>sorrowful</i>; <i>stern</i>, <i>strict</i>, <i>severe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>trīticum, ī</b>, n., <i>wheat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>triumphō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to celebrate a triumph</i>.</p> - -<p><b>triumphus, ī</b>, m., <i>a triumph</i>, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> -splendid procession in which the victorious general entered the city accompanied by his soldiers and the spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed around the Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and up to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.</p> - -<p><b>Trōia, ae</b>, f., <i>Troy</i>, a city in the northwestern part of Asia Minor, renowned for its ten years’ siege by the Greeks.</p> - -<p><b>trux, trucis</b>, adj., <i>wild</i>, <i>savage</i>, <i>stern</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tū, tuī</b>, pl. <b>vōs, vestrūm</b> or <b>vestrī</b>, pers. pron., <i>thou</i>, <i>you</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tueor, ērī, tūtus</b> or <b>tuitus sum</b>, <i>to look at</i>, <i>watch</i>; -<i>defend</i>, <i>protect</i>.</p> - -<p><b>in—intueor, ērī, itus sum</b>, <i>to look closely at</i> or <i>upon</i>, <i>gaze at</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tugurīnī</b>, or <b>Tigurīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a Helvetian people who invaded Italy with the Cimbri and Teutones.</p> - -<p><b>Tullius, ī</b>, m., <i>Servius Tullius</i>, the sixth king of Rome, 578-534 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Tullus, ī</b>, m., see <b>Hostīlius</b>.</p> - -<p><b>tum</b>, adv., <i>then</i>, <i>at that time</i>; -<i>thereupon</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tumultuor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>tumultus</b>], <i>to make a disturbance</i>, <i>riot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tumultus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a disturbance</i>, <i>uproar</i>; -<i>rebellion</i>, <i>riot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tumulus, ī</b> [<b>tumeō</b>, <i>to swell</i>], m., <i>a hillock</i>, <i>mound</i>, <i>hill</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tunc</b>, adv., <i>then</i>, <i>at that time</i>; -<i>accordingly</i>, <i>thereupon</i>.</p> - -<p><b>turbō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>turba</b>, <i>a crowd</i>], <i>to disturb</i>, <i>confuse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>turpis, e</b>, adj., <i>ugly</i>; -<i>base</i>, <i>dishonorable</i>.</p> - -<p><b>turris, is</b>, f., <i>a tower</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tuscī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Etruscans</i>, inhabitants of Etruria.</p> - -<p><b>Tuscia, ae</b>, f., <i>Etruria</i>, a division of central Italy.</p> - -<p><b>Tusculum, ī</b>, n., an old town in Latium, about ten miles southeast of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>tūtor, ōris</b> [<b>tueor</b>], m., <i>a guardian</i>, <i>tutor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tūtus, a, um</b> [<b>tueor</b>], adj., <i>safe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tuus, a, um</b> [<b>tū</b>], pron. adj., <i>your</i>, <i>yours</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tyrannicus, a, um</b> [<b>tyrannus</b>], adj., <i>tyrannical</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tyrannis, idis</b> [<b>tyrannus</b>], f., <i>the sway of a tyrant</i>, <i>arbitrary power</i>, <i>despotic rule</i>.</p> - -<p><b>tyrannus, ī</b>, m., <i>a ruler</i>, <i>tyrant</i>.</p> - -<h3>U.</h3> - -<p><b>ubi</b>, adv., <i>where</i>, <i>when</i>; -<b>ubi prīmum</b>, <i>as soon as</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ubicumque</b>, adv., <i>wherever</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ubīque</b> [<b>ubi</b> + <b>que</b>], adv., <i>anywhere</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ūllus, a, um</b>, gen. <b>ūllīus</b>, dat. <b>ūllī</b>, adj., <i>any</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ulpiānus, ī</b>, m., <i>(Domitius) Ulpiānus</i>, a celebrated Roman jurist.</p> - -<p><b>Ulpius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Trāiānus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ulterior, ius</b>, gen. <b>ōris</b> [<b>ultrā</b>], adj., <i>further</i>, <i>remoter</i>; -sup. <b>ultimus</b>, <i>farthest</i>, <i>last</i>, <i>utmost</i>, <i>greatest</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ultiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ulcīscor</b>, <i>to avenge</i>], f., <i>revenge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ultrā</b>, prep. with acc., <i>on the further side</i>, <i>beyond</i>.</p> - -<p><b>umquam</b>, adv., <i>at any time</i>, <i>ever</i>; -usually with a negative.</p> - -<p><b>ūndecimus, a, um</b> [<b>ūndecim</b>, <i>eleven</i>], num. adj., <i>eleventh</i>.</p> - -<p><b>unguentum, ī</b> [<b>unguō</b>, <i>to anoint</i>], n., <i>ointment</i>, <i>unguent</i>, <i>perfume</i>.</p> - -<p><b>unguis, is</b>, m., <i>a nail</i>, <i>hoof</i>, <i>claw</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ūnicē</b> [<b>ūnicus</b>], adv., <i>alone</i>, <i>singly</i>, <i>uniquely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ūnicus, a, um</b> [<b>ūnus</b>], adj., <i>only</i>, <i>sole</i>, <i>single</i>; -<i>uncommon</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ūniversus, a, um</b> [<b>ūnus</b> + <b>*vertō</b>], adj., <i>all in one</i>, <i>whole</i>, <i>entire</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>ūnus, a, um</b>, gen. <b>ūnīus</b>, dat. <b>ūnī</b>, adj., <i>one</i>, <i>only</i>, <i>sole</i>, <i>alone</i>.</p> - -<p><b>urbs, urbis, f.</b>, <i>a city</i>; <i>The City</i> (Rome).</p> - -<p><b>urna, ae</b> [<b>ūrō</b>, <i>to burn</i>], f., <i>a vessel</i>, urn (of baked clay).</p> - -<p><b>Uscudama, ae, f.</b>, a city in Thrace.</p> - -<p><b>ūsque</b>, adv., <i>all the way</i>, <i>right on</i>, <i>continuously</i>, <i>even</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ūsūrpō, āre, āvi, ātus</b> [<b>ūsus</b> + <b>rapiō</b>], <i>to make use of</i>, <i>enjoy</i>; <i>usurp</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ūsus, ūs</b> [<b>ūtor</b>], m., <i>use</i>, <i>employment</i>; <i>experience</i>, <i>training</i>; <i>profit</i>, <i>advantage</i>, <i>convenience</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ūsus, a, um</b>, see <b>ūtor</b>.</p> - -<p><b>ut</b>, adv., interrog., <i>how?</i> <i>in what way?</i> rel., <i>as</i>, <i>just as</i>; <i>since</i>, <i>seeing that</i>; -<b>ut … ita</b>, <i>just as … so</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ut</b>, conj., (1) with ind., <i>when</i>; -ut <b>prīmum</b>, <i>as soon as</i>; -(2) with subj. of purpose, <i>in order that</i>, <i>that</i>; <i>of result</i>, <i>so that</i>, <i>that</i>.</p> - -<p><b>uterque, traque, trumque</b> [<b>uter</b> + <b>que</b>], adj., <i>each</i> (of two), <i>both</i>.</p> - -<p><b>ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum</b>, <i>to make use of</i>, <i>employ</i>; <i>enjoy</i>; <i>have</i>, <i>possess</i>; <i>associate with</i>, <i>be intimate with</i>.</p> - -<p><b>utrimque</b> [<b>uterque</b>], adv., <i>from</i> or <i>on both sides</i>, <i>on either hand</i>.</p> - -<p><b>uxor, ōris</b>, f., <i>a wife</i>.</p> - -<p><b>uxōrius, a, um</b> [<b>uxor</b>], adj., <i>of a wife</i>.</p> - -<h3>V.</h3> - -<p><b>V.</b> ＝ 5.</p> - -<p><b>vacuus, a, um</b> [<b>vacō</b>, <i>to be empty</i>], adj., <i>empty</i>, <i>unoccupied</i>.</p> - -<p><b>*vādō, ere, —, —</b>, <i>to go</i>, <i>rush</i>. -<b>ex—ēvādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus</b>, <i>to go forth</i> or <i>away</i>; <i>get away</i>, <i>escape</i>; <i>get to be</i>, <i>become</i>. -<b>in—invādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus</b>, <i>to enter</i>; <i>attack</i>; <i>seize</i>, <i>take possession of.</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vagor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to wander</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Valēns, entis</b>, m., -1. <i>(F.) Valēns</i>, consul 96 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>Valēns</i>, emperor of the East, 364-378 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Valeria, ae</b>, f., daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius.</p> - -<p><b>Valeriānus</b>, ī, m., -1. <i>(P.) Licinius Valeriānus</i>, Roman emperor 253-260 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>(P.) Licinius Valeriānus</i>, son of (1).</p> - -<p><b>Valerius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <b>Corvīnus</b>, <b>Laevīnus</b>, <b>Messāla</b>, <b>Pūblicola</b>.</p> - -<p><b>valētūdō, inis</b> [<b>valeō</b>, <i>to be well</i>], f., <i>health</i> (good or bad), <i>sickness</i>, <i>weakness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>validus, a, um</b> [<b>valeō</b>, <i>to be wel</i>l], adj., <i>strong</i>, <i>healthy</i>, <i>effective</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vallum, ī</b>, n., <i>stockade</i>, <i>rampart</i>, <i>wall</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vandalī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>Vandals</i>, a confederacy of German peoples that invaded Italy in the fifth century <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>.</p> - -<p><b>variē</b> [<b>varius</b>], adv., <i>variously</i>.</p> - -<p><b>varius, a, um</b>, adj., <i>diverse</i>, <i>various</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Varrō, ōnis</b>, m., -1. <i>M. (Terentius) Varrō</i>, a legate of Pompey in Spain, where he was defeated by Caesar. -2. <i>P. (C.) Terentius Varrō</i>, consul 219 and 216 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Varroniānus</b>, ī, consul 363 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>Vārus, ī</b>, m., <i>Q. Vārus</i>, one of the leaders of the Pompeian party at the battle of Thapsus.</p> - -<p><b>vās, vāsis</b> (pl. <b>vāsa, ōrum</b>), n., <i>a vessel</i>, <i>dish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vāstitās, ātis</b> [<b>vāstō</b>], f., <i>devastation</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vāstō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to lay waste</i>, <i>devastate</i>, <i>destroy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vatia, ae</b>, m., <i>P. Servilius Vatia</i>, surnamed Isauricus, consul 79 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Vēcta, ae</b>, f., an island off the southern coast of England, now the Isle of Wight.</p> - -<p><b>vehementer</b> [<b>vehemēns</b>, <i>earnest</i>], adv., <i>earnestly</i>, <i>seriously</i>, <i>severely</i>; <i>exceedingly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vehiculum, ī</b> [<b>vehō</b>], n., <i>a vehicle</i>, <i>carriage</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to bear</i>, <i>carry</i>, <i>convey</i>; -in pass. with <b>nāvī</b> or <b>equō</b>, <i>to sail</i>, <i>ride</i>. -<b>ex—ēvehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to lift</i>, <i>raise</i>, <i>elevate</i>. -<b>in—invehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to carry in</i> or <i>to</i>; -in pass., <i>ride into</i>, <i>sail into</i>. -<b>re—revehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to carry back</i>, <i>bring back</i>, <i>return</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vēientānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the inhabitants of Vēiī</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vēientēs, ium</b>, pl. m., <i>the people of Vēiī</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vēiī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>Vēiī</i>, a powerful town in Etruria, about twelve miles from Rome.</p> - -<p><b>vel</b> [old imperative of <b>volō</b>], adv. and conj., <i>even</i>; or, <i>or else</i>; -<b>vel … vel</b>, <i>either … or</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vēnditiō, ōnis</b> [<b>vēndō</b>], f., <i>an auction sale</i>, <i>auction</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vēndō, ere, didī, ditus</b> [contr. from <b>venumdō</b>], <i>to sell</i>.</p> - -<p><b>venēnum, ī</b>, n., <i>poison</i>.</p> - -<p><b>venerābilis, e</b> [<b>veneror</b>], adj., <i>venerable</i>, <i>reverend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>venerātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>veneror</b>], f., <i>veneration</i>, <i>reverence</i>.</p> - -<p><b>veneror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to worship</i>, <i>revere</i>, <i>respect</i>, <i>honor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Venetia, ae</b>, f., a district at the head of the Adriatic Sea.</p> - -<p><b>venia, ae</b>, f., <i>favor</i>, <i>grace</i>, <i>kindness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>veniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come</i>, <i>go</i>. -<b>con—conveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come together</i>, <i>assemble</i>; <i>be agreed upon</i>, <i>be suitable</i>. -<b>ex—ēveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to turn out</i>, <i>come to pass</i>. -<b>in—inveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come upon</i>, <i>find</i>, <i>discover</i>. -<b>inter—interveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come upon</i>, <i>appear</i>, <i>intervene</i>. -<b>per—perveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come to</i>, <i>reach</i>; <i>penetrate</i>, <i>attain to</i>. -<b>prae—praeveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come before</i>, <i>get start of</i>, <i>anticipate</i>, <i>outstrip</i>. -<b>sub—subveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come to help</i>, <i>aid</i>, <i>assist</i>. -<b>super—superveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come to the rescue</i>, <i>arrive</i>; <i>surpass</i>.</p> - -<p><b>venter, tris</b>, m., <i>the stomach</i>; <i>appetite</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ventidius, ī</b>, m., see <b>Bassus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>verberō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>verber</b>, <i>lash</i>], <i>to whip</i>, <i>scourge</i>, <i>beat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vērē</b> [<b>vērus</b>, <i>true</i>], adv., <i>truly</i>, <i>really</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vereor, ērī, itus sum</b>, <i>to fear</i>, <i>dread</i>, <i>respect</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vergiliānus, a, um</b>, adj., <i>Vergilian</i>; -<b>Vergiliānus versus</b>, a verse from the Aeneid of Vergil.</p> - -<p><b>Vērōna, ae</b>, f., an important town in Cisalpine Gaul.</p> - -<p><b>*vertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to turn</i>, <i>change</i>; -in pass., <i>turn about</i>, <i>return</i>. -<b>ab—āvertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to turn away</i> or <i>aside</i>, <i>avert</i>, <i>divert</i>. -<b>con—convertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to turn round</i>, <i>change</i>; <i>turn</i>, <i>direct</i>; <i>divert</i>, <i>misuse</i>. -<b>ex—ēvertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to overturn</i>, <i>destroy</i>, <i>ruin</i>. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> -<b>re—revertor, ī, revertī</b> or (less -often) <b>reversus sum</b>, <i>to return</i>; <i>revert</i>, <i>recur</i>.</p> - -<p><b>versus, ūs</b> [<b>vertō</b>], m., <i>a line</i>, <i>verse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vērum</b> [<b>vērus</b>, <i>true</i>], adv., <i>truly</i>, <i>certainly</i>; <i>but</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vērus, ī</b>, m., see <b>Antōnīnus</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Vespasiānus, ī</b>, m., <i>(T. Flavius) Vespasiānus</i>, Roman emperor 70-79 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>vespera, ae</b>, f., <i>evening</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vespillo, ōnis</b>, m., <i>a corpse bearer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vestālis, e</b>, adj., pertaining to the goddess Vesta.</p> - -<p><b>vester, tra, trum</b>, pron. adj., <i>your</i>, <i>yours</i>; -<b>Vestra</b> (as title of emperor), “<i>Your Serene Highness.</i>”</p> - -<p><b>vestis, is</b>, f., <i>clothing</i>, <i>garments</i>; <i>a robe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vetō, āre, uī, itus</b>, <i>not allow</i>, <i>forbid</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vetraniō, ōnis</b>, m., a commander of the legions in Illyria who was proclaimed emperor by the troops.</p> - -<p><b>Vettius, ī</b>, m., <i>T. Vettius</i>, a leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war.</p> - -<p><b>Veturia, ae</b>, f., the mother of Coriolanus.</p> - -<p><b>Veturius, ī</b>, m., <i>T. Veturius</i>, consul 321 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>Vetus, eris</b>, m., consul with Valens, 96 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>vetus, eris</b>, adj., <i>old</i>, <i>aged</i>; <i>of a former time</i>, <i>ancient</i>.</p> - -<p><b>via, ae</b>, f., <i>a way</i>, <i>road</i>, <i>journey</i>; <i>passage</i>.</p> - -<p>(<b>Vibulānus, ī</b>), m., <i>C. Fabius (Vibulānus)</i>, consul for the third time 479 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> His praenomen is generally given as Kaeso.</p> - -<p><b>vīcēsimus, a, um</b> [<b>vīgintī</b>], num. adj., <i>twentieth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vīcīnus, a, um</b> [<b>vīcus</b>], adj., <i>near</i>, <i>neighboring</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vicissim</b> [<b>vicis</b>, <i>alternation</i>], adv., <i>in turn</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Victoalī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a West Gothic people.</p> - -<p><b>victor, ōris</b> [<b>vincō</b>], m., <i>a conqueror</i>; -as adj., <i>victorious</i>.</p> - -<p><b>victōria, ae</b> [<b>vincō</b>], f., <i>victory</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Victorīnus, ī</b>, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants.</p> - -<p><b>victrīx, icis</b> [<b>vincō</b>], f., <i>a victress</i>, <i>a female conqueror</i>; -as adj., <i>victorious</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vīcus, ī</b>, m., <i>a town</i>, <i>village</i>.</p> - -<p><b>videō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus</b>, <i>to see</i>, <i>perceive</i>, <i>understand</i>; -in pass., <i>seem</i>. -<b>in—invideō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus</b>, <i>to look askance at</i>, <i>envy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vīgintī</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>twenty</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vīlis, e</b>, adj., <i>cheap</i>, <i>common</i>, <i>worthless</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vīlissimē</b>, see <b>vīliter</b>.</p> - -<p><b>vīliter</b> [<b>vīlis</b>], adv., sup. <b>vīlissimē</b>; <i>at a low price</i>, <i>cheaply</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vīlla, ae</b>, f., <i>a country house</i>, <i>farm</i>, <i>villa</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Viminācium, ī</b>, n., a town in Upper Moesia.</p> - -<p><b>Vīminālis, e</b> [<b>vīmen</b>, <i>an osier</i>], adj., <i>of osiers</i>; -as subst., <b>Vīminālis, is</b>, m. (sc. <b>collis</b>), <i>the Viminal Hill</i>, one of the seven hills of Rome.</p> - -<p><b>vinciō, īre, vinxī, vinctus</b>, <i>to bind</i>, <i>fetter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vincō, ere, vīcī, victus</b>, <i>to conquer</i>, <i>defeat</i>; <i>surpass</i>; -intrans., <i>prevail</i>. -<b>con—convincō, ere, vīcī, victus</b>, <i>to overcome</i>; <i>convict</i>, <i>refute</i>; <i>expose</i>. -<b>dē—dēvincō, ere, vīcī, victus</b>, <i>to conquer completely</i>, <i>subdue</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vindelicī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a people dwelling in the Roman province of Vindelicia, south of the Danube.</p> - -<p><b>vindicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>vīs</b> + <b>dīcō</b>], <i>to claim</i>; <i>liberate</i>; <i>avenge</i>, <i>take vengeance on</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>vīnea, ae</b>, f., <i>a plantation of vines</i>, <i>vineyard</i>; <i>vine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vir, virī</b>, m., <i>a man</i>; <i>hero</i>; <i>husband</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vīrēs</b>, see <b>vīs</b>.</p> - -<p><b>virga, ae</b>, f., <i>a rod</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Virgīnius, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>L. (T.) Virgīnius</i>, consul 479 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> -2. <i>(L.) Virgīnius</i>, father of Virginia, a maiden whose attempted enslavement by Appius Claudius led to the overthrow of the decemvirs; consul 449 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>virgō, inis</b>, f., <i>a young girl</i>, <i>maiden</i>, <i>virgin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Viriāthus, ī</b>, m., a celebrated Lusitanian chief who maintained a separate command against the Romans for several years.</p> - -<p><b>viridis, e</b>, adj., <i>green</i>, <i>fresh</i>, <i>new</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Viridomarus, ī</b>, m., a leader of the Gauls who was slain by Marcellus.</p> - -<p><b>virītim</b> [<b>vir</b>], adv., <i>man by man</i>, <i>separately</i>, <i>individually</i>.</p> - -<p><b>virtūs, ūtis</b> [<b>vir</b>], f., <i>manliness</i>, <i>valor</i>; <i>goodness</i>; <i>virtue</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vīs</b>, gen. and dat. wanting, acc. <b>vim</b>, abl. <b>vī</b>, f., <i>strength</i>, <i>force</i>; <i>hostile force</i>, <i>violence</i>; <i>quantity</i>, <i>number</i>; -pl. <b>vīrēs</b>, <i>energy</i>, <i>vigor</i>, <i>resources</i>; -<b>vim facere</b>, <i>to use violence</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Viscellīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>Sp. Cassius (Viscellīnus)</i>, the first master of the horse at Rome.</p> - -<p><b>vīta, ae</b> [<b>vīvō</b>], f., <i>life</i>, <i>conduct</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vitellius, ī</b>, m., -1. <i>(A.) Vitellius</i>, Roman emperor, 69 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> -2. <i>(L.) Vitellius</i>, brother of (1).</p> - -<p><b>vitiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>vitium</b>], <i>to make faulty</i>, <i>taint</i>, <i>corrupt</i>, <i>defile</i>, <i>dishonor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vitiōsus, a, um</b> [<b>vitium</b>], adj., <i>full of faults</i>, <i>faulty</i>; <i>wicked</i>, <i>depraved</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vitium, ī</b>, n., <i>a fault</i>, <i>vice</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vīvō, ere, vīxī, —</b>, <i>to live</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vīvus, a, um</b> [<b>vīvō</b>], adj., <i>living</i>, <i>alive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vix</b>, adv., <i>with difficulty</i>, <i>hardly</i>, <i>scarcely</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>vōx</b>], <i>to call</i>, <i>summon</i>; <i>rouse</i>; <i>name</i>. -<b>ex—ēvocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call out</i>, <i>summon</i>. -<b>prō—prōvocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to challenge</i>. -<b>re—revocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to recall</i>, <i>recover</i>.</p> - -<p><b>volō, velle, voluī, —</b>, <i>to be willing</i>, <i>wish</i>. -<b>magis—mālō, mālle, māluī, —</b>, <i>to wish</i>, <i>rather</i>, <i>prefer</i>. -<b>nē—nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —</b>, <i>to be unwilling</i>, <i>not to wish</i>, <i>not to want</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Volscī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., an ancient tribe living in the south of Latium.</p> - -<p><b>Volumnia, ae</b>, f., the wife of Coriolanus.</p> - -<p><b>voluntārius, a, um</b> [<b>voluntās</b>], adj., <i>of free will</i>, <i>voluntary</i>.</p> - -<p><b>voluntās, ātis</b> [<b>volō</b>], f., <i>will</i>, <i>desire</i>, <i>inclination</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Volusiānus, ī</b>, m., son of the emperor Gallus. His father conferred the title of Caesar upon him in 251 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span> and Augustus in 252 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>voracitās, ātis</b>, f., <i>greediness</i>, <i>ravenousness</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vōx, vōcis</b>, f., <i>voice</i>, <i>sound</i>, <i>tone</i>; <i>cry</i>, <i>call</i>; <i>saying</i>, <i>speech</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vulnerō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>vulnus</b>], <i>to wound</i>, <i>hurt</i>, <i>injure</i>.</p> - -<p><b>vulnus, eris</b>, n., <i>a wound</i>; <i>blow</i>, <i>misfortune</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vulsō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>L. Mānlius Vulsō</i>, consul 256 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p><b>vultus, ūs</b>, m., <i>the expression of the face</i>, <i>features</i>, <i>countenance</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span></p> - -<h3>X.</h3> - -<p><b>X.</b> ＝ 10.</p> - -<p><b>Xanthippus, ī,</b> m., a Lacedaemonian who commanded the Carthaginians against the Romans under Regulus.</p> - -<p><b>Xerxēs, is,</b> m., a king of the Persians who was conquered by Alexander Severus.</p> - -<h3>Z.</h3> - -<p><b>Zēnobia, ae,</b> f., queen of Palmyra.</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2>REFERENCES TO HARKNESS’ NEW LATIN -GRAMMARS (1898)</h2> - -<table summary="References to Harkness' New Latin Grammar" style="max-width: 13em; margin: auto;"> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">7.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 600, II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 417.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 489.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 444.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5. 590.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6. 598.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">8.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 483.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 429.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 485, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 238.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">9.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 442.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 425, 4.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">10.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 428, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 646.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 568.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 564, II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">11.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 462.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 418.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">12.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 507, 4.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 570; 550.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 440, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 628.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">13.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 638, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 579.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">14.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 440, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 598.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 238.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 428, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">15.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 463.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 426, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">16.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 487.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">17.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 479, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 468.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 591, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 425, 4, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">18.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 564, I.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 456, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 238; 588, II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 473, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">19.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 411.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">20.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 652.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 476.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 475.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 629.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5. 480.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">21.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 646.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 643.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">22.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 462, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 568.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">23.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 440, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 434.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 485, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">25.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 426, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 135.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 448, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 643, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">27.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 628.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 440, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">28.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 628.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 473, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">29.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 434.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 426, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 485, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">30.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 630.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">31.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 425, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">32.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 488, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 440, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 475.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 473, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">33.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 483.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 639.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">34.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 476.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 429.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">35.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 603, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 642.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">36.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 643.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 417.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">37.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 567.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 433.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 489.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 485, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">38.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 636, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 531.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 480.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>P.</td><td class="tdr">39.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 564, III.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 425, 4, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 447.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">40.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 439.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 440, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 628.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">41.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 467.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">42.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 479, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 639.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 440, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">43.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 475, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">44.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 588, II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">45.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 598.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 600, II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 426, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">46.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 533.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 567.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">47.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 462.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 425, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 430.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 444.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5. 570.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">48.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 638, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 571, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 475.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 463.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5. 649, II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">49.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 442.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 533.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">50.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 462, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 418.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">51.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 434.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">52.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 442.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">54.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 626.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">55.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 440, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 444.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">56.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 440, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 427.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 588, II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 434.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5. 426, 6.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">57.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 568, 7.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 628.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">58.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 630.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 417.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 426, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 473, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5. 570.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">59.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 621.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 392.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">60.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 591, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 647.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 579.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 477.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">61.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 488, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 420, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 498.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">62.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 426, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 426, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 458, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">63.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 425, 4, <span class="smcapuc">N.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 468, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">64.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 598.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 429.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">65.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 488, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 434.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 471.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">66.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 473, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">67.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 591, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">68.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 440, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 434.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">69.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 579.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 480.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 175, 4.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4. 448, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">70.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 477.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 598, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">71.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 427.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 450.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">72.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 442, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">73.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 426, 4.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">74.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 630.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 469, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">75.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 626.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 588, II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 471.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">77.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 591, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">78.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 508, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 468, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">79.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 479, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">80.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 486, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">81.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 430.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">83.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 425, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">84.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 475.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">85.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 622.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">86.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 447.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 440, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">87.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 477.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 456, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">89.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 434.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">90.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 458, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">91.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 450.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">92.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 592, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">93.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 591, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 598.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">94.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 476, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">95.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 584.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">96.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 479, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 238.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">98.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 430, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">99.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 481.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2. 591, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3. 579.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">100.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 434.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>P.</td><td class="tdr">101.</td><td>N.</td><td>1. 456, 3.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="titlepage">TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & CO., NORWOOD, MASS.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center larger"><b>Cicero’s Laelius De Amicitia</b></p> - -<p class="center">EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES</p> - -<p class="center">BY<br /> -JOHN K. LORD, Ph.D.</p> - -<p class="center">Professor of Latin, Dartmouth College</p> - -<p class="center">Revised Edition</p> - -<p class="center">Flexible cloth, 12mo, 109 pages</p> - -<p class="center">Price, 70 cents</p> - -<p><b>In this Revised Edition</b> of Cicero’s Laelius the -editor’s aim in preparing the notes has been to furnish all -explanations that seem necessary for the clear understanding -of points of grammar, history, biography, and -ancient customs occurring in the book. In addition to -this, the attention of the student has been called by translation -and remark upon special passages, to the literary -character of the essay and to the clear and happy development -of the subject.</p> - -<p><b>The Introduction</b> gives an interesting historical -sketch of Cicero’s life which cannot fail to impart a clear -appreciation of the man and his work. This is followed -by an analysis and summary of the Laelius which will -prepare the student for an intelligent study of the text.</p> - -<p>Its convenient form and arrangement especially adapt -this Revised Edition for use as a text-book.</p> - -<p><i>Copies of Lord’s Cicero’s Laelius De Amicitia will be sent, prepaid, to -any address on receipt of the price by the Publishers</i>:</p> - -<p class="center">American Book Company<br /> -NEW YORK · CINCINNATI · CHICAGO<br /> -(125)</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center larger">Stories from Aulus Gellius</p> - -<p class="center">EDITED FOR SIGHT READING</p> - -<p class="center">BY<br /> -CHARLES KNAPP, Ph.D.</p> - -<p class="center">INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN, BARNARD COLLEGE, NEW YORK</p> - -<p class="center">Paper, 12mo. 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