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diff --git a/old/50808-0.txt b/old/50808-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4d5770f..0000000 --- a/old/50808-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16177 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Eutropius, by Flavius Eutropius - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Eutropius - -Author: Flavius Eutropius - -Editor: Jesse Charles Hazzard - -Release Date: December 31, 2015 [EBook #50808] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUTROPIUS *** - - - - -Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - -Transcriber’s Note: - -Pronunciation markers in the Latin are inconsistent. No attempt has -been made to standardize them. - -The Notes refer to the body of the text by page, chapter and line -number. In this e-text, page numbers are given in the left margin, -chapter numbers at the start of paragraphs, and line numbers in the -right margin. - -=Word= indicates bold text. The equals sign is given as ＝. - - - - - EUTROPIUS - - _EDITED FOR SCHOOL USE_ - BY - J. C. HAZZARD, PH.D. - PROFESSOR OF LATIN, PORTLAND ACADEMY - - [Illustration] - - NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO - AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY - - - - - To - REV. JACOB COOPER, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D. - WITH GRATEFUL AFFECTION - - COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY - AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. - - EUTROPIUS. - W. P. I - - - - -PREFACE - - -The _Breviarium_ of Eutropius has for many years been used successfully -in German schools, but, though an American edition was published in -the early part of this century, the author has of late years received -little attention in this country. Yet in character and subject the -_Breviarium_ is admirably adapted for elementary work. While the _Viri -Romae_ deals only with the early history of Rome and the lives of a few -great men of the republican age, the _Breviarium_ gives an outline of -the history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the -Emperor Jovian in 364 A.D., and is thus in subject closely related to -the Latin course. The Latin is good, remarkably so for the time of its -composition, and is not so difficult as that of Nepos or of parts of -the _Viri Romae_. - -In editing the text the beginner has constantly been had in mind, -and so references to the standard Latin Grammars have been added -more copiously than some will consider judicious. It has been found, -however, by experience in the classroom, that a reference to the -grammar when carefully studied is worth far more than a translation of -a difficult passage or comment upon it. The grammatical references are -placed at the bottom of the page where they belong. In the Notes, which -are principally historical and geographical, the editor has tried to -aid the student in mastering the difficulties that occur rather than -to do his work for him. The references to the histories are intended -rather for the teacher than for the pupil. If a few minutes can be -spent every day in reading to the class the portions referred to, -the time will not be wasted, and it will fill in the outline of the -history that the text contains. It is strongly urged that each student -should be provided with a copy of some good outline of Roman History -(Creighton’s Primer is admirable), and follow the text in it from day -to day. In this way a knowledge of the principal facts of Roman History -may be obtained with but slight conscious effort on the part of the -student. - -In the analyses of the books and the chapters the accepted dates have -been given, indicating where Eutropius is mistaken in his chronology. -In marking the quantities of the long vowels, Lewis, in his _Elementary -Latin Dictionary_, has been followed, except where later authorities -differ from him. - -The editor desires to acknowledge his obligation to Rev. J. R. Wilson, -D.D., Principal of Portland Academy, for advice and assistance, and to -Professors Arrowsmith and Whicher, for permission to use material from -their _First Latin Readings_. - -The Grammars cited are Harkness’ Standard Latin Grammar (H.), Mooney -(M.), Allen and Greenough (A. & G.), Gildersleeve (G.), and Bennett -(B.). References to Harkness’ new Latin Grammars (1898) will be found -on p. 242. - - J. C. H. - - PORTLAND, OREGON, - June, 1898. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - TEXT - - BOOK I 7 - - BOOK II 16 - - BOOK III 27 - - BOOK IV 36 - - BOOK V 46 - - BOOK VI 51 - - BOOK VII 62 - - BOOK VIII 73 - - BOOK IX 83 - - BOOK X 94 - - BIBLIOGRAPHY 104 - - NOTES - - LIFE OF EUTROPIUS 105 - - BOOK I 105 - - BOOK II 114 - - BOOK III 121 - - BOOK IV 129 - - BOOK V 136 - - BOOK VI 140 - - BOOK VII 147 - - BOOK VIII 153 - - BOOK IX 158 - - BOOK X 160 - - VOCABULARY 164 - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - - 7 EUTROPĪ - - BREVIĀRIĪ AB URBE CONDITĀ - - - - - LIBER PRĪMUS - - FROM THE FOUNDING OF ROME TO THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY BY THE - GAULS, 753-390 B.C. THE REGAL PERIOD, 753-509 B.C. - - - _Rome Founded, 753 B.C. Romulus, 753-716 B.C._ - - =1.= Rōmānum imperium ā Rōmulō exōrdium habet, quī - Rhēae Silviae, Vestālis virginis, fīlius et, quantum putātus - est, Mārtis, cum Remō frātre ūnō partū ēditus est. Is cum - inter pāstōrēs latrōcinārētur,[1] decem et octō annōs[2] nātus - urbem exiguam in Palātīnō monte cōnstituit, XI Kal. Māiās, 5 - Olympiadis sextae annō tertiō, post Trōiae excidium, annō - trecentēsimō nōnāgēsimō quārtō. - - =2.= Conditā cīvitāte,[3] quam ex nōmine suō Rōmam vocāvit, - haec ferē ēgit. Multitūdinem fīnitimōrum in cīvitātem - recēpit, centum ex seniōribus[4] lēgit, quōrum cōnsiliō omnia 10 - ageret,[5] quōs senātōrēs nōmināvit propter senectūtem. Tum, - cum uxōrēs ipse et populus suus nōn habērent,[6] invītāvit - ad spectāculum lūdōrum vīcīnās urbī Rōmae nātiōnēs atque - 8 eārum virginēs rapuit. Commōtīs bellīs propter raptārum - iniūriam Caenīnēnsēs vīcit, Antemnātēs, Crustumīnōs, Sabīnōs, - Fīdēnātēs, Vēientēs. Haec omnia oppida urbem cingunt. - Et cum ortā subitō tempestāte nōn compāruisset, - annō rēgnī trīcēsimō septimō ad deōs trānsīsse crēditus est 5 - et cōnsecrātus. Deinde Rōmae[7] per quīnōs diēs senātōrēs - imperāvērunt et hīs rēgnantibus annus ūnus complētus est. - - - _Numa Pompilius, 715-672 B.C._ - - =3.= Posteā Numa Pompilius rēx creātus est, quī bellum - quidem nūllum gessit, sed nōn minus cīvitātī[8] quam Rōmulus - prōfuit. Nam et lēgēs Rōmānīs mōrēsque cōnstituit, quī 10 - cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum iam latrōnēs ac sēmibarbarī putābantur, - et annum dēscrīpsit in decem mēnsēs prius sine - aliquā supputātiōne cōnfūsum, et īnfīnīta Rōmae sacra ac - templa cōnstituit. Morbō dēcessit quadrāgēsimō et tertiō - imperiī annō. 15 - - - _Tullus Hostilius, 672-640 B.C._ - - =4.= Huic successit Tullus Hostīlius. Hīc bella reparāvit, - Albānōs vīcit, quī ab urbe Rōmā duodecimō mīliārio[9] sunt, - Vēientēs et Fīdēnātēs, quōrum aliī sextō mīliāriō absunt - ab urbe Rōmā, aliī octāvō decimō, bellō superāvit, urbem - ampliāvit adiectō Caeliō monte. Cum trīgintā et duōs annōs 20 - rēgnāsset,[10] fulmine ictus cum domō suā ārsit. - - - _Ancus Marcius, 640-616 B.C._ - - =5.= Post hunc Ancus Mārcius, Numae ex fīliā nepōs, suscēpit - imperium. Contrā Latīnōs dīmicāvit, Aventīnum montem - 9 cīvitātī adiēcit et Iāniculum, apud ōstium Tiberis cīvitātem - suprā mare sextō decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā condidit. - Vīcēsimō et quārtō annō imperiī morbō periit. - - - _Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, 616-578 B.C._ - - =6.= Deinde rēgnum Prīscus Tarquinius accēpit. Hīc numerum - senātōrum duplicāvit, circum Rōmae aedificāvit, lūdōs 5 - Rōmānōs īnstituit, quī ad nostram memoriam permanent. - Vīcit īdem etiam Sabīnōs et nōn parum agrōrum sublātum - īsdem urbis Rōmae territōriō iūnxit, prīmusque triumphāns - urbem intrāvit. Mūrōs fēcit et cloācās, Capitōlium incohāvit. - Trīcēsimō octāvō imperiī annō per Ancī fīliōs occīsus 10 - est, rēgis ēius, cuī ipse successerat. - - - _Servius Tullius, 578-534 B.C._ - - =7.= Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus - ex nōbilī fēminā, captīvā tamen et ancillā. Hīc quoque - Sabīnōs subēgit, montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum, - urbī adiūnxit, fossās circum mūrum dūxit. Prīmus 15 - omnium cēnsum ōrdināvit, quī adhūc per orbem terrārum - incognitus erat. Sub eō Rōma omnibus in cēnsum dēlātīs - habuit capita LXXXIII mīlia cīvium Rōmānōrum cum hīs, - quī in agrīs erant. Occīsus est scelere generī suī Tarquinī - Superbī, fīliī ēius rēgis cuī ipse successerat, et fīliae quam 20 - Tarquinius habēbat uxōrem. - - - _Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, 534-510 B.C._ - - =8.= L. Tarquinius Superbus, septimus atque ultimus rēgum,[11] - Volscōs, quae gēns ad Campāniam euntibus[12] nōn longē ab - urbe est, vīcit, Gabiōs cīvitātem et Suessam Pōmētiam - 10 subēgit, cum Tuscīs pācem fēcit et templum Iovī in Capitōliō - aedificāvit. Posteā Ardeam oppūgnāns, in octāvō - decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā positam cīvitātem, imperium - perdidit. Nam cum fīlius ēius, et ipse Tarquinius iūnior, - nōbilissimam fēminam Lucrētiam eandemque pudīcissimam, 5 - Collātīnī uxōrem, stuprāsset eaque dē iniūriā marītō et patrī - et amīcīs questa fuisset, in omnium cōnspectū sē occīdit. - Propter quam causam Brūtus, parēns et ipse Tarquinī, - populum concitāvit et Tarquiniō[13] adēmit imperium. Mox - exercitus quoque eum, quī cīvitātem Ardeam cum ipsō rēge 10 - oppūgnābat, relīquit; veniēnsque ad urbem rēx portīs clausīs - exclūsus est, cumque imperāsset annōs quattuor et vīgintī - cum uxōre et līberīs suīs fūgit. Ita Rōmae rēgnātum est - per septem rēgēs annīs ducentīs quadrāgintā tribus, cum - adhūc Rōma, ubi plūrimum, vix ūsque ad quīntum decimum 15 - mīliārium possidēret. - - - _Establishment of the Republic. Election of Consuls, 509 B.C._ - - =9.= Hinc cōnsulēs coepēre, prō ūnō rēge duo, hāc causā - creātī, ut, sī ūnus malus esse voluisset,[14] alter eum habēns - potestātem similem coërcēret.[15] Et placuit nē imperium - longius quam annuum habērent,[16] nē per diūturnitātem potestātis 20 - īnsolentiōrēs redderentur, sed cīvīlēs semper essent, - quī sē post annum scīrent futūrōs esse prīvātōs. Fuērunt - igitur annō prīmō ab expulsīs rēgibus cōnsulēs L. Iūnius - Brūtus, quī māximē ēgerat ut Tarquinius pellerētur, et Tarquinius - Collātīnus, marītus Lucrētiae. Sed Tarquiniō Collātīnō 25 - statim sublāta est dīgnitās. Placuerat enim nē quisquam - 11 in urbe manēret quī Tarquinius vocārētur. Ergō acceptō - omnī patrimōniō suō ex urbe migrāvit et locō ipsīus factus - est L. Valerius Pūblicola cōnsul. - - - _War with Tarquinius._ - - =10.= Commōvit tamen bellum urbī Rōmae rēx Tarquinius, - quī fuerat expulsus, et, conlēctīs multīs gentibus, ut in rēgnum 5 - posset restituī dīmicāvit. In prīmā pūgnā Brūtus cōnsul - et Ārūns, Tarquinī fīlius, in vicem sē occīdērunt, Rōmānī - tamen ex eā pūgnā vīctōrēs recessērunt. Brūtum mātrōnae - Rōmānae, dēfēnsōrem pudīcitiae suae, quasi commūnem - patrem per annum lūxērunt. Valerius Pūblicola Sp. Lucrētium 10 - Tricipitīnum conlēgam sibi fēcit, Lucrētiae patrem, quō - morbō mortuō iterum Horātium Pulvillum conlēgam sibi - sūmpsit. Ita prīmus annus quīnque cōnsulēs habuit, cum - Tarquinius Collātīnus propter nōmen urbe[17] cessisset, Brūtus - in proeliō perīsset, Sp. Lucrētius morbō mortuus esset. 15 - - - _War with Porsenna, 508 B.C._ - - =11.= Secundō quoque annō iterum Tarquinius ut reciperētur - in rēgnum bellum Rōmānīs intulit, auxilium eī ferente - Porsennā, Tusciae rēge, et Rōmam paene cēpit. Vērum - tum quoque victus est. - - Tertiō annō post rēgēs exāctōs Tarquinius cum suscipī 20 - nōn posset in rēgnum neque eī Porsenna, quī pācem cum - Rōmānīs fēcerat, praestāret auxilium, Tusculum[18] sē contulit, - quae cīvitās nōn longē ab urbe est, atque ibi per quattuordecim - annōs prīvātus cum uxōre cōnsenuit. - - Quārtō annō post rēgēs exāctōs, cum Sabīnī Rōmānīs 25 - bellum intulissent, victī sunt, et dē hīs triumphātum est. - - 12 Quīntō annō L. Valerius ille,[19] Brūtī conlēga et quater - cōnsul, fātāliter mortuus est, adeō pauper ut conlātīs ā populō - nummīs sūmptum habuerit[20] sepultūrae. Quem mātrōnae - sīcutī Brūtum annum lūxērunt. - - - _Institution of the Dictatorship, 501 B.C._ - - =12.= Nōnō annō post rēgēs exāctōs cum gener Tarquinī 5 - ad iniūriam socerī[21] vindicandam[22] ingentem conlēgisset - exercitum, nova Rōmae dīgnitās est creāta, quae dictātūra - appellātur, māior quam cōnsulātus. Eōdem annō etiam magister - equitum factus est, quī dictātōrī obsequerētur. Neque quicquam - similius potest dīcī quam dictātūra antīqua huic 10 - imperiī potestātī, quam nunc Tranquillitās Vestra habet, - māximē cum Augustus quoque Octāviānus, dē quō posteā - dīcēmus, et ante eum C. Caesar sub dictātūrae nōmine atque - honōre rēgnāverint. Dictātor autem Rōmae prīmus fuit - T. Larcius, magister equitum prīmus Sp. Cassius. 15 - - - _Secession of the Plebeians. Establishment of the Tribunate, - 494 B.C._ - - =13.= Sextō decimō annō post rēgēs exāctōs sēditiōnem - populus Rōmae fēcit, tamquam ā senātū atque cōnsulibus - premerētur. Tum et ipse sibi tribūnōs plēbis quasi propriōs - iūdicēs et dēfēnsōrēs creāvit, per quōs contrā senātum et - cōnsulēs tūtus esse posset. 20 - - - 13 _War with the Volsci, 493 B.C._ - - =14.= Sequentī annō Volscī contrā Rōmānōs bellum reparāvērunt, - et victī aciē etiam Coriolōs cīvitātem, quam habēbant - optimam, perdidērunt. - - - _Coriolanus, 491 B.C._ - - =15.= Octāvō decimō annō postquam rēgēs ēiectī erant expulsus - ex urbe Q. Mārcius, dux Rōmānus, quī Coriolōs cēperat, 5 - Volscōrum cīvitātem, ad ipsōs Volscōs contendit īrātus et - auxilia contrā Rōmānōs accēpit. Rōmānōs saepe vīcit, ūsque - ad quīntum mīliārium urbis accessit, oppūgnātūrus[23] etiam - patriam suam, lēgātīs quī pācem petēbant repudiātīs, nisi - ad eum māter Veturia et uxor Volumnia ex urbe vēnissent,[24] 10 - quārum flētū et dēprecātiōne superātus remōvit exercitum. - Atque hīc secundus post Tarquinium fuit quī dux contrā - patriam suam esset. - - - _Slaughter of the Fabii, 477 B.C._ - - =16.= C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus trecentī nōbilēs - hominēs, quī ex Fabiā familiā erant, contrā Vēientēs bellum 15 - sōlī suscēpērunt, prōmittentēs senātuī et populō per sē omne - certāmen implendum. Itaque profectī, omnēs nōbilēs et - quī singulī māgnōrum exercituum ducēs esse dēbērent, in - proeliō concidērunt. Ūnus omnīnō superfuit ex tantā familiā, - quī propter aetātem puerīlem dūcī nōn potuerat ad 20 - pūgnam. Post haec cēnsus in urbe habitus est et inventa - sunt cīvium capita CXVII mīlia CCCXIX. - - - 14 _Dictatorship of Cincinnatus, 458 B.C._ - - =17.= Sequentī tamen annō cum in Algidō monte ab urbe - duodecimō fermē mīliāriō Rōmānus obsiderētur exercitus, L. - Quīntius Cincinnātus dictātor est factus, quī agrum quattuor - iūgerūm[25] possidēns manibus suīs colēbat. Is cum in opere - et arāns esset inventus, sūdōre dētersō togam praetextam 5 - accēpit et caesīs hostibus līberāvit exercitum. - - - _Decemvirs appointed, 451 B.C. Laws of XII Tables - promulgated, 450 B.C. Death of Virginia; Decemvirs deposed, - 449 B.C._ - - =18.= Annō trecentēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā imperium - cōnsulāre cessāvit et prō duōbus cōnsulibus decem factī - sunt, quī summam potestātem habērent, decemvirī nōminātī. - Sed cum prīmō annō bene ēgissent,[26] secundō ūnus ex hīs, 10 - Ap. Claudius, Virgīnī cūiusdam, quī honestīs iam stīpendiīs - contrā Latīnōs in monte Algidō mīlitārat,[27] fīliam virginem - corrumpere voluit; quam pater occīdit, nē stuprum ā decemvirō - sustinēret, et regressus ad mīlitēs mōvit tumultum. - Sublāta est decemvirīs[28] potestās ipsīque damnātī sunt. 15 - - - _Revolt of the Fidenates, 438 B.C._ - - =19.= Annō trecentēsimō et quīntō decimō ab urbe conditā - Fīdēnātēs contrā Rōmānōs rebellāvērunt. Auxilium hīs - praestābant Vēientēs et rēx Vēientium Tolumnius. Quae - ambae cīvitātēs tam vīcīnae urbī sunt ut Fīdēnae sextō, - Vēī octāvō decimō mīliāriō absint. Coniūnxērunt sē hīs 20 - 15 et Volscī. Sed Mam. Aemiliō dictātōre et L. Quīntiō Cincinnātō - magistrō equitum victī etiam rēgem perdidērunt. - Fīdēnae captae et excīsae. - - - _War with Vei, 396 B.C._ - - =20.= Post vīgintī deinde annōs Vēientānī rebellāvērunt. - Dictātor contrā ipsōs missus est Fūrius Camillus, quī prīmum 5 - eōs vīcit aciē, mox etiam cīvitātem diū obsidēns cēpit, - antīquissimam Ītaliae atque dītissimam. Post eam cēpit - et Faliscōs, nōn minus nōbilem cīvitātem. Sed commōta - est eī invidia, quasi praedam male dīvīsisset, damnātusque - ob eam causam et expulsus cīvitāte.[29] 10 - - - _Rome Captured by the Gauls, 390 B.C._ - - Statim Gallī Senonēs ad urbem vēnērunt et victōs Rōmānōs - ūndecimō mīliāriō ā Rōmā apud flūmen Alliam secūtī - etiam urbem occupāvērunt. Neque dēfendī quicquam nisi - Capitōlium potuit; quod cum diū obsēdissent et iam Rōmānī - famē labōrārent, acceptō aurō, nē Capitōlium obsidērent, 15 - recessērunt. Sed ā Camillō, quī in vīcīnā cīvitāte - exsulābat, Gallīs[30] superventum est gravissimēque victī sunt. - Posteā tamen etiam secūtus eōs Camillus ita cecīdit ut et - aurum, quod hīs datum fuerat, et omnia quae cēperant - mīlitāria sīgna revocāret. Ita tertiō triumphāns urbem 20 - ingressus est et appellātus secundus Rōmulus, quasi et ipse - patriae conditor. - - - - - 16 LIBER SECUNDUS - - FROM THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY TO THE END OF THE FIRST PUNIC - WAR, 390-241 B.C. - - - _Military Tribunes with Consular Power Elected, 444 B.C._ - - =1.= Annō trecentēsimō sexāgēsimō quīntō ab urbe conditā, - post captam autem prīmō, dīgnitātēs mūtātae sunt, et prō - duōbus cōnsulibus factī tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte. - Hinc iam coepit Rōmāna rēs crēscere. Nam Camillus eō - annō Volscōrum cīvitātem, quae per septuāgintā annōs 5 - bellum gesserat, vīcit et Aequōrum urbem et Sūtrīnōrum - atque omnēs dēlētīs eārundem exercitibus occupāvit et trēs - simul triumphōs ēgit. - - =2.= T. etiam Quīntius Cincinnātus Praenestīnōs, quī ūsque - ad urbis Rōmae portās cum bellō vēnerant, persecūtus ad 10 - flūmen Alliam vīcit, octō cīvitātēs, quae sub ipsīs agēbant, - Rōmānīs adiūnxit, ipsum Praeneste aggressus in dēditiōnem - accēpit. Quae omnia ab eō gesta sunt vīgintī diēbus,[31] - triumphusque ipsī dēcrētus. - - =3.= Vērum dīgnitās tribūnōrum mīlitārium nōn diū persevērāvit. 15 - Nam post aliquantum nūllōs placuit fierī et quadriennium - in urbe ita fluxit ut potestātēs ibi māiōrēs nōn - essent. Praesūmpsērunt tamen tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī - potestāte iterum dīgnitātem et trienniō persevērāvērunt. - Rūrsus cōnsulēs factī. 20 - - - _Death of Camillus, 365 B.C._ - - =4.= L. Genuciō et Q. Servīliō cōnsulibus mortuus est - Camillus. Honor eī post Rōmulum secundus dēlātus est. - - - 17 _Invasion of the Gauls; Torquatus, 361 B.C._ - - =5.= T. Quīntius dictātor adversus Gallōs, quī ad Ītaliam - vēnerant, missus est. Hī ab urbe quārtō mīliāriō trāns - Aniēnem fluvium cōnsēderant. Ibi nōbilissimus dē senātōribus - iuvenis L. Mānlius prōvocantem Gallum ad singulāre - certāmen prōgressus occīdit, et sublātō torque aureō collōque 5 - suō impositō in perpetuum Torquātī et sibi et posterīs - cognōmen accēpit. Gallī fugātī sunt, mox per C. Sulpicium - dictātōrem etiam victī. Nōn multō[32] post ā C. Mārciō Tuscī - victī sunt et octō mīlia captīvōrum ex hīs in triumphum - ducta. 10 - - - _First Samnite War, 343-341 B.C._ - - =6.= Cēnsus iterum habitus est. Et cum Latīnī, quī a Rōmānīs[33] - subāctī erant, mīlitēs praestāre nōllent, ex Rōmānīs - tantum tīrōnēs lēctī sunt, factaeque legiōnēs decem, quī modus - sexāgintā vel amplius armātōrum mīlia efficiēbat. Parvīs - adhūc Rōmānīs rēbus tanta tamen in rē mīlitārī virtūs erat. 15 - Quae cum profectae essent adversum Gallōs duce L. Fūriō, - quīdam ex Gallīs ūnum ex Rōmānīs, quī esset[34] optimus, - prōvocāvit. Tum sē M. Valerius tribūnus mīlitum obtulit, - et cum prōcessisset armātus corvus eī[35] suprā dextrum bracchium - sēdit. Mox commissā adversum Gallum pūgnā īdem 20 - corvus ālīs et unguibus Gallī oculōs verberāvit, nē rēctum - posset aspicere. Ita ā tribūnō Valeriō interfectus. Corvus - nōn sōlum victōriam eī, sed etiam nōmen dedit. Nam - posteā īdem Corvīnus est dictus. Ac propter hōc meritum - annōrum trium et vīgintī cōnsul est factus. 25 - - - 18 _Latin War, 340-338 B.C._ - - =7.= Latīnī, quī nōluerant mīlitēs dare, hōc quoque ā Rōmānīs - exigere coepērunt, ut ūnus cōnsul ex eōrum, alter ex - Rōmānōrum populō creārētur. Quod cum esset negātum, - bellum contrā eōs susceptum est et ingentī pūgnā superātī - sunt; ac dē hīs perdomitīs triumphātum est. Statuae cōnsulibus 5 - ob meritum victōriae in rōstrīs positae sunt. Eō - annō etiam Alexandrīa ab Alexandrō Macedone condita est. - - - _Second Samnite War, 326-304 B.C._ - - =8.= Iam Rōmānī potentēs esse coepērunt. Bellum enim in - centēsimō et trīcēsimō ferē mīliāriō ab urbe apud Samnītas - gerēbātur, quī mediī sunt inter Pīcēnum, Campāniam et 10 - Āpūliam. L. Papīrius Cursor cum honōre dictātōris ad id - bellum profectus est. Quī cum Rōmam redīret, Q. Fabiō - Māximō, magistrō equitum, quem apud exercitum relīquit, - praecēpit nē sē absente pūgnāret.[36] Ille occāsiōne repertā - fēlīcissimē dīmicāvit et Samnītas dēlēvit. Ob quam rem ā 15 - dictātōre capitis[37] damnātus, quod sē vetante pūgnāsset,[38] - ingentī favōre mīlitum et populī līberātus est, tantā Papīriō - sēditiōne commōtā ut paene ipse interficerētur. - - - _Romans defeated at Caudine Forks, 321 B.C._ - - =9.= Posteā Samnītēs Rōmānōs T. Veturiō et Sp. Postumiō - cōnsulibus ingentī dēdecōre[39] vīcērunt et sub iugum mīsērunt. 20 - Pāx tamen ā senātū et populō solūta est, quae cum - ipsīs propter necessitātem facta fuerat. Posteā Samnītēs - 19 victī sunt ā L. Papīriō cōnsule, septem mīlia eōrum sub - iugum missa. Papīrius prīmus dē Samnītibus triumphāvit. - Eō tempore Ap. Claudius cēnsor aquam Claudiam indūxit - et viam Appiam strāvit. Samnītēs reparātō bellō Q. Fabium - Māximum vīcērunt tribus mīlibus hominum occīsīs. Posteā, 5 - cum pater eī Fabius Māximus lēgātus datus fuisset, et - Samnītas vīcit et plūrima ipsōrum oppida cēpit. Deinde - P. Cornēlius Rūfīnus M. Curius Dentātus, ambō cōnsulēs, - contrā Samnītas missī ingentibus proeliīs eōs cōnfēcēre. - Tum bellum cum Samnītibus per annōs quadrāgintā novem 10 - āctum sustulērunt. Neque ūllus hostis fuit intrā Ītaliam - quī Rōmānam virtūtem magis fatīgāverit. - - - _War with the Gauls and Etruscans, 283 B.C._ - - =10.= Interiectīs aliquot annīs iterum sē Gallōrum cōpiae - contrā Rōmānōs Tuscīs Samnītibusque iūnxērunt, sed cum - Rōmam tenderent ā Cn. Cornēliō Dolābellā cōnsule dēlētae 15 - sunt. - - - _War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus, 281-272 B.C. Battle of - Heraclea, 280 B.C._ - - =11.= Eōdem tempore Tarentīnīs, quī iam in ultimā Ītaliā - sunt, bellum indictum est, quia lēgātīs Rōmānōrum iniūriam - fēcissent. Hī Pyrrhum,[40] Ēpīrī rēgem, contrā Rōmānōs - auxilium poposcērunt, quī ex genere Achillis orīginem 20 - trahēbat. Is mox ad Ītaliam vēnit, tumque prīmum Rōmānī - cum trānsmarīnō hoste dīmicāvērunt. Missus est - contrā eum cōnsul P. Valerius Laevīnus, quī cum explōrātōrēs - Pyrrhī cēpisset, iussit eōs per castra dūcī, ostendī - omnem exercitum tumque dīmittī, ut renūntiārent Pyrrhō 25 - 20 quaecumque ā Rōmānīs agerentur.[41] Commissā mox pūgnā, - cum iam Pyrrhus fugeret, elephantōrum auxiliō vīcit, quōs - incognitōs Rōmānī expāvērunt. Sed nox proeliō fīnem - dedit; Laevīnus tamen per noctem fūgit, Pyrrhus Rōmānōs - mīlle octingentōs cēpit et eōs summō honōre trāctāvit, 5 - occīsōs sepelīvit. Quōs cum adversō vulnere et trucī vultū - etiam mortuōs iacēre vīdisset, tulisse ad caelum manūs - dīcitur cum hāc vōce: sē tōtīus orbis dominum esse potuisse, - sī tālēs sibi mīlitēs contigissent. - - - _Embassy of Cineas._ - - =12.= Posteā Pyrrhus coniūnctīs sibi Samnītibus, Lūcānīs, 10 - Bruttiīs Rōmam perrēxit, omnia ferrō[42] īgnīque vāstāvit, - Campāniam populātus est atque ad Praeneste vēnit, mīliāriō ab - urbe octāvō decimō. Mox terrōre[43] exercitūs, quī eum cum - cōnsule sequēbātur, in Campāniam sē recēpit. Lēgātī ad - Pyrrhum dē redimendīs captīvīs[44] missī ab eō honōrificē 15 - susceptī sunt. Captīvōs sine pretiō Rōmam mīsit. Ūnum - ex lēgātīs Rōmānōrum, Fābricium, sīc admīrātus, cum eum - pauperem esse cognōvisset, ut quārtā parte rēgnī prōmissā - sollicitāre voluerit ut ad sē trānsīret, contemptusque est ā - Fābriciō. Quārē cum Pyrrhus Rōmānōrum ingentī admīrātiōne 20 - tenērētur, lēgātum mīsit, quī pācem aequīs condiciōnibus - peteret, praecipuum virum, Cīneam nōmine,[45] ita ut - Pyrrhus partem Ītaliae, quam iam armīs occupāverat, - obtinēret. - - =13.= Pāx displicuit remandātumque Pyrrhō est ā senātū eum 25 - 21 cum Rōmānīs, nisi ex Ītaliā recessisset,[46] pācem habēre nōn - posse. Tum Rōmānī iussērunt captīvōs omnēs, quōs Pyrrhus - reddiderat, īnfāmēs habērī, quod armātī capī potuissent, nec - ante eōs ad veterem statum revertī, quam sī bīnōrum hostium - occīsōrum spolia retulissent. Ita lēgātus Pyrrhī reversus 5 - est. Ā quō cum quaereret Pyrrhus, quālem Rōmam - comperisset, Cīneās dīxit rēgum sē patriam vīdisse; scīlicet - tālēs illīc ferē omnēs esse, quālis ūnus Pyrrhus apud Ēpīrum - et reliquam Graeciam putārētur.[47] - - Missī sunt contrā Pyrrhum ducēs P. Sulpicius et Decius 10 - Mūs cōnsulēs. Certāmine commissō Pyrrhus vulnerātus est, - elephantī interfectī, vīgintī mīlia caesa hostium, et ex Rōmānīs - tantum quīnque mīlia; Pyrrhus Tarentum fugātus. - - - _Fabricius; Battle of Beneventum, 275 B.C._ - - =14.= Interiectō annō contrā Pyrrhum Fābricius est missus, - quī prius inter lēgātōs sollicitārī nōn poterat quārtā rēgnī 15 - parte prōmissā. Tum, cum vīcīna castra ipse et rēx habērent, - medicus Pyrrhī nocte ad eum vēnit, prōmittēns venēnō sē - Pyrrhum occīsūrum, sī sibi aliquid pollicērētur. Quem Fābricius - vinctum redūcī iussit ad dominum Pyrrhōque dīcī - quae contrā caput ēius medicus spopondisset. Tum rēx 20 - admīrātus eum dīxisse fertur: ‘Ille est Fābricius, quī - difficilius ab honestāte quam sōl ā cursū suō āvertī potest.’ Tum - rēx ad Siciliam profectus est. Fābricius victīs Lūcānīs et - Samnītibus triumphāvit. - - Cōnsulēs deinde M. Curius Dentātus et Cornēlius Lentulus 25 - adversum Pyrrhum missī sunt. Curius contrā eum pūgnāvit, - exercitum ēius cecīdit, ipsum Tarentum fugāvit, castra - 22 cēpit. Eā diē caesa hostium vīgintī tria mīlia. Curius in - cōnsulātū triumphāvit. Prīmus Rōmam elephantōs quattuor - dūxit. Pyrrhus etiam ā Tarentō[48] mox recessit et apud - Argōs, Graeciae cīvitātem, occīsus est. - - =15.= C. Fabiō Liciniō C. Claudiō Canīnā cōnsulibus annō 5 - urbis conditae quadringentēsimō sexāgēsimō prīmō lēgātī - Alexandrīnī ā Ptolemaeō missī Rōmam vēnēre et ā Rōmānīs - amīcitiam quam petierant obtinuērunt. - - =16.= Q. Ogulniō C. Fabiō Pīctōre cōnsulibus Pīcentēs bellum - commovēre et ab īnsequentibus cōnsulibus P. Semprōniō 10 - Ap. Claudiō victī sunt; et dē hīs triumphātum est. Conditae - ā Rōmānīs cīvitātēs Arīminum in Galliā et Beneventum - in Samniō. - - =17.= M. Atīliō Rēgulō L. Iūliō Libōne cōnsulibus Sallentīnīs - in Āpūliā bellum indictum est, captīque sunt cum cīvitāte 15 - simul Brundisīnī, et dē hīs triumphātum est. - - - _First Punic War, 264-241 B.C.; Romans victorious in Sicily, - 264 B.C._ - - =18.= Annō quadringentēsimō septuāgēsimō septimō, cum - iam clārum urbis Rōmae nōmen esset, arma tamen extrā - Ītaliam mōta nōn fuerant. Ut igitur cognōscerētur[49] quae - cōpiae Rōmānōrum essent, cēnsus est habitus. Tum inventa 20 - sunt cīvium capita ducenta nōnāgintā duo mīlia trecenta - trīgintā quattuor, quamquam ā conditā urbe numquam bella - cessāssent. - - Et contrā Āfrōs bellum susceptum est prīmum Ap. Claudiō - Q. Fulviō cōnsulibus. In Siciliā contrā eōs pūgnātum est et 25 - Ap. Claudius dē Āfrīs et rēge Siciliae Hierōne triumphāvit. - - 23 =19.= Īnsequentī annō Valeriō Mārcō et Otāciliō Crassō cōnsulibus - in Siciliā ā Rōmānīs rēs māgnae gestae sunt. Tauromenītānī, - Catinēnsēs et praetereā quīnquāgintā cīvitātēs in - fidem acceptae. Tertiō annō in Siciliā contrā Hierōnem, - rēgem Siculōrum, bellum parātum est. Is cum omnī nōbilitāte 5 - Syrācūsanōrum pācem ā Rōmānīs impetrāvit deditque - argentī[50] ducenta talenta. Āfrī in Siciliā victī sunt et dē - hīs secundō Rōmae triumphātum est. - - - _Battle of Mylae, 260 B.C._ - - =20.= Quīntō annō prīmī bellī, quod contrā Āfrōs gerēbātur, - prīmum Rōmānī C. Duiliō et Cn. Cornēliō Asinā cōnsulibus 10 - in marī dīmicāvērunt parātīs nāvibus rōstrātīs, quās Liburnās - vocant. Cōnsul Cornēlius fraude dēceptus est. Duilius - commissō proeliō Karthāginiēnsium ducem vīcit, trīgintā et - ūnam nāvēs cēpit, quattuordecim mersit, septem mīlia hostium - cēpit, tria mīlia occīdit. Neque ūlla victōria Rōmānīs[51] 15 - grātior fuit, quod invictī terrā[52] iam etiam marī[52] plūrimum - possent. - - C. Aquīliō Flōrō L. Scīpiōne cōnsulibus Scīpiō Corsicam - et Sardiniam vāstāvit, multa mīlia inde captīvōrum abdūxit, - triumphum ēgit. 20 - - - _Invasion of Africa by the Romans, 256 B.C._ - - =21.= L. Mānliō Vulsōne M. Atīliō Rēgulō cōnsulibus bellum - in Āfricam trānslātum est. Contrā Hamilcarem, Karthāginiēnsium - ducem, in marī pūgnātum, victusque est. Nam - perditīs sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus retrō sē recēpit. Rōmānī - vīgintī duās āmīsērunt. Sed cum in Āfricam trānsīssent, 25 - 24 prīmam Clypeam, Āfricae cīvitātem, in dēditiōnem - accēpērunt. Cōnsulēs ūsque ad Karthāginem prōcessērunt, - multīsque castellīs vāstātīs Mānlius victor Rōmam rediit et - vīgintī septem mīlia captīvōrum redūxit, Atīlius Rēgulus - in Āfricā remānsit. Is contrā Āfrōs aciem īnstrūxit. Contrā 5 - trēs Karthāginiēnsium ducēs dīmicāns victor fuit, decem - et octō mīlia hostium cecīdit, quīnque mīlia cum decem et - octō elephantīs cēpit, septuāgintā quattuor cīvitātēs in fidem - accēpit. Tum victī Karthāginiēnsēs pācem ā Rōmānīs petīvērunt. - Quam cum Rēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus 10 - dare, Āfrī auxilium ā Lacedaemoniīs petīvērunt. Et - duce Xanthippō, quī ā Lacedaemoniīs missus fuerat, Rōmānōrum - dux Rēgulus victus est ultimā perniciē. Nam duo - mīlia tantum ex omnī Rōmānō exercitū refūgērunt, quīngentī - cum imperātōre Rēgulō captī sunt, trīgintā mīlia 15 - occīsa, Rēgulus ipse in catēnās coniectus. - - - _Romans shipwrecked near Sicily._ - - =22.= M. Aemiliō Paulō Ser. Fulviō Nōbiliōre cōnsulibus ambō - Rōmānī cōnsulēs ad Āfricam profectī sunt cum trecentārum - nāvium classe. Prīmum Āfrōs nāvālī certāmine superant. - Aemilius cōnsul centum et quattuor nāvēs hostium dēmersit, 20 - trīgintā cum pūgnātōribus cēpit, quindecim mīlia hostium - aut occīdit aut cēpit, mīlitem suum ingentī praedā - dītāvit. Et subācta Āfrica tunc fuisset, nisi quod tanta - famēs erat ut diūtius exercitus exspectāre nōn posset. - Cōnsulēs cum victricī classe redeuntēs circā Siciliam 25 - naufragium passī sunt. Et tanta tempestās fuit ut ex - quadringentīs sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus tantum octōgintā servārī - potuerint; neque ūllō tempore tanta maritima tempestās - audīta est. Rōmānī tamen statim ducentās nāvēs reparāvērunt, - neque in aliquō animus hīs īnfrāctus fuit. 30 - - 25 =23.= Cn. Servīlius Caepiō C. Semprōnius Blaesus cōnsulēs - cum ducentīs sexāgintā nāvibus ad Āfricam profectī sunt. - Aliquot cīvitātēs cēpērunt. Praedam ingentem redūcentēs - naufragium passī sunt. Itaque cum continuae calamitātēs - Rōmānīs[53] displicērent, dēcrēvit senātus ut ā maritimīs 5 - proeliīs recēderētur et tantum sexāgintā nāvēs ad praesidium - Ītaliae salvae essent. - - - _Battle of Panormus, 250 B.C._ - - =24.= L. Caeciliō Metellō C. Fūriō Placidō cōnsulibus Metellus - in Siciliā Āfrōrum ducem cum centum trīgintā elephantīs - et māgnīs cōpiīs venientem superāvit, vīgintī mīlia hostium 10 - cecīdit, sex et vīgintī elephantōs cēpit, reliquōs errantēs - per Numidās, quōs in auxilium habēbat, conlēgit et Rōmam - dēdūxit ingentī pompā, cum elephantōrum numerus omnia - itinera complēret. - - - _Regulus sent to Rome to solicit Peace, 250 B.C._ - - =25.= Post haec mala Karthāginiēnsēs Rēgulum ducem, 15 - quem cēperant, petīvērunt ut Rōmam proficīscerētur et pācem - ā Rōmānīs obtinēret ac permūtātiōnem captīvōrum faceret. - Ille Rōmam cum vēnisset, inductus in senātum nihil quasi - Rōmānus ēgit dīxitque sē ex illā diē,[54] quā in potestātem - Āfrōrum vēnisset, Rōmānum esse dēsīsse. Itaque et uxōrem 20 - ā complexū remōvit et senātuī suāsit nē pāx cum - Poenīs fieret; illōs enim frāctōs tot cāsibus spem nūllam - habēre; sē tantī[55] nōn esse, ut tot mīlia captīvōrum propter - ūnum sē et senem et paucōs, quī ex Rōmānīs captī[56] fuerant, - 26 redderentur. Itaque obtinuit. Nam Āfrōs pācem petentēs - nūllus admīsit. Ipse Karthāginem rediit, offerentibusque - Rōmānīs ut eum Rōmae tenērent, negāvit sē in eā urbe - mānsūrum in quā, postquam Āfrīs servierat, dīgnitātem - honestī cīvis habēre nōn posset. Regressus igitur ad Āfricam 5 - omnibus suppliciīs exstinctus est. - - - _Publius Claudius defeated near Drepana, 249 B.C._ - - =26.= P. Claudiō Pulchrō L. Iūniō cōnsulibus Claudius - contrā auspicia pūgnāvit et ā Karthāginiēnsibus victus est. - Nam ex ducentīs et vīgintī nāvibus cum trīgintā fūgit, - nōnāgintā cum pūgnātōribus captae sunt, dēmersae cēterae. 10 - Alius quoque cōnsul naufragiō classem āmīsit, exercitum - tamen salvum habuit, quia vīcīna lītora erant. - - - _Battle of Lilybaeum, 242 B.C. Battle of the Aegates Islands - and End of the War, 241 B.C._ - - =27.= C. Lutātiō Catulō A. Postumiō Albīnō cōnsulibus, annō - bellī Pūnicī vīcēsimō et tertiō Catulō bellum contrā Āfrōs - commissum est. Profectus est cum trecentīs nāvibus in 15 - Siciliam; Āfrī contrā ipsum quadringentās parāvērunt. - Numquam in marī tantīs cōpiīs pūgnātum est. Lutātius - Catulus nāvem aeger ascendit; vulnerātus enim in pūgnā - superiōre fuerat. Contrā Lilybaeum, cīvitātem Siciliae, - pūgnātum est ingentī virtūte Rōmānōrum. Nam LXIII 20 - Karthāginiēnsium nāvēs captae sunt, CXXV dēmersae, XXXII - mīlia hostium capta, XIII mīlia occīsa, īnfīnītum aurī, argentī, - praedae in potestātem Rōmānōrum redāctum. Ex - classe Rōmānā XII nāvēs dēmersae. Pūgnātum est VI Īdūs - Mārtiās. Statim pācem Karthāginiēnsēs petīvērunt tribūtaque 25 - est hīs pāx. Captīvī Rōmānōrum quī tenēbantur ā - Karthāginiēnsibus redditī sunt. Etiam Karthāginiēnsēs - 27 petīvērunt ut redimī eōs captīvōs licēret quōs ex Āfrīs - Rōmānī tenēbant. Senātus iussit sine pretiō eōs darī quī - in pūblicā cūstōdiā essent; quī autem ā prīvātīs tenērentur - ut pretiō dominīs redditō Karthāginem redīrent atque id - pretium ex fiscō magis quam ā Karthāginiēnsibus solverētur. 5 - - =28.= Q. Lutātius A. Mānlius cōnsulēs creātī bellum Faliscīs - intulērunt, quae cīvitās Ītaliae opulenta quondam fuit. - Quod ambō cōnsulēs intrā sex diēs, quam vēnerant, trānsēgērunt - XV mīlibus hostium caesīs, cēterīs pāce concessā, - agrō tamen ex medietāte sublātō. 10 - - - - - LIBER TERTIUS - - FROM THE END OF THE FIRST TO THE END OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR, - 241-201 B.C. - - - =1.= Fīnītō igitur Pūnicō bellō, quod per XXIII annōs trāctum - est, Rōmānī iam clārissimā glōriā nōtī lēgātōs ad Ptolemaeum, - Aegyptī rēgem, mīsērunt auxilia prōmittentēs, quia - rēx Syriae Antiochus bellum eī intulerat. Ille grātiās - Rōmānīs ēgit, auxilia nōn accēpit. Iam enim fuerat pūgna 15 - trānsācta. Eōdem tempore potentissimus rēx Siciliae Hierō - Rōmam vēnit ad lūdōs spectandōs[57] et ducenta mīlia modiōrum[58] - trīticī populō dōnum exhibuit. - - - _Sardinia taken by the Romans, 238 B.C._ - - =2.= L. Cornēliō Lentulō Fulviō Flaccō cōnsulibus, quibus - Hierō Rōmam vēnerat, etiam contrā Ligurēs intrā Ītaliam 20 - bellum gestum est et dē hīs triumphātum. Karthāginiēnsēs - 28 tamen bellum reparāre temptābant, Sardiniēnsēs, quī ex - condiciōne pācis Rōmānīs pārēre dēbēbant, ad rebellandum[59] - impellentēs. Vēnit tamen Rōmam lēgātiō Karthāginiēnsium - et pācem impetrāvit. - - =3.= T. Mānliō Torquātō C. Atīliō Bulcō cōnsulibus dē 5 - Sardīs triumphātum est, et pāce omnibus locīs factā Rōmānī - nūllum bellum habuērunt, quod hīs post Rōmam conditam - semel tantum Numā Pompiliō rēgnante contigerat. - - - _War with the Illyrians, 229 B.C._ - - =4.= L. Postumius Albīnus Cn. Fulvius Centumalus cōnsulēs - bellum contrā Īllyriōs gessērunt et multīs cīvitātibus captīs 10 - etiam rēgēs in dēditiōnem accēpērunt. Ac tum prīmum ex - Īllyriīs triumphātum est. - - - _Invasion of the Gauls, 225 B.C._ - - =5.= L. Aemiliō cōnsule ingentēs Gallōrum cōpiae Alpēs - trānsiērunt. Sed prō Rōmānīs tōta Ītalia cōnsēnsit, trāditumque - est ā Fabiō historicō, quī eī bellō interfuit, DCCC mīlia 15 - hominum parāta ad id bellum fuisse. Sed rēs per cōnsulem - tantum prōsperē gesta est. XL mīlia hostium interfecta - sunt et triumphus Aemiliō dēcrētus. - - =6.= Aliquot deinde annīs post contrā Gallōs intrā Ītaliam - pūgnātum est, fīnītumque bellum M. Claudiō Mārcellō et 20 - Cn. Cornēliō Scīpiōne cōnsulibus. Tum Mārcellus cum[60] - parvā manū equitum dīmicāvit et rēgem Gallōrum, Viridomarum - nōmine, manū suā occīdit. Posteā cum conlēgā - ingentēs cōpiās Gallōrum perēmit, Mediōlānum expūgnāvit, - grandem praedam Rōmam pertulit. Ac triumphāns Mārcellus 25 - spolia Gallī stīpitī imposita umerīs suīs vexit. - - - 29 _Second Punic War begun, 218 B.C._ - - =7.= M. Minuciō Rūfō P. Cornēliō cōnsulibus Histrīs bellum - inlātum est, quia latrōcinātī nāvibus Rōmānōrum fuerant, - quae frūmenta exhibēbant, perdomitīque sunt omnēs. Eōdem - annō bellum Pūnicum secundum Rōmānīs inlātum est per - Hannibalem, Karthāginiēnsium ducem, quī Saguntum, Hispāniae 5 - cīvitātem Rōmānīs[61] amīcam, oppūgnāre aggressus - est, annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis, cōpiīs congregātīs CL - mīlium. Huic Rōmānī per lēgātōs dēnūntiāvērunt ut bellō - abstinēret. Is lēgātōs admittere nōluit. Rōmānī etiam - Karthāginem mīsērunt, ut mandārētur Hannibalī[62] nē bellum 10 - contrā sociōs populī Rōmānī gereret. Dūra respōnsa ā - Karthāginiēnsibus data sunt. Saguntīnī intereā famē victī - sunt, captīque ab Hannibale ultimīs poenīs adficiuntur. - Bellum Karthāginiēnsibus indictum est. - - - _Hannibal crosses the Alps._ - - =8.= Tum P. Cornēlius Scīpiō cum exercitū in Hispāniam 15 - profectus est, Ti. Semprōnius in Siciliam. Hannibal relīctō - in Hispāniā frātre Hasdrubale Pȳrēnaeum trānsiit. Alpēs, - adhūc eā parte[63] inviās, sibi patefēcit. Trāditur ad Ītaliam - LXXX mīlia peditum, X mīlia equitum, septem et XXX elephantōs - addūxisse. Intereā multī Ligurēs et Gallī Hannibalī 20 - sē coniūnxērunt. Semprōnius Gracchus cognitō ad Ītaliam - Hannibalis adventū ex Siciliā exercitum Arīminum trāiēcit. - - - _Battle of the Trebia, 218 B.C. Battle of Trasumenus, 217 B.C._ - - =9.= P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Hannibalī prīmus occurrit. Commissō - proeliō, fugātīs suīs ipse vulnerātus in castra rediit. - 30 Semprōnius Gracchus et ipse cōnflīgit apud Trebiam amnem. - Is quoque vincitur. Hannibalī multī sē in Ītaliā dēdidērunt. - Inde ad Tusciam veniēns Hannibal Flāminiō cōnsulī occurrit. - Ipsum Flāminium interēmit; Rōmānōrum XXV mīlia - caesa sunt, cēterī diffūgērunt. Missus adversus Hannibalem 5 - posteā ā Rōmānīs Q. Fabius Māximus. Is eum differendō[64] - pūgnam ab impetū frēgit, mox inventā occāsiōne vīcit. - - - _Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C._ - - =10.= Quīngentēsimō et quadrāgēsimō annō ā conditā urbe - L. Aemilius Paulus P. Terentius Varrō contrā Hannibalem - mittuntur Fabiōque succēdunt, quī abiēns ambō cōnsulēs 10 - monuit ut Hannibalem, callidum et impatientem ducem, - nōn aliter vincerent quam proelium differendō.[64] Vērum - cum impatientiā Varrōnis cōnsulis contrādīcente alterō cōnsule - apud vīcum, quī Cannae appellātur, in Āpūliā pūgnātum - esset, ambō cōnsulēs ab Hannibale vincuntur. In eā 15 - pūgnā tria mīlia Āfrōrum pereunt; māgna pars dē exercitū - Hannibalis sauciātur. Nūllō tamen proeliō Pūnicō bellō - Rōmānī gravius acceptī sunt. Periit enim in eō cōnsul - Aemilius Paulus, cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī XX, senātōrēs captī - aut occīsī XXX, nōbilēs virī CCC, mīlitum XL mīlia, equitum 20 - III mīlia et quīngentī. In quibus malīs nēmō tamen Rōmānōrum - pācis mentiōnem habēre dīgnātus est. Servī, quod - numquam ante, manūmissī et mīlitēs factī sunt. - - - _War in Spain, 218 B.C._ - - =11.= Post eam pūgnam multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs, quae Rōmānīs - pāruerant, sē ad Hannibalem trānstulērunt. Hannibal 25 - Rōmānīs obtulit ut captīvōs redimerent, respōnsumque est ā - 31 senātū eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs quī, cum armātī essent, - capī potuissent. Ille omnēs posteā variīs suppliciīs interfēcit - et trēs modiōs ānulōrum aureōrum Karthāginem mīsit, - quōs ex manibus equitum Rōmānōrum, senātōrum et mīlitum - dētrāxerat. Intereā in Hispāniā, ubi frāter Hannibalis 5 - Hasdrubal remānserat cum māgnō exercitū, ut eam tōtam - Āfrīs[65] subigeret, ā duōbus Scīpiōnibus, Rōmānīs ducibus, - vincitur. Perdit in pūgnā XXXV mīlia hominum; ex hīs - capiuntur X mīlia, occīduntur XXV mīlia. Mittuntur eī ā - Karthāginiēnsibus ad reparandās vīrēs XII mīlia peditum, 10 - IV mīlia equitum, XX elephantī. - - - _Battle near Nola, 215 B.C._ - - =12.= Annō quārtō postquam ad Ītaliam Hannibal vēnit, - M. Claudius Mārcellus cōnsul apud Nōlam, cīvitātem Campāniae, - contrā Hannibalem bene pūgnāvit. Hannibal multās - cīvitātēs Rōmānōrum per Āpūliam, Calābriam, Bruttiōs occupāvit. 15 - Quō tempore etiam rēx Macedoniae Philippus ad eum - lēgātōs mīsit, prōmittēns auxilia contrā Rōmānōs sub hāc - condiciōne, ut dēlētīs Rōmānīs ipse quoque contrā Graecōs - ab Hannibale auxilia acciperet. Captīs igitur lēgātīs Philippī - et rē cognitā Rōmānī in Macedoniam M. Valerium Laevīnum 20 - īre iussērunt, in Sardiniam T. Mānlium Torquātum prōcōnsulem. - Nam etiam ea sollicitāta ab Hannibale Rōmānōs - dēseruerat. - - =13.= Ita ūnō tempore quattuor locīs pūgnābātur: in Ītaliā - contrā Hannibalem, in Hispāniīs contrā frātrem ēius 25 - Hasdrubalem, in Macedoniā contrā Philippum, in Sardinia contrā - Sardōs et alterum Hasdrubalem Karthāginiēnsem. Is ā - T. Mānliō prōcōnsule, quī ad Sardiniam missus fuerat, vīvus - 32 est captus, occīsa duodecim mīlia, captī cum eō mīlle - quīngentī, et ā Rōmānīs Sardinia subācta. Mānlius victōr - captīvōs et Hasdrubalem Rōmam reportāvit. Intereā - etiam Philippus ā Laevīnō in Macedoniā vincitur et in - Hispāniā ab Scīpiōnibus Hasdrubal et Māgō, tertius frāter 5 - Hannibalis. - - - _Campaign in Sicily, 214-210 B.C._ - - =14.= Decimō annō[66] postquam Hannibal in Ītaliam vēnerat, - P. Sulpiciō Cn. Fulviō cōnsulibus Hannibal ūsque ad quārtum - mīliārium urbis accessit, equitēs ēius ūsque ad portam. - Mox cōnsulum[67] cum exercitū venientium metū[68] Hannibal 10 - ad Campāniam sē recēpit. In Hispāniā ā frātre ēius Hasdrubale - ambō Scīpiōnēs, quī per multōs annōs vīctōrēs - fuerant, interficiuntur, exercitus tamen integer mānsit; cāsū - enim magis erant quam virtūte dēceptī. Quō tempore etiam - ā cōnsule Mārcello Siciliae māgna pars capta est, quam 15 - tenēre Āfrī coeperant, et nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna; - praeda ingēns Rōmam perlāta est. Laevīnus in Macedoniā - cum Philippō et multīs Graeciae populīs et rēge Asiae Attalō - amīcitiam fēcit, et ad Siciliam profectus Hannōnem quendam, - Āfrōrum ducem, apud Agrigentum cīvitātem cum ipsō 20 - oppidō cēpit eumque Rōmam cum captīvīs nōbilissimīs mīsit. - XL cīvitātēs in dēditiōnem accēpit, XXVI expūgnāvit. Ita - omnis Sicilia recepta est; ingentī glōriā[69] Rōmam regressus - est. Hannibal in Ītaliā Cn. Fulvium cōnsulem subitō - aggressus cum octō mīlibus hominum interfēcit. 25 - - - 33 _War in Spain, 210-206 B.C._ - - =15.= Intereā ad Hispāniās, ubi occīsīs duōbus Scīpiōnibus - nūllus Rōmānus dux erat, P. Cornēlius Scīpiō mittitur, - fīlius P. Scīpiōnis, quī ibīdem bellum gesserat, annōs nātus - quattuor et vīgintī, vir Rōmānōrum omnium et suā aetāte - et posteriōre tempore ferē prīmus. Is Karthāginem Hispāniae 5 - capit, in quā omne aurum, argentum et bellī apparātum - Āfrī habēbant, nōbilissimōs quoque obsidēs, quōs ab Hispānīs - accēperant. Māgōnem etiam, frātrem Hannibalis, - ibīdem capit, quem Rōmam cum aliīs mittit. Rōmae[70] ingēns - laetitia post hunc nūntium fuit. Scīpiō Hispānōrum obsidēs 10 - parentibus reddidit; quārē omnēs ferē Hispānī ūnō - animō ad eum trānsiērunt. Post quae Hasdrubalem, Hannibalis - frātrem, victum[71] fugat et praedam māximam capit. - - - _Recapture of Tarentum, 209 B.C._ - - =16.= Intereā in Ītaliā cōnsul Q. Fabius Māximus Tarentum - recēpit, in quā ingentēs cōpiae Hannibalis erant. Ibi etiam 15 - ducem Hannibalis Carthalōnem occīdit, XXV mīlia hominum - cāptīvōrum vēndidit, praedam mīlitibus dispertīvit, pecūniam - hominum vēnditōrum ad fiscum rettulit. Tum multae - cīvitātēs Rōmānōrum, quae ad Hannibalem trānsierant - prius, rūrsus sē Fabiō Māximō dēdidērunt. Īnsequentī 20 - annō Scīpiō in Hispāniā ēgregiās rēs ēgit et per sē et per - frātrem suum L. Scīpiōnem; LXX cīvitātēs recēpērunt. In - Ītaliā tamen male pūgnātum est. Nam Claudius Mārcellus - cōnsul ab Hannibale occīsus est. - - =17.= Tertiō annō postquam Scīpiō ad Hispāniās profectus 25 - fuerat, rūrsus rēs inclitās gerit. Rēgem Hispāniārum māgnō - 34 proeliō victum in amīcitiam accēpit et prīmus omnium ā - victō obsidēs nōn poposcit. - - - _Battle of Metaurus, 207 B.C._ - - =18.= Dēspērāns Hannibal Hispāniās contrā Scīpiōnem diūtius - posse retinērī, frātrem suum Hasdrubalem ad Ītaliam - cum omnibus cōpiīs ēvocāvit. Is, veniēns eōdem itinere[72] quō 5 - etiam Hannibal vēnerat, ā cōnsulibus Ap. Claudiō Nerōne - et M. Līviō Salīnātōre apud Sēnam, Pīcēnī cīvitātem, in - īnsidiās compositās incidit. Strēnuē tamen pūgnāns occīsus - est; ingentēs ēius cōpiae captae aut interfectae sunt, māgnum - pondus aurī atque argentī Rōmam relātum est. Post 10 - haec Hannibal diffīdere iam dē bellī coepit ēventū. Rōmānīs - ingēns animus accessit; itaque et ipsī ēvocāvērunt ex - Hispāniā P. Cornēlium Scīpiōnem. Is Rōmam cum ingentī - glōriā vēnit. - - =19.= Q. Caeciliō L. Valeriō cōnsulibus omnēs cīvitātēs, quae 15 - in Bruttiīs ab Hannibale tenēbantur, Rōmānīs sē trādidērunt. - - - _Scipio crosses into Africa, 204 B.C._ - - =20.= Annō quārtō decimō posteāquam in Ītaliam Hannibal - vēnerat, Scīpiō, quī multa bene in Hispāniā ēgerat, cōnsul - est factus et in Āfricam missus. Cuī virō[73] dīvīnum quiddam - inesse exīstimābātur, adeō ut putārētur etiam cum nūminibus 20 - habēre sermōnem. Is in Āfricā contrā Hannōnem, - ducem Āfrōrum, pūgnat; exercitum ēius interficit. Secundō - proeliō castra capit cum quattuor mīlibus et quīngentīs - mīlitibus, XI mīlibus occīsīs. Syphācem, Numidiae - rēgem, quī sē Āfrīs coniūnxerat, capit et castra ēius invādit. 25 - Syphāx cum nōbilissimīs Numidīs et īnfīnītīs spoliīs Rōmam - 35 ā Scīpiōne mittitur. Quā rē audītā omnis ferē Ītalia - Hannibalem dēserit. Ipse ā Karthāginiēnsibus redīre in - Āfricam iubētur, quam Scīpiō vāstābat. - - - _Efforts for Peace._ - - =21.= Ita annō septimō decimō ab Hannibale Ītalia līberāta - est. Lēgātī Karthāginiēnsium pācem ā Scīpiōne petīvērunt; 5 - ab eō ad senātum Rōmam missī sunt. Quadrāgintā et quīnque - diēbus hīs indūtiae datae sunt, quoūsque īre Rōmam et - regredī possent[74]; et trīgintā mīlia pondō argentī ab hīs - accepta sunt. Senātus ex arbitriō Scīpiōnis pācem iussit - cum Karthāginiēnsibus fierī. Scīpiō hīs condiciōnibus 10 - dedit: nē amplius quam trīgintā nāvēs habērent,[75] ut - quīngenta mīlia pondō argentī darent,[75] captīvōs et perfugās - redderent.[75] - - =22.= Interim Hannibale veniente ad Āfricam pāx turbāta - est, multa hostīlia ab Āfrīs facta sunt. Lēgātī tamen eōrum 15 - ex urbe venientēs ā Rōmānīs captī sunt, sed iubente Scīpiōne - dīmissī. Hannibal quoque frequentibus proeliīs victus ā - Scīpiōne petīt etiam ipse pācem. Cum ventum esset ad - conloquium, īsdem condiciōnibus data est quibus prius, - additīs quīngentīs mīlibus pondō argentī centum mīlibus 20 - lībrārum propter novam perfidiam. Karthāginiēnsibus condiciōnēs - displicuērunt iussēruntque Hannibalem pūgnāre. - Īnfertur ā Scīpiōne et Masinissā, aliō rēge Numidārum, quī - amīcitiam cum Scīpiōne fēcerat, Karthāginī bellum. Hannibal - trēs explōrātōrēs ad Scīpiōnis castra mīsit, quōs captōs 25 - Scīpiō circumdūcī per castra iussit ostendīque hīs tōtum - exercitum, mox etiam prandium darī dīmittīque, ut renūntiārent - Hannibalī quae apud Rōmānōs vīdissent. - - - 36 _Battle of Zama, 202 B.C. End of the Second Punic War, - 201 B.C._ - - =23.= Intereā proelium ab utrōque duce īnstrūctum est, quāle - vix ūllā memoriā fuit, cum perītissimī virī cōpiās suās ad - bellum ēdūcerent. Scīpiō victor recēdit paene ipsō Hannibale - captō, quī prīmum cum multīs equitibus, deinde cum - vīgintī, postrēmō cum quattuor ēvāsit. Inventa in castrīs 5 - Hannibalis argentī pondō vīgintī mīlia, aurī octōgintā, cētera - supellectilis cōpiōsa. Post id certāmen pāx cum - Karthāginiēnsibus facta est. Scīpiō Rōmam rediit, ingentī glōriā - triumphāvit atque Āfricānus ex eō appellārī coeptus est. - Fīnem accēpit secundum Pūnicum bellum post annum 10 - nōnum decimum quam coeperat. - - - - - LIBER QUĀRTUS - - FROM THE END OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR TO THE END OF THE WAR - WITH JUGURTHA, 201-106 B.C. - - - _Second Macedonian War, 200-196 B.C._ - - =1.= Trānsāctō Pūnicō bellō secūtum est Macedonicum contrā - Philippum rēgem quīngentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō et prīmō - annō ab urbe conditā. - - =2.= T. Quīntius Flāminīnus adversum - Philippum rēgem missus rem prōsperē gessit. Pāx eī data 15 - est hīs lēgibus: nē Graeciae cīvitātibus, quās Rōmānī contrā - eum dēfenderant,[76] bellum īnferret, ut captīvōs et trānsfugās - redderet, quīnquāgintā sōlās nāvēs habēret, reliquās Rōmānīs - dederet, per annōs[77] decem quaterna mīlia pondō - argentī praestāret et obsidem daret fīlium suum Dēmētrium. 20 - 37 T. Quīntius etiam Lacedaemoniīs intulit bellum. Ducem - eōrum Nabidem vīcit et quibus voluit condiciōnibus in - fidem accēpit. Ingentī glōriā triumphāvit; dūxit ante currum - nōbilissimōs obsidēs, Dēmētrium, Philippī fīlium, et - Armenēn Nabidis. 5 - - - _Syro-Aetolian War, 192-189 B.C._ - - =3.= Trānsāctō bellō Macedonicō secūtum est Syriacum contrā - Antiochum rēgem P. Cornēliō Scīpiōne M. Aciliō Glabriōne - cōnsulibus. Huic Antiochō Hannibal sē iūnxerat, Karthāginem, - patriam suam, metū nē Rōmānīs trāderētur,[78] relinquēns. - M. Acilius Glabriō in Achaeā bene pūgnāvit. Castra 10 - rēgis Antiochī nocturnā pūgnā capta sunt, ipse fugātus. - Philippō, quia contrā Antiochum Rōmānīs[79] fuisset auxiliō,[79] - fīlius Dēmētrius redditus est. - - =4.= L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne et C. Laeliō cōnsulibus[80] Scīpiō - Āfricānus frātrī suō L. Cornēliō Scīpiōnī cōnsulī lēgātus 15 - datus contrā Antiochum profectus est. Hannibal, quī cum - Antiochō erat, nāvālī proeliō[81] victus est. Ipse posteā - Antiochus circā Sipylum apud Māgnēsiam, Asiae cīvitātem, - ā cōnsule Cornēliō Scīpiōne ingentī proeliō[81] fūsus est. - Auxiliō fuit Rōmānīs in eā pūgnā Eumenēs, Attalī rēgis 20 - frāter, quī Eumeniam in Phrygiā condidit. Quīnquāgintā - mīlia peditum, tria equitum eō certāmine ex parte rēgis - occīsa sunt. Tum rēx pācem petīt. Īsdem condiciōnibus - data est ā senātū, quamquam victō, quibus ante offerēbātur: - ut ex Eurōpā et Asiā recēderet atque intrā Taurum sē continēret, 25 - decem mīlia talentōrum et vīgintī obsidēs praebēret, - 38 Hannibalem, concitātōrem bellī, dēderet. Eumenī - rēgī dōnātae sunt ā senātū omnēs Asiae cīvitātēs, quās - Antiochus bellō perdiderat, et Rhodiīs, quī auxilium Rōmānīs - contrā rēgem Antiochum tulerant, multae urbēs - concessae sunt. Scīpiō Rōmam rediit, ingentī glōriā triumphāvit. 5 - Nōmen et ipse ad imitātiōnem frātris Asiāgenis - accēpit, quia Asiam vīcerat, sīcutī frāter ipsīus propter - Āfricam domitam[82] Āfricānus appellābātur. - - =5.= Sp. Postumiō Albīnō Q. Mārciō Philippō cōnsulibus - M. Fulvius dē Aetōlīs triumphāvit. Hannibal, quī, victō 10 - Antiochō, nē Rōmānīs trāderētur ad Prūsiam, Bīthȳniae - rēgem, fūgerat, repetītus etiam ab eō est per T. Quīntium - Flāminīnum. Et cum trādendus[83] Rōmānīs esset, venēnum - bibit et apud Libyssam in fīnibus Nīcomēdēnsium sepultus - est. 15 - - - _Third Macedonian War, 176-168 B.C._ - - =6.= Philippō, rēge Macedoniae, mortuō, quī et adversum - Rōmānōs bellum gesserat et posteā Rōmānīs contrā Antiochum - auxilium tulerat, fīlius ēius Perseus in Macedoniā - rebellāvit ingentibus cōpiīs ad bellum parātīs. Nam adiūtōrēs - habēbat Cotyn, Thraciae rēgem, et rēgem Īllyricī, Gentium 20 - nōmine.[84] Rōmānīs autem auxiliō erant Eumenēs, - Asiae rēx, Ariarātus Cappadociae, Antiochus Syriae, Ptolemaeus - Aegyptī, Masinissa Numidiae. Prūsiās autem Bīthȳniae, - quamquam sorōrem Perseī uxōrem habēret, utrīsque - sē aequum praebuit. Dux Rōmānōrum P. Licinius cōnsul 25 - contrā Perseum missus est et ā rēge gravī proeliō victus. - Neque tamen Rōmānī, quamquam superātī, rēgī petentī - pācem praestāre voluērunt, nisi hīs condiciōnibus: ut sē - 39 et suōs senātuī et populō Rōmānō dēderet.[85] Mox missus - contrā eum L. Aemilius Paulus cōnsul et in Īllyricum C. - Anicius praetor contrā Gentium. Sed Gentius facile ūnō - proeliō victus mox sē dēdidit. Māter ēius et uxor et duo - fīliī, frāter quoque simul in potestātem Rōmānōrum vēnērunt. 5 - Ita bellō intrā XXX diēs perfectō ante cognitum est - Gentium victum quam coeptum bellum nūntiārētur. - - - _Battle of Pydna, 168 B.C._ - - =7.= Cum Perseō autem Aemilius Paulus cōnsul III Nōnās - Septembrēs dīmicāvit vīcitque eum vīgintī mīlibus peditum - ēius occīsīs. Equitātus cum rēge integer fūgit. Rōmānōrum 10 - centum mīlitēs āmissī sunt. Urbēs Macedoniae omnēs, - quās rēx tenuerat, Rōmānīs sē dēdidērunt; ipse rēx, cum - dēsererētur ab amīcīs, vēnit in Paulī potestātem. Sed - honōrem eī cōnsul nōn quasi victō habuit. Nam et volentem - ad pedēs sibi[86] cadere nōn permīsit et iūxtā sē in sellā 15 - conlocāvit. Macedonibus et Īllyriīs hae lēgēs ā Rōmānīs datae: - ut līberī essent[85] et dīmidium eōrum tribūtōrum praestārent,[85] - quae rēgibus praestitissent, ut appārēret populum Rōmānum - prō aequitāte magis quam avāritiā dīmicāre. Itaque in conventū - īnfīnītōrum populōrum Paulus hōc prōnūntiāvit et 20 - lēgātiōnēs multārum gentium, quae ad eum vēnerant, - māgnificentissimē convīviō pāvit, dīcēns ēiusdem hominis[87] esse - dēbēre et bellō vincere et convīviī apparātū ēlegantem esse. - - - _Revolt in Epirus._ - - =8.= Mox septuāgintā cīvitātēs Ēpīrī, quae rebellārant, cēpit, - praedam mīlitibus distribuit. Rōmam ingentī pompā rediit 25 - 40 in nāvī Perseī, quae inūsitātae māgnitūdinis[88] fuisse trāditur, - adeō ut sedecim ordinēs dīcātur habuisse rēmōrum. Triumphāvit - autem māgnificentissimē in currū aureō cum duōbus - fīliīs utrōque latere astantibus. Ductī sunt ante currum - duo rēgis fīliī et ipse Perseus, XLV annōs nātus. Post eum 5 - etiam Anicius dē Īllyriīs triumphāvit. Gentius cum frātre - et fīliīs ante currum ductus est. Ad hōc spectāculum rēgēs - multārum gentium Rōmam vēnērunt, inter aliōs etiam - Attalus atque Eumenēs, Asiae rēgēs, et Prūsiās Bīthȳniae. - Māgnō honōre exceptī sunt et permittente senātū dōna 10 - quae attulerant in Capitōliō posuērunt. Prūsiās etiam - fīlium suum Nīcomēdēn senātuī commendāvit. - - =9.= Īnsequentī annō L. Memmius in Lūsitāniā bene pūgnāvit. - Mārcellus posteā cōnsul rēs ibīdem prōsperās gessit. - - - _Third Punic War, 149-146 B.C._ - - =10.= Tertium deinde bellum contrā Karthāginem suscipitur, 15 - sexcentēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā annō, L. Mānliō - Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō cōnsulibus, annō quīnquagēsimō - prīmō postquam secundum Pūnicum trānsāctum erat. Hī - profectī Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt. Contrā eōs Hasdrubal, - dux Karthāginiēnsium, dīmicābat. Famea, dux alius, 20 - equitātuī Karthāginiēnsium praeerat. Scīpiō tunc, Scīpiōnis - Āfricānī nepōs, tribūnus ibi mīlitābat. Hūius[89] apud omnēs - ingēns metus et reverentia erat. Nam et parātissimus ad - dīmicandum[90] et cōnsultissimus habēbātur. Itaque per eum - multa ā cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt, neque quicquam 25 - magis vel Hasdrubal vel Famea vītābant quam contrā eam - Rōmānōrum partem committere ubi Scīpiō dīmicāret. - - 41 =11.= Per idem tempus Masinissa, rēx Numidārum, per annōs - sexāgintā ferē amīcus populī Rōmānī, annō vītae nōnāgēsimō - septimō mortuus quadrāgintā quattuor fīliīs relīctīs - Scīpiōnem dīvīsōrem rēgnī inter fīliōs suōs esse iussit. - - =12.= Cum igitur clārum Scīpiōnis nōmen esset, iuvenis adhūc 5 - cōnsul est factus et contrā Karthāginem missus. Is eam - cēpit ac dīruit. Spolia ibi inventa, quae variārum cīvitātum - excidiīs[91] Karthāgō conlēgerat, et ōrnāmenta urbium cīvitātibus - Siciliae, Ītaliae, Āfricae reddidit, quae sua recognōscēbant. - Ita Karthāgō septingentēsimō annō, quam condita 10 - erat, dēlēta est. Scīpiō nōmen quod avus ēius accēperat - meruit, scīlicet ut propter virtūtem etiam ipse Āfricānus - iūnior vocārētur. - - =13.= Interim in Macedoniā quīdam Pseudophilippus arma - mōvit et Rōmānum praetōrem P. Iuventium contrā sē missum 15 - ad interneciōnem vīcit. Post eum Q. Caecilius Metellus - dux ā Rōmānīs contrā Pseudophilippum missus est et - XXV mīlibus ēius occīsīs Macedoniam recēpit, ipsum etiam - Pseudophilippum in potestātem suam redēgit. - - - _Destruction of Corinth, 146 B.C._ - - =14.= Corinthiīs quoque bellum indictum est, nōbilissimae 20 - Graeciae cīvitātī, propter iniūriam lēgātōrum Rōmānōrum. - Hanc Mummius cōnsul cēpit et dīruit. Trēs igitur Rōmae - simul cēleberrimī triumphī fuērunt: Āfricānī ex Āfricā, - ante cūius currum ductus est Hasdrubal, Metellī ex Macedoniā, - cūius currum praecessit Andriscus, īdem quī et Pseudophilippus, 25 - Mummī ex Corinthō, ante quem sīgna aēnea et - pīctae tabulae et alia urbis clārissimae ōrnāmenta praelāta - sunt. - - 42 =15.= Iterum in Macedoniā Pseudopersēs, quī sē Perseī fīlium - esse dīcēbat, conlēctīs servitiīs rebellāvit et, cum - sēdecim mīlia armātōrum habēret, ā Tremelliō quaestōre - superātus est. - - - _Celtiberian War, 154 B.C._ - - =16.= Eōdem tempore Metellus in Celtiberiā apud Hispānōs 5 - rēs ēgregiās gessit. Successit eī Q. Pompēius. Nec multō[92] - post Q. quoque Caepiō ad idem bellum missus est, quod - quīdam Viriāthus contrā Rōmānōs in Lūsitāniā gerēbat. - Quō metū Viriāthus ā suīs interfectus est, cum quattuordecim - annīs Hispāniās adversus Rōmānōs mōvisset. Pāstor 10 - prīmō fuit, mox latrōnum dux, postrēmō tantōs ad bellum - populōs concitāvit ut adsertor contrā Rōmānōs Hispāniae - putārētur. Et cum interfectōrēs ēius praemium ā Caepiōne - cōnsule peterent, respōnsum est numquam Rōmānīs placuisse - imperātōrēs ā suīs mīlitibus interficī. 15 - - - _Capture of Numantia, 133 B.C._ - - =17.= Q. Pompēius deinde cōnsul ā Numantīnīs, quae Hispāniae - cīvitās fuit opulentissima, superātus[93] pācem ignōbilem - fēcit. Post eum C. Hostīlius Mancīnus cōnsul iterum cum - Numantīnīs pācem fēcit īnfāmem, quam populus et senātus - iussit īnfringī atque ipsum Mancīnum hostibus trādī, ut in 20 - illō, quem auctōrem foederis habēbant, iniūriam solūtī - foederis[94] vindicārent. Post tantam igitur ignōminiam, quā - ā Numantīnīs bis Rōmānī exercitūs fuerant subiugātī, P. - Scīpiō Āfricānus secundō cōnsul factus et ad Numantiam - missus est. Is prīmum mīlitem vitiōsum et ignāvum exercendō 25 - 43 magis quam pūniendō sine aliquā ācerbitāte corrēxit, - tum multās Hispāniae cīvitātēs partim cēpit, partim in - dēditiōnem accēpit, postrēmō ipsam Numantiam diū obsessam - famē confēcit et ā solō ēvertit, reliquam prōvinciam in - fidem accēpit. 5 - - =18.= Eōdem tempore Attalus, rēx Asiae, frāter Eumenis, - mortuus est hērēdemque populum Rōmānum relīquit. Ita - imperiō Rōmānō per testāmentum Asia accessit. - - =19.= Mox etiam D. Iūnius Brūtus dē Callaecīs et Lūsitānīs - māgnā glōriā triumphāvit et P. Scīpiō Āfricānus dē Numantīnīs 10 - secundum triumphum ēgit quartō decimō annō - postquam priōrem dē Āfricā ēgerat. - - - _War with Aristonicus, 131 B.C._ - - =20.= Mōtum interim in Asiā bellum est ab Aristonīcō, Eumenis - fīliō, quī ex concubīnā susceptus fuerat. Hīc Eumenēs - frāter Attalī fuerat. Adversus eum missus P. Licinius 15 - Crassus īnfīnīta rēgum habuit auxilia. Nam et Bīthȳniae - rēx Nīcomēdēs Rōmānōs iūvit et Mithradātēs Ponticus, cum - quō bellum posteā gravissimum fuit, et Ariarātus Cappadox - et Pylaemēnēs Paphlagōn. Victus est tamen Crassus - et in proeliō interfectus est. Caput ipsīus Aristonīcō 20 - oblātum est, corpus Smyrnae sepultum. Posteā Perperna, - cōnsul Rōmānus, quī successor Crassō veniēbat, audītā bellī - fortūnā ad Asiam celerāvit et aciē victum Aristonīcum apud - Stratonīcēn cīvitātem, quō cōnfūgerat, famē ad dēditiōnem - compulit. Aristonīcus iussū[95] senātūs Rōmae in carcere 25 - strangulātus est. Triumphārī enim dē eō nōn poterat, quia - Perperna apud Pergamum Rōmam rediēns diem obierat. - - =21.= L. Caeciliō Metellō et T. Quīntiō Flāminīnō cōnsulibus - Karthāgō in Āfricā iussū[95] senātūs reparāta est, quae nunc - 44 manet, annīs duōbus et vīgintī postquam ā Scīpiōne fuerat - ēversa. Dēductī sunt eō cīvēs Rōmānī. - - - _War with Transalpine Gauls, 125-121 B.C._ - - =22.= Annō sexcentēsimō vīcēsimō septimō ab urbe conditā - C. Cassius Longīnus et Sex. Domitius Calvīnus cōnsulēs - Gallīs trānsalpīnīs bellum intulērunt et Arvernōrum tunc 5 - nōbilissimae cīvitātī atque eōrum ducī Bituītō, īnfīnītamque - multitūdinem iūxtā Rhodanum fluvium interfēcērunt. - Praeda ex torquibus Gallōrum ingēns Rōmam perlāta est. - Bituītus sē Domitiō dedit atque ab eō Rōmam dēductus est, - māgnāque glōriā cōnsulēs ambō triumphāvērunt. 10 - - =23.= M. Porciō Catōne et Q. Mārciō Rēge cōnsulibus sexcentēsimō - trīcēsimō et tertiō annō ab urbe conditā Narbōne - in Galliā colōnia dēducta est annōque post ā L. Caeciliō - Metellō et Q. Mūciō Scaevolā cōnsulibus dē Dalmatiā triumphātum - est. 15 - - =24.= Ab urbe conditā annō sexcentēsimō trīcēsimō quīntō - C. Catō cōnsul Scordiscīs intulit bellum ignōminiōsēque - pūgnāvit. - - =25.= C. Caeciliō Metellō et Cn. Carbōne cōnsulibus duo - Metellī frātrēs eōdem diē, alterum ex Sardiniā, alterum ex 20 - Thrāciā, triumphum ēgērunt, nūntiātumque Rōmae est - Cimbrōs ē Galliā in Ītaliam trānsisse. - - - _War with Jugurtha, 111-104 B.C._ - - =26.= P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā et L. Calpurniō Bēstiā cōnsulibus - Iugurthae, Numidārum rēgī, bellum inlātum est, quod Adherbalem - et Hiempsalem, Micipsae fīliōs, frātrēs suōs, rēgēs 25 - et populī Rōmānī amīcōs, interēmisset.[96] Missus adversum - 45 eum cōnsul Calpurnius Bēstia, corruptus rēgis pecūniā, - pācem cum eō flāgitiōsissimam fēcit, quae ā senātū improbāta - est. Posteā contrā eundem īnsequentī annō Sp. Postumius - Albīnus profectus est. Is quoque per frātrem ignōminiōsē - contrā Numidās pūgnāvit. 5 - - =27.= Tertiō missus est Q. Caecilius Metellus cōnsul. Is - exercitum ā priōribus ducibus corruptum ingentī sevēritāte - et moderātiōne cum nihil in quemquam cruentum faceret,[97] - ad disciplīnam Rōmānam redūxit. Iugurtham variīs proeliīs - vīcit, elephantōs ēius occīdit vel cēpit, multās cīvitātēs ipsīus 10 - in dēditiōnem accēpit. Et cum iam fīnem bellō[98] positūrus - esset, successum est[99] eī ā C. Mariō. Is Iugurtham et Bocchum, - Mauretāniae rēgem, quī auxilium Iugurthae ferre - coeperat, pariter superāvit. Aliquanta et ipse oppida Numidiae - cēpit bellōque terminum posuit captō Iugurthā per 15 - quaestōrem suum Cornēlium Sullam, ingentem virum, trādente - Bocchō Iugurtham. Ā M. Iūniō Sīlānō, conlēga - Q. Metellī, Cimbrī in Galliā victī sunt et ā Minuciō Rūfō in - Macedoniā Scordiscī et Triballī, et ā Serviliō Caepiōne in - Hispāniā Lūsitānī subāctī. Āctī sunt et duo triumphī dē 20 - Iugurthā, prīmus per Metellum, secundus per Marium. - Ante currum tamen Marī Iugurtha cum duōbus fīliīs ductus - est catēnātus et mox iussū cōnsulis in carcere strangulātus - est. - - - - - 46 LIBER QUINTUS - - FROM THE END OF THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA TO THE END OF THE FIRST - CIVIL WAR, 106-81 B.C. - - - _War with the Cimbri and Teutones, 105-101 B.C. Battle - of Aquae Sextiae, 102 B.C._ - - =1.= Dum bellum in Numidiā contrā Iugurtham geritur,[100] - Rōmānī cōnsulēs M. Mānlius et Q. Caepiō ā Cimbrīs et - Teutonibus et Tugurīnīs et Ambrōnibus, quae erant Germānōrum - et Gallōrum gentēs, victī sunt iūxtā flūmen Rhodanum - ingentī interneciōne; etiam castra sua et māgnam 5 - partem exercitūs perdidērunt. Timor Rōmae grandis fuit, - quantus vix Hannibalis tempore nē iterum Gallī Rōmam - venīrent.[101] Ergō Marius post victōriam Iugurthīnam secundō - cōnsul est factus, bellumque eī contrā Cimbrōs et - Teutonas dēcrētum est. Tertiō quoque eī et quārtō dēlātus 10 - est cōnsulātus, quia bellum Cimbricum prōtrahēbātur. Sed - in quārtō cōnsulātū conlēgam habuit Q. Lutātium Catulum. - Cum Cimbrīs itaque cōnflīxit et duōbus proeliīs CC mīlia - hostium cecīdit, LXXX mīlia cēpit et ducem eōrum Teutobodum, - propter quod meritum absēns quīntō cōnsul est factus. 15 - - - _Battle of Vercellae, 101 B.C._ - - =2.= Intereā Cimbrī et Teutonēs, quōrum cōpia adhūc īnfīnīta - erat, ad Ītaliam trānsiērunt. Iterum ā C. Mariō et Q. Catulō - contrā eōs dīmicātum est, sed ā Catulī parte fēlicius. Nam - proeliō, quod simul ambō gessērunt, CXL mīlia aut in pūgnā - aut in fugā caesa sunt, LX mīlia capta. Rōmānī mīlitēs ex 20 - 47 utrōque exercitū trecentī periērunt. Tria et trīgintā - Cimbrīs[102] sīgna sublāta sunt; ex hīs exercitus Marī duo - reportāvit, Catulī exercitus XXXI. Is bellī fīnis fuit; triumphus - utrīque dēcrētus est. - - - _Social War, 90-88 B.C._ - - =3.= Sex. Iūliō Caesare et L. Mārciō Philippō cōnsulibus 5 - sexcentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō nōnō annō ab urbe conditā, cum - prope alia omnia bella cessārent, in Ītaliā gravissimum - bellum Pīcentēs, Marsī Paelīgnīque mōvērunt, quī, cum annīs - numerōsīs iam populō Rōmānō oboedīrent, tum lībertātem - sibi[103] aequam adserēre coepērunt. Perniciōsum admodum 10 - hōc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius cōnsul in eō occīsus est, Caepiō, - nōbilis iuvenis, Porcius Catō, alius cōnsul. Ducēs - autem adversus Rōmānōs Pīcentibus[104] et Marsīs fuērunt - T. Vettius, Hierius Asinius, T. Hērennius, A. Cluentius. - Ā Rōmānīs bene contrā eōs pūgnātum est ā C. Mariō, quī 15 - sexiēs cōnsul fuerat, et ā Cn. Pompēiō, māximē tamen ā - L. Cornēliō Sullā, quī inter alia ēgregia ita Cluentium, hostium - ducem, cum māgnīs cōpiīs fūdit ut ex suīs[105] ūnum - āmitteret.[106] Quadrienniō cum gravī tamen calamitāte hōc - bellum trāctum est. Quīntō demum annō fīnem accēpit per 20 - L. Cornēlium Sullam cōnsulem, cum anteā in eōdem bellō - ipse multa strēnuē, sed praetor, ēgisset. - - - _First Mithradatic War, 88-84 B.C._ - - =4.= Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō sexāgēsimō secundō - prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle commōtum est, eōdem annō - 48 etiam Mithradāticum. Causam bellō cīvīlī C. Marius sexiēs - cōnsul dedit. Nam cum Sulla cōnsul contrā Mithradātēn - gestūrus[107] bellum, quī Asiam et Achaeam occupāverat, - mitterētur, isque exercitum in Campāniā paulisper tenēret, - ut bellī sociālis, dē quō dīximus, quod intrā Ītaliam gestum 5 - fuerat, reliquiae tollerentur, Marius adfectāvit ut ipse ad - bellum Mithradāticum mittēretur.[108] Quā rē[109] Sulla commōtus - cum exercitū ad urbem vēnit. Illīc contrā Marium - et Sulpicium dīmicāvit. Prīmus urbem Rōmam armātus - ingressus est, Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit, atque 10 - ita ōrdinātīs cōnsulibus in futūrum annum Cn. Octāviō et - L. Cornēliō Cinnā ad Asiam profectus est. - - - _Mithradates invades Asia._ - - =5.= Mithradātēs enim, quī Pontī rēx erat atque Armeniam - Minōrem et tōtum Ponticum mare in circuitū cum Bosporō - tenēbat, prīmum Nīcomēdēn, amīcum populī Rōmānī, Bīthȳniā[110] 15 - voluit expellere senātuīque mandāvit bellum sē eī propter - iniūriās quās passus fuerat inlātūrum. Ā senātū respōnsum - Mithradātī est, sī id faceret, quod bellum ā Rōmānīs et ipse - patērētur. Quārē īrātus Cappadociam statim occupāvit et - ex eā Ariobarzānēn, rēgem et amīcum populī Rōmānī, fugāvit. 20 - Mox etiam Bīthȳniam invāsit et Paphlagoniam pulsīs - rēgibus, amīcīs populī Rōmānī, Pylaemēne et Nīcomēde. - Inde Ephesum contendit et per omnem Asiam litterās mīsit - ut ubicumque inventī essent[111] cīvēs Rōmānī, ūnō diē - occiderentur. 25 - - - 49 _Sulla takes Athens, 87 B.C. Battle of Chaeronea, 86 B.C._ - - =6.= Intereā etiam Athēnae, cīvitās Achaeae, ab Aristōne - Athēniēnsī Mithradātī trādita est. Mīserat enim iam ad - Achaeam Mithradātēs Archelāum, ducem suum, cum centum - et vīgintī mīlibus equitum[112] ac peditum, per quem etiam - reliqua Graecia occupāta est. Sulla Archelāum apud Pīraeum, 5 - nōn longē ab Athēnīs, obsēdit, ipsās Athēnās cēpit. - Posteā commissō proeliō contrā Archelāum ita eum vīcit ut - ex CXX mīlibus vix decem Archelāō superessent, ex Sullae - exercitū XIII tantum hominēs interficerentur. Hāc pūgnā - Mithradātēs cognitā septuāgintā mīlia lēctissima ex Asiā 10 - Archelāō mīsit, contrā quem iterum Sulla commīsit. Prīmō - proeliō quīndecim mīlia hostium interfecta sunt et fīlius - Archelāī Diogenēs; secundō omnēs Mithradātis cōpiae exstinctae - sunt, Archelāus ipse trīduō nūdus in palūdibus - latuit. Hāc rē audītā Mithradātēs iussit cum Sullā dē pāce 15 - agī. - - - _Terms of Peace, 84 B.C. Sulla’s Return to Italy, 83 B.C._ - - =7.= Interim eō tempore Sulla etiam Dardanōs, Scordiscōs, - Dalmatās et Maedōs partim vīcit, aliōs in fidem accēpit. - Sed cum lēgātī ā rēge Mithradāte, quī pācem petēbant, - vēnissent, nōn aliter sē datūrum Sulla esse respōndit, nisi 20 - rēx relīctīs hīs, quae occupāverat, ad rēgnum suum redisset. - Posteā tamen ad conloquium ambō vēnērunt. Pāx inter eōs - ōrdināta est, ut Sulla ad bellum cīvīle festīnāns ā tergō - perīculum nōn habēret. Nam dum Sulla in Achaeā atque - Asiā Mithradātēn vincit,[113] Marius, quī fugātus erat, et 25 - Cornēlius Cinna, ūnus ex cōnsulibus, bellum in Ītaliā - 50 reparāvērunt et ingressī urbem Rōmam nōbilissimōs ē senātū et - cōnsulārēs virōs interfēcērunt, multōs prōscrīpsērunt, ipsīus - Sullae domō ēversā fīliōs et uxōrem ad fugam compulērunt. - Ūniversus reliquus senātus ex urbe fugiēns ad Sullam in - Graeciam vēnit, orāns ut patriae subvenīret. Ille in 5 - Ītaliam trāiēcit, bellum cīvīle gestūrus adversus Norbānum - et Scīpiōnem cōnsulēs. Et prīmō proeliō contrā Norbānum - dīmicāvit nōn longē ā Capuā.[114] Tunc sex mīlia ēius cecīdit, - sex mīlia cēpit, CXXIV suōs āmīsit. Inde etiam ad Scīpiōnem - sē convertit et ante proelium tōtum ēius exercitum sine 10 - sanguine in dēditiōnem accēpit. - - - _Battle of Colline Gate, 82 B.C._ - - =8.= Sed cum Rōmae mūtātī cōnsulēs essent, Marius, Marī - fīlius, ac Papīrius Carbō cōnsulātum accēpissent, Sulla - contrā Marium iūniōrem dīmicāvit et XV mīlibus ēius occīsīs - CCCC dē suīs perdidit. Mox etiam urbem ingressus est. 15 - Marium, Marī fīlium, Praeneste[115] persecūtus obsēdit et ad - mortem compulit. Rūrsus pūgnam gravissimam habuit - contrā Lamponium et Carīnātem, ducēs partis Mariānae, ad - portam Collīnam. LXX mīlia hostium in eō proeliō contrā - Sullam fuisse dīcuntur. XII mīlia sē Sullae dēdidērunt, 20 - cēterī in aciē, in castris, in fugā īnsatiābilī īrā victōrum - cōnsūmptī sunt. Cn. quoque Carbō, cōnsul alter, ab Arīminō - ad Siciliam fūgit et ibi per Cn. Pompēium interfectus - est, quem adulēscentem Sulla atque annōs ūnum et vīgintī - nātum cognitā ēius industriā exercitibus praefēcerat, ut 25 - secundus ā Sullā habērētur. - - =9.= Occīsō ergō Carbōne Siciliam Pompēius recēpit. Trānsgressus - 51 inde ad Āfricam Domitium, Mariānae partis ducem, - et Hiardam, rēgem Mauretāniae, quī Domitiō auxilium ferēbat, - occīdit. Post haec Sulla dē Mithradāte ingentī glōriā - triumphāvit. Cn. etiam Pompēius, quod nūllī Rōmānōrum - tribūtum erat, quārtum et vīcēsimum annum agēns dē 5 - Āfricā triumphāvit. Hunc fīnem habuērunt duo bella - fūnestissima, Ītalicum, quod et sociāle dictum est, et cīvīle, - quae ambō trācta sunt per annōs decem. Cōnsūmpsērunt - ultrā CL mīlia hominum, virōs cōnsulārēs XXIV, praetōriōs - VII, aedīlīciōs LX, senātōrēs ferē CC. 10 - - - - - LIBER SEXTUS - - FROM THE END OF THE FIRST CIVIL WAR TO THE ASSASSINATION OF - CAESAR, 81-44 B.C. - - - _War with Sertorius, 78-72 B.C._ - - =1.= M. Aemiliō Lepidō Q. Catulō cōnsulibus, cum Sulla - rem publicam composuisset, bella nova exārsērunt, ūnum in - Hispāniā, aliud in Pamphȳliā et Ciliciā, tertium in Macedoniā, - quārtum in Dalmatiā. Nam Sertōrius, quī partium - Mariānārum fuerat, timēns fortūnam cēterōrum, quī interēmptī 15 - erant, ad bellum commōvit Hispāniās. Missī sunt - contrā eum ducēs Q. Caecilius Metellus, fīlius ēius quī - Iugurtham rēgem vīcit, et L. Domitius praetor. Ā Sertōrī - duce Hirtulēiō Domitius occīsus est. Metellus variō successū - contrā Sertōrium dīmicāvit. Posteā cum impār pūgnae[116] 20 - sōlus Metellus putārētur, Cn. Pompēius ad Hispāniās - missus est. Ita duōbus ducibus adversīs Sertōrius fortūnā - variā saepe pūgnāvit. Octāvō demum annō per suōs occīsus - 52 est, et fīnis eī bellō datus per Cn. Pompēium adulēscentem - et Q. Metellum Pium atque omnēs prope Hispāniae in - diciōnem populī Rōmānī redāctae. - - =2.= Ad Macedoniam missus est Ap. Claudius post cōnsulātum. - Levia proelia habuit contrā variās gentēs, quae Rhodopam 5 - prōvinciam incolēbant, atque ibi morbō mortuus est. - Missus eī successor C. Scrībōnius Cūriō post cōnsulātum. - Is Dardanōs vīcit et ūsque ad Dānuvium penetrāvit triumphumque - meruit et intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit. - - - _War with the Isaurians, 78 B.C._ - - =3.= Ad Ciliciam et Pamphȳliam missus est P. Servīlius ex 10 - cōnsule, vir strēnuus. Is Ciliciam subēgit, Lyciae urbēs - clārissimās oppūgnāvit et cēpit, in hīs Phasēlida, Olympum, - Cōrycum. Isaurōs quoque aggressus in diciōnem redēgit - atque intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit. Prīmus omnium - Rōmānōrum[117] in Taurō iter fēcit. Revertēns triumphum 15 - accēpit et nōmen Isauricī meruit. - - =4.= Ad Īllyricum missus est C. Coscōnius prō cōnsule. Multam - partem Dalmatiae subēgit, Salōnās cēpit et compositō - bellō Rōmam post biennium rediit. - - =5.= Īsdem temporibus cōnsul M. Aemilius Lepidus, Catulī 20 - conlēga, bellum cīvīle voluit commovēre, intrā ūnam tamen - aestātem mōtus ēius oppressus est. Ita ūnō tempore multī - simul triumphī fuērunt, Metellī ex Hispāniā, Pompēī secundus - ex Hispāniā, Cūriōnis ex Macedoniā, Servīlī ex Isauriā. - - - _The Third Mithradatic War, 74-63 B.C._ - - =6.= Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō sextō 25 - L. Liciniō Lūcullō et M. Aurēliō Cottā cōnsulibus mortuus - 53 est Nīcomēdēs, rēx Bīthȳniae, et per testāmentum populum - Rōmānum fēcit hērēdem. Mithradātēs pāce ruptā Bīthȳniam - et Asiam rūrsus voluit invādere. Adversus eum - ambō cōnsulēs missī variam habuēre fortūnam. Cotta apud - Chalcēdōna victus ab eō aciē, etiam intrā oppidum coāctus 5 - est et obsessus. Sed cum sē inde Mithradātēs Cȳzicum - trānstulisset, ut Cȳzicō captā tōtam Asiam invāderet, Lūcullus - eī, alter cōnsul, occurrit. Ac dum Mithradātēs in obsidiōne - Cȳzicī commorātur, ipse eum ā tergō obsēdit famēque - cōnsūmpsit et multīs proeliīs vīcit, postrēmō Bȳzantium, 10 - quae nunc Cōnstantīnopolis est, fugāvit. Nāvālī quoque - proeliō ducēs ēius Lūcullus oppressit. Ita ūnā hieme et - aestāte ā Lūcullō centum ferē mīlia rēgis exstīncta sunt. - - - _War with the Gladiators, 73-71 B.C._ - - =7.= Annō urbis Rōmae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō octāvō - Macedoniam prōvinciam M. Licinius Lūcullus accēpit, 15 - cōnsōbrīnus Lūcullī, quī contrā Mithradātēn bellum gerēbat. - Et in Ītaliā novum bellum subitō commōtum est. Septuāgintā - enim et quattuor gladiātōrēs ducibus Spartacō, Crixō - et Oenomaō effrāctō Capuae ludō fūgērunt et per Ītaliam - vagantēs paene nōn levius bellum in eā, quam Hannibal 20 - mōverat, parāvērunt. Nam multīs ducibus et duōbus simul - Rōmānōrum cōnsulibus victīs sexāgintā ferē mīlium armātōrum - exercitum congregāvērunt, victīque sunt in Āpūliā ā - M. Liciniō Crassō prō cōnsule, et post multās calamitātēs - Ītaliae tertiō annō bellō huic est fīnis impositus. 25 - - =8.= Sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō prīmō annō urbis conditae, P. - Cornēliō Lentulō et Cn. Aufidiō Oreste cōnsulibus, duo tantum - gravia bella in imperiō Rōmānō erant, Mithradāticum - et Macedonicum. Haec duo Lūcullī agēbant, L. Lūcullus - et M. Lūcullus. L. ergō Lūcullus post pūgnam Cȳzicēnam, 30 - 54 quā vīcerat Mithradātēn, et nāvālem, quā ducēs ēius oppresserat, - persecūtus est eum et receptā Paphlagoniā atque - Bīthȳniā etiam rēgnum ēius invāsit, Sinōpēn et Amīson, - cīvitātēs Pontī nōbilissimās, cēpit. Secundō proeliō apud - Cabīra cīvitātem, quō ingentēs cōpiās ex omnī rēgnō addūxerat 5 - Mithradātēs, cum XXX mīlia lēctissima rēgis ā quīnque - mīlibus Rōmānōrum vāstāta essent, Mithradātēs fugātus - est, castra ēius dīrepta. Armenia quoque Minor, quam - tenuerat, eīdem sublāta est. Susceptus tamen est Mithradātēs - post fugam ā Tigrāne, Armeniae rēge, quī tum ingentī 10 - glōriā imperābat, Persās saepe vīcerat, Mesopotamiam occupāverat - et Syriam et Phoenīcēs partem. - - - _Battle of Tigranocerta, 69 B.C._ - - =9.= Ergō Lūcullus repetēns hostem fugātum etiam rēgnum - Tigrānis ingressus est. Tigrānocertam, cīvitātem Arzanēnae, - nōbilissimam rēgnī Armeniacī, cēpit, ipsum rēgem 15 - cum septem mīlibus quīngentīs clībanāriīs et centum mīlibus - sagittāriōrum et armātōrum venientem decem et octō - mīlia mīlitum habēns ita vīcit ut māgnam partem Armeniōrum - dēlēverit. Inde Nisibīn profectus eam quoque - cīvitātem cum rēgis frātre cēpit. Sed hī quōs in Pontō 20 - Lūcullus relīquerat cum exercitūs parte, ut regīōnēs victās - et iam Rōmānōrum tuērentur, neglegenter sē et avārē - agentēs occāsiōnem iterum Mithradātī in Pontum inrumpendī[118] - dedērunt, atque ita bellum renovātum est. Lūcullō - parantī captā Nisibī contrā Persās expeditiōnem successor 25 - est missus. - - =10.= Alter autem Lūcullus, quī Macedoniam administrābat, - Bessīs prīmus Rōmānōrum intulit bellum atque eōs ingentī - 55 proeliō in Haemō monte superāvit. Oppidum Uscudamam, - quod Bessī habitābant, eōdem diē quō aggressus est vīcit, - Cabylēn cēpit, ūsque ad Dānuvium penetrāvit. Inde multās - suprā Pontum positās cīvitātēs aggressus est. Illīc Apolloniam - ēvertit, Callatim, Parthenopolim, Tomos, Histrum, 5 - Burziaonem cēpit bellōque cōnfectō Rōmam rediit. Ambō - triumphāvērunt, tamen Lūcullus, quī contrā Mithradātēn - pūgnāverat, māiōre glōriā, cum tantōrum rēgnōrum[119] victor - redisset. - - =11.= Confectō bellō Macedonicō, manente Mithradāticō, 10 - quod recedente Lūcullō rēx conlēctīs auxiliīs reparāverat, - bellum Crēticum ortum est. Ad id missus Q. Caecilius Metellus - ingentibus proeliīs intrā triennium omnem prōvinciam - cēpit, appellātusque est Crēticus atque ex īnsulā triumphāvit. - Quō tempore Libya quoque Rōmānō imperiō per 15 - testāmentum Appiōnis, quī rēx ēius fuerat, accessit, in quā - inclutae urbēs erant Berenīcē, Ptolemāïs, Cȳrēnē. - - - _Cn. Pompey takes command, 66 B.C._ - - =12.= Dum haec geruntur, pīrātae omnia maria īnfestābant - ita ut Rōmānīs tōtō orbe victōribus sōla nāvigātiō tūta nōn - esset. Quārē id bellum Cn. Pompēiō dēcrētum est. Quod 20 - intrā paucōs mēnsēs ingentī et fēlicitāte et celeritāte - cōnfēcit. Mox eī dēlātum etiam bellum contrā Mithradātēn et - Tigrānēn. Quō susceptō Mithradātēn in Armeniā Minōre - nocturnō proeliō vīcit, castra dīripuit, quadrāgintā mīlia - ēius occīdit, vīgintī tantum dē exercitū[120] suō perdidit et 25 - duōs centuriōnēs. Mithradātēs cum uxōre fūgit et duōbus - comitibus. Neque multō post, cum in suōs saevīret, Pharnacis, - 56 fīliī suī, apud mīlitēs sēditiōne ad mortem coāctus - venēnum hausit. Hunc fīnem habuit Mithradātēs. Periit - autem apud Bosporum, vir ingentis industriae[121] cōnsiliīque. - Rēgnāvit annīs sexāgintā, vīxit septuāgintā duōbus, contrā - Rōmānōs bellum habuit annīs quadrāgintā. 5 - - =13.= Tigrānī deinde Pompēius bellum intulit. Ille sē eī - dēdidit et in castra Pompēī sextō decimō mīliāriō ab Artaxatā - vēnit ac diadēma suum, cum prōcubuisset ad genua - Pompēī, in manibus ipsīus conlocāvit. Quod eī Pompēius - reposuit honōrificēque eum habitum rēgnī tamen parte 10 - multāvit et grandī pecūniā. Adēmpta est eī[122] Syria, Phoenīcē, - Sophanēnē; sex mīlia praetereā talentōrum argentī - indicta, quae populō Rōmānō daret, quia bellum sine causā - Rōmānīs commōvisset.[123] - - - _Pompey subdues Syria and Palestine, 64 B.C._ - - =14.= Pompēius mox etiam Albānīs bellum intulit et eōrum 15 - rēgem Orōdēn ter vīcit, postrēmō per epistulās ac mūnera - rogātus veniam eī ac pācem dedit. Hibēriae quoque rēgem - Artacēn vīcit aciē et in dēditiōnem accēpit. Armeniam - Minōrem Dēiotarō, Galatiae rēgī, dōnāvit, quia socius bellī - Mithradāticī fuerat. Attalō et Pylaemēnī Paphlagoniam 20 - reddidit. Aristarchum Colchīs rēgem imposuit. Mox Itūraeōs - et Arabās vīcit. Et cum vēnisset in Syriam, Seleucīam, - vīcīnam Antiochīae[124] cīvitātem, lībertāte[125] dōnāvit, - quod rēgem Tigrānēn nōn recēpisset.[123] Antiochēnsibus - obsidēs reddidit. Aliquantum agrōrum Daphnēnsibus dedit, 25 - 57 quō lūcus ibi spatiōsior fieret,[126] dēlectātus locī - amoenitāte et aquārum abundantiā. Inde ad Iūdaeam trānsgressus - est, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, tertiō mēnse cēpit XII mīlibus - Iūdaeōrum occīsīs, cēterīs in fidem accēptīs. Hīs gestīs - in Asiam sē recēpit et fīnem antīquissimō bellō dedit. 5 - - - _Cicero Consul. Conspiracy of Catiline, 63 B.C._ - - =15.= M. Tulliō Cicerōne ōrātōre et C. Antōniō cōnsulibus, - annō ab urbe conditā sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō nōnō, L. - Sergius Catilīna, nōbilissimī generis vir, sed ingeniī - prāvissimī, ad dēlendam patriam[127] coniūrāvit cum quibusdam - clārīs quidem sed audācibus virīs. Ā Cicerōne urbe expulsus 10 - est. Sociī ēius dēprehēnsī in carcere strangulātī - sunt. Ab Antōniō, alterō cōnsule, Catilīna ipse victus - proeliō est interfectus. - - - _Triumphs of Metellus and Pompey, 62 B.C._ - - =16.= Sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō annō urbis conditae D. Iūniō - Sīlānō et L. Mūrēnā cōnsulibus Metellus dē Crētā triumphāvit, 15 - Pompēius dē bellō pīrāticō et Mithradāticō. Nūlla - umquam pompa triumphī similis fuit. Ductī sunt ante - ēius currum fīliī Mithradātis, fīlius Tigrānis et Aristobūlus, - rēx Iūdaeōrum; praelāta est ingēns pecūnia et aurī atque - argentī īnfīnītum. Hōc tempore nūllum per orbem terrārum 20 - grave bellum erat. - - - _Caesar Consul, 59 B.C. Governor of Gaul, 58-49 B.C._ - - =17.= Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō tertiō - C. Iūlius Caesar, quī posteā imperāvit, cum L. Bibulō - 58 cōnsul est factus. Dēcrēta est eī Gallia et Īllyricum cum - legiōnibus decem. Is prīmus vīcit Helvētiōs, quī nunc - Sēquanī appellantur, deinde vincendō[128] per bella gravissima - ūsque ad Ōceanum Britannicum prōcessit. Domuit autem - annīs nōvem ferē omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpēs, flūmen 5 - Rhodanum, Rhēnum et Ōceanum est et circuitū patet ad - bis et trīciēs centēna mīlia[129] passuum. Britannīs mox bellum - intulit, quibus ante eum nē nōmen quidem Rōmānōrum cognitum - erat, eōsque victōs obsidibus acceptīs stīpendiāriōs - fēcit. Galliae[130] autem tribūtī nōmine annuum imperāvit 10 - stīpendium quadringentiēs, Germānōsque trāns Rhēnum - aggressus immanissimīs proeliīs vīcit. Inter tot successūs - ter male pūgnāvit, apud Arvērnōs semel praesēns et absēns - in Germāniā bis. Nam lēgātī ēius duo, Titūrius et Aurunculēius, - per īnsidiās caesī sunt. 15 - - - _Battle of Carrae; M. Licinius Crassus slain, 53 B.C._ - - =18.= Circā eadem tempora, annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō - nōnāgēsimō septimō, M. Licinius Crassus, conlēga Cn. Pompēī - Māgnī in cōnsulātū secundō, contrā Parthōs missus est - et cum circā Carrās contrā ōmen et auspicia dīmicāsset, ā - Surēnā Orōdis rēgis duce victus ad postrēmum interfectus - est cum fīliō, clārissimō et praestantissimō iuvene. 20 - Reliquiae exercitus per C. Cassium quaestōrem servātae sunt, - quī singulārī animō[131] perditās rēs tantā virtūte restituit ut - Persās rediēns trāns Euphrātēn crēbrīs proeliīs vinceret.[132] - - - 59 _The Civil War between Caesar and Pompey, 49-45 B.C. - Caesar invades Italy, Pompey flees to Greece, 49 B.C._ - - =19.= Hinc iam bellum cīvīle successit exsecrandum[133] et - lacrimābile, quō praeter calamitātēs, quae in proeliīs accidērunt, - etiam populī Rōmānī fortūna mūtāta est. Caesar enim - rediēns ex Galliā victor coepit poscere alterum cōnsulātum - atque ita, ut sine dubietāte aliquā eī dēferrētur. Contrādictum 5 - est ā Mārcellō cōnsule, ā Bibulō, ā Pompēiō, ā Catōne, - iussusque dīmissīs exercitibus ad urbem redīre. Propter - quam iniūriam ab Arīminō, ubi mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat, - adversum patriam cum exercitū vēnit. Cōnsulēs cum Pompēiō - senātusque omnis atque ūniversa nōbilitās ex urbe 10 - fūgit[134] et in Graeciam trānsiit. Apud Ēpīrum, Macedoniam, - Achaeam Pompēiō duce senātus contrā Caesarem bellum - parāvit. - - - _Caesar crosses to Spain._ - - =20.= Caesar vacuam urbem ingressus dictātōrem sē fēcit. - Inde Hispāniās petiit. Ibi Pompēī exercitūs validissimōs et 15 - fortissimōs cum tribus ducibus, L. Āfraniō, M. Petrēiō, M. - Varrōne, superāvit. Inde regressus in Graeciam trānsiit, - adversum Pompēium dīmicāvit. Prīmō proeliō victus est - et fugātus, ēvāsit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompēius - sequī nōluit, dīxitque Caesar nec Pompēium scīre vincere 20 - et illō tantum diē sē potuisse superārī. Deinde in Thessaliā - apud Palaeopharsālum prōductīs utrimque ingentibus - cōpiīs dīmicāvērunt. Pompēī aciēs habuit XL mīlia peditum, - equitēs in sinistrō cornū sexcentōs, in dextrō quīngentōs, - praetereā tōtīus Orientis auxilia, tōtam nōbilitātem, 25 - 60 innumerōs senātōrēs, praetōriōs, cōnsulārēs et quī māgnōrum - iam bellōrum victōrēs fuissent.[135] Caesar in aciē suā habuit - peditum nōn integra XXX mīlia, equitēs mīlle. - - - _Battle of Pharsalus. Pompey is defeated, flees to Egypt, - and is slain, 48 B.C._ - - =21.= Numquam adhūc Rōmānae cōpiae in ūnum neque - māiōrēs neque meliōribus ducibus convēnerant, tōtum terrārum 5 - orbem facile subāctūrae,[136] sī contrā barbarōs dūcerentur.[137] - Pūgnātum tum est ingentī contentiōne, victusque ad postrēmum - Pompēius et castra ēius dīrepta sunt. Ipse fugātus - Alexandrīam petiit, ut ā rēge Aegyptī, cuī tūtor ā senātū - datus fuerat propter iuvenīlem ēius aetātem, acciperet auxilia. 10 - Quī fortūnam magis quam amīcitiam secūtus occīdit - Pompēium, caput ēius et ānulum Caesarī mīsit. Quō cōnspectō - Caesar etiam lacrimās fūdisse dīcitur, tantī virī intuēns - caput et generī quondam suī. - - - _Caesar defeats Ptolemy._ - - =22.= Mox Caesar Alexandrīam vēnit. Ipsī quoque Ptolemaeus 15 - parāre voluit īnsidiās, quā causā bellum rēgī inlātum - est. Victus in Nīlō periit inventumque est ēius corpus cum - lōrīcā aureā. Caesar Alexandrīā[138] potītus rēgnum Cleopatrae - dedit, Ptolemaeī sorōrī. Rediēns inde Caesar Pharnacēn, - Mithradātis Māgnī fīlium, quī Pompēiō in auxilium apud 20 - Thessaliam fuerat, rebellantem in Pontō et multās populī - Rōmānī prōvinciās occupantem vīcit aciē, posteā ad mortem - coēgit. - - - 61 _Battle of Thapsus, 46 B.C._ - - =23.= Inde Rōmam regressus tertiō sē cōnsulem fēcit cum - M. Aemiliō Lepidō, quī eī magister equitum dictātōrī ante - annum[139] fuerat. Inde in Āfricam profectus est, ubi īnfīnīta - nōbilitās cum Iubā, Mauretāniae rēge, bellum reparāverat. - Ducēs autem Rōmānī erant P. Cornēlius Scīpiō ex genere 5 - antīquissimō Scīpiōnis Āfricānī (hīc etiam socer Pompēī - Māgnī fuerat), M. Petrēius, Q. Vārus, M. Porcius Catō, - L. Cornēlius Faustus, Sullae dictātōris fīlius. Contrā hōs - commissō proeliō post multās dīmicātiōnēs victor fuit Caesar. - Catō, Scīpiō, Petrēius, Iuba ipsī sē occīdērunt. Faustus, 10 - Sullae quondam dictātōris fīlius, Pompēī gener, ā - Caesare interfectus est. - - - _Battle of Munda, 45 B.C._ - - =24.= Post annum[139] Caesar Rōmam regressus quārtō sē cōnsulem - fēcit et statim ad Hispāniās est profectus, ubi Pompēī - fīliī, Cn. Pompēius et Sex. Pompēius, ingēns bellum 15 - praeparāverant. Multa proelia fuērunt, ultimum apud[140] Mundam - cīvitātem, in quō adeō Caesar paene victus est ut fugientibus - suīs sē voluerit occīdere, nē post tantam reī mīlitāris - glōriam in potestātem adulēscentium nātus annōs sex et - quīnquāgintā vēnīret. Dēnique revocātīs suīs vīcit. Ex 20 - Pompēī fīliīs māior occīsus est, minor fūgit. - - - _Caesar Monarch, 45 B.C. Caesar Assassinated, 44 B.C._ - - =25.= Inde Caesar bellīs cīvīlibus tōtō orbe compositīs Rōmam - rediit. Agere īnsolentius[141] coepit et contrā cōnsuētūdinem - 62 Rōmānae lībertātis. Cum ergō et honōrēs ex suā - voluntāte praestāret, quī ā populō anteā dēferēbantur, nec - senātuī ad sē venientī adsurgeret aliaque rēgia ac paene - tyrannica faceret, coniūrātum est[142] in eum ā sexāgintā vel - amplius senātōribus equitibusque Rōmānīs. Praecipuī fuērunt 5 - inter coniūrātōs duo Brūtī ex eō genere Brūtī, quī prīmus - Rōmae cōnsul fuerat et rēgēs expulerat, et C. Cassius et - Servīlius Casca. Ergō Caesar, cum senātūs diē inter cēterōs - vēnisset ad cūriam, tribus et vīgintī vulneribus cōnfossus est. - - - - - LIBER SEPTIMUS - - FROM THE ASSASSINATION OF CAESAR TO THE DEATH OF THE EMPEROR - DOMITIAN, 44 B.C.-96 A.D. - - - _Civil War with Hirtius and Pansa, 44-43 B.C._ - - =1.= Annō urbis septingentēsimō ferē ac nōnō interfectō 10 - Caesare cīvīlia bella reparāta sunt. Percussōribus[143] enim - Caesaris senātus favēbat. Antōnius cōnsul partium Caesaris - cīvīlibus bellīs opprimere eōs cōnābātur. Ergō turbātā rē - pūblicā multa Antōnius scelera committēns ā senātū hostis - iūdicātus est. Missī ad eum persequendum duo cōnsulēs, 15 - Pānsa et Hīrtius, et Octāviānus adulēscēns annōs X et VIII - nātus, Caesaris nepōs, quem ille testāmentō hērēdem relīquerat - et nōmen suum ferre iusserat. Hīc est, quī posteā - Augustus est dictus et rērum[144] potītus. Quī profectī contrā - Antōnium trēs ducēs vīcērunt eum. Ēvēnit tamen ut victōrēs 20 - 63 cōnsulēs ambō morerentur. Quārē trēs exercitūs ūnī - Caesarī Augustō pāruērunt. - - - _The Second Triumvirate, 43 B.C._ - - =2.= Fugātus Antōnius āmissō exercitū cōnfūgit ad Lepidum, - quī Caesarī[145] magister equitum fuerat et tum mīlitum cōpiās - grandēs habēbat, ā quō susceptus est. Mox Lepidō operam 5 - dante Caesar pācem cum Antōniō fēcit et quasi vindicātūrus - patris suī mortem, ā quō per testāmentum fuerat adoptātus, - Rōmam cum exercitū profectus extorsit ut sibi vīcēsimō - annō cōnsulātus darētur. Senātum prōscrīpsit, cum Antōniō - ac Lepidō rem pūblicam armīs tenēre coepit. Per hōs[146] 10 - etiam Cicero ōrātor occīsus est multīque aliī nōbilēs. - - - _The Battle of Philippi, 42 B.C._ - - =3.= Intereā Brūtus et Cassius, interfectōrēs Caesaris, ingēns - bellum mōvērunt. Erant enim per Macedoniam et - Orientem multī exercitūs, quōs occupāverant. Profectī sunt - igitur contrā eōs Caesar Octāviānus Augustus et M. Antōnius; 15 - remānserat enim ad dēfendendam Ītaliam Lepidus. - Apud Philippōs, Macedoniae urbem, contrā eōs pūgnāvērunt. - Prīmō proeliō victī sunt Antōnius et Caesar, periit - tamen dux nōbilitātis Cassius, secundō Brūtum et īnfīnītam - nōbilitātem, quae cum illīs bellum gesserat, victam 20 - interfēcērunt. Ac sīc inter eōs dīvīsa est rēs pūblica, ut - Augustus Hispāniās, Galliās et Ītaliam tenēret, Antōnius Asiam, - Pontum, Orientem. Sed in Ītaliā L. Antōnius cōnsul bellum - cīvīle commōvit, frāter ēius, quī cum Caesare contrā - Brūtum et Cassium dīmicāverat. Is apud Perusiam, Tusciae 25 - cīvitātem, victus et captus est, neque occīsus. - - - 64 _War with Sextus Pompey._ - - =4.= Interim ā Sex. Pompēiō, Cn. Pompēī Māgnī fīliō, ingēns - bellum in Siciliā commōtum est, hīs quī superfuerant - ex partibus Brūtī Cassiīque ad eum cōnfluentibus. Bellātum - per Caesarem Augustum Octāviānum et M. Antōnium adversus - Sex. Pompēium est. Pāx postrēmō convēnit. 5 - - =5.= Eō tempore M. Agrippa in Aquītāniā rem prōsperē - gessit et L. Ventidius Bassus inrumpentēs in Syriam Persās - tribus proeliīs vīcit. Pacorum, rēgis Orōdis fīlium, interfēcit - eō ipsō diē quō ōlim Orōdēs, Persārum rēx, per ducem - Surēnam Crassum occīderat. Hīc prīmus dē Parthīs iūstissimum 10 - triumphum Rōmae ēgit. - - =6.= Interim Pompēius pācem rūpit et nāvālī proeliō victus - fugiēns ad Asiam interfectus est. Antōnius, quī Asiam et - Orientem tenēbat, repudiātā sorōre Caesaris Augustī Octāviānī - Cleopatram, rēgīnam Aegyptī, dūxit uxōrem. Contrā 15 - Persās etiam ipse pūgnāvit. Prīmīs eōs proeliīs vīcit, - regrediēns tamen famē et pestilentiā labōrāvit et, cum īnstārent - Parthī fugientī, ipse prō victō recessit. - - - _Civil War between Augustus and Antonius. The Battle of - Actium, 31 B.C._ - - =7.= Hīc quoque ingēns bellum cīvīle commōvit cōgente - uxōre Cleopatrā, rēgīnā Aegyptī, dum cupiditāte muliebrī 20 - optat etiam in urbe rēgnāre. Victus est ab Augustō nāvālī - pūgnā clārā et inlūstrī apud Actium, quī locus in Ēpīrō est, - ex quā fūgit in Aegyptum et dēspērātīs rēbus, cum omnēs[147] - ad Augustum trānsīrent, ipse sē interēmit. Cleopatra sibi[148] - aspidem admīsit et venēnō ēius exstincta est. Aegyptus per 25 - 65 Octāviānum Augustum imperiō Rōmānō adiecta est praepositusque - eī C. Cornēlius Gallus. Hunc prīmum Aegyptus - Rōmānum iūdicem habuit. - - - _Imperial Government Established, 31 B.C._ - - =8.= Ita bellīs tōtō orbe cōnfectīs Octāviānus Augustus Rōmam - rediit, duodecimō annō[149] quam cōnsul fuerat. Ex eō 5 - rem pūblicam per quadrāgintā et quattuor annōs sōlus obtinuit. - Ante enim duodecim annīs cum Antōniō et Lepidō - tenuerat. Ita ab initiō prīncipātūs ēius ūsque ad fīnem - quīnquāgintā et sex annī fuērunt. Obiit autem septuāgēsimō - sextō annō morte commūnī in oppidō Campāniae 10 - Ātellā. Rōmae in campō Mārtiō sepultus est, vir, quī nōn - immeritō ex māximā parte deō[150] similis est putātus. Neque - enim facile ūllus eō[151] aut in bellīs fēlīcior fuit aut in pāce - moderātior. Quadrāgintā et quattuor annīs, quibus sōlus - gessit imperium, cīvīlissimē vīxit, in cūnctōs līberālissimus, 15 - in amīcōs fīdissimus, quōs tantīs ēvēxit honōribus ut paene - aequāret fastīgiō suō. - - - _Extension of the Empire._ - - =9.= Nūllō tempore ante eum magis rēs Rōmāna floruit. - Nam exceptīs cīvīlibus bellīs, in quibus invictus fuit, Rōmānō - adiēcit imperiō Aegyptum, Cantabriam, Dalmatiam saepe 20 - ante vīctam, sed penitus tunc subāctam, Pannoniam, Aquītāniam, - Īllyricum, Raetiam, Vindelicōs et Salassōs in Alpibus, - omnēs Pontī maritimās cīvitātēs, in hīs nōbilissimās - Bosporum et Panticapaeum. Vīcit autem multīs proeliīs - Dācōs. Germānōrum ingentēs cōpiās cecīdit, ipsōs quoque 25 - 66 trāns Albim fluvium summōvit, quī in Barbaricō longē ultrā - Rhēnum est. Hōc tamen bellum per Drūsum, prīvīgnum - suum, administrāvit, sīcut per Tiberium, prīvīgnum alterum, - Pannonicum, … quō bellō XL captīvōrum mīlia ex Germāniā - trānstulit et suprā ripam Rhēnī in Galliā conlocāvit. 5 - Armeniam ā Parthīs recēpit. Obsidēs, quod nūllī anteā, - Persae eī dedērunt. Reddidērunt etiam sīgna Rōmāna, - quae Crassō victō adēmerant. - - - _Death of Augustus, 14 A.D._ - - =10.= Scythae et Indī, quibus anteā Rōmānōrum nōmen incognitum - fuerat, mūnera et lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt. Galatia 10 - quoque sub hōc prōvincia facta est, cum anteā rēgnum fuisset, - prīmusque eam M. Lollius prō praetōre administrāvit. - Tantō autem amōre[152] etiam apud barbarōs fuit ut rēgēs - populī Rōmānī amīcī in honōrem ēius conderent cīvitātēs, - quās Caesarēās nōminārent. Multī autem rēgēs ex rēgnīs 15 - suīs vēnērunt, ut eī obsequerentur, et habitū Rōmānō, togātī - scīlicet, ad vehiculum vel equum ipsīus cucurrērunt. Moriēns - Dīvus appellātus. Rem pūblicam beātissimam Tiberiō - successōrī relīquit, quī prīvīgnus eī, mox gener, postrēmō - adoptiōne fīlius fuerat. 20 - - - _Tiberius Emperor, 14-37 A.D._ - - =11.= Sed Tiberius ingentī sōcordiā imperium gessit, gravī - crūdēlitāte, scelestā avāritiā, turpī libīdine. Nam nūsquam - ipse pūgnāvit, bella per lēgātōs gessit suōs. Quōsdam rēgēs - ad sē per blanditiās ēvocātōs numquam remīsit, in quibus - Archelāum Cappadocem, cūius etiam rēgnum in prōvinciae 25 - fōrmam redēgit et māximam cīvitātem appellārī nōmine - 67 suō iussit, quae nunc Caesarēa dīcitur, cum Māzaca anteā - vocārētur. Hīc tertiō et vīcēsimō imperiī annō, aetātis - septuāgēsimō octāvō, ingentī omnium gaudiō mortuus est in - Campāniā. - - - _Caligula Emperor, 37-41 A.D._ - - =12.= Successit eī C. Caesar, cognōmentō Caligula, Drūsī, 5 - prīvīgnī Augustī, et ipsīus Tiberī nepōs, scelerātissimus ac - fūnestissimus et quī etiam Tiberī dēdecōra pūrgāverit.[153] - Bellum contrā Germānōs suscēpit et ingressus Suēviam - nihil strēnuē fēcit. Cum adversum cūnctōs ingentī avāritiā, - libīdine, crūdēlitāte saevīret, interfectus in Palātiō est annō 10 - aetātis vīcēsimō nōnō, imperiī tertiō, mēnse decimō diēque - octāvō. - - - _Claudius Emperor, 41-54 A.D._ - - =13.= Post hunc Claudius fuit, patruus Caligulae, Drūsī, - quī apud Mogontiacum monumentum habet, fīlius, cūius et - Caligula nepōs erat. Hīc mediē imperāvit, multa gerēns 15 - tranquillē atque moderātē, quaedam crūdēliter et īnsulsē. - Britannīs intulit bellum, quam nūllus Rōmānōrum post - C. Caesarem attigerat, eāque dēvictā per Cn. Sentium et - A. Plautium, inlūstrēs ac nōbilēs virōs, triumphum celebrem - ēgit. Quāsdam īnsulās etiam ultrā Britanniās in 20 - Ōceanō positās imperiō Rōmānō addidit, quae appellantur - Orchadēs, fīliō autem suō Britannicī nōmen imposuit. - Tam cīvīlis autem circā quōsdam amīcōs exstitit, ut etiam - Plautium, nōbilem virum, quī expeditiōne Britannicā multa - ēgregiē fēcerat, triumphantem ipse prōsequerētur et 25 - cōnscendentī Capitōlium laevus incēderet. Is vīxit annōs IV - et LX, imperāvit XIV. Post mortem cōnsecrātus est Dīvusque - appellātus. - - - 68 _Nero Emperor, 54-68 A.D._ - - =14.= Successit huic Nerō, Caligulae, avunculō suō, simillimus, - quī Rōmānum imperium et dēfōrmāvit et minuit, inūsitātae - lūxuriae[154] sūmptuumque, et quī exemplō C. Caligulae in - calidīs et frīgidīs lavāret unguentīs, rētibus aureīs piscārētur, - quae blattinīs fūnibus extrahēbat. Īnfīnītam senātus 5 - partem interfēcit, bonīs[155] omnibus hostis fuit. Ad postrēmum - sē tantō dēdecōre prōstituit ut et saltāret et cantāret - in scaenā citharoedicō habitū vel tragicō. Parricīdia multa - commīsit frātre, uxōre, sorōre, mātre interfectīs. Urbem - Rōmam incendit, ut spectāculī ēius imāginem cerneret, quālī 10 - ōlim Trōia capta ārserat. In rē mīlitārī nihil omnīnō ausus - Britanniam paene āmīsit. Nam duo sub eō nōbilissima - oppida capta illīc atque ēversa sunt. Armeniam Parthī - sustulērunt legiōnēsque Rōmānās sub iugum mīsērunt. - Duae tamen sub eō prōvinciae factae sunt, Pontus Polemōniacus 15 - concedente rēge Polemōne et Alpēs Cottiae Cottiō - rēge dēfūnctō. - - =15.= Per haec Rōmānō orbī exsecrābilis ab omnibus simul - dēstitūtus est et ā senātū hostis iūdicātus; cum quaererētur - ad poenam, quae poena erat tālis, ut nūdus per pūblicum 20 - ductus furcā capitī ēius īnsertā virgīs ūsque ad mortem - caederētur atque ita praecipitārētur ā saxō, ē Palātiō fūgit - et in suburbānō sē lībertī suī, quod inter Salariam et - Nōmentānam viam ad quārtum urbis mīliārium est, interfēcit. - Is aedificāvit Rōmae thermās, quae ante Nerōniānae dictae 25 - nunc Alexandriānae appellantur. Obiit trīcēsimō et alterō - aetātis annō, imperiī quārtō decimō, atque in eō omnis - Augustī familia cōnsūmpta est. - - - 69 _Galba Emperor, 68-69 A.D._ - - =16.= Huic Serv. Galba successit, antīquissimae nōbilitātis - senātor, cum septuāgēsimum et tertium annum ageret aetātis, - ab Hispānīs et Gallīs imperātōr ēlēctus, mox ab ūniversō - exercitū lībenter acceptus. Nam privāta ēius vīta - īnsīgnis fuerat mīlitāribus et cīvīlibus rēbus. Saepe cōnsul, 5 - saepe prō cōnsule, frequenter dux in gravissimīs bellīs. - Hūius breve imperium fuit et quod bona habēret exōrdia, - nisi ad sevēritātem prōpēnsior vidērētur.[156] Īnsidiīs tamen - Othōnis occīsus est imperiī mēnse septimō. Iugulātus in - forō Rōmae sepultusque in hortīs suīs, quī sunt Aurēliā viā 10 - nōn longē ab urbe Rōmā. - - - _Otho Emperor, 69 A.D._ - - =17.= Otho occīsō Galbā invāsit imperium, māternō genere[157] - nōbilior quam paternō, neutrō tamen obscūrō. In privātā - vītā mollis et Nerōnī familiāris, in imperiō documentum - suī nōn potuit ostendere. Nam cum īsdem temporibus, 15 - quibus Otho Galbam occīderat, etiam Vitellius factus esset - ā Germāniciānīs exercitibus imperātōr, bellō contrā eum - susceptō cum apud Bēdriacum in Ītaliā levī proeliō victus - esset, ingentēs tamen cōpiās ad bellum habēret, sponte sēmet[158] - occīdit. Petentibus mīlitibus nē tam cito dē bellī dēspērāret 20 - ēventū, cum tantī[159] sē nōn esse dīxisset ut propter - eum bellum cīvīle movērētur, voluntāriā morte obiit trīcēsimō - et octāvō aetātis annō, nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī - diē. - - - 70 _Vitellius Emperor, 69 A.D._ - - =18.= Dein Vitellius imperiō[160] potītus est, familiā honōrātā - magis quam nōbilī. Nam pater ēius nōn admodum clārē - nātus trēs tamen ōrdināriōs gesserat cōnsulātūs. Hīc cum - multō dēdecōre imperāvit et gravī saevitiā nōtābilis, praecipuē - ingluviē et vorācitāte, quippe cum dē diē saepe quārtō 5 - vel quīntō ferātur[161] epulātus. Nōtissima certē cēna memoriae - mandāta est, quam eī Vitellius frāter exhibuit, in quā - super cēterōs sūmptūs duo mīlia piscium, septem avium - apposita trāduntur. Hīc cum Nerōnī similis esse vellet - atque id adeō prae sē ferret, ut etiam exsequiās Nerōnis, 10 - quae humiliter sepultae fuerant, honōrāret, ā Vespasiānī - ducibus occīsus est interfectō prius in urbe Sabīnō, Vespasiānī - imperātōris frātre, quem cum Capitōliō incendit. - Interfectus autem est māgnō dēdecōre: trāctus per urbem - Rōmam pūblicē, nūdus, ērēctō comā capite et subiectō ad 15 - mentum gladiō, stercore in vultum et pectus ab omnibus - obviīs appetītus, postrēmō iugulātus et in Tiberim dēiectus - etiam commūnī caruit sepultūrā. Periit autem aetātis annō - septimō et quīnquāgēsimō, imperiī mēnse octāvō et diē ūnō. - - - _Vespasian Emperor, 69-79 A.D._ - - =19.= Vespasiānus huic successit, factus apud Palaestīnam 20 - imperātōr, prīnceps obscūrē quidem nātus, sed optimīs - comparandus, privātā vītā inlūstris, ut quī ā Claudiō in - Germāniam et deinde in Britanniam missus trīciēs et bis cum - hoste cōnflīxerit, duās validissimās gentēs, vīgintī oppida, - īnsulam Vectam, Britanniae prōximam, imperiō Rōmānō 25 - adiēcerit. Rōmae sē in imperiō moderātissimē gessit. Pecūniae - 71 tantum avidior fuit, ita tamen, ut eam nūllī[162] iniūstē - auferret. Quam cum omnī dīligentiae prōvīsiōne conligeret, - tamen studiōsissimē largiēbātur, praecipuē indigentibus. - - Nec facile ante eum cūiusquam prīncipis vel māior est - līberālitas comperta, vel iūstior. Placidissimae lēnitātis, 5 - ut quī māiestātis quoque contrā sē reōs nōn facile pūnīret - ultrā exsiliī poenam. Sub hōc Iūdaea Rōmānō accessit - imperiō et Hierosolyma, quae fuit urbs nōbilissima Palaestīnae. - Achaeam, Lyciam, Rhodum, Bȳzantium, Samum, - quae līberae ante id tempus fuerant, item Thrāciam, Ciliciam, 10 - Commāgēnēn, quae sub rēgibus amīcīs ēgerant, in - prōvinciārum fōrmam redēgit. - - =20.= Offēnsārum[163] et inimīcitiārum immemor fuit, convīcia - ā causidicīs et philosophīs in sē dicta lēniter tulit, dīligēns - tamen coërcitor disciplīnae mīlitāris. Hīc cum fīliō Titō 15 - dē Hierosolymīs triumphāvit. Per haec cum senātuī, populō, - postrēmō cūnctīs amābilis ac iūcundus esset, prōfluviō - ventris exstinctus est in vīllā propriā circā Sabīnōs, annum - agēns aetātis sexāgēsimum nōnum, imperiī nōnum et diem - septimum, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est. Genitūram fīliōrum 20 - ita cognitam habuit, ut, cum multae contrā eum coniūrātiōnēs - fierent, quās patefactās ingentī dissimulātiōne - contempsit, in senātū dīxerit aut fīliōs sibi successūrōs, aut - nēminem. - - - _Titus Emperor, 79-81 A.D._ - - =21.= Huic Titus fīlius successit, quī et ipse Vespasiānus est 25 - dictus, vir omnium virtūtum genere mirābilis adeō ut amor - et dēliciae humānī generis dīcerētur, facundissimus, - bellicōsissimus, moderātissimus. Causās Latīnē ēgit, poēmata - 72 et tragoediās Graecē composuit. In oppūgnātiōne Hierosolymōrum - sub patre mīlitāns duodecim prōpūgnātōrēs duodecim - sagittārum cōnfīxit ictibus. Rōmae tantae cīvīlitātis - in imperiō fuit ut nūllum omnīnō pūnīerit, convīctōs adversum - sē coniūrātiōnis dīmīserit vel in eādem familiāritāte 5 - quā anteā habuerit. Facilitātis et līberālitātis tantae fuit - ut, cum nūllī quicquam negāret et ab amīcīs reprehenderētur, - responderit nūllum trīstem dēbēre ab imperātōre discēdere, - praetereā cum quādam diē in cēnā recordātus fuisset - nihil sē illō diē cuīquam praestitisse, dīxerit: ‘Amīcī, hodiē 10 - diem perdidī.’ Hīc Rōmae amphitheātrum aedificāvit et - quīnque mīlia ferārum in dēdicātiōne ēius occīdit. - - =22.= Per haec inūsitātō favōre dīlēctus morbō periit in eā, - quā pater, vīllā post biennium et mēnsēs octō, diēs vīgintī, - quam imperātōr erat factus, aetātis annō alterō et 15 - quadrāgēsimō. Tantus lūctus eō mortuō pūblicus fuit ut omnēs - tamquam in propriā doluerint orbitāte. Senātus obitū ipsīus - circā vesperam nūntiātō nocte inrūpit in cūriam et tantās eī - mortuō laudēs gratiāsque congessit, quantās nec vīvō umquam - ēgerat nec praesentī. Inter Dīvōs relātus est. 20 - - - _Domitian Emperor, 81-96 A.D._ - - =23.= Domitiānus mox accēpit imperium, frāter ipsīus - iūnior, Nerōnī aut Caligulae aut Tiberiō similior quam patrī - vel frātrī suō. Prīmīs tamen annīs moderātus in imperiō fuit, - mox ad ingentia vitia prōgressus libīdinis, īrācundiae, - crūdēlitātis, avāritiae, tantum in sē odiī[164] concitāvit ut 25 - merita et patris et frātris abolēret. Interfēcit nōbilissimōs ē - senātū. Dominum sē et deum prīmus appellārī iussit. - Nūllam sibi nisi auream et argenteam statuam in Capitōliō - 73 passus est ponī. Cōnsōbrīnōs suōs interfēcit. Superbia - quoque in eō exsecrābilis fuit. Expeditiōnēs quattuor habuit, - ūnam adversum Sarmatās, alteram adversum Cattōs, - duās adversum Dācōs. Dē Dācīs Cattīsque duplicem triumphum - ēgit, dē Sarmatīs sōlam lauream ūsūrpāvit. Multās 5 - tamen calamitātēs īsdem bellīs passus est; nam in Sarmatiā - legiō ēius cum duce interfecta est et ā Dācīs Oppius Sabīnus - cōnsulāris et Cornēlius Fuscus, praefectus praetōriō, - cum māgnīs exercitibus occīsī sunt. Rōmae quoque multa - opera fēcit, in hīs Capitōlium et Forum Trānsitōrium, Dīvōrum 10 - Porticus, Īsīum ac Serāpīum et Stadium. Vērum cum - ob scelera ūniversīs exōsus esse coepisset, interfectus est - suōrum coniūrātiōne in Palātiō, annō aetātis quadrāgēsimō - quīntō, imperiī quīntō decimō. Fūnus ēius cum ingentī - dēdecōre per vespillōnēs exportātum et ignōbiliter est 15 - sepultum. - - - - - LIBER OCTĀVUS - - FROM THE ACCESSION OF NERVA TO THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER - SEVERUS, 96-235 A.D. - - - _Nerva Emperor, 96-98 A.D._ - - =1.= Annō octingentēsimō et quīnquāgēsimō ab urbe conditā - Vetere et Valente cōnsulibus rēs pūblica ad prōsperrimum - statum rediit bonīs prīncipibus ingentī fēlicitāte commissa. - Domitiānō enim, exitiābilī tyrannō, Nerva successit, vir in 20 - prīvātā vītā moderātus et strēnuus, nōbilitātis mediae. Quī - senex admodum operam dante Petrōniō Secundō, praefectō - praetōriō, item Partheniō, interfectōre Domitiānī, imperātōr - est factus; aequissimum sē et cīvilissimum praebuit. Reī[165] - 74 pūblicae dīvīnā prōvīsiōne cōnsuluit Trāiānum adoptandō.[166] - Mortuus est Rōmae post annum et quattuor mēnsēs imperiī - suī ac diēs octō, aetātis septuāgēsimō et alterō annō, atque - inter Dīvōs relātus est. - - - _Trajan Emperor, 98-117 A.D._ - - =2.= Successit eī Ulpius Crīnītus Trāiānus, nātus Ītalicae in 5 - Hispāniā, familiā[167] antīquā magis quam clārā. Nam pater - ēius prīmum cōnsul fuit. Imperātōr autem apud Agrippīnam - in Galliīs factus est. Rem pūblicam ita administrāvit - ut omnibus prīncipibus meritō praeferātur, inūsitātae - cīvīlitātis et fortitūdinis. Rōmānī imperiī, quod post Augustum 10 - dēfēnsum magis fuerat quam nōbiliter ampliātum, - fīnēs longē lātēque diffūdit. Urbēs trāns Rhēnum in Germāniā - reparāvit. Dāciam Decibalō victō subēgit prōvinciā - trāns Dānubium factā in hīs agrīs quōs nunc Taifalī, Victoalī - et Tervingī habent. Ea prōvincia deciēs centēna mīlia 15 - passuum in circuitū tenuit. - - =3.= Armeniam, quam occupāverant Parthī, recēpit Parthomasīrī - occisō, quī eam tenēbat. Albānīs rēgem dedit. - Hibērōrum rēgem et Sauromatārum et Bosporānōrum et - Arabum et Osdroēnōrum et Colchōrum in fidem accēpit. 20 - Carduenōs, Marcomedōs occupāvit et Anthemūsiam, māgnam - Persidis regiōnem, Seleuciam, Ctēsiphōntem, Babylōnem; - Messēniōs vīcit ac tenuit. Ūsque ad Indiae fīnēs - et mare Rubrum accessit atque ibi trēs prōvinciās fēcit, - Armeniam, Assyriam, Mesopotamiam, cum hīs gentibus 25 - quae Madenam attingunt. Arabiam posteā in prōvinciae - fōrmam redēgit. In marī Rubrō classem īnstituit, ut per - eam Indiae fīnēs vāstāret. - - 75 =4.= Glōriam tamen mīlitārem cīvīlitāte et moderātiōne superāvit, - Rōmae et per prōvinciās aequālem sē omnibus exhibēns, - amīcōs salūtandī[168] causā frequentāns vel aegrōtantēs - vel cum fēstōs diēs habuissent, convīvia cum īsdem indiscrēta - vicissim habēns, saepe in vehiculīs eōrum sedēns, nūllum 5 - senātōrum laedēns, nihil iniūstum ad augendum fiscum - agēns, līberālis in cūnctōs, pūblicē prīvātimque dītāns omnēs - et honōribus augēns, quōs vel mediōcrī familiāritāte cognōvisset, - per orbem terrārum aedificāns multa, immūnitātēs - cīvitātibus tribuēns, nihil nōn tranquillum et placidum 10 - agēns, adeō ut omnī ēius aetāte ūnus senātor damnātus sit - atque is tamen per senātum ignōrante Trāiānō. Ob haec - per orbem terrārum deō proximus nihil nōn venerātiōnis - meruit et vīvus et mortuus. - - =5.= Inter alia dicta hoc ipsīus fertur ēgregium. Amīcīs 15 - enim culpantibus, quod nimium circā omnēs commūnis esset,[169] - respondit tālem sē imperātōrem esse prīvātīs, quālēs esse - sibi imperātōrēs prīvātus optāsset. Post ingentem igitur - glōriam bellī domīque quaesitam ē Perside rediēns apud - Seleuciam Isauriae prōfluviō ventris exstinctus est. Obiit 20 - autem aetātis annō sexāgēsimō tertiō, mēnse nōnō, diē - quārtō, imperiī nōnō decimō, mēnse sextō, diē quīntō decimō. - Inter Dīvōs relātus est sōlusque omnium intrā urbem - sepultus est. Ossa conlāta in urnam auream in forō, quod - aedificāvit, sub columnā posita sunt, cūius altitūdō CXLIV 25 - pedēs habet. Hūius tantum memoriae dēlātum est ut - ūsque ad nostram aetātem nōn aliter in senātū prīncipibus - acclāmētur, nisi ‘Fēlīciōr Augustō,[170] meliōr Trāiānō.’ Adeō - in eō glōria bonitātis obtinuit, ut vel adsentantibus vel - 76 vērē laudantibus occāsiōnem māgnificentissimī praestet - exemplī. - - - _Hadrian Emperor, 117-138 A.D._ - - =6.= Dēfūnctō Trāiānō Aelius Hadriānus creātus est prīnceps, - sine aliquā quidem voluntāte Trāiānī, sed operam dante - Plōtīnā, Trāiānī uxōre; nam eum Trāiānus, quamquam 5 - cōnsōbrīnae suae fīlium, vīvus nōluerat adoptāre. Nātus - et ipse Ītalicae in Hispāniā. Quī Trāiānī glōriae invidēns - statim prōvinciās trēs relīquit, quās Trāiānus addiderat, et - dē Assyriā, Mesopotamiā, Armeniā revocāvit exercitūs ac - fīnem imperiī esse voluit Euphrātēn. Idem dē Dāciā facere 10 - conātum amīcī dēterruērunt, nē multī cīvēs Rōmānī barbarīs - trāderentur, proptereā quia Trāiānus victā Dāciā ex tōtō - orbe Rōmānō īnfīnītās eō cōpiās hominum trānstulerat ad - agrōs et urbēs colendās. Dācia enim diūturnō bellō Decibalī - virīs fuerat exhausta. 15 - - =7.= Pācem tamen omnī imperiī suī tempore habuit, semel - tantum per praesidem dīmicāvit. Orbem Rōmānum circumiit; - multa aedificāvit. Fācundissimus Latīnō sermōne, - Graecō ērudītissimus fuit. Nōn māgnam clēmentiae glōriam - habuit, dīligentissimus tamen circā aerārium et mīlitum 20 - disciplīnam. Obiit in Campāniā māior sexāgenāriō, imperiī - annō vīcēsimō prīmō, mēnse decimō, diē vīcēsimō nōnō. - Senātus eī tribuere nōluit dīvīnōs honōrēs, tamen cum successor - ipsīus T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius hōc vehementer - exigeret, etsī ūniversī senātōrēs palam resisterent, tandem 25 - obtinuit. - - - _Antoninus Pius Emperor, 138-161 A.D._ - - =8.= Ergō Hadriānō successit T. Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius, - īdem etiam Pius nōminātus, genere clārō, sed nōn admodum - 77 vetere, vir īnsīgnis et quī meritō Numae Pompiliō cōnferātur,[171] - ita ut Rōmulō Trāiānus aequētur. Vīxit ingentī honestāte - prīvātus, māiōre in imperiō, nūllī acerbus, cūnctīs - benīgnus, in rē mīlitārī moderātā glōriā, dēfendere magis - prōvinciās quam amplificāre studēns, virōs aequissimōs ad 5 - administrandam rem pūblicam quaerēns, bonīs honōrem - habēns, improbōs sine aliquā acerbitāte dētestāns, rēgibus - amīcīs venerābilis nōn minus quam terribilis, adeō ut barbarōrum - plūrimae nātiōnēs dēpositīs armīs ad eum contrōversiās - suās lītēsque dēferrent sententiaeque pārērent. Hīc 10 - ante imperium dītissimus opēs quidem omnēs suās stīpendiīs - mīlitum et circā amīcōs līberālītātibus minuit, vērum - aerārium opulentum relīquit. Pius propter clēmentiam - dictus est. Obiit apud Lorium, vīllam suam, mīliāriō ab - urbe duodecimō, vītae annō septuāgēsimō tertiō, imperiī 15 - vīcēsimō tertiō, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est et meritō - cōnsecrātus. - - - _Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Emperors, 161-169 A.D._ - - =9.= Post hunc imperāvit M. Antōnīnus Vērus, haud dubiē - nōbilissimus, quippe cum ēius orīgō paterna ā Numā Pompiliō, - māterna ā Sallentīnō rēge penderet, et cum eō L. Annius 20 - Antōnīnus Vērus. Tumque prīmum Rōmāna rēs pūblica - duōbus aequō iūre imperium administrantibus pāruit, cum - ūsque ad eōs singulōs semper habuisset Augustōs. Hī et - genere inter sē coniūnctī fuērunt et adfīnitāte. Nam Vērus - Annius Antōnīnus M. Antōnīnī fīliam in mātrimōnium habuit, 25 - M. autem Antōnīnus gener Antōnīnī Piī fuit per uxōrem - Galēriam Faustīnam iūniōrem, cōnsōbrīnam suam. - - =10.= Hī bellum contrā Parthōs gessērunt, quī post victōriam - 78 Trāiānī tum prīmum rebellāverant. Vērus Antōnīnus ad id - profectus est. Quī Antiochīae et circā Armeniam agēns multa - per ducēs suōs et ingentiā patrāvit. Seleucīam, Assyriae - urbem nōbilissimam, cum quadringentīs mīlibus hominum - cēpit; Parthicum triumphum revexit. Cum frātre eōdemque[172] 5 - socerō triumphāvit. Obiit tamen in Venetiā, cum ā - Concordiā cīvitāte Altīnum proficīscerētur et cum frātre - in vehiculō sēderet, subitō sanguine ictus, cāsū morbī quem - Graecī apoplēxin vocant. Vir ingeniī parum cīvīlis, reverentiā - tamen frātris nihil umquam atrōx ausus. Cum obisset 10 - ūndecimō imperiī annō, inter deōs relātus est. - - - _Marcus Aurelius reigns alone, 169-180 A.D._ - - =11.= Post eum M. Antōnīnus sōlus rem pūblicam tenuit, vir - quem mīrārī facilius quis quam laudāre possit. Ā prīncipiō - vītae tranquillissimus, adeō ut ex īnfantīa quoque vultum - nec ex gaudiō nec ex maerōre mutāverit. Philosophiae dēditus 15 - Stoicae, ipse etiam nōn sōlum vītae moribus, sed etiam - ērudītiōne philosophus. Tantae admirātiōnis adhūc iuvenis - ut eum successōrem parāverit Hadriānus relinquere, - adoptātō tamen Antōnīnō Piō generum eī idcircō esse voluerit, - ut hōc ōrdine ad imperium pervenīret. 20 - - =12.= Īnstitūtus est ad philosophiam per Apollōnium[173] - Chalcēdōnium, ad scientiam litterārum Graecārum per Sextum - Chaerōnēnsem, Plūtarchī nepōtem, Latīnās autem eum litterās - Frontō, ōrātor nōbilissimus, docuit. Hīc cum omnibus - Rōmae aequō iūre ēgit, ad nūllam īnsolentiam ēlātus est 25 - imperiī fastīgiō; līberālitātis prōmptissimae. Prōvinciās - ingentī benīgnitāte et moderātiōne trāctāvit. Contrā Germānōs - 79 eō prīncipe rēs fēlīciter gestae sunt. Bellum ipse ūnum - gessit Marcomannicum, sed quantum nūllā memoriā fuit, - adeō ut Pūnicīs cōnferātur. Nam eō[174] gravius est factum, - quod ūniversī exercitūs Rōmānī perierant. Sub hōc enim - tantus cāsus pestilentiae fuit ut post victōriam Persicam 5 - Rōmae ac per Ītaliam prōvinciāsque māxima hominum pars, - mīlitum omnēs ferē cōpiae languōre dēfēcerint. - - =13.= Ingentī ergō labōre et moderātiōne, cum apud Carnuntum - iūgī trienniō perseverāsset, bellum Marcomannicum cōnfēcit, - quod cum hīs Quādī, Vandalī, Sarmatae, Suēvī atque 10 - omnis barbaria commoverat, multa hominum mīlia interfēcit, - ac Pannoniīs servitiō līberātīs Rōmae rūrsus cum - Commodō Antōnīnō, fīliō suō, quem iam Caesarem fēcerat, - triumphāvit. Ad hūius bellī sūmptum cum aerāriō exhaustō - largītiōnēs nūllās habēret neque indīcere prōvinciālibus 15 - aut senātuī aliquid vellet, īnstrumentum rēgiī cultūs - factā in forō Dīvī Trāiānī sectiōne distrāxit, vāsa aurea, - pōcula crystallina et murrina, uxōriam ac suam sēricam et - auream vestem, multa ōrnamenta gemmārum. Ac per duōs - continuōs mēnsēs ea vēnditiō habita est multumque aurī 20 - redāctum. Post victōriam tamen ēmptōribus pretia restituit, - quī reddere comparāta voluērunt; molestus nūllī fuit - quī māluit semel ēmpta retinēre. - - =14.= Hīc permīsit virīs clāriōribus ut convīvia eōdem cultū - quō ipse et ministrīs similibus exhibērent. In ēditiōne 25 - mūnerum post victōriam adeō māgnificus fuit ut centum - simul leōnēs exhibuisse trādātur. Cum igitur fortūnātam - rem pūblicam et virtūte et mānsuetūdine reddidisset, obiit - XVIII imperiī annō, vītae LXI, et omnibus certātim adnitentibus - inter Dīvōs relātus est. 30 - - - 80 _Commodus Emperor, 180-193 A.D._ - - =15.= Hūius successōr L. Antōnīnus Commodus nihil paternum - habuit, nisi quod contrā Germānōs fēlīciter et ipse - pūgnāvit. Septembrem mēnsem ad nōmen suum trānsferre - conātus est, ut Commodus dīcerētur. Sed lūxuriā et obscēnitāte - dēprāvātus gladiātōriīs armīs saepissimē in lūdō, 5 - deincēps etiam in amphitheātrō cum hūiusmodī hominibus - dīmicāvit. Obiit morte subitā atque adeō ut strangulātus - vel venēnō interfectus putārētur, cum annīs XII post patrem - et VIII mēnsibus imperāsset, tantā exsecrātiōne omnium ut - hostis humānī generis etiam mortuus iūdicārētur. 10 - - - _Pertinax Emperor, 193 A.D._ - - =16.= Huic successit Pertināx, grandaevus iam et quī - septuāgenāriam attigisset aetātem, praefectūram urbī tum agēns, - ex senātūs cōnsultō imperāre iussus. Octōgēsimō diē imperiī - praetōriānōrum mīlitum sēditiōne et Iūliānī scelere - occīsus est. 15 - - =17.= Post eum Salvius Iūliānus rem pūblicam invāsit, vir - nōbilis et iūre perītissimus, nepōs Salvī Iūliānī, quī sub - Dīvō Hadriānō perpetuum composuit ēdictum. Victus est - ā Sevērō apud Mulvium pontem, interfectus in Palātiō. - Vīxit mēnsibus septem postquam coeperat imperāre. 20 - - - _Septimius Severus Emperor, 193-211 A.D._ - - =18.= Hinc imperiī Rōmānī administrātiōnem Septimius - Sevērus accēpit, oriundus ex Āfricā prōvinciā Tripolitānā, - oppidō Leptī. Sōlus omnī memoriā[175] et ante et posteā ex - Āfricā imperātōr fuit. Hīc prīmum fiscī advocātus, mox - mīlitāris tribūnus, per multa deinde et varia officia atque 25 - 81 honōrēs ūsque ad administrātiōnem tōtīus reī pūblicae vēnit. - Pertinācem sē appellārī voluit in honōrem ēius Pertinācis, - quī ā Iūliānō fuerat occīsus. Parcus admodum fuit, natūrā - saevus. Bella multa et fēlīciter gessit. Pescennium Nigrum, - quī in Aegyptō et Syriā rebellāverat, apud Cȳzicum 5 - interfēcit. Parthōs vīcit et Arabās interiōrēs et Adiabēnōs. - Arabās eō ūsque superāvit ut etiam prōvinciam ibi faceret. - Idcircō Parthicus, Arabicus, Adiabēnicus dictus est. Multa - tōtō orbe Rōmānō reparāvit. Sub eō etiam Clōdius Albīnus, - quī in occidendō Pertināce socius fuerat Iūliānō,[176] Caesarem 10 - sē in Galliā fēcit, victusque apud Lugdūnum est interfectus. - - =19.= Sevērus tamen praeter bellicam glōriam etiam cīvīlibus - studiīs clārus fuit et litterīs doctus, philosophiae scientiam - ad plēnum adeptus. Novissimum bellum in Britanniā - habuit, utque receptās prōvinciās omnī sēcūritāte mūnīret, 15 - vāllum per CXXXII passuum mīlia ā marī ad mare dēdūxit. - Dēcessit Eborācī admodum senex, imperiī annō sextō - decimō, mēnse tertiō. Dīvus appellātus est. Nam fīliōs - duōs successōrēs relīquit, Bassiānum et Getam, sed Bassiānō - Antōnīnī nōmen ā senātū voluit impōnī. Itaque dictus 20 - est M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus patrīque successit. - Nam Geta hostis pūblicus iūdicātus cōnfestim periit. - - - _Caracalla Emperor, 211-217 A.D._ - - =20.= M. igitur Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus, īdemque Caracalla, - mōrum ferē paternōrum fuit, paulō asperior et mināx. - Opus Rōmae ēgregium fēcit lavācrī, quae thermae Antōnīniānae 25 - appellantur, nihil praetereā memorābile. Impatientis - libīdinis, quī novercam suam Iūliam uxōrem dūxerit. Dēfūnctus - est in Osdroēna apud Edessam moliēns adversum - 82 Parthōs expedītiōnem annō imperiī sextō, mēnse secundō, - vix ēgressus quadrāgēsimum tertium annum. Fūnere pūblicō - ēlātus est. - - - _Macrinus Emperor, 218 A.D._ - - =21.= Deinde Opilius Macrīnus, quī praefectus praetōriō - erat, cum fīliō Diadūmenō factī imperātōrēs nihil memorābile 5 - ex temporis brevitāte gessērunt. Nam imperium - eōrum duum mēnsuum et ūnīus annī fuit. Sēditiōne mīlitārī - ambō pariter occīsī sunt. - - - _Heliogabalus Emperor, 218-221 A.D._ - - =22.= Creātus est post hōs M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus. Hīc - Antonīnī Caracallae fīlius putābātur, sacerdōs autem 10 - Heliogabalī templī erat. Is cum Rōmam ingentī et mīlitum et - senātūs exspectātiōne vēnisset, probrīs sē omnibus contāmināvit. - Impudicissimē et obscēnissimē vīxit, bienniōque post - et octō mēnsibus tumultū interfectus est mīlitārī et cum eō - māter Symiasera. 15 - - - _Alexander Severus Emperor, 221-235 A.D._ - - =23.= Successit huic Aurēlius Alexander, ab exercitū Caesar, - ā senātū Augustus nōminātus, iuvenis admodum, susceptōque - adversus Persās bellō Xerxēn, eōrum rēgem, glōriōsissimē - vīcit. Mīlitārem disciplīnam sevērissimē rēxit. - Quāsdam tumultuantēs legiōnēs integrās exauctorāvit. 20 - Adsessōrem habuit vel scriniī magistrum Ulpiānum, iūris - conditōrem. Rōmae quoque favōrābilis fuit. Periit in Galliā - mīlitārī tumultū tertiō decimō imperiī annō et diē nōnō. - In Mamaeam, mātrem suam, ūnicē pius. - - - - - 83 LIBER NŌNUS - - FROM THE ACCESSION OF MAXIMUS TO THE ABDICATION OF - DIOCLETIAN, 235-305 A.D. - - - _Maximinus Emperor, 235-237 A.D._ - - =1.= Post hunc Māximīnus ex corpore mīlitārī prīmus ad - imperium accessit sōlā mīlitum voluntāte, cum nūlla senātūs - intercessisset auctōritās neque ipse senātor esset. Is bellō - adversus Germānōs fēlīciter gestō cum ā mīlitibus imperātōr - esset appellātus, ā Pupiēnō Aquilēiae occīsus est 5 - dēserentibus eum mīlitibus suīs cum fīliō adhūc puerō, cum quō - imperāverat trienniō et paucīs diēbus. - - - _Antonius Gordianus Emperor, 237-238 A.D. Gordianus III - Emperor, 238-244 A.D._ - - =2.= Posteā trēs simul Augustī fuērunt, Pupiēnus, Balbīnus, - Gordiānus, duo superiōrēs obscūrissimō genere, Gordiānus - nōbilis, quippe cūius pater, senior Gordiānus, cōnsensū 10 - mīlitum, cum prōcōnsulātum Āfricae gereret, Māximīnō - imperante prīnceps fuisset ēlēctus. Itaque cum Rōmam - vēnissent, Balbīnus et Pupiēnus in Palātiō interfectī sunt, - sōlī[177] Gordiānō imperium reservātum. Gordiānus admodum - puer cum Tranquillīnam Rōmae dūxisset uxōrem, Iānum 15 - Geminum aperuit et ad Orientem profectus Parthīs bellum - intulit, quī iam mōliēbantur ērumpere. Quod quidem fēlīciter - gessit proeliīsque ingentibus Persās adflīxit. Rediēns - haud longē ā Rōmānīs fīnibus interfectus est fraude Philippī, - quī post eum imperāvit. Mīles eī tumulum vīcēsimō 20 - mīliāriō ā Circēsiō, quod castrum nunc Rōmānōrum est - Euphrātae inminēns, aedificāvit, exsequiās Rōmam revexit, - ipsum Dīvum appellāvit. - - - _Philip Emperor, 244-249 A.D._ - - 84 =3.= Philippī duo, fīlius ac pater, Gordiānō occīsō imperium - invāsērunt atque exercitū incolumī reductō ad Ītaliam ex - Syriā profectī sunt. Hīs imperantibus mīllēsimus annus - Rōmae urbis ingentī lūdōrum apparātū spectāculōrumque - celebrātus est. Ambō deinde ab exercitū interfectī sunt, 5 - senior Philippus Vērōnae, Rōmae iūnior. Annīs quīnque - imperāvērunt; inter Dīvōs tamen relātī sunt. - - - _Metius Decius Emperor, 249-251 A.D._ - - =4.= Post hōs Decius ē Pannoniā īnferiōre Budaliae nātus - imperium sūmpsit. Bellum cīvīle, quod in Galliā motum - fuerat, oppressit. Fīlium suum Caesarem fēcit. Rōmae 10 - lavācrum aedificāvit. Cum imperāssent bienniō ipse et - fīlius, uterque in Barbaricō interfectī sunt. Senior meruit - inter Dīvōs referrī. - - - _Gallus Hostilianus and Volusianus Emperors, 251-253 A.D._ - - =5.= Mox imperātōrēs creātī sunt Gallus Hostīliānus et Gallī - fīlius Volusiānus. Sub hīs Aemiliānus in Moesiā rēs novās 15 - mōlītus est; ad quem opprimendum cum ambō profectī - essent, Interamnae interfectī sunt nōn complētō bienniō. - Nihil omnīnō clārum gessērunt. Sōlā pestilentiā[178] et morbīs - atque aegritūdinibus nōtus eōrum prīncipātus fuit. - - _Aemilianus Emperor, 253 A.D._ - - =6.= Aemiliānus obscūrissimē nātus obscūrius imperāvit ac 20 - tertiō mēnse exstinctus est. - - - _Valerianus Emperor, 253-260 A.D._ - - =7.= Hinc Licinius Valeriānus in Raetiā et Nōricō agēns ab - exercitū imperātōr et mox Augustus est factus. Galliēnus - 85 quoque Rōmae ā senātū Caesar est appellātus. Hōrum imperium - Rōmānō nōminī perniciōsum et paene exitiābile fuit - vel īnfēlīcitāte prīncipum vel ignāviā. Germānī Ravennam - ūsque vēnērunt. Valeriānus in Mesopotamiā bellum gerēns - ā Sapōre, Persārum rēge, superātus est, mox etiam captus 5 - apud Parthōs ignōbilī servitūte cōnsenuit. - - - _Gallienus Emperor, 260-268 A.D._ - - =8.= Galliēnus cum adulēscēns factus esset Augustus, imperium - prīmum fēlīciter, mox commodē, ad ultimum perniciōsē - gessit. Nam iuvenis in Galliā et Īllyricō multa strēnuē - fēcit occīsō apud Mursam Ingenuō, quī purpuram sūmpserat, 10 - et Trebelliānō. Diū placidus et quiētus, mox in omnem - lascīviam dissolūtus, tenendae reī pūblicae habēnās probrōsā - ignāviā et dēspērātiōne laxāvit. Alamannī vāstātīs - Galliīs in Ītaliam penetrāvērunt. Dācia, quae ā Trāiānō - ultrā Dānuvium fuerat adiectā, tum āmissa, Graecia, Macedonia, 15 - Pontus, Asia vāstāta est per Gothōs, Pannonia ā - Sarmatīs Quadīsque populāta est, Germānī ūsque ad Hispāniās - penetrāvērunt et cīvitātem nōbilem Tarracōnem expūgnāvērunt, - Parthī Mesopotamiā occupātā Syriam sibi - coeperant vindicāre. 20 - - =9.= Iam dēspērātīs rēbus et dēlētō paene imperiō Rōmānō - Postumus in Galliā, obscūrissimē nātus, purpuram sūmpsit - et per annōs decem ita imperāvit ut cōnsūmptās paene prōvinciās - ingentī virtūte et moderātiōne reparāverit. Quī - sēditiōne mīlitum interfectus est, quod Mogontiacum cīvitātem, 25 - quae adversus eum rebellāverat Laeliānō rēs novās - mōliente, dīripiendam[179] mīlitibus trādere nōluisset. Post - eum Marius, vīlissimus opifex, purpuram accēpit et secundō - 86 diē interfectus est. Victorīnus posteā Galliārum accēpit - imperium, vir strēnuissimus, sed cum nimiae libīdinis[180] esset - et mātrimōnia aliēna corrumperet, Agrippīnae occīsus est - āctuāriō quōdam dolum māchinante, imperiī suī annō - secundō. 5 - - =10.= Huic successit Tetricus senātor, quī Aquitāniam honōre - praesidīs administrāns absēns ā mīlitibus imperātōr ēlēctus - est et apud Burdigalam purpuram sūmpsit. Sēditiōnēs - multās mīlitum pertulit. Sed dum haec in Galliā geruntur, - in Oriente per Odenāthum Persae victī sunt. Dēfēnsā 10 - Syriā, receptā Mesopotamiā ūsque ad Ctēsiphōntem Odenāthus - penetrāvit. - - - _Claudius Emperor, 268-270 A.D._ - - =11.= Ita Galliēnō rem pūblicam dēserente Rōmānum imperium - in Occidente per Postumum, per Odenāthum in Oriente - servātum est. Galliēnus intereā Mediōlānī cum Valeriānō 15 - frātre occīsus est imperiī annō nōnō, Claudiusque eī successit - ā mīlitibus ēlēctus, ā senātū appellatus Augustus. Hīc - Gothōs Īllyricum Macedoniamque vāstantēs ingentī proeliō - vīcit. Parcus vir ac modestus et iūstī[181] tenāx ac reī pūblicae - gerendae idōneus, quī tamen intrā imperiī biennium morbō 20 - interiit. Dīvus appellātus est. Senātus eum ingentī honōre - decorāvit, scīlicet ut in cūriā clipeus ipsī aureus, item in - Capitōliō statua aurea pōnerētur. - - - _Quintillus Emperor, 270 A.D._ - - =12.= Quintillus post eum, Claudī frāter, cōnsēnsū mīlitum - imperātōr ēlēctus est, ūnicae moderātionīs[180] vir et 25 - 87 cīvīlitātis, aequandus frātrī vel praeponendus. Cōnsēnsū senātūs - appellātus Augustus septimō decimō diē imperiī occīsus est. - - - _Aurelian Emperor, 270-275 A.D._ - - =13.= Post eum Aurēliānus suscēpit imperium, Dāciā Rīpēnsī - oriundus, vir in bellō potēns, animī tamen immodicī et ad - crūdēlitātem prōpēnsiōris. Is quoque Gothōs strēnuissimē 5 - vīcit. Rōmānam diciōnem ad fīnēs prīstinōs variā bellōrum - fēlīcitāte revocāvit. Superāvit in Galliā Tetricum apud - Catalaunōs ipsō Tetricō prōdente exercitum suum, cūius - adsiduās sēditiōnēs ferre nōn poterat. Quīn etiam per litterās - occultās Aurēliānum ita fuerat dēprecātus ut inter 10 - alia versū[182] Vergiliānō uterētur: ‘Ēripe mē hīs, invicte, - malīs.’ Zēnobiam quoque, quae occīsō Odenāthō marītō - Orientem tenēbat, haud longē ab Antiochīā sine gravī - proeliō cēpit, ingressusque Rōmam nōbilem triumphum - quasi receptor Orientis Occidentisque ēgit praecēdentibus 15 - currum Tetricō et Zēnobiā. Quī quidem Tetricus corrēctor - Lūcāniae posteā fuit ac prīvātus diūtissimē vīxit; Zēnobia - autem posterōs, quī adhūc manent, Rōmae relīquit. - - =14.= Hōc imperante etiam in urbe monētāriī rebellāvērunt - vitiātīs pecūniīs et Fēlīcissimō rationālī interfectō. Quōs 20 - Aurēliānus victōs ultimā crūdēlitāte compescuit. Plūrimōs - nōbilēs capite[183] damnāvit. Saevus et sanguinārius ac - necessārius magis in quibusdam quam in ūllō amābilis imperātōr. - Trux omnī tempore, etiam fīliī sorōris interfector, disciplīnae - tamen mīlitāris et morum dissolūtōrum māgnā ex parte corrēctor. 25 - - =15.= Urbem Rōmam mūrīs fīrmiōribus cīnxit. Templum - 88 Sōlī aedificāvit, in quō īnfīnītum aurī gemmārumque cōnstituit. - Prōvinciam Dāciam, quam Trāiānus ultrā Dānuvium - fēcerat, intermīsit, vāstātō omnī Īllyricō et Moesiā dēspērāns - eam posse retinērī, abductōsque Rōmānōs ex urbibus et - agrīs Dāciae in mediā Moesiā conlocāvit appellāvitque eam 5 - Dāciam, quae nunc duās Moesiās dīvīdit et est in dextrā - Dānuviō in mare fluentī, cum anteā fuerit in laevā. Occīditur - servī suī fraude, quī ad quōsdam mīlitārēs virōs, amīcōs - ipsīus, nōmina pertulit adnotāta falsō manum ēius imitātus, - tamquam Aurēliānus ipsōs pārāret occīdere; itaque ut 10 - praevenīrētur, ab īsdem interfectus est in itineris mediō, quod - inter Cōnstantīnopolim et Hēraclēam est strātae veteris; - locus Caenophrūrium appellātur. Mors tamen ēius inulta - nōn fuit. Meruit quoque inter Dīvōs referrī. - - - _Tacitus Emperor, 275-276 A.D._ - - =16.= Tacitus post hunc suscēpit imperium, vir ēgregiē morātus 15 - et reī pūblicae gerendae idōneus. Nihil tamen clārum - potuit ostendere intrā sextum mēnsem imperiī morte praeventus. - Flōriānus, quī Tacitō successerat, duōbus mēnsibus - et diēbus XX in imperiō fuit neque quicquam dīgnum memoriā - ēgit. 20 - - - _Probus Emperor, 276-282 A.D._ - - =17.= Post hunc Probus, vir inlūstris glōriā mīlitārī, ad - administrātiōnem reī pūblicae accessit. Galliās ā barbarīs - occupātās ingentī proeliōrum fēlīcitāte restituit. Quōsdam - imperium ūsūrpāre cōnātōs, scīlicet Sāturnīnum in Oriente, - Proculum et Bonōsum Agrippīnae, certāminibus oppressit. 25 - Vineās Gallōs et Pannoniōs habēre permīsit, opere mīlitārī - Almam montem apud Sirmium et Aureum apud Moesiam - superiōrem vīneīs cōnseruit et prōvinciālibus colendōs dedit. - 89 Hīc cum bella innumera gessisset, pāce pārātā dīxit brevī - mīlitēs necessāriōs nōn futūrōs. Vir ācer, strēnuus, iūstus - et quī Aurēliānum aequāret glōriā mīlitārī, morum autem - cīvīlitāte superāret. Interfectus tamen est Sirmī tumultū - mīlitārī in turrī ferrātā. 5 - - - _Carus Emperor, 282-283 A.D. Carus and Numerianus Emperors, - 283-284 A.D._ - - =18.= Post hunc Cārus est factus Augustus, Narbōne nātus - in Galliā. Is cōnfestim Carīnum et Numeriānum fīliōs Caesarēs - fēcit. Sed dum bellum adversus Sarmatās gerit, nūntiātō - Persārum tumultū ad Orientem profectus rēs contrā - Persās nōbilēs gessit. Ipsōs proeliō fūdit, Cōchēn et 10 - Ctēsiphōntem, urbēs nōbilissimās, cēpit. Et cum castra suprā - Tigridem habēret, vī dīvīnī fulminis periit. Numeriānus - quoque, fīlius ēius, quem sēcum Caesarem ad Persās dūxerat, - adulēscēns ēgregiae indolis, cum oculōrum dolōre correptus - in lectīculā veherētur, impulsōre Aprō, quī socer ēius 15 - erat, per īnsidiās occīsus est. Et cum dolō occultārētur - ipsīus mors, quoūsque Aper invādere posset imperium, fētōre - cadāveris prōdita est. Mīlitēs enim, quī eum sequebantur, - putōre commōtī dēductīs lectīculae palliīs post aliquot diēs - mortem ēius nōtam habēre potuērunt. 20 - - - _Diocletian Emperor, 284-305 A.D._ - - =19.= Intereā Carīnus, quem Caesarem ad Parthōs proficīscēns - Cārus in Īllyricō, Galliā, Italiā relīquerat, omnibus sē sceleribus - inquināvit. Plūrimōs innoxiōs fīctīs crīminibus occīdit, - mātrimōnia nōbilia corrūpit, condiscipulīs[184] quoque, quī - eum in auditōriō vel levī fatīgātiōne taxāverant, perniciōsus 25 - 90 fuit. Ob quae omnibus hominibus invīsus nōn multō post - poenās dedit. Nam dē Perside victor exercitus rediēns, - cum Cārum Augustum fulmine, Numeriānum Caesarem īnsidiīs - perdidisset, Dioclētiānum imperātōrem creāvit, Dalmatiā - oriundum, virum obscūrissimē nātum, adeō ut ā 5 - plerīsque scrībae fīlius, ā nōnnūllīs Ānullīnī senātōris - lībertīnus fuisse crēdātur. - - =20.= Is prīma mīlitum cōntiōne iūrāvit Numeriānum nūllō - suō dolō interfectum, et cum iūxtā eum Aper, quī Numeriānō - īnsidiās fēcerat, cōnstitisset, in cōnspectū exercitūs manū 10 - Dioclētiānī percussus est. Posteā Carīnum omnium odiō et - dētestātiōne vīventem apud Margum ingentī proeliō vīcit, - prōditum ab exercitū suō, quem fortiōrem habēbat, aut certē - dēsertum, inter Viminācium atque Aureum montem. Ita - rērum[185] Rōmānārum potītus cum tumultum rūsticānī in 15 - Galliā concitāssent et factiōnī suae Bacaudārum nōmen - impōnerent, ducēs autem habērent Amandum et Aeliānum, - ad subigendōs eōs Māximiānum Herculium Caesarem mīsit, - quī levibus proeliīs agrestēs domuit et pācem Galliae - refōrmāvit. 20 - - =21.= Per haec tempora etiam Carausius quī vīlissimē nātus - strēnuae mīlitiae ōrdine fāmam ēgregiam fuerat cōnsecūtus, - cum apud Bonōniam per trāctum Belgicae et Armoricī - pacandum mare accēpisset, quod Francī et Saxonēs īnfestābant. - Multīs barbarīs saepe captīs nec praedā integrā aut 25 - prōvincialibus redditā aut imperātōribus missā cum suspiciō - esse coepisset cōnsultō ab eō admittī barbarōs, ut trānseuntēs - cum praedā exciperet atque hāc sē occasiōne dītāret, - ā Māximiānō iussus occīdī purpuram sūmpsit et Britanniās - occupāvit. 30 - - - 91 _Diocletian makes Maximianus Herculius Augustus, Constantius - and Maximianus Caesars._ - - =22.= Ita cum per omnem orbem terrārum rēs turbātae essent, - Carausius in Britanniīs rebellāret, Achilleus in Aegyptō, - Āfricam Quīnquegentiānī īnfestārent, Narseus Orientī - bellum īnferret, Dioclētiānus Māximiānum Herculium ex - Caesare fēcit Augustum, Cōnstantium et Māximiānum 5 - Caesarēs, quōrum Cōnstantius per fīliam nepōs Claudī trāditur, - Māximiānus Gālerius in Dāciā haud longē ā Serdicā - nātus. Atque ut eōs etiam adfīnitāte coniungeret, Cōnstantius - prīvīgnam Herculī Theodōram accēpit, ex quā - posteā sex līberōs, Cōnstantīnī frātrēs, habuit, Gālerius 10 - fīliam Dioclētiānī Valeriam, ambō uxōrēs quās habuerant - repudiāre compulsī. Cum Carausiō tamen, cum bella frūstrā - temptāta essent contrā virum reī[186] mīlitāris perītissimum, - ad postrēmum pāx convēnit. Eum post septennium - Allectus, socius ēius, occīdit, atque ipse post eum Britanniās 15 - trienniō tenuit. Quī ductū Asclēpiodotī, praefectī praetōriō, - oppressus est. Ita Britanniae decimō annō receptae. - - =23.= Per idem tempus ā Cōnstantiō Caesare in Galliā bene - pūgnātum est. Circā Lingonas diē ūnā adversam et secundam - fortūnam expertus est. Nam cum repentē barbarīs ingruentibus 20 - intrā cīvitātem esset coāctus tam praecipitī necessitāte - ut clausīs portīs in mūrum fūnibus tollerētur, vix - quīnque hōrīs mediīs adventante exercitū sexāgintā ferē - mīlia Alamannōrum cecīdit. Māximiānus quoque Augustus - bellum in Āfricā prōflīgāvit domitīs Quīnquegentiānīs et 25 - ad pācem redāctīs. Dioclētiānus obsessum Alexandrīae - Achilleum octāvō ferē mēnse superāvit eumque interfēcit. - Victōriā acerbē usus est; tōtam Aegyptum gravibus - 92 prōscrīptiōnibus caedibusque foedāvit. Eā tamen occāsiōne - ōrdināvit prōvide multa et disposuit, quae ad nostram aetātem - manent. - - =24.= Gālerius Māximiānus prīmum adversus Narseum proelium - īnsecundum habuit inter Callinīcum Carrāsque congressus, 5 - cum incōnsultē magis quam ignavē dīmicāsset; - admodum enim parvā manū cum cōpiōsissimō hoste commīsit. - - =25.= Pulsus igitur et ad Dioclētiānum profectus cum eī - in itinere occurrisset, tantā īnsolentiā ā Dioclētiānō fertur 10 - exceptus ut per aliquot passuum mīlia purpurātus trādātur - ad vehiculum cucurrisse; mox tamen per Īllyricum Moesiamque - contrāctīs cōpiīs rūrsus cum Narseō, Hormisdae et - Sapōris avō, in Armeniā Māiōre pūgnāvit successū ingentī - nec minōre cōnsiliō, simul fortitūdine, quippe quī etiam 15 - speculātōris mūnus cum alterō aut tertiō equite suscēperit.[187] - Pulsō Narseō castra ēius dīripuit; uxōrēs, sorōrēs, līberōs - cēpit, īnfīnītam extrīnsecus Persārum nōbilitātem, gazam - Persicam cōpiōsissimam. Ipsum in ultimās rēgnī solitūdinēs - ēgit. Quārē ā Dioclētiānō in Mesopotamiā cum praesidiīs 20 - tum morante ovāns regressus ingentī honōre susceptus est. - Varia deinceps et simul et virītim bella gessērunt Carpīs et - Basternīs subāctīs, Sarmatīs victīs, quārum nātiōnum ingentēs - captīvōrum cōpiās in Rōmānīs fīnibus locāvērunt. - - - _Diocletian abdicates, 305 A.D._ - - =26.= Dioclētiānus morātus callidē fuit, sagāx praetereā et 25 - admodum subtīlis ingeniī, et quī sevēritātem suam aliēnā - invidiā vellet explēre. Dīligentissimus tamen et sollertissimus - prīnceps et quī imperiō Rōmānō prīmus rēgiae - 93 cōnsuētūdinis fōrmam magis quam Rōmānae lībertātis invexerit[188] - adorārīque sē iusserit,[188] cum ante eum cūnctī salūtārentur. - Ōrnamenta gemmārum vestibus calciāmentīsque - indidit. Nam prius imperiī īnsīgnē in chlamyde purpureā - tantum erat, reliqua commūnia. 5 - - =27.= Herculius autem prōpalam ferus et incīvīlis ingeniī, - asperitātem suam etiam vultūs horrōre sīgnificāns. Hīc - natūrae suae indulgēns Dioclētiānō in omnibus est sevēriōribus - cōnsiliīs obsecutus. Cum tamen ingravēscente aevō - parum sē idōneum Dioclētiānus moderandō imperiō esse 10 - sentīret, auctor Herculiō fuit ut in vītam prīvātam concēderent - et statiōnem tuendae reī pūblicae viridiōribus - iūniōribusque mandārent. Cuī aegrē conlēga obtemperāvit. - Tamen uterque ūnō diē prīvātō habitū imperiī īnsīgnē - mūtāvit, Nicomediae Dioclētiānus, Herculius Mediōlānī, 15 - post triumphum inclutum, quem Rōmae ex numerōsīs - gentibus ēgerant, pompā ferculōrum inlūstrī, quā Narseī - coniugēs sorōrēsque et līberī antē currum ductī sunt. - Concessērunt tamen Salōnās ūnus, alter in Lūcāniam. - - =28.= Dioclētiānus prīvātus in vīllā, quae haud procul ā 20 - Salōnīs est, praeclārō ōtiō cōnsenuit, inūsitātā virtūte ūsus, - ut sōlus omnium post conditum Rōmānum imperium ex - tantō fastīgiō sponte ad prīvātae vītae statum cīvīlitātemque - remeāret. Contigit igitur eī, quod nūllī post nātōs hominēs, - ut cum prīvātus obīsset,[189] inter Dīvōs tamen referrētur. 25 - - - - - 94 LIBER DECIMUS - - FROM THE ABDICATION OF DIOCLETIAN TO THE DEATH OF JOVIAN, - 305-364 A.D. - - - _Constantius I and Galerius Emperors, 305-306 A.D._ - - =1.= Hīs igitur abeuntibus administrātiōne reī pūblicae - Cōnstantius et Gālerius Augustī creātī sunt dīvīsusque inter - eōs ita Rōmānus orbis, ut Galliam, Ītaliam, Āfricam - Cōnstantius, Īllyricum, Asiam, Orientem Gālerius obtinēret, - sūmptīs duōbus Caesaribus. Cōnstantius tamen contentus 5 - dīgnitāte[190] Augustī Ītaliae atque Āfricae administrandae - sollicitūdinem recusāvit, vir ēgregius et praestantissimae - cīvīlitātis, dīvitiīs prōvinciālium ac prīvātōrum studēns, - fiscī commoda nōn admodum adfectāns, dīcēnsque melius - pūblicās opēs ā prīvātīs habērī quam intrā ūnum claustrum 10 - reservārī, adeō autem cultūs modicī ut festīs diēbus, sī - amīcīs numerōsiōribus esset epulandum, prīvātōrum eī - argentō ōstiātim petītō trīclīnia sternerentur. Hīc nōn - modo amābilis, sed etiam venerābilis Gallīs fuit, praecipuē - quod Dioclētiānī suspectam prūdentiam et Māximiānī 15 - sanguināriam temeritātem imperiō ēius ēvāserant. Obiit in - Britanniā Eborācī prīncipātūs annō tertiō decimō atque - inter Dīvōs relātus est. - - - _Constantine Emperor, 306-307 A.D._ - - =2.= Gālerius, vir et probē morātus et ēgregius rē mīlitārī, - cum Ītaliam quoque sinente Cōnstantiō administrātiōnī 20 - suae accessisse sentīret, Caesarēs duōs creāvit, Māximīnum, - quem Orientī praefēcit, et Sevērum, cuī Ītaliam dedit. Ipse - 95 in Īllyricō morātus est. Verum Cōnstantiō mortuō Cōnstantīnus, - ex obscūriōre mātrimōniō ēius fīlius, in Britanniā - creātus est imperātōr et in locum patris exoptātissimus - moderātor accessit. Rōmae intereā praetōriānī excītō tumultū - Māxentium, Herculī fīlium, quī haud procul ab urbe 5 - in vīllā pūblicā morābātur, Augustum nūncupāvērunt. Quō - nūntiō Māximiānus Herculius ad spem adrectus resūmendī - fastīgiī quod invītus āmīserat, Rōmam advolāvit ē Lūcāniā, - quam sedem prīvātus ēlēgerat in agrīs amoenissimīs - cōnsenēscēns, Dioclētiānumque etiam per litterās adhortātus 10 - est ut dēpositam resūmeret potestātem, quās ille inrīsās - habuit. Sed adversum motum praetōriānōrum atque Māxentī - Sevērus Caesar Rōmam missus ā Gāleriō cum exercitū - vēnit obsidēnsque urbem mīlitum suōrum scelere dēsertus - est. Auctae Māxentī opēs cōnfirmātumque imperium. Sevērus 15 - fugiēns Ravennae interfectus est. - - =3.= Herculius tamen Māximiānus post haec in cōntiōne - exercitūs fīlium Māxentium nūdāre conātus sēditiōnem et - convīcia mīlitum tulit. Inde ad Galliās profectus est dolō - compositō, tamquam ā fīliō esset expulsus,[191] ut Cōnstantīnō 20 - generō iungerētur, mōliēns tamen Cōnstantīnum repertā - occāsiōne interficere, quī in Galliīs et mīlitum et - prōvinciālium ingentī iam favōre rēgnābat caesīs Francīs atque - Alamannīs captīsque eōrum rēgibus, quōs etiam bestiīs, - cum māgnificum spectāculum mūneris parāsset, obiēcit. 25 - Dētēctīs igitur īnsidiīs per Faustam fīliam, quae dolum - virō nūntiāverat, profūgit Herculius Massiliaeque oppressus - (ex eā etiam nāvigāre ad fīlium praeparābat) poenās dedit - iūstissimō exitū, vir ad omnem ācerbitātem saevitiamque - prōclīvis, īnfīdus, incommodus, cīvīlitātis penitus expers. 30 - - - 96 _Licinius Emperor, 307-324 A.D._ - - =4.= Per hōc tempus ā Gāleriō Licinius imperātōr est factus, - Dāciā oriundus, nōtus eī antīquā cōnsuētūdine et in bellō, - quod adversus Narseum gesserat, strēnuis labōribus et - officiīs acceptus. Mors Gālerī cōnfestim secūta. Ita rēs - pūblica tum ā novīs quattuor imperātōribus tenēbātur, 5 - Cōnstantīnō et Māxentiō, fīliīs Augustōrum, Liciniō et - Māximīnō, novīs hominibus. Quīntō tamen Cōnstantīnus imperiī - suī annō bellum adversum Māxentium cīvīle commōvit, - cōpiās ēius multīs proeliīs fūdit, ipsum postrēmō Rōmae - adversum nōbilēs omnibus exitiīs saevientem apud pontem 10 - Mulvium vīcit Ītaliāque est potītus. Nōn multō[192] deinceps - in Oriente quoque adversum Licinium Māximīnus rēs novās - mōlītus vīcīnum exitium fortuītā apud Tarsum morte praevēnit. - - - _Constantine the Great sole Ruler, 324-337 A.D._ - - =5.= Cōnstantīnus tamen, vir ingēns et omnia efficere nītēns 15 - quae animō praeparāsset,[193] simul prīncipātum tōtīus orbis - adfectāns, Liciniō bellum intulit, quamquam necessitūdō - et adfīnitās cum eō esset; nam soror Cōnstantia nūpta - Liciniō erat. Ac prīmō eum in Pannoniā Secundā ingentī - apparātū bellum apud Cibalās īnstruentem repentīnus oppressit 20 - omnīque Dardaniā, Moesiā, Macedoniā potītus numerōsās - prōvinciās occupāvit. - - =6.= Varia deinceps inter eōs bella gesta, et pāx reconciliāta - ruptaque est. Postremō Licinius nāvālī et terrestrī proeliō - victus apud Nicomediam sē dēdidit et contrā religiōnem 25 - sacrāmentī Thessalonīcae prīvātus occisus est. Eō tempore - rēs Rōmāna sub ūnō Augustō et tribus Caesaribus, quod - 97 numquam aliās, fuit, cum līberī Cōnstantīnī Galliae, Orientī - Ītaliaeque praeessent. Verum īnsolentiā rērum secundārum - aliquantum Cōnstantīnus ex illā favōrābilī animī docilitāte - mūtāvit. Prīmum necessitūdinēs persecūtus ēgregium - virum fīlium et sorōris fīlium, commodae indolis iuvenem, 5 - interfēcit, mox uxōrem, post numerōsōs amīcōs. - - =7.= Vir prīmō imperiī tempore optimīs prīncipibus, ultimō - mediīs comparandus. Innumerae in eō animī corporisque - virtūtēs clāruērunt. Mīlitāris glōriae appetentissimus, fortūnā - in bellīs prōsperā fuit, vērum ita ut nōn superāret 10 - industriam. Nam etiam Gothōs post cīvīle bellum variē - prōflīgāvit pāce hīs ad postremum datā, ingentemque apud - barbarās gentēs memoriae grātiam conlocāvit. Cīvīlibus - artibus et studiīs līberālibus dēditus, adfectātor iūstī amōris, - quem ab omnibus sibi et līberālitāte et docilitāte quaesīvit, 15 - sīcut in nōnnūllōs amīcōs dubius, ita in reliquōs ēgregius, - nihil occāsiōnum praetermittēns, quō opulentiōrēs eōs - clāriōrēsque praestāret. - - =8.= Multās lēgēs rogāvit, quāsdam ex bonō et aequō, plērāsque - superfluās, nōnnūllās sevērās, prīmusque urbem nōminis 20 - suī ad tantum fastīgium ēvehere mōlītus est, ut Rōmae - aemulam faceret. Bellum adversus Parthōs mōliēns, quī - iam Mesopotamiam fatīgābant, ūnō et trīcēsimō annō imperiī, - aetātis sextō et sexāgēsimō, Nicomediae in vīllā - pūblicā obiit. Dēnūntiāta mors ēius est etiam per crīnītam 25 - stellam, quae inūsitātae māgnitūdinis aliquamdiū fūlsit; - eam Graecī comētēn vocant. Atque inter Dīvōs meruit - referrī. - - - _The Sons of Constantine rule, 337-360 A.D._ - - =9.= Is successōrēs fīliōs trēs relīquit atque ūnum frātris - fīlium. Vērum Dalmatius Caesar prōsperrimā indole neque 30 - 98 patruō absimilis haud multō post oppressus est factiōne - mīlitārī et Cōnstantiō, patruēlī suō, sinente potius quam - iubente. Cōnstantīnum porrō bellum frātrī īnferentem et - apud Aquilēiam incōnsultius proelium aggressum Cōnstantis - ducēs interēmērunt. Ita rēs pūblica ad duōs Augustōs 5 - redācta. Cōnstantis imperium strēnuum aliquamdiū et - iūstum fuit. Mox cum et valetūdine imprōsperā et amīcīs - prāviōribus uterētur, ad gravia vitia conversus, cum - intolerābilis prōvinciālibus, mīlitī iniūcundus esset, factiōne - Māgnenti occīsus est. Obiit haud longē ab Hispāniīs in castrō, 10 - cuī Helenae[194] nōmen est, annō imperiī septimō decimō, aetātis - trīcēsimō, rēbus tamen plurimīs strēnuē in mīlitiā gestīs - exercituīque per omne vītae tempus sine gravī crūdēlitāte - terribilis. - - =10.= Dīversa Cōnstantī fortūna fuit. Ā Persīs enim multa 15 - et gravia perpessus saepe captīs oppidīs, obsessīs urbibus, - caesīs exercitibus, nūllumque eī contrā Sapōrem prōsperum - proelium fuit, nisi quod apud Singara haud dubiam victōriam - ferōciā mīlitum āmīsit, quī pūgnam sēditiōsē et stolidē - contrā ratiōnem bellī diē iam praecipitī poposcērunt. Post 20 - Cōnstantis necem Māgnentiō Ītaliam, Āfricam, Galliās obtinente - etiam Īllyricum rēs novās habuit, Vetraniōne ad imperium - cōnsēnsū mīlitum ēlēctō. Quem grandaevum iam - et cūnctīs amābilem diūturnitāte et fēlīcitāte mīlitiae ad - tuendum Īllyricum prīncipem creāvērunt, virum probum et 25 - mōrum veterum ac iūcundae cīvīlitātis, sed omnium līberālium - artium expertem adeō ut nē elementa quidem prīma - litterārum nisi grandaevus et iam imperātōr accēperit. - - =11.= Sed ā Cōnstantiō, quī ad ultiōnem frāternae necis bellum - cīvīle commōverat, abrogātum est Vetraniōnī imperium; 30 - 99 novō inūsitātōque mōre cōnsēnsū mīlitum dēponere īnsīgnē - compulsus. Rōmae quoque tumultus fuit Nepotiānō, Cōnstantīnī - sorōris fīliō, per gladiātōriam manum imperium - vīndicante, quī saevīs exōrdiīs[195] dīgnum exitum nactus est. - Vīcēsimō enim atque octāvō diē a Māgnentiānīs ducibus 5 - oppressus poenās dedit. Caput ēius pīlō per urbem circumlātum - est, gravissimaeque prōscrīptiōnēs et nōbilium caedēs - fuērunt. - - =12.= Nōn multō post Māgnentius apud Mursam prōflīgātus - aciē est ac paene captus. Ingentēs Rōmānī imperiī vīrēs eā 10 - dīmicātiōne cōnsūmptae sunt, ad quaelibet bella externa - idōneae, quae multum triumphōrum possent[196] sēcūritātisque - cōnferre. Orientī mox ā Cōnstantiō Caesar est datus patruī - fīlius Gallus, Māgnentiusque dīversīs proeliīs victus vim - vītae suae apud Lugdūnum attulit imperiī annō tertiō, 15 - mēnse septimō, frāter quoque ēius Decentius Senonibus, - quem ad tuendās Galliās Caesarem mīserat. - - =13.= Per haec tempora etiam ā Cōnstantiō multīs incīvīlibus - gestīs Gallus Caesar occīsus est, vir natūrā ferus et ad - tyrannidem prōnior, sī suō iūre imperāre licuisset.[197] 20 - Silvānus quoque in Galliā rēs novās mōlītus ante diem - trīcēsimum exstīnctus est, sōlusque imperiō Rōmānō eō tempore - Cōnstantius prīnceps et Augustus fuit. - - =14.= Mox Iūliānum Caesarem ad Galliās mīsit, patruēlem - suum, Gallī frātrem, trāditā eī in mātrimōnium sorōre, 25 - cum multa oppida barbarī expūgnāssent, alia obsidērent, - ubique foeda vāstitās esset Rōmānumque imperium nōn - dubiā iam calamitāte nūtāret. Ā quō modicīs cōpiīs apud - Argentorātum, Galliae urbem, ingentēs Alamannōrum cōpiae - 100 exstīnctae sunt, rēx nōbilissimus captus, Galliae restitūtae. - Multa posteā per eundem Iūliānum ēgregiē adversum barbarōs - gesta sunt summōtīque ultrā Rhēnum Germānī et - fīnibus suīs Rōmānum imperium restitūtum. - - - _Julian Emperor, 360-363 A.D._ - - =15.= Neque multō post, cum Germāniciānī exercitūs ā Galliārum 5 - praesidiō tollerentur, cōnsēnsū mīlitum Iūliānus factus - Augustus est, interiectōque annō ad Īllyricum obtinendum - profectus Cōnstantiō Parthicīs proeliīs occupātō. Quī rēbus - cognitīs ad bellum cīvīle conversus in itinere obiit inter - Ciliciam Cappadociamque annō imperiī octāvō et trīcēsimō, 10 - aetātis quīntō et quadrāgēsimō, meruitque inter Dīvōs referrī, - vir ēgregiae tranquillitātis, placidus, nimium amīcīs[198] - et familiāribus crēdēns, mox etiam uxōribus dēditior, quī - tamen prīmīs imperiī annīs ingentī sē modestiā ēgerit, - familiārium etiam locuplētātor neque inhonōrēs sinēns, quōrum 15 - labōriōsa expertus fuisset officia, ad sevēritātem tamen - prōpēnsior, sī suspīciō imperiī movērētur, mītis aliās, et cūius - in cīvīlibus magis quam in externīs bellīs sit laudanda - fortūna. - - - _Eutropius takes part in the Parthian Expedition, 363 A.D._ - - =16.= Hinc Iūliānus rērum potītus est ingentīque apparātū 20 - Parthīs intulit bellum, cuī expedītiōnī ego quoque interfuī. - Aliquot oppida et castella Persārum in dēditiōnem accēpit - vel vī expūgnāvit Assyriamque populātus castra apud - Ctēsiphōntem statīva aliquamdiū habuit. Remeānsque - victor, dum sē incōnsultius proeliīs īnserit, hostīlī manū 25 - interfectus est VI Kal. Iul., imperiī annō septimō, aetātis - 101 alterō et trīcēsimō atque inter Dīvōs relātus est, vir ēgregius - et rem publicam īnsīgniter moderātūrus, sī per fāta licuisset. - Līberālibus disciplīnīs apprīmē ērudītus, Graecīs doctior - atque adeō ut Latīna ērudītiō nēquāquam cum Graecā - scientiā convenīret, fācundiā ingentī et prōmptā, memoriae 5 - tenācissimae, in quibusdam philosophō proprior. In amīcōs - līberālis, sed minus dīligēns quam tantum prīncipem decuit. - Fuērunt enim nōnnūllī quī vulnera glōriae ēius īnferrent. - In prōvinciālēs iūstissimus et tribūtōrum, quātenus fierī - posset, repressor. Cīvīlis in cūnctōs, mediōcrem habēns 10 - aerāriī cūram, glōriae avidus ac per eam animī plērumque - immodicī, religiōnis Christiānae nimius īnsectātor, perinde - tamen ut cruōre abstinēret, M. Antōnīnō nōn absimilis, - quem etiam aemulārī studēbat. - - - _Jovian Emperor, 363-364 A.D._ - - =17.= Post hunc Ioviānus, quī tunc domesticus mīlitābat, 15 - ad obtinendum imperium cōnsēnsū exercitūs lēctus est, - commendātiōne patris mīlitibus quam suā nōtior. Quī iam - turbātīs rēbus exercitū quoque inopiā labōrante ūnō ā Persīs - atque alterō proeliō victus pācem cum Sapōre, necessāriam - quidem, sed ignōbilem, fēcit multātus fīnibus[199] ac nōnnūllā 20 - imperiī Rōmānī parte trāditā. Quod ante eum annīs mīlle - centum et duōbus dē vīgintī ferē, ex quō Rōmānum imperium - conditum erat, numquam accīdit. Quīn etiam legiōnēs - nostrae ita et apud Caudium per Pontium Telesīnum et in - Hispāniā apud Numantiam et in Numidiā sub iūgum missae 25 - sunt, ut nihil tamen fīnium trāderētur. Ea pācis condiciō - nōn penitus reprehendenda foret, sī foederis necessitātem - tum cum integrum fuit mutāre voluisset, sīcut a Rōmānīs - 102 omnibus hīs bellīs, quae commemorāvī, factum est. Nam - et Samnītibus et Numantīnīs et Numidīs cōnfestim bella - inlāta sunt neque pāx rata fuit. Sed dum aemulum imperiī - verētur, intra Orientem residēns glōriae parum cōnsuluit. - Itaque iter ingressus atque Īllyricum petēns in Galatiae 5 - fīnibus repentīnā morte obiit, vir aliās neque iners neque - imprūdēns. - - =18.= Multī exanimātum opīnantur nimiā crūditāte (inter - cēnandum enim epulīs indulserat), aliī odōre cubiculī, quod - ex recentī tēctōriō calcis grave quiēscentibus erat, quidam 10 - nimietāte prūnārum, quās gravī frīgore adolērī multās - iusserat. Dēcessit imperiī mēnse septimō, tertiō decimō - Kal. Mārt., aetātis tertiō et trīcēsimō annō, ac benīgnitāte - prīncipum quī eī successērunt inter Dīvōs relātus est. - Nam et cīvīlitātī propior et natūrā admodum līberālis fuit. 15 - - Is status erat Rōmānae reī Ioviānō eōdem et Varroniānō - cōnsulibus annō urbis conditae mīllēsimō centēsimō et - octāvō decimō. Quia autem ad inclutōs prīncipēs venerandōsque - perventum est, interim operī modum dabimus. Nam - reliqua stilō māiōre dīcenda sunt. Quae nunc nōn tam 20 - praetermittimus, quam ad māiōrem scrībendī dīligentiam - reservāmus. - - - - -FOOTNOTES - - -[1] H. 521, II, 2; M. 347; A. & G. 325; G. 585; B. 288. - -[2] H. 379; M. 197; A. & G. 256; G. 336; B. 181, 1. - -[3] H. 431; M. 255, 1; A. & G. 255, _d_, 1; G. 409; B. 227, 2, _a_. - -[4] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, _c_; G. 372, R. 2; B. -201, 1, _a_. - -[5] H. 497, I; M. 382, 3; A. & G. 317, 2; G. 630; B. 282, 2. - -[6] H. 517; M. 355; A. & G. 326; G. 586; B. 286, 2. - -[7] H. 425, II; M. 242, 1; A. & G. 258, _c_, 2; G. 411; B. 232, 1. - -[8] H. 386; M. 202; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III. - -[9] H. 425, II, 2, N. 2; M. 241, 2; A. & G. 258, _f_, 2; G. 385, N. 1; -B. 228, 1, _b_. - -[10] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, _a_, 1; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1. - -[11] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 3; A. & G. 216, _a_, 3; G. 372; B. 201, 1. - -[12] H. 384, 4, N. 3; M. 210; A. & G. 235, _b_; G. 353; B. 188, 2, _a_. - -[13] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, _d_. - -[14] H. 509, N. 3; M. 403; A. & G. 337, _a_, 3; G. 596, 2; B. 320. - -[15] H. 497, II; M. 328; A. & G. 317, 1; G. 545, 1; B. 282, 1. - -[16] H. 498, I; M. 333, 1; A. & G. 331, _d_; G. 546; B. 295, 4. - -[17] H. 412, 2; M. 233, 2; A. & G. 258, _a_, N. 2; G. 390, 2; B. 229, 1. - -[18] H. 380, II; M. 199, 1; A. & G. 258, _b_; G. 337; B. 182, 1, _a_. - -[19] H. 450, 4; M. 443, 1; A. & G. 102, _b_; G. 307, 2; B. 246, 3. - -[20] H. 500, II: 495, VI; M. 337: 316, 2; A. & G. 319, 1: 287, _c_, R.; -G. 552, 1: 513; B. 284, 1: 268, 6. - -[21] H. 396, III; M. 216; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -[22] H. 542, III, N. 2: 544, 1; M. 291: 297; A. & G. 300: 318, _b_; G. -432, R.; B. 338, 3: 339, 2. - -[23] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, _b_, 3; G. 640, 4, (2); B. 304, 3, -_b_. - -[24] H. 510; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304. - -[25] H. 396, V; M. 223; A. & G. 215, _b_; G. 365; B. 203, 2. - -[26] H. 515, III; M. 378, 1; A. & G. 326; G. 587; B. 309, 3. - -[27] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, _a_; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1. - -[28] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, _d_. - -[29] H. 414, I; M. 236; A. & G. 243; G. 390, 2; B. 214, 1. - -[30] H. 384, II, 5; M. 205, N.; A. & G. 230; G. 217; B. 187, II, _b_. - -[31] H. 429; M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 231. - -[32] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223. - -[33] H. 415, I; M. 247, 2; A. & G. 246; G. 401; B. 216. - -[34] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 1; B. 283, 2. - -[35] H. 384, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235, _a_; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1. - -[36] H. 498, I; M. 333, 2; A. & G. 331; G. 546, 2; B. 295, 1. - -[37] H. 409, II; M. 228; A. & G. 220, _a_; G. 378, 3; B. 208, 2, _a_. - -[38] H. 235: 516, II; M. 100, 1: 357; A. & G. 128, _a_, 1: 321, G. 131, -1: 541; B. 116, 1: 286, 1. - -[39] H. 419, III; M. 245; A. & G. 248; G. 399; B. 220, 1. - -[40] H. 374; M. 192, 2; A. & G. 239, _c_; G. 339, _a_; B. 178, 1, _a_. - -[41] H. 529, I; M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 467; B. 300, 1, _a_. - -[42] H. 420; M. 247, 1; A. & G. 248, _c_, 1; G. 401; B. 218. - -[43] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219. - -[44] H. 542, IV: 544, 1; M. 292: 297; A. & G. 301; G. 433; B. 338, 4, -_b_: 339, 1. - -[45] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226. - -[46] H. 508: 527, I; M. 363: 402; A. & G. 307, _c_: 337, 3; G. 595, R. -1; B. 319, B, 3rd ex. _a_. - -[47] H. 524; M. 392; A. & G. 336, 2; G. 650; B. 314, 1. - -[48] H. 412, 3, N.; M. 233, 3; A. & G. 258, _a_, N. 1; G. 391, R. 1; B. -229, 2. - -[49] H. 497, II; M. 328; A. & G. 317, 1; G. 545, 1; B. 282, 1. - -[50] H. 396, V; M. 221; A. & G. 214, _e_; G. 368; B. 197. - -[51] H. 391, I, footnote; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[52] H. 425, II, 2; M. 241, 3; A. & G. 258, _d_; G. 385, N. 1; B. 228, -1, _c_. - -[53] H. 385, I; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_. - -[54] H. 123; M. 55, 1; A. & G. 73; G. 64; B. 53. - -[55] H. 404; M. 224; A. & G. 252, _a_; G. 380; B. 203, 3. - -[56] H. 524, 2, 2; M. 392, N. 3; A. & G. 336, _d_; G. 628, R. _a_; B, -314, 3. - -[57] H. 542, III: 544, 1; M. 291: 297; A. & G. 300; G. 432; B. 338, 3: -339. - -[58] H. 396, V; M. 223; A. & G. 215, _b_; G. 365; B. 203, 2. - -[59] H. 542, III; M. 291; A. & G. 300; G. 432; B. 338, 3. - -[60] H. 419, I; M. 244; A. & G. 248, _a_; G. 392; B. 222. - -[61] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[62] H. 384, 5; M. 205, N.; A. & G. 230; G. 217; B. 187, II, _b_. - -[63] H. 425, II, 2; M. 241, 3; A. & G. 258, _f_, 2; G. 385, N. 1; B. -228, 1, _b_. - -[64] H. 542, IV, (1); M. 292; A. & G. 301, 1; G. 431; B. 338, 4, _a_. - -[65] H. 384, II, 1, 2); M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 2; B. 188, 1. - -[66] H. 429; M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256, 1; G. 393; B. 230. - -[67] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -[68] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219. - -[69] H. 419, III; M. 245; A. & G. 248; G. 399; B. 220. - -[70] H. 425, II; M. 242, 1; A. & G. 258, _c_, 2; G. 411; B. 232, 1. - -[71] H. 549, 5; M. 281, 4; A. & G. 292, R.; G. 664, R. 1, 2; B. 337, 2. - -[72] H. 420, 1, 3); M. 247, 1; A. & G. 258, _g_; G. 401; B. 218, 9. - -[73] H. 386; M. 212, N. 1; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III. - -[74] H. 519, II, 2; M. 354; A. & G. 328; G. 572; B. 293, III, 2. - -[75] H. 523, III, and footnote 4; M. 393; A. & G. 339; G. 652; B. 316. - -[76] H. 524, 2, 2; M. 392, N. 3; A. & G. 336, _d_; G. 628, R. _a_; B. -314, 3. - -[77] H. 379, 1; M. 197; A. & G. 256, _a_; G. 336; B. 181, 2. - -[78] H. 498, III; M. 336; A. & G. 331, _f_; G. 550, 2; B. 296, 2. - -[79] H. 390, I; M. 206; A. & G. 233, _a_; G. 356; B. 191, 2, _a_. - -[80] H. 431, 4; M. 255, 1; A. & G. 255, _d_, 1; G. 409; B. 227, 2, _a_. - -[81] H. 425, II, 1, 1); M. 240, 2; A. & G. 259, _a_; G. 389; B. 218, 7. - -[82] H. 549, 5, N. 2; M. 286; A. & G. 292, _a_; G. 325, R. 3; B. 337, 5. - -[83] H. 466, N.; M. 295, 1; A. & G. 294, _b_; G. 251; B. 337, 7, _b_, 1. - -[84] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226. - -[85] H. 499, 3; M. 333, 3; A. & G. 331, N.; G. 546, 1; B. 295, 1. - -[86] H. 384, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235, _a_; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1. - -[87] H. 396, I; M. 217, 2; A. & G. 214, _c_; G. 366; B. 198, 3. - -[88] H. 396, V; M. 222, 224, N.; A. & G. 215; G. 366; B. 203, 5. - -[89] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -[90] H. 542, III; M. 291; A. & G. 300; G. 430; B. 338, 3. - -[91] H. 415; M. 234; A. & G. 244; G. 395; B. 215. - -[92] H. 417, 2; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223. - -[93] H. 549, 5; M. 281, 4; A. & G. 292, R.; G. 664, R. 1; B. 337, 2. - -[94] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -[95] H. 416; M. 238; A. & G. 253, N.; G. 408, N. 1; B. 219, 2. - -[96] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1. - -[97] H. 515, III; M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, _d_; G. 587; B. 309, 3. - -[98] H. 521, II, 2: 466, N.; M. 348: 98, 1; A. & G. 325: 293, _a_; G. -585: 247; B. 288: 115. - -[99] H. 301, 1; M. 145, 3; A. & G. 230; G. 208, 2; B. 187, II, _b_. - -[100] H. 467, III, 4; M. 352; A. & G. 276, 3; G. 570; B. 293, I. - -[101] H. 498, III; M. 336; A. & G. 331, _f_; G. 550; B. 296, 2. - -[102] H. 414; M. 236; A. & G. 243; G. 390, 2; B. 214, 1, _b_. - -[103] H. 384, II, 2); M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1. - -[104] H. 387; M. 212; A. & G. 231; G. 349; B. 190. - -[105] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, _c_; G. 372, R. 2; B. -201, 1, _a_. - -[106] H. 500, II; M. 382, 4; A. & G. 319, 1; G. 552, 1; B. 284, 1. - -[107] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, _b_, 2; G. 670, 3; B. 337, 4. - -[108] H. 501, II, 1; M. 341, 1; A. & G. 332; G. 553; B. 297, 1. - -[109] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219. - -[110] H. 412, II; M. 236, 2; A. & G. 258, _a_; G. 391; B. 229, 1, _a_. - -[111] H. 529, I; M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 467; B. 300, 1. - -[112] H. 397, 2; M. 225, 1; A. & G. 216, _a_, 2; G. 370; B. 201, 1. - -[113] H. 467, 4; M. 352; A. & G. 276, 3; G. 570; B. 293, I. - -[114] H. 412, II, 3, N.; M. 233, 3; A. & G. 258, _a_, N. 1; G. 391, R. -1; B. 292, 2. - -[115] H. 380, II; M. 199, 1; A. & G. 258, _b_; G. 337; B. 182, 1, _a_. - -[116] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[117] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 3; A. & G. 216, _a_, 2; G. 372; B. 201, 1. - -[118] H. 542, I; M. 289, 1; A. & G. 298; G. 428; B. 338, 1, _a_. - -[119] H. 396, III; M. 216, I; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -[120] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, _c_; G. 372, R. 2; B. -201, 1, _a_. - -[121] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1. - -[122] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, _d_. - -[123] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1. - -[124] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[125] H. 384, II, 2; M. 203; A. & G. 225, 3, _d_; G. 348; B. 187, 1, -_a_. - -[126] H. 497, II; M. 382, 3; A. & G. 317, 2; G. 545, 2; B. 282, 2. - -[127] H. 544, 1; M. 296; A. & G. 300; G. 432, R.; B. 339, 2. - -[128] H. 542, IV; M. 292; A. & G. 301, footnote; G. 431, 3; B. 338, 4, -_a_. - -[129] H. 379; M. 196; A. & G. 257; G. 335; B. 181, 1. - -[130] H. 384, II; M. 205; A. & G. 227, _f_; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_. - -[131] H. 419, II; M. 246; A. & G. 251; G. 400; B. 224. - -[132] H. 500, II; M. 338; A. & G. 319, 1; G. 552, 1; B. 284, 1. - -[133] H. 543; M. 295, 1; A. & G. 294, _a_; G. 438, N.; B. 337, 7, _a_. - -[134] H. 463, I; M. 175, 2; A. & G. 205, _d_; G. 285, 1; B. 255, 3. - -[135] H. 503, I; M. 383, 2; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 1. - -[136] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, _b_, 3; G. 670, 4, (1); B. 337, 4. - -[137] H. 509, N. 3; M. 366; A. & G. 307, _f_; G. 596, 2; B. 302, 3, _a_. - -[138] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1. - -[139] H. 430; M. 258, 1; A. & G. 259, _d_; G. 403, N. 4, (_a_); B. 357, -1. - -[140] H. 433, 1; M. 258, 1; A. & G. 258, _c_, N. 1; G. 416, 4; B. 141. - -[141] H. 444, 1; M. 426; A. & G. 93, _a_; G. 297, 2; B. 240, 1. - -[142] H. 301; M. 145, 3; A. & G. 146, _d_; G. 208, 2; B. 187, II, _b_. - -[143] H. 385, I; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, III, _a_. - -[144] H. 410, V, 3; M. 231; A. & G. 223, _a_; G. 407, 2, (_d_); B. 212, -2. - -[145] H. 384, II, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1. - -[146] H. 415, I, 1, N. 1; M. 247, 3; A. & G. 246, _b_; G. 401, end; B. -141. - -[147] H. 517; M. 355; A. & G. 326; G. 586; B. 286, 2. - -[148] H. 386; M. 202, 1; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III. - -[149] H. 430 (last example); M. 249; A. & G. 262, N. 2; G. 563, 2; B. -230. - -[150] H. 391; M. 214; A. & G. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[151] H. 417; M. 239, 1; A. & G. 247; G. 398; B. 217, 1. - -[152] H. 419, II; M. 246; A. & G. 251; G. 400; B. 224, 1. - -[153] H. 503, I; M. 383, 2; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 1. - -[154] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1. - -[155] H. 391; M. 214; A. & G. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[156] H. 510, II; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304, 1. - -[157] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226. - -[158] H. 184, 3; M. 77, 2; A. & G. 99, _f_; G. 102, N. 2; B. 6, 3. - -[159] H. 404; M. 224; A. & G. 252, _a_; G. 379; B. 203, 3. - -[160] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1. - -[161] H. 517, 3, 1); M. 382, 2, N.; A. & G. 326, N. 1; G. 498, N. 8; B. -286, 2. - -[162] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 347, 5; B. 188, 2, _d_. - -[163] H. 399; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218; G. 374; B. 204, 1. - -[164] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 2; A. & G. 216, _a_, 3; G. 369; B. 201, 2. - -[165] H. 385, 1; M. 204; A. & G. 227, _c_; G. 346, R. 2, N. 2; B. 187, -III. - -[166] H. 542, IV; M. 292; A. & G. 301; G. 431; B. 338, 4, _a_. - -[167] H. 415; M. 234; A. & G. 244; G. 395; B. 215. - -[168] H. 542, I; M. 289; A. & G. 298; G. 428; B. 338, 1, _c_. - -[169] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1. - -[170] H. 417; M. 239, 1; A. & G. 247; G. 398; B. 217, 1. - -[171] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 1; B. 283, 1. - -[172] H. 451, 3; M. 446; A. &. G. 195, _e_; G. 310; B. 248, 1. - -[173] H. 415, I, N. 1; M. 247, 3; A. & G. 246, _b_; G. 401; B. 141. - -[174] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223. - -[175] H. 429; M. 243, 2; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 231. - -[176] H. 387; M. 212; A. & G. 231; G. 349; B. 190. - -[177] H. 384, 4; M. 208; A. & G. 235, _a_; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1. - -[178] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219. - -[179] H. 544, 2, N. 2; M. 295, 2; A. & G. 294, _d_; G. 430; B. 337, 7, -_b_, 2). - -[180] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1. - -[181] H. 399, II; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218, _b_; G. 375; B. 204, 1. - -[182] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1. - -[183] H. 410, III; M. 251; A. & G. 220, _b_, 1; G. 404; B. 208, 2, _b_. - -[184] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1. - -[185] H. 410, V. 3; M. 231; A. & G. 223, _a_; G. 407, N. 2, (_d_); B. -212, 2. - -[186] H. 399, 2; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218, _a_; G. 374; B. 204, 1. - -[187] H. 517, 3, 1); M. 382, 2 N.; A. & G. 320, _c_; G. 633; B. 283, 3. - -[188] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 2. - -[189] H. 515, III; M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, _d_; G. 587; B. 309, 3. - -[190] H. 421, III; M. 247, N. 1; A. & G. 254, _b_, 2; G. 401, N. 6; B. -219, 1. - -[191] H. 513, II; M. 375; A. & G. 312; G. 602; B. 307, 1. - -[192] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223. - -[193] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, _a_, 1; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1. - -[194] H. 387, N. 1; M. 212, N. 2; A. & G. 231, _b_; G. 349, R. 5; B. -190, 1. - -[195] H. 421, III; M. 238, 2; A. & G. 245, _a_, 1; G. 397, N. 2; B. -226, 2. - -[196] H. 503, II, 2; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 282, 3. - -[197] H. 510; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304, 1. - -[198] H. 385, II; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_. - -[199] H. 410, III; M. 251; A. & G. 220, _b_, 1; G. 404; B. 225. - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - -The following books have been referred to in the Notes. While the -references are intended principally for the teacher, every student -should be provided with a copy of Creighton’s Primer of Roman History. -If Eutropius is studied in connection with this book, the student -cannot fail to obtain a fair knowledge of the main facts of Roman -History. - - Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Rodolfo - Lanciani. - - Early Rome (Epochs of History). W. Ihne. - - Mommsen’s History of Rome, Abridged for Schools and Colleges. - C. Bryans and F. J. R. Hendy. - - Rome and Carthage (Epochs of History). R. Bosworth Smith. - - The History of Rome (History Primer Series). M. Creighton. - - The Early Empire (Epochs of History). W. W. Capes. - - The Roman Triumvirates (Epochs of History). Charles Merivale. - - The Age of the Antonines (Epochs of History). W. W. Capes. - - Myths of Greece and Rome. H. A. Guerber. - - The Story of the Romans. H. A. Guerber. - - The Development of the Roman Constitution (History Primer - Series). Ambrose Tighe. - -NOTE - -In the Notes the references to Harkness’ Grammar occur in two forms, -the first referring to the New Latin Grammar (1898), the second, in -brackets, to the Standard Latin Grammar. - - - - -NOTES - - -LIFE OF EUTROPIUS - -Of the life of Eutropius we know very little. Only once in his work -does he mention himself, Bk. X, Ch. 16. He was proconsul in Asia in 371 -A.D., and praetorian praefect 380-387 A.D. He is said to have been the -secretary of the Emperor Constantine the Great. - -The only one of his works that is extant is the _Breviārium_, a brief -history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the -Emperor Jovian, 364 A.D. He dedicated the work to the Emperor Valens, -364-378 A.D., composing it probably at the emperor’s request. - -Through the republican period he follows Livy, whom he knows at first -hand. Afterwards he takes Suetonius and the Augustan History for his -guides. His style is simple and terse, and the diction is very good for -the age in which the book was written. As a historian his judgment is -cool and impartial. He makes some blunders, but mostly in the matter -of dates. A Greek translation made by a certain Capito, a Lycian, is -mentioned, but it has been lost. A later Greek version by Paeanius is -extant. - - - - -BOOK I - - -PAGE 7. - -CH. 1. - -Line 1. =Rōmānum=: note emphatic position. - -=Rōmulō=: see the legend of Romulus and Remus in Ihne, p. 32; Livy, Bk. -I, IV; Guerber, p. 140. - -2. =Vestālis virginis=: the Vestals were a kind of nuns, six in number, -who were priestesses of Vesta. It was their duty to keep the fire on -the altar in her temple in the Forum burning constantly. “Her altar, -with its ever-burning fire, was the family hearth of the state, from -which the household fires were kindled at certain dates.” Lanciani, -_Anc. Rome_, Ch. VI. - -=fīlius=: in apposition with _quī_, subject of _putātus est_. - -=quantum putātus est=: ‘as he was thought’ ＝ ‘as it was thought’; note -that the Latin prefers the personal construction where we prefer the -impersonal. - -3. =is=: emphatic position. - -=cum … latrōcinārētur=: the student should note the different uses -of _cum_, viz.: Temporal, with Indicative or Subjunctive; Causal and -Concessive, with Subjunctive alone; cf. _cum … compāruisset_, Ch. 2; -_cum … habērent_, Ch. 2; _cum … ēgissent_, Ch. 18. - -4. =decem et octō annōs nātus= (_nāscor_): ‘having been born eighteen -years’ ＝ ‘eighteen years old.’ The more common expression for the -numeral is _duodēvīgintī_. Cf. _annōrum trium et vīgintī_, Bk. II, Ch. -6; _annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis_, Bk. III, Ch. 7. - -5. =urbem exiguam=: remains of this city are still found on the -Palatine Hill. - -=Palātīnō monte=: the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. -The others were the Capitoline, Quirinal, Aventine, Esquiline, Viminal, -and Caelian. - -=XI Kal. Māiās=: the full expression would be _ante diem ūndecimum -Kalendās Māiās_, April 21. “In the Roman calendar it coincided with the -Palilia, or feast of Pales, the guardian divinity of shepherds.” - -6. =Olympiadis=: the Greeks reckoned time by periods of four years, -called Olympiads from the Olympian Games, which were celebrated at that -interval. The starting point was 776 B.C. Hence the third year of the -sixth Olympiad would be 753 B.C. Some prefer to recognize 754 as the -date of the founding of the city. - -CH. 2. - -8. =conditā cīvitāte=: ‘the city having been founded’ ＝ ‘when the -city had been founded.’ The student should ascertain by analysis of -the thought what the Ablative Absolute is intended to represent, and -should translate it accordingly. The literal translation should seldom -be used. _Civitate_ ＝ _urbe_, a late usage, frequent in Eutropius. The -usual expression is _urbe conditā_, but Eutropius places the participle -first for emphasis. - -=Rōmam vocāvit=: according to Lanciani, Roma is derived from _Rumon_, -‘river.’ Roma then would mean ‘the town by the river,’ and Romulus, -‘the man from the town by the river’ (_Anc. Rome_, p. 37). Mommsen -claims that Ramnes, the early name by which the Romans were called, -means ‘bushmen.’ Hence Roma would be ‘the town of the bushmen’ -(Mommsen, _History of Rome_, Vol. I, p. 71). - -9. =ferē=: ‘about,’ indicating that the statement is a loose one. - -10. =centum ex seniōribus=: ‘a hundred of the elders’; _ex_ or _dē_ -with cardinal numerals is regularly used instead of a Partitive -Genitive. Tarquinius Priscus doubled the number of the senators, Ch. -6. Before the end of the regal period the number was increased to -300. Sulla added 300 equites. Julius Caesar raised the number to 900. -Augustus reduced it to 600. For the duties of the senate see Ihne, Ch. -XI; Tighe, pp. 49, 115; Mommsen, pp. 18, 19, 45, 46. - -12. =uxōrēs=: object of _habērent_. Emphatic on account of its position -before the subject of the verb. - - -PAGE 8. - -1. =eārum=: the antecedent is _nātiōnēs_. - -=commōtīs bellīs=: lit. ‘wars having been aroused’ ＝ ‘when war had been -aroused’; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Ch. 2. - -=propter raptārum iniūriam=: lit. ‘on account of the wrong of the -stolen (maidens)’ ＝ ‘on account of the wrong done by stealing the -maidens.’ With _raptārum_ sc. _virginum_. - -4. =nōn compāruisset=: lit. ‘he had not appeared’ ＝ ‘he had -disappeared.’ - -5. =ad deōs trānsīsse=: lit. ‘to have gone across to the gods’ ＝ ‘to -have been translated.’ - -6. =per quīnōs diēs=: ‘through five days each.’ - -CH. 3. - -8. =rēx=: predicate Nominative. - -=bellum=: emphatic by position as well as by the use of _quidem_. -“The statement that during the forty-three years of Numa’s reign Rome -enjoyed uninterrupted peace cannot be looked upon as anything but a -fiction or a dream.” - -11. =cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum=: ‘because of their habit of (waging) war.’ - -=iam … putābantur=: ‘were beginning to be thought’; note the force of -the Imperfect. - -12. =in decem=: Livy I, XIX, says _in duodecim mēnsēs_. - -13. =aliquā= ＝ _ūllā_. - -=cōnfūsum=: ‘confused’; modifies _annum_ and is modified by _prius_. - -14. =morbō=: _i.e._ a natural death as contrasted with a death by -violence. - -CH. 4. - -16. =huic successit=: lit. ‘to this one succeeded’ ＝ ‘his successor -was’; note the emphasis. - -=hīc bella reparāvit=: in allusion to the former activity of Romulus in -that direction. - -17. =Albānōs=: Alba Longa, the most ancient town in Latium, is said -to have been built by Ascanius, and to have colonized Rome. After its -destruction by Tullus Hostilius it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants -were removed to Rome. At a later time the surrounding country was -studded with the splendid villas of the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I, -XXII-XXV, gives an account of the conquest of the Albans. - -=mīliāriō=: the Roman milestones were set up at intervals of 1000 -paces, 5000 Roman feet, on the military roads. They gave the distance -from the place from which the measurement was made, its name, the name -of the person who erected the stone, and the name of the reigning -emperor. The phrase means ‘twelve miles from Rome.’ - -18. =aliī … aliī=: ‘the one … the other.’ Eutropius uses _alius_ with -the meaning of _alter_. - -20. =adiectō Caeliō monte=: lit. ‘the Caelian Hill having been annexed’ -＝ ‘by annexing the Caelian Hill’; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Ch. 2. - -21. =fulmine ictus=: lit. ‘having been struck by lightning.’ - -=ārsit=: _ārdeō_. - -CH. 5. - -22. =ex fīliā=: ‘on his daughter’s side.’ Note peculiarity of _fīlia_, -H. 80, 2 (49, 4); M. 33, N. 2; A. & G. 36, _e_; G. 29, 4; B. 21, 2, _e_. - - -PAGE 9. - -1. =Iāniculum=: Mons Ianiculus, on the opposite side of the Tiber, was -united to the city by the Pons Sublicius. - -=cīvitātem=: this city, afterwards called Ostia, was situated on the -left bank of the river, about sixteen miles from Rome. It was used as a -port for Rome until the time of the Empire. - -3. =morbō periit=: cf. _morbō dēcessit_, Ch. 3. - -CH. 6. - -4. =Prīscus Tarquinius= ＝ _Tarquinius Prīscus_. When only the _nomen_ -and the _cognomen_ are written, they are often reversed, especially -in late Latin. The legend of the Tarquins is as follows: Demaratus, -their ancestor, fled from Corinth, his native place, and settled at -Tarquinii in Etruria. He married an Etruscan wife, by whom he had -two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At his death Lucumo inherited all his -father’s property. Although he had married Tanaquil, a woman of the -highest rank, he was excluded from all power and influence in the -state. Discontented with this he removed to Rome with a large band of -followers. He and his companions were received with welcome, and were -admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. He took the name of Lucius -Tarquinius, to which Livy adds Priscus, to distinguish him from L. -Tarquinius, the seventh king of Rome. At the death of Ancus Marcius, -the senate and people unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant -throne. His reign was distinguished by great exploits in war and by -great works in peace. - -5. =circum=: the Circus Maximus. It was in a valley between the -Palatine and Aventine Hills. Here the Roman games were held. At first -the spectators sat on the hill side and watched the games being -celebrated in the valley beneath them. Tarquinius is said to have been -the first to introduce seats. In the time of Caesar the circus was 1800 -feet long and 300 feet wide, and capable of seating 180,000 people. It -was enlarged many times, until in the fourth century it was capable of -seating 385,000 people. - -=lūdōs Rōmānōs=: the _Lūdī Rōmānī_, consisting of horse and chariot -races, were the oldest games, and were celebrated originally in honor -of Jupiter by victorious generals as a part of a triumph. At first they -lasted only one day, but the time was gradually increased until in the -age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days, September 4-19. - -6. =ad nostram memoriam=: ‘to our time.’ - -7. =vīcit=: emphatic position. - -=nōn parum= ＝ _māgnum_: ‘a large part’; cf. _nōn compāruisset_, Ch. 2. - -8. =prīmus … intrāvit=: ‘and he was the first to enter the city -celebrating a triumph.’ A triumph was a solemn procession in which -a victorious general entered the city in a chariot drawn by four -horses. He was preceded by the captives and spoils taken in war, and -was followed by his troops; and, after passing in state along the Via -Sacra, ascended the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the Temple of Jupiter -Capitolinus. The following conditions had to be complied with: (_a_) -The general must have been dictator, consul, or praetor. (_b_) He must -have actually commanded in the battle and commenced it, himself taking -the auspices. (_c_) The battle must have been decisive and ended the -campaign. (_d_) The foes must have been foreigners, and at least 5000 -of them must have been slain. - -9. =mūrōs fēcit=: he began to surround the city with a stone wall, a -work his successor, Servius Tullius, completed. - -=cloācās=: the Cloaca Maxima is a semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide, -beneath the city. A part of this sewer, about 1020 feet, is still -in existence, and after a lapse of 2500 years goes on fulfilling -its original purpose. Its opening into the Tiber near the Temple of -Hercules in the Forum Boarium is still in a good state of preservation. - -=Capitōlium=: the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. Its -foundations were laid by Tarquinius Priscus. Its walls were raised -by his successor Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus completed -it, although it was not consecrated until the third year after the -expulsion of the kings. It consisted of three parts, a nave sacred -to Jupiter, and two wings, the right sacred to Minerva and the left -to Juno. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost -incredible. It was burned in the time of Sulla, who rebuilt it. After -being destroyed several times it was raised for the last time by -Domitian, who made it more grand and magnificent than had any of his -predecessors. - -10. =per … fīliōs=: Eutropius occasionally substitutes _per_ with the -Accusative for the Ablative or Dative of agent; cf. _per eum multa ā -cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt_, Bk. IV, 10. - -11. =rēgis ēius=: apposition with _Ancī_. - -=cuī=: cf. _huic successit_, Ch. 4. - -CH. 7. - -12. =Servius Tullius=: the legend of Servius Tullius is as follows: -Ocrisia, his mother, was one of the captives taken at Corniculum, and -became a slave of Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Servius was -born and reared at the palace of the king. As Tanaquil by her power -of divination had foreseen the greatness of the child, she persuaded -Tarquinius to give his daughter to Servius in marriage. At the death -of Tarquinius, by the aid of Tanaquil, Servius became firmly fixed in -the royal power. The great deeds of Servius were deeds of peace, and he -was regarded by posterity as the author of all their civil rights and -institutions. Three important events are assigned to him. He reformed -the constitution of the state. He extended the boundary of the city -and surrounded it with a wall. He established an important alliance by -which Rome and the Latin cities became members of one great league. - -=genitus=: lit. ‘born’ ＝ ‘the son.’ - -13. =quoque=: as well as Tarquinius Priscus. _Quoque_ must not be -confounded with _quōque_, the Ablative of the pronoun _quisque_. - -15. =fossās circum mūrum=: portions of the Servian wall still exist. - -16. =cēnsum=: the number of Roman citizens was ascertained every five -years, though not always with perfect regularity, for the assessment -of taxes and the arrangement of military service. Originally the kings -took the census. After the establishment of the republic the duty was -performed by the consuls. After 444 B.C., special officers, called -censors, had charge of it. The census was concluded with the solemn -ceremony of reviewing the newly constituted army, called a _lustrum_. - -=orbem terrārum=: lit. ‘the circle of lands’ ＝ ‘the world.’ - -18. =capita=: ‘souls’; cf. our expression ‘head of cattle.’ - -19. =in agrīs=: others than inhabitants of Rome possessed Roman -citizenship. - -21. =uxōrem=: ‘as his wife.’ - -CH. 8. - -22. =L. Tarquinius Superbus=: L. Tarquinius, called Superbus, ‘the -Overbearing,’ from his haughty manner and conduct, commenced his -reign without any of the forms of election. One of his first acts was -to abolish the rights that Servius Tullius had conferred upon the -plebeians. All the senators whom he mistrusted and all whose wealth -he coveted he put to death or banished. He surrounded himself with a -bodyguard, by means of which he was enabled to do what he liked. After -several successful campaigns his tyranny caused the people to depose -him and drive him from the city. - -23. =euntibus=; lit. ‘for those going’ ＝ ‘as you go.’ - -24. =Gabiōs=: ‘the city Gabii’; the name of the town, though plural, is -in apposition with _cīvitātem_. - - -PAGE 10. - -1. =Capitōliō=: here the Capitoline Hill. - -2. =oppūgnāns=: ‘while besieging the city’; a clause with _cum_ or -_dum_ would have been more usual. - -4. =ēius=: antecedent is _L. Tarquinius_. - -=et ipse Tarquinius iūnior=: ‘also a Tarquin (but) younger’ ＝ ‘who was -also called Tarquinius’; his praenomen was Sextus. - -5. =Lucrētiam=: for the interesting story of Lucretia, see _The Story -of the Romans_, p. 62. - -=eandemque=: ‘who was also’; H. 508, 3 (451, 3); M. 446, 1; A. & G. -195, _e_; G. 310; B. 248. - -6. =stuprāsset=: ‘had offered violence to.’ _Stuprāsset_ for -_stuprāvisset_, cf. _rēgnāsset_, Ch. 4. - -7. =questa fuisset=: for _questa esset_. Eutropius generally uses -_essem_, etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive. For other -exceptions see Bk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily uses _fueram_, etc., for -_eram_ in the Pluperfect Passive Indicative. - -8. =parēns et ipse=: ‘a relative likewise,’ _i.e._ as well as -Collatinus. He was the son of Marcus Iunius and Tarquinia, the second -daughter of Tarquinius Superbus. He was called ‘Brutus,’ _i.e._ ‘the -Stupid,’ on account of the mental imbecility he feigned to deceive -Tarquinius. _Parēns_, ‘relative,’ a late meaning. - -10. =eum=: refers to the king. - -=quī=: antecedent is _exercitus_. - -13. =rēgnātum est=: lit. ‘it was ruled’ ＝ ‘the dynasty lasted.’ - -14. =annīs=: Eutropius and some other post-classical writers use the -Ablative of Time within which for the Accusative of Duration of Time. -The Ablative makes prominent the limits that mark the time. - -15. =ubi plūrimum=: lit. ‘where most’ ＝ ‘at the most,’ at the place of -the widest extent. - -CH. 9. - -17. =hinc=: ‘from this time.’ - -=cōnsulēs=: at first they were called _praetōrēs_, ‘leaders.’ The -consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, the new assembly -organized by Servius Tullius. - -=coepēre= ＝ _coepērunt_. - -18. =alter eum=: note the fondness of the Latin for antitheses. It -tends to place contrasted words near each other. Often the observance -of this is of assistance in determining the meaning of a passage. - -20. =annuum=: ‘lasting one year.’ - -=habērent=: the clause _nē_ … _habērent_ is the Subject of _placuit_. - -21. =redderentur=: cf. _coërceret_, above. - -=cīvīlēs=: lit. ‘like citizens’ ＝ ‘good citizens.’ - -23. =ab expulsīs rēgibus=: ‘after the expulsion of the kings;’ cf. -_post rēgēs exactōs_, Ch. 11. - -24. =māximē … pellerētur=: ‘had done the most to drive out -Tarquinius.’ - -25. =Tarquiniō=: cf. _īsdem_, Ch. 6. Note the emphasis. - - -PAGE 11. - -1. =manēret=: cf. _habērent_, above. - -3. =L. Valerius Pūblicola=: Livy, Bk. II, 2, calls him Publius -Valerius. Owing to his efforts to secure the rights of the plebeians -and for his popular measures he was called _Pūblicola_, ‘the Partisan -of the People.’ He secured the passage of the Valerian law giving to -every citizen condemned on a capital charge the right of appeal to the -people. - -CH. 10. - -7. =in vicem sē=: ‘each other in turn.’ As the Latin has no reciprocal -pronoun it is compelled to resort to various circumlocutions; cf. -Caesar, Bk. I, 1, _inter se_, Bk. II, 10, _alius alium circumspectant_. - -8. =tamen=: although both the leaders were slain. - -10. =per annum=: cf. _annum lūxērunt_, Ch. 11. - -11. =quō morbō mortuō=: ‘and when he had died.’ The Latin relative is -very often best translated by ‘and’ with a personal pronoun. For the -case of _morbō_, cf. _morbō_, Ch. 3. - -12. =iterum=: construe with _sūmpsit_. - -CH. 11. - -18. =Porsennā=: Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium in Etruria. He aided the -Tarquins as they had come from Etruria. See Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient -Rome_, _Horatius_. - -=Rōmam paene cēpit=: Ihne (p. 89) thinks that by this is meant that the -Etruscans conquered the city. - -22. =Tusculum=: said to have been founded by Telegonus, the son of -Ulysses. It was always one of the most important of the Latin towns, -and was a favorite resort of the Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a villa -there. - -24. =cōnsenuit=: lit. ‘he grew old’ ＝ ‘lived to be an old man.’ - -26. =dē hīs=: ‘over them’; the regular expression used for a triumph -celebrated for a victory over an enemy. - - -PAGE 12. - -2. =fātāliter=: lit. ‘by fate’ ＝ ‘a natural death’; cf. _morbō -dēcessit_, Ch. 3. - -3. =nummīs=: ‘money’; particularly small coins. - -=sūmptum habuerit sepultūrae=: ‘had the cost of a burial,’ _i.e._ was -buried at public expense. - -=quem=: note its position. - -CH. 12. - -5. =gener Tarquinī=: Manilius Octavius of Tusculum. - -7. =dictātūra=: at times of great danger, when it was necessary for one -man to hold the supreme power, a dictator was appointed by one of the -consuls on the nomination of the senate. The office was for six months; -but in case the specific object for which the dictator was appointed -was accomplished before that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118; Tighe, p. -65. - -8. =magister equitum=: he was aid-de-camp to the dictator and -was appointed by him. In the absence of the latter he became the -representative of the dictator. - -9. =neque … potestātī=: ‘neither can anything be said to be more -similar than the ancient dictatorship to the imperial power which,’ -etc. _Imperium_ was the regular term for the power possessed by the -magistrates. Here it refers to the power of the emperor. - -Eutropius explains for the benefit of his readers the ancient -dictatorship, which had long since fallen into disuse, by comparing it -to the power possessed by the emperor. - -11. =Tranquillitās Vestra=: ‘Your Serene Highness’; Valens, Emperor -of the East, 364-378 A.D. “Other titles used of the emperors were -_Aeternitās Tua_, _Clēmentia Tua_, _Serēnitās Tua_, _Māgnitūdō Tua_, -_Māiestās Tua_.” - -=Vestra=: in Latin of the classical period _tua_ would have been used, -as only one person is referred to. In late Latin the pronouns of the -second person plural take the place of the singular, just as ‘you’ has -taken the place of ‘thou.’ - -13. =sub dictātūrae nōmine=: in 45 B.C. Caesar was made perpetual -dictator. - -CH. 13. - -17. =populus= ＝ _plebs_ here. _Populus_ is a collective noun, and so -takes a singular verb. - -=tamquam=: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning. - -18. =tribūnōs plēbis=: these magistrates, elected by the plebeians in -an assembly of their own (Comitia Tributa), were invested with the -right of ‘intercession,’ by which they could stop all legislation that -they judged to be harmful to the plebeians. To make their intercession -effective they were declared to be _sacrosancti_, _i.e._ ‘inviolable,’ -and the curse of outlawry was pronounced against any one who harmed -them. The First Secession of the Plebeians, as this was called, was -the beginning of a long struggle between the orders, and terminated -in the complete political equality of the plebeians. Ihne, Ch. XIII; -Creighton, p. 12; Tighe, p. 91. - -19. =per quōs= ＝ _ut per eōs_. - - -PAGE 13. - -CH. 14. - -2. =quam habēbant optimam= ＝ _optimam quam habēbant_. - -CH. 15. - -5. =Q. Mārcius=: called _Coriolānus_ from the city Corioli, which he -had conquered. Ihne, p. 155; Creighton, p. 21. - -8. =oppūgnātūrus=: the Participle ＝ _oppūgnāvisset_. - -9. =patriam suam=: ‘his native city.’ - -12. =secundus=: really the first after Tarquinius, but the second in -order. In an enumeration of a series the Latin generally includes the -starting point. - -CH. 16. - -14. =C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus=: lit. ‘C. Fabius and L. -Virginius being consuls’ ＝ ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. One of the -regular ways of dating events in Latin is to give the names of the -consuls for that year. Another is to reckon the time from the founding -of the city; cf. _ab urbe conditā_, Ch. 18. - -15. =quī … erant=: ‘who belonged to the Fabian household’; cf. _centum -ex seniōribus_, Ch. 2. - -16. =prōmittentēs … implendum=: sc. _esse_; ‘promising the senate and -the people that the whole contest would be completed by themselves.’ -_Prōmittō_ regularly takes the Future Infinitive. - -18. =quī singulī=: ‘each one of whom.’ - -=dēbērent=: cf. _esset_, Ch. 15. - -19. =ūnus omnīnō superfuit=: see Ihne, p. 163. - - -PAGE 14. - -CH. 17. - -1. =sequentī tamen annō=: in the year after the consuls mentioned in -the last chapter. - -3. =Quīntius=: generally written _Quīnctius_. He held the dictatorial -power for fourteen days only, and having completed his work returned -to his farm. Later he was again appointed dictator, and again proved -himself to be the deliverer of his country. - -4. =in opere et arāns=: the post-classical writers seem to strive -almost as much to avoid uniformity in expression as the classical -writers strive for it. - -5. =togam praetextam=: by metonomy the badge of office is put for the -office itself. The toga praetexta had a red border woven in it. It was -the badge of office of the higher magistrates and priests. It was worn -by boys also until they reached the age of manhood and by girls until -they married. - -CH. 18. - -7. =alterō= ＝ _secundō_. - -=ab urbe conditā=: ‘from the founding of the city.’ - -9. =decemvirī=: the laws, which the decemvirs codified, known as the -Twelve Tables, remained the foundation of Roman law for a thousand -years. They were engraved on twelve bronze tables and were set up in -the Forum that all might read them. Every school-boy was required -to commit them to memory. For an account of the decemvirs and their -legislation, see Ihne, p. 167; Creighton, p. 16; Tighe, p. 95. - -10. =ex hīs=: cf. _ex seniōribus_, Ch. 2. - -11. =Virgīnī … fīliam=: see Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient Rome_, -_Virginia_; Ihne, p. 173; Creighton, p. 16. - -13. =quam= ＝ _sed eam_. - -CH. 19. - -17. =Fīdēnātēs=: the town of Fidenae is said to have been colonized by -Romulus. It frequently revolted and was as frequently retaken by the -Romans. After its destruction in 437 B.C. it was rebuilt. - -20. =coniūnxērunt sē=: ‘united.’ - - -PAGE 15. - -2. =victī … perdidērunt=: ‘they were conquered and also lost their -king.’ - -CH. 20. - -4. =Vēientānī=: they were engaged in almost unceasing hostilities with -the Romans for more than three centuries and a half. - -5. =ipsōs= ＝ _eos_. Eutropius often uses _ipse_ for _is_. - -6. =aciē=: note the difference of meaning between _exercitus_, _āgmen_, -_aciēs_, and _cōpiae_. - -=diū obsidēns=: the siege is said to have lasted ten years. - -8. =et Faliscōs=: in classical prose _etiam_ would have been used. - -9. =quasi=: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning. - -=dīvīsisset=: cf. _premerētur_, Ch. 13. - -11. =Gallī Senonēs=: see Ihne, Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25; _The Story of -the Romans_, p. 104. - -12. =apud flūmen Alliam=: the fight occurred on July 16, which was -henceforth considered as an unlucky day. - -=secūtī … occupāvērunt=: cf. _victī … perdidērunt_, Ch. 19. - -15. =obsidērent=: cf. _sustinēret_, Ch. 18. - -21. =et ipse=: ‘he too,’ as well as Romulus. - - - - -BOOK II - - -PAGE 16. - -CH. 1. - -3. =tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte=: six military tribunes -with consular powers and consular duration of office were elected by -the Comitia Centuriata. The office was open alike to patricians and -plebeians. This was a compromise measure on the part of the patricians -when they were forced to yield to the demands of the plebeians to be -admitted to the consulship. All the rights of the consulship were given -to them by this means without the honorary privileges the holding of -the office of consul conferred. Each year the people determined whether -consuls or military tribunes with consular power should be elected. -From the time of the creation of the tribunes with consular power -until the opening of the consulship to the plebeians in 367 B.C., the -tribunes were elected fifty times and the consuls twenty-three. The -plebeians were kept out of the office until 400 B.C. Mommsen, p. 63; -Tighe, p. 100. - -4. =hinc=: cf. _hinc_, Bk. I, 9. - -7. =trēs … ēgit=: _i.e._ a triumph for each of the cities. - -CH. 2. - -11. =sub ipsīs=: ‘under the direction of these’; _i.e._ the citizens of -Praeneste. - -12. =Rōmānīs=: note the name of the people for that of the city. - -14. =dēcrētus=: sc. _est_ from the _sunt_ preceding. - -CH. 3. - -16. =placuit=: lit. ‘it was pleasing’ ＝ ‘they determined.’ - -17. =ita fluxit=: lit. ‘it flowed so’ ＝ ‘there was such disturbance.’ - -CH. 4. - -21. =L. Genuciō … cōnsulibus=: cf. _C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus_, Bk. I, 16. - -22. =honor … dēlātus est=: lit. ‘honor second after Romulus was -conferred upon him’ ＝ ‘honor second to that of Romulus,’ etc. - - -PAGE 17. - -CH. 5. - -2. =mīliāriō=: cf. _mīliāriō_, Bk. I, 4. - -3. =Aniēnem=: the Anio, a tributary of the Tiber. _Aniēnem_ is -Accusative from the old Nominative _Anien_. - -=nōbilissimus=: lit. ‘of highest birth.’ √GNO, cf. _nōscō_. - -=dē senātōribus=: cf. _ex seniōribus_, Bk. I, 2. - -4. =L. Mānlius=: his name is generally given as _Titus_. _The Story of -the Romans_, p. 106. - -5. =sublātō … impositō=: ‘having taken off his (the Gaul’s) golden -necklace and having placed it on his own neck’; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, -Bk. I, 2. - -6. =in perpetuum=: ‘forever.’ - -7. =fugātī sunt=: note the difference in form and meaning between -_fugāre_ and _fugere_. - -8. =nōn multō post=: lit. ‘not after by much’ ＝ ‘not long after.’ - -9. =mīlia captīvōrum=: it was customary to adorn the procession of -the victorious general, when he was celebrating a triumph, with the -captives he had taken in the campaign. When the procession passed -up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple of Jupiter, the captives were -led aside to the Mamertine prison at the foot of the hill and were -strangled. - -CH. 6. - -11. =Latīnī=: Creighton, p. 27. - -12. =mīlitēs praestāre=: it was the custom of Rome to compel the states -she had subdued to furnish soldiers for the Roman army. These were used -as auxiliary forces. - -=ex Rōmānīs=: cf. _ex seniōribus_, Bk. I, 2. - -13. =quī modus= ＝ _modus quī_; ‘a force which.’ - -14. =parvīs … rēbus=: ‘although up to this time the Roman state was -small.’ - -16. =quae= ＝ _eae lēgiōnēs_. - -=duce L. Fūriō=: lit. ‘L. Furius being the leader’ ＝ ‘under the -leadership of L. Furius.’ - -17. =quī esset optimus=: ‘whoever was the best.’ - -18. =sē … obtulit=: ‘offered himself.’ - -=Valerius=: see _The Story of the Romans_, p. 111. - -20. =commissā … pūgnā=: _cf. conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, 2. - -21. =ālīs et unguibus=: cf. _fulmine_, Bk. I, 4. - -25. =annōrum=: by a law passed in 181 B.C., the legal age of the -consulship was fixed at forty-three. There were exceptions made, as in -the case of Cn. Pompeius, who was elected consul when he was thirty-six -years old. - - -PAGE 18. - -CH. 7. - -1. =Latīnī=: Creighton, p. 28. - -2. =ex eōrum=: sc. _populō_. - -4. =pūgnā=: see _The Story of the Romans_, p. 113. - -5. =dē hīs perdomitīs=: ‘a triumph was celebrated on account of their -defeat.’ - -6. =rōstrīs=: the Rostra or speaker’s platform in the Forum. From it -the speaker could command the entire Forum and the Comitium. In 42 B.C. -it was removed and set up again at the west end of the Forum. Another -rostra was constructed about the same time at the opposite end, in -front of the new Temple of Divus Iulius. - -7. =Alexandrō Macedone=: Alexander the Great. - -CH. 8. - -9. =Samnītas=: a Greek form of the Accusative. The Samnites were -offshoots of the Sabines, occupying the hilly country between the Nar, -the Tiber, and the Anio. Their bravery made them the most formidable -rival of Rome in Italy. In 290 B.C. they were subjected to Rome. - -12. =Q. Fabiō Māximō=: called _Rulliānus_. This Fabius was five times -consul and dictator twice. He triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi, -Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the great-grandfather of Q. Fabius -Maximus, the hero of the Second Punic war. - -14. =sē absente=: ‘while he (Papīrius) was absent.’ - -16. =capitis damnātus=: lit. ‘having been condemned of the head’ -＝ ‘having been condemned on a capital charge’; cf. our expression -‘capital punishment.’ - -=sē vetante=: cf. _parvīs … rēbus_, Ch. 6. _Sē_; the antecedent is -_Papīrius_. - -CH. 9. - -19. =T. Veturiō … cōnsulibus=: cf. _C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus_, Bk. I, 16. - -20. =vīcērunt=: at the battle of the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass east -of Campania. The commander of the Samnites was Gavius Pontius. See _The -Story of the Romans_, p. 113. - -=sub iugum=: the yoke was formed by sticking two spears in the ground -and fastening a third on top. To pass under the yoke was a sign of -subjection, and is equivalent to our expression ‘laying down arms.’ -Livy, Bk. IX, VI, describes the process. - -21. =pāx … solūta est=: a Roman general could not make peace with the -enemy without the ratification of the senate and the people. - -22. =ipsīs=: see note on _ipsōs_, Bk. I, 20. - -=facta fuerat=: see note on _facta fuisset_, Bk. I, 8. - - -PAGE 19. - -3. =aquam Claudiam indūxit=: _i.e._ he built the aqueduct named after -him. It was more commonly called ‘Aqua Appia.’ Between seven and eight -miles in length, chiefly under ground, it was the beginning of the -magnificent system of water works that distinguished ancient Rome. Four -of these old aqueducts still furnish the water supply of modern Rome. -Lanciani, _Ancient Rome_, p. 58. - -4. =viam Appiam=: “the Appian road was made in 312 B.C. to join Rome to -Capua, and was afterwards carried as far as Brundisium. This ‘queen of -roads,’ as it was called, was a stone causeway, constructed according -to the nature of the country, with an embankment either beneath or -beside it, and was of such a width that two broad wagons could easily -pass each other.” - -=Q. Fabium Māximum=: called _Gurges_, the son of Q. Fabius Maximus, -mentioned in Ch. 8. - -6. =datus fuisset=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8. - -7. =ipsōrum=: cf. _ipsīs_, above. - -10. =per annōs=: cf. _per annum_, Bk. I, 10. - -11. =āctum=: ‘waged’; agrees with _bellum_. - -CH. 10. - -13. =sē … iūnxērunt=: cf. _coniūnxērunt sē_, Bk. I, 19. - -15. =dēlētae sunt=: _The Story of the Romans_, p. 114. - -CH. 11. - -17. =Tarentīnīs=: the people of Tarentum, a rich and luxurious city in -southern Italy. It played an important part in the war with Pyrrhus. -The whole of southern Italy was known as Magna Graecia, on account of -the number of cities founded there by the Greeks. - -=in ultimā Ītaliā=: ‘in the most remote part of Italy’; H. 497, 3 (440, -N. 1); M. 423; A. & G. 193; G. 291, R. 2; B. 241. - -19. =Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt=: ‘asked aid of Pyrrhus.’ Pyrrhus -was regarded as one of the greatest generals that had ever lived. With -his daring courage, his military skill, and his kingly bearing, he -might have become the most powerful monarch of his day. But he never -rested satisfied with any acquisition, and was ever grasping at some -fresh object. For an account of the war see _The Story of the Romans_, -pp. 115-121; Creighton, p. 31. - -20. =orīginem trahēbat=: ‘was claiming descent’; it was the custom of -royal families to claim descent from heroes or gods. - -21. =prīmum=: ‘for the first time.’ - -24. =cēpisset=: cf. _latrōcinārētur_, Bk. I, 1. - -=dūcī=: cf. the construction with _praecēpit_, Ch. 8. - - -PAGE 20. - -2. =auxiliō=: cf. _fulmine_, Bk. I, 4. - -=vīcit=: although the loss of the Romans was nearly equaled by that of -Pyrrhus, the value of winning the first battle was at once shown by the -fact that the Lucanians, Bruttians, Samnites, and all the Greek cities -joined Pyrrhus. - -6. =quōs … vīdisset=: ‘and when he saw them lying’; _quos ＝ et eos_; -cf. _quō morbō mortuō_, Bk. I, 10. - -=adversō vulnere=: ‘with their wounds in front’; _i.e._ they died -facing the enemy. - -8. =hāc vōce=: lit. ‘this voice’ ＝ ‘these words.’ - -CH. 12. - -10. =sibi=: cf. _Tuscīs Samnītibusque_, Ch. 10. - -13. =terrōre exercitūs=: ‘on account of his fear of the army’; note the -difference in meaning between the Subjective and Objective Genitive; -H. 440, 2 (396, III); M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200. - -14. =sē recēpit=: lit. ‘he took himself back’ ＝ ‘he withdrew.’ This -march was merely a feint on the part of Pyrrhus. - -15. =honōrificē=: the Romans always regarded Pyrrhus as an honorable -enemy. Their feelings towards Hannibal were entirely different. - -17. =Fābricium=: _C. Fābricius Luscīnus_. He was consul for the first -time 283 B.C., when he triumphed over the Boii and Etrurians. He was -noted for his extreme frugality and simplicity, as well as for his -integrity. He is cited by Cicero and Horace as a type of the Roman -citizens of the best days of the Commonwealth. - -18. =cognōvisset=: cf. _latrōcinārētur_, Bk. I, 1. - -19. =voluerit=: cf. _habuerit_, Bk. I, 11. - -CH. 13. - -25. =pāx displicuit=: it is said that at first the senate wavered; but -by the energy of the blind and aged Appius Claudius, who caused himself -to be carried into the senate house, their courage was revived. - -=remandātum est=: ‘word was sent back.’ - - -PAGE 21. - -1. =nisi … posse=: this answer passed into a maxim of state. - -4. =ante … quam=: note the fondness of the Latin for separating the -parts of this and other compounds of the same nature. - -=veterem=: ‘former.’ - -=bīnōrum=: ‘two apiece.’ - -6. =quālem=: predicate to _Rōmam_; ‘what sort (of a city) he had found -Rome (to be).’ - -7. =comperisset=, cf. _agerentur_, Ch. 11. - -CH. 14. - -18. =occīsūrum=: cf. note on _prōmittentēs … implendum_, Bk. I, Ch. 16. - -=sī … aliquid=: ‘if something.’ - -=pollicērētur=: Imperf. Subjunctive representing the Future Indicative -in Direct Discourse; H. 574, 646 (507, I, 527, I); M. 363, 1, 402; A. & -G. 307, 1, 337, _a_, 3; G. 595, R. 1; B. 319, B. - -19. =dominum=: indicating that the physician was a slave, as was usual -at that time. - -23. =Lūcānīs et Samnītibus=: they, with the Bruttii, had joined Pyrrhus -against Rome. This was the second triumph of Fabricius; cf. note on -Fabricius, Ch. 12. He was consul the third time two years after. - - -PAGE 22. - -2. =prīmus=: ‘he was the first to.’ - -3. =apud Argōs=: it is said that he perished ingloriously in a street -fight, 272 B.C. - -CH. 15. - -6. =urbis conditae=: cf. _ab urbe conditā_, Bk. I, Ch. 18. - -8. =petierant= for _petīverant_: the shorter forms are more usual in -this verb. - -CH. 16. - -11. =dē hīs=: cf. _dē hīs_, Bk. I, Ch. 11. - -12. =cīvitātēs= ＝ _urbēs_: see note on _conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, Ch. 2. - -=Beneventum=: its name is said to have been originally _Maleventum_, -and to have been changed because of the evil omen it contained. The -name Beneventum was given it in 271 B.C. Here Fabricius defeated -Pyrrhus 275 B.C. It remained a possession of the Romans during the -whole of the Second Punic War and was thanked by the senate for its -faithfulness during that critical period. - -CH. 17. - -16. =Brundisīnī=: the people of Brundisium, the modern Brindisi. It was -a seaport of Calabria, the chief naval station of the Romans on the -Adriatic Sea, and their regular port of departure for Greece. - -CH. 18. - -17. =annō=: sc. _ab urbe conditā_. - -18. =extrā Ītaliam=: ‘the Roman power was now dominant throughout the -peninsula to the river Aesis; the valley of the Po, however, was still -reckoned a part of Gaul.’ - -24. =contrā Āfrōs=: _i.e._ Carthaginians. Carthage was one of the -first cities of the ancient world. It was situated on the north coast -of Africa, and was said to have been founded by Phoenicians from Tyre -under the leadership of Dido. Carthage had been the ally of Rome in the -war against Pyrrhus. But the growing commercial activity of Carthage -caused jealousy to arise which resulted in the three wars for the -supremacy of the West,--known as the Punic wars. The first was from 264 -B.C. to 241 B.C. The second 218-202 B.C. and the third 149-146 B.C. It -resulted in the capture and destruction of Carthage by the Romans under -P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch. III. - -26. =rēge Siciliae Hierōne=: Hiero was the king of Syracuse and its -dependencies. Nearly all the rest of Sicily was in the power of the -Carthaginians. - - -PAGE 23. - -CH. 19. - -2. =rēs māgnae=: ‘great operations.’ - -3. =in fidem acceptae=: sc. _sunt_; ‘were taken under their -protection’; _i.e._ they were made tributary. - -CH. 20. - -11. =Liburnās=: sc. _nāvēs_; these were light vessels built after a -model taken from the Liburnians, a sea-faring people that lived on the -east coast of the Adriatic Sea. - -12. =Duilius=: the victory of Duilius was due to a device by which he -turned a naval battle into a land contest. His ships were furnished -with grappling irons, by means of which he seized the ships of the -enemy and then boarded them, when the Roman soldiers easily proved -themselves superior to the Carthaginian mercenaries. It was the first -naval victory the Romans had ever gained, and in honor of it a column -was erected to the memory of Duilius. - -17. =possent=: cf. _pūgnāsset_, Ch. 8. - -19. =inde= ＝ _ex his locis_: ‘from these places.’ - -20. =triumphum ēgit=: ‘he celebrated a triumph.’ - -CH. 21. - -23. =pūgnātum=: sc. _est_; ‘they fought.’ - -=victus est=: ‘he (Hamilcar) was conquered.’ - -24. =retrō sē recēpit=: cf. _sē recēpit_, Ch. 12. - - -PAGE 24. - -1. =in dēditiōnem accēpērunt=: ‘they received in surrender.’ - -2. =ūsque ad=: lit. ‘even up to’ ＝ ‘as far as.’ - -6. =decem et octō=: cf. _decem et octō_, Bk. I, Ch. 1. - -8. =in fidem accēpit=: cf. _in fidem acceptae_, Ch. 19. - -11. =ā Lacedaemoniīs=: cf. _Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt_, Ch. 11. -The Spartans were called Lacedaemonii from Lacedaemon, another name for -Sparta. - -CH. 22. - -22. =ingentī praedā=: after a victory a portion of the booty generally -was divided among the soldiers. - -23. =subācta … fuisset=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8. - -30. =neque … īnfrāctus fuit=: lit. ‘neither in any one was courage -broken by these’ ＝ ‘and no one’s courage was broken by these -(misfortunes).’ - -=hīs=: sc. _cāsibus_. - - -PAGE 25. - -CH. 23. - -4. =continuae=: ‘repeated’; one following another without any break. - -6. =recēderētur=: lit. ‘it should be withdrawn’ ＝ ‘they should -withdraw.’ - -CH. 24. - -8. =Metellō=: a coin was struck to commemorate this battle, having the -head of Metellus on the one side and an elephant on the other. Metellus -was consul a second time in 249 B.C., and was elected Pontifex Maximus -in 243 B.C. In 241 B.C. he rescued the Palladium when the Temple of -Vesta was on fire. - -10. =venientem=: ‘on his arrival’; in Sicily from Africa. - -12. =in auxilium=: lit. ‘for aid’ ＝ ‘as auxiliaries.’ - -13. =ingentī pompā=: cf. _ultimā perniciē_, Ch. 21. - -CH. 25. - -17. =obtinēret=: ‘obtain’; a late meaning. - -18. =nihil … ēgit=: ‘did not act at all’; _i.e._ he made no use of the -privileges enjoyed by Roman citizens, but acted as a foreigner on -the ground that he had lost his citizenship when he had been captured -by the enemy. It was so provided by Roman law, but there was also the -provision that when a prisoner returned he recovered his former status. -The story of the return of Regulus is more than doubtful. - -20. =uxōrem=: according to the view he took she had ceased to be his -wife. - - -PAGE 26. - -1. =obtinuit=: ‘he gained his point.’ - -2. =nūllus admīsit=: ‘no one admitted (to the senate)’; _i.e._ the -Romans refused to admit the ambassadors. - -3. =negāvit= ＝ _dīxit nōn_. - -4. =mānsūrum=: sc. _esse_. - -CH. 26. - -8. =contrā auspicia=: nothing was undertaken by the Romans without -consulting the will of the gods. In this case the sacred chickens -refused to eat, this being an unfavorable omen, yet Claudius persisted -in fighting. - -11. =alius=: in classical Latin _alter_ would have been used; cf. _aliī -… aliī_, Bk. I, 4. L. Junius is meant. - -CH. 27. - -15. =trecentīs nāvibus=: this fleet was not raised by the state, but by -private subscription. The number is generally given as 200. - -18. =nāvem aeger ascendit=: ‘embarked with difficulty.’ - -=vulnerātus … fuerat=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8. - -22. =īnfīnītum=: ‘a very great (amount).’ - -=aurī=: cf. _argentī_, Ch. 19. - -24. =VI Īdūs Mārtiās=: the full expression would be _ante diem sextum -Īdūs Mārtiās_; cf. _XI Kal. Māiās_, Bk. I, 1. - -25. =tribūta … pāx=: peace was granted finally on these terms: Carthage -was to evacuate Sicily, to give up the Roman prisoners without ransom, -and to pay a war indemnity of 3,200 talents,--$4,000,000,--one third -down and the remainder in ten annual payments. - - -PAGE 27. - -1. =licēret=: ‘it might be permitted’; the subject is _redimī captīvōs_. - -4. =redīrent=: _iubeō_ generally takes the Accusative and Infinitive, -but in poetry and in late prose it sometimes takes _ut_ with the -Subjunctive. - -5. =ex fiscō=: ‘from the treasury’; a late meaning. - -CH. 28. - -6. =Q. Lutātius=: _Cercō_. - -=A. Mānlius=: _Torquātus_. - -8. =quam vēnerant=: ‘after they had come.’ - - - - -BOOK III - -CH. 1. - -12. =Ptolemaeum=: this was the famous Ptolemy Philadelphus. He was -engaged in war with Antiochus II, king of Syria, for a long time, but -finally concluded peace with him and gave him his daughter in marriage. -He was noted for his patronage of literature and science. - -14. =Antiochus=: this was the name of several kings of Syria. The one -referred to here was Antiochus II, called Theos. - -=grātiās … ēgit=: ‘gave thanks.’ - -16. =Hierō=: more properly the king of Syracuse (see Bk. II, 18, 19). -During his reign the celebrated mathematician Archimedes lived. He -became the firm ally of the Romans, and when the Second Punic War -broke out he remained true to his alliance. After the battle of Lake -Trasimenus he sent a fleet with provisions and other gifts to the -Romans and also furnished them with a body of light troops. - -18. =exhibuit=: lit. ‘held out’ ＝ ‘presented.’ - -CH. 2. - -19. =quibus=: sc. _annīs_; cf. _tempore_, Ch. 1. - -20. =Ligurēs=: they inhabited the upper part of the Po valley. They -were of small stature, but strong, active, and brave. In early times -they served as mercenaries in the armies of Carthage. They were not -subdued finally by the Romans until after a long and fierce struggle. -Genua was their chief city. - -21. =dē hīs=: cf. _dē hīs_, Bk. I, 11. - - -PAGE 28. - -1. =Sardiniēnsēs=: when a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome took -advantage of the exhausted condition of Carthage, and demanded the -surrender of the island and an additional indemnity of 1200 talents -($1,500,000). Corsica was obtained in a similar manner. This was the -beginning of the Roman provincial system. Each province was governed by -a praetor and paid taxes to the Roman people. _Rome and Carthage_, p. -102; Creighton, p. 39. - -3. =impellentēs=: nominative agreeing with _Karthāginiēnsēs_ and -governing _Sardiniēnsēs_. - -CH. 3. - -7. =nūllum bellum habuērunt=: at Rome there was the so-called Temple of -Janus, the gates of which were open in time of war and closed in time -of peace. The gates were closed only three times from the building of -the temple by Numa to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 235 B.C., and by -Augustus in 29 and 25 B.C. - -8. =semel tantum=: ‘only once.’ - -=Numā Pompiliō rēgnante=: cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, 2. - -CH. 4. - -10. =Īllyriōs=: the Illyrians lived on the eastern side of the Adriatic -Sea. They were a nation of pirates, and made the whole Adriatic and -Ionian seas unsafe for commerce. Even the towns on the coast were not -safe from their ravages. The Romans sent a force against them and -compelled them to give up their conquests and to make peace. - -11. =ex Īllyriīs=: _dē Īllyriīs_ would be more common. - -CH. 5. - -13. =Gallōrum=: the Romans, recalling the terrible battle of Allia, -Bk. I, 20, were panic-stricken at first. A large army was raised and -stationed at Ariminum, where the first attack was expected. But the -Gauls passed around the Roman army, and, falling in with a small -reserve force, utterly defeated it. Instead of hastening to Rome, they -resolved to put their plunder in a place of safety. The Roman army -following them met them finally near Telamon, where the decisive -battle was fought, and the Gauls were annihilated. - -14. =cōnsēnsit=: ‘united.’ - -15. =Fabiō=: _Q. Fabius Pictor_, the earliest of the annalists. -He wrote in Greek an account of the early history of Rome. He is -frequently quoted by Livy. - -17. =tantum=: ‘alone.’ - -CH. 6. - -20. =M. Claudiō Mārcellō=: he was five times consul. This was his first -consulship. He was one of the chief generals of the Romans in the -Second Punic War. He captured Syracuse after a siege of two years (Chs. -12, 14). He fell in battle 208 B.C., and was buried by the enemy with -military honors (Ch. 16). - -24. =Mediōlānum=: the modern Milan. - -=expūgnāvit=: note the difference between _expūgnō_ and _oppūgnō_. - -26. =spolia=: called _opīma_, were the arms taken from a hostile -general by a Roman general commanding under his own auspices. They were -hung in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius on the Capitol. This temple is -said to have been built by Romulus, who inaugurated the custom. They -were won on only two subsequent occasions, when A. Cornelius Cossus -killed Lars Tolumnius, king of the Veii (Bk. I, 19), and the time -mentioned in this chapter. - - -PAGE 29. - -CH. 7. - -4. =bellum Pūnicum secundum=: immediately after the end of the First -Punic War the Carthaginians began to prepare for a renewal of the -struggle against Rome. Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, crossed -over into Spain and conquered a large part of it. Probably it was -his intention to make this province the basis of operations against -Italy. But death prevented the realization of his plans. Hasdrubal, his -son-in-law, took command of the empire Hamilcar had founded in Spain, -and organized and enlarged it. He founded the city of New Carthage, -which from its situation seemed destined to become a second Carthage in -commercial importance. In 221 B.C. he was assassinated. At his death -the command was turned over to Hannibal, the idol of the army and the -sworn enemy of the Romans. Active preparations were made. Forces were -assembled, supplies were prepared, and when all was ready Hannibal gave -the signal for war by besieging Saguntum. - -=per Hannibalem=: cf. _per fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6. - -5. =Saguntum=: a town on the southern coast of Spain, said to have been -founded by the Greeks as a trading post. It was in alliance with the -Romans, although by the terms of the last treaty with the Carthaginians -independence was secured to the Saguntines by both parties. The capture -of this town was the first hostile act of the war. _Rome and Carthage_, -p. 112; Creighton, p. 40. - -7. =annum … aetātis=: lit. ‘passing the twentieth year of his life’ ＝ -‘being twenty years of age’; cf. _decem et octō annōs nātus_, Bk. I, 1. - -10. =mīsērunt=: sc. _lēgātōs_. - -=ut mandārētur=: lit. ‘that it might be commanded’ ＝ ‘that instructions -might be given.’ - -11. =dūra respōnsa=: the story is told that when Q. Fabius, the chief -of the embassy, held up his toga, saying, ‘I carry here peace and war: -choose ye which ye will have.’ ‘Give us which ever you please,’ replied -the Carthaginians. ‘War, then,’ said Fabius; and the decision was -greeted by the short-sighted acclamations of the masses. - -13. =adficiuntur=: historical Present. - -CH. 8. - -15. =in Hispāniam=: cf. _Rōmam_, Ch. 2. - -16. =Ti. Semprōnius=: sc. _Longus_. - -17. =Alpēs=: there is a disagreement as to the pass by which Hannibal -entered Italy. Probably he crossed by the Little St. Bernard pass, and -came into Italy near the present town of Aosta. Creighton, p. 41; _Rome -and Carthage_, p. 118. - -19. =LXXX mīlia peditum=: the number of the forces of Hannibal given -here is taken from L. Cincius Alimentus, a Roman annalist. He was -captured by Hannibal, and so had excellent opportunities for gaining -information. - -21. =Semprōnius Gracchus=: a mistake of Eutropius. It was Ti. -Sempronius Longus. In the next chapter it should be _Semprōnius Longus_ -instead of _Semprōnius Gracchus_. - -CH. 9. - -23. =P. Cornēlius Scīpiō=: at the beginning of the war he set out for -Spain, Ch. 8, but finding that Hannibal had already left and was on his -way to Italy, he went to Gaul to encounter the Carthaginian before he -should cross the Alps. Hannibal was too quick for him. Scipio returned -to Italy and awaited the arrival of the Carthaginians in Cisalpine -Gaul. Near the river Ticinus, one of the northern tributaries of -the Po, the first engagement of the war took place. The Romans were -defeated; Scipio received a severe wound, and was only saved from death -by the courage of his son Publius, the future conqueror of Hannibal. P. -Scipio and his brother Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14. _Rome and -Carthage_, p. 127; Creighton, p. 43. - - -PAGE 30. - -1. =apud Trebiam amnem=: the Trebia is a small stream flowing into -the Po from the south. For an account of the battle see _Rome and -Carthage_, p. 130; Creighton, p. 43. - -2. =multī … dēdidērunt=: it was Hannibal’s policy to encourage the -communities subject to Rome to revolt and to attach themselves to his -standard. Everywhere he proclaimed himself to be the ‘Liberator of -Italy.’ - -3. =Flāminiō … occurrit=: this battle took place in the following -year, 217 B.C. Hannibal wintered in the plains of Lombardy, and at the -approach of spring attempted to cross the Apennines. He was driven -back by a violent storm, and was forced to return to his winter -quarters. Later in the year he passed the mountains and marched into -Etruria, where he was met by the Romans under Flaminius, who had been -elected consul for that year, in the battle of Lake Trasimenus, in -which the Romans were utterly defeated, and almost the whole force was -annihilated. _Rome and Carthage_, p. 138; Creighton, p. 43. - -6. =Q. Fabius Māximus=: was the great-grandson of the Q. Fabius Maximus -mentioned in Bk. II, 8, and grandson of the Q. Fabius mentioned in -Bk. II, 9. He was one of the greatest generals of Rome. He was chosen -dictator in 217 B.C., after the battle of Lake Trasimenus. The policy -he adopted is well known. By following Hannibal from place to place, -by watching for any error or neglect on his part and immediately -taking advantage of it, and by avoiding a general engagement, he -earned for himself the name of Cunctator, ‘delayer,’ but he saved the -state. In 215 B.C. he was elected consul again, and again employed the -same tactics. In 210 B.C., when he was consul for the fifth time, he -recaptured Tarentum by stratagem (Ch. 16). He opposed the sending of -Scipio to Africa, saying that Italy ought to be rid of Hannibal first. - -=eum … frēgit= ＝ _ab impetū eum prohibuit_; ‘prevented him from -attacking in force.’ - -=differendō pūgnam=: ‘by postponing battle’: _i.e._ by avoiding a -decisive engagement. - -CH. 10. - -8. =quadrāgēsimō=: Eutropius is mistaken in the date; it was 216 B.C. - -9. =L. Aemilius Paulus=: father of the L. Aemilius Paulus mentioned in -Bk. IV, 6, 7. He had distinguished himself in his former consulship -in the war against the Illyrians. Against his advice the battle of -Cannae was fought, and, refusing to fly from the field when the battle -was lost, he was slain. He was an aristocrat, and was raised to the -consulship by that party to counterbalance the influence of the -plebeian P. Terentius Varro. - -13. =impatientiā Varrōnis=: the aristocracy laid all the blame of the -defeat on Varro. - -14. =Cannae=: a town of Apulia to the south of the Aufidus, about -halfway between Canusium and the sea. This was one of the most -important battles of the war. Although the Romans greatly outnumbered -the Carthaginians, by the skillful maneuvers of Hannibal, they were -surrounded on all sides and were cut down without mercy. “For eight -hours the work of destruction went on, and at the end 50,000 men lay -dead upon the ground. Aemilius Paulus, the Illyrian hero, who, though -wounded by a sling early in the day, had clung to his horse, heartening -on his men, till he dropped exhausted from his saddle, the proconsul -Servilius, the late high-spirited master of the horse, Minucius, both -quaestors, twenty-one military tribunes, sixty senators, and an -unknown number of knights were among the slain. Nearly 20,000 Roman -prisoners were taken. Of the rest, Varro, with a few horsemen only, -escaped to Venusia. Amid all this slaughter the conqueror had lost only -5500 of his infantry and but 200 of that matchless cavalry to whom the -victory was mainly due.” _Rome and Carthage_, p. 160; Creighton, p. 44. - -16. =pars dē exercitū= ＝ _pars exercitūs_; a very rare usage. - -18. =acceptī sunt=: ‘were handled’; an ironical use of the word. - -20. =nōbilēs virī=: men whose ancestors had held high office. - -22. =mentiōnem habēre=: usually _mentiōnem facere_. - -=quod numquam ante=: sc. _factum erat_. - -23. =manūmissī=: sc. _sunt_; they were liberated because none but -freemen could serve in the Roman legions. - -CH. 11. - -24. =multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs=: “chiefly Samnites and other south -Italian states. The Greek cities held to Rome, and ‘not one Roman -citizen, nor one Latin community, had joined Hannibal.’” - - -PAGE 31. - -2. =variīs suppliciīs=: probably the Romans exaggerated the cruelty and -treachery of Hannibal. - -3. =ānulōrum=: these rings were the distinctive badges of the knights -and senators. - -7. =duōbus Scīpiōnibus=: P. Cornelius and Gnaeus, the father and -uncle of P. Scipio Africanus. For the campaign in Spain see _Rome and -Carthage_, p. 183. - -CH. 12. - -12. =annō quartō postquam=: H. 486 (429); M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G. -393; B. 223; cf. _aliquot annīs post_, Ch. 6. - -13. =Mārcellus=: see note on _M. Claudiō Mārcellō_, Ch. 6. - -=cīvitātem= ＝ _urbem_; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, 2. - -16. =rēx Macedoniae Philippus=: although Philip promised aid, he never -gave it. Owing to his frequent struggles with the states of Greece, and -the invasion of Macedonia by the Romans, he was compelled to devote his -undivided attention to preserving his realm. - -21. =prōcōnsulem=: ‘ex-consul’; at the expiration of his term of office -the consul was given a province to govern, under the title of proconsul. - -22. =ea=: the antecedent is _Sardinia_. - -CH. 13. - -25. =Hispāniīs=: the two divisions of Spain, Hither and Further. - -28. =missus fuerat=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8. - - -PAGE 32. - -3. =et Hasdrubalem=: ‘including Hasdrubal.’ - -CH. 14. - -8. =ad … urbis=: cf. _ad quintum mīliārum urbis_, Bk. I, 15. This was -merely a feint on the part of Hannibal to draw the Romans away from -Capua, which they were besieging, to the defense of Rome. _Rome and -Carthage_, p. 187. - -12. =per multōs annōs=: cf. _per annum_, Bk. I, 10. - -16. =nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna=: “So fell Syracuse, the virgin city, -which had seen two Athenian armaments perish beneath its walls which -had for centuries saved Sicily from becoming altogether, what its -greater part then was, a Carthaginian appanage. … It fell to rise no -more, at least to its former opulence. Its temples were left standing, -because they would not pay for moving; … but the choicest works of art -were swept off to adorn the imperial city.” _Rome and Carthage_, p. 181. - -22. =in dēditiōnem accēpit=: cf. _in dēditiōnem accēpērunt_, Bk. II, 21. - -24. =cōnsulem=: he was praetor, not consul. He was surprised by -Hannibal and slain before Herdonia. - - -PAGE 33. - -CH. 15. - -2. =P. Cornēlius Scīpiō=: he is one of the most interesting characters -in Roman history. Brilliant and versatile, he seemed to be the favorite -of fortune. When the senate had resolved to make one more attempt to -conquer Spain and were looking for a leader, he offered himself and -was sent with 11,000 men. On his arrival he found the forces of the -Carthaginians scattered in different parts of the province, and New -Carthage defended by a weak garrison. By a brilliant stratagem he -captured this with its riches and munitions of war, 207 B.C. Next he -attacked Hasdrubal at Baecula in Andalusia. Although the Romans claimed -the victory, Hasdrubal escaped from his hands and started for Italy -to bear aid to his brother Hannibal. Spain was left to the undisputed -possession of the Romans. - -3. =annōs nātus … vīgintī=: cf. _decem … nātus_, Bk. I, 1. He was too -young to be elected to the consulship. - -5. =ferē prīmus=: ‘almost the first.’ - -=Karthāginem Hispāniae=: called ‘New Carthage.’ See note on _bellum -Pūnicum secundum_, Ch. 7. A town still exists on the same spot bearing -the name Cartagena. - -11. =ūnō animō=: ‘with one accord.’ - -CH. 16. - -14. =Q. Fabius Māximus=: see note on _Q. Fabiō Māximō_, Ch. 9. - -17. =pecūniam hominum vēnditōrum=: ‘the money derived from the sale of -the prisoners.’ - -18. =ad fiscum=: cf. _ex fiscō_, Bk. II, 27. - -21. =ēgregiās rēs=: ‘extraordinary exploits.’ - -=per sē=: cf. _per fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6. - -22. =L. Scīpiōnem=: became famous for his victories in the East, Bk. -IV, 4. - -23. =Claudius Mārcellus=: see note on _M. Claudiō Mārcellō_, Ch. 6. - -CH. 17. - -26. =rēs inclitās=: cf. _ēgregiās rēs_, Ch. 16. - - -PAGE 34. - -1. =in amīcitiam accēpit=: cf. _in dēditiōnem accēpērunt_, Bk. II, 21. -It meant practical subjection in either case. - -=ā victō=: sc. _hoste_. - -2. =obsidēs nōn poposcit=: by pursuing the opposite course to that of -the Carthaginians he hoped to win over the Spaniards. - -CH. 18. - -3. =dēspērāns=: ‘giving up the hope.’ - -6. =ā cōnsulibus=: construe with _īnsidiās compositās_. - -7. =apud Sēnam=: one of the critical battles of the world’s history. -It is generally known as the battle of the Metaurus, from the name of -the river near which it was fought. The messenger sent by Hasdrubal -to inform his brother Hannibal of his coming fell into the hands of -the Romans. Nero, leaving a part of his forces to watch Hannibal, -with a picked band hastened north, joined the force under Salinator, -defeated Hasdrubal, who perished in the battle, and returned to his -army in Apulia before Hannibal discovered his absence. It is said that -he ordered the severed head of Hasdrubal to be flung into the camp of -Hannibal. He “recognized the features of the brother whom he had so -long and eagerly expected, and in them sadly saw the doom of Carthage.” -_Rome and Carthage_, p. 196; Creighton, p. 45. - -12. =ingēns animus accessit=: lit. ‘great courage came to in addition’ -＝ ‘great courage was inspired in.’ - -=et ipsī= ＝ _etiam_: cf. _et ipse_, Bk. I, 8. - -CH. 20. - -19. =in Āfricam missus=: the senate, led by Fabius, opposed the sending -of Scipio, but the people forced that body to accede to their demands. -Owing to the opposition Scipio was not as well equipped for the -expedition as he should have been. - -=dīvīnum quiddam=: ‘something divine.’ The ancients believed that great -men were inspired by the gods. Scipio pretended to hold communication -with Jupiter Capitolinus. Probably he merely took advantage of a -popular superstition. - -24. =Syphācem=: Syphax had driven Masinissa, a Libyan king, from his -throne. Masinissa joined Scipio on his arrival in Africa and gave him -valuable aid. When the war was ended Masinissa was restored to his -throne as his reward. - - -PAGE 35. - -CH. 21. - -5. =lēgātī … petīvērunt=: their purpose was to enable Hannibal to reach -Africa and prepare for war against Scipio. - -7. =quoūsque= ＝ _dōnec_: a late usage. - -8. =mīlia=: sc. _lībrārum_. - -=pondō=: ‘by weight.’ - -11. =nē … redderent=: Indirect Discourse depending on an idea of -commanding implied in _hīs … dedit_. - -CH. 22. - -19. =quibus prius=: sc. _data esset_; cf. _hīs condiciōnibus dedit_, -Ch. 21. - -20. =quīngentīs mīlibus=: Dative, object of _additīs_. - -24. =Karthāginī bellum=: the details of these operations are -imperfectly known. _Rome and Carthage_, p. 222. - - -PAGE 36. - -CH. 23. - -2. =ūllā memoriā=: ‘within the memory of any one.’ - -3. =Scīpiō victor=: this was at the famous battle of Zama, one of the -decisive battles of the world. Although Hannibal managed his forces -with his usual skill, and his veterans fought like the men who had so -often conquered in Italy, the Carthaginians were utterly defeated. This -ended the Second Punic War. _Rome and Carthage_, p. 224; Creighton, p. -46. - -6. =mīlia=: sc. _lībrārum_. - -7. =supellectilis=: Nominative, the usual form is _supellex_. - -9. =Āfricānus=: later _Māior_ was added to his name to distinguish him -from the Scipio Africanus who destroyed Carthage, 146 B.C. - -11. =quam coeperat=: cf. _quam vēnerant_, Bk. II, 28. - - - - -BOOK IV - -CH. 1. - -12. =Macedonicum=: sc. _bellum_. - -CH. 2. - -13. =Philippum=: Philip V, king of Macedonia, began to reign 220 B.C., -was defeated by Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 197 B.C., and died 179 B.C. -_The Story of the Romans_, p. 137; Creighton, p. 47. - -15. =rem prōsperē gessit=: in 196 B.C., at the meeting of the Isthmian -games, Flamininus caused a herald to proclaim, “that the senate and the -people of Rome, and their commander, Titus Quinctius, having subdued -Philip and the Macedonians, now restored the Corinthians, Phocians, -Locrians, Euboeans, Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to their freedom and -independence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws.” - -19. =quaterna mīlia=: sc. _lībrārum_; note the force of the -distributive. - -=pondō=: cf. _pondō_, Bk. III, 21. - - -PAGE 37. - -2. =Nabidem=: Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had seized the city of -Argos. - -=quibus voluit condiciōnibus= ＝ _quibus voluit eīs condiciōnibus_. - -=in fidem accēpit=: cf. _in fidem acceptae_, Bk. II, 19. This is a mild -way of saying that he made the king a subject of Rome. - -CH. 3. - -6. =Syriacum=: sc. _bellum_. Creighton, p. 48. - -7. =Antiochum=: the most illustrious of the family of the Seleucidae, -kings of Syria, was Antiochus, surnamed the Great. After having -conquered Caelo-Syria and Palestine, he was urged by Hannibal, who -had taken refuge at his court, to make war on the Romans. He invaded -Greece, but was defeated by L. Scipio at Thermopylae in 191 B.C., and -again at Mt. Sipylus in Magnesia in 190 B.C., when he was compelled to -sue for peace. - -12. =fuisset=: cf. _quia … fēcissent_, Bk. II, 11. - -CH. 4. - -14. =L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne=: cf. Bk. III, 16. - -=Scīpiō Āfricānus=: although Scipio Africanus was the _legatus_ of his -brother, yet he practically acted as commander, as his brother was a -man of no ability. - -17. =nāvālī proeliō=: this battle, fought at the mouth of the -Eurymedon, off Aspendus in Pamphylia, “was the first naval battle and -the last battle fought by Hannibal against the Romans.” - -18. =apud Māgnēsiam=: “with the day of Magnesia Asia was erased from -the list of great states; and never perhaps did a great power fall so -rapidly, so thoroughly, and so ignominiously as the kingdom of the -Seleucidae under this Antiochus the Great.” Mommsen. - -20. =Eumenēs=: Antiochus had offered one of his daughters in marriage -to Eumenes, the king of Pergamus, on condition that he assist him -against the Romans. - -22. =ex parte rēgis=: ‘on the side of the king.’ - -24. =data est=: sc. _pāx_. - -25. =recēderet=: cf. _īnferret_, Ch. 2. - - -PAGE 38. - -1. =concitātōrem bellī=: ‘who had aroused the war’; often it is best to -translate nouns of Agency by a clause. - -6. =et ipse=: cf. _et ipse_, Bk. I, 8. - -=Asiāgenis=: the more usual title is _Asiāticus_. - -CH. 5. - -12. =per T. Quīntium Flāminīnum=: cf. _per fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6. - -13. =trādendus esset=: the bitterness with which the Romans hunted down -Hannibal was unworthy of such a man and such a nation. - -=venēnum bibit=: “Thus ignominiously ended the career of the man who -stood once at the head of the commanders of the world, and whose memory -is still honored for the magnificence of his ambition in daring to -attack and expecting to conquer the most powerful nation of his time.” - -CH. 6. - -19. =rebellāvit=: on account of the division of the conquered territory -after the fall of Antiochus, Philip became indignant at the Romans, and -planned a revolt on a large scale. His death in 179 B.C. prevented him -from putting his plans into execution. His son Perseus attempted to -carry them out. Owing to his lack of genius, he did not act promptly -and with energy when the opportunity offered, and let it slip by. - -20. =Thraciae=: Thrace was the name given originally to the whole -region north of the Aegean Sea. Afterwards it was confined to the -valley of the Hebrus. It became a Roman province in 46 A.D. - -=Īllyricī=: Illyricum was on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its -rocky coasts were infested with pirates until it was conquered by the -Romans in the second century B.C. It was made a province afterwards and -known as Dalmatia. - -21. =Rōmānīs … auxiliō=: cf. _auxiliō … Rōmānīs_, Ch. 4. - -24. =utrīsque … praebuit=: lit. ‘furnished himself equal to both’ ＝ -‘remained neutral.’ - -25. =P. Licinius=: sc. _Crassus_. He was utterly incompetent and -thoroughly unscrupulous. - -26. =gravī proeliō victus=: near Larisa. If Perseus had possessed the -energy to follow up this victory, the result might have been different. - - -PAGE 39. - -1. =mox missus contrā eum=: Eutropius does not mention the two -campaigns under Aulus Hostilius and Quintius Marcius Philippus, in both -of which the Romans were unsuccessful. - -2. =L. Aemilius Paulus=: he was the son of the consul who fell at -Cannae, Bk. III, 10. He was one of the best specimens of the sturdy -Roman character. He was noted for his discipline in the army, and -maintained throughout life a pure and unspotted character. - -6. =ante … quam=: cf. note on _ante … quam_, Bk. II, 13. - -CH. 7. - -8. =III Nōnās Septembrēs=: the full expression would be _ante diem -tertium Nōnās Septembrēs_; cf. _XI Kal. Māiās_, Bk. I, 1. - -9. =vīcit=: at the battle of Pydna in Macedonia, 168 B.C. “It was in -fact the last battle in which a civilized state confronted Rome in the -field on a footing of equality with her as a great power. … The whole -civilized world henceforth recognized in the Roman senate the supreme -tribunal whose commissioners decided in the last resort between kings -and nations.” Mommsen, _History of Rome_, Vol. II, p. 330. - -14. =honōrem … habuit=: ‘held him in honor’ ＝ ‘honored him.’ - -=victō=: in apposition with _eī_. - -15. =sibi=: _sibi_ and _sē_ refer to Paulus. - -23. =convīviī apparātū=: ‘in his entertainments.’ - -CH. 8. - -25. =praedam … distribuit=: this act of cruelty was commanded by the -senate. - - -PAGE 40. - -2. =triumphāvit autem māgnificentissimē=: never before had Rome seen so -grand a triumph. It lasted for three days. - -3. =cum duōbus fīliīs=: Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus -Minor, both of whom had been adopted into other families. - -9. =Bīthȳniae=: supply _rēx_ from _rēgēs_ above. - -CH. 10. - -15. =tertium … Karthāginem=: _The Story of the Romans_, p. 139; -Creighton, p. 50; _Rome and Carthage_, Ch. XIX. The Romans encouraged -their ally Masinissa to encroach on the territories of Carthage and to -harass her in every way. They were seeking a pretext for war, having -fully decided to utterly destroy their hated rival. The story is told -that every speech that Cato the Censor made was concluded with the -words ‘_Dēlenda est Carthāgō_,’ ‘Carthage must be destroyed.’ - -16. =L. Mānliō Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō=: they were utterly incompetent. -On several occasions they were saved from destruction only by the skill -of Scipio. - -19. =Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt=: the Carthaginians tried in every way -to avert the war. Embassy after embassy was sent to Rome, offering -everything that could be asked. When the Romans demanded the surrender -of the arms of the city, they were given. But when it was demanded that -they should leave their city and should settle somewhere else at a -distance of ten miles from the sea, they refused and prepared for the -struggle that was inevitable. - -21. =Scīpiō=: “Publius Cornelius Scipio was the youngest son of -Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia. When quite a youth he had -fought at his father’s side at Pydna, and he was afterwards adopted -into a still more illustrious family, that of the Scipios. Like his -grandfather, the great Africanus, he had early shown a taste for other -arts than that of war; and his fondness for literature was cemented -by the friendship which he formed, while still a youth, with the -historian Polybius. He was inferior in all respects to his grandfather -by adoption, the elder Africanus.” He is chosen by Cicero in the _De -Amicitia_ as one whose friendship was worthy of immortality. - -24. =cōnsultissimus=: ‘most fertile in council.’ - -=per eum=: cf. _per Ancī fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6. - -27. =committere=: sc. _proelium_; the omission is late and rare. - - -PAGE 41. - -CH. 11. - -1. =per idem tempus=: equivalent to the Ablative of Time within which. - -=Masinissa=: see note on _Syphācem_, Bk. III, 20. - -CH. 12. - -5. =iuvenis=: see note on _annōrum_, Bk. II, 6. Scipio was about -thirty-seven years old, and had held the office of military tribune -only. - -6. =cōnsul est factus=: as in the case of his grandfather by adoption, -there was the tacit understanding that his office was to be continued -until he had brought the war to an end. The Romans by this time had -learned the advantage of retaining in office in times of danger a man -who showed himself adapted to the place. - -9. =quae sua recognōscēbant=: ‘which they recognized as their own.’ - -10. =Karthāgō … dēlēta est=: “Thus happened what, happily, has rarely -happened in history before or since. An ancient seat of civilization -with the race which inhabited it, with its arts and its sciences, its -laws, its literature, and its religion, was swept away at a single -stroke, leaving hardly a wrack behind; and with it vanished the last -rival whom Rome had to fear, the one state which ever met her on equal -terms, and therefore alone stood between her and universal empire.” -_Rome and Carthage_, p. 260. - -=quam= ＝ _postquam_. - -11. =avus ēius=: his grandfather by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio -Africanus Maior, the conqueror of Hannibal. - -12. =Āfricānus iūnior=: _etiam ipse_ can, of course, refer only to -Africanus, _iunior_ being adversative; ‘Africanus (but) younger’; cf. -note on _Tarquinius iūnior_, Bk. I, 8. - -CH. 13. - -14. =Pseudophilippus=: “A pretender, calling himself Phillip, the -son of Perseus, met with support from Thrace and Byzantium, and -was accepted as king by the Macedonian nation. He even extended his -rule over Thessaly by his victory over the Roman praetor Juventius.” -Mommsen, p. 219. - -15. =praetorem=: the praetor was one of the chief magistrates at Rome, -next to the consuls. The number varied at different times. After -Sulla’s time there were eight. The duties of the praetor were to -administer justice, and in the absence of the consuls to act in their -place. Praetors were also sent to govern provinces subject to Rome. - -16. =ad interneciōnem=: ‘to the point of destruction.’ - -CH. 14. - -22. =cēpit=: after the battle of Leucopatra, in which the Achaeans were -utterly defeated. - -=dīruit=: “With Corinth fell the liberties of Greece; a Roman province -took the place of the state that for six centuries had been the home -of art and eloquence, the intellectual sovereign of antiquity; but -though overcome and despoiled, she became the guide and teacher of her -conqueror.” The light of Greece was extinguished. - -27. =pīctae tabulae=: ‘pictures.’ - - -PAGE 42. - -CH. 15. - -3. =habēret=: H. 598 (515, III); M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, _d_; G. 587; -B. 309, 3. - -=quaestōre=: the quaestor was an officer in charge of the treasury. -Two remained in the city while the others accompanied the provincial -governors and managed the finances of the provinces. - -CH. 16. - -5. =Metellus=: Q. Caecilius Metellus, called Macedonicus, was the son -of Caecilius mentioned in Bk. III, 19. He was consul in 143 B.C., and -received the province of Hither Spain, where he carried on war with -success for two years against the Celtiberi. His brother, L. Caecilius, -was consul in 142 B.C. Chs. 21, 23. - -8. =Viriāthus=: it is said that Caepio procured his assassination. - -9. =quō metū= ＝ _cūius metū_: for the case of _metū_, cf. _metū_, Ch. 3. - -12. =adsertor=: ‘restorer of liberty.’ - -CH. 17. - -17. =pācem ignōbilem fēcit=: but fearing the reckoning that awaited him -at home for concluding peace, he denied before the senate the agreement -he had made with the people of Numantia. The total incompetency of -Pompeius and of his successor, Mancinus, and the demoralization of the -army, caused the war to drag on with disgrace and disaster for three -years. Creighton, p. 49. - -20. =Mancīnum hostibus trādī=: they refused to receive him, as the -senate knew they would. - -24. =cōnsul factus=: sc. _est_; this was in 134 B.C. He was then at the -legal age for the consulship. - -25. =mīlitem=: ‘the soldiers’; a collective noun. - - -PAGE 43. - -4. =reliquam … accēpit=: “A senatorial commission was shortly -afterwards sent to Spain, and the provinces were reorganized. Spain -gradually became exceedingly prosperous, and, despite the guerilla -warfare ever waged by the half-subdued native tribes, it was the -most flourishing and best organized country in the Roman dominions.” -Mommsen, p. 215. - -CH. 18. - -6. =Attalus=: the kingdom of Attalus consisted of Lydia, Phrygia, -Mysia, and Caria, four states on the coast of Asia Minor. - -CH. 19. - -9. =Callaecīs=: generally written _Gallaecī_. They were a people -inhabiting the northwestern part of Spain, bordering on the Atlantic. -They were the most uncivilized people of Spain. - -=Lūsitānīs=: they lived a little south of the Gallaeci. - -10. =P. Scīpiō … Numantīnīs=: from the capture of the city of Numantia -he received the name _Numantīnus_. - -12. =dē Āfricā=: _i.e. dē Karthāgine_. - -CH. 20. - -13. =Aristonīcō=: he was a natural son of Eumenes II of Pergamus. Upon -the death of his brother Attalus, who left his kingdom to the Romans, -Ch. 18, he claimed the throne. At first he met with considerable -success. - -15. =P. Licinius Crassus=: he was consul for the year 131 B.C. He was a -good orator and jurist. - -25. =carcere=: the Mamertine prison at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. -This was the only prison in Rome in early times. In it most of the -famous captives of the Romans were strangled. It consisted of an upper -and lower chamber. The term Tullianum sometimes applied to the prison -as a whole is more properly restricted to the lower dungeon. Sallust -in the ‘Catiline’ gives an impressive picture of the lower vault in -which Jugurtha perished. “There is,” he says, “in the prison a chamber -named the Tullianum, about twelve feet below the surface of the earth. -It is surrounded by walls, and covered by a vaulted roof of stone; but -its appearance is repulsive and fearful, because of the neglect, the -darkness, and the stench.” - -27. =diem obierat=: lit. ‘he had met his day’ ＝ ‘he died.’ - -CH. 21. - -29. =quae nunc manet=: Eutropius is in error. The Carthage of his time -was founded by Augustus. He was carrying out the plans of Julius Caesar -in this. - - -PAGE 44. - -2. =dēductī sunt=: the regular term for the founding of a colony. - -=eō= ＝ _ad eum locum_. - -CH. 22. - -5. =Gallīs trānsalpīnīs=: the Gauls of the modern France and -Switzerland were called _trānsalpīnī_, to distinguish them from the -Gauls of northern Italy, who were called _cisalpīnī_. - -=Arvernōrum=: the Arverni were a people of Aquitania, in the modern -Auvergne. In early times they were the most powerful people in southern -Gaul. They still possessed considerable power in Caesar’s time, as he -refers to them several times in the _Gallic War_. - -7. =fluvium=: a late word. The regular term for river is _flūmen_. - -8. =torquibus=: cf. _torque_, Bk. II, 5. - -9. =dēductus est=: _i.e._ from Gaul. - -CH. 23. - -12. =Narbōne=: this was the first colony of the Romans in Gaul. Later -it gave the name of _Narbōnēnsis_ to the province. It was situated on -the river Atax, and was of considerable commercial importance. - -13. =L. Caeciliō Metellō=: see note on _Metellus_, Ch. 16. - -CH. 24. - -17. =Scordiscīs=: a people of Pannonia. They were sometimes classed -with the Illyrians, but they were remains of an ancient and powerful -Celtic tribe. - -CH. 25. - -19. =C. Caeciliō Metellō=: he was the son of Quintus Caecilius -Metellus, mentioned in Ch. 16. He was consul in 113 B.C., and carried -on war in Macedonia against the Thracians, whom he subdued. He obtained -a triumph, in consequence, in the same year and on the same day with -his brother. - -20. =alterum ex Sardiniā=: this was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a -brother of Gaius Caecilius mentioned above. He was consul in 115 -B.C. In 114 he was sent to Sardinia as proconsul, and while there he -suppressed a revolt in the province. For this he was granted a triumph, -which he celebrated at the same time with his brother. - -22. =Cimbrōs=: see Bk. V, 1, 2. - -CH. 26. - -23. =P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā=: _i.e._ ‘Scipio with the pointed nose.’ This -name, which was given in derision to one member of his family, clung to -all his descendants. - -24. =Iugurthae … inlātum est=: Jugurtha is an interesting character -in Roman history. He was the illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the -king of Numidia. He served under Scipio in Spain, and there made the -acquaintance of the dissolute patricians who were serving in the army. -On the death of his uncle, he put Hiempsal to death and seized the -kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in the town of Cirta, and, having taken -the town, he put him to death with savage torture. In the capture of -Cirta several Roman citizens were slain. This compelled the senate -to make an investigation; but many of its members had been bribed by -Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. Finally war was declared against -him. The army, however, was poorly equipped and badly organized. -Nothing but defeat resulted. Metellus, on taking command in 109 B.C., -reformed the army, won several victories, and seemed on the point of -bringing the war to an end when he was succeeded by Gaius Marius, his -lieutenant. Marius speedily brought the war to a close. Jugurtha, -however, was surrendered to Sulla, Marius’ lieutenant, by the Moors, -with whom he had taken refuge. After gracing the triumphal procession -of Marius, he was strangled in the Mamertine prison. He is said to -have exclaimed as he touched the water at the bottom of the prison, -‘How cold are thy baths, O Hercules’! - -25. =frātrēs suōs=: Eutropius is incorrect. They were his cousins, not -brothers. - - -PAGE 45. - -2. =quae … improbāta est=: probably the senate would have approved of -it, but such an outcry was raised by the people that they were forced -to reject the peace and order the war to be continued. - -CH. 27. - -6. =Q. Caecilius Metellus=: he was the son of Lucius Caecilius, -mentioned in Chs. 21, 23. He received the name of Numidicus for -his campaign against Jugurtha. In an age of growing corruption his -integrity remained unsullied, and he was distinguished for his -abilities in war and peace. Creighton, p. 61. - -12. =successum est eī=: lit. ‘it was succeeded to him’ ＝ ‘he was -succeeded.’ - -=C. Mariō=: see Bk. V, 1. Marius, who had accompanied Metellus, gained -his consulship by appealing to the credulity of the people and by -misleading them with the most unfair misrepresentations of the conduct -of Metellus. - -=Bocchum=: king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha. - -16. =Cornēlium Sullam=: see Bk. V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an -aristocrat was very annoying to Marius. - - - - -BOOK V - - -PAGE 46. - -CH. 1. - -2. =Cimbrīs et Teutonibus=: the Cimbri and Teutones were Germanic -tribes who had migrated from their homes and had come into Gaul. They -defeated the Romans in several engagements. In the battle of Arausio, -105 B.C., three Roman armies were cut to pieces. Then they turned their -course towards Spain and gave the Romans a respite of two years. In -102 B.C. they returned from Spain and prepared to invade Italy. Before -their entrance they divided. The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed the -Rhone, intending to enter Italy by the eastern Alps. The Teutones and -the Ambrones tried to come in by the Maritime Alps, intending to join -their countrymen in the valley of the Po. Marius met them at Aquae -Sextiae, modern Aix, 102 B.C., and the mighty host of the barbarians -was annihilated. The next year the united armies of Marius and Catulus -met the Cimbri near Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul and utterly defeated -them. Those who survived the battle were either killed or sold in the -slave market at Rome. “The human avalanche which for thirteen years -had alarmed the nations from the Danube to the Ebro, from the Seine to -the Po, rested beneath the sod, or toiled under the yoke of slavery.” -Mommsen, _History of Rome_, Vol. III, p. 203. Creighton, p. 63; _The -Story of the Romans_, p. 155. - -7. =quantus … tempore=: ‘barely was it as great in the time of -Hannibal.’ - -8. =Marius=: Gaius Marius was born near Arpinum 157 B.C. of an obscure -family. By his valor and his energy he worked his way up in the army, -winning distinction in the siege of Numantia in Spain. In 119 B.C. -he was elected tribune of the plebs. He now became a marked man. He -acquired influence and importance by marrying into the family of the -Caesars. In 109 B.C. he went to Africa as lieutenant of Metellus. In -107 B.C. he was elected consul and brought the war with Jugurtha to an -end, Bk. IV, 27. After his return from Africa he was elected consul -the second time in 104 B.C. and took command of the war against the -Cimbri and Teutones. Again in 103, 102, and 101 B.C. he was elected -to the consulship, and crushed the barbarians in the two famous -battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae, 102, 101 B.C., Chs. 1, 2. In -100 B.C. he was elected consul for the sixth time. The Social war -again called him into active service. He defeated the Marsi in two -successive engagements, Ch. 3. That he might gratify his ambition and -be sent to the war with Mithradates, he procured the passage of a law -removing Sulla from the command of the army and conferring it upon -himself. Sulla refused to give up his command, marched upon Rome, and -forced Marius to flee. After having arranged matters at Rome to his -satisfaction Sulla left for the East, Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius -returned to Italy, besieged Rome, and entered the city as a conqueror. -“The most frightful scenes followed. The guards of Marius stabbed every -one whom he did not salute, and the streets ran with the blood of the -noblest of the Roman aristocracy.” Ch. 7. Without the formality of an -election he became consul for the seventh time, 86 B.C. But he did not -long enjoy his honor. On the eighteenth day of his consulship he died. - -15. =absēns=: this was unusual. The law provided that a man must be -present to stand for the consulship, and that at least ten years must -elapse before he could be re-elected. - -CH. 2. - -18. =dīmicātum est=: this battle was fought in the Campi Raudii, near -Vercellae. Before the battle, the Cimbri demanded that lands should be -given them for themselves and the Teutones. ‘The Teutones,’ replied -Marius, ‘have all the land they need on the other side of the Alps.’ - -=ā Catulī parte=: ‘on the part of Catulus.’ - - -PAGE 47. - -CH. 3. - -7. =gravissimum bellum=: this is known as the Social or Italian war. It -was waged by the Italian allies of the Romans. For nearly thirty years -the hope of obtaining Roman citizenship had been held out to them, but -no measure had been carried to better their condition. The burdens -that Rome had imposed upon them had been steadily increased. Finally, -in despair of securing any reforms, they appealed to arms. At first -they were successful, but in the end the Romans conquered. However, -they were compelled to grant nearly all the Italians had demanded. -Creighton, p. 64. - -12. =alius=: for _alter_. - -15. =ā Rōmānīs=: ‘on the side of the Romans’; cf. _ā Catulī parte_, Ch. -2. - -CH. 4. - -24. =bellum cīvīle=: the First Civil war, called also the Civil war of -Marius and Sulla. See Chs. 7-9. _The Story of the Romans_, pp. 160-164; -Creighton, p. 66. - - -PAGE 48. - -1. =Mithradāticum=: sc. _bellum commōtum est_. - -=bellō cīvīlī=: in classical Latin probably a Genitive would have been -used. - -2. =cum Sulla=: Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born of a patrician family -in 138 B.C. After having secured a good education, he passed his early -life in the pursuit of pleasure, squandering the small fortune left -him by his father. He served under Marius in Africa (Bk. IV, 8), and -received the surrender of Jugurtha. During the war with the Cimbri and -Teutones, he served under Marius and Catulus with distinction. When the -Social war broke out he again entered the service and won fresh laurels -(Ch. 3). In 88 B.C. he was elected consul and received the command of -the war against Mithradates (Chs. 5-7). When he had concluded peace -with Mithradates, he returned to Italy in 83 B.C., and prepared for -the campaign against the leaders of the Marian party. His efforts were -crowned with success. In 82 B.C. he brought the conflict to a close -with the decisive battle of the Colline gate (Ch. 8). Sulla was now -master of Italy. He resolved to take the most ample vengeance upon -his enemies, and utterly to crush the popular party. He inaugurated a -proscription, in which as many as 47,000 are said to have perished. -He was chosen dictator by the senate, and made various reforms in the -constitution of the state, all tending to strengthen the power of the -aristocracy and to weaken that of the commons. In 79 B.C. he resigned -his office and retired to his estate at Puteoli, where he died in 78 -B.C. “None of his friends ever did him a kindness, and none of his -enemies a wrong, without being fully repaid.” - -3. =gestūrus=: the Future Participle is not used by prose writers of -the classical period to denote purpose. - -9. =prīmus … armātus=: a general with his army could not enter the -city, except when celebrating a triumph, without losing his command. - -11. =in futūrum annum=: ‘for the next year.’ - -=Cn. Octāviō et L. Cornēliō Cinnā=: in apposition with _cōnsulibus_. - -CH. 5. - -13. =Mithradātēs=: Mithradates V was king of Pontus, a state of Asia -Minor. He is one of the most striking characters of Roman history. -Possessed of a large and powerful frame, he was endowed also with -a mind of great strength and alertness, indomitable courage, and -consuming ambition. It was the desire to extend his realm that brought -him into collision with the Romans. In 88 B.C. he overran Bithynia, -Cappadocia, and the greater part of the Roman province of Asia. In -84 B.C. peace was concluded with Sulla. In 83 B.C. he again began -war. This was brought to an end two years later (Chs. 6, 8). For the -third time he began to wage war in 74 B.C. This was the last and most -important war, and, owing to mismanagement on the part of the Romans, -was not concluded until 63 B.C., when he was driven from his kingdom -and forced to take his own life (Bk. VI, 14). Creighton, pp. 66, 71. - -16. =eī=: the antecedent is _Nīcomēdēs_. - -18. =faceret=: Subjunctive in Indirect Discourse representing the -Future Indicative in Direct. - -=quod … patērētur=: this use of _quod_ with the Subjunctive after a -verb of speaking, instead of the Infinitive with subject Accusative, is -late. For the usual construction, cf. Bk. III, 11. - -=et ipse=: ‘he too.’ - -23. =Ephesum=: Ephesus at the mouth of the Caÿster in Lydia, was the -chief city in Asia Minor. It was especially famous for its temple of -Diana. - -24. =ūnō diē occiderentur=: on that day over 80,000 Italians were put -to death. - - -PAGE 49. - -CH. 6. - -1. =Aristōne=: he was a celebrated philosopher. - -3. =Archelāum=: Archelaus was a distinguished general of Mithradates. -At first he met with some success, but was twice defeated by Sulla in -the battles of Chaeronea and Orchomenos in Boeotia. - -11. =commīsit=: sc. _proelium_. - -15. =iussit … agī=: lit. ‘ordered it to be treated concerning peace’ ＝ -‘ordered a truce to be made.’ - -CH. 7. - -18. =partim=: contrasted with _aliōs_. - -22. =pāx … ōrdināta est=: by the terms of the peace arranged -Mithradates abandoned all his conquests in Asia Minor, confined himself -to the dominion he had held before the war, paid an indemnity of 3000 -talents, and surrendered 80 ships of war fully equipped. - - -PAGE 50. - -2. =prōscrīpsērunt=: ‘outlawed.’ This was the first proscription -in Roman history. It was so called from the list of the names of -the persons who were outlawed. They might be killed by any one with -impunity, even by slaves. Their property was confiscated to the state -and was sold at public auction. Their children and grandchildren lost -their votes in the Comitia and were excluded from all public offices. - -6. =Norbānum et Scīpiōnem=: Lucius Norbanus and Gaius Scipio were -elected consuls for the year 83 B.C. - -7. =contrā Norbānum=: the battle was fought at Mt. Tifata in Campania. -After the battle Norbanus shut himself up in Capua. - -10. =tōtum … accēpit=: by means of Sulla’s emissaries the whole army -deserted Scipio, who was forced to retire from the war. - -CH. 8. - -12. =Marius=: Gaius Marius the younger was elected consul with Gnaeus -Papirius Carbo, though he had not yet attained the legal age for the -office. - -14. =dīmicāvit=: at Sacriportus, between Signia and Praeneste. Marius -was driven to Praeneste, and when the town was captured was slain. - -19. =portam Collīnam=: one of the gates of Rome on the Quirinal Hill. -The battle raged so fiercely and the result was so long in doubt, that -Sulla is said to have invoked the aid of Pythian Apollo. With this -battle the resistance of the Marian party in Italy was at an end. - - -PAGE 51. - -CH. 9. - -4. =nūllī Rōmānōrum=: this was the first time that any one who had not -held the office of consul was permitted to celebrate a triumph. - -9. =XXIV=: sc. _mīlia_ with all these numbers, except the last. - - - - -BOOK VI - -CH. 1. - -14. =Sertōrius=: Quintus Sertorius, a Sabine by birth, served under -Marius in the war against the Teutones. Before the battle of Aquae -Sextiae he entered the camp of the enemy in disguise. In 83 B.C. he -went to Spain and became the leader of the Lusitanians. For several -years he waged war successfully against the Romans. Finally he was -assassinated by one of his officers who was jealous of his power. _The -Story of the Romans_, p. 165; Creighton, p. 69. - - -PAGE 52. - -CH. 2. - -5. =levia proelia=: ‘skirmishes.’ - -=Rhodopam prōvinciam=: a small division of Thrace. - -CH. 3. - -10. =P. Servīlius=: Publius Servilius Vatia was consul in 79 B.C. -The next year he was sent to clear the sea of pirates. He waged war -successfully against them, conquered Cilicia and organized it as a -province. He took a leading part in the public affairs. - -=ex cōnsule= ＝ _prōcōnsule_; a late expression; cf. our expression -‘ex-president.’ - -CH. 5. - -20. =M. Aemilius Lepidus=: Lepidus and Catullus were consuls in the -year after the death of Sulla. They quarreled over some trifling -matter. In 77 B.C. Lepidus marched to Rome with an army. He was met by -Pompey near the Mulvian Bridge and defeated. Shortly afterwards he died -in Sardinia. - -23. =Metellī=: Genitive, depending on _triumphus_ supplied from -_triumphī_ above. - -CH. 6. - -25. =annō urbis conditae=: a variation for the usual expression _ab -urbe conditā_. The year is conceived of as belonging to the city. Cf. -_annō ā conditā urbe_, Bk. III, 10; _annō … ab urbe conditā_, Bk. IV, -22. - - -PAGE 53. - -1. =Nīcomēdēs=: Nicomedes III, surnamed Philopater, was the son and -successor of Nicomedes II mentioned in Bk. IV, Chs. 8, 20. He had been -aided by the Romans, and was encouraged by them to encroach on the -territories of Mithradates. Having no children, he left his kingdom to -the Romans. - -2. =Mithradātēs=: see note on Bk. V, 5. - -4. =apud Chalcēdōna=: the defeat was both by land and sea. - -7. =Lūcullus=: Lucius Licinius Lucullus fought in the Civil war on -the side of Sulla, was praetor in 77 B.C., and consul in 74 B.C. For -eight years he carried on the war against Mithradates with success; -but on account of the mutinous spirit of his soldiers and the jealousy -of certain Romans, he was unable to bring the war to a close. On his -return to Rome he gave himself up to a life of indolence and luxury. He -died in 57 B.C. - -10. =Bȳzantium=: the city of Byzantium was founded by the Megarians -in 658 B.C., and was a place of great importance. Constantinople was -founded on the same site by the Emperor Constantine the Great in 330 -A.D. It remained the capital of the Roman Empire of the East until its -capture by the Turks in 1453. - -13. =centum ferē mīlia=: sc. _hominum_. - -CH. 7. - -17. =novum bellum=: see _The Story of the Romans_, p. 167; Creighton, -p. 70. - -18. =Spartacō=: Spartacus was a Thracian by birth, and had been taken -prisoner and sold to a trainer of gladiators. His character has been -maligned by the Roman writers. “Accident made Spartacus a shepherd, a -freebooter, and a gladiator; nature formed him a hero.” - -19. =ludō=: ‘the gladiatorial school.’ The gladiators were mostly -slaves, and were the property of the individuals who trained them and -leased them for the games. This school belonged to Lentulus. - -20. =paene nōn levius=: ‘not much lighter.’ - -22. =armātōrum=: many slaves joined them. - -23. =victī sunt in Āpūliā=: they were conquered on the river Silarus, -which flows between Lucania and Campania. Spartacus was slain in the -battle. - -CH. 8. - -27. =duo=: nominative masculine, agreeing with _Lūcullī_. - - -PAGE 54. - -7. =Mithradātēs fugātus est=: if the Roman soldiers had been able to -restrain their eagerness for plunder and had followed Mithradates -rapidly, he would have been captured. - -10. =Tigrāne=: Tigranes, king of Armenia, was the son-in-law of -Mithradates. Although at first he refused to aid Mithradates, later -the insolence of Lucullus’ envoys caused him to change his policy and -take a hand in the war. - -CH. 9. - -13. =hostem fugātum=: ‘the enemy who had fled.’ Often it is best to -translate a participle by a clause. - -14. =Tigrānocertam=: the capital of Tigranes. - -16. =clībanāriīs=: this is the only place in Eutropius where this word -is found. It is post-classical, and is used by only two writers besides -Eutropius. - -19. =Nisibīn=: he was directing his march to Artaxata, but the mutiny -of his soldiers caused him to turn aside to Nisibis, the capital of -Mesopotamia, and take up his winter quarters there. - -20. =hī=: his lieutenants, Fannius and Triarius. They had been defeated -at Cabira and Zela. - -22. =neglegenter … agentēs=: ‘conducting themselves carelessly and -greedily.’ - -24. =bellum renovātum est=: the Romans were now exactly where they were -at the breaking out of the war, Pontus and Cappadocia were overrun by -Mithradates, and the results of eight years’ warfare were lost. - - -PAGE 55. - -CH. 11. - -12. =bellum Crēticum=: the war was in reality directed against the -pirates who made Crete their headquarters. - -CH. 12. - -20. =Cn. Pompēiō=: by the Gabinian law Pompey was invested with -absolute authority, both by sea and by land, as far as fifty miles into -the interior, over the whole eastern Mediterranean for three years. - -=quod … cōnfēcit=: in the space of forty days he had swept the whole -western tract of the Mediterranean Sea, and had driven the enemy into -the opposite quarter. He drove the pirates from the sea, and compelled -them to take refuge in their strongholds in the Cilician coast. These -he speedily surrounded and captured. He burnt over 1300 of their -vessels, and destroyed all their hostile magazines and arsenals. In -ninety days he had terminated the contest. - -22. =eī … Tigrānēn=: by the Manilian law the authority he had already -wielded against the pirates was extended over all the East. - -24. =nocturnō proeliō=: Mithradates at first attempted to procure -peace, but Pompey would hear of nothing but unconditional surrender. He -started to retire slowly but was pursued by Pompey, and was overtaken -in a narrow pass on the Lycus, where the city of Nicopolis was -afterward built. Mithradates escaped with a few horsemen and fled to -Tigranes, who refused to receive him. - -=quadrāgintā mīlia=: cf. _centum ferē mīlia_, Ch. 6. - -27. =Pharnacis=: Pompey had been active in fostering intrigues in the -family of Mithradates. He had caused Pharnaces to revolt and to ally -himself with the Romans, and had proclaimed him king at Panticapaeum. - - -PAGE 56. - -2. =venēnum hausit=: Pharnaces was about to hand him over to the -Romans. The story is that he was so inured to poisons that he was -compelled to end his life with a sword. - -CH. 13. - -7. =ab Artaxatā=: Pompey was following him, and was planning to capture -his capital city. - -11. =Syria=, =Phoenīcē=: also Galatia, Cappadocia, and a part of -Cilicia which Lucullus had taken away from him, Pompey refused to -return. - -12. =Sophānēnē=: Pompey made the son of Tigranes the king of Sophanene. - -14. =commōvisset=: Subjunctive, giving the reason of the Romans. - -CH. 14. - -22. =Syriam=: Syria was disturbed by fierce internal dissensions. -To put an end to the anarchy that existed there, Pompey resolved to -annex it. He drove from the throne Antiochus Asiaticus, who had been -acknowledged by the senate and by Lucullus. - - -PAGE 57. - -2. =Iūdaeam=: the Jews alone refused to obey his orders, and sustained -a siege of three months at Jerusalem. Although Rome had no business to -interfere with the affairs in this part of the East, yet the government -she gave to the provinces, formed from the conquered territory, was -stable and just in the main, and was welcome after the state of anarchy -that had prevailed. - -CH. 15. - -7. =L. Sergius Catilīna=: Catiline was a member of a patrician family. -By his dissolute habits and his luxury he had squandered all his -property and had run into debt. The only relief was to secure the -consulship, that at the expiration of his term of office he might -be sent to govern some province, from the plunder of which he might -acquire another fortune to be spent in riotous living. Failing to -secure the consulship, he determined to overthrow the state. He formed -a band of dissolute nobles, collected arms in various places, stationed -an armed force at Faesulae in Etruria, and made all preparations for an -outbreak as soon as the time was ripe. Meanwhile Cicero had ascertained -all Catiline’s plans by the aid of the mistress of one of the -conspirators. Desiring to drive Catiline to some overt act, he assailed -him in the senate on the 8th of November. The oration he delivered has -been preserved. Catiline hastened from the city to the armed force at -Faesulae. The conspirators who were left in the city were soon caught -in a treasonable act, and were arrested and strangled in prison by -order of the senate. Afterwards Cicero was accused of having put Roman -citizens to death without a trial, and was condemned to exile for a -time. Creighton, p. 73. - -12. =Catilīna ipse=: it was not until March of the next year (62 B.C.) -that Catiline was surrounded, while attempting to escape into Gaul, and -slain. - -CH. 16. - -16. =nūlla … fuit=: in this triumph was displayed a list of 800 -vessels, 1000 fortresses, and 300 cities captured, 39 cities repeopled, -and 20,000 talents of gold brought to the treasury. “The great -conqueror had now celebrated his third triumph. His first had been -for victories in Africa, his second for the overthrow of Sertorius in -Europe; he had now completed the illustrious cycle by inscribing on the -list the name of Asia. Each section of the globe had succumbed to his -prowess.” - -CH. 17. - -23. =C. Iūlius Caesar=: Gaius Julius Caesar was born July 12, 100 B.C. -He was of a patrician family, but from the first sided with the popular -party. Many stories of his early youth are told. He became pontifex -maximus, military tribune, and quaestor in succession. At this period -he was noted chiefly as a dissolute debtor and a demagogue. In 62 -B.C. he was elected praetor, and the next year went as propraetor to -govern the province of Further Spain. In 60 B.C. he returned to Rome -and formed a political coalition with Pompey and Crassus, known as -the ‘First Triumvirate.’ In 59 B.C. he was elected consul, and, after -the expiration of his year of office, entered on the governorship of -Gaul and Illyricum for the period of five years. This was afterwards -extended for another period of the same length. While governor of -the province he conquered the Helvetians and a wandering band of the -Germans who had come over into Gaul, crushed a revolt of the Nervii, -defeated the Veneti and the Aquitani, and twice invaded Germany and -Britain. It was Caesar’s intention to stand for the consulship a second -time as soon as his term of office as governor of Gaul should expire. -Pompey, meanwhile, had become jealous of Caesar’s power and had gone -over to the senatorial party. A measure was passed by the senate -declaring Caesar to be an outlaw unless he should disband his army -and come to Rome a private citizen before a certain date. On Caesar’s -refusal to do this, he was declared a public enemy, and preparations -for war were made. Caesar advanced to Rome. Pompey fled to Greece, -where he was defeated the following year at Pharsalus, and afterwards -was murdered in Egypt. At the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46 B.C., -Caesar defeated the remaining leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio. -This was the end of the war. He returned to Rome and was made imperator -and perpetual dictator. He inaugurated several important reforms, among -them a reform in the calendar. He formed many other plans which his -death prevented him from executing. Finally, when it was thought that -he was aiming at the kingly power, a conspiracy was formed, and he was -assassinated on the fifteenth day of March, 44 B.C. - -“While other illustrious men have been reputed great for their -excellence in some one department of intellect, the concurrent voice of -antiquity has declared that Caesar was great in all. ‘He had genius,’ -says Cicero, ‘understanding, memory, taste, reflection, industry, and -exactness.’” _The Story of the Romans_, p. 176; Creighton, p. 74; _The -Roman Triumvirates_, Ch. 5. - -=imperāvit=: ‘was emperor’; a late meaning. - - -PAGE 58. - -1. =dēcrēta est=: for the number and gender see H. 395, 1 (439, 1); M. -174, 2, 178, 2; A. & G. 187, _a_; G. 285-6; B. 235, A, 2, B, 2, _b_, B. - -2. =Helvētiōs … Sequanī=: Eutropius, following the custom of his day, -unites the Helvetians and Sequanians. In Caesar’s time they were -quite distinct. The Helvetians lived in what is now Switzerland; the -Sequanians were west of the Jura mountains along the Rhone. - -7. =Britannīs=: twice he invaded Britain. The first time it was a mere -reconnoissance. His conquest was only partial. - -11. =quadringentiēs=: sc. _centēna mīlia sestertium_; about $1,640,000. - -=Germānōs=: twice Caesar crossed the Rhine, but only for the purpose -of impressing the Germans with the power of his forces. He fought no -battles there, but he inflicted terrible defeats on two German bands -that had come over into Gaul. - -CH. 18. - -17. =M. Licinius Crassus=: there was no cause for war against the -Parthians, but Crassus was anxious to make himself popular by winning -military renown. - -18. =circā Carrās=: the overthrow at Carrae was one of the gravest -disasters ever sustained by the Roman arms: 20,000 were slain and -10,000 were carried into captivity. The Romans who were made prisoners -were treated with indulgence by the Parthians and were allowed to -settle in the land of their conquerors. Creighton, p. 77. - - -PAGE 59. - -CH. 19. - -4. =alterum cōnsulātum=: this he demanded in accordance with the -agreement formed between Pompey, Crassus, and himself. He was now -eligible for a second consulship, as ten years had passed since he was -consul for the first time. - -5. =aliquā=: cf. _aliquā_, Bk. I, 3. - -=contrādictum est=: lit. ‘it was opposed’ ＝ ‘opposition was made.’ - -8. =iniūriam=: “the ‘injury’ was in depriving him of his military -command, and leaving him without the security the consulship would have -afforded.” He was willing to disband his army and return to Rome if he -could be elected to the consulship in his absence, or if Pompey would -disband his army. - -=ab Arīminō=: he had crossed the small stream known as the Rubicon -which separated his province from Italy. The story is told that as he -crossed the stream he said, ‘The die is cast, let us go where the gods -and the injustice of our enemies call us.’ - -=mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat=: ‘kept his troops collected.’ - -CH. 20. - -14. =dictātōrem=: with the exception of Sulla there had been no -dictator since the time of the Second Punic War. - -15. =exercitūs … superāvit=: at first he met with serious reverses at -Ilerda, but he soon succeeded in compelling the Pompeians to surrender, -and enrolled most of them in his army. - -18. =prīmō proeliō=: at Dyrrhacium in Illyria. - -20. =nec … superārī=: Indirect Discourse depending on _dīxit_. - -22. =Palaeopharsālum=: this battle is generally known as the battle of -Pharsalia. - - -PAGE 60. - -CH. 21. - -4. =numquam … neque … neque=: “a general negative may be subdivided by -_neque … neque_, or _aut … aut_.” - -7. =pūgnātum tum est=: Pompey would have refused battle, but was -urged on by his followers. The knights and senators who fought in the -Pompeian ranks soon broke and fled. At the first attack Pompey fled -to his camp, where he tried to rally his routed forces, but he was -unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse at the last moment, he escaped -through the rear gate of the camp, nor did he draw rein until he -reached Larissa. Thence he hastened to the coast, where he took ship -for Egypt. - -9. =ā rēge Aegyptī=: he was only a nominal king. Egypt was made a -province by Augustus, Bk. VII, 7. - -11. =occīdit=: he caused Pompey to be inveigled into a boat, where he -was murdered and his head severed from his body. His corpse was flung -into the surf, where it was picked up later and burned. - -12. =quō cōnspectō=: ‘and when Caesar had seen it.’ - -14. =generī quondam suī=: Pompey had married Julia, the daughter of -Caesar, in 60 B.C. It was her death in 54 B.C. that tended to loosen -the bond existing between them. - -CH. 22. - -17. =victus=: Caesar conquered the royal forces on the banks of the -Nile. - -18. =Alexandrīā=: when Caesar set fire to the royal fleet, the flames -consumed the great library of Alexandria, containing 400,000 volumes. -In this fire some of the greatest literary treasures of antiquity -perished. - -=Cleopatrae=: the famous queen who proved to be the ruin of Antony, Bk. -VII, 6, 7. - -20. =Pompēiō in auxilium=: Eutropius seldom uses the double Dative; cf. -_Rōmānīs fuisset auxiliō_, Bk. IV, 3. - -22. =vīcit aciē=: it was after this battle that Caesar sent to the -senate the famous message _vēnī, vīdī, vīcī_, ‘I came, I saw, I -conquered.’ - - -PAGE 61. - -CH. 23. - -2. =eī … dictātōrī=: ‘while he was dictator’; _dictātōrī_ is in -apposition with _eī_. - -6. =hīc etiam=: ‘he also’; as well as Caesar. - -7. =M. Porcius Catō=: he was the great-grandson of the M. Porcius Cato -mentioned in Bk. IV, 23. He is known in history as Cato Uticensis, from -Utica, where he committed suicide. He was famous for the austerity of -his manners and for his studied imitation of the customs of early days. - -9. =victor fuit=: in the battle of Thapsus. - -CH. 24. - -15. =Cn. Pompēius=: he had gone into Spain and had gathered around him -adventurers of all sorts. At first Caesar had sent officers to subdue -the revolt, but finding their efforts unsuccessful, he took command in -person. After encountering great personal danger, he gained a complete -victory. Thirty thousand of the vanquished perished. Gnaeus Pompey -escaped from the field, but was afterward overtaken and slain. Sextus, -the younger son of Pompey, was the only leader of the republican party -left. - - -PAGE 62. - -CH. 25. - -1. =honōrēs=: ‘offices’; political honors. - -3. =rēgia ac paene tyrannica=: ‘like a king and almost like a usurper.’ -Nepos defines a tyrannus as one ‘who is in perpetual power in that -state which enjoyed liberty.’ - -8. =senātūs diē=: ‘on the day of the senate’; on the day when the -senate met. - -9. =cūriam=: Caesar was slain in the Curia in the Campus Martius. - - - - -BOOK VII - -CH. 1. - -12. =partium Caesaris=: ‘of Caesar’s party.’ Antony at first pretended -to favor the tyrannicides; but after he had obtained possession of the -papers and treasure of Caesar, he changed sides and endeavored to crush -them. - -16. =Octāviānus=: he was the son of Gaius Octavius and Atia, a daughter -of Julia, the sister of Caesar. After his adoption he took the name of -Octavianus. - -19. =Augustus=: this was a title conferred upon him after the battle of -Actium, when he refused the title of dictator. - -=rērum potītus=: _potior_ regularly takes the Genitive in this phrase. -Cf. _Alexandrīā potītus_, Bk. VI, 22. - -=quī … trēs ducēs=: ‘these three leaders.’ - -20. =vīcērunt eum=: in the battle of Mutina, 43 B.C. - - -PAGE 63. - -1. =morerentur=: they were wounded in battle, but Augustus was accused -of having murdered them. - -CH. 2. - -3. =Lepidum=: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Bk. VI, 1, 5, 23. He was in -Gaul at this time, being governor of Gaul and Spain. After he received -Antonius, they crossed the Alps at the head of a large body of troops -and met Augustus in the north of Italy. - -6. =pācem … fēcit=: this was known as the ‘Second Triumvirate.’ Antony, -Augustus, and Lepidus divided the Roman world among them. - -8. =vīcēsimō annō=: he was far below the legal age, 43. - -9. =senātum prōscrīpsit=: 300 senators and 2000 knights were included -in the proscription. “Each marked his victims’ names upon the fatal -list, and each consented to give up adherents of his own to the greed -or hatred of his colleagues.” - -11. =Cicero orātōr occīsus est=: Augustus tried to save him, but -Antony, whose hatred Cicero had incurred, demanded his death, and -Augustus was forced to yield. - -CH. 3. - -17. =Philippōs=: the battle of Philippi was fought in November, 42 B.C. -Creighton, p. 82; _The Roman Triumvirates_, p. 210. - -19. =Cassius=: Cassius was routed and committed suicide. - -=Brūtum=: after his forces were routed, Brutus was compelled to kill -himself to prevent capture. - -=īnfīnītam nōbilitātem=: ‘very many of the nobility.’ - -21. =dīvīsa est rēs pūblica=: Lepidus took the province of Africa, -Augustus the West, and Antony the East. - -23. =bellum cīvīle=: after the capture of Perusia, Antony threatened -war, but he made a truce with Augustus, whose sister Octavia he married. - - -PAGE 64. - -CH. 4. - -1. =Sex. Pompēiō=: the son of _Pompēius Māgnus_, cf. Bk. VI, 24. He -had collected a band of pirates and had made himself master of the -Mediterranean. - -5. =pāx postrēmō convēnit=: the agreement at Misenum. In accordance -with this, Pompey was to retain his command over the sea and the -islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. - -CH. 5. - -6. =M. Agrippa=: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had been a fellow-student -with Augustus. He was a gallant soldier and a devoted friend. It was -largely by his aid that Augustus secured his power and retained it. - -7. =Persās=: _i.e._ the Parthians. Eutropius used _Persae_ for the -Parthians who claimed descent from the old Persian kings. - -10. =Crassum occīderat=: Bk. VI, 18. - -11. =triumphum Rōmae ēgit=: several of the Roman standards lost at -Carrhae were restored by the Parthians, and were carried in the -triumphal procession. - -CH. 6. - -12. =nāvālī proeliō=: at the battle of Naulochus, 36 B.C. _The Roman -Triumvirates_, p. 219. Shortly afterward Lepidus set up the standard of -revolt. He was defeated by Augustus and his power was taken from him, -but his life was spared. - -16. =ipse pūgnāvit=: he lacked the engines necessary for reducing the -strongly fortified cities of the enemy, and besides he was very anxious -to return to Alexandria. - -17. =famē … labōrāvit=: his retreat has been compared to the flight of -Napoleon from Moscow. - -18. =prō victō=: ‘for conquered’ ＝ ‘as if conquered.’ - -CH. 7. - -20. =dum … optat= ＝ _optāns_, ‘hoping.’ The world could not endure -two masters. It was natural that they should disagree, and that the -stronger should conquer. - -22. =apud Actium=: September 2, 31 B.C. Antony had collected a large -naval and land force, but his ships were too large to be handled -easily, and many of his land forces deserted. In the midst of the fight -Cleopatra fled in her galley, and Antony basely deserted his forces and -followed her. Creighton, p. 82; _The Roman Triumvirates_, p. 225. - -23. =ex quā=: the antecedent of _quā_ is _pūgnā_. - -25. =exstincta est=: she was too proud to be carried to Rome to adorn -the triumphal procession of her conqueror. - - -PAGE 65. - -CH. 8. - -7. =duodecim annīs= ＝ _per annōs_ above: the Ablative makes the limits -of the time more prominent than the duration. - -8. =prīncipātūs=: ‘leadership’; afterwards the ‘sovereignty’ of the -emperors; cf. _prīnceps_, English ‘prince.’ - -10. =morte commūnī=: ‘a natural death’; cf. _morbō dēcessit_, Bk. I, 3. -There was a report that he was poisoned by Livia, his wife. - -11. =Ātellā=: it is generally agreed that he died at Nola, near Naples. - -=sepultus est=: the ruins of his mausoleum still exist. - -12. =ex māximā parte=: ‘in very many respects.’ - -15. =cīvīlissimē=: ‘in a manner most becoming a citizen’; cf. -_cīvīlēs_, Bk. I, 9. - -16. =ut … suō=: ‘that he placed them almost on a level with his own -dignity.’ - -17. =aequāret=: sc. _eōs_. _Aequāre_ may also take _cum_ with the -Ablative. - - -PAGE 66. - -CH. 9. - -6. =quod nūllī anteā=: sc. _dedērunt_. - -8. =Crassō victō=: ‘from Crassus when he was defeated.’ - -CH. 10. - -14. =in honōrem ēius=: the compliment was not in the founding, but in -the naming. - -18. =Dīvus appellātus=: _i.e._ he was deified and became the object of -a national worship. In the provinces he was worshiped before his death. - -=Tiberiō=: Tiberius Claudius Nero was the son of Tiberius Nero and -Livia, the third wife of Augustus. He first married the daughter of -Agrippa, whom he divorced at the command of the Emperor and married -Julia, Augustus’ daughter and the widow of Marcus Agrippa. After the -death of Gaius and Lucius Caesar, the sons of Agrippa and Julia, -Tiberius was given the tribunician power and was adopted by Augustus as -his successor. - -CH. 11. - -21. =ingentī sōcordiā … libīdine=: probably the character of Tiberius -was maligned by the Roman historians. The people disliked him on -account of his “dark and gloomy temper, with no grace or geniality of -manner, shunning the pleasures of the people, and seldom generous or -open-handed.” But we must note the many marks of bias and exaggeration -in the common story, and we may well believe that the ancient writers -formed too harsh an opinion of his motives in some cases, and reported -scandalous gossips too lightly. Creighton, pp. 89-91; _The Early -Empire_, Ch. II. - -25. =Archelāum=: he was summoned to Rome soon after the accession -of Tiberius and accused of treason. His life was spared, but he was -obliged to remain at Rome, where he died in 17 A.D. - - -PAGE 67. - -1. =Caesarēa=: called _Caesarēa ad Argaeum_ to distinguish it from -other cities of the same name. It was situated at the foot of Mt. -Argaeus and was a place of great antiquity, its foundation having been -ascribed to Mesech, the son of Japhet. - -CH. 12. - -5. =C. Caesar=: Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus was the son of -Germanicus and Agrippina. He was born in the camp, probably in Germany, -and was reared among the soldiers. He received the surname of Caligula -from his being arrayed in a mimic uniform and wearing a pair of -_caligae_ or soldiers’ boots. At first he ruled well; but his sense of -power turned his head, and the latter part of his reign was marked by -excesses of all sorts. Creighton, p. 92; _The Early Empire_, Ch. III. - -CH. 13. - -13. =Claudius=: Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar Germanicus was -the second son of Drusus and Antonia, the brother of Germanicus, the -father of Caligula. In early life he had been weak in mind and body, -and had been despised or neglected. As emperor he was ruled by his -wives and favorites, Narcissus and Pallas. He was poisoned by his last -wife, Agrippina, who was anxious that her son Domitius Ahenobarbus by -her former husband might succeed to the empire. Suetonius in his ‘Lives -of the Caesars’ gives a very dark picture of the reign of Claudius. -Creighton, p. 93; _The Early Empire_, Ch. IV. - -22. =Britannicī=: the son of Claudius and Messalina, his first wife. On -the accession of Nero, Britannicus was poisoned. - - -PAGE 68. - -CH. 14. - -1. =Nerō=: Claudius Caesar, surnamed Nero, was the son of Domitius -Ahenobarbus and Agrippina. His early youth was spent in study under -the philosopher Seneca, who remained his counselor for several years. -During the first five years of his reign he was mild and just. The -later years were filled with all sorts of excesses, and were marked by -great cruelty. Creighton, p. 93; _The Early Empire_, Ch. V. - -9. =urbem Rōmam incendit=: it is very improbable that Nero was guilty -of this crime. Rome was almost destroyed in this conflagration. Of -the fourteen districts into which the city was divided, only four -remained untouched by the flames. The fire raged for six days and seven -nights; and, after it was thought to have been extinguished, it burst -forth again, and continued for two days longer. On this occasion Nero -appears to have acted with great liberality and kindness. He caused -provisions to be sold at a very low price and the imperial gardens -to be opened to the people, and temporary shelters to be erected for -their accommodation. That he might remove suspicion from himself, Nero -caused it to be reported that the Christians had set fire to the city, -and a number of them was seized and put to death. This was the first -persecution of the Christians by the Romans, 64 A.D. - -CH. 15. - -22. =ā saxō=: sc. _Tarpēiā_. - -23. =lībertī=: his name was Phaon. - -=Salariam=: the _Via Salaria_ ran north from Rome to Ancona on the -Adriatic. - -24. =interfēcit=: “At last comes Phaon’s courier with the news that the -senate had put a price upon his head; the tramp of the horses tells him -that his pursuers are on his track, and fear gives him the nerve to put -the dagger to his throat, while, true to the passion of his life, he -mutters, ‘What a loss my death will be to art!’” _The Early Empire_, p. -127. - -25. =Nerōniānae=: the ruins of the bath may still be seen near the -Pantheon. - - -PAGE 69. - -CH. 16. - -1. =Serv. Galba=: Servius Sulpicius Galba was born in the reign of -Augustus of a patrician family. He was in Spain when Julius Vindex, -the proconsular governor of Gaul, rose against Nero. Galba joined him, -and Otho, governor of Lusitania, followed his example. He was saluted -as emperor by the soldiers, and the senate was forced to ratify their -choice. The emperors from this time on were set up and overthrown at -the will of the army. He was very parsimonious in his dealings and so -lost the good will of the soldiers, who were ready to aid any revolt -against him. He ruled for only seven months. Creighton, p. 96; _The -Early Empire_, Ch. VI. - -CH. 17. - -12. =Otho=: Marcus Salvius Otho was Roman emperor from January 15 to -April 16, 69 A.D. He was the husband of the beautiful but infamous -Poppaea Sabina, whom Nero took from him and made his own. He was -afterwards sent to Lusitania, where he governed with justice and -moderation. Creighton, p. 96; _The Early Empire_, Ch. VII. - -14. =mollis=: ‘effeminate.’ - -22. =voluntāriā morte obiit=: he put an end to his life at Brixellum in -Cisalpine Gaul. - -23. =nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī diē=: Eutropius is slightly mistaken. - - -PAGE 70. - -CH. 18. - -1. =Vitellius=: Aulus Vitellius was Roman emperor from January 2 to -December 22, 69 A.D. When the news of Galba’s death reached Upper -Germany, where Vitellius was in command, his legions proclaimed him -emperor at Cologne. He immediately sent his generals, Fabius Valens and -Caecina, at the head of a large force, to Italy, and, having defeated -Otho’s troops, obtained the undisputed command of all the West. He was -moderate in his rule, disturbing no one in the enjoyment of what had -been given by Nero, Galba, or Otho. He was a glutton and an epicure, -spending enormous sums on his table. Creighton, p. 96; _The Early -Empire_, Ch. VIII. - -10. =id … ferret=: ‘aimed so openly at this.’ - -13. =cum Capitōliō=: “In the confusion of the fight the famous temple -of Jupiter caught fire. All were too busy to give time or thought -to stay the flames, and in a few hours only ruins were left of the -greatest of the national monuments of Rome, which, full of the -associations of the past, had served for ages as a sort of record -office in which were treasured the memorials of ancient history, the -laws, the treaties, and the proclamations of old times. The loss was -one that could not be replaced.” _The Early Empire_, p. 146. - -17. =in Tiberim … sepultūrā=: Eutropius is mistaken. His body was -recovered and buried by his wife, Galeria Fundana. - -CH. 19. - -20. =Vespasiānus=: Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasian. He was proclaimed -emperor at Alexandria on the 1st of July, 69 A.D., although it was a -year before he entered Rome. He lived more like a private person than -like the emperor of Rome. The many stories that are told of his avarice -and his methods of raising money are probably exaggerated. Although -he was frugal in his personal expenditures, he spent large sums in -adorning the city. He was the first of the Flavian dynasty. The others -were his two sons and successors. He died on the 24th of June, 79 A.D. -“His last words were characteristic of his somewhat cynical humour, -‘Methinks I am becoming a god.’” Creighton, p. 96; _The Early Empire_, -Ch. IX. - - -PAGE 71. - -8. =Hierosolyma=: Vespasian was besieging Jerusalem when the war broke -out between Otho and Vitellius. When he started for Rome he left Titus, -his son, in charge of the war against the Jews. Titus captured the -city after a stubborn siege of five months, September 8, 70 A.D., and -despite his efforts the Temple was burned. Thousands of Jews perished -in the siege. - -11. =ēgerant= ＝ _fuerant_. - -CH. 20. - -15. =coërcitor=: ‘enforcer’; the word is _apax legomenon_. - -=hīc … triumphāvit=: in 71 A.D. when Titus returned to Rome. - -20. =genitūram … habuit=: ‘he so knew the horoscope of his sons.’ - -CH. 21. - -25. =Titus=: Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasian. His early years were -spent in military service in Britain and Germany. He won great credit -as a general and a soldier. When he returned to Rome after the fall of -Jerusalem, he conducted himself in such a manner as to cause a fear -that his rule would resemble that of Nero. But after he became emperor -he changed his manner of living, and his whole reign was marked by -a sincere desire for the happiness of his people. The year 79 A.D. -is memorable for the great eruption of Vesuvius, attended by the -destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. He completed the Colosseum, -often called the Flavian Amphitheater. When he died, after a reign of -only two years, there was a suspicion that he had been poisoned by his -brother Domitian. Creighton, p. 98; _The Early Empire_, Ch. X. - -26. =omnium … mīrābilis=: ‘remarkable for every species of virtue.’ - - -PAGE 72. - -CH. 22. - -17. =tamquam … orbitāte=: ‘mourned as for a loss in their own families.’ - -CH. 23. - -21. =Domitiānus=: Titus Flavius Domitian. Vespasian was aware of his -son’s disposition and put no confidence in him. When Vespasian died, -Domitian tried to arouse the soldiers against his brother Titus. After -his brother became emperor, Domitian was treated with great kindness, -and several offices were shared with him. At first mild and just, he -soon became suspicious and cruel. In Britain alone were the Roman arms -successful during his reign. In all other places defeat and disgraceful -compromises with the enemy marked his campaigns. Finally his cruelty -became unbearable, and a conspiracy was formed by the officers of the -guard, several of his intimate friends, and even his wife Domatilla, -and he was slain after a desperate struggle. Creighton, p. 98; _The -Early Empire_, Ch. XI. - -27. =dominum=: here it has the New Testament meaning, ‘Lord.’ - - -PAGE 73. - -13. =Palātiō=: in the Flavian Palace on the Palatine Hill. Extensive -remains of this structure still exist. At first the word _Palātium_ -was applied only to the hill, but from the time of Augustus it meant a -‘palace,’ especially the imperial palace of the Caesars. - - - - -BOOK VIII - -CH. 1. - -20. =Nerva=: Marcus Cocceius Nerva was born at Narnia in Umbria in 32 -A.D. He was consul with Vespasian in 71 A.D. and with Domitian in 90 -A.D. After the assassination of Domitian he was declared emperor by -the Roman people and the soldiers, and his administration restored -tranquillity to the troubled state. He stopped proceedings against -those accused of treason and permitted many exiles to return. Though -he was virtuous and humane, he did not possess the necessary vigor -for checking the many abuses that existed. He adopted as his son and -successor Marcus Ulpius Traian, who was then at the head of the army in -Germany. He died suddenly on the 27th of January, 98 A.D. Creighton, p. -99; _The Age of the Antonines_, Ch. I. - -22. =operam dante=: ‘giving him aid, assisting him.’ - -=Petrōniō Secundō, Partheniō=: Nerva could not prevent the Praetorian -soldiers from putting them to death. - - -PAGE 74. - -3. =aetātis … annō=: Eutropius is mistaken. He was sixty-five years old -when he died. - -4. =inter Dīvōs relātus est=: cf. _Dīvus appellātus_, Bk. VII, 10. - -CH. 2. - -5. =Trāiānus=: Marcus Ulpius Traian was born at Italica near Seville in -Spain, September 18, 52 A.D. He was trained to arms, and rose through -the various offices to the rank of praetor. He was adopted by Nerva in -97 A.D. After Nerva’s death he became emperor, being the first Roman -emperor who was born out of Italy. He was a great soldier and a good -administrator. Good sense, a knowledge of the world, and sound judgment -characterized him. Just and sincere in his desire for the happiness -of the people, he was one of the best emperors that governed Rome. He -crushed the Dacians, successfully waged war against the Parthians, and -brought peace and prosperity to the whole Roman world. Creighton, p. -99; _The Age of the Antonines_, Ch. II. - -13. =Dāciam=: Trajan conducted two campaigns against the Dacians, -101-103 A.D. and 104-106 A.D. On his return from the second campaign -he celebrated a triumph and entertained the people with games lasting -123 days. “It is said that 11,000 animals were slaughtered during these -amusements, and that 10,000 gladiators fought in the arena.” - -16. =tenuit= ＝ _habuit_. - -CH. 3. - -17. =Armeniam=: Trajan began this campaign in 114 A.D. The winter -of the same year he spent at Antioch. During the next two years he -conquered the greater part of the Parthian empire, taking the capital -city Ctesiphon. - - -PAGE 75. - -CH. 4. - -3. =amīcōs … frequentāns=: ‘going often to his friends to salute them.’ - -4. =fēstōs diēs habuissent=: ‘they were celebrating feast days.’ - -=indiscrēta=: ‘with no distinction of rank.’ - -6. =nihil … agēns=: his finances were prosperous, partly owing to good -management, and partly from the success of certain mining operations in -Dacia. - -9. =per orbem … multa=: “He constructed several good roads in the -provinces and Italy; among them was the road across the Pomptine -Marshes. At Ostia he built a large new basin. At Rome he constructed -the aqueduct called by his name, built a theater in the Campus Martius, -and, above all, made the Forum Traianum, with its basilicas and -libraries, and his column in the center.” - -10. =nihil nōn=: the figure of Litotes, affirming a thing by denying -its contrary; cf. _nōn compāruisset_, Bk. I, 2. - -CH. 5. - -19. =bellī domīque=: H. 484, 2 (426, 2); M. 242, 2; A. & G. 258, _d_; -G. 411, 2; B. 232, 2. - -20. =Seleuciam=: it is generally stated that he lived to reach Selinus -in Cilicia, where he died in August, 117 A.D. - -23. =sōlus … sepultus est=: he was the only one of the emperors who -was buried within the city. This privilege was enjoyed by the Vestal -Virgins. - -24. =in forō=: the _Forum Trāiānum_ was probably the most magnificent -of all the Roman fora. It occupied a large space between the Capitoline -and the Quirinal Hills, the latter of which was cut away to make room -for it. Among the many buildings it contained were two libraries, one -for Latin and the other for Greek manuscripts. It contained also the -famous Column of Trajan. This column, composed of huge drums of white -marble, is pierced within. A bas-relief of the chief events of the -Dacian war winds round the shaft. It is still standing. - -25. =CXLIV pedēs=: this was the height of the Quirinal Hill that was -cut away. - -26. =habet= ＝ _est_. - -=hūius … dēlātum est=: ‘so much respect has been paid to his memory.’ - - -PAGE 76. - -CH. 6. - -3. =Aelius Hadriānus=: Publius Aelius Hadrian was with Trajan when -the latter died. With the consent of the Syrian army he assumed the -reins of government and his act was ratified by the senate. Although -he lost some of the territory that Trajan had added to the Empire, he -strengthened and united the remainder. He was, in general, a just and -able ruler; yet at times he showed himself revengeful, suspicious, and -cruel. He died of dropsy at Baiae, 138 A.D., in the sixty-third year of -his life. Creighton, p. 100; _The Age of the Antonines_, Ch. III. - -7. =glōriae invidēns=: more probably he saw that the Empire had become -too large to be governed successfully. - -CH. 7. - -17. =orbem Rōmānum circumiit=: he visited every province in the Empire, -correcting abuses, and examining the administration of government. - -18. =multa aedificāvit=: among other famous buildings the Mausoleum of -Hadrian, now called the Castle of St. Angelo. - -CH. 8. - -27. =T. Antōnīnus=: his full name was Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius -Antoninus, called Pius because he persuaded the senate to grant to -his adopted father Hadrian the apotheosis and other honors usually -paid to deceased emperors. “His reign is almost a blank in history--a -blank caused by a suspension for a time of war, violence, and crime.” -Although he waged no war for conquest, he defended the provinces -with vigor, warring against the Moors and Britons, and the untamed -races of the Rhine and the Danube. Creighton, p. 101; _The Age of the -Antonines_, Ch. IV. - - -PAGE 77. - -6. =bonīs honōrem habēns=: ‘paying respect to the good.’ - -14. =Lorium=: in Etruria on the _Via Aurelia_. - -CH. 9. - -18. =M. Antōnīnus Vērus=: he is generally known as Marcus Aurelius. -He was the adopted son of Antoninus Pius. When only twelve years old -he assumed the philosophic mantle and gave himself up to the study of -philosophy, attaching himself to the Stoic school. After he became -emperor he associated Lucius Antoninus Verus, his brother, with him in -the government. Although they were entirely different in character, -they reigned conjointly with no disagreement. His ‘Meditations’ have -survived. Creighton, p. 101; _The Age of the Antonines_, Ch. V. - -23. =singulōs … Augustōs=: ‘one Augustus (emperor) at a time.’ - -CH. 10. - -28. =contrā Parthōs=: Lucius Verus nominally had the guidance of the -war, but it was carried on by his lieutenants while he lingered in -Antioch. - - -PAGE 78. - -CH. 12. - -21. =Apollōnium Chalcēdōnium=: called Apollonius Dyscolus. “He is -the father of scientific Grammar, being the first to reduce it to a -systematic form.” - -24. =Frontō=: Marcus Cornelius Fronto. He acquired great reputation as -a rhetorician and grammarian at Rome in the reign of Hadrian. Some of -his letters to his pupils, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, were found -in the present century. - -=hīc … ēgit=: ‘he treated all at Rome with equality.’ - -26. =prōvinciās … trāctāvit=: he did not visit the provinces, but kept -himself thoroughly informed of the details of their administration. - - -PAGE 79. - -1. =eō prīncipe=: ‘during his reign’; cf. =hīs rēgnantibus=, Bk. I, 2. - -=bellum … Marcomannicum=: the Marcomanni, ‘men of the marshes,’ were -a German tribe that threatened destruction to the Roman Empire. For -thirteen years Marcus Aurelius with difficulty held them in check. He -built many fortresses and a great wall to restrain them. - -2. =quantum … fuit=: ‘it was greater than any in the memory of man’; -_i.e._ there had been no war with the Germans equally formidable. - -5. =pestilentiae=: the plague broke out in 167 A.D. and lasted for -several years, despite all efforts to check its ravages. It was -probably brought to Rome by the soldiers returning from the expedition -against the Parthians. - -CH. 13. - -10. =Quādī=: a powerful people who dwelt in the southeastern part of -Germany. They had been taken under the protection of Rome by Tiberius. -In 174 A.D. Marcus Aurelius defeated them in a fierce battle. They -appear again during the reign of Gallienus (Bk. IX, 8). Towards the -end of the fourth century they disappear from history. _The Age of the -Antonines_, pp. 106-108. - -=Vandalī=: a confederacy of German peoples, who dwelt originally on the -northern coast of Germany. Later they settled north of the Marcomanni, -whom they joined. They invaded Spain, and later Africa. Under their -king Genseric they invaded Italy, and took and plundered Rome, 455 A.D. - -=Suēvī=: an important confederacy of German tribes. Their name survives -in the modern Suabia. - -13. =Caesarem fēcerat=: the title of Caesar was now given to the person -next in rank to the emperor, and who was intended to succeed him. - -15. =indīcere … aliquid=: ‘to make any demands on the provinces or the -senate.’ - -16. =īnstrumentum rēgiī cultūs=: ‘royal furniture.’ - -22. =comparāta=: ‘their purchases.’ - -CH. 14. - -28. =obiit=: he died at Vindobona, now Vienna. - -29. =vītae LXI=: it is generally said that he died in the fifty-ninth -year of his life. - - -PAGE 80. - -CH. 15. - -1. =L. Antōnīnus Commodus=: he was the son of Marcus Aurelius, but -like him in no respect. After concluding a disgraceful treaty with the -Germans, he hastened to Rome, where he gave himself up to the grossest -vices. Creighton, p. 102. - -6. =in amphitheātrō=: he was the conqueror in 735 combats. Nothing -delighted him more than to be called the ‘Hercules of Rome.’ - -7. =strangulātus vel venēnō=: he was poisoned and afterwards strangled -by his favorite Marcia. - -CH. 16. - -11. =Pertināx=: Creighton, p. 103. - -CH. 17. - -18. =perpetuum composuit ēdictum=: this was a digest of the mass -of edicts that had been issued by the praetors and the provincial -governors. It was the basis of the _Corpus Iūris Cīvīlis_ of Justinian. - -19. =Mulvium pontem=: about two miles north of Rome, on the _Via -Flaminia_. Here the ambassadors of the Allobroges, that had been -tampered with by the fellow-conspirators of Catiline, were arrested, 63 -B.C. The foundations of this bridge still remain and are built into the -Ponte Mollo at the same place. - -CH. 18. - -21. =Septimius Sevērus=: Lucius Septimius Severus was commander in -chief of the army in Pannonia and Illyria at the death of Pertinax, -193 A.D. He was proclaimed emperor by the army. For nearly a hundred -years the emperors were made and unmade at the will of the soldiers. -Creighton, p. 104. - -23. =omnī memoriā=: ‘in all time.’ - -24. =fiscī advocātus=: a Roman officer appointed to look after the -interests of the imperial treasury. - - -PAGE 81. - -CH. 19. - -16. =vāllum … dēdūxit=: the celebrated wall of Severus, extending from -the Solway Firth to the mouth of the Tyne. It was erected to prevent -incursions of the Caledonians. - -17. =Eborācī=: the modern York. - -22. =Geta … periit=: he was murdered by order of Caracalla. - -CH. 20. - -23. =Caracalla=: the name of Caracalla was derived from a species of -Gallic cassock he introduced at Rome. - -24. =mōrum … fuit=: his whole life was only one series of cruelties -and acts of extravagant folly. Creighton, p. 105. - -25. =thermae Antōnīniānae=: these accommodated about 1600 persons at -once. The ruins are still to be seen. - - -PAGE 82. - -CH. 22. - -9. =M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus=: known in history as Heliogabalus. He was -the grandson of Maesa, sister-in-law of Septimius Severus, and the son -of Symiasera. He was priest in the temple of the Sun at Emesa in Syria -when Caracalla died. Through the instrumentality of his grandmother he -was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers and acknowledged by the senate. -He was the most profligate of the Roman emperors. - -CH. 23. - -16. =Aurēlius Alexander=: Marcus Aurelius Alexander, generally known -as Alexander Severus. He had been adopted by Heliogabalus and had been -created Caesar. “He was distinguished by justice, wisdom, and clemency -in all public transactions, and by the simplicity and purity of his -private life.” Creighton, p. 106. - -20. =adsessōrem=: ‘legal adviser.’ - -21. =Ulpiānum=: Domitius Ulpianus was one of the most celebrated Roman -lawyers. His works are often quoted in the _Corpus Iūris Cīvīlis_ of -Justinian. He was assassinated in a mutiny of the soldiers caused by -his strict discipline. - - - - -BOOK IX - - -PAGE 83. - -CH. 1. - -1. =Māximīnus=: his full name was Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus. He was -born of barbaric parentage, his father being a Goth and his mother a -German. He was famous for his gigantic size and his marvelous feats of -strength. His government was characterized by oppression and excesses. - -CH. 2. - -9. =Gordiānus=: Marcus Antonius Gordianus was the grandson of the elder -Gordianus. He was a mere boy, probably not more than twelve years old, -when he was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers. - - -PAGE 84. - -CH. 3. - -1. =Philippī=: Marcus Iulius Philippus I was an Arabian by birth. -After the death of Misithus, the father-in-law of Gordianus, he became -praetorian praefect, and caused the soldiers to revolt, to slay -Gordianus, and to proclaim himself emperor. He proclaimed his son of -the same name Caesar, though he was only seven years old. - -3. =mīllēsimus annus=: this anniversary was marked by the celebration -of the Saecular Games with unusual magnificence, 248 A.D. - -CH. 4. - -8. =Decius=: his full name was Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius. -He was sent by Philippus to Moesia to crush an insurrection, and was -compelled by the soldiers to proclaim himself emperor. His reign was -occupied chiefly with warring against the Goths. He persecuted the -Christians with great severity. - -CH. 6. - -21. =exstinctus est=: he was slain by the soldiers. - -CH. 7. - -23. =Galliēnus=: the son of Valerianus. - - -PAGE 85. - -5. =superātus est=: at first Valerianus was successful; but he followed -the enemy too rashly. He was captured near Edessa. After his death his -skin was stuffed and long preserved as a trophy in the chief temple of -the nation. - -CH. 9. - -22. =Postumus=: this period is known as the ‘Rule of the Thirty -Tyrants.’ These men, who revolted from Gallienus and set up separate -governments for themselves, were noted in the main for their courage. -They repelled the invaders and established governments that gave peace -and security to their provinces. - -28. =vīlissimus opifex=: he is said to have been a smith, _ferrī -opifex_. - - -PAGE 86. - -3. =mātrimōnia=: here has a concrete meaning, ‘wives.’ - -CH. 10. - -10. =Odenāthum=: he was the ruler of Palmyra. He checked the incursions -of the Persians and drove Sapor out of Syria. In return for these -services Gallienus honored him with the title of Augustus. - -CH. 11. - -16. =occīsus est=: he was slain by his soldiers while besieging Milan. - -18. =Gothōs … vīcit=: he conquered the Goths at Naisus in Dardania and -received the surname Gothicus in consequence. - - -PAGE 87. - -CH. 13. - -3. =Aurēliānus=: his reign presents a succession of brilliant exploits, -and it seemed for a time that he would restore Rome to her former -position. The Goths, Vandals, and the Alemanni were conquered. Zenobia, -who had succeeded her husband as ruler of Palmyra, was captured -and carried to Rome. Tetricus was crushed near Catalauni. Aurelian -commenced many works of public utility, including a new city wall. He -was on his way to chastise the Persians when he was killed by some of -his officers, a conspiracy having been formed against him. Creighton, -p. 109. - -11. ‘=Ēripe mē=’: _Aeneid_, VI, 365. - -12. =Zēnobiam=: she was not content with the power she had, but tried -to extend her sway over all Syria, Asia, and Egypt. Aurelian captured -Palmyra in 273 A.D., and took her prisoner. After adorning his -triumphal procession, her life was spared and she lived near Tibur for -several years. - -=occīsō Odenāthō=: it is said that he was assassinated and that Zenobia -had a hand in it. - - -PAGE 88. - -CH. 15. - -2. =Dāciam … intermīsit=: he made the Danube the boundary of the -empire, as Augustus had done. - -8. =servī=: the private secretary of the emperor. He is generally said -to have been a freedman. - -13. =mors … fuit=: Tacitus had the assassins put to death soon after -the beginning of his reign. - -CH. 17. - -21. =Probus=: his full name was Marcus Aurelius Probus. He was as just -and virtuous as he was warlike, and is deservedly regarded as one of -the greatest and best of the Roman emperors. - -27. =apud Sirmium=: it was his birthplace. - - -PAGE 89. - -4. =tumultū mīlitārī=: the soldiers mutinied because he had employed -them in laborious public works. - -CH. 18. - -14. =oculōrum dolōre correptus=: ‘affected with a disease of the eye.’ - -CH. 19. - -24. =mātrimōnia=: cf. _mātrimōnia_, Ch. 9. - - -PAGE 90. - -4. =Dioclētiānum=: he was born near Salona in Dalmatia. He rose in -the army from one position to another until on the assassination of -Numerianus he was chosen emperor. He made a great change in the system -of government. In 286 A.D. he associated Maximianus with himself as -a colleague and gave him the title of Augustus. Six years later, 292 -A.D., Constantius Chlorus and Galerius were proclaimed Caesars, and the -government of the Roman world was divided among four men, Diocletian -taking the East, with Nicomedia as his residence; Maximianus taking -Italy and Africa, with Milan as his residence; Constantius taking -Britain, Gaul, and Spain, with Treves as his residence; Galerius -taking Illyricum and the whole line of the Danube, with Sirmium as his -residence. This division was natural and possessed many advantages. -It was the only way that the falling empire could be preserved, and a -semblance of union retained. Creighton, p. 109. - -CH. 21. - -22. =strēnuae mīlitiae ōrdine=: ‘by a course of active service.’ - -24. =accēpisset=: sc. _imperium_. - -29. =Britanniās occupāvit=: in 287 A.D. - - -PAGE 91. - -CH. 22. - -5. =Cōnstantium=: surnamed Chlorus, ‘the pale.’ - -6. =nepōs Claudī=: ‘the grandnephew of Claudius.’ He was the son of -Eutropius, a Dardanian noble, and Claudia, daughter of Chrispus, the -brother of Claudius. - -14. =pāx convēnit=: Carausius was recognized as a colleague. - - -PAGE 92. - -CH. 25. - -18. =extrīnsecus= ＝ _praetereā_, a late usage. - -CH. 26. - -28. =rēgiae cōnsuētūdinis fōrmam=: Diocletian introduced the customs -of an Oriental monarch. He wore the diadem, the robes of silk and -gold, and replaced the republican form of salutation by the adoring -prostration of the East. - -CH. 27. - -9. =ingravēscente aevō=: he was sixty years old, being born in 245 -A.D., and abdicating in 305 A.D. - -17. =pompā ferculōrum inlūstrī=: ‘with a famous succession of -pictures.’ _Fercula_ are representations of cities, rivers, and other -objects in the conquered countries, carried in procession at a triumph. - -CH. 28. - -24. =post nātōs hominēs=: ‘since men were created.’ - - - - -BOOK X - - -PAGE 94. - -CH. 1. - -11. =adeō … modicī=: ‘of so modest a mode of living.’ - -13. =argentō=: ‘silver plate.’ - -=trīclīnia=: properly a couch for three persons reclining at meals. -Here it means the table, which was square, and surrounded on three -sides by one-armed couches, while the fourth side remained open for -convenience in serving. Each couch accommodated three persons, who -reclined upon the left arm. - -14. =Gallīs=: he had reserved Gaul for his peculiar province. - -17. =Eborācī=: he was on an expedition against the Picts. - - -PAGE 95. - -CH. 2. - -1. =Cōnstantīnus=: known in history as Constantine the Great. The most -important change he introduced was the adoption of Christianity as the -state religion. The story is told that while marching from Gaul at the -head of his legions, he saw in the heavens a luminous cross with this -inscription, ‘By this conquer.’ In 313 A.D. he issued the famous Milan -decree that gave imperial sanction to the religion of the Christians. -Although he openly acknowledged Christianity, his religion was a -strange mixture of Christianity and Paganism. Creighton, p. 112. - -6. =in vīllā pūblicā=: a building in the Campus Martius, intended for a -lodging house or hotel for foreign ambassadors. - -11. =quās … habuit=: ‘which he utterly disregarded.’ - -CH. 3. - -18. =nūdāre=: ‘to deprive of his power.’ - - -PAGE 96. - -CH. 4. - -1. =Licinius=: his full name was Publius Flavius Galerius Valerius -Licinianus Licinius. By birth he was a Dacian peasant, and an early -friend and companion of the Emperor Galerius. He was invested with -the command of the Illyrian province in 307 A.D. After the death of -Galerius he concluded an arrangement with Maximinus, by which the -Hellespont and the Bosporus were to form the boundary of the two -empires. After his marriage with the sister of Constantine, he and -Constantine strove with each other for the undivided sovereignty of the -Roman world. - -CH. 5. - -20. =apud Cibalās=: this was in the great battle of Adrianople, July, -323 A.D., and was followed by the reduction of Byzantium. - -CH. 6. - -25. =apud Nicomediam=: this victory, September, 323 A.D., made -Constantine the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Licinius was made a -prisoner, and although his life was spared for a time, Constantine had -him put to death in 324 A.D. - -27. =tribus Caesaribus=: they were the sons of Constantine the Great, -Constantine, Constans, and Constantius. - - -PAGE 97. - -CH. 8. - -20. =urbem nōminis=: Constantinople, a city which he built on the site -of ancient Byzantium. This he aimed to make his capital city. Here -he had a second senate, a praefect of the city, regiones, and even -largesses; all of which showed that the supremacy of Rome was at an end. - -24. =in vīllā pūblicā=: a building similar in character to the one at -Rome, Ch. 2. - - -PAGE 98. - -CH. 10. - -15. =Cōnstantī=: he ruled from 337 to 361 A.D. He was the third son of -Constantine the Great. Under him the whole empire again became subject -to one ruler. But in 355 A.D. he was compelled to make Julian Caesar -and to send him into Gaul to oppose the barbarians. - - -PAGE 99. - -CH. 14. - -24. =Iūliānum=: called the Apostate, because, although he had been -brought up a Christian, later he rejected Christianity and returned -to Paganism. He was a brave soldier and a good general. Forced by his -soldiers to assume the purple, he hesitated to begin a civil war, but -was relieved of the necessity by the opportune death of Constantius -in 361 A.D. “Julian was an extraordinary character. As a monarch, -he was indefatigable in his attention to business, upright in his -administration, and comprehensive in his views; as a man, he was -virtuous in the midst of a profligate age, and did not yield to the -luxurious temptations to which he was exposed.” Many of his literary -works are extant. Creighton, p. 116. - - -PAGE 100. - -CH. 16. - -21. =cuī … interfuī=: what part Eutropius took in this expedition is -not known. - -24. =remeāns victor=: in the last battle fought on the 26th of June, -Julian was mortally wounded by an arrow and died the same day. - - -PAGE 101. - -CH. 17. - -15. =Ioviānus=: his full name was Flavius Claudius Jovian. His short -reign is remarkable only for the disgraceful peace he made with the -Persians. Although he was a Christian, he protected the pagans. - -20. =fīnibus=: he agreed that the Romans would surrender their -conquests beyond the Tigris and would give up several fortresses in -Mesopotamia. - -24. =Pontium Telesīnum=: it is generally stated that Gavius Pontius -was the leader of the Samnites in the battle of Caudine Forks. Perhaps -Eutropius confuses him with Pontius Telesinus, the leader of the -Samnites in the Social war. - - -PAGE 102. - -CH. 18. - -8. =nimiā crūditāte=: ‘violent indigestion.’ - -21. =quam … reservāmus=: whether he ever fulfilled his intention and -wrote another book is unknown. - - - - -ABBREVIATIONS - - - abl. ＝ ablative. - abs. ＝ absolute. - acc. ＝ accusative. - act. ＝ active. - adj. ＝ adjective. - adv. ＝ adverb. - cf. ＝ compare (_confer_). - comp. ＝ comparative. - conj. ＝ conjunction. - contr. ＝ contraction. - dat. ＝ dative. - dem. ＝ demonstrative. - desid. ＝ desiderative. - dim. ＝ diminutive. - disc. ＝ discourse. - e.g. ＝ for example (_exempli gratia_). - encl. ＝ enclitic. - f. ＝ feminine. - freq. ＝ frequentative. - gen. ＝ genitive. - i.e. ＝ that is (_id est_). - imp. ＝ imperfect. - impers. ＝ impersonal. - incep. ＝ inceptive. - incho. ＝ inchoative. - ind. ＝ indirect. - indecl. ＝ indeclinable. - indef. ＝ indefinite. - intens. ＝ intensive. - iter. ＝ iterative. - m. ＝ masculine. - n. ＝ neuter. - nom. ＝ nominative. - num. ＝ numeral. - pass. ＝ passive. - pers. ＝ personal. - pl. ＝ plural. - prep. ＝ preposition. - pres. ＝ present. - pron. ＝ pronoun. - sc. ＝ supply (_scilicet_). - sub. ＝ substantive. - sup. ＝ superlative. - -Compound verbs are treated under the simple verbs from which they are -derived. To this there are two exceptions: (1) When neither the simple -verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and (2) -in the case of certain verbs like _sūmō_ and _surgō_, which, though -themselves compounds, came to be regarded as simple verbs, and served -as a basis for other compounds. The star prefixed to certain simple -verbs indicates that they are not found in the text, but that two or -more compounds occur. - -All matter within square brackets is etymological. The bracketed words -when not translated occur independently in the Vocabulary. - - - - -VOCABULARY - - -A. - -=A.= , abbreviation of the praenomen Aulus. - -=ā, ab, abs= (=ā= only before consonants or =h, ab= before vowels and -consonants, =abs= usually only before t and =q=, especially frequent -before =te=), prep. with abl., 1, of place, _from_, _away from_, _out -of_; 2, of time, _from_, _since_, _after_; 3, of agency, _by_; 4, of -separation, source, cause, _from_, _through_, _because of_. - -=abdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=abeō=, see =eō=. - -=aboleō, ēre, ēvī, itus= [=ab= + =oleō=], _to destroy_, _abolish_, -_wipe out_. - -=abrogō=, see =rogō=. - -=absēns, sentis= [orig. part. of =absum=], adj., _absent_, _away_. - -=absimilis, e= [=ab= + =similis=], adj., _unlike_. - -=abstineō=, see =teneō=. - -=absum=, see =sum=. - -=abundantia, ae= [=abundō=, _to overflow_; =ab + unda=], f., _plenty_, -_fullness_, _abundance_. - -=ac=, see =atque=. - -=accēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=accidō=, see =cadō=. - -=accipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=acclāmō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =clāmō=, _to shout_], _to shout -loudly_, _exclaim_. - -=ācer, ācris, ācre=, comp. =ācrior=, sup. =ācerrimus=, adj., _sharp_, -_bitter_; _keen_, _vigorous_, _fierce_. - -=acerbē= [=acerbus=], adv., _bitterly_, _cruelly_, _severely_. - -=acerbitās, ātis= [=acerbus=], f., _harshness_, _severity_, -_unkindness_. - -=acerbus, a, um=, adj., _bitter_, _harsh_, _cruel_. - -=Achaea, ae=, f., a district in the Peloponnesus. Later the Roman -province of Southern Greece. - -=Achillēs, is=, m., a famous Greek chief at the siege of Troy, slain by -Paris, the hero of the Iliad. - -=Achilleus, ī=, m., he assumed the title of emperor under Diocletian, -and reigned over Egypt for some time. He was taken prisoner by -Diocletian, and was put to death, 296 A.D. - -=aciēs, ēī=, f., _the sharp point of a sword_; _battle line_; _battle_. - -=Acilius, ī=, m., see =Glabriō=. - -=Actium, ī=, n., a town in Epirus; a promontory near the town. - -=āctuārius, ī=, m., _a secretary_, _shorthand writer_. - -=āctus, a, um=, see =agō=. - -=ad=, prep. with accus., 1, of place, _to_, _towards_, _to the house -of_, _at_, _near_; 2, of time, _up to_, _towards_, _until_, _at_; 3, of -purpose, _to_, _in order to_, _for_, _for the sake of_. - -=addō=, see =dō=. - -=addūcō,= see =dūcō=. - -=adēmī, ademptus=, see =adimō=. - -=adeō= [=ad= + =eō=, adv.], adv., _to this point_, _so_, _very_, _to -such a degree_. - -=adeptus=, see =adipīscor=. - -=adfectātor, ōris= [=adfectō=], m., _one that strives for_. - -=adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =fectō=, freq. of =faciō=], _to -strive after_, _aspire to_. - -=adferō=, see =ferō=. - -=adficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=adfīnitās, ātis= [=ad= + =fīnis=], f., _relationship_ (by marriage). - -=adflīgō=, see =*flīgō=. - -=Adherbal, alis, m.=, a Numidian prince, son of Macipsa, slain by -Jugurtha. - -=adhortor, ārī, ātus sum= [=ad= + =hortor=, _to urge_], _to encourage_, -_exhort_, _stimulate_, _urge_. - -=adhūc= [=ad= + =hūc=], adv., _up to this time or place_; _still_, -_although_, _yet_. - -=Adiabēnī, ōrum=, pl. m., the Adiabeni, a people living in the northern -part of ancient Assyria. - -=Adiabēnicus, a, um=, adj., a cognomen of the emperor Severus, a -conqueror of the Adiabeni. - -=adimō=, see =emō=. - -=adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum= [=ad= + =apīscor=, _to gain_], _to get_, -_obtain_, _reach_. - -=adicio=, see =*iaciō=. - -=adiungo=, see =iungō=. - -=adiūtor, ōris= [=adiūvō=, _to assist_], m., _a helper_, _assistant_, -_confederate_. - -=administrātiō, ōnis= [=administrō=], f., _management_, _government_. - -=administrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =ministrō=, _to manage_], _to -manage_, _govern_, _regulate_, _carry on_ (war). - -=admīrātiō, ōnis= [=admīror=], f., _admiration_, _wonderment_, -_astonishment_. - -=admīror=, see =mīror=. - -=admittō=, see =mittō=. - -=admodum= [=ad= + =modus=], adv., _up to the full limit_, _very_, -_exceedingly_. - -=adnītor=, see =nītor=. - -=adnotō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =notō=, _to mark_], _to observe_, -_remark_. - -=adoleō, ēre, uī= [=ad= + =oleō=, _to emit a smell_], _to turn to -vapor_, _burn_. - -=adoptiō, ōnīs= [=adoptō=], f., _adoption_. - -=adoptō=, see =optō=. - -=adōrō=, see =ōrō=. - -=adrigō=, see =regō=. - -=adsentor=, see =sentiō=. - -=adserō=, see =*serō=. - -=adsertor, ōris= [=adserō=], m., _a claimant_. - -=adsessor, ōris= [=adsideō=, _to sit by_], m., _an assistant_, _aid_; -_legal adviser_. - -=adspiciō=, see =*speciō=. - -=adsurgo, ere, surrēxī, surrēctus= [=ad= + =surgō= (=sub= + =regō=), -_to rise_], _to rise_, _arise_. - -=adulēscēns, entis= [=adolēscō=, _to grow up_], m., _young_; as -substantive, _a young man_. - -=adventō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =ventō=, intens. of =veniō=], _to -arrive_. - -=adventus, ūs= [=adveniō=, _to arrive_], m., _arrival_. - -=adversus, a, um= [=advertō=, _to turn to_], adj., _turned to or -towards_; _opposed to_, _adverse_. - -=adversus= and =adversum=, prep. with accus., _facing_, _in opposition -to_, _against_. - -=advocātus, ī= [=advocō=, _to call to aid_], m., _a pleader_, -_advocate_; _aider_, _helper_. - -=advolō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ad= + =volō=, _to fly_], _to fly to_, _hurry -on_, _rush_. - -=aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=aedis= + =faciō=], _to build_. - -=aedīlīcius, ī= [=aedīlis=, _aedile_, a Roman magistrate], m., _one who -has been an aedile_. - -=aeger, gra, grum=, adj., _sick_, _feeble_. - -=aegrē= [=aeger=], adv., _with difficulty_, _scarcely_. - -=aegritūdō, inis= [=aeger=], f., _sickness_, _grief_, _vexation_, -_mortification_. - -=aegrōtō, āre, āvī= [=aeger=], _to be sick_, _languid_, _pine_. - -=Aegyptus, ī=, m., _Egypt_. - -=Aeliānus, ī=, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of -Diocletian. - -=Aelius, ī=, m., see =Hadriānus=. - -=Aemiliānus, ī=, m., the governor of Pannonia and Moesia in the reign -of Gallus, Roman emperor, 253 A.D. - -=Aemilius, ī=, m, the name of a Roman gens. 1. _Lūcius Aemilius_, -consul 224 B.C. 2. _Mārcus Aemilius_ (Mamercus), dictator. See -=Lepidus, Paulus=. - -=aemula, ae= [=aemulus=], f., _a rival_. - -=aemulor, ārī, ātus sum= [=aemulus=], _to rival_, _vie with_, _emulate_. - -=aemulus, a, um=, adj., _striving earnestly after_, _emulating_, -_rivaling_; _envious_. - -=aēneüs, a, um= [=aes=, _copper_], adj., _of copper_, _bronze_. - -=aequālis, e= [=aequus=], adj., _equal_, _like_; as subst., _a -companion_. - -=Aequī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Aequi_, a people dwelling in the upper -valley of the Aniō, in the mountains forming the eastern boundary of -Latium. - -=aequitās, ātis= [=aequus=], f., _evenness_, _fairness_, _justice_. - -=aequō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=aequus=], _to make even_, _place on an -equality_. - -=aequus, a, um=, adj., _even_, _level_; _fair_, _just_; aequō animō, -_impartially_. - -=aerārium, ī= [=aes=, _copper_], n., _treasury_, _fund_. - -=aestās, ātis=, f., _summer_. - -=aetās, ātis=, f., _time of life_, _life_; _old age_; _period of time_, -_time_. - -=Aetōlī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Aetolians_, inhabitants of Aetolia, a -division of Greece. - -=aevum, ī=, n., _period of life_, _life_, _age_. - -=Āfer, Āfrī=, m., _an African_, especially an inhabitant of Carthage. - -=Āfranius, ī=, m., _L. Afranius_, a general of Pompey in Spain, killed -in Africa, 46 B.C. - -=Āfrica, ae=, f., _Africa_; often the northern part of the continent, -especially the part near Carthage. - -=Āfricānus, ī=, m., see =Scīpiō=. - -=ager, agrī=, m., _field_, _farm_, _estate_; _territory_, _land_; _the -country_. - -=aggredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=āgnōscō=, see =nōscō=. - -=agō, agere, ēgī, āctus=, _to set in motion_, _drive_, _lead_; _act_, -_do_, _perform_; _treat_, _deal_; _spend_, _pass time_; =grātiās -agere=, _to give thanks_. =con--cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus=, _to drive -together_, _collect_; _force_. =ex--exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus=, _to drive -out_; _complete_; _pass_, _end_. =re--redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus=, _to -drive back_; _reduce_; _render_, _bring_. =sub--subigō, ere, ēgī, -āctus=, _to drive under_, _put down_, _conquer_. =trāns--trānsigō, ere, -ēgī, āctus=, _to carry through_, _finish_, _settle_, _perform_. - -=agrestis, e= [=ager=], adj., _of the fields_, _rustic_; as subst., -_countryman_. - -=Agrigentum, ī=, n., a Greek colony in Sicily. - -=Agrippa, ae=, m., _M. (Vīpsānius) Agrippa_, son-in-law of Atticus, -minister of Augustus. - -=Agrippīna, ae=, f., a city in Belgic Gaul. - -=āla, ae=, f., _a wing_, _flank_. - -=Alamannī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Alamanni_, a name applied to a -confederacy of German tribes living between the Danube, the Rhine, and -the Main. - -=Albānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Albānī_, the inhabitants of Alba Longa in -Latium; the inhabitants of Albania west of the Caspian Sea. - -=Albīnus, ī=, m., a family name at Rome. 1. _Clōdius Albīnus_, governor -of Britain at the death of Commodus. He revolted, and was defeated and -slain by Septimius Sevērus at Lugdūnum, 197 A.D. 2. _Sp. Postumius -(Albīnus)_, consul 344 and 321 B.C. 3. _Aulus Postumius Albinus_, -consul 242 B.C. 4. _L. Postumius Albīnus_, consul 234 and 229 B.C. 5. -_Sp. Postumius Albinus_, consul 186 B.C. 6. _Sp. Postumius Albīnus_, -consul 110 B.C. - -=Albis, is=, m., the river Elbe in Germany. - -=Alexander, drī=, m., Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, the -conqueror of Persia; B.C. 356-323. - -=Alexander, drī=, m., see =Aurēlius=. - -=Alexandrīa, ae=, f., a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, -founded by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C. - -=Alexandrīnus, a, um=, adj., _Alexandrine_, _pertaining to Alexandrīa_. - -=Algidus, ī=, m., a mountain in Latium. - -=aliās= [=alius=], adv., _at another time_, _under other circumstances_. - -=aliēnus, a, um= [=alius=], adj., _belonging to another_, _another’s_. - -=aliquamdiū= [=aliquis= + =diū=], adv., _for a while_, _for some time_. - -=aliquantus, a, um=, adj., _some_, _considerable_. - -=aliquī, quae, quod= [=alius= + =quī=], indef. pron. adj., _some one or -other_, _some_, _any_. - -=aliquis, qua, quid= [=alius= + =quis=], indef. pron., _some one_, -_something_; _any one_, _anything_; _some_; as subst., =aliquid=, n., -_something_, _anything_. - -=aliquot= [=alius= + =quot=], indef. indecl. adj., _some_, _several_. - -=alius, alia, aliud=, adj., _another_, _other_, _different_, _else_; -=alius … alius=, _one … one_, _another … another_; pl., _some … -others_; =longē aliam (aliō) atque=, _very different from_. - -=Allectus, ī=, m., the chief officer of Carausius in Britain. - -=Allia, ae=, f., a small river flowing into the Tiber from the east -about 11 miles north of Rome. - -=Alma, ae=, f., a mountain in Pannonia. - -=Alpēs, ium=, f., _the Alps_. - -=alter, altera, alterum=, pron. adj., _one of two_, _the other_, _the -second_; =alter … alter=, _the one … the other_. - -=Altīnum, ī=, n., a town of the Veneti in the north of Italy at the -mouth of the river Silis. - -=altitūdō, inis= [=altus=, _high_], f., _height_, _depth_. - -=amābilis, e= [=amō=, _to love_], adj., _worthy of love_, _lovely_, -_amiable_. - -=Amandus, ī=, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of -Diocletian. - -=ambō, ae, ō=, adj., _both_. - -=Ambrōnēs, um=, pl. m., a Celtic people defeated by Marius near Aquae -Sextiae in 102 B.C. - -=amīcitia, ae= [=amīcus=], f., _friendship_. - -=amīcus, a, um= [=amō=, _to love_], adj., _friendly_; as subst., -=amīcus, ī=, m., _a friend_. - -=Amīsus, I=, Gr. acc. =Amīson=, f., a coast city of Pontus, the -residence of Mithradates the Great. - -=āmittō=, see =mittō=. - -=amnis, is=, m., _river_, _torrent_, _stream_. - -=amoenitās, ātis= [=amoenus=], f., _pleasantness_, _agreeableness_. - -=amoenus, a, um= [=amō=, _to love_], adj., _pleasing_, _charming_. - -=amor, ōris= [=amō=, _to love_], m., _love_; _a beloved object_, _one’s -love_. - -=amphitheātrum, ī=, n., _amphitheater_. - -=amplē= [=amplus=], adv., _largely_. - -=amplificō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=amplus= + =faciō=], _to increase_, -_enlarge_. - -=ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=amplus=], _to enlarge_, _magnify_. - -=amplius= [=amplus=], comp. of =amplē=, _more_, _further_. - -=amplus, a, um=, adj., _great_, _large_; _noble_, _distinguished_. - -=ancilla, ae=, f., _a maid-slave_, _maid_. - -=Ancus, ī=, m., see =Mārcius=. - -=Andriscus, ī=, m., a Persian who pretended to be the natural son of -Perseus and assumed the name of Philip. - -=angustia, ae= [=angustus=, _narrow_], f., _narrowness_; pl., _narrow -places_, _a pass_. - -=Anicius, ī=, m., _C. Anicius_, praetor in the Third Macedonian war, -176-168 B.C. - -=Aniēn, ēnis= or =Aniō, ōnis=, m., a small tributary of the Tiber. - -=animus, ī=, m., _soul_, _mind_; _disposition_, _feelings_; _courage_, -_spirit_. - -=Annius, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=annus, ī=, m., _a year_. - -=annuus, a, um= [=annus=], adj., _annual_; _lasting a year_. - -=ante=, adv., of space, _before_, _in front of_; of time, _before_, -_previously_, _ago_; prep. with accus., both of space and time, _in -front of_, _before_. - -=anteā= [=ante=], adv., _before_, _formerly_. - -=Antemnātēs, um=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Antemnae_, a Sabine town -at the junction of the Anio and the Tiber. - -=Anthemūsia, ae=, f., a province of Mesopotamia. - -=Antiochēnsēs, ium=, m., _the inhabitants of Antioch_. - -=Antiochīa, ae=, f., the capital city of Syria on the river Orontes. - -=Antiochus, ī=, m., kings of Syria. 1. _Antiochus II._, called Theos, -261-246 B.C. 2. _Antiochus III._, called the Great, 223-187 B.C. 3. -_Antiochus IV._, called Epiphanes, 175-164 B.C. - -=antīquus, a, um= [=ante=], adj., _old_, _belonging to a former time_. - -=Antōnīniānus, a, um=, adj., _of_ or _belonging to the Antonines_. - -=Antōnīnus, ī=, m., the name of a dynasty of Roman emperors. 1. -_T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius Pius_, 138-161 A.D. 2. _M. -Aurēlius Antōnīnus Vērus_, 161-180 A.D. 3. _L. Annius Antōnīnus Vērus_, -161-169 A.D. 4. _L. Antōnīnus Commodus_, 180-193 A.D. 5. _M. Aurēlius -Antōnīnus Bassānius Caracalla_, 211-217 A.D. 6. _M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus, -Heliogabalus_, 218-222 A.D. - -=Antōnius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. _C. Antōnius_, consul -63 B.C. 2. _L. Antōnius_, consul 41 B.C. 3. _M. Antōnius_, the friend -of Caesar and member of the Second Triumvirate, consul 44 B.C. - -=Anullīnus, ī=, m., a Roman senator. - -=ānulus, ī= [dim. of =ānus=, _a circle_], m., _a ring_. - -=Aper, prī=, m., _Arrius Aper_, praetorian praefect. He was put to -death by Diocletian, 284 A.D. - -=āperiō=, see =*pariō=. - -=Apollonia, ae=, f., a city of Thrace on the Pontus Euxinus. - -=Apollōnius, ī=, m., _Apollōnius Chalcēdonius_, called _Dyscolus_, “the -ill-tempered.” A rhetorician. - -=apoplēxis, is=, f., _apoplexy_. - -=apparātus, ūs=, m., _equipment_, _preparation_; _splendor_, _pomp_. - -=appareō=, see =pareō=. - -=appellō=, see =pellō=. - -=appetō=, see =petō=. - -=Appiōn, ōnis=, m., _Appiōn Ptolemaeus_, king of Cyrene, 117-96 B.C. - -=Appius, ī=, m., a praenomen especially common in the Claudian gens. - -=Appius, a, um=, adj., _Appian_; especially the _via Appia_, the famous -road built by Appius Claudius the Censor, 312 B.C. - -=appōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=apprīmē= [=prīmus=], adv., _most of all_. - -=apud=, prep. with acc., of place, _near_; of persons, _with_, _among_, -_in the presence of_, _at the house of_; with the name of an author, -_in the works of_. - -=Āpūlia, ae=, f., a district in the southeastern part of Italy. - -=aqua, ae=, f., _water_. - -=Aquilēia, ae=, f., a city in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. - -=Aquīlius, ī=, m., see =Flōrus=. - -=Aquītānia, ae=, f., a province of Gaul between the Garonne and the -Pyrenees. - -=Arabēs, ūm=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Arabia_. - -=Arabia, ae=, f., _Arabia_. - -=Arabicus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to_ or _pertaining to Arabia_, -cognomen of Septimius Severus. - -=arbitrium, ī= [=arbiter=, _judge_], n., _judgment_; _will_; _power_. - -=*arceō, ēre, uī, --=, _to inclose_; _prohibit_. =con--coërceō, ēre, -uī, itus=, _to shut in_; _restrain_, _check_. =ex--exerceō, ēre, uī, -itus=, _to exercise_, _drill_. - -=Archelāus, ī=, m., (1) a distinguished general of Mithradates. (2) -Called Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 36 B.C.-14 A.D. - -=Ardea, ae=, f., the capital city of the Rutuli, in Latium, about -eighteen miles south of Rome. - -=ārdeō, ēre, ārsī, ārsus=, _to be hot_, _burn_; _be eager_, _excited_. - -=argenteus, a, um= [=argentum=], adj., _of silver_. - -=Argentorātum, ī=, n., a city in Belgic Gaul. - -=argentum, ī=, n., _silver_; _money_. - -=Argī, ōrum=, pl. m., the city of Argos in the eastern part of the -Peloponnesus. - -=Ariarātus, ī=, m., called Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 220-162 B.C. - -=Arīminum, ī=, n., a town in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. - -=Ariobarzēnēs, is=, m., king of Cappadocia, 93-63 B.C. - -=Aristarchus, ī=, m., made king of Colchis by Pompey. - -=Aristō, ōnis=, m., an Athenian philosopher who surrendered Athens to -Mithradates, 87 B.C. - -=Aristobūlus, ī=, m., king of Judea, taken captive by Pompey, 63 B.C. - -=Aristonīcus, ī=, m., a natural son of Eumenes II., king of Pergamus. - -=arma, ōrum=, pl. n., _weapons_; _warfare_. - -=Armenēs, is=, m., son of Nabis, a tyrant of Sparta. - -=Armenia, ae=, f., a country of Asia southeast of the Black Sea. -=Armenia Minor=, the portion west of the Euphrates. - -=Armeniacus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to_ or _belonging to Armenia_. - -=Armeniī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Armenia_. - -=armō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=arma=], _to arm_, _equip_; =ārmatī=, _armed -men_, _soldiers_. - -=Armoricum, ī=, n., the northern part of Celtic Gaul. - -=arō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to plow_. - -=ars, artis=, f., _skill_, _art_, _knowledge_. - -=ārsī=, see =ārdeō=. - -=Artacēs, is=, m., a king of Hiberia, conquered by Pompey. - -=Artaxata, ae=, f., the capital city of Armenia Māior. - -=Ārūns, ūntis=, m., the son of Tarquinius Superbus. - -=Arvernī, ōrum=, pl. m., an important tribe of Celtic Gaul. - -=Arzanēna, ae=, f., a district of Armenia Maior, bounded on the south -by the Tigris. - -=ascendō=, see =*scandō=. - -=Asclēpiodotus, ī=, m., a praetorian praefect during the reign of -Diocletian. - -=Asia, ae=, f., _Asia_; _Asia Minor_. - -=Asiāgenēs, is=, m., a Greek term for the Latin _Asiāticus_; cognomen -of _L. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, conqueror of Antiochus. - -=Asina, ae=, m. (1) _Cn. Cornēlius Asina_, consul 260 B.C. (2) _P. -Cornēlius (Asina)_, consul 218 B.C. - -=Asinius, ī=, m., _Hierius Asinius_, leader of the Marsi in the Marsic -war, 90 B.C. - -=asper, aspera, asperum=, adj., _rough_, _bitter_; _violent_, _severe_. - -=asperitās, ātis= [=asper=], f., _roughness_, _harshness_. - -=aspis, idis=, f., _an asp_, _viper_. - -=assiduus, a, um= [=adsideō=, _to sit by_ or _near_], adj., -_continually present_, _busied_; _diligent_, _persistent_, _faithful_; -_continual_, _unceasing_, _unremitting_. - -=Assyria, ae=, f., a division of Asia between Media, Mesopotamia, and -Babylon. - -=Ātella, ae=, f., a small town in Campania. - -=Athēnae, ārum=, pl. f., _Athens_, the chief city of Attica. - -=Athēniēnsis, e=, adj., _Athenian_. - -=Atīlius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Bulcus, Rēgulus=. - -=atque, ac= (the latter used only before consonants), conj., _and_, -_and especially_, _and even_; _than_, _as_; =simul ac=, _as soon as_; -=idem ac=, _the same as_; =alius ac=, _other than_; =contrā atque=, -_differently from what_. - -=atrōx, ōcis=, adj., _savage_, _fierce_, _cruel_, _terrible_. - -=Attalus, ī=, m., kings of Pergamus. 1. _Attalus I._, 241-197 B.C. 2. -_Attalus Philadelphus_, 159-138 B.C. 3. _Attalus Philometor_, 138-133 -B.C. - -=Attalus, ī=, m., king of Paphlagonia. - -=atterō, ere, trīvī, trītus= [=ad= + =terō=, _to rub_], _to rub -against_, _rub away_, _wear_; _destroy_, _waste_. - -=attingō=, see =*tangō=. - -=attrītus=, see =atterō=. - -=attulī=, see =adferō=. - -=auctor, ōris= [=augeō=], m., _producer_, _originator_, _cause_. - -=auctōritās, ātis= [=auctor=], f., _authority_, _power_; _influence_, -_weight_, _dignity_. - -=auctus, a=, um, see =augeō=. - -=audāx, ācis= [=audeō=], adj., _bold_, _daring_, _audacious_. - -=audeō, ēre, ausus sum=, _to dare_, _attempt_. - -=audiō, īre, īvī, ītus=, _to hear_, _hear of_, _listen to_. -=ob--oboediō, īre, īvī, ītus=, _to give ear to_, _hearken_, _listen_; -_yield_. - -=audītōrium, ī= [=audiō=], n., _a lecture hall_. - -=auferō=, see =ferō=. - -=Aufidius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Orestēs=. - -=augeō, ēre, auxī, auctus=, _to increase_, _spread_; _praise_, _honor_; -_enrich_. - -=Augustus, ī=, m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in 27 B.C., and -after him to all the Roman emperors. - -=Aureliānus, ī=, m., _Lucius Domitius Aureliānus_, Roman emperor, -270-275 A.D. - -=Aurēlius, a, um=, adj., _Aurelian_; esp. _via Aurēlia_, the Aurelian -road. - -=Aurēlius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. _Aurēlius Alexander_, -Roman emperor, 222-235 A.D. See =Antōnīnus, Cotta=. - -=aureus, a, um= [=aurum=], adj., _golden_, _of gold_; _embroidered with -gold_. - -=Aureus mōns=, m., a mountain in Upper Moesia. - -=aurum, ī=, n., _gold_. - -=Aurunculēius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Cotta=. - -=auspicium=, ī [=avis= + =*speciō=], n., _divination by watching the -flight, or noting the cries, of birds_; _an omen_; _auspices_. - -=ausus=, see =audeō=. - -=aut=, conj., _or_; =aut … aut=, _either … or_. - -=autem=, conj., always postpositive, _but_, _however_, _moreover_. - -=auxilium, ī= [=augeō=], n., _help_, _aid_; pl., _auxiliary troops_ -(usually foreign and light armed). - -=avārē= [=avārus=, _greedy_], adv., _greedily_. - -=avāritia, ae= [=avārus=, _greedy_], f., _greed_, _avarice_. - -=Aventīnus, ī=, m. (sc. =mōns=), _the Aventine_, one of the seven hills -of Rome. - -=āvertō=, see =*vertō=. - -=avidus, a, um=, adj., comp. =avidior=, _desirous_, _eager,_ _greedy_. - -=avis, is=, f., _bird_. - -=avunculus, ī= [dim. of =avus=], m., _mother’s brother_, _uncle_. - -=avus, ī=, m., _grandfather_, _ancestor_. - - -B. - -=Babylōn, ōnis=, f., capital city of the Babylonian-Assyrian Empire in -Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates. - -=Bacaudae, ārum=, pl. m., the name of the revolting peasants in Gaul in -the reign of Diocletian. - -=Balbīnus, ī=, m., _(D. Caelius) Balbīnus_ was elected emperor by the -Senate, but was slain by the soldiers at Rome, 238 A.D. - -=barbaria, ae= [=barbarus=], f., a strange land, a foreign country -(opposed to Greece and Italy). - -=barbaricus, a, um= [=barbarus=], adj., _foreign_, _strange_; as -subst., =Barbaricum, ī=, n., _strange land_. - -=barbarus, a, um=, adj., _foreign_, _barbarous_, _barbarian_; as -subst., =barbarī, ōrum=, pl. m., _foreigners_, _barbarians_. - -=Bassiānus, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=Bassus, ī=, m., _L. (P.) Ventidius Bassus_, a Roman general who gained -several victories over the Parthians. Consul 43 B.C. - -=Basternae, ārum=, pl. m., a warlike German people living near the -mouth of the Danube. - -=beātus, a, um= [=beō=, _to bless_]=, adj., _blessed_, _happy_, -_prosperous_. - -=Bēdriacum, ī=, n., a small town in Cisalpine Gaul. - -=Belgicus, a, um=, adj., _Belgic_; =Gallia Belgica=, or absol. -=Belgica=, the northern part of Gaul between the Rhine and the Seine. - -=bellicōsus, a, um= [=bellicus=], adj., _warlike_, _fond of war_, -_fierce_. - -=bellicus, a, um= [=bellum=], adj., _pertaining to war_, _military_, -_martial_. - -=bellō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=bellum=], _to wage war_. =re--rebellō, āre, -āvī, ātus=, _to wage war again_, _rebel_. - -=bellum, ī= [for =duellum=, from =duo=], n., _war_, _warfare_. - -=bene= [=bonus=], adv., comp. =melius=, sup. =optimē=; _well_, -_successfully_. - -=Beneventum, ī=, n., a city in Campania in Italy. - -=benīgnitās, ātis= [=benīgnus=], f., _good-will_, _kindness_. - -=benīgnus, a, um=, adj., _kind_, _favorable_. - -=Berenīcē, ēs=, f., a city in Cyrenaica in Africa. - -=Bessī, ōrum=, pl. m., a mountain tribe of Thrace. - -=Bēstia, ae=, m., _L. Calpurnius Bēstia_, consul 111 B.C. - -=bēstia, ae=, f., _a beast_, _animal_. - -=bibō, ere, bibī, --=, _to drink_. - -=Bibulus, ī=, m., _L. (Calpurnius) Bibulus_, consul with Caesar 59 B.C. - -=biennium, ī= [=bis= + =annus=], n., _two years’ time_. - -=bīnī, ae, a= [=bis=], dist. num. adj., _two by two_, _two each_. - -=bis= [=duis=; cf. =duo=], num. adv., _twice_. - -=Bīthȳnia, ae=, f., a country in Asia Minor, on the Propontis and Black -Sea. - -=Bituītus, ī=, m., a king of the Arverni in Gaul. - -=Blaesus, ī=, m., _C. Semprōnius Blaesus_, consul 253 B.C. - -=blanditia, ae=, f., _flattery_; in pl., _blandishments_, _allurements_. - -=blatteus, a, um= [=blatta=, _purple_], adj., _purple-colored_. - -=blattinus, a, um= [=blatta=, _purple_], adj., _purple-colored_. - -=Bocchus, ī=, m., a king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha. - -=Bōiōnius, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=bonitās, ātis= [=bonus=], f., _goodness_. - -=Bononia, ae=, f., a city in Belgic Gaul, now Boulogne. - -=Bonōsus, ī=, m., a Spaniard who usurped the imperial title in Gaul in -the reign of Probus, 281 A.D. - -=bonus, a, um=, adj., comp. =melior=, sup. =optimus=; _good_, -_advantageous_, _friendly_; =bonō animō esse=, _to feel friendly_; as -subst., =bonum, ī=, n., _profit_; =bonī, ōrum=, pl. m., _good men_, -_loyal citizens_; =bona, ōrum=, pl. n., _goods_. - -=Bosporānī, ōrum=, pl. m., dwelling on the Cimmerian Bosporus. - -=Bosporus, ī=, m. 1. _Cimmerius Bosporus_, the strait leading from the -Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. 2. A city in the Crimea on the Cimmerian -Bosporus. - -=bracchium, ī=, n., _an arm_. - -=breviārium, ī= [=brevis=], n., _a summary_, _abridgment_, _epitome_. - -=brevis, e=, adj., _short_, _brief_. - -=brevitās, ātis= [=brevis=], f., _shortness_. - -=Britannicus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Britain_, _British_; as -subst., =Britannicus, ī=, m., son of the emperor Claudius and Messalina. - -=Britannī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Britain_, _Britons_. - -=Britannia, ae=, f., _Britain_, England and Scotland; in the pl. -includes Ireland. - -=Brundisīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of the city of -Brundisium_, in Calabria. - -=Bruttiī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people in the southwestern part of Italy. - -=Brūtus, ī=, m., a family name at Rome. 1. _D. Iūnius Brūtus._ He -conquered the Callaeci and Lusitani, and won the name of Callaecus -in consequence. Consul 138 B.C. 2. _L. Iūnius Brūtus_, nephew of -Tarquinius Superbus, consul with Collatinus 509 B.C. 3. _(M. Iūnius) -Brūtus_, one of the murderers of Caesar. - -=Budalia, ae=, f., a town in Lower Pannonia, the birthplace of the -emperor Decius. - -=Bulcus, ī=, m., _C. Atīlius Bulcus_, consul 237 B.C. - -=Burdigala, ae=, f., a city in Aquitania, now Bordeaux. - -=Burziaonē, ēs=, f., a city in the modern Bulgaria. - -=Bȳzantium, ī=, n., a city on the Thracian Bosporus, later -Constantinople. - - -C. - -=C.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Gaius=. - -=C.= ＝ =centum=, 100. - -=Cabīra, ōrum=, pl. n., a city in Pontus, on the border of Armenia. - -=Cabylē, ēs=, f., a town in Thrace. - -=cadāver, eris= [=cadō=], n., _a corpse_. - -=cadō, ere, cecidī, casūrus=, _to fall_, _be killed_, _die_; _happen_. -=ad--accidō, ere, cidī, --=, _to happen_, _befall_, _come to pass_. -=con--concidō, ere, cidī, --=, _to fall_, _be slain_, _perish_. -=in--incidō, ere, cidī, --=, _to fall_, _fall in with_, _meet_; -_happen_. - -=Caecilius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. Q. _Caecilius_, consul -206 B.C. See =Metellus=. - -=Caecus, ī=, m., _Appius Claudius (Caecus)_, consul 307 B.C. - -=caedēs, is= [=caedō=], f., _killing_, _slaughter_, _massacre_. - -=caedo, ere, cecīdī, caesus=, _to cut_, _cut to pieces_; _kill_, -_conquer_, _rout_; =virgīs caedere=, _flog_. =ex--excīdō, ere, cīdī, -cīsus=, _to cut out_, _cut down_, _cut off_; _demolish_, _lay waste_. -=ob--occīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus=, _to cut down_, _kill_, _slay_. - -=Caelius, a, um=, adj., _Caelian_; =Caelius Mōns=, _the Caelian Hill_, -one of the seven hills of Rome. - -=caelum, ī=, n., _heaven_, _sky_. - -=Caenīnēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Caenīna_, a town of the -Sabines. - -=Caenophrūrium, ī=, n., a town in Thrace. - -=Caepiō, ōnis=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _Cn. Servīlius -Caepiō_, consul 253 B.C. 2. _Q. (Cn.) Servīlius Caepiō_, consul 140 -B.C. 3. _Q. (Servīlius) Caepiō_, consul 106 B.C. - -=Caesar, aris=, m., a family name in the Julian gens. 1. _C. Iūlius -Caesar_, the famous dictator. See Notes, p. 144. 2. _Sex. Iūlius -Caesar_, uncle of the dictator. Consul 91 B.C. 3. _C. Octāviānus_, see -=Augustus, Octāviānus=. - -=Caesarēa, ae=, f., the name given to several cities founded in -honor of the Caesars. 1. _Caesarēa_ in Cappadocia. 2. _Caesarēa_ in -Mauretania. 3. _Caesarēa_ in Palestine. - -=caesus, a, um=, see =caedō=. - -=Calābria, ae=, f., a division of southern Italy. - -=calamitās, ātis=, f., _a calamity_, _defeat_. - -=calceāmentum, ī=, n., _a shoe_. - -=calidus, a, um=, adj., comp. =calidior=; _warm_, _hot_. - -=Caligula, ae=, m., _C. Caesar_, surnamed _Caligula_, Roman emperor -37-41 A.D. - -=Callaecī, ōrum=, pl. m., the inhabitants of the northern part of Spain. - -=Callatis, is=, f., a town in Moesia, on the Black Sea. - -=callidē= [=callidus=, _shrewd_], adv., _keenly_, _shrewdly_. - -=Callinīcum, ī=, m., a city in Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates. - -=Calpurnius, ī=, m., see =Bēstia=. - -=Calvīnus, ī=, m., _Sex. Domitius Calvīnus_, consul 127 B.C. - -=calx, cis=, f., _limestone_, _lime_; _the goal of the race-course_. - -=Camillus, ī=, m., 1. _(M.) Fūrius Camillus_, a famous Roman hero. 2. -_L. Fūrius (Camillus)_, consul 349 B.C. - -=Campānia, ae=, f., a district of Italy on the western side, south of -Latium. - -=campus, ī=, _a plain_; =Campus Mārtius=, the level space north of the -Capitoline Hill at Rome; it was outside of the walls in the earliest -times, and served as a place for exercise. - -=Canīna, ae=, m., _C. Claudius Canīna_, consul 273 B.C. - -=Cannae, ārum=, pl. f., a small town in Apulia, where one of the most -important battles of the Second Punic War was fought, 216 B.C. - -=Cantabria, ae=, f., a division in the northern part of Spain. - -=cantō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =canō=, _to sing_], _to produce -melodious sounds_, _sing_. - -=capiō, ere, cēpī, captus=, _to take_, _get_, _seize_, _capture_, -_arrive at_; =consilium capere=, _to form a plan_. =ad--accipiō, -ere, cēpī, ceptus=, _to accept_, _receive_; _listen to_, _learn_. -=dē--dēcipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus=, _to take in_, _catch_, _deceive_, -_cheat_. =ex--excipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus=, _to take out_, _except_, -_take up_; _intercept_, _capture_; _receive_. =prae--praecipiō, ere, -cēpī, ceptus=, _to take_ _beforehand_, _foresee_; _bid_, _order_, -_direct_, _instruct_. =re--recipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus=, _to take back_, -_receive_; _admit_; =sē recipere=, _to retreat_. =sub--suscipiō, ere, -cēpī, ceptus=, _to take up_; _admit_, _support_; _undertake_, _incur_, -_undergo_. - -=Capitōlium, ī=, n., the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome; the hill on -which this stood, the _Mōns Capitōlīnus_, the citadel as well as the -chief sanctuary of Rome. - -=Cappadocia, ae=, f., a province in Asia Minor. - -=Cappadox, ocis=, m., _a Cappadocian_. - -=captīvus, a, um= [=capiō=], adj., _captive_; as subst., =captīvus, ī=, -m., =captīva, ae=, f., _captive_, _prisoner of war_. - -=captus, a, um=, see =capiō=. - -=Capua, ae=, f., a Greek city near Naples, in Campania. - -=caput, itis=, n., _the head_; _a person_, _man_; _mouth_ (of a river); -_life_. - -=Caracalla, ae=, m., see =M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus=. - -=Carausius, ī=, m., a commander of the fleet under Maximian. He -revolted, and after some time was slain, 293 A.D. - -=Carbō, ōnis=, m., 1. _Cn. (Papīrius) Carbō_, consul 113 B.C. 2. _(Cn.) -Papīrius Carbō_, consul 82 B.C. - -=carcer, eris=, m., _prison_. - -=Cardueni, ōrum=, pl. m., a powerful and warlike people in the -southeastern part of Armenia Māior. - -=careō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to be without_, _be free from_, _be destitute -of_; _refrain from_, _abstain from_. - -=Carīnās, ātis=, m., _C. Carīnās_, a leader of the Marian party. - -=Carīnus, ī=, m., the son of the emperor Carus. He was associated with -his father in the government. - -=Carnuntum, ī=, n., an ancient Celtic town in Upper Pannonia, on the -Danube. - -=Carpī, ōrum=, pl. m., a German people living between the Carpathian -mountains and the Danube. - -=Carrae, ārum=, pl. f., a city in Mesopotamia. - -=Carthalō, ōnis=, m., a leader of the Carthaginians, slain by Q. Fabius -Maximus. - -=Cārus=, ī, m., _(M. Aurēlius) Cārus_, Roman emperor, 282-283 A.D. - -=Casca, ae=, m., _(P.) Servīlius Casca_, consul 44 B.C. - -=Cassius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Longīnus, Viscellīnus=. - -=castellum, ī= [dim. from =castrum=], n., _a stronghold_, _castle_, -_fort_. - -=castrum, ī=, n., _a fortified place_, _town_; pl., =castra, ōrum=, pl. -n., _a camp_; _a campaign_. - -=cāsus, ūs= [=cadō=], m., _that which befalls_; _event_, _chance_, -_misfortune_, _death_. - -=Catalaunī, ōrum=, pl. m., a city in Belgic Gaul. - -=catēna, ae=, f., _a chain_, _fetter_. - -=catēnō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=catēna=], _to bind with chains_. - -=Catilīna, ae=, m., _L. Sergius Catiline_, a conspirator during the -consulship of Cicerō, 63 B.C. - -=Catinēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Catina_, or _Catana_, in -Sicily. - -=Catō, ōnis=, m., a family name in the Porcian gens. 1. _(M.) Porcius -Catō_, consul 89 B.C. 2. _C. (Porcius) Catō_, consul 114 B.C. 3. _M. -Porcius Catō_, consul 118 B.C. 4. _M. Porcius Catō Uticēnsis_. - -=Cattī, ōrum=, pl. m., one of the most important nations in Germany, in -Hesse, and Thuringia. - -=Catulus, ī=, m., a family name at Rome. 1. _C. Lutātius Catulus_, -consul 242 B.C. 2. _Q. Lutātius (Catulus)_, consul 241 B.C. 3. _Q. -Lutātius Catulus_, consul 202 B.C. 4. _Q. (Lutātius) Catulus_, consul -78 B.C. - -=Caudex, icis=, m., _Appius Claudius (Caudex)_, consul 264 B.C. - -=Caudīnus, a, um=, adj., _Caudine_; =Furculae Caudīnae=, the Caudine -Forks, a narrow pass in the Samnite mountains. - -=Caudium, ī=, n., a town in Samnium. - -=causa, ae=, f., _reason_, _motive_; _pretext_; _case_, _state_; -=causā=, with gen. postpositive, _for the sake of_, _on account of_; -=causam dare=, _to occasion_, _cause_. - -=causidicus, ī= [=causa= + =dīcō=], m., _a pleader_, _advocate_, -_special pleader_. - -=cecidī=, see =cadō=. - -=cecīdī=, see =caedō=. =cēdō, ere, cessī, cessus=, _to move_, _yield_, -_retreat_. =ad--accēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus=, _to move towards_, _draw -near_; _be added_; _agree to_, _enter into_. =con--concēdō, ere, cessī, -cessus=, _to withdraw_, _retire_, _depart_; _submit_; _allow_, _grant_, -_concede_. =dē--dēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessus=, _to go away_, _withdraw_, -_depart_; _to die_ (sc. =vītā=). =in--incēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus=, -_to advance_, _approach_; _march_; _move slowly_. =inter--intercēdō, -ere, cessī, cessus=, _to go between_; _intervene_; _occur_. -=prae--praecēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus=, _to go before_. =prō--prōcēdō, -ere, cessī, cessus=, _to move forward_, _advance_, _make progress_. -=re--recēdō, ere, cessī, cessus=, _to move back_, _withdraw_, _retire_, -_retreat_. =sub--succēdō, ere, cessī, cessus=, _to come up_, _advance_; -_succeed_, _follow_. - -=celeber, bris, bre=, adj., famous. - -=celebrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=celeber=], _to practice_, _repeat_; -_celebrate_. - -=celeritās, ātis= [=celer=, _swift_], f., _swiftness_, _speed_, -_alertness_. - -=celerō, āre, --, --= [=celer=, _swift_], _to hasten_. - -=Celtiberia, ae=, f., a mountainous country in the central part of -Spain. - -=cēna, ae=, f., dinner, the principal meal of the Romans, taken about -three o’clock. - -=cēnō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=cēna=], _to dine_, _eat_. - -=cēnsor, ōris= [=cēnseō=, _to value_], m., _censor_, a Roman -magistrate, elected every four years, to classify the citizens. - -=Cēnsōrīnus, ī=, m., _L. Mānlius Cēnsōrīnus_, consul 149 B.C. - -=cēnsus, ūs= [=cēnseō=, _to value_], m., the census, an enumeration and -classification of the people according to wealth. - -=centēnī, ae a, a= [=centum=], distrib. num. adj., _a hundred each_. - -=centēsimus, a, um= [=centum=], num. adj., _hundredth_. - -=centum=, indecl. num. adj., a hundred. - -=Centumalus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _Cn. Fulvius -Centumalus_, consul 229 B.C. 2. _Cn. Fulvius (Centumalus)_, consul 211 -B.C. - -=centuriō, ōnis= [=centum=], m., a century, a division of the army or -the people, containing a hundred men. - -=cēpī=, see =capiō=. - -=cernō, ere, crēvī, certus=, _to separate_; _see_, _perceive_; -_decide_, _determine_. =dē--dēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus=, _to decide_, -_determine_; _decree_, _vote_, _intrust_ (by a decree); _contend_, -_fight_. - -=certāmen, inis= [=certō=, _to fight_], n., _a struggle_, _battle_, -_engagement_. - -=certātim= [=certō=, _to fight_], adv., _in rivalry_, _zealously_. - -=certē= [=certus=, _certain_], adv., _certainly_, _surely_. - -=cessī=, see =cēdō=. - -=cessō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =cēdō=], _to be inactive_, _loiter_, -_delay_; _come to an end_, _cease_. - -=(cēterus), a, um= [nom. sing. m. lacking], adj., _the rest_, _the -others_, _others_. - -=Chaerōnēnsis, e=, adj., _belonging to Chaerōnēa_, _a town in Boeotia_. - -=Chalcēdōn, ōnis=, f., a Greek city in Bithynia. - -=Chalcēdōnius, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Chalcedon_. - -=chlamys, ydis=, f., _a Grecian upper garment of wool_, _military -cloak_, _state mantle_. - -=Christiānus, a, um=, adj., _Christian_; =Christiāna religiō=, -_Christianity_. - -=Cibalae, ārum=, pl. f., a town in Pannonia. - -=Cicerō, ōnis=, m., _M. Tullius Cicerō_, the famous orator, consul 63 -B.C. - -=Cilicia, ae=, f., a division of Asia Minor, bordering on the -Mediterranean Sea. - -=Cimbrī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Germanic tribe which, together with the -Teutones, invaded Italy, and was defeated by Marius, 101 B.C. - -=Cimbricus, a, um=, adj., _Cimbrian_. - -=Cincinnātus, ī=, m., a Roman family name. 1. _L. Quīntius -Cincinnātus_, consul 460 B.C. 2. _T. Quīntius Cincinnātus_, conquered -the Praenestini near the river Allia. - -=Cīneas, ae=, m., the friend and minister of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. - -=cingō, ere, cīnxī, cīnctus=, _to encircle_, _surround_; _gird_, _gird -on_, _equip_; =obsidiōne cingere=, _to blockade_, _besiege_. - -=Cinna, ae=, m., _L. Cornelius Cinna_, consul 87, 86 B.C. - -=circā=, adv. and prep. with acc., _around_, _round about_, -_throughout_. - -=Circēsium, ī=, n., a city of Mesopotamia on the Euphrates. - -=circueō=, see =circumeō=. - -=circuitus, ūs= [=circumeō=], m., _a going round_, _circuit_, _winding -way_. - -=circumdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=circumeō=, see =eō=. - -=circumferō=, see =ferō=. - -=circumlātus=, see =circumferō=. - -=circus, ī=, m., _a circle_, _inclosure for athletic sports_, esp. -_chariot races_; =Circus Māximus=, see Notes, p. 108. - -=citharoedicus=, a, um, adj., _of_ or _pertaining to the citharoedī_, -those who play on the cithara, accompanying it with the voice. - -=*citō, āre, āvī, ātus= [intens. of =cieō=, _to cause to move_], _to -rouse_. =con--concitō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to arouse_, _urge_, _excite_. -=ex--excitō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to rouse forth_, _excite_, _stimulate_. - -=cito=, adv., _quickly_, _speedily_, _soon_. - -=cīvīlis, e= [=cīvis=], adj., _pertaining to a citizen_; _civil_; -_polite_, _moderate_. - -=cīvīlissimē=, see =cīvīliter=. - -=cīvīlitās, ātis= [=cīvīlis=], f., _the art of government_, _politics_; -_courteousness_, _politeness_, _affability_. - -=cīvīliter= [=cīvīlis=], adv., sup. =cīvīlissimē=; _citizenlike, as -becomes a private citizen_. - -=cīvis, is=, m., _a citizen_. - -=cīvitās, ātis=, f., _citizenship_; _state_, _community_; _city_. - -=clārē= [=clārus=], adv., _clearly_; _loudly_. - -=clārēscō, ere, clarui, --= [incho. of =clāreō=, _to be bright_], _to -grow bright_; _become audible_, _sound clear_; _become illustrious_, -_grow famous_. - -=clārus, a, um=, adj., _bright_; _famous_, _renowned_; of sound, -_clear_, _loud_. - -=classis, is=, f., _a class or division of citizens_; _the navy_; -_fleet_. - -=Claudius, ī=, m., the name of one of the oldest and most famous of -the Roman gentes. 1. _Claudius I._, Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero, Roman -emperor, 41-54 A.D. 2. _Claudius II._, M. Aurelius Claudius Gothicus, -Roman emperor, 268-270 A.D. See =Caecus=, =Canīna=, =Caudex=, -=Crassus=, =Mārcellus=, =Nerō=, =Pulcher=. - -=Claudius, a, um=, adj., _Claudian_. - -=claudō, ere, clausī, clausus=, _to shut_, _close_, _inclose_. -=con--conclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus=, _to shut up_, _confine_. -=ex--exclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus=, _to shut out_, _cut off_, _exclude_. - -=claustrum, ī= [=claudō=], n., _a barrier_, _hindrance_; _frontier_, -_fortress_, _point of control_. - -=clēmentia, ae= [=clēmēns=, _gentle_], f., =mercifulness=, -_forbearance_, _kindness_. - -=Cleopatra, ae=, f., the famous queen of Egypt. - -=clībanārius, ī=, m., _a soldier clad in mail_; _a cuirassier_. - -=clipeus, ī=, m., _a round shield_, as distinguished from =scutum=, _an -oblong shield_. - -=cloāca, ae=, f., _a sewer drain_. - -=Clōdius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Albīnus=. - -=Cluentius, ī=, m., a leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war. - -=Clypea, ae=, f., a fortified town in the northern part of Africa, near -Carthage. - -=Cn.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Gnaeus=. - -=coāctus=, see =cōgō=. - -=Cōchē, ēs=, f., a city on the Tigris, near Ctesiphon. - -=coepī, isse, coeptus=, defective verb, _to begin_. - -=coërceō=, see =*arceō=. - -=coërcitor, ōris= [=coërceō=], m., _one who restrains_, _an enforcer_. - -=cognitus=, see =cognōscō=. - -=cognōmen, inis= [=con= + =(g)nōmen=], n., _a surname_, a name added to -the individual and clan names of a person, either as a title of honor, -as =Africānus=, =Māgnus=, or as a nickname, as =Cicerō=. _Cognōmina_ -served to distinguish different families of the same gens. - -=cognōmentum, ī= [=cognōmen=], n., _a surname_ (rare). - -=cognōscō=, see =nōscō=. - -=cōgō=, see =agō=. - -=Colchī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Colchis_, in Asia. - -Col=lātīnus, ī=, m., _(L.) Tarquinius Collātīnus_, the husband of -Lucretia, and one of the first two consuls, 509 B.C. - -=collīnus, a, um=, [=collis=, _a hill_], adj., _pertaining to a hill_, -_hilly_; =Porta Collīna=, the Colline Gate. - -=collum, ī=, m., _neck_. - -=colō, ere, uī, cultus=, _to till_, _cultivate_; dwell in; practice, -cherish; clothe, adorn; _honor_, _esteem_. =in--incolō, ere, uī, --=, -_to dwell_, _settle_, _inhabit_. - -=colōnia, ae=, [=colō=], f., _a colony_, _settlement_. - -=columna, ae=, f., _a column_, _pillar_. - -=coma, ae=, f., _hair_. - -=comes, itis= [=con= + =eō=], m. and f., _a companion_, _comrade_; -_attendant_, _follower_. - -=comētēs, ae=, Gr. acc. =comētēn=, m., _a comet_. - -=Commāgēnē, ēs=, f., a district in the northern part of Syria. - -=commemorō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=con= + =memor=, _mindful_], _to call to -mind_, _mention_, _tell_. - -=commendātiō, ōnīs= [=commendō=], f., _commending_, _recommendation_. - -=commendō=, see =mandō=. - -=committō=, see =mittō=. - -=commodē= [=commodus=], adv., _fitly_, _easily_, _properly_, _rightly_. - -=commodum, ī= [=commodus=], n., _convenience_, _advantage_, _utility_. - -=Commodus, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=commodus, a, um= [=con= + =modus=], adj., _in due measure_, -_suitable_, _fit_, _convenient_. - -=commoror, ārī, ātus sum= [=con= + =moror=, _to delay_], _to tarry_, -_linger_, _abide_, _remain_. - -=commoveō=, see =moveō=. - -=commūnis, e= [=con= + =mūnus=], adj., _common_; _ordinary_; _public_; -=rēs commūnis=, _the public interest_. - -=compāreō=, see =pāreō=. - -=comparō=, see =parō=. - -=comparō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=compār=, _like_], _to compare_. - -=compellō=, see =pellō=. - -=comperiō=, see =*pariō=. - -=compescō, ere, uī, --=, _to confine_, _hold in check_, _repress_, -_curb_, _restrain_. - -=compleō=, see =*pleō=. - -=complexus, ūs= [=complector=, _to embrace_], m., _surrounding_, -_embrace_. - -=compōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=compulī=, see =compellō=. - -=computātiō, ōnis= [=computō=, _to sum up_], f., _a reckoning_. - -=concēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=concidō=, see =cadō=. - -=concitō=, see =*citō=. - -=concitor, ōris= [=concitō=], m., _he who arouses_, _a stirrer up_. - -=conclūdō=, see =claudō=. - -=Concordia, ae=, f., a Roman colony founded in Venetia. - -=concubīna, ae=, f., _a concubine_. - -=condiciō, ōnis= [=condīcō=, _to agree_], f., _a condition_, _state_; -_terms_, _stipulation_. - -=condiscipulus, ī= [=con= + =discipulus=, _a student_], m., _a -fellow-student_, _schoolmate_. - -=conditor, ōris= [=condō=], m., _a founder_, _inventor_, _writer_. - -=condō=, see =dō=. - -=cōnfectus=, see =cōnficiō=. - -=cōnferō=, see =ferō=. - -=cōnfestim=, adv., _immediately_, _at once_. - -=cōnficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=cōnfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus= [=con= + =fīgō=, _to fix_], =to fasten -together=, =unite=. - -=cōnfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=con= + =fīrmō=, _to make firm_], _to -confirm_, _strengthen_, _encourage_, _affirm_. - -=cōnflīgō=, see =*flīgō=. - -=cōnfluō=, see =fluō=. - -=cōnfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus= [=con= + =fodiō=, _to dig_], _to dig_; -_stab_. - -=cōnfugiō=, see =fugiō=. - -=cōnfundō=, see =fundō=. - -=cōnfūsus=, see =cōnfundō=. - -=congerō=, see =gerō=. - -=congredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=congregō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=con= + =grex=, _a herd_], _to collect_, -_unite_. - -=congressus=, see =congredior=. - -=cōniciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=coniungō=, see =iungō=. - -=coniūnx, coniugis= [=coniungō=], m. and f., _a husband_, _wife_. - -=coniūrātiō, ōnis= [=coniūrō=], f., _a conspiracy_, _plot_. - -=coniūrō=, see =iūrō=. - -=conlātus=, see =conferō=. - -=conlēga, ae= [=conligō=], m., _a colleague_. - -=conligō=, see =legō=. - -=conlocō=, see =locō=. - -=conloquium, ī= [=con= + =loquor=, _to speak_], n., _an interview_, -_conference_. - -=cōnor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to attempt_, _try_. - -=cōnscendō=, see =*scandō=. - -=cōnsecrō=, see =*sacrō=. - -=cōnsecūtus=, see =cōnsequor=. - -=cōnsēdī=, see =cōnsīdō=. - -=cōnsenēscō=, see =senēscō=. - -=cōnsēnsī=, see =cōnsentiō=. - -=cōnsēnsus, ūs= [=cōnsentiō=], m., _consent_, _assent_, _united -opinion_; =ex commūnī cōnsēnsū=, _by common consent_. - -=cōnsentio=, see =sentiō=. - -=cōnsenuī=, see =cōnsenēscō=. - -=cōnsequor=, see =sequor=. - -=cōnserō=, see =*serō=. - -=cōnsīdō=, see =sīdō=. - -=cōnsilium, ī= [=cōnsulō=], n., _a plan_, _advice_; _counsel_, -_wisdom_; _authority_; _council_. - -=cōnsistō=, see =*sistō=. - -=cōnsōbrīna, ae= [=con= + =soror=], f., _a cousin-german_, _first -cousin_. - -=cōnspectus, ūs= [=cōnspiciō=], m., _sight_, _presence_. - -=cōnspiciō=, see =*speciō=. - -=Cōnstāns, antis=, m., the youngest of the three sons of Constantine -the Great. - -=Cōnstantia, ae=, f., daughter of Constantius Chlorus. - -=Cōnstantīnopolis, is=, f., Constantinople, a city built on the site of -Byzantium by Constantine the Great. - -=Cōnstantīnus, ī=, m., 1. _Cōnstantīnus_, surnamed “the Great.” Roman -emperor 306-337 A.D. 2. _Cōnstantīnus_, son of (1). - -=Cōnstantius, ī=, m., 1. _Cōnstantius Chlōrus_, father of Constantine -the Great. Roman emperor 305-306 A.D. 2. _Cōnstantius_, third son of -Constantine the Great. Roman emperor 337-361 A.D. - -=cōnstitī=, see =cōnsistō=. - -=cōnstituō=, see *statuō. - -=cōnsuētūdō, inis= [=cōnsuēscō=, _to become accustomed_], f., _habit_, -_custom_, _manner_. - -=cōnsul, ulis=, m., _a consul_. The usual name of the two highest -officials of the Roman republic. They were elected annually, and their -names were used in place of a date. - -=cōnsulāris, e= [=cōnsul=], adj., _of a consul_, _of consular rank_; as -subst., _an ex-consul_. - -=cōnsulātus, ūs= [=cōnsul=], m., _consulate_, _consulship_. - -=cōnsulō, ere, uī, tus=, _to consult_, _consider_; _counsel_, _give -advice to_; _provide for_; _ask advice of_. - -=cōnsultō= [=cōnsulō=], adv., _purposely_. - -=cōnsultum, ī= [=cōnsulō=], n., _resolution_, _decree_; =senātūs -cōnsultum=, _decree of the senate_. - -=cōnsultus, a, um= [=cōnsulō=], adj., _experienced_, _learned_; =iūris -cōnsultus=, _a lawyer_. - -=cōnsūmō=, see =sūmō=. - -=contāminō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=contāmen=, _touch_], _to bring into -contact_, _mingle_; _corrupt_, _defile_, _pollute_. - -=contemnō, ere, tempsī, temptus= [=con= + =temnō=, _to scorn_], _to -despise_, _scorn_. - -=contendō=, see =tendō=. - -=contentiō, ōnis= [=contendō=], f., _exertion_, _struggle_; _contest_, -_contention_. - -=contentus, a, um= [=contineō=], adj., _content_, _satisfied_. - -=contigī=, see =contingō=. - -=contineō=, see =teneō=. - -=contingō=, see =*tangō=. - -=continuus, a, um= [=contineō=], adj., _successive_, _uninterrupted_. - -=cōntiō, ōnis= [contr. from =conventiō=, _assembling_], f., _assembly_; -_an address_ (to the assembly). - -=contrā=, prep. with acc., _against_, _opposite to_, _contrary to_; -=adv.=, _on the other hand_; =contrā atque=, _contrary to what_. - -=contrāctus, a, um=, see =contrahō=. - -=contrādīcō=, see =dīcō=. - -=contrahō=, see =trahō=. - -=contrōversia, ae= [=contrā= + =vertō=], f., _dispute_, _controversy_. - -=contulī=, see =cōnferō=. - -=conveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=conventus, ūs= [=conveniō=], m., _a meeting_, _assembly_. - -=conversus=, see =convertō=. - -=convertō=, see =*vertō=. - -=convīcium, ī= [=con= + =vocō=], n., _a loud noise_, _clamor_, _cry_; -_insult_. - -=convincō=, see =vincō=. - -=convīvium, ī= [=con= + =vīvō=], n., _a feast_. - -=cōpia, ae= [=co(n)= + =ops=], f., _abundance_, _supply_; pl., -_troops_, _supplies_; _means_, _force_, _wealth_. - -=cōpiōsus, a, um= [=cōpia=], adj., _abounding in_, _well supplied_, -_rich_. - -=Corinthiī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Corinth_. - -=Corinthus, ī=, f., a city in the Peloponnesus on the isthmus of -Corinth, captured and destroyed by the Romans, 146 B.C. - -=Coriolānus, ī=, m., the surname of Q. Marcius, the conqueror of -Corioli, 493 B.C. - -=Coriolī, ōrum=, pl. m., a town of the Volsci in Latium. - -=Cornēlius, ī=, m., the name of a large and important gens at Rome. -See =Asina=, =Cinna=, =Dolābella=, =Faustus=, =Fuscus=, =Galbus=, -=Lentulus=, =Rūfīnus=, =Scīpiō=, =Sulla=. - -=cornū, ūs=, n., _a horn_; _trumpet_; _wing_ (of an army). - -=corpus, oris=, n., _a body_. - -=corrēctor, ōris= [=corrigō=], m., _a corrector_, _improver_; _a land -bailiff_, _governor_. - -=corrēctus=, see =corrigō=. - -=corrēxī=, see =corrigō=. - -=corrigō=, see =regō=. - -=corripiō=, see =rapiō=. - -=corrumpō=, see =rumpō=. - -=Corsica, ae=, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, west of Italy. - -=Corvīnus, ī=, m., _M. Valerius Corvīnus_, twice dictator, six times -consul. - -=corvus, ī=, m., =a raven=. - -=Corycus, ī=, m., a city in Cilicia. - -=Cosconius, ī=, m., _C. Cosconius_, a praetor during the Social War, 89 -B.C. - -=Cotta, ae=, m., 1. _M. Aurēlius Cotta_, consul 78 (74) B.C. 2. _(L.) -Aurunculēius (Cotta)_, one of Caesar’s lieutenants in Gaul. - -=Cottius, ī=, m., a king of several Ligurian tribes in the Cottian Alps. - -=Cottius, a, um=, adj., _Cottian_; =Alpēs Cottiae=, the Cottian Alps, -between France and Italy, from Mt. Viso to Mt. Cenis. - -=Cotys, yis=, m., a Thracian king. - -=Crassus, ī=, m., a Roman family name. 1. _Appius Claudius Crassus_, -decemvir. 2. _M. Licinius Crassus_, the triumvir, consul 70 B.C. 3. _P. -Licinius Crassus_, consul 171 B.C. 4. _P. Licinius Crassus_, called -Dives Mucianus, consul 131 B.C. - -=crēber, bra, brum=, adj., _crowded_, _numerous_, _frequent_. - -=crēdō, ere, crēdidī, crēditus=, _to believe_, _trust_, _think_; -_intrust_, _commend to_. - -=creō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to create_, _make_, _beget_; _elect_, _declare -elected_. - -=crēscō, ere, crēvī, crētus=, _to grow_, _increase_; _become -influential_, _prosper_. - -=Crēta, ae=, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Greece; -modern Candia. - -=Crēticus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Crete_; =Crēticum bellum=, _war -against Crete_. - -=crīmen, inis= [=cernō=], n., _accusation_, _slander_; _fault_, -_crime_, _offense_. - -=crīnītus, a, um= [=crīnis=, _hair_], adj., _covered with hair_. - -=Crīnītus, ī=, m., see =Trāiānus=. - -=Crixus, ī=, m., one of the gladiators who revolted with Spartacus. - -=crūdēlitās, ātis= [=crūdēlis=, _cruel_], f., _cruelty_. - -=crūdēliter= [=crūdēlis=, _cruel_], adv., _cruelly_. - -=crūditās, ātis= [=crūdus=, _unripe_], f., _overloading of the -stomach_; _indigestion_. - -=cruentus, a, um= [=cruor=], adj., _blood-stained_, _bloody_. - -=cruor, ōris=, m., _running blood_, _gore_. - -=Crustumīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Crustumerium_, a town -in the territory of the Sabines, north of Rome. - -=crystallinus, a, um= [=crystallum=, _crystal_], adj., _of crystal_. - -=Ctēsiphōn, ōntis=, f., a city in Assyria, on the Tigris. - -=cubiculum, ī= [=cubō=, _to lie down_], n., _a bedchamber_. - -=culpō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=culpa=, _fault_], _to find fault with_, -_blame_. - -=cultus, ūs= [=colō=], m., _cultivation_, _worship_; _culture_, -_training_; mo_de of life_; _dress_, _splendor_. - -=cum=, prep. with abl., _with_, _together with_. - -=cum=, conj., of time, _when_, _while_, _whenever_; of cause, _since_; -of concession, _although_; =cum … tum=, _both … and_, _not only … but -also_. - -=cūnctus, a, um= [=coniunctus, con= + =iungo=], adj., _all together_, -_all_. - -=cupiditās, ātis= [=cupidus=, _desirous_], f., _desire_, _longing_; -_greediness_, _avarice_. - -=cūra, ae=, f., _care_, _anxiety_. - -=Cūria, ae=, f., _the Roman senate house_, either the Curia Hostilia, -adjoining the Forum, or the Curia Pompeia, built by Pompey in the -Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar was murdered. - -=Cūriō, ōnis=, m., _C. Scrībōnius_, consul 76 B.C. - -=Curius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Dentātus=. - -=currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus=, to run. =ob--occurro, currere, -(cu)curri, cursus=, _to run to meet_; _meet with_, _encounter_; -_withstand_; _occur_. - -=currus, ūs= [=currō=], m., _a chariot_. - -=Cursor, ōris=, m., _L. Papīrius Cursor_, a celebrated general, six -times consul, dictator twice. - -=cursus, ūs= [=currō=], m., _running_, _speed_; _course_, _voyage_. - -=cūstōdia, ae= [=cūstōs=, a guard], f., _care_, _guard_, _custody_. - -=Cȳrēnē, ēs=, f., a Greek city on the coast of Africa, west of Egypt. - -=Cȳzicus, ī=, f., a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor. - -=Cȳzicēnus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Cȳzicus_. - - -D. - -=D.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Decimus=. - -=D.= ＝ 500. - -=Dācī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Dacians_, inhabitants of Dacia. - -=Dācia, ae=, f., a country north of the Danube. - -=Dalmatae, ārum=, pl. m., _the Dalmatians_, the inhabitants of Dalmatia. - -=Dalmatia, ae=, f., a country bordering on the eastern shore of the -Adriatic Sea. - -=Dalmatius, ī=, m., _Dalmatius Caesar_, a nephew of Constantine the -Great. - -=damnō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=damnum=, _injury_], _to condemn_, _sentence_; -_bind_, _compel_; _censure_. - -=Dānuvius, ī=, m., _the Danube_. - -=Daphnēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Daphnē_, a place near -Antioch. - -=Dardanī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of Upper Moesia. - -=Dardania, ae=, f., a district of the Troad, lying along the Hellespont. - -=datus=, see =dō=. - -=dē=, prep. with abl., of place, _from_, _down from_, _out of_; of -time, _after_, _during_; of cause, _in consequence of_, _through_; of -relation, _concerning_, _in respect to_. - -=dēbeō=, see =habeō=. - -=dēcēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=decem=, indecl. num. adj., _ten_. - -=decemvir, ī= [=decem= + =vir=], m., _one of a commission of ten men_, -_decemvir_. - -=Decentius, ī=, m., _Māgnus Decentius_, brother of Magnentius, by whom -he was created Caesar, 351 A.D. - -=dēceptus=, see =dēcipiō=. - -=dēcernō=, see =cernō=. - -=dēcessī=, see =dēcēdō=. - -=decet, ēre, uit, --= (impers.), _to be suitable_, _becoming_. - -=Decibalus, ī=, m., a celebrated king of the Dacians. - -=deciēs= [=decem=], num. adv., _ten times_. - -=decimus, a, um= [=decem=], num. adj., _Tenth_. - -=dēcipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=Decius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. _(Metius) Decius_, Roman -emperor 249-251 A.D. See =Mūs=. - -=decorō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=decus=, _honor_], _to decorate_, -_distinguish_. - -=dēcrēvī=, see =dēcernō=. - -=dēdecus, ōris= [=dē= + =decus=, _honor_], n., _disgrace_, _dishonor_. - -=dēdicātiō, ōnis= [=dēdicō=, _to dedicate_], f., _a dedication_, -_consecration_. - -=dēdidī=, see =dēdō=. - -=dēditiō, ōnis= [=dēdō=], f., _a surrender_. - -=dēditus=, see =dēdō=. - -=dēdō=, see =do=. - -=dēdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=dēfēcī=, see =dēficiō=. - -=dēfendō, ere, fendī, fēnsus=, _to ward off_, _repel_; _defend_, -_protect_. - -=dēfēnsor, ōris= [=dēfendō=], m., _a defender_. - -=dēferō=, see =ferō=. - -=dēficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=dēfōrmō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=dē= + =fōrma=], _to bring out of shape_, -_deform_, _disfigure_, _spoil_, _mar_. - -=dēfungor, fungī, fūnctus sum= [=dē= + =fungor=, _to perform_], _to -perform_, _finish_. - -=dēiciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=dein=, see =deinde=. - -=deinceps= [=deinde= + =capiō=], adv., _one after the other_, -_successively_; _next_, _moreover_. - -=deinde or dein= [=dē= + =inde=], adv., a_fterwards_, _next_, _then_, -_thereafter_. - -=Dēiotarus, ī=, m., tetrarch of Galatia. - -=dēlectō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =dēliciō=], _to delight_, _please_. - -=dēleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus=, _to destroy_, _overthrow_, _ruin_. - -=dēliciae, ārum=, pl. f., _delights_, _pleasure_, _luxury_. - -=dēmergō=, see =mergō=. - -=Dēmētrius, ī=, m., son of Philip V., king of Macedonia. - -=dēminuō=, see =minuō=. - -=dēmum=, adv., _at last_, _finally_; =tum dēmum=, _then at last_, _not -till then_. - -=dēnique=, adv., _at last_, _finally_; _briefly_, _in fine_. - -=Dentātus, ī=, m., _M. Curius Dentātus_, consul 290 and 275 B.C. - -=dēnūntiō=, see =nūntiō=. - -=dēpōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=dēpopulor=, see =populō=. - -=dēprāvō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=dē= + =prāvus=], _to distort_; _pervert_, -_seduce_, _corrupt_, _deprave_. - -=dēprecātiō, ōnis= [=dēprecor=], f., _warding off by prayer_; -_supplication_, _intercession_. - -=dēprecor, ārī, ātus sum= [=dē= + =precor=, _to ask_], _to plead -against_, _plead_, _avert by prayer_; _decline_. - -=dēprehendō=, see =*prehendō=. - -=dēscrībō=, see =scrībō=. - -=dēserō=, see =*serō=. - -=dēsinō=, see =sinō=. - -=dēspērātiō, ōnis= [=dēspērō=], f., _despair_, _desperation_. - -=dēspērō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=dē + spērō=, _to hope_], _to give up hope_, -_despair_. - -=dēstituō=, see =*statuō=. - -=dētegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus= [=dē= + =tegō=, _to cover_], _to uncover_, -_disclose_, _betray_. - -=dētergeō, ēre, tersī, tersus= [=dē= + =tergeō=, _to rub_], _to wipe -off_, _remove_, _cleanse_, _empty_. - -=dēterreō, ēre, uī, itus= [=dē= + =terreō=, _to terrify_], _to frighten -away_, _deter_. - -=dētestātiō, ōnis= [=dētestor=], f., _the invocation of a curse_; -_deprecation_. - -=dētestor, ārī, ātus sum= [=dē= + =testor=, _to cause to witness_], _to -curse_, _execrate_; _avert_, _ward off_, _deprecate_. - -=dētrahō=, see =trahō=. - -=deus, ī=, m., _a god_, _divinity_. - -=dēvincō=, see =vincō=. - -=dexter, era, erum= and =tra, trum=, adj., _right_; _on the right hand_. - -=diadēma, ātis=, n., _a royal head-dress_, _diadem_. - -=Diadumenus, ī=, m., son of the emperor Macrinus. - -(=diciō=), =ōnis=, f., _dominion_, _sovereignty_, _sway_, _rule_. - -=dīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus=, _to say_, _speak_, _tell_; _assent_, -_promise_; _appoint_, _call_. =contrā--contrādīcō, ere, dīxi, dictus=, -_to contradict_, _oppose_. =in--indīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus=, _to -proclaim_, _declare_; _appoint_. - -=dictātor, ōris= [=dictō=, _to say often_], m., _a dictator_, a -magistrate with supreme power, chosen at times of supreme peril. - -=dictātūra, ae= [=dictātor=], f., _the office of dictator_, -_dictatorship_. - -=dictum, ī=, [=dīcō=], n., _a saying_, _remark_, _word_; _command_. - -=dīdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=diēs, ēī=, m., and sometimes in the sing. f., _day_, _time_. - -=differō=, see =ferō=. - -=difficiliter= [=dis= + =facilis=, _easy_], adv., comp. =difficilius=; -with _difficulty_. - -=diffīdō, ere, fīsus sum= [=dis= + =fīdō=, _to trust_], _to distrust_, -_doubt_. - -=diffugiō=, see =fugiō=. - -=diffundō=, see =fundō=. - -=dīgnitās, ātis= [=dīgnus=], f., _value_, _merit_; _rank_, _dignity_. - -=dīgnor, ārī, ātus sum= [=dīgnus=], _to deem worthy_, _deign_, -_condescend_. - -=dīgnus, a, um=, adj., _worth_, _worthy_, _deserving_. - -=dīligēns, tis= [=dīligō=], adj., _careful_, _diligent_, _attentive_; -_sparing_; _fond of_. - -=dīligentia, ae= [=dīligēns=], f., _diligence_, _activity_, -_earnestness_. - -=dīligō=, see =legō=. - -=dīmicātiō, ōnis= [=dīmicō=], f., _a combat_, _struggle_. - -=dīmicō, āre, āvi, ātus=, _to fight_. - -=dīmidius, a, um= [=dis= + =medius=], adj., _half_; as subst., -=dīmidium, ī=, n., _a half_. - -=dīmittō=, see =mittō=. - -=Dioclētiānus, ī=, m., _(Valerius) Dioclētiānus_, emperor 284-305 A.D. - -=Diogenēs, is=, m., son of Archelaus, slain in the siege of Athens. - -=dīripiō=, see =rapiō=. - -=dīruō, ere, uī, utus= [=dis= + =ruō=, _to fall_], _to tear asunder_, -_destroy_. - -=dīs, dītis=, adj., sup. =dītissimus=; _rich_. - -=disciplīna, ae= [=discō=, _to learn_], f., _learning_, _instruction_, -_discipline_; _system_. - -=dispertiō, īre, īvī, ītus= [=dis= + =partiō=, _to share_], _to -distribute_, _divide_. - -=displiceō=, see =placeō=. - -=dispōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=dissimulātiō, ōnis= [=dissimulō=, _to make unlike_], f., _a -disguising_, _dissembling_, _concealment_. - -=dissolūtus, a, um= [part. of =dissolvō=, _to take apart_], adj., -_lax_, _remiss_, _negligent_, _careless_. - -=distrahō=, see =trahō=. - -=distribuō=, see =tribuō=. - -=dītō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=dīs=], _to make rich_, _enrich_. - -=diū=, adv., comp. =diūtius=, sup. =diūtissimē=; _long_, _for a long -time_; =quam diū=, _as long as_. - -=diūturnitās, ātis= [=diūturnus=], f., _long continuance_, _length of -time_. - -=diūturnus, a, um= [=diū=], adj., _prolonged_. - -=dīversus, a, um= [part. of =dīvertō=, _to turn aside_], adj., -_scatter_, _separate_; _different_; _contrary_, _opposed to_. - -=dīvidō, ere, vīsī, vīsus=, _to divide_, _separate_. - -=dīvīnus, a, um= [=dīvus=], adj., _divine_, _sacred_. - -=dīvīsor, ōris= [=dīvidō=], m., _one who distributes_, _an executor_. - -=dīvitiae, ārum= [=dīves=, _rich_], pl. f., _wealth_, _riches_. - -=dīvus, a, um=, adj., _divine_, _deified_; as subst., =Dīvus, ī=, m., -_a god_. An epithet given to the Roman emperors after death. - -=dō, dare, dedī, datus=, _to give_, _put_, _place_; _furnish_, -_yield_; =dare negōtium=, _to commission_, _direct_; =dare in fugam=, -_to put to flight_; =dare manūs=, _to yield_; =dare operam=, _to -attend to_, _assist_; =dare poenās=, _to pay the penalty_; =dare -verba=, _to deceive_. =ad--addō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to add_, _join -to_. =con--condō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to put together_, _compose_, -_build_, _found_; _conceal_. =dē--dēdō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to give -up_, _surrender_; _devote_. =ex--ēdō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to put -forth_, _show_, _elevate_; _bear_, _produce_. =in--indō, dere, didī, -ditus=, _to put into_; _confer_, _apply_. =per--perdō, dere, didī, -ditus=, _to lose_, _destroy_, _ruin_; _waste_. =prō--prōdō, dere, didī, -ditus=, _to give or put forth_, _make known_; _hand down_; _betray_, -_surrender_. =re--redō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to give back_, _return_; -_render_. =trāns--trādō, dere, didī, ditus=, _to give over_, _give up_, -_deliver_, _surrender_; _intrust_; _transmit_; =trāditur=, _it is said_. - -=doceō, ēre, uī, tus=, _to teach_, _point out_. - -=docilitās, ātis= [=docilis=, _teachable_], f., _teachableness_, -_docility_. - -=documentum, ī= [=doceō=], n., _a lesson_, _example_; _evidence_, -_proof_. - -=Dolābella, ae=, m., _Cn. Cornēlius Dolābella_, consul 159 B.C. - -=doleō, ēre, luī, litūrus=, _to feel pain_; _grieve_. - -=dolor, ōris= [=doleō=], m., _pain_, _sorrow_, _distress_, _vexation_. - -=dolus, ī=, m., _fraud_, _guile_, _stratagem_. - -=domesticus, a, um= [=domus=], adj., _private_, _domestic_; =domesticum -bellum=, _civil war_. - -=dominus, ī= [=domō=], m., _a master_, _lord_. - -=Domitiānus, ī=, m., _T. Flavius Domitiānus_, Roman emperor 81-96 A.D. - -=Domitius, ī=, m., a Roman family name. 1. _Cn. Domitius_, consul 32 -B.C. 2. _L. Domitius_, a Roman general in the war with Sertorius. See -=Calvīnus=. - -=domō, āre, uī, itus=, _to tame_, _conquer_. =per--perdomō, āre, uī, -itus=, _to subdue_, _vanquish_. - -=domus, ūs=, f., _a house_, _home_; _household_; =domī, loc.=, _at -home_. - -=dōnō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to give_, _present_, _confer_. - -=dōnum, ī=, n., _a gift_. - -=Drusus, ī=, m., _Nerō Claudius Drusus_, son of Ti. Claudius Nero, and -stepson of Augustus. - -=dubiē= [=dubius=], adv., _doubtfully_, _uncertainly_. - -=dubietās, ātis= [=dubius=], f., _doubt_, h_esitation_ (late). - -=dubius, a, um=, adj., _doubtful_, _uncertain_. - -=ducentī, ae, a= [=duo= + =centum=], adj., _two hundred_. - -=dūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead_; _think_, _consider_; _protract_, -_put off_; =uxōrem dūcere=, _to marry_; =vītam dūcere=, _to live_. - -=ab--abdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead away_, _withdraw_. -=ad--addūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead to_, _bring_; _induce_, -_influence_. =circum--circumdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead around_, -_draw around_, _surround_. =dē--dēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead_, -_withdraw_; _induce_; _launch_, _disembark_. =dis--dīdūcō, ere, dūxī, -ductus=, _to draw apart_, _separate_, _relax_. =ex--ēdūcō, ere, dūxī, -ductus=, _to lead out_. =in--indūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to lead in_; -_induce_; _put on_, _cover_. =prō--prōdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to -lead forward or out_; _prolong_. =re--redūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus=, _to -lead back_; _draw back_; _remove_. - -=ductus, ūs= [=dūcō=], m., _leadership_. - -=Duilius, ī=, m., _C. Duilius_, consul 260 B.C., commander of the Roman -fleet in the battle of Mylae, 260 B.C. - -=dum=, conj., _while_, _until_. - -=duo, ae, o=, num. adj., _two_. - -=duodecim= [=duo= + =decem=], indecl. num. adj., _twelve_. - -=duodecimus, a, um= [=duo= + =decimus=], num. adj., _twelfth_. - -=duplex, icis= [=duo= + =plicō=, _to fold_], adj., _twofold_, _double_. - -=duplicō, āre, āvi, ātus= [=duplex=], _to double_, _repeat_. - -=dūrus, a, um=, adj., _hard_, _harsh_, _difficult_. - -=dux, ducis= [=dūcō=], m., _a leader_, _guide_, _commander_. - - -E. - -=ē=, see =ex=. - -=Eborācum, ī=, n., a city in Britain, modern York. - -=Edessa, ae=, f., a city in the western part of Mesopotamia. - -=ēdictum, ī= [=ēdīcō=, _to make known_], n., _a proclamation_, _edict_. - -=ēditiō, ōnis= [=ēdō=], f., _a statement_, _account_. - -=ēdō=, see =dō=. - -=ēdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=efferō=, see =ferō=. - -=efficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=effringō=, see =frangō=. - -=effugiō=, see =fugiō=. - -=ego, meī=, pers. pron., _I_; pl. =nōs=, _we_. - -=ēgredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=ēgregiē= [=ēgregius=], adv., _excellently_, _exceedingly_, -_strikingly_. - -=ēgregius, a, um= [=ē= + =grex=, _herd_], adj., _select_, -_distinguished_, _eminent_. - -=ēiciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=ēlegāns, antis= [=ēlegō=, for =ēligō=], adj., _select_, _elegant_, -_polite_. - -=elementum, ī=, n., _a first principle_, _simple substance_; -_rudiments_. - -=elephantus, ī=, m., _elephant_. - -=ēligō=, see =legō=. - -=ēmineō, ēre, uī, --=, _to stand out_, _be conspicuous_. - -=emō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus=, _to take_; _buy_, _purchase_; _gain_, -_acquire_. =ad--adimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus=, _to take away_, _destroy_, -_deprive of_. =inter--interimō, ere, ēmī ēmptus=, _to take from the -midst of_, _kill_. =per--perimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus=, _to take away -entirely_; _annihilate_, _destroy_. =re--redimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus=, _to -buy back_, _redeem_, _ransom_. - -=ēmptor, ōris= [=emō=], m., _a buyer_, _purchaser_. - -=enim=, conj., always postpositive, _namely_, _in fact_, _you know_, -_for_, _because_. - -=eō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus=, _to go or come_, _march_. =ab--abeō, īre, -īvī (iī), itūrus=, _to go away_, _depart_. =circum--circumeō, īre, īvī -(iī), itus=, _to go around_, _surround_. =inter--intereō, īre, īvī -(iī), itūrus=, _to perish_, _die_. =ob--obeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus=, _to -go to meet_; _attend to_, _perform_; _die_, _perish_. =per--pereō, īre, -īvi (iī), itūrus=, _to perish_, _disappear_, _die_. =re--redeō, īre, -īvī (iī), itūrus=, _to go back_, _return_. =trāns--trānseō, īre, īvī -(iī), itūrus=, _to go across_, _cross_; _pass through or by_; _desert_. - -=eō= [=is=], adv., _for that reason_, _therefore_; _to that place_, -_thither_; _to that degree_, _so far_. - -=Ephesus, ī=, f., a Greek city near the coast of Asia Minor. - -=Ēpīrus, ī=, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece -proper. - -=epistola, ae=, f., _a letter_. - -=epulae, ārum=, pl. f., _a banquet_, _feast_. - -=eques, itis= [=equus=], m., _a horseman_, _knight_; pl. _cavalry_; -=magister equitum=, _master of the horse_, _aid-de-camp of the -dictator_. - -=equitātus, ūs= [=equitō=, _to ride_], m., _cavalry_. - -=equus, ī=, m., _a horse_. - -=ērēctus, a, um= [orig. part. of =ērigō=], adj., _upright_, _erect_. - -=ergō=, adv., expressing an inference, _now_, _then_, _therefore_. - -=ēripiō=, see =rapiō=. - -=errō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to wander_, _stray_, _rove_; _be in error_, -_err_. - -=ērudiō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus= [=ē= + =rudis=, _rough_], _to polish_, -_educate_, _train_. - -=ērudītiō, ōnis= [=ērudiō=], f., _a polishing_, _training_. - -=ērumpō=, see =rumpō=. - -=Ēsquilīnus, ī=, m. (sc. =collis=), _the Esquiline_, the largest of the -seven hills of Rome. - -=et=, conj., _and_, _also_, _even_, _and yet_; =et … et=, _both … and_. - -=etenim=, conj., _for_, _for truly_, _and indeed_, _because_, _since_. - -=etiam= [=et= + =iam=], conj., _also_, _even_. - -=Eumenēs, is=, m., king of Pergamus, 197-159 B.C. - -=Eumenia, ae=, f., a city in Phrygia. - -=Euphrātēs, is=, dat. =Euphrātae=, p. 83, l. 22, m., _the Euphrates_, a -river in Syria. - -=Eutropius, ī=, m., see =Life=. - -=Eurōpa, ae=, f., _Europe_. - -=ēvādō=, see =*vādō=. - -=ēvehō=, see =vehō=. - -=ēveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=ēventus, ūs= [=ēveniō=], m., _outcome_, _result_; _occurrence_, -_event_. - -=ēvertō=, see =*vertō=. - -=ēvocō=, see =vocō=. - -=ex= or =ē= (last never before vowels), prep. with abl.; of place, _out -of_, _from_; of cause, _in consequence of_, _because of_; _according -to_. - -=exanimō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ex= + =anima=], _to put out of breath_, -_kill_; _weaken_. - -=exārdēscō, ere, ārsī, ārsus= [=ex= + =ārdēscō=, _to take fire_], _to -take fire_; _be angry_. - -=exauctōrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to discharge from service_, _release from -the military oath_. - -=excidium, ī=, n., _downfall_, _ruin_. - -=excīdō=, see =caedō=. - -=excipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=excitō=, see =*citō=. - -=exclūdō=, see =claudō=. - -=exemplum, ī=, n., _a specimen_, _example_. - -=exerceō=, see =*arceō=. - -=exercitus, ūs= [=exerceō=], m., _an army_. - -=exhauriō=, see =hauriō=. - -=exhibeō=, see =habeō=. - -=exigō=, see =agō=. - -=exiguus, a, um= [=exigō=], adj., _small_, _scanty_. - -=exīstimō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ex= + =aestimō=, _to reckon_], _to -compute_, _value_, _judge_, _think_, _estimate_, _believe_, _suppose_, -_imagine_. - -=exitiābilis, e= [=exitium=], adj., _destructive_, _deadly_. - -=exitium, ī= [=exeō=], n., _destruction_, _ruin_. - -=exitus, ūs= [=exeō=], m., _a going out_, _way of egress_; _result_. - -=exōrdium, ī= [=ex= + =ōrdō=], n., _a beginning_. - -=exōsus, a, um= [part. of =exodī=], adj., _hating_, _detesting_. - -=expavēscō, ere, pāvī, --= [=ex= + =pavēscō=, incho. of =paveō=, _to -become alarmed_], _to dread_, _fear greatly_ (rare). - -=expedītiō, ōnis= [=expediō=, _to set fire_], f., _an expedition_, -_campaign_. - -=expellō=, see =pellō=. - -=experior, īrī, pertus sum=, _to test_, _try_; _await_, _undergo_; -_find, learn_. - -=expers, tis= [=ex= + =pars=], adj., _having no part in_; _destitute -of_, _devoid of_, _free from_, _without_. - -=expleō=, see =*pleō=. - -=explōrātor, ōris= [=explōrō=, _to search out_], m., _a scout_. - -=exportō=, see =*portō=. - -=expūgnō=, see =pūgnō=. - -=exsecrābilis, e= [=exsecror=], adj., _accursed_. - -=exsecrātiō, ōnis= [=exsecror=], f., _an execration_, _malediction_, -_curse_. - -=exsecror=, see =*sacrō=. - -=exsequiae, ārum= [=exsequor=, _to follow out_], f., fun_eral -procession_, _funeral_. - -=exsilium, ī= [=exsul=, _a banished person_], n., _banishment_, _exile_. - -=exsistō=, see =*sistō=. - -=exspectātiō, ōnis= [=exspectō=], f., _expectation_, _anticipation_. - -=exspectō=, see =spectō=. - -=exstinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus= [=ex= + =stinguō=, _to extinguish_], -_to quench_, _kill_, _blot out_, _destroy_, _extinguish_, _put an end -to_. - -=exsulō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=exsul=, _a banished person_], _to be in -exile_. - -=externus, a, um= [=exter=, _outer_], adj., _external_, _foreign_, -_strange_. - -=extorqueō, ēre, torsī, tortus= [=ex= + =torqueō=, _to twist_], _to -twist out_, _extort_. - -=extrā= [=exter=, _outer_], adv., _on the outside_, _without_; prep. -with acc., _outside of_, _beyond_. - -=extrahō=, see =trahō=. - -=extrīnsecus=, adv., _without_, _on the outside_; ＝ =praetereā=, _in -addition_. - - -F. - -=Fabius=, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. _Fabia familia_, the -Fabian gens. _C. Fabius_, consul 477 B.C. _Q. Fabius_, the first -Roman annalist. _C. Fabius Pictor_, consul 269 B.C. See =Licinius=, -=Māximus=, =Vibulānus=. - -=Fābricius, ī=, m., _(C.) Fābricius (Luscinus)_, a Roman statesman and -general, prominent in the war with Pyrrhus; consul 283 and 278 B.C. - -=facile= [=facilis=, _easy_], adv., comp. _facilius_; _easily_; -_readily_. - -=facilitās, ātis= [=facilis=, _easy_], f., _ease_, _kindliness_, -_kindness_, _courtesy_. - -=faciō, ere, fēcī, factus=, _to do_, _make_, _act_, _form_; _choose_, -_appoint_; pass. =fīō, fierī, factus sum=, _to be done_, _occur_, _take -place_, _happen_; =certiōrem facere=, _to inform_. - -=ad--adficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, _to do something to_, _influence_; -_treat_, _visit with_. =con--cōnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, _to -do thoroughly_, _complete_; _wear out_, _exhaust_; _prepare_, -_collect_, _furnish_. =dē--dēficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, _to fail_, -_desert_, _be wanting_; _revolt_. =ex--efficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, -_to form_, _effect_; _accomplish_; _render_; _build_; _produce_. -=inter--interficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, _to slay_, _kill_. -=prae--praeficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus=, _to place in command of_, -_appoint_. - -=factiō, ōnis= [=faciō=], f., _a party_, poli_tical party_, _faction_. - -=factum, ī= [=faciō=], n., _a deed_, _act_. - -=fācundia, ae= [=fācundus=], f., _eloquence_, _oratory_. - -=fācundus, a, um=, adj., _eloquent_. - -=Faliscī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Falerium_, a town in -Etruria, near Mount Soracte. - -=falsō= [=falsus=, _false_], adv., _falsely_. - -=fāma, ae= [=for=, _to speak_], f., _report_, _rumor_; _renown_, -_honor_. - -=Famea, ae=, m., the surname of Hamilco, commander of the Carthaginian -cavalry in the third Punic war. - -=famēs, is=, f., _hunger_, _starvation_. - -=familia, ae= [=famulus=, _slave_], f., _the slaves in a household_; -_family_, _household_; _race_, _estate_, _retinue_; =māter familiās= -(old gen.), _mistress_, _matron_. - -=familiāris, e= [=familia=], adj., _belonging to a family_, _private_, -_intimate_, _friendly_; as subst., _an intimate friend_; =rēs -familiārēs=, _property_. - -=familiāritās, ātis= [=familiāris=], f., _intimacy_, _friendship_. - -=famula, ae=, f., _a slave woman_. - -=fastīgium, ī=, n., _top_, _height_; _slope_, _descent_; _rank_, -_dignity_. - -=fātāliter= [=fātālis=, _fatal_], adv., _fatally_, _according to fate_. - -=fatīgātiō, ōnis= [=fatīgō=], f., _weariness_, _fatigue_. - -=fatīgō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to tire_, _vex_; _test_. - -=fātum, ī= [=for=, _to speak_], n., _an utterance_, _prophetic -declaration_, _oracle_; _fate_, _destiny_. - -=Fausta, ae=, f., _Flavia Māximiāna_, the daughter of Maximianus and -wife of Constantine the Great. - -=Faustīna, ae=, f., _Galēria Faustīna_ (called Junior to distinguish -her from her mother), the daughter of Amira Galeria Faustina. She was -the wife of M. Aurelius. - -=Faustus, ī=, m., _L. Cornēlius Faustus_, son of the dictator Sulla. - -=faveō, ēre, fāvī, fautūrus=, _to be favorable_, _favor_, _support_, -_cherish_. - -=favor, ōris= [=faveō=], m., _favor_, _good will_, _praise_. - -=favōrābilis, e= [=favor=], adj., _favored_, _in favor_; _winning -favor_, _pleasing_. - -=Fēlīcissimus, ī=, m., the name of the director of the mint under the -emperor Aurelian. - -=fēlīcitās, ātis= [=fēlīx=], f., _good fortune_, _success_. - -=fēlīciter= [=fēlīx=]=, adv., comp. =fēlicius=, sup. =fēlicissimē=; -_luckily_, _happily_. - -=fēlīx, īcis=, adj., _happy_, _successful_, _fortunate_. - -=fēmina, ae=, f., _a woman_, _female_. - -=fera, ae= [=ferus=], f., _a wild beast_. - -=ferculum, ī= [=ferō=], n., _a means of carrying_, _a frame_, _barrow_, -_litter_. - -=ferē=, adv., _almost_, _nearly_, _for the most part_, _usually_; -_about_; with neg., _hardly_, _scarcely_. - -=fēriātus, a, um= [=fēriae=, _days of rest_], adj., _keeping holidays_, -_idle_; _festive_. - -=fermē= [for =ferimē=, sup. of =ferē=], adv., _almost_, _about_ -(especially of numbers). - -=ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus=, _to bear_, _lift_; _endure_; _bring_, -_receive_, _report_; _drive_, _blow_ (of the wind); pass., _to rush_; -_enter_; =sīgna ferre=, _to advance_; =fertur=, _is said_; =ferre -sententiam=, _to judge_. - -=ab--auferō, ferre, abstulī, ablātus=, _to take_ or _carry away_, -_remove_. =ad--adferō, ferre, attulī, adlātus=, _to bring_, _present_, -_produce_, _affirm_; _carry word_. =circum--circumferō, ferre, tulī, -lātus=, _to cast around_, _go around_. =con--cōnferō, ferre, tulī, -lātus=, _to bring together_, _collect_; _convey_; _impute_; _compare_; -=sē cōnferre=, _betake one’s self_, _go_. =dē--dēferō, ferre, tulī, -lātus=, _to bring down_, _bring_; _report_, _inform_; _assign_, _confer -upon_; _offer_; _accuse_; =rem dēferre ad populum=, _to submit a -matter to the people_. =dis--differō, ferre, distulī, dīlātus=, _to -carry asunder_, _scatter_; _postpone_; _delay_; _differ_. =ex--efferō, -ferre, extulī, ēlātus=, _to carry out or away_; _spread abroad_; -_raise_, _elate_; _bury_. =in--īnferō, ferre, intulī, inlātus=, _to -bring in or upon_; _introduce_; _throw_; _inflict_; _make_, _produce_; -_inspire_; =bellum īnferre=, _to wage_ (offensive) _war_; =sīgna -īnferre=, _to advance against_; =sē īnferre=, _to betake one’s self_. -=ob--offerō, ferre, obtulī, oblātus=, _to bring before_, _offer_; -_promise_; _expose_. =per--perferō, ferre, tulī, lātus=, _to carry -through_; _convey_, _report_; _endure_. =prae--praeferō, ferre, tulī, -lātus=, _to carry before_; _put before_, _prefer_. =re--referō, -ferre, rettulī, lātus=, _to bring back_; _report_, _relate_; =pedem -referre=, _retreat_; =grātiam referre=, _make return_, _requite_. -=trāns--trānsferō, ferre, tulī, lātus=, _to bear or take over or -across_; _transport_, _transfer_. - -=ferōcia, ae= [=ferōx=, _fierce_], f., _fierceness_, _courage_, -_cruelty_. - -=ferrātus, a, um= [=ferrum=], adj., _furnished with iron_, _ironed_; -=mīlitēs ferrātī=, _cuirassiers_. - -=ferrum, ī=, n., _iron_; _sword_, _spear_. - -=ferus, a, um=, adj., _wild_, _barbarous_, _cruel_. - -=festīnō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to hasten_. - -=fēstus, a, um=, adj., _festive_; =diēs fēstus=, _feast day_. - -=fētor, ōris=, m., _an offensive smell_. - -=fīctus, a, um= [=fingō=, to form], adj., _false_, _fictitious_. - -=Fīdēnae, ārum=, pl. f., an ancient town in the country of the Sabines, -five miles north of Rome. - -=Fīdēnātēs, um=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Fīdēnae_. - -=fidēs, ēī=, f., _good faith_, _loyalty_; _promise_; _alliance_; -_trust_. - -=fīdus, a, um=, adj., _trusty_, _faithful_. - -=fīlia, ae=, f., _daughter_. - -=fīlius, ī=, m., _son_. - -=fīniō, īre, īvī, ītus= [=fīnis=], _to bound_, _limit_; _end_, _finish_. - -=fīnis, is=, m., _a limit_, _boundary_; _end_, _purpose_; pl., -_territory_, _country_. - -=finitimus, a, um= [=fīnis=], adj., _bordering_, _neighboring_; as -subst., =fīnitimī, ōrum=, pl. m., _neighbors_. - -=fīō, fierī, factus sum=, see =faciō=. - -=fīrmus, a, um=, adj., _strong_, _powerful_; _trusty_. - -=fiscus, ī=, m., a _purse_; _treasury_. - -=Flaccus, ī=, m., 1. _(M.) Fulvius Flaccus_, consul 264 B.C. 2. _Q. -Fulvius (Flaccus)_, consul 237 B.C. - -=flāgitiōsus, a, um= [=flagitium=, _a crime_], adj., _shameful_, -_disgraceful_, _infamous_. - -=Flāminīnus, i=, m., _T. Quīntius Flāminīnus_, consul 123 B.C. - -=Flāminius, i=, m., _(C.) Flaminius (Nepos)_, consul 223 and 217 B.C. - -=fleō, ere, flēvī, flētus=, _to weep_. - -=flētus, ūs= [=fleō=], m., _weeping_, _entreaties_; _tears_. - -=*flīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus=, _to strike_ (ante-classical). -=ad--adflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus=, _to dash against_, _scatter_, -_ruin_. =con--cōnflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus=, _to strike together_; -_contend_, _fight_. =prō--prōflīgō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to rout_, -_overthrow_. - -=flōreō, ēre, uī, --=[=flōs=, _a flower_], _to bloom_, _flourish_, -_prosper_. - -=Flōriānus, ī=, m., _(M. Annius) Floriānus_, the brother of the emperor -Tacitus, upon whose death he was proclaimed emperor at Rome, 276 A.D. - -=Flōrus, ī=, m., _C. Aquīlius Flōrus_, consul with L. Scipio, 259 B.C. - -=flūmen, inis= [=fluō=], n., _a stream_, _river_. - -=fluō, ere, fluxī, fluxus=, _to flow_. =con--cōnfluō, ere, fluxī, --=, -_to run together_, _crowd_, _throng_. - -=fluvius, ī= [=fluō=], m., _a river_. - -=foedō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=foedus=], _to make foul_, _pollute_; -_dishonor_. - -=foedus, a, um=, adj., _foul_, _unseemly_. - -=foedus, eris=, n., _a treaty_, _alliance_, _league_. - -=forem, ēs, et=, etc., see =sum=. - -=fōrma, ae=, f., _form_, _figure_, _beauty_. - -=fortis, e=, adj., _brave_, _strong_. - -=fortitūdō, inis= [=fortis=], f., _courage_, _bravery_. - -=fortuītus, a, um= [=fors=, _chance_], adj., _causal_, _accidental_ -(rare). - -=fortūna, ae= [=fors=, _chance_], f., _luck_, _fortune_; _state_, -_property_. - -=fortūnātus, a, um= [=fortūna=], adj., _lucky_, _fortunate_. - -=forum, ī= (cf. =forīs=, _out of doors_), n., _an out of doors place_, -_market_, _Forum_; esp., the Forum Romanum between the Capitoline and -the Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and -business life of Rome. - -=fossa, ae= [=fodiō=, _to dig_], f., _a ditch_, _pit_, _moat_. - -=Francī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Francī_, _i.e._ “the Freemen,” a -confederacy of German tribes on the lower Rhine. - -=frangō, ere, frēgī, frāctus=, _to break_; _wreck_, _subdue_, _tire -out_. =ex--effringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus=, _to break off_, _break -open_. =in--īnfringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus=, _to break off_; _subdue_, -_overcome_. - -=frāter, tris=, m., _a brother_. - -=frāternus, a, um= [=frāter=], adj., _brother’s_, _brotherly_. - -=fraus, fraudis=, f., _foul play_; _treachery_. - -=frequēns, entis=, adj., _crowded_, _frequent_; _in great numbers_. - -=frequenter= [=frequēns=], adv., _often_. - -=frequentō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=frequēns=], _to visit repeatedly_; -_frequent_; _throng_. - -=frīgidus, a, um= [=frīgeō=, _to be cold_], adj., _cold_. - -=frīgus, oris=, n., _cold_. - -=Frontō, ōnis=, m., _(M. Cornēlius) Frontō_, a celebrated teacher of -rhetoric during the reign of Hadrian. - -=frūmentum, ī= [=fruor=, _to enjoy_], n., _grain_, _corn_; pl., _crops_. - -=frūstrā=, adv., _in vain_. - -=fuga, ae=, f., _flight_. - -=fugiō, ere, fūgī, --=, _to flee_; _avoid_, _escape_. =con--cōnfugiō, -ere, fūgī, --=, _to flee_, _take refuge_. =dis--diffugiō, ere, fūgī, ---=, _to flee apart_, _scatter_. =ex--effugiō, ere, fūgī, --=, _to flee -from_, _escape_. =prō--profugiō, ere, fūgī, --=, _to flee_, _escape_. -=re--refugiō, ere, fūgī, --=, _to flee back_, _escape_. - -=fugō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=fugiō=], _to put to flight_, _rout_. - -=fulgeō, ēre, fulsī, --=, _to flash_, _gleam_. - -=fulmen, inis= [=fulgeō=], n., _lightning_, _thunderbolt_. - -=Fulvius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Centumalus=, -=Flaccus=, =Nōbiliōr=. - -=fundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus=, _to pour_, _shed_; _rout_, _vanquish_. -=con--cōnfundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus=, _to pour together_, _mingle_, -_unite_, _confuse_. =dis--diffundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus=, _to spread out_, -_extend_, _stretch_. - -=fūnestus, a, um= [=fūnus=], adj., _causing death_, _deadly_, -_destructive_. - -=fūnis, is=, f., _a rope_, _cable_. - -=fūnus, eris=, n., _burial_, _funeral rites_; _corpse_. - -=furca, ae=, f., _a two pronged fork_; _yoke_. - -=furcula, ae= [=furca=], f., _a forked prop_; pl., _a narrow pass_. - -=Fūrius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. _C. Fūrius Placidus_, consul -251 B.C. See =Camillus=. - -=Fuscus, ī=, m., _Cornēlius Fuscus_, one of the most active adherents -of Vespasian in his contest for the empire. - -=futūrus=, see =sum=. - - -G. - -=Gabiī, ōrum=, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome. - -=Galatia, ae=, f., a province of Asia Minor settled by Gallic tribes in -the third century B.C. - -=Galba, ae=, m., _Servius (Sulpīcius) Galba_, Roman emperor 68-69 A.D. - -=Gālerius, ī=, m., see =Māximiānus=. - -=Gallia, ae=, f., the country of the Gauls; modern France and the -territories on the west bank of the Rhine. The northern part of Italy -was settled by Gauls, and was called _Gallia Cisalpina_; hence the pl. -=Galliae=. - -=Galliēnus, ī=, m. _(P. Licinius Valeriānus Egnatius) Galliēnus_, Roman -emperor 260-268 A.D. - -=Gallus, ī=, m., 1. _C. (Cn.) Cornēlius Gallus_, governor of Egypt -under Augustus. 2. _Gallus Hostīliānus_, Roman emperor 251-253 A.D. - -=Gallus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Gaul_; =Gallī, ōrum=, pl. m., the -Gauls. - -=gaudium, ī= [=gaudeō=, _to rejoice_], n., _joy_. - -=gaza, ae=, f., _treasure_, _riches_. - -=geminus, a, um=, adj., _twin_, _twofold_; as subst., =geminī, ōrum=, -pl. m., _the twins_. - -=gemma, ae=, f., _a bud_; _gem_, _precious stone_. - -=gener, erī=, m., _a son-in-law_. - -=genitūra, ae=, f., _hour of birth_; _nativity_. - -=gēns, gentis=, f., _a gens_ or _clan_; _tribe_, _people_, _nation_. - -=Gentius, ī=, m., a king of the Illyrians. - -=Genucius, ī=, m., _L. Genucius_, consul 365 B.C. - -=genus, generis=, n., _race_, _family_, _stock_, _birth_; _kind_, -_class_, _sort_. - -=Germānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Germans_. - -=Germānia, ae=, f., _Germany_. - -=Germāniciānus, a, um=, adj., _stationed or serving in Germany_ (late). - -=gerō, ere, gessī, gestus=, _to bear_, _carry_; _perform_, _do_, _carry -out_; _wage_; =sē gerere=, _to conduct one’s self_, _behave_; =rem -pūblicam gerere=, _to administer the state_; =rēs gestae=, _exploits_, -_history_. - -=con--congerō, ere, gessī, gestus=, _to bring together_, _collect_. - -=Geta, ae=, m., _Septimius Geta_, brother of Caracalla, by whom he was -assassinated, 212 A.D. - -=Glabriō, ōnis=, m., _M. Acilius Glabriō_, consul 191 B.C. - -=gladiātor, ōris= [=gladius=], m., _a gladiator_. - -=gladiātōrius, a, um= [=gladiātor=], adj., _pertaining to a gladiator_, -_gladiatorial_. - -=gladius, ī=, m., _a sword_. - -=glōria, ae=, f., _glory_, _honor_, _fame_. - -=glōriōsē= [=glōria=], adv., _gloriously_. - -=Gordiānus, ī=, m., _(M. Antōnius) Gordiānus_, the name of three Roman -emperors, father, son, and grandson, 237-244 A.D. 1. _Gordiānus_, -senior. 2. _Gordiānus Augustus_, son of (1). 3. _Gordiānus Augustus_, -son of (2). - -=Gothī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Goths_, a Germanic people. - -=Gracchus, ī=, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens at Rome. _Ti. -Semprōnius Gracchus_, consul 218 B.C. See Notes, p. 124. - -=*gradior, gradī, gressus sum=, _to step_, _walk_. =ad--aggredior, -gredī, gressus sum=, _to approach_, _attack_, _undertake_. -=con--congredior, gredī, gressus= =sum=, _to come together_, _unite -with_, _engage_, _attack_. =ē--ēgredior, gredī, gressus sum=, _to go -out_, _leave_, _disembark_; _surpass_. =in--ingredior, gredī, gressus -sum=, _to enter_. =prō--prōgredior, gredī, gressus sum=, _to advance_, -_proceed_. =re--regredior, gredī, gressus sum=, _to step back_, -_retreat_, _return_. =trāns--trānsgredior, gredī, gressus sum=, _to -step over_ or _across_, _cross_. - -=Graecē=, adv., _in the Greek language_, _in Greek_. - -=Graecia, ae=, f., _Greece_. - -=Graecus, a, um=, adj., _Grecian_, _Greek_; as subst., =Graecī, ōrum=, -pl. m., _the Greeks_. - -=grandaevus, a, um= [=grandis= + =aevum=, _age_], adj., _aged_. - -=grandis, e=, adj., _large_, _grand_. - -=grātia, ae= [=grātus=], f., _favor_, _regard_; _return_, -_acknowledge_; _friendship_, _love_, _popularity_, _influence_; -=grātiae, ārum=, pl. f., _thanks_; =grātiā=, with preceding gen., -_frequent in expressions of purpose_, _for the sake of_. - -=grātus, a, um=, adj., _welcome_, _pleasing_, _grateful_. - -=gravis, e=, adj., _heavy_, _hard_, _severe_; _important_, _grave_; -_troublesome_, _grievous_. - -=graviter= [=gravis=], adv., comp. =gravius=, sup. =gravissimē=; -_weightily_, _vigorously_, _seriously_, _with dignity_. - - -H. - -=habēna, ae= [=habeō=], f., _a holder_, _halter_, _rein_; only in pl., -_the reins_, _direction_, _management_, _government_. - -=habeō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to have_, _hold_, _possess_, _keep_; _regard_, -_consider_; _render_ (honor); =habēre sē=, _to be_. - -=dē--dēbeō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to owe_, _ought_; pass., _be due_; =dēbet, -dēbuit=, inf., _ought_. =ex--exhibeō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to hold forth_, -_show_, _display_; _furnish_, _procure_. =prae--praebeō, ēre, uī, -itus=, _to hold in front_, _offer_, _furnish_, _exhibit_. - -=habitō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =habeō=], _to dwell_, _inhabit_, -_live_. - -=habitus, ūs= [=habeō=], m., _state_, _condition_; _habit_, _manner_; -_dress_. - -=Hadriānus, ī=, m., _(P.) Aelius Hadriānus_, Roman emperor 117-138 A.D. - -=Haemus, ī=, m., a lofty range of mountains separating Thrace and -Moesia. - -=Hamilcar, aris=, m., a Carthaginian general in the first Punic war. - -=Hannibal, alis=, m., the son of Hamilcar Barca, the great general of -the Carthaginians in the second Punic war. - -=Hannō, ōnis=, m., 1. A Carthaginian general in the second Punic war, -taken captive in Sicily 210 B.C. 2. A Carthaginian general in the -second Punic war, defeated by Scipio 203 B.C. - -=Hasdrubal, alis=, m., 1. Surnamed Calvus, “the Bald,” commander of the -Carthaginian expedition to Sardinia in the second Punic war 215 B.C. 2. -Brother of Hannibal, defeated and slain at the battle of the Metaurus -207 B.C. 3. The leader of the Carthaginians in the third Punic war -149-146 B.C. - -=haud=, adv., _by no means_, _not at all_, _not_. - -=hauriō, īre, hausī, haustus=, _to drink_. =ex--exhauriō, īre, hausī, -haustus=, _to take out_, _empty out_, _exhaust_. - -=Helena, ae=, f., the name of a Roman camp in Spain where Constans died. - -=Heliogabalus, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=Helvētiī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Celtic tribe living north of Lake Geneva in -modern Switzerland. - -=Hēraclēa, ae=, f., a city in Thrace on the Propontis. - -=Herculius, ī=, m., a cognomen of Maximianus. - -=Hērennius, ī=, m., _T. Hērennius (Pontius)_, leader of the Samnites in -the Marsic war. - -=hērēs, ēdis=, m., _an heir_. - -=Hibērī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Hibēria_. - -=Hibēria, ae=, f., a country of Asia. - -=hīc, haec, hōc=, dem. pron., _this_; _he_, _she_, it; _the following_; -_the latter_. - -=hiems, hiemis=, f., _winter_; _storm_. - -=Hiempsal, alis=, m., son of Micipsa, king of Numidia, was murdered by -Jugurtha. - -=Hierda, ae=, m., king of Mauretania. - -=Hierius, ī=, m., _Hierius Asinius_, leader of the Samnites in the -Marsic war. - -=Hierō, ōnis=, m., king of Syracuse, an ally of the Romans. - -=Hierosolyma, ōrum=, pl. n., _Jerusalem_. - -=hinc= [=hīc=], adv., _from this place_ or _time_, _hence_. - -=Hīrtius, ī=, m., _(A.) Hirtius_, friend of Caesar; consul 43 B.C. - -=Hirtulēius, ī=, m., a distinguished general of Sertorius in Spain. - -=Hispānia, ae=, f., _Spain_ (including Portugal). It was divided -into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Ulterior; hence the pl. -=Hispaniae=. - -=Hispānus, a, um=, adj., _Spanish_; as subst., =Hispānus, ī=, m., _a -Spaniard_. - -=historia, ae=, f., _history_, _account_, _story_. - -=historicus, ī=, m., _an historian_. - -=Hister, trī=, f., a town in Lower Moesia. - -=Histrī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Histria_, a peninsula in -the northern extremity of the Adriatic Sea. - -=hodiē= [=hōc= + =diē=], adv., _to-day_. - -=homō, hominis=, m. and f., _a human being_; _man_, _mankind_. - -=honestās, ātis= [=honestus=], f., _honor_, _virtue_. - -=honestus, a, um= [=honor=], adj., _honorable_, _upright_, _noble_, -_illustrious_. - -=honor, ōri=, m., _honor_, _respect_, _esteem_; _public office_. - -=honōrificē= [=honōrificus=, _conferring honor_], adv., _with honor_, -_honorably_. - -=honōrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=honor=], _to honor_, _respect_, _adorn_; -_celebrate_. - -=hōra, ae=, f., _hour_, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset) -or night. - -=Horātius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Pulvillus=. - -=Hormisda, ae=, m., king of Persia, 303-310 A.D. - -=horror, ōris=, m., _dread_, _terror_, _horror_. - -=hortus, ī=, m., _garden_, _orchard_, _park_. - -=Hostīliānus, ī=, m., see =Gallus=. - -=hostīlis, e= [=hostis=], adj., _hostile_. - -=Hostīlius, ī=, m., _Tullus Hostīlius_, the third king of Rome, 672-640 -B.C. See =Mancīnus=. - -=hostis, is=, m., _an enemy_, _foe_. - -=hūiusmodī= [=hīc= + =modus=], adv., _of this_ (_i.e._ the following) -_kind_. - -=hūmānus, a, um= [=homo=], adj., _human_; _refined_, _civilized_; -_humane_. - -=humerus, ī=, m., _the shoulder_. - -=humiliter= [=humus=, _the ground_], adv., _basely_, _meanly_, -_abjectly_, _humbly_. - - -I. - -=iaceō, ēre, uī, --=, _to lie_, _lie dead_. - -=*iaciō, ere, iēcī, iactus=, _to throw_, _cast_, _hurl_; _throw -up_, _construct_. =ad--adiciō, ere, iēcī, iectus=, _to throw to_, -_fling_; _add_. =con--cōniciō, icere, coniēcī, coniectus=, _to throw -together_, _unite_; _hurl_, _throw_; _conjecture_. =dē--dēiciō, icere, -iēcī, iectus=, _to throw_ or _hurl down_, _bring down_; _lay low_, -_dislodge_, _destroy_. =ex--ēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus=, _to cast_ -or _drive out_, _expel_. =inter--intericiō, icere, iēcī, iectus=, -_to throw_ or _place between_, _interpose_; _intervene_ (in pass.). -=ob--obiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus=, _to throw before_, _put in the way -of_; _put in the hands of_; _expose_. =sub--subiciō, icere, iēcī, -iectus=, _to throw_ or _place under_; _hand up_; _present_; _subdue_. -=trāns--trāiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus=, _to throw_ or _carry across_, -_transport_; _pierce_, _penetrate_, _transfix_; _go_ or _pass over_, -_cross_. - -=iam=, adv., _now_, _already_, _at once_. - -=Iāniculum, ī=, n., _Janiculum_, a hill on the west bank of the Tiber. - -=Iānus, ī=, m., _Janus_, an old Latin divinity, who presided over the -beginnings of all things; commonly represented with two faces. - -=ibi=, adv., _there_; _thereupon_, _then_. - -=ibīdem= [=ibi=], adv., _in the same place_, _just there_. - -=icō, ere, īcī, ictus=, _to strike_, _smite_; =foedus icere=, _to -strike_ (conclude) _a treaty_ (rare). - -=ictus, ūs= [=icō=], m., _a blow_, _stroke_, _wound_. - -=idcircō= [=id= + abl. of =circus=], adv., _on that account_, -_therefore_. - -=īdem, eadem, idem=, dem. pron., _the same_; often best rendered by an -adv., _also_, _too_, _besides_. - -=idōneus, a, um=, adj., _suitable_, _fit_; _capable_. - -=Īdūs, uum=, pl. f., _the Ides_; the fifteenth of March, May, July, and -October, and the thirteenth of other months. - -=igitur=, adv., _then_, _therefore_, _accordingly_. - -=ignāvē= [=ignāvus=], adv., _sluggishly_, _slothfully_, _without -spirit_. - -=ignāvia, ae= [=ignāvus=], f., _idleness_, _sloth_; _cowardice_, -_baseness_. - -=ignāvus, a, um=, adj., _inactive_, _lazy_, _slothful_; _cowardly_, -_dastardly_. - -=īgnis, is=, m., _fire_. - -=ignōbilis, e= [=in= + =(g)nōbilis=], adj., _unknown_, _unrenowned_, -_obscure_; _base_, _ignoble_. - -=ignōbiliter= [=ignōbilis=], adv., _meanly_ (late Latin). - -=ignōminia, ae= [=in= + =(g)nōmen=], f., _disgrace_, _dishonor_, -_ignominy_. - -=ignōminiōse= [=ignōminiōsus=, _disgraceful_], adv., _ignominiously_, -_disgracefully_. - -=ignōrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ignārus=, _ignorant_], _to be ignorant_, -_not to know_, _overlook_. - -=ille, illa, illud=, dem. pron., _that_; _he_, _she_, _it_; _the -former_. - -=illīc= [=ille=], adv., _there_, _in that place_. - -=illūstris, e=, adj., _clear_, _distinguished_, _glorious_. - -=Īllyricum, ī=, n., a country east of the Adriatic Sea. - -=Īllyriī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Illyricum_. - -=imāgō, inis=, f., _likeness_, _semblance_, _image_; _statue_. - -=imitātiō, ōnis= [=imitor=], f., _a copying_, _imitation_. - -=imitor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to imitate_. - -=immānis, e=, adj., _huge_, _immense_. - -=immemor, oris= [=in= + =memor=], adj., _unmindful_, _careless_. - -=immeritō= [=immeritus=, _undeserved_], adv., _unjustly_, -_undeservedly_. - -=immineō, ēre, uī, --=, _to overhang_, _threaten_. - -=immodicus, a, um= [=in= + =modus=], adj., _beyond bounds_, _enormous_, -_high_; _excessive_. - -=immūnitās, ātis= [=in= + =munus=, _burden_], f., _freedom from public -duties_, _immunity_. - -=impār, paris= [=in= + =pār=], adj., _unequal_. - -=impatiēns, entis= [=in= + =patiēns=], adj., _impatient_; _intolerant_, -_impetuous_. - -=impatientia, ae= [=impatiēns=], f., _impatience_. - -=impellō=, see =pellō=. - -=imperātōr, ōris= [=imperō=], m., _commander-in-chief_, _general_, -_emperor_. - -=imperium, ī= [=imperō=], n., _command_, _control_, _government_, -_military authority_; _sovereignty_, _empire_. - -=imperō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to rule_, _command_; _order_, _levy_; _to be -emperor_. - -=impetrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to procure_, _gain_; _accomplish_, _bring -to pass_; _succeed_. - -=impetus, ūs= [=in= + =petō=], m., _an attack_; _violence_, _vehemence_. - -=impleō=, see =*pleō=. - -=impōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=improbō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=improbus=], _to disprove_, _blame_, -_censure_; _reject_. - -=improbus, a, um= [=in + probus=, _upright_], adj., _wicked_, -_outrageous_. - -=imprōsper, spera, sperum= [=in= + =prōsperus=, _fortunate_], adj., -_unfortunate_, _unprosperous_. - -=imprūdēns, entis= [=in= + =prūdens=, _foreseeing_], adj., _not -foreseeing_, _imprudent_, _off guard_. - -=impudīcē= [=impudīcus=, _shameless_], adv., _unchastely_. - -=impulsor, ōris= [=impellō=], m., _one who incites_, _instigator_. - -=in=, prep. with acc., of place, _into_, _to_, _on_, _upon_, _towards_, -_against_; of purpose, _for_, _with a view to_; of other relations, -_respecting_, _according to_; =in diēs=, _day by day_; with abl., of -place, _in_, _on_, _upon_, _in the midst of_, _among_; of time, _in_, -_in the course of_, _during_; of other relations, _in the midst of_, -_in the case of_, _respecting_, _according to_. - -=incēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=incendō, ere, cendī, cēnsus= [=in= + =candeō=, to _shine_], _to set on -fire_, _burn_; _excite_. - -=incidō=, see =cadō=. - -=incīvīlis, e= [=in= + =cīvīlis=], adj., _rude_, _uncivil_. - -=inclutus, a, um=, adj., _famous_. - -=incognitus, a, um= [=in= + =cognōscō=], adj., _unknown_. - -=incolō=, see =colō=. - -=incolumis, e=, adj., _safe_, _unharmed_. - -=incommodus, a, um= [=in= + =commodus=], adj., _inconvenient_, -_unsuitable_, _unfit_. - -=incōnsultē= [=incōnsultus=, _not asked_], adv., _unadvisedly_, -_inconsiderately_. - -=incrēmentum, ī= [=incrēscō=, _to increase_], n., _growth_, _increase_. - -=inde=, adv., _from that place_, _thence_; _next_, _then_. - -=Indī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the people of India_. - -=India, ae=, f., _India_, modern Hindustan. - -=indīcō=, see =dīcō=. - -=indigeō, ēre, uī, --= [=in= + =egeō=], _to be poor_, _to have need -of_, _want_. - -=indiscrētus, a, um= [=in= + =discernō=, _to distinguish_], adj., -_undistinguishable_; _without distinction of rank_. - -=indō=, see =dō=. - -=indolēs, is=, f., _nature_, _disposition_. - -=indūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=indulgeō, ēre, dulsī, dultus=, _to be complaisant_; _be kind_, _be -tender_; _yield_, _grant_, _spare_; _bestow_, _confer_. - -=industria, ae=, f., _industry_, _diligence_; _ability_. - -=indūtiae, ārum=, pl. f., _truce_, _armistice_. - -=iners, ertis= [=in= + =ars=], adj., _unskillful_, _idle_, _effeminate_. - -=īnfāmis, e= [=in= + =fāma=], adj., _infamous_. - -=īnfantia, ae= [=in= + =for=, _to speak_], f., _infancy_. - -=īnfēlīcitās, ātis= [=īnfēlis=, _unfortunate_], f., _ill-luck_, -_misfortune_. - -=īnferior, ius= (comp. of =īnferus=), adj., _lower_, _inferior_. - -=īnferō=, see =ferō=. - -=īnfēstō, āre, --, --= [=īnfēstus=, _hostile_], _to attack_, _molest_, -_infest_. - -=īnfīdus, a, um= [=in= + =fīdus=], adj., _not to be trusted_, -_faithless_, _treacherous_, _false_. - -=īnfīnītus, a, um= [=in= + =fīniō=], adj., _unbounded_, _vast_, -_enormous_; _numberless_; as subst., =īnfīnītum, ī=, n., _a large -amount_, _a large number_. - -=īnfringō=, see =frangō=. - -=ingenium, ī=, n., _disposition_, _ability_, _nature_, _wit_. - -=ingēns, entis=, adj., _large_, _huge_, _great_. - -=Ingenuus, ī=, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants; defeated and slain by -Gallienus. - -=ingluviēs, --=, acc. =em=, abl. =ē=, f., _the crop_, _maw_; _gluttony_. - -=ingravēscō, ere, --, --=, _to be burdensome_, _be wearied_; -_increase_, _grow worse_. - -=ingredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=ingruō, ere, uī, --=, _to break in_; _assault in force_. - -=inhonōrus, a, um=, adj., _unsightly_. - -=inimīcitia, ae= [=inimīcus=, _unfriendly_], f., _enmity_. - -=initium, ī= [=ineō=], n., _a beginning_. - -=iniūcundus, a, um= [=in= + =iūcundus=], adj., _unpleasant_, -_disagreeable_. - -=iniūria, ae= [=in= + =iūs=], f., _wrong_, _injustice_, _violence_, -_injury_. - -=iniūstē= [=iniūstus=], adv., _unjustly_. - -=iniūstus, a, um= [=in= + =iūstus=], adj., _unjust_. - -=innoxius, a, um=, adj., _harmless_; _not guilty_, _blameless_, -_innocent_. - -=innumerus, a, um= [=in= + =numerus=], adj., _countless_. - -=inopia, ae= [=inops=, _needy_], f., _want_, _scarcity_, _poverty_. - -=inquinō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to stain_, _defile_; _dishonor_. - -=inritus, a, um= [=in= + =ratus=], adj., _undecided_, _unsettled_; -_void_, _of no effect_. - -=inrumpō=, see =rumpō=. - -=īnsatiābilis, e= [=in= + =satur=, _full_], adj., _unsating_, _not -cloying_. - -=īnsectātor, ōris=, m., _a persecutor_. - -=īnsequor=, see =sequor=. - -=īnserō=, see =*serō=. - -=īnsidiae, ārum= [=īnsideō=, _to sit upon_], pl. f., _ambush_; -_treachery_. - -=īnsīgne, is= [=īnsīgnis=], n., _a sign_, _badge_, _ornament_. - -=īnsīgnis, e= [=in= + =sīgnum=], adj., _remarkable_, _distinguished_. - -=īnsīgniter= [=īnsīgnis=], adv., _remarkably_, _extraordinarily_. - -=īnsolēns, entis= [=in= + =soleō=], adj., _unusual_; _haughty_, -_insolent_. - -=īnsolentia, ae= [=īnsolēns=], f., _unusualness_; _haughtiness_, -_arrogance_, _insolence_. - -=īnsolentius= (comp. of =īnsolenter=), adv., _too haughtily_, -_insolently_. - -=īnstituō=, see =*statuō=. - -=īnstō=, see =stō=. - -=īnstrūmentum, ī= [=īnstruō=], n., _tool_; collectively, _stock of -tools_, _plant_. - -=īnstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus= [=in= + =struō=, _to pile up_], -_to build_; _arrange_, _draw up_ or _array_ (troops); _make ready_, -_equip_, _fit out_. - -=īnsula, ae=, f., _an island_. - -=īnsulsē= [=īnsulsus=, _without taste_], adv., _tastelessly_, -_insipidly_; _foolishly_, _absurdly_. - -=insum=, see =sum=. - -=integer, gra, grum= [=in= + root =tag= in =tango=], adj., _untouched_, -_new_; _full_, _entire_, _vigorous_. - -=inter=, prep. with acc., of place, _between_, _among_; _of time_, -_during_. - -=Interamna, ae=, f., a town in Umbria. - -=intercēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=intereā= [=inter= + =is=], adv., _in the meantime_, _meanwhile_. - -=intereō=, see =eō.= - -=interfector, ōris= [=interficiō=], m., _a slayer_, _murderer_. - -=interficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=interim=, adv., _meanwhile_. - -=interimō=, see =emō=. - -=intericiō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=interior, ius= [=inter=], adj., comp., no positive, sup. =intimus=; -_inner_, _interior_. - -=intermittō=, see =mittō=. - -=interneciō, ōnis= [=internecō=, _to destroy_], f., _slaughter_, _utter -ruin_. - -=intersum=, see =sum=. - -=interveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=intolerābilis, e= [=in= + =tolerābilis=, _supportable_], adj., -_unendurable_. - -=intrā=, adv. and prep. with acc., _inside of_, _within_, _during_. - -=intrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=intrō=, _within_], _to enter_. - -=intueor=, see =tueor=. - -=inultus, a, um= [=in= + =ulcīscor=, _to avenge_], adj., _without -satisfaction_, u_navenged_, _unpunished_. - -=inūsitātus, a, um= [=in= + =ūsitātus=, _usual_], adj., _unusual_, -_unfamiliar_, _novel_. - -=invādō=, see =*vādō.= - -=invehō=, see =vehō.= - -=inveniō=, see =veniō.= - -=invicem= [=in= + =vicem=], adv., _by turns_, _in turn_, _one after -another_, _alternately_. - -=invīctus, a, um= [=in= + =vincō=], adj., _unconquerable_, _invincible_. - -=invideō=, see =videō.= - -=invidia, ae= [=invideō=], f., _envy_, _ill-will_. - -=invīsus, a, um= [=invideō=], adj., _hateful_, _hostile_, _troublesome_. - -=invītō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to invite_, _summon_. - -=invītus, a, um=, adj., _unwilling_. - -=invius, a, um= [=in= + =via=], adj., _impassible_. - -=Ioviānus, ī=, m., _(Flavius Claudius) Ioviānus_, Roman emperor 363-364 -A.D. - -=ipse, a, um=, intensive pron., _himself_, _herself_, _itself_, -_themselves_; often best rendered by _very_, _mere_, _in person_, -_even_, _actually_. - -=īra, ae=, f., _anger_, _passion_. - -=īrācundia, ae= [=īrācundus=, _irascible_], f., _a proneness to anger_, -_hasty temper_; _anger_, _wrath_, _passion_. - -=īrātus, a, um= [=īrāscor=, _to be angry_], adj., _angry_. - -=is, ea, id=, dem. pron., _this_, t_hat_; _he_, _she_, _it_; _such_. - -=Isaurī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Isauria_. - -=Isauria, ae=, f., a country of Asia Minor. - -=Isauricus, ī=, adj., _Isaurian_, a surname of P. Servilius (Vatia), -who conquered the Isaurians. - -=Īsīum, ī=, n., the temple of Isis. - -=ita= [=is=], adv., _in this way_, _so_, _thus_; _as follows_, _in such -a way_; _accordingly_, _and so_. - -=Ītalica, ae=, f., a city in Spain. - -=Ītalicus, a, um=, adj., _Italian_. - -=itaque= [=ita= + =que=], adv., _and so_, _therefore_, _consequently_. - -=item=, adv., _likewise_, _just so_, _also_, _moreover_. - -=iter, itineris= [=eō=], n., _a journey_, _march_; _road_, _highway_. - -=iterum=, adv., _again_, _once more_, _for the second time_. - -=Itūraeī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Ituraea_, a district in -Coelesyria. - -=Iuba, ae=, m., 1. King of Numidia, defeated by Caesar in the battle of -Thapsus, 46 B.C. 2. King of Mauretania. - -=iubeō, ēre, iussī, iussus=, _to order_, _command_. - -=iūcundus, a, um=, adj., _pleasant_; _pleasing_, _joyful_, _dear_. - -=Iūdaea, ae=, f., _Judea_, a part of Palestine. - -=Iūdaeī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Jews_. - -=iūdex, icis= [=iūs= + =dīcō=], m., _a judge_. - -=iūdicō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=iūdex=], _to judge_, _think_, _be of the -opinion_; _pronounce_. - -=iūgerum, ī= [=iungō=], n., _a measure of land, somewhat more than half -an acre_. - -=iūgis, e= [=iungō=], adj., _joined together_. - -=iugulō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=iugulum=, _neck_], _to cut the throat_, -_kill_, _slay_, _murder_. - -=iugum, ī= [=iungō=], n., _a yoke_; _ridge_. - -=Iugurtha, ae=, m., king of Numidia. See Notes, p. 135. - -=Iugurthīnus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Iugurtha_. - -=Iūlia, ae=, f., _Iūlia Maesa_, wife of Caracalla. - -=Iūliānus, ī=, m., 1. _(Flavius Claudius) Iūliānus_, Roman emperor -361-363 A.D. 2. _Salvius Iūliānus_, an eminent Roman jurist. 3. -_Salvius Iūliānus_, Roman emperor from March 28 to June 1, 193 A.D. - -=Iūlius, i=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Caesar, Libō.= - -=iungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus=, _to join together_, _unite_, _bind_, -_fasten_; _yoke_. =ad--adiungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus=, _to join to_, -_fasten to_, _add_. =con--cōniungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus=, _to fasten -together_, _connect_, _form by associating_. - -=iūnior=, see =iuvenis=. - -=Iūnius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Brūtus=, =Pullus=, -=Sīlānus=. - -=Iuppiter, Iovīs=, m., the chief god of the Latins. He was originally a -personification of the sky, and had control of the thunder, lightning, -rain, and storms. - -=iūrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to take an oath_, _swear_. =con--coniūrō, āre, -āvī, ātus=, _to take an oath together_, _conspire_, _plot_. - -=iūs, iūris=, n., _right_, _justice_, _authority_; _court_. - -(=iussus, ūs=) [=iubeō=], m., only in the abl. sing. =iussū=, _by order -of_, _command_. - -=iūstus, a, um= [=iūs=], adj., _just_, _fair_; _proper_, _fitting_, -_regular_. - -=iuvenīlis, e= [=iuvenis=], adj., _youthful_. - -=iuvenis, e=, adj., comp. =iūnior=; _young_. - -=iuvō, āre, iūvī, iūtus=, _to help_, _aid_. - -=iūxtā=, adv. and prep. with acc., _near_. - -=Iuventius, ī=, m., _P. (M’.) Iuventius (Thalma)_, praetor 167 B.C. - - -K. - -=Kal.= ＝ =Kalendae, ārum=, pl. f., _the Kalends_, the first day of the -month. - -=Karthāginiēnsis, e=, adj., _Carthaginian_; as subst., -=Karthāginiēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the Carthaginians_. - -=Karthāgō, inis=, f., 1. _Carthage_, a city founded by the Phoenicians -on the northern coast of Africa; destroyed by the Romans 146 B.C. 2. -_Karthāgō Nova_, a city founded by the Carthaginians on the eastern -coast of Spain. - - -L. - -=L.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Lucius=. - -=L.= ＝ 50. - -=labor, ōris=, m., _labor_, _toil_; _misfortune_. - -=labōriōsus, a, um= [=labor=], adj., _full of labor_, _laborious_, -_toilsome_; _wearisome_, _difficult_. - -=labōrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=labor=], _to toil_, _strive_; _be in -distress_; _be troubled_. - -=Lacedaemoniī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Lacedaemonians_, the inhabitants of -Lacedaemon or Sparta. - -=lacrima, ae=, f., _a tear_. - -=lacrimābilis, e= [=lacrimō=, _to weep_], adj., _lamentable_. - -=laedō, ere, laesī, laesus=, _to hurt_, _injure_. - -=Laeliānus, ī=, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants; emperor in Gaul after -the death of Postumus. - -=Laelius, ī=, m., _C. Laelius_, consul 190 B.C. - -=laetitia, ae= [=laetus=, _joyful_], f., _joy_, _rejoicing_. - -=laetor, ārī, ātus sum= [=laetus=, _joyful_], _to rejoice_, _be -joyful_, _be glad_. - -=Laevīnus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _L. Valerius -(Laevīnus)_, consul 206 B.C. 2. _M. Valerius Laevīnus_, consul 210 B.C. -3. _P. Valerius Laevīnus_, consul 280 B.C. - -=laevus, a, um=, adj., _left_; as subst., =laeva, ae=, f., _the left_; -=in laevā=, _on the left side_. - -=Lamponius, ī=, m., a leader of the Marian party in the Civil war -between Marius and Sulla. - -=languor, ōris=, m., _faintness_, _feebleness_, _weariness_. - -=Larcius, ī=, m., _T. Larcius (Flavus)_, the first dictator, 501 B.C. - -=largior, īrī, ītus sum=, _to give freely_, _distribute_; _bribe_. - -=largītiō, ōnis= [=largior=], f., _liberality_, _bribery_. - -=lascīvia, ae= [=lascīvus=, _sportive_], f., _jollity_. - -=lātē= [=lātus=, _broad_], adv., _broadly_, _widely_; _on all sides_, -_far and wide_. - -=lateō, ere, uī, --=, _to lie hid_, _escape notice_. - -=Latīnē=, adv., _in Latin_. - -=Latīnus, a, um=, adj., _Latin_, _pertainingto Latium_; as subst., -=Latīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Latins_. - -=latrō, ōnis=, m., _a robber_, _brigand_. - -=latrōcinor, ārī, --= [=latrō=], _to be a robber_, _commit piracy_. - -=latus, eris=, n., _a side_; _flank_. - -=laudō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=laus=], _to praise_, _commend_. - -=laurea, ae=, f., _the laurel tree_. - -=laus, laudis=, f., _praise_, _fame_, _glory_; _ability_, _merit_. - -=lavācrum, ī= [=lavō=], n., _bath_. - -=lavō, āre, lāvī, lautus=, _to wash_, _bathe_. - -=laxō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to loose_, _spread out_, _relax_. - -=lectīcula, ae= [dim. of =lectīca=, _couch_], f., _a litter_; _bier_. - -=lēctiō, ōnis= [=legō=], f., _a reading_. - -=lēgātiō, ōnis= [=legō=], f., _an embassy_. - -=lēgātus, ī= [=legō=], m., _an ambassador_, _legate_; _lieutenant_, -_deputy_. - -=legiō, ōnis= [=legō=], f., _a legion_. - -=legō, ere, lēgī, lēctus=, _to gather_, _collect_; _select_, _appoint_, -_choose_; _read_. =con--conlegō, ere, lēgī, lēctus=, _to collect_, -_gather_; _obtain_, _get_, _acquire_. =dis--dīligō, ere, lēxī, lēctus=, -_to single out_, _esteem_, _love_, _prize_. =ex--ēligō, ere, lēgī, -lēctus=, _to pick out_, _choose_, _select_. - -=lēnitās, ātis= [=lēnis=, _soft_], f., _softness_, _smoothness_, -_gentleness_, _mildness_. - -=lēniter= [=lēnis=, _soft_], adv., _softly_, _mildly_, _lightly_. - -=Lentulus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _(L.) Cornēlius -Lentulus_, consul 275 B.C. 2. _L. Cornēlius Lentulus_, consul 237 B.C. -3. _P. Cornēlius Lentulus_, consul 71 B.C. - -=leō, ōnis=, m., =lion=. - -=Lepidus, ī=, m., _M. Aemilius Lepidus_, a member of the Second -Triumvirate, consul 46 B.C. - -=Leptis, is=, f., a Phoenician colony in the northern part of Africa. - -=levis, e=, adj., _light_, _trivial_, _easy_. - -=lēx, lēgis=, f., _a law_, _decree_. - -=libenter= [=libēns=, _glad_], adv., _gladly_, _cheerfully_. - -=līber, era, erum=, adj., _free_; as subst., =līberī, ōrum=, pl. m., -_children_. - -=līberālis, e= [=līber=], adj., _freeborn_, _noble_; _liberal_, -_generous_. - -=līberālitās, ātis= [=līberālis=], f., _generosity_, _kindness_; _a -gift_. - -=līberō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=līber=], _to set free_, _release_. - -=lībertās, ātis= [=līber=], f., _freedom_. - -=lībertīnus, ī= [=lībertus=], adj. used as subst., m., _a manumitted -slave_, _freedman_. - -=lībertus, ī= [=līber=], m., _a freedman_. - -=libīdō, inis= [=libet=, _it pleases_], f., _pleasure_; _lust_, -_wantonness_, _passion_. - -=Libō, ōnis=, m., _L. Iūlius Libō_, consul 267 B.C. - -=lībra, ae=, f., _a pair of scales_; _a pound_. - -=Liburnus, a, um=, adj., _of_ or _belonging to the Liburnians_, an -Illyrian people living between Histria and Dalmatia; =nāvēs Liburnae=, -light galleys built after a model used by them. - -=Libya, ae=, f., the northern part of Africa, west of Egypt. - -=Libyssa, ae=, f., a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor. - -=licet, licēre, licuit= or =licitum est=, impers., _it is allowed_, -_permitted_. - -=Licinius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. _C. Fabius Licinius_, -consul 273 B.C. 2. _(P. Flavius) Licinius_, Roman emperor 307-324 A.D. -See =Crassus=, =Lūcullus=, =Valeriānus=. - -=Ligurēs, um=, pl. m., _the people of Liguria_, a district on the -western coast of Italy. - -=Lilybaeum, ī=, n., a town in western Sicily. - -=Lingonēs, um=, Gr. acc. =Lingonas=, pl. m., a Celtic people of Gaul. - -=līs, lītis=, f., _a strife_, _dispute_, _quarrel_; _a suit_, _action_. - -=littera, ae=, f., _a letter_ (of the alphabet); pl., _writing_, -_literature_, _letters_; _a letter_. - -=lītus, oris=, n., _a shore, beach_. - -=Līvius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Salīnātōr=. - -=locō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=locus=], _to place_. =con--conlocō, āre, āvī, -ātus=, _to place_, _arrange_, _station_, _establish_. - -=locuplētātor, ōris= [=locuplētō=, _to enrich_], m., _an enricher_. - -=locus, ī=, pl. =locī= and =loca=, m., _a place_, _spot_; _room_; -_position_, _rank_, _condition_. - -=Lollius, ī=, m., M. Lollius, consul 21 B.C. - -=longē= [=longus=], adv., _at a distance_, _far_, _by far_. - -=Longīnus, ī=, m., 1. _C. Cassius Longīnus_, consul 124 B.C. 2. _C. -Cassius (Longīnus)_, murderer of Caesar. - -=longus, a, um=, adj., _long_, _tall_; _distant_; _tedious_. - -=lōrīca, ae= [=lōrum=, _a strap_], f., _a corselet of leather_, _a coat -of mail_. - -=Lorium, ī=, n., a town in Etruria. - -=Lūcānī, ōrum=, pl. m., the inhabitants of Lucania. - -=Lūcānia, ae=, f., a district in southern Italy. - -=Lucrētia, ae=, f., the wife of Collatinus. - -=Lucrētius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Tricipitīnus=. - -=lūctus, ūs= [=lugeō=], m., _grief_, _sorrow_, _mourning_. - -=Lūcullus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _L. Licinius -Lūcullus_, consul 74 B.C. 2. _M. Licinius Lūcullus_, brother of (1). - -=lūcus, ī=, m., _a sacred grove_, _grove_. - -=lūdus, ī=, m., _play_, _game_; _place of training_, _school_. - -=Lugdūnum, ī=, n., a city in Gaul, now Lyons. - -=lūgeō, ēre, lūxī, lūctus=, _to mourn_, _bewail_. - -=Lūsitānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Lūsitānia_. - -=Lūsitānia, ae=, f., a province in the southwest of Spain. - -=Lutātius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Catulus=. - -=luxūria, ae= [=lūxus=, _excess_], f., _luxury_, _extravagance_. - -=Lycia, ae=, f., a division of Asia Minor. - - -M. - -=M.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Marcus=. - -=M’.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Manius=. - -=Macedo, onis=, m., _a Macedonian_. - -=Macedonia, ae=, f., an extensive country north of Greece, between -Thessaly and Thrace. - -=Macedonicus, a, um=, adj., _Macedonian_; a surname of =Q. Caecilius -Metellus=, who conquered Macedonia; also of =L. Aemilius Paulus=. - -=māchinor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to contrive skillfully_, _devise_, -_scheme_, _plot_. - -=Macrīnus, ī=, m., (M.) Opilius Macrīnus, Roman emperor 217-218 A.D. - -=Madena, ae=, f., a part of Armenia. - -=Maedī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of Thrace. - -=maeror, ōris=, m., _mourning_, _sadness_, _grief_, _sorrow_, -_lamentation_. - -=magis=, adv., comp., _more_, _rather_; =eō magis=, _all the more_; -sup., =māximē=, _greatly_, _chiefly_, _exceedingly_. - -=magister, trī=, m., _a master_, _ruler_, _teacher_; =magister -equitum=, _master of the horse_, _aid-de-camp of the dictator_. - -=Māgnentiānus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to_ or _pertaining to -Māgnentius_. - -=Māgnentius, ī=, m., Roman emperor, 350-353 A.D. - -=Māgnēsia, ae=, f., a city of Asia Minor near Mount Sipylus in Lydia. - -=māgnificentissimē= [=māgnificus=], adv., sup. of =māgnificē=; -_splendidly_, _very magnificently_. - -=māgnificus, a, um= [=māgnus= + =faciō=], adj., sup. -=māgnificentissimus=; _splendid_, _magnificent_, _noble_. - -=māgnitūdō, inis= [=māgnus=], f., _magnitude_, _greatness_, _size_. - -=māgnus, a, um=, adj., comp. =māior=, sup. =māximus=; _great_, _large_, -_abundant_, _powerful_. - -=Māgō, ōnis=, m., the brother of Hannibal, captured by Scipio in Spain. - -=māiestās, ātis= [=māior=], f., _greatness_, _grandeur_, _dignity_, -_majesty_. - -=māior=, see =māgnus=. - -=Māius, ī=, m., the month of May; usually as adj., =Māius, a, um=, -_agreeing with mēnsis_, _Kalendae_, _Nōnae_, _Īdūs_. - -=male= [=malus=], adv., comp. =pēius=, sup. =pessimē=; _badly_, _ill_, -_unhappily_, _unsuccessfully_. - -=mālo=, see =volō=. - -=malus, a, um=, adj., comp. =pēior=, sup. =pessimus=; _bad_, _evil_, -_hurtful_; as subst., =malum, ī=, n., _misfortune_. - -=Mamaea, ae=, f., _(Iūlia) Mamaea_, mother of Alexander Severus. - -=Mancīnus, ī=, m., _C. Hostīlius Mancīnus_, consul 137 B.C. - -=mandō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=manus= + =dō=], _to commission_, _command_, -_send word_. =con--commendō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to commend_ or _commit -for protection_, _intrust_, _recommend_. =re--remandō, āre, āvī, ātus=, -_to send back word_ (very rare). - -=maneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsus=, _to stay_, _continue_, _abide by_. -=per--permaneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus=, _to continue_, _remain_. -=re--remaneō, ēre, mānsī=, _to remain behind_. - -=Mānīlius, ī=, m., _M. Manilius_, consul 149 B.C. - -=Mānlius, ī=, m., 1. _A. Mānlius_, consul 241 B.C. 2. _M. Mānlius_, -consul 105 B.C. See =Cēnsōrīnus=, =Torquātus=, =Vulsō=. - -=mānsuētūdō, inis= [=mānsuētus=, _tame_], f., _mildness_, _gentleness_. - -=manūmittō, ere, mīsī, missus= [=manus= + =mittō=], _to set free_, -_emancipate_; _enfranchise_. - -=manus, ūs=, f., _hand_, _arm_; _band_, _troop_; _force_; _combat_; -=manūs cōnserere=, _to join battle_; =dare manūs=, _to yield_. - -=Mārcellus, ī=, m., the name of a famous Roman family. 1. _M. Claudius -Mārcellus_, consul 222 B.C. 2. _(M.) Claudius Mārcellus_, consul 166 -B.C. 3. _(M.) Claudius Mārcellus_, consul 51 B.C. - -=Mārcius, ī=, m., 1. _Ancus Mārcius_, the fourth king of Rome, 640-616 -B.C. 2. _C. Mārcius_, consul 310 B.C. 3. _Q. Mārcius_, surnamed -Coriolanus. See =Coriolānus=. - -=Marcomannicus, a, um=, adj., _belonging_ or _pertaining to the -Marcomannī_. - -=Marcomedī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of western Asia. - -=Mardī, ōrum=, pl. m., a powerful, warlike people that dwelt on the -southern shore of the Caspian sea. - -=mare, is=, n., _the sea_. - -=Margum, ī=, n., a town in Upper Moesia. - -=Mariānus, a, um=, adj., _belonging_ or _pertaining to Marius_. - -=maritimus, a, um= [=mare=], adj., _marine_, _maritime_, _on the -seashore_. - -=marītus, ī= [=mās=, _male_], m., _a husband_. - -=Marius, ī=, m., the name of a family at Rome. 1. _C. Marius_, seven -times consul, leader of the democratic party in the Civil war between -him and Sulla. See Notes, p. 137. 2. _C. Marius_, son of (1). Consul 82 -B.C. 3. _M. Aurēlius Marius_, one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=Mārs, Mārtis=, m., the Roman god of war. - -=Marsī, ōrum=, pl. m., a brave and warlike Sabellian people, who dwelt -in the mountains of central Italy. - -=Mārtius, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Mars_. - -=Mārtius, ī=, m., the month of March; usually used as an adj., -=Mārtius, a, um=, _agreeing with mēnsis_, _Kalendae_, _Nōnae_, _Īdūs_. - -=Masinissa, ae=, m., a king of Numidia, an ally of the Romans. - -=Massilia, ae=, f., a city in Gaul, modern Marseilles. - -=māter, tris=, f., _mother_. - -=māternus, a, um= [=māter=], adj., _of a mother_, _mother’s_; -_maternal_, _on the mother’s side_. - -=mātrimōnium, ī= [=māter=], n., _marriage_; pl. _wives_. - -=mātrōna, ae= [=māter=], f., _a matron_, _woman_. - -=Mauretania, ae=, f., a district on the northwestern coast of Africa, -embracing parts of modern Morocco and Algiers. - -=Māxentius, ī=, m. _(M. Aurēlius Valerius) Māxentius_, Roman emperor -306-312 A.D. - -=māximē=, see =magis=. - -=Māximiānus, ī=, m., 1. _Gālerius (Valerius) Māximiānus_, Roman -emperor, 305-311 A.D. 2. _(M. Aurēlius Valerius) Māximiānus_, surnamed -=Herculius=, Roman emperor 286-305 A.D. - -=Māximīnus, ī=, m., 1. _(C. Iūlius Verus) Māximīnus_, Roman emperor -235-238 A.D. 2. _Gālerius (Valerius) Māximīnus_, Roman emperor 305-314 -A.D. - -=Māximus, ī=, m., 1. _Q. Fabius Māximus_, consul six times. 2. _Q. -Fabius Māximus_, defeated by the Samnites 292 B.C. 3. _Q. Fabius -Māximus (Cunctātor)_, five times consul. - -=māximus=, see =māgnus=. - -=Māzaca, ae=, f., a city in Cappadocia, later called _Caesarēa ad -Argaeum_ from Mount Argaeus upon which it stood. - -=medicus, ī= [=medeor=, _to heal_], m., _a physician_, _surgeon_. - -=medie= [=medius=], adv., _in the middle_, _moderately_, _tolerably_. - -=medietās, ātis= [=medius=], f., _the middle_, _place in the middle_, -_midst_. - -=mediocris, cre= [=medius=], adj., _common_, _moderate_, _mediocre_. - -=Mediōlānum, ī=, n., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, modern Milan. - -=medius, a, um=, adj., _in the middle_, _middle_, _midst of_; as -subst., =medium, ī=, n., _middle_, _midst_, _space between_. - -=melior=, see =bonus=. - -=melius=, see =bene=. - -=Memmius, ī=, m., _L. Memmius_, consul 151 B.C. - -=memorābilis, e= [=memorō=, _to bring to mind_], adj., _worth telling_, -_remarkable_. - -=memoria, ae= [=memor=, _mindful_], f., _memory_; _report_, _record_, -_time_, _age_. - -=mēns, mentis=, f., _the mind_; _disposition_; _reason_. - -=mēnsis, is=, m., _a month_. - -=mentiō, ōnis=, f., _mention_. - -=mentum, ī=, n., _the chin_. - -=mereō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to get_, _earn_, _deserve_; _serve_. - -=mergō, ere, mersī, mersus=, _to dip_, _plunge_, _sink_. =dē--dēmergō, -ere, mersī, mersus=, _to sink_. - -=meritō= [=meritum=, _desert_], adv., _deservedly_, _justly_. - -=Mesopotamia, ae=, f., _Mesopotamia_, a division of Asia between the -Euphrates and Tigris rivers. - -=Messāla, ae=, m., _M. (M’.) Valerius (Messāla)_, consul 263 B.C. - -=Messēniī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Messēnē_, an island in -the Tigris river. - -=-met=, an intensive enclitic particle, _self_. - -=Metellus, ī=, m., the name of a prominent family at Rome. 1. _C. -Caecilius Metellus_, consul 113 B.C. 2. _L. Caecilius Metellus_, consul -251 B.C. 3. _L. Caecilius Metellus_, consul 123 B.C. 4. _(Q. Caecilius) -Metellus Macedonicus_, consul 143 B.C. 5. _Q. Caecilius Metellus -(Numidicus)_, consul 109 B.C. 6. _Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus_, -consul 69 B.C. 7. _L. (Caecilius) Metellus_, carried on war against -Mithradates. 8. _M. (Caecilius) Metellus._ - -=metus, ūs=, m., _fear_, _dread_. - -=Micipsa, ae=, m., king of Numidia, the eldest of the sons of Masinissa. - -=migrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to migrate_, _remove_. - -=mīles, itis=, m. and f., _a soldier_. - -=mīliārium, ī=, n., _a milestone_, _mile_. - -=mīlitāris, e= [=mīles=], adj., _military_; as subst., _a soldier_; -=rēs mīlitāris=, _the art of war_, _military operations_. - -=mīlitia, ae= [=mīles=], f., _military service_. - -=mīlitō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=mīles=], _to be a soldier_, _wage war_. - -=mīlle=, indecl. num. adj., _a thousand_; as subst. with part. gen., -=mīlia, um=, pl. n., _thousand_, _thousands_. - -=mīllēsimus, a, um= [=mīlle=], num. adj., _thousandth_. - -=mināx, ācis= [=minor=, _to threaten_], adj., _threatening_. - -=minimē=, see =parum=. - -=minimus=, see =parvus=. - -=minister, trī=, m., _an attendant_, _servant_. - -=minor, us=, see =parvus=. - -=Minucius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Rūfus=. - -=minuō, ere, ī, ūtus= [=minus=], _to make small_, _diminish_, _reduce_. -=dē--dēminuō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to make smaller_, _lessen_, _diminish_. - -=minus=, adv., see =parum=. - -=mīrābilis, e= [=mīror=], adj., _wonderful_. - -=mīror, ārī, ātus sum=, _to wonder at_, _be astonished_. =ad--admīror, -ārī, ātus sum=, _to wonder at_, _admire_. - -=Mithradātēs, is=, m., surnamed the Great, king of Pontus 120-63 B.C. - -=Mithradāticus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Mithradātēs_. - -=mītis, e=, adj., _mild_, _kind_, _placid_. - -=mittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to send_, _dispatch_; _throw_, _shoot_; -_let go_. =ab--āmittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to send away_, -_lose_; _dismiss_. =ad--admittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to permit_, -_admit_, _give audience to_. =con--committō, ere, mīsī, missus=, -_to send_ or _bring together_, _join_; _intrust_, _commit_, _bring -about_, _cause_, _allow_; =pūgnam= or =proelium committere=, _to -begin battle_. =dis--dimittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to send away_, -_dismiss_; _give up_, _abandon_. =inter--intermittō, ere, mīsī, -missus=, _to send between_, _interpose_, _interrupt_; _stop_, _cease_. -=per--permittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to let pass_; _permit_, _allow_. -=praeter--praetermittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, _to permit to go by_, _let -pass_, _let go_; _omit_, _neglect_. =prō--prōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus=, -_to put forward_; _promise_, _assure_. =re--remittō, ere, mīsī, -missus=, _to send back_, _relax_; _abate_. - -=moderātē= [=moderātus=], adv., sup. =moderātissimē=; wi_th -moderation_, _moderately_. - -=moderātiō, ōnis= [=moderor=], f., _moderation_, _self-control_. - -=moderātor, ōris= [=moderor=], m., _a manager_, _governor_, _director_. - -=moderātus, a, um= [=moderor=], adj., _self-controlled_, _temperate_, -_modest_. - -=moderor, ārī, ātus sum= [=modus=], _to set bounds to_, _check_, -_restrict_, _regulate_. - -=modestia, ae= [=modestus=], f., _moderation_; _shame_, _modesty_; -_sense of honor_, _dignity_. - -=modestus, a, um= [=modus=], adj., _keeping due measure_, _moderate_, -_modest_, _temperate_. - -=modicus, a, um= [=modus=], adj., _small_, _moderate_. - -=modius, ī= [=modus=], m., _a measure_, _peck_. - -=modo= [=modus=], adv., _only_; _just now_, _lately_; =modo … modo=, -_at one time … at another_, _now … now_; =nōn modo … sed etiam=, _not -only … but also_. - -=modus, ī=, m., _measure_, _limit_, _end_; _way_, _manner_. - -=Moesia, ae=, f., the modern Bulgaria and Servia, divided into Moesia -Superior and Inferior; hence the pl., =Moesiae=. - -=Mogontiacum, ī=, n., a city in Belgic Gaul, modern Mainz. - -=molestus, a, um= [=mōlēs=, _mass_], adj., _troublesome_, _annoying_, -_vexatious_. - -=mōlior, īrī, ītus sum= [=mōlēs=, _mass_], _to struggle_, _toil_; -_undertake_, _attempt_. - -=mollis, e=, adj., _gentle_, _smooth_; _yielding_. - -=moneō, ēre, uī, itus=, _to advise_, _warn_, _remind_. - -=monētārius, ī= [=monēta=, _mint_], m., _a minter_, _coiner_. - -=mōns, montis=, m., a mountain, _hill_, _height_. - -=monumentum, ī= [=moneō=], n., _a monument_, _record_; _tomb_. - -=mōrātus, a, um= [=mōs=], adj., _mannered_, _of morals_, _constituted_; -_characteristic_. - -=morbus, ī=, m., _sickness_, _disease_. - -=morior, morī, mortuus sum=, _to die_. - -=moror, ārī, ātus sum= [=mora=, _delay_], _to delay_, _wait_. - -=mors, mortis= [=morior=], f., _death_. - -=mōs, mōris=, m., _a custom_, _habit_; _manner_, _fashion_; pl., -_customs_, _character_. - -=mōtus, ūs= [=moveō=], m., _motion_, _disturbance_, _revolt_. - -=moveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus=, _to move_, _remove_; _influence_, _excite_. -=con--commoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus=, _to arouse_, _disturb_, _move_, -_influence_. =re--removeō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus=, _to remove_, _put aside_, -_dismiss_, _withdraw_. =sub--submoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus=, _to drive -off_, _dislodge_. - -=mox=, adv., _soon_, _directly_, _then_. - -=Mūcius, ī=, m., see =Scaevola=. - -=muliebris, e= [=mulier=, _a woman_], adj., _pertaining to a woman, -woman-like_. - -=multitūdō, inis= [=multus=], f., _a multitude_. - -=multō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=multa=, _a fine_], _to fine_, _deprive_; -_punish_, _condemn_. - -=multō= [=multus=], adv., _by far_, _much_. - -=multus, a, um=, adj., comp. =plūs=, sup. =plūrimus=; _much_, _many a_; -pl., _many_. - -=Mulvius, a, um=, adj., _Mulvian_; =Mulvius pōns=, the Mulvian bridge, -about two miles north of Rome. - -=Mummius, ī=, m., _L. Mummius_, the conqueror of Corinth; consul 146 -B.C. - -=Munda, ae=, f., a Roman colony in the south of Spain, where a battle -was fought in 45 B.C. between Caesar and the Pompeians. - -=mūniō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus= [=moenia=, _walls_], _to fortify_, -_secure_, _guard_. - -=mūnus, eris=, n., _duty_, _service_; _present_, _gift_. - -=Mūrēna, ae=, m., _L. (Licinius) Mūrēna_, consul 62 B.C. - -=murrinus, a, um=, adj., _of_ or _belonging to the stone murra_, -_murine_. - -=Mursa, ae=, f., a town in Pannonia. - -=mūrus, ī=, m., _a wall_. - -=Mūs, Mūris=, m., _(P.) Decius Mūs_, consul 279 B.C. - -=mūtō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to change_. - - -N. - -=Nabis, idis=, m., _tyrant of Sparta_. - -=nactus=, see =nancīscor=. - -=nam=, conj., _for_, _but_. - -=nancīscor, ī, nactus sum=, _to get_, _obtain_. - -=Narbō, ōnis=, m., a city in the southern part of Gaul. - -=nārrātiō, ōnis= [=nārrō=, _to tell_], f., _a relating_, _narrative_. - -=Narseus, ī=, m., king of Persia, 294-303 A.D. - -=Nāsīca=, see =Scīpiō=. - -=nāscor, ī, nātus sum=, _to be born_; _spring from_, _arise_. - -=nātiō, ōnis= [=nāscor=], f., _nation_, _tribe_, _people_. - -=nātūra, ae= [=nātus=], f., _nature_, _disposition_; _situation_. - -=nātus, a, um= [=nāscor=], adj., lit. _born_; with =annōs= and -numerals, _old_. - -=naufragium, ī= [=nāvis= + =frangō=], n., _shipwreck_, _ruin_. - -=nāvālis, e= [=nāvis=], adj., _naval_. - -=nāvigātiō, ōnis= [=nāvigō=], f., _a voyage_; _navigation_. - -=nāvigō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=nāvis= + =agō=], _to sail_, _navigate_. - -=nāvis, is=, f., _ship_, _vessel_; =nāvis longa=, _war ship_, _galley_; -=nāvis onerāria=, transport. - -=nē=, 1, adv., _not_; =nē … quidem=, _not even_, _not at all_; 2, -conj., _in order that not_, _lest_, _not to_, _for fear that_. - -=ne=, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions, and -then translatable only by the inflection of the voice; (2) as conj. -with indirect questions, _whether_. - -=nec=, see =neque=. - -=necessārius, a, um= [=necesse=, _necessary_], adj., _necessary_, -_indispensable_; as subst., _an intimate friend_, _relative_. - -=necessitūdō, inis= [=necesse=, _necessary_], f., _friendship_, -_intimacy_. - -=neglegenter= [=neglegēns=, _heedless_], adv., _heedlessly_, -_carelessly_, _negligently_. - -=negō, āre, āvi, ātus=, _to say no_, _deny_, _refuse_. - -=negōtium, ī= [=nec= + =ōtium=], n., _business_; _toil_, _labor_, -_trouble_. - -=nēmō, inis= [=nē= + =homō=], m. and f., _no one_. - -=Nepotiānus, ī=, m., _(Flavius Popilius) Nepotiānus_, Roman emperor for -28 days in 350 A.D. - -=nepōs, ōtis=, m., _grandson_; _nephew_ (late); pl., _descendants_. - -=nēquāquam= [=nē= + =quāquam=, _anywhere_], adv., _not at all_, _by no -means_. - -=neque= or =nec= [_nē_ + _que_], adv. and conj., _and not_, _but not_, -_nor_, _nor yet_; =neque (nec) … neque (nec)=, _neither … nor_. - -=Nerō, ōnis=, m., 1. Nerō (_Claudius Caesar Drūsus Germānicus_), Roman -emperor 54-68 A.D. 2. _Appius Claudius Nerō_, consul 207 B.C. - -=Nerōniānus, a, um=, adj., _belonging_ or _pertaining to Nerō_; -_Nerōniānae thermae_. - -=Nerva, ae=, m. _(M. Coccēius) Nerva_, Roman emperor 96-98 A.D. - -=neuter, tra, trum= [=nē= + =uter=], pron., _neither_ (of two). - -=nex, necis=, f., _death_; _murder_, _slaughter_. - -=Nīcomēdēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Nīcomēdia_. - -=Nīcomēdia, ae=, f., the capital city of Bithynia in Asia Minor. - -=Nicomēdēs, is=, m., 1. Surnamed Epiphanes, king of Bithynia, 149-91 -B.C. 2. Surnamed Philopator, king of Bithynia, 91-74 B.C. - -=Niger, grī=, m. _(C.) Pescennius Niger_, Roman emperor 193-194 A.D. - -=nihil= [=nē= + =hilum=, _a trifle_], n., indecl., _nothing_, _not at -all_. - -=Nīlus, ī=, m., _the river Nile_. - -=nimietās, ātis= [=nimius=], f., _a too great number or quantity_; -_superfluity_, _excess_. - -=nimis=, adv., _too much_, _very_, _excessively_. - -=nimius, a, um= [=nimis=], adj., _too much_, _too great_, _excessive_. - -=nisi= [=nē= + =sī=], conj., =if not=, =unless=, =except=. - -=Nisibis, is=, f., a city in Mesopotamia. - -=nītor, ī, nīsus= or =nīxus sum=, _to strive_, _attempt_; _rely upon_. -=ad--adnītor, ī, nīsus= or =nīxus sum=, _to lean against or upon_; -_strive_. - -=Nōbiliōr, ōris=, m., a celebrated Roman family. 1. _M. Fulvius -(Nōbiliōr)_, consul 189 B.C. 2. _Ser. Fulvius Nōbiliōr_, consul 255 B.C. - -=nōbilis, e= [=nōscō=], adj., _noted_, _notable_; _renowned_, _noble_. - -=nōbilitās, ātis= [=nōbilis=], f., _renown_, _nobility_;_the nobles_. - -=nōbiliter= [=nōbilis=], adv., _famously_, _excellently_, _splendidly_, -_nobly_. - -=nocturnus, a, um= [=nox=], adj., _by night_, _nocturnal_. - -=Nōla, ae=, f., a city in Campania in Italy. - -=nōlō=, see =volō=. - -=nōmen, inis= [=nōscō=], n., _a name_; _account_; _pretense_; -_authority_. - -=Nōmentānus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Nōmentum_, a Sabine city. - -=nōminō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=nōmen=], _to name_, _call_, _mention_. - -=nōn=, adv., _not_, _no_. - -=Nōnae, ārum=, pl. f., _the Nones_, the seventh of March, May, July, -and October, and the fifth of other months. - -=nōnāgēsimus, a, um= [=nōnāgintā=], num. adj., _ninetieth_. - -=nōnāgintā=, indecl. num. adj., _ninety_. - -=nōnnūllus, a, um= [=nōn= + =nūllus=], adj., _some_, _several_. - -=nōnus, a, um= [=novem=], num. adj., _ninth_. - -=Norbānus, ī=, m. _(C.) Norbānus_, consul 83 B.C. - -=Nōricum, ī=, n., a Roman province south of the Danube. - -=nōscō, ere, nōvī, nōtus=, _to come to know_, _become acquainted with_; -in perf. system, _to know_. - -=ad--āgnōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus=, _to recognize_. =con--cognōscō, -ere, cognōvī, cognitus=, _to learn_, _perceive_, _understand_. =re= + -=con=--=recognōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus=, _to recall_, _recognize_. - -=noster, tra, trum= [=nōs=], adj., _our_, _our own_. - -=notābilis, e= [=notō=, _to mark_], =adj.=, _noteworthy_, -_conspicuous_, _notable_. - -=nōtus, a, um= [=nōscō=], adj., _well known_, _familiar_. - -=novem=, num. adj., _nine_. - -=noverca, ae=, f., _stepmother_. - -=novus, a, um=, adj., _fresh_, _new_, _young_, _recent_; =novae rēs=, -_a revolution_. - -=nox, noctis=, f., _night_. - -=nūbō, ere, nūpsī, nūptus=, _to veil one’s self_, _marry_. - -=nūdō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=nūdus=], _to make bare_, _strip_, _expose_. - -=nūdus, a, um=, adj., _naked_, _bare_. - -=nūllus, a, um= [=nē= + =ūllus=] (gen. =nūllīus=, dat. =nūllī=), adj., -_none_, _no_; as subst., _no one_. - -=Numa, ae=, m., see =Pompilius=. - -=Numantia, ae=, f., a city in Spain. - -=Numantīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Numantia_. - -=nūmen, inis= [=nuō=, _to nod_], n., a divinity, power. - -=numerōsus, a, um= [=numerus=], adj., _in full numbers_, _numerous_, -_manifold_. - -=Numeriānus, ī=, m., the younger of the two sons of the emperor Carus. - -=numerus, ī=, m., _number_, _account_; _character_, _rank_. - -=Numidae, ārum=, pl. m., _the Numidians_. - -=Numidia, ae=, f., a country of northern Africa, west of Carthage. - -=nummus, ī=, m., _money_; _coin_; _sesterce_ (＝ 4.1 cents). - -=numquam= [=nē= + =umquam=], adv., _never_. - -=nunc=, adv., _at the present moment_, _now_. - -=nūncupō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=nōmen= + =capiō=], _to call_, _call by -name_. - -=nūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=nūntius=], _to tell_, _announce_, _report_. -=dē--dēnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to announce_, _denounce_, _order_, -_threaten_. =prō--prōnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to tell_, _declare_, -_recite_, _appoint_. - -=nūntius, ī=, m., _a messenger_; _message_. - -=nusquam= [=nē= + =usquam=], adv., _nowhere_, _in no place_. - -=nūtō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to nod_; _waver_, _be ready to give way_. - - -O. - -=ob=, prep. with acc., _to_, _towards_; _for_, _on account of_, _by -reason of_. - -=obeō=, see =eō=. - -=obiciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=obitus, ūs= [=obeō=], m., _destruction_, _death_. - -=oboediō=, see =audiō=. - -=obscēnē= [=obscēnus=, _ill-omened_], adv., sup. =obscēnissimē=; -_immodestly_, _indecently_. - -=obscēnitās, ātis= [=obscēnus=, _ill-omened_], f., _moral impurity_, -_foulness_, _unchastity_, _lewdness_, _obscenity_. - -=obscūrē= [=obscūrus=], adv., comp. =obscūrius=, sup. =obscūrissimē=; -_obscurely_. - -=obscūrus, a, um=, adj., _dark_, _obscure_; _ignoble_, _mean_, _low_. - -=obsecrō=, see =*sacrō=. - -=obsequor=, see =sequor=. - -=obses, idis= [=obsideō=], m. and f., _a hostage_. - -=obsideō=, see =sedeō=. - -=obsidiō, ōnis= [=obsideō=], f., _a siege_. - -=obtemperō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=temperō=, _to soften_], _to submit_. - -=obtineō=, see =teneō=. - -=obvius, a, um= [=ob= + =via=], adj., _in the way_, _meeting_; with -=esse, fierī=, or =venīre=, _to meet_. - -=occāsiō, ōnis= [=occidō=, _to happen_], f., _an occasion_, -_opportunity_. - -=Occidēns, tis= [=occidō=], m. (sc. =sōl=), _the setting sun_, _the -West_, _the Occident_. - -=occīdō=, see =caedō=. - -=occulō, ere, culuī, cultus=, _to cover_, _cover over_; _hide_, -_conceal_. - -=occultō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =occulō=], _to hide_, _conceal_; -_secrete_. - -=occultus, a, um= [=occulō=], adj., _hidden_, _secret_, _concealed_. - -=occupō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ob= + =capiō=], _to take possession of_, -_seize_, _hold_, _occupy_; _attack_, _employ_. - -=occurrō=, see =currō=. - -=Ōceanus, ī=, m., the Atlantic and its divisions in contrast with the -Mediterranean Sea. - -=Octāviāna, ae=, f., sister of Octavianus and wife of M. Antonius. - -=Octāviānus, ī=, m., see =Caesar, Augustus=. - -=Octāvius, ī=, m., _C. Octāvius_, consul 87 B.C. - -=octāvus, a, um= [=octō=], num. adj., _eighth_. - -=octingentēsimus, a, um= [=octingentī=], num. adj., _eight hundredth_. - -=octingentī, ae, a= [=octō= + =centum=], num. adj., _eight hundred_. - -=octō=, indecl. num. adj., _eight_. - -=octōdecim= [=octō= + =decem=], indecl. num. adj., _eighteen_. - -=octōgēsimus, a, um= [=octōgintā=], num. adj., _eightieth_. - -=octōgintā= [=octō=], indecl. num. adj., _eighty_. - -=oculus, ī=, m., _the eye_. - -=Odenāthus, ī=, m., ruler of Palmyra. He checked the incursions of the -Persians, and was honored with the title of Augustus by Gallienus. - -=odēum, ī=, n., _a public building designed for musical performances_, -_odeon_. - -=odium, ī= [=odī=, _to hate_], n., _hatred_, _aversion_. - -=odor, ōris=, m., _odor_, _stench_. - -=Oenomaus, ī=, m., a leader of the gladiators who revolted with -Spartacus. - -=offēnsa, ae=, f., _disfavor_, _offense_, _hatred_, _enmity_. - -=offerō=, see =ferō=. - -=officium, ī= [=opus= + =faciō=], n., _service_, _favor_; _duty_, -_office_. - -=Ogulnius, ī=, m., _Q. Ogulnius_, consul 269 B.C. - -=olim= [=ole=, old form of =ille=], adv., _formerly_. - -=Olympias, adis=, f., _an Olympiad_, the space of four years -intervening between the games at Olympus. The period was used in -assigning dates, the first Olympiad beginning in 776 B.C. - -=Olympus, ī=, m., a city in Lycia in Asia Minor. - -=ōmen, inis=, n., _a foreboding_, _prognostication_, _omen_. - -=omnīnō= [=omnis=], adv., _in all_, _altogether_, _only_, _in general_; -_at all_. - -=omnis, e=, adj., _every_, _all_. - -=opera, ae= [=opus=], f., _work_, _pains_, _aid_; _operam dare_, _to -attend to_, _assist_, _aid_. - -=opifex, ficis= [=opus= + =faciō=], m., _workman_, _artisan_. - -=opīnor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to think_, _believe_. - -=oppidum, ī=, n., _a walled town_. - -=Oppius, ī=, m., see =Sabīnus=. - -=opprimō=, see =premō=. - -=oppūgnātiō, ōnis= [=oppūgnō=], f., _an assault_, _attack_, _siege_. - -=oppūgnō=, see =pūgnō=. - -(=ops=), =opis=, f., _power_, _help_; pl. =opēs, um=, _wealth_, -_resources_. - -=optimus=, see =bonus=. - -=optō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to hope_, _desire_. - -=ad--adoptō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to adopt_. - -=opulentus, a, um= [=ops=], adj., _rich_, _wealthy_. - -=opus, operis=, n., _work_, _business_, _need_; _fortification_. - -=ōrātor, ōris= [=ōrō=], m., _an orator_, _ambassador_. - -=orbis, is=, m., _circle_; =orbis terrae= or =terrārum=, _the world_. - -=orbitās, ātis= [=orbus=, _destitute_], f., _bereavement_, _orphanage_. - -=Orchadēs, um=, pl. f., a group of islands north of Scotland, now -Orkney Islands. - -=ōrdinārius, a, um= [=ōrdinō=], adj., _of order_, _usual_, _regular_, -_ordinary_. - -=ōrdinō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ōrdō=], _to arrange_, _regulate_. - -=ōrdō, inis=, f., _an order_, _rank_, _row_. - -=Orestēs, is=, m., _Cn. Aufidius Orestes_, consul 73 B.C. - -=Oriēns, entis= [=orior=], m. (sc. =sōl=), _the rising sun_, _the -East_, _the Orient_. - -=orīgō, inis= [=orior=], f., _an origin_, _source_, _pedigree_. - -=orior, īrī, ortus sum=, _to rise_, _begin_, _spring from_. - -=oriundus, a, um= [=orior=], adj., _descended_, _sprung from_, -_originating_, _born_. - -=ōrnāmentum, ī= [=ōrnō=, _to fit out_], n., _a preparation_; -_decoration_, _ornament_, _jewel_. - -=ōrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=ōs=, _mouth_], _to pray_, _beg_, _entreat_. - -=ad--adōrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to supplicate_; _worship_, _reverence_. - -=Orōdēs, is=, m., a king of the Parthians, conquered by Pompey. - -=os, ossis=, n., _a bone_. - -=Osdroēna, ae=, f., _Osroēnē_, a district in the west of Mesopotamia. - -=Osdroēnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Osdroēna_. - -=ostendō=, see =tendō=. - -=ōstiātim=, adv., _from door to door_, _from house to house_. - -=ōstium, ī= [=ōs=, _mouth_], m., _the mouth of a river_. - -=Otācilius, ī=, m., _(T.) Otācilius Crassus_, consul 263 B.C. - -=Othō, ōnis=, m., _(M. Salvius) Othō_, Roman emperor from January 15 to -April 16, 69 A.D. - -=ōtium, ī=, n., _leisure_; _ease_, _idleness_; _rest_, _peace_. - -=ovō, āre, --, --=, _to exult_, _rejoice_; _receive an ovation_, -_triumph_. - - -P. - -=P.=, abbreviation of the praenomen Publius. - -=pācō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=pāx=], _to pacify_, _make peaceful_. - -=Pacorus, ī=, m., son of Orodes I., king of Parthia. - -=Paelīgnī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Sabine people dwelling in central Italy. - -=paene=, adv., _almost_, _nearly_. - -=Palaeopharsālus, ī=, f., a city in Thessaly where Caesar defeated -Pompey 48 B.C. It is generally written Pharsalus. - -=Palaestīna, ae=, f., _Palestine_. - -=palam=, adv., _openly_, _publicly_. - -=Palātīnus, ī= (sc. =mōns=), adj., _the Palatine Hill_. - -=Palātium, ī=, n., _the Palatine Hill_; _the imperial palace_, which -was on the hill. - -=pallium, ī=, n., _a Grecian cloak_, _mantle_. - -=palūs, ūdis=, f., _a marsh_, _fen_. - -=Pamphȳlia, ae=, f., a division of Asia Minor. - -=Pannonia, ae=, f., one of the most important provinces of Rome, lying -between the Danube and the Alps. - -=Pannonicus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Pannonia_. - -=Pannoniī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Pannonia_. - -=Pānsa, ae=, m., _(C. Vibius) Pānsa_, consul 43 B.C. - -=Panticapaeum, ī=, n., a city in the modern Crimea. - -=Paphlagōn, onis=, m., _a Paphlagonian_. - -=Paphlagonia, ae=, f., a division of Asia Minor on the Black Sea. - -=Papirius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Carbō=, =Cursor=. - -=parēns, entis= [=pariō=], m. and f., _a father or mother_, _parent_; -_relative_ (late). - -=pāreō, ēre, uī, --=, _to appear_; _obey_, _serve_. =ad--appāreō, ēre, -uī, --=, _to become visible_, _appear_; _serve_. =con--compāreō, ēre, -uī, --=, _to appear_, _show one’s self_. - -=*pariō, ere, peperī, partus=, _to give birth to_, _bring forth_. -=ab--āperiō, īre, uī, tus=, _to uncover_, _bare_; _open_, _disclose_. -=con--comperiō, īre, perī, pertus=, _to find out_, _learn_. -=re--reperiō, īre, repperī, repertus=, _to find_ (again), _meet with_, -_discover_. - -=parō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to make ready_, _prepare_; _resolve_, _plan_; -_get_, _acquire_. =con--comparō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to make ready_, -_prepare_; _obtain_, _procure_. =prae--praeparō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to -make ready beforehand_, _provide_. =re--reparō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to -renew_. - -=parricīdium, ī= [=pater= + =caedō=], n., _murder of a father_, -_parricide_. - -=pars, partis=, f., _a part_, _number_; _district_; _side_, -_direction_; _party_, _faction_. - -=Parthenius, ī=, m., the slayer of Domitian. - -=Parthenopolis, is=, f., a city in Lower Moesia on the Black Sea. - -=Parthī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Scythian people southeast of the Caspian Sea. - -=Parthicus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Parthia_, cognomen of -_Septimius Sevērus_. - -=Parthomasīris, is=, m., king of Armenia. - -=partim= [=pars=], adv., _partly_. - -=partus, ūs= [=pariō=], m., _a bringing forth_, _delivery_, _birth_; -_progeny_. - -=parum=, adv., _too little_, _not enough_; comp., =minus=, _less_, _by -no means_, _not_; sup., =minime=, _least of all_, _by no means_, _not -at all_; as a subst., =parum=, indecl. n., _too little_, _not enough_. - -=parvus, a, um=, adj., _little_, _small_; comp., =minor=, _smaller_, -_less_; _younger_ (sc. =nātū=); sup., =minimus=, _smallest_, _least_. - -=pāscō, ere, pāvī, pāstus=, _to feed_; of animals, _to graze_, _browse_. - -=passus, ūs= [=passus= from =pandō=, _to spread_], m., _a step_, -_pace_; =mīlle passuum=, pl. =mīlia passuum=, a Roman mile ＝ 4854 -English feet. - -=patefaciō, ere, fēcī, factus= [=pateō= + =faciō=], _to lay open_, -_disclose_, _bring to light_. - -=pateō, ēre, uī, --=, _to be open_, _extend_, _be manifest_. - -=pater, tris=, m., _a father_, _ancestor_. - -=paternus, a, um= [=pater=], adj., _fatherly_, _of a father_. - -=patior, patī, passus sum=, _to suffer_, _bear_, _endure_; -_experience_; _allow_, _permit_. =per--perpetior, ī, pessus sum=, _to -endure_, _be patient under_. - -=patria, ae= [=pater=], f., _fatherland_, _country_, _home_. - -=patrimōnium, ī= [=pater=], n., _inheritance_, _patrimony_, _property_. - -=patrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to carry out_, _perform_, _execute_. - -=patruēlis, e= [=patruus=], adj., _of a father’s brother_, _child of a -father’s brother_; as subst., _a cousin_. - -=patruus, ī= [=pater=] m., _of a father’s brother_, _paternal uncle_. - -=paucus, a, um=, adj., _few_, _little_. - -=paulisper= [=paulum=, _by a little_], adv., _a short time_. - -=paulus, a, um=, adj., _little_, _small_; as subst., =paulum, ī=, n., -_a little_, _trifle_; abl., =paulō=, _by a little_. - -=Paulus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _L. Aemilius Paulus_, -consul 216 B.C. 2. _L. Aemilius Paulus_, surnamed Macedonicus, consul -168 B.C. 3. _M. Aemilius Paulus_, consul 255 B.C. - -=pauper, eris=, adj., _poor_. - -=pāx, pācis=, f., _peace_. - -=pectus, oris=, n., _the breast_. - -=pecūnia, ae= [=pecus=, _cattle_], f., _money_. - -=pedes, itis= [=pēs=], m., _a foot soldier_, _infantry_. - -=pellō, ere, pepulī, pulsus=, _to drive out_ or _away_, _expel_; -_defeat_, _rout_. =ad--appellō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to call_, _address_, -_name_; _appeal to_; _accuse_. =con--compellō, ere, pulī, pulsus=, _to -drive together_, _collect_; _force_, _compel_. =ex--expellō, ere, pulī, -pulsus=, _to drive out_ or _away_, _expel_, _dislodge_. =in--impellō, -ere, pulī, pulsus=, _to urge on_, _incite_, _impel_. - -=pendeō, ēre, pependī, --=, _to hang_, _be suspended_; _rest_, _depend_. - -=penetrō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=penitus=], _to enter_, _penetrate_. - -=penitus=, adv., _inwardly_, _within_; _deeply_, _completely_. - -=per=, prep. with acc. (1) of place, _through_, _across_, _over_, -_throughout_; (2) of time, _through_, _during_; (3) of means or agency, -_by means of_, _by the agency of_, _through_. - -=percussor, ōris= [=percutiō=], m., _a stabber_, _murderer_. - -=percutiō, ere, cussī, cussus= [=per= + =quatiō=, _to shake_], _to -thrust through_, _strike_, _kill_. - -=perdō=, see =dō=. - -=perdomō=, see =domō=. - -=pereō=, see =eō=. - -=perferō=, see =ferō=. - -=perficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=perfidia, ae= [=perfidus=, _faithless_], f., _treachery_. - -=perfuga, ae= [=perfugiō=, _to flee for refuge_], m., _a fugitive_, -_deserter_, _refuge_. - -=Pergamum, ī=, n., a city in Mysia in Asia Minor. - -=pergō=, see =regō=. - -=perīculum, ī=, n., _trial_; _danger_, _peril_. - -=perimō=, see =emō=. - -=perinde= [=per= + =inde=], adv., _in the same manner_, _just as_, -_equally_. - -=perītus, a, um=, adj., _skillful_, _experienced_, _familiar with_. - -=permaneō=, see =maneō=. - -=permittō=, see =mittō=. - -=permūtātiō, ōnis= [=permūtō=, _to change_], f., _change_, _exchange_. - -=perniciēs, ēī= [=per= + =nex=], f., _destruction_, _ruin_. - -=perniciōsē= [=perniciōsus=], adv., _dangerously_, _destructively_. - -=perniciōsus, a, um= [=perniciēs=], adj., _dangerous_, _destructive_. - -=Perperna, ae=, m., _(M.) Perperna_, consul 130 B.C. - -=perpetior=, see =patior=. - -=perpetuus, a, um=, adj., _continuous_, _uninterrupted_; =in -perpetuum=, _forever_. - -=Persae, ārum=, pl. m., _the Persians_. - -=persequor=, see =sequor=. - -=Perseus, eī=, m., the last king of Macedonia, 178-168 B.C. - -=persevērō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to persist_, _persevere_. - -=Persis, idis=, f., _Persia_. - -=Pertināx, ācis=, m., _(Helvius) Pertināx_, Roman emperor from January -1 to March 28, 193 A.D. - -=Perusia, ae=, f., an ancient town in Etruria in Italy. - -=perveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=pēs, pedis=, m., _a foot_, =pedem referre=, _to retreat_. - -=Pescennius, ī=, m., see =Niger=. - -=pestilentia, ae= [=pestis=, _plague_], f., _a pestilence_, _plague_. - -=petō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus=, _to strive for_, _seek_; _beg_, _ask_, -_request_; _assail_, _attack_. =ad--appetō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus=, _to -strive for_, _reach after_; _assail_, _attack_; _long for_, _desire_; -_draw nigh_, _approach_, _be at hand_. =re--repetō, ere, īvī (iī), -ītus=, _to seek again_, _try to get back_, _demand back_; _recall_, -_repeat_; _attack_. - -=Petrēius, ī=, m., _M. Petrēius_, a partisan of Pompey; fought against -Caesar in Spain, Greece, and Africa. - -=Petrōnius, ī=, m., _Petrōnius Secundus_, a partisan of Nerva. - -=Pharnacēs, is=, m., Gr. acc. =Pharnacēn=, the son of Mithradates, who -succeeded his father as king of Pontus. - -=Phasēlis, idis=, f., a city of Lycia in Asia Minor. - -=Philippī, ōrum=, pl. m., a city in Macedonia where Brutus and Cassius -were defeated by Octavian 44 B.C. - -=Philippus, ī=, m., 1. _Philip V._, king of Macedonia 220-178 B.C. 2. -_(M. Iūlius) Philippus I._, Roman emperor 244-249 A.D. 3. _(M. Iūlius) -Philippus II._, son of (2). 4. _L. Mārcius Philippus_, consul 91 B.C. -5. _Q. Mārcius Philippus_, consul 186 B.C. - -=philosophia, ae=, f., _philosophy_. - -=philosophus, ī=, m., _a philosopher_. - -=Phoenīcē, ēs=, f., _Phoenicia_, a country of Syria. - -=Phrygia, ae=, f., a division of Asia Minor. - -=Pīcentēs, ium=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Picenum_. - -=Pīcēnum, ī=, n., a division of Italy on the Adriatic Sea, north of -Latium. - -=pīlum, ī=, n., _a heavy javelin_; _pike_. - -=pingō, ere, pīnxī, pīctus=, _to paint_; _represent_, _delineate_, -_portray_. - -=Pīraeus, ī=, m., the chief harbor of Athens. - -=pīrāta, ae=, m., _a pirate_. - -=pīrāticus, a, um= [=pīrāta=], adj., pertaining to pirates, piratical; -=Pīrāticum bellum=, _war against the pirates_. - -=piscis, is=, f., _a fish_. - -=piscor, ārī, ātus sum= [=piscis=], _to fish_. - -=pius, a, um=, adj., _reverent_, _pious_. - -=placeō, ēre, uī, --=, _to please_, _be agreeable to_; _seem best -to_; impers., =placet, placuit, placitum est=, _to be resolved by_. -=dis--displiceō, ēre, uī, --=, _to displease_. - -=placidus, a, um=, [=placō=, _to soothe_], adj., _calm_, _quiet_, -_tranquil_. - -=Plautius, ī=, m., _A. Plautius_, sent by the emperor Claudius in 43 -A.D. to subdue Britain. - -=plēbs, plēbis=, and =plēbēs, ēī=, f., _the common people_, _populace_, -_plebeians_. - -=plēnus, a, um= [=pleō=], adj., _full_. - -=*pleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus=, _to fill_. =con--compleō, ēre, plēvī, -plētus=, _to fill_ (to the brim); _complete_. =ex--expleō, ēre, plēvī, -plētus=, _to fill up_, _fill_. =in--impleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus=, _to -fill up_, _finish_. - -=plērīque, aeque, aque=, adj., _very many_, _most_. - -=plērumque=, adv., _mostly_, _generally_, _very often_. - -=Plōtīna, ae=, f., the wife of the emperor Trajan. - -=plūrimus=, see =multus=. - -=Plūtarchus, ī=, m., a Greek philosopher and biographer. - -=pōculum, ī=, n., _cup_. - -=poēma, atis=, n., _a poem_. - -=poena, ae=, f., _compensation_, _punishment_, _penalty_. - -=Poenī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Carthaginians_. - -=Polemō, ōnis=, m., king of Pontus 39-62 A.D. - -=Polemōniacus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Polemō_. - -=polliceor, ērī, itus sum=, _to promise_, _volunteer_. - -=pompa, ae=, f., _a procession_, _parade_, _pomp_. - -=Pompēius, ī=, m., 1. _Cn. Pompēius_, consul 89 B.C. 2. _Cn. Pompēius_, -surnamed Magnus, the triumvir, consul 70 B.C. 3. _Cn. Pompēius_, son -of the triumvir. 4. _Q. Pompēius_, consul 141 B.C. 5. _Sex. Pompēius_, -younger son of the triumvir. - -=Pompilius, ī=, m., _Numa Pompilius_, the second king of Rome, 715-672 -B.C. - -=pondō= [=pondus=], adv., _by weight_. - -=pondus, eris=, [=pendo=, _to weigh_], n., _weight_. - -=pōnō, ere, posuī, positus=, _to put down_, _place_, _set_, _deposit_; -_serve_ (at meals); _spend_; _set up_, _build_; _pitch_. =ad--appōnō, -ere, posuī, positus=, _to put before_, _place near_; _serve_ (at -table). =con--compōnō, ere, posuī, positus=, _to arrange_, _settle_; -_conclude_, _finish_. =dē--dēpōnō, ere, posuī, positus=, _to lay down_ -or _aside_, _put down_; _stop_; _arrange_, _establish_. =dis--dispōnō, -ere, posuī, positus=, _to arrange_, _array_, _dispose_. =in--impōnō, -ere, posuī, positus=, _to place_ or _put upon_ or _in_; _establish_. -=prae--praepōnō, ere, posuī, positus=, _to set over_, _put in charge -of_. =re--repōnō, ere, posuī, positus=, _to put back_, _replace_, -_restore_. - -=pōns, pontis=, m., _a bridge_. - -=Ponticus, a, um=, adj., _pertaining to Pontus_; =Ponticum= (=mare=), -the Black Sea. - -=pontifex, ficis=, m., _priest_. - -=Pontius, ī=, m., see =Telesīnus=. - -=Pontus, ī=, m., 1. _Pontus Euxīnus_, the Black Sea. 2. A country of -Asia Minor on the Black Sea. - -=populō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to plunder_, _ravage_, _lay waste_. -=dē--dēpopulor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to lay waste_, _ravage_, _plunder_, -_pillage_. - -=populus, ī=, m., _a people_, _nation_. - -=Porcius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Catō=. - -=porrō= [=prō=], adv., _forward_, _henceforth_, _furthermore_, _again_. - -=Porsenna, ae=, m., _Lars Porsenna_, king of Clusium in Etruria. - -=porta, ae=, f., _a city gate_, _gate_. - -=*portō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=porta=], _to bear_, _carry_. =ex--exportō, -āre, āvī, ātus=, _to carry out_, _export_. =re--reportō, āre, āvī, -ātus=, _to carry back_, _report_. - -=porticus, ūs=, f., _a colonnade_, _arcade_, _portico_. - -=pōscō, ere, poposcī, --=, _to ask_, _demand_. - -=possideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus= [=sedeō=], _to occupy_, _hold_, _possess_. - -=possum, posse, potuī, --= [=potis=, _able_ + =sum=], _to be able_, -_can_; =plurimum posse=, _to have great power_. - -=post=, (1) adv., _after_, _later_, _afterwards_; (2) prep. with acc., -_after_, _behind_. - -=posteā= [=post= + =is=], adv., _afterwards_. - -=posterus, a, um= [=post=], adj., _following_, _next_; comp. -=posterior, us=, gen. =ōris=, _later_; sup. =postrēmus=, _last_, -_lowest_; =ad postērum=, _finally_; as subst., =posterī, ōrum=, pl. m., -_descendants_, _posterity_. - -=postquam= or =post … quam= [=post= + =quam=], conj., _after_, _when_. - -=postrēmō= [=posterus=], adv., _at last_, _finally_. - -=Postumius, ī=, m., see =Albīnus=. - -=Postumus, ī=, m., _(M. Cassiānus) Postumus_, one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=potēns, entis= [=possum=], adj., _powerful_. - -=potestās, ātis= [=possum=], f., _power_, _might_; _opportunity_, -_permission_; _authority_, _sovereignty_. - -=potior, īrī, ītus sum= [=potis=, _able_], _to get possession_, -_acquire_. - -=potius= [comp. of =potis=, _able_], adv., sup. =potissimum=; _rather_, -_more_, _sooner_. - -=prae=, prep. with abl., _before_, _in front of_, _in comparison with_. - -=praebeō=, see habeō. - -=praecēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=praeceps, cipitis= [=prae= + =caput=], adj., _headlong_, _hasty_; -_steep_, _precipitous_. - -=praecipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=praecipitō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=praeceps=], _to throw headlong_, _cast -down_; _rush down_. - -=praecipuē= [=praecipuus=], adv., _chiefly_, _principally_, -_especially_. - -=praecipuus, a, um= [=praecipiō=], adj., _special_, _particular_; -_eminent_, _prominent_. - -=praeclārus, a, um= [=prae= + =clārus=], adj., _very bright_ or -_brilliant_, _excellent_, _distinguished_. - -=praeda, ae=, f., _booty_, _spoil_, _plunder_. - -=praefectūra, ae=, f., _the office of overseer_, _superintendence_; -_praefecture_. - -=praefectus, ī=, m., _overseer_, _superintendent_; _praefect_. - -=praeferō=, see =ferō=. - -=praeficiō=, see =faciō=. - -=praemium, ī= [=prae= + =emō=], n., _reward_, _prize_. - -=Praeneste, is=, n., a town in Latium east of Rome, modern Palestrina. - -=Praenestīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Praeneste_. - -=praeparō=, see =parō=. - -=praepōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=praesēns, entis= [=praesum=], adj., _at hand_, _present_. - -=praeses, sidis= [=praesideō=], m., _a protector_, _guard_, _defender_; -_president_. - -=praesidium, ī= [=praesideō=], n., _help_, _aid_, _defense_; _defensive -force_, _garrison_; _fort_, _station_, _post_. - -=praestō=, see =stō=. - -=praesum=, see =sum=. - -=praeter=, prep. with acc., _past_, _beyond_; _contrary to_, _against_; -_besides_, _except_. - -=praetereā= [=praeter= + =is=], adv., _in addition to this_, _besides_, -_moreover_. - -=praetermittō=, see =mittō=. - -=praetexō, ere, uī, tus= [=texō=, _to weave_], to provide with a -border; =toga praetexta=, _a_ (purple) _bordered toga_, worn by -magistrates and freeborn children till the sixteenth or seventeenth -year, when they became of age and assumed the _toga virīlis_, which was -wholly white; the girls wore the _toga praetexta_ until they married. - -=praetor, ōris= [orig. =praeitor=, from =prae= + =eō=], m., _a leader_, -_commander_; _praetor_, _magistrate_, _judge_. - -=praetōriānus, a, um= [=praetōrium=], adj., _belonging to the -bodyguard_; _praetorian_; as subst., =praetōriānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the -praetorians_. - -=praetōrium, ī=, n., _the imperial bodyguard_. - -=praetōrius, a, um= [=praetor=], adj., _of_ or _belonging to the -praetor_ or _commander_; as subst., =praetōrius, ī=, m., _a man of -praetorian rank, an ex-praetor_. - -=praeveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=prandium, ī=, n., _lunch_. - -=prāvus, a, um=, adj., _crooked_, _wrong_; _perverse_, _wicked_. - -=*prehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus=, _to grasp_. =dē--dēprehendō, ere, ī, -hēnsus=, _to seize_, _catch_; _surprise_, _detect_, _discover_. -=re--reprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus=, _to hold back_, _check_; _blame_, -_criticise_, _reprove_. - -=premō, ere, pressī, pressus=, _to press_; _press hard_, _crush_. -=ob--opprimō, ere, pressī, pressus=, _to crush utterly_, _overpower_, -_overwhelm_. - -=pretium, ī=, n., _price_, _value_; _reward_, _money_, _ransom_. - -=prīmō= [=prīmus=], adv., _at first_. - -=prīmum= [=prīmus=], adv., _first_. - -=prīmus=, see =prior=. - -=prīnceps, cipis= [=prīmus= + =capio=], adj., _first_, _foremost_; as -subst. m., _leading man_, _chief_, _leader_. - -=prīncipātus, ūs= [=prīnceps=], m., _a chief authority_ (in the state); -_headship_, _leadership_; _reign_, _sovereignty_. - -=prīncipium, ī= [=prīnceps=], n., _beginning_, _origin_. - -=prior, us=, gen. =priōris=, comp. adj., former, previous, first, -prior; sup. =prīmus=, _first_, _foremost_. - -=prīscus, a, um= [=prius=], adj., _former_, _elder_; _primitive_, -_strict_. - -=Prīscus, ī=, m., see =Tarquinius=. - -=prīstinus, a, um= [=prius=], adj., _former_, _old_. - -=prius= [=prior=], adv., _before_, _sooner_, _previously_, _first of -all_. - -=prīvātim= [=prīvātus=], adv., _privately_, _as a single individual_. - -=prīvātus, a, um= [=prīvō=, _to set apart_], adj., _private_, -_individual_; as subst., =prīvātus, ī=, m., _a man in private life_, _a -private citizen_. - -=prīvīgna, ae=, f., _a stepdaughter_. - -=prīvīgnus, ī=, m., _a stepson_. - -=prō=, prep. with abl., _in front of_, _before in behalf of_; _in -comparison with_, _in accordance with_. - -=probe= [=probus=, estimable], adv., _right_, _well_, _properly_, -_correctly_. - -=probrōsus, a, um= [=probrum=], adj., _shameful_, _ignominious_, -_infamous_. - -=probrum, ī=, m., _a shameful act_, _base deed_; _immodesty_, -_lewdness_; _insult_, _reproach_. - -=Probus, ī=, m., _(M. Aurēlius) Probus_, Roman emperor 276-282 A.D. - -=prōcēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=prōclīvus, a, um= [=prō= + =clīvus=, _slope_], adj., _sloping_, -_steep_; _liable_, _prone_; _subject_, _ready_. - -=prōcōnsul, is= [=prō=, _in place of_ + =cōnsul=], m., _a proconsul_, -_governor_ of a province. - -=prōcōnsulātus, a, um= [=prōcōnsul=], adj., _the office of a -proconsul_, _proconsulate_. - -=procul=, adv., _at a distance_, _far from_. - -=Proculus, ī=, m., a famous Roman jurist. - -=prōcumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitus= [=prō= + =cumbō=, _to lie_], _to lie -down_, _sink_, _fall forward_; _fall_, _sink down_, _be beaten down_. - -=prōdō=, see =dō=. - -=prōdūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=proelium, ī=, n., _a battle_, _combat_, _engagement_. - -=proficīscor, ī, fectus sum= [=prō= + =facīscor=, from =faciō=], _to -set out_, _proceed_; _spring from_. - -=prōflīgō=, see =*flīgō=. - -=prōfluvium, ī=, n., _a flowing forth_; =ventris prōfluvium=, -_diarrhea_. - -=profugiō=, see =fugiō=. - -=prōgredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=prōmittō=, see =mittō=. - -=prōmptus, a, um= [=prōmō=, _to set forth_], adj., _prepared_, _quick_, -_prompt_. - -=prōnūntiō=, see =nūntiō=. - -=prōnus, a, um=, adj., _turned forward_, _inclined_; _tendency_; -_disposed_, _prone_. - -=prōpalam= [=prō= + =palam=], adv., _openly_, _publicly_, _manifestly_. - -=prope=, adv., _near by_; _nearly_, _almost_. - -=prōpēnsus, a, um=, adj., _hanging down_; _inclined_, _disposed_, -_prone_. - -=propior, us= [=prope=], comp. adj., _nearer_; sup. =proximus=, -_nearest_, _next_; _latest_, _last_; _next_, _following_. - -=proprius, a, um=, adj., _not common with others_, _own_, _special_, -_individual_. - -=propter=, prep. with acc., _on account of_. - -=proptereā= [=propter= + =is=], adv., _for this reason_, _therefore_; -=proptereā quod=, _because_. - -=prōpūgnātor, ōris= [=prōpūgnō=, _to defend_], m., _a defender_. - -=prōscrībō=, see =scrībō=. - -=prōscrīptiō, ōnis= [=prōscrībō=], f., _a public notice of sale_, -_proscription_. - -=prōsequor=, see =sequor=. - -=prōsper= and =prōsperus, a, um= [=prō= + =spēs=], adj., _according to -one’s hopes_, _favorable_, _prosperous_. - -=prōsperē= [=prōsperus=], adv., _propitiously_, _successfully_. - -=prōstituō=, see =*statuō=. - -=prōsum=, see =sum=. - -=prōtrahō=, see =trahō=. - -=prōvidē= [=prōvideō=, _to provide_, _foresee_], adv., _carefully_, -_prudently_ (very rare). - -=prōvincia, ae=, f., _an office_, _duty_; _province_. - -=prōvinciālis, e= [=prōvincia=], adj., _of a province_, _provincial_; -as subst., =prōvinciālis, is=, m., _a provincial_. - -=prōvīsiō, ōnis= [=prōvideō=, _to foresee_], f., _a foreseeing_, -_foreknowledge_; _foresight_, _providence_. - -=prōvocō=, see =vocō=. - -=proximus=, see =propior=. - -=prūdentia, ae= [=prūdēns=, _foreseeing_], f., _foresight_, _practical -wisdom_, _good sense_. - -=prūna, ae=, f., _a burning coal_, _live coal_. - -=Prūsiās, ae=, m., king of Bithynia 228-180 B.C. - -=Pseudopersēs, eī=, m., a pretended son of Perseus. - -=Pseudophilippus, ī=, m., a pretended son of Philip, king of Macedonia. - -=Ptolemaeus, ī=, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time -of Alexander the Great. 1. _Ptolemaeus Philadelphus_, 285-247 B.C. -2. _Ptolemaeus Euergetēs_, 247-222 B.C. 3. _Ptolemaeus Philometor_, -181-146 B.C. 4. _Ptolemaeus Aulētēs_, 47-43 B.C. - -=Ptolemāïs, is=, f., a city in Libya. - -=pūblicē= [=pūblicus=], adv., _in the name of_ (by order of) _the -state_, _publicly_, _officially_. - -=pūblicus, a, um= [orig. =poplicus=], adj., _belonging to the people_, -_public_; _official_. - -=Pūblicola, ae=, m., _L. (P.) Valerius Pūblicola_, consul 509 B.C. - -=pudīcitia, ae= [=pudīcus=], f., _modesty_, _virtue_. - -=pudīcus, a, um= [=pudeō=, _to be ashamed_], adj., _modest_, _virtuous_. - -=puer, puerī=, m., _a child_; _boy_; _slave_. - -=pūgna, ae=, f., _a combat_, _fight_, _battle_. - -=pūgnātor, ōris=, m., _a fighter_, _combatant_. - -=pūgnō, ārē, āvī, ātus= [=pūgna=], _to fight_; _oppose_, _resist_. -=ex--expūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to take by storm_, _capture_; -_overpower_, _prevail upon_. =ob--oppūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to fight -against_, _assault_, _besiege_. - -=Pulcher, chrī=, m., _P. Claudius Pulcher_, consul 249 B.C. - -=Pullus, ī=, m., _L. Iūnius Pullus_, consul 249 B.C. - -=Pulvillus, ī=, m., _(M.) Horātius Pulvillus_, consul 500 B.C. - -=Pūnicus, a, um=, adj., _Phoenician_, _Punic_; _Carthaginian_; =Pūnicum -bellum=, _Punic war_, first, 264-241 B.C.; second, 218-202 B.C.; third, -149-146 B.C. - -=pūniō, īre, īvī, ītus= [=poena=], _to punish_. - -=Pupiēnus, ī=, m. _(M. Clōdius) Pupiēnus (Māximus)_, Roman emperor 238 -A.D. - -=pūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=pūrus + agō=], _to make clear_; _clear away_, -_excuse_. - -=purpura, ae=, f., _purple-color_, _purple_, _purple garment_. - -=purpureus, a, um= [=purpura=], adj., _purple-colored_; _clothed in -purple_. - -=purpurō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=purpura=], _to be clothed in purple_. - -=putō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to think_, _consider_, _suppose_. - -=Pylaemēnēs, is=, m., king of Paphlagonia. - -=Pȳrēnaeus, a, um=, adj. (sc. =mōns=), _the Pyrenees mountains_. - -=Pyrrhus, ī=, m., king of Epirus, waged war against Rome 281-272 B.C. - - -Q. - -=Q.=, abbreviation of the _praenomen_ =Quīntus=. - -=Quādī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Suabian people. - -=quadrāgēsimus, a, um= [=quadrāgintā=], num. adj., _fortieth_. - -=quadriennium, ī= [=quattuor= + =annus=], n., _a period of four years_. - -=quadringentī, ae, a= [=quattuor= + =centum=], num. adj., _four -hundred_. - -=quadringentiēs= [=quadringentī=], num. adv., _four hundred times_. - -=quaerō, ere, quaesīvī, quaesītus=, _to seek_; _ask_; _get_, _obtain_. - -=quaestor, ōris= [orig. =quaesitor=; cf. =quaerō=, =quaesō=], m., -_quaestor_, _quartermaster_, a name given to certain magistrates who -had the care of public moneys and military supplies, both at Rome and -in the provinces. - -=qualis, e=, adj., (1) interrog., _of what kind?_ _what sort of?_ (2) -rel., _of such a kind_, _such as_, _as_. - -=quam= [=quis=], adv., _how_, _how much_; after a comp., _than_; with a -sup., _as possible_; =quam prīmum=, _as soon as possible_; =quamdiū=, -_as long as_; =tam … quam=, _as … so, not only … but also_. - -=quamquam=, conj., _although_, _even if_. - -=quamvīs= [=quam= + =vīs=, from =volō=], adv. and conj., _however -much_, _although_. - -=quantus, a, um= [=quam=], adj., (1) interrog., =how great?= =how -much?= (2) rel., correl. to =tantus=, _as great as_, _as_. - -=quantum=, adv., _how much?_ _how far?_ - -=quārē= [=quā= + =rē=], adv., (1) interrog., =why?= (2) rel., _for -which reason_, _wherefore_, _therefore_. - -=quārtō= [=quārtus=], adv., _for the fourth time_. - -=quārtus, a, um= [=quattuor=], num. adj., _fourth_. - -=quasi=, adv. and conj., _as if_, _just as if_, _as though_; _on the -ground that_. - -=quātenus=, adv., (1) interrog., _to what point?_ _how far?_ (2) rel., -_as far as_. - -=quater= [=quattuor=], num. adv., _four times_. - -=quaternī, ae, a= [=quater=], dist. num. adj., _four each_, _by fours_, -_four at a time_. - -=quattuor=, indecl. num. adj., _four_. - -=quattuordecim= [=quattuor= + =decem=], indecl. num. adj., _fourteen_. - -=-que=, conj. enclitic, _and_, _and yet_, _but_. - -=queror, ī, questus sum=, _to complain_. - -=quī, quae, quod=, rel. pron., _who_, _which_, _what_, _that_; -_whoever_, _whatever_. - -=quī, quae=, or =qua, quod=, indef. pron. used adjectivally, _any_, -_some_. - -=quia=, conj., _because_, _since_. - -=quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque=, indef. rel. pron., _whoever_, -_whichever_, _whatever_. - -=quīdam, quaedam, quiddam=, and as adj., =quoddam=, indef. pron., a -_certain one_, _somebody_; _a certain_. - -=quidem=, adv., _indeed_, _in fact_, _to be sure_; =nē … quidem=, _not -even_, _not at all_. - -=quiēscō, ere, ēvī, ētus=, _to rest_, _repose_, _keep quiet_. - -=quiētus, a, um= [=quiēscō=], adj., _at rest_, _free from exertion_; -_undisturbed_, _quiet_, _peaceful_. - -=quīlibet, quaelibet, quodlibet= (=quidlibet=), indef. pron., _any one -you please_, _any one_, _who_ or _whatsoever_. - -=quīn= [=quī=, adv., _how?_ + =ne=], conj., _how not?_ _why not?_ -_that_, _that not_, _but that_; =quīn et= or =etiam=, _nay more_. - -=quīngentēsimus, a, um= [=quīngentī=], num. adj., _five hundredth_. - -=quīngentī, ae, a= [=quīnque= + =centum=], num. adj., _five hundred_. - -=quīnī, ae, a= [=quīnque=], dist. num. adj., _five each_, _by fives_. - -=quīnquāgēsimus, a, um= [=quīnquāgintā=], num. adj., _fiftieth_. - -=quīnquāgintā=, indecl. num. adj., _fifty_. - -=quīnque=, indecl. num. adj., _five_. - -=Quīnquegentiānī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of Libya. - -=Quīntillus, ī=, m., _(M. Aurēlius) Quīntillus_, brother of the emperor -M. Aurelius Claudius. - -=Quīntius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Cincinnātus=, -=Flaminīnus=. - -=quīntō= [=quīntus=], num. adv., _for the fifth time_. - -=quīntus, a, um= [=quīnque=], num. adj., _fifth_. - -=quippe=, adv., _indeed_, _as you see_, _surely_. - -=quīque= ＝ =et quī=. - -=Quirīnālis, is= (sc. =collis=), m., _the Quirinal Hill_, one of the -seven hills of Rome. - -=quis, qua, quid=, indef. pron. used substantively, _some one_, _any -one_, _something_, _anything_. - -=quisquam, quaequam, quicquam=, indef. pron., adj., or noun, _any one_, -_anything_, _any_. - -=quō= [=quī=], adv., (1) rel., _whither_, _where_; (2) interrog., -_whither?_ _where?_ (3) indef., _to any place_, _anywhere_. - -=quō= [=quī=], conj., with comparatives, _in order that_, _that_, _that -thereby_; =quō minus=, _that not_. - -=quod= [=quī=], conj., _because_, _supposing that_, _in that_, _so far -as_; =quod sī=, _but if_. - -=quondam=, adv., _once_, _formerly_, _sometime_. - -=quoque=, conj., _also_, _too_. - -=quoūsque=, adv., _till when?_ _how long?_ _until_ (late). - - -R. - -=Raetia, ae=, f., a Roman province south of the Danube. - -=rapiō, ere, rapuī, raptus=, _to seize and carry off_, _drag off_; -_plunder_, _destroy_. =con--corripiō, ere, uī, reptus=, to seize, -_snatch up_, _grasp_; _collect_, _carry off_, _plunder_. =dis--dīripiō, -ere, uī, reptus=, _to tear asunder_, _ravage_, _plunder_. =ex--ēripiō, -ere, uī, reptus=, _to take_ or _snatch away_; _rescue_; _deprive_. - -=ratiō, ōnis= [=reor=, _to think_], f., _reckoning_, _calculation_, -_account_; _method_, _plan_. - -=rationālis, e= [=ratiō=], adj., _of_ or _belonging to accounts_; as -subst., =rationālis, is=, m., _an accountant_. - -=ratus, a, um= [=reor=, _to think_], adj., _thought out_, _defined_, -_fixed_. - -=Ravenna, ae=, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul. - -=rebellō=, see =bellō=. - -=recēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=recēns, entis=, adj., _recent_, _late_, _fresh_. - -=receptor, ōris= [=recipiō=], m., _a harborer_, _concealer_. - -=recipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=recognōscō=, see =nōscō=. - -=reconciliō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to procure again_, _regain_; _reunite_, -_reconcile_. - -=recordor, ārī, ātus sum= [=re= + =cor=, _heart_], _to remember_, -_recall_. - -=rēctus, a, um= [=regō=], adj., _straight_, _direct_. - -=recūsō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=re= + =causa=], _to refuse_, _object_, -_decline_, _hesitate_. - -=redō=, see =dō=. - -=redeō=, see =eō=. - -=redigō=, see =agō=. - -=redimō=, see =emō=. - -=redūcō=, see =dūcō=. - -=referō=, see =ferō=. - -=refōrmō, āre, --, ātus= [=re= + =fōrma=], _to shape again_, _reform_, -_change_. - -=refugiō=, see =fugiō=. - -=rēgīna, ae= [=rēx=], f., _a queen_. - -=regiō, ōnis= [=regō=], f., _a direction_; _region_, _territory_. - -=rēgius, a, um= [=rēx=], adj., _royal_, _kingly_. - -=rēgnō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=rēgnum=], _to be king_, _rule_. - -=rēgnum, ī= [=rēx=], n., _kingship_, _supremacy_; _kingdom_, _reign_. - -=regō, ere, rēxī, rēctus=, _to regulate_, _rule_, _conduct_. -=ad--adrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus=, _to set up_, _raise_, _erect_; -_rouse_, _encourage_. =con--corrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus=, _to -straighten_, _correct_, _improve_. =per--pergō, ere, perrēxī, -perrēctus=, _to go straight on_, _proceed_, _hasten_; with acc., -_pursue with vigor_, _perform_. - -=regredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=Rēgulus, ī=, m., 1. _M. Atīlius Rēgulus_, consul 267 B.C. 2. _M. -Atīlius Rēgulus_, consul 256 B.C. - -=religiō, ōnis=, f., _sense of duty_; _religion_, _devotion to the -gods_; _scruple_. - -=relinquō, ere, līquī, līctus= [=re= + =linquō=, _to leave_], _to leave -behind_, _leave_; _bequeath_; _appoint by will_. - -=reliquiae, ārum= [=relinquō=], pl. f., _remainder_, _remnant_, -_residue_. - -=reliquus, a, um= [=relinquō=], adj., _remaining_, _rest_. - -=remandō=, see =mandō=. - -=remaneō=, see =maneō=. - -=remeō, āre, āvī, --=, _to go back_, _return_. - -=remittō=, see =mittō=. - -=removeō=, see =moveō=. - -=rēmus, ī=, m., =an oar=. - -=Remus, ī=, m., the brother of Romulus. - -=renovō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=re= + =novus=], _to renew_. - -=reparō=, see =parō=. - -=repente= [=repēns=, _sudden_], adv., _suddenly_. - -=repentīnus, a, um= [=repēns=, _sudden_], adj., _sudden_, _unexpected_. - -=reperiō=, see =*pariō=. - -=repetō=, see =petō=. - -=repōnō=, see =pōnō=. - -=reportō=, see =*portō=. - -=reprehendō=, see =*prehendō=. - -=repressor, ōris= [=reprimō=, _to check_], m., _a restrainer_, -_represser_. - -=repudiō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to cast off_, _divorce_; _reject_, _scorn_. - -=rēs, reī=, f., _thing_, _matter_; _affair_, _deed_, _exploit_, -_event_; _circumstance_; _story_; _property_, _fortune_; _trouble_; -=rēs familiāris=, _private property_; =rēs pūblica=, _the -commonwealth_, _state_; =rēs gestae=, _exploits_. - -=reservō=, see =servō=. - -=resideō=, see =sedeō=. - -=resistō=, see =*sistō=. - -=respondeō=, see =spondeō=. - -=respōnsum, ī= [=respondeō=], n., _an answer_. - -=rēs pūblica=, see =rēs=. - -=restituō=, see =*statuō=. - -=resūmō=, see =sūmō=. - -=rēte, is=, n., _a net_, _snare_. - -=retineō=, see =teneō=. - -=retrō=, adv., _backward_, _behind_. - -=reus, ī=, m., _defendant_, _accused person_; _prisoner_. - -=revehō=, see =vehō=. - -=reverentia, ae= [=re= + =vereor=], f., _respect_, _awe_, _reverence_. - -=revertor=, see =*vertō=. - -=revocō=, see =vocō=. - -=rēx, rēgis= [=regō=], m., _a king_. - -=Rēx, Rēgis=, m., _Q. Mārcius Rēx_, consul 118 B.C. - -=Rhēa, ae=, f., _Rhēa Silvia_, the mother of Romulus and Remus. - -=Rhēnus, ī=, m., _the Rhine_. - -=Rhodanus, ī=, m., _the Rhone_. - -=Rhodiī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Rhodians_, the people of the island of -Rhodes. - -=Rhodopa, ae=, f., a lofty mountain in Thrace. - -=Rhodus, ī=, f., _Rhodes_, an island in the eastern part of the -Mediterranean Sea. - -=rīpa, ae=, f., _the bank of a river_. - -=rīpēnsis, e= [=rīpa=], adj., _situated_ or _stationed on the banks of -a river_; =Dācia rīpēnsis=, _Dacia on the Danube_. - -=rogō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to ask_, _inquire_; _request_, _implore_. -=ab--abrogō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to appeal_; _annul_, _abrogate_. - -=Rōma, ae=, f., _Rome_. - -=Rōmānus, a, um=, adj., _Roman_; as subst., =Rōmānī, ōrum=, pl. m., -_the Romans_. - -=Rōmulus, ī=, m., the son of Rhea Silvia and Mars, the founder of Rome. - -=rōstrātus, a, um= [=rōstrum=], adj., _furnished with beaks_. - -=rōstrum, ī=, n., _the beak of a ship_; pl., the Rostra or speaker’s -platform in the Forum (adorned with the beaks of captured ships). - -=ruber, bra, brum=, adj., _red_; =Rubrum mare=, _the Red Sea_. - -=Rūfīnus, ī=, m., _P. Cornēlius Rūfīnus_, consul 290 B.C. - -=Rūfus, ī=, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. _M. Minucius Rūfus_, -consul 221 B.C. 2. _(Q.) Minucius Rūfus_, consul 110 B.C. 3. _P. -Sulpicius (Rūfus)_, a partisan of Marius. - -=rumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus=, _to break_, _destroy_. =con--corrumpō, -ere, rūpī, ruptus=, _to destroy_; _seduce_, _bribe_, _corrupt_. -=ex--ērumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus=, _to break forth_ or _out_, _burst -forth_. =in--inrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus=, _to break in_, _fall upon_; -_interrupt_. - -=rūrsus= or =rūrsum= [orig. =revorsus=; cf. =revertō=], adv., _back_; -_again_. - -=rūsticus, a, um= [=rūs=, _the country_], adj., _of the country_, -_rustic_; as subst., =rūsticānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _countrymen_. - -=Rutilius, ī=, m., _P. Rutilius_, consul 90 B.C. - - -S. - -=Sabīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Sabines_, a race in central Italy, -adjoining Latium on the east. - -=Sabīnus, ī=, m., 1. _Oppius Sabīnus_, a Roman general slain by Dacians -during the reign of Domitian. 2. _Q. Titūrius (Sabīnus)_, a lieutenant -of Caesar. 3. _(Flavius) Sabīnus_, brother of the emperor Vespasian. - -=sacer, cra, crum=, adj., _holy_, _sacred_; as subst., sacrum, ī, n., -_a holy thing_, _sacred vessel_; pl. _religious rites_, _sacrifices_. - -=sacerdōs, ōtis= [=sacer=], m. and f., _priest_, _priestess_. - -=sacrāmentum, ī= [=sacrō=], n., _an oath_. - -=*sacrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to set apart_; _bless_; _curse_. - -=con--cōnsecrō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to dedicate_, _consecrate_, _devote_. -=ex--exsecror, ārī, ātus sum=, _to curse_, _abhor_. =ob--obsecrō, āre, -āvī, ātus=, _to implore_, _supplicate_. - -=saepe=, adv., _frequently_, _often_. - -=saeviō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus= [=saevus=], _to be fierce_ or _cruel_, -_rage_; _punish cruelly_. - -=saevitia, ae= [=saevus=], f., _fury_, _cruelty_. - -=saevus, a, um=, adj., _raging_, _fierce_, _cruel_. - -=sagāx, ācis=, adj., _of quick perception_, _sagacious_, _keen-scented_. - -=sagitta, ae=, f., _arrow_. - -=sagittārius, ī= [=sagitta=], m., _an archer_, _bowman_. - -=Saguntīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Saguntum_. - -=Saguntum, ī=, n., a city on the eastern coast of Spain. - -=salārius, a, um= [=sāl=, _salt_], adj., _of salt_, _salty_; _via -Salāria_, the road from Rome to Reate. - -=Salassī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people living in the Alps. - -=Salīnātōr, ōris=, m., _M. Līvius Salīnātōr_, consul 210 B.C. - -=Sallentīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of Calabria in southern Italy. - -=Salōnae, ārum=, pl. f., a city in Dalmatia. - -=saltō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to dance_, _leap_. - -=salūtō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=salūs=, _health_], _to wish one health_, -_greet_, _salute_, _visit_. - -=Salvius=, ī, m., see =Iūliānus=. - -=salvus, a, um=, adj., _well_, _safe_, _sound_. - -=Samnītēs, um=, Gr. acc. pl. =Samnītas=, pl. m., _the Samnites_, a -branch of the Sabine race inhabiting the mountains southeast of Latium. - -=Samnium, ī=, n., a division of middle Italy. - -=Samus, ī=, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, near the coast of -Asia Minor. - -=sanguinārius, a, um= [=sanguis=], adj., _bloodthirsty_, _bloody_, -_sanguinary_. - -=sanguis, inis=, m., _blood_. - -=Sapōr, ōris=, m., the name of several Persian kings. 1. _Sapor I._, -240-273 A.D. 2. _Sapor II._, 310-381 A.D. - -=Sardī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Sardinians_, inhabitants of the island of -Sardinia. - -=Sardica, ae=, f., a city in Lower Moesia. - -=Sardinia, ae=, f., _Sardinia_, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, -west of Italy. - -=Sardiniēnsēs, ium=, pl. m., _the Sardinians_, inhabitants of the -island of Sardinia. - -=Sarmatae, ārum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Sarmatia_. - -=Sarmatia, ae=, f., _Sarmatia_, now the eastern part of Poland and the -southern part of Russia in Europe. - -=Sāturnīnus, ī=, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=sauciō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=saucius=], _to wound_. - -=Sauromātae, ārum=, pl. m., a people of Asia dwelling on the Tanaïs. - -=Saxonēs, um=, pl. m., _the Saxons_. - -=saxum, ī=, n., _a stone_, _rock_, _boulder_. - -=*scandō, ere, --, --=, _to climb_, _mount_. =ad--ascendō, ere, ī, -scēnsus=, _to climb up_, _mount_, _ascend_. =con--cōnscendō, ere, ī, -scēnsus=, _to mount_, _ascend_; _go on board_. - -=Scaevola, ae=, m., _Q. Mūcius Scaevola_, consul 117 B.C. - -=scelerātus, a, um= [=scelus=], adj., _wicked_, _infamous_. - -=scelus, eris=, n., _a sin_, _crime_. - -=scēna, ae=, f., _a stage_. - -=scientia, ae= [=sciō=], f., _knowledge_, _skill_. - -=scīlicet= [=scīre= + =licet=], adv., _plainly_, _of course_, -_doubtless_. - -=sciō, īre, scīvī, scītus=, _to know_, _understand_. - -=Scīpiō, ōnis=, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of -Rome. 1. _Cornēlius Scīpiō_, consul 83 B.C. 2. _Cn. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, -consul 222 B.C. 3. _L. (Cornēlius) Scīpiō_, consul 259 B.C. 4. _P. -Cornēlius Scīpiō_, consul 218 B.C. 5. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, consul 191 -B.C. 6. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, praetor 94 B.C. 7. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō -Āfricānus_, consul 205 B.C., the conqueror of Hannibal in the First -Punic War. 8. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus (Minor)_, consul 147 B.C. -He brought the Third Punic War to a close by capturing and destroying -Carthage. 9. _L. Cornēlius Scīpiō Asiāgenēs_, consul 83 B.C. 10. _P. -(Cornēlius) Scīpiō Nāsīca_, consul 91 B.C. - -=Scordiscī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Thracian people. - -=scrība, ae= [=scrībō=], f., _a clerk_, _secretary_. - -=scrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus=, _to write_. =dē--dēscrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus=, _to copy off_, _sketch_, _describe_. -=prō--prōscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus=, _to offer for sale_; -_proscribe_, _outlaw_. - -=Scrībonius, ī=, m., see =Curiō=. - -=scrīnium, ī=, n., _a case_, _box_ (especially for books and papers). - -=Scythae, ārum=, pl. m., a wandering tribe of Europe and Asia north of -the Black and Caspian Seas. - -=sē=, see =suī=. - -=sectiō, ōnis=, f., _a sale at auction of confiscated property_. - -=secundō= [=secundus=], adv., _for the second time_. - -=secundus, a, um= [=sequor=], adj., _second_; _favorable_, _successful_. - -=Secundus, ī=, m., _Petrōnius Secundus_, a partisan of Nerva. - -=sēcūritās, ātis= [=sēcūrus=, _free from care_], f., _freedom from -care_, _security_. - -=sed=, conj., _but_; _yet_. - -=sedeō, ēre, sēdī, sessus=, _to sit_, _settle_, _remain_, _be -encamped_. =ob--obsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus=, _to besiege_, _occupy_; -_watch closely_. =re--resideō, ēre, sēdī, --=, _to sit back_, _remain -sitting_, _be left behind_, _remain_. - -=sēdēs, is= [cf. =sedeō=], f., _seat_, _chair_; _residence_, _abode_. - -=sēditiō, ōnis= [=sed= + =itiō=, from =eō=], f., _dissension_, -_rebellion_, _revolt_. - -=sēditiōsē= [=sēditiō=], adv., _seditiously_. - -=Seleucīa, ae=, f., 1. A city in Assyria. 2. A city in Cilicia. 3. A -city in Syria. - -=sella, ae= [=sedeō=], f., _a seat_, _chair_. - -=semel=, adv., _once_. - -=sēmibarbarus, ī=, m., _semi-barbarian_. - -=semper=, adv., _always_. - -=Semprōnius, ī=, m., P. Semprōnius, consul 268 B.C. See =Blaesus=, -=Gracchus=. - -=Sēna, ae=, f., a city in Umbria in Italy. - -=senātor, ōris= [=senātus=], m., _a senator_. - -=senātus, ūs= [cf. =senex=], m., _council of elders_, _senate_, in the -time of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king -when he desired advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state. - -=senectūs, ūtis= [=senex=], f., _old age_. - -=senēscō, ere, senuī, --= [=senex=], _to grow old._ =con--cōnsenēscō, -ere, senuī, --=, _to grow old_. - -=senex, gen. senis=, adj., _old_; comp. =senior=, _elder_; sup. -=māximus= (=nātū=), _eldest_. As subst., =senex, senis=, m., _an old -man_; =seniōrēs, um=, pl. m., =the elders= (men over 45). - -=senior=, see =senex=. - -=Senonēs, um=, pl. m., a people of Celtic Gaul. - -=Senonēs, um=, pl. m., the chief city of the Senones. - -=sententia, ae= [=sentiō=], f., _an opinion_, _judgment_; _sense_. - -=sentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsus=, _to discern by sense_, _feel_; _see_, -_perceive_. =ad--adsentor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to assent_, _flatter_, -_fawn_. =con--cōnsentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsus=, _to agree_; _conspire_, -_plot_. - -=Sentius, ī=, m., _Cn. Sentius_, a Roman general during the reign of -the emperor Claudius. - -=sepeliō, īre, īvī (iī), sepultus=, _to bury_, _inter_. - -=septem=, indecl. num. adj., _seven_. - -=September, bris=, m., _September_, the seventh month of the year -beginning with March. - -=septendecim= [=septem= + =decem=], indecl. num. adj., _seventeen_. - -=septennium, ī= [=septem= + =annus=], n., _the space of seven years_. - -=Septimius, ī=, m., see =Sevērus=. - -=septimus, a, um= [=septem=], num. adj., _seventh_. - -=septingentēsimus, a, um= [=septingentī=, _seven hundred_], num. adj., -_seven hundredth_. - -=septuāgenārius, a, um= [=septuāgintā=], num. adj., _of_ or _belonging -to the number seventy_. - -=septuāgēsimus, a, um= [=septuāgintā=], num. adj., _seventieth_. - -=septuāgintā= [=septem=], indecl. num. adj., _seventy_. - -=sepultūra, ae= [=sepeliō=], f., _burial_, _funeral_. - -=Sēquanī, ōrum=, pl. m., an important tribe in eastern Gaul north of -the Rhone. - -=sequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to follow_, _pursue_; _ensue_. -=con--cōnsequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to pursue_, _overtake_; _arrive_; -_obtain_. =in--īnsequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to pursue_, _follow up_. -=ob--obsequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to submit to_, _indulge in_, _assist_. -=per--persequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to pursue_, _prosecute_; _relate_. -=prō--prōsequor, ī, secūtus sum=, _to follow after_, _pursue_, -_address_. - -=Serāpīum, ī=, n., _Serāpīum_, the temple of Serapis. - -=Serdica, ae=, f., a town in Upper Moesia, the modern Sofia. - -=Sergius, ī=, m., see =Catilīna=. - -=sēricus, a, um=, adj., _of silk_, _silken_. - -=sermō, ōnis=, m., _talk_, _conversation_, _ discourse_. - -=*serō, ere, --, tus=, _to bind together_. - -=ad--adserō, ere, uī, tus=, _to claim_, _lay claim to_. - -=con--cōnserō, ere, uī, tus=, _to join in battle_; =cōnserere manūs=, -_to fight hand to hand_. - -=dē--dēserō, ere, uī, tus=, _to leave_, _abandon_, _desert_. - -=in--īnserō, ere, uī, tus=, _to fasten into_; _insert_. - -=Sertōrius, ī=, m., _Q. Sertōrius_, an officer in the army of Marius. -He went to Spain as propraetor in 82 B.C. and maintained an independent -command until his death in 72 B.C. - -=Servīlius, ī=, m., _Q. Servīlius_, consul 365 B.C. See =Caepiō=, -=Casca=, =Vatia=. - -=serviō, īre, īvī= (=iī=), =ītus=, _to be the slave of_, _devote one’s -self to_; _have regard to_. - -=Servius, ī=, m., see =Tullius=. - -=servitium, ī= [=servus=], n., _slavery_; _slaves_. - -=servitūs, ūtis= [=servus=], f., _slavery_. - -=servō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to save_, _preserve_, _watch_. - -=con--cōnservō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to keep safe_, _preserve_. - -=re--reservō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to keep back_, _reserve_, _preserve_. - -=servus, ī=, m., _a slave_, _servant_. - -=sēsē=, see =suī=. - -=sēstertius, ī= [=sēmis=, _half_, + =tertius=], m., (sc. =nummus=), -_a sesterce_, a small silver coin equivalent originally to two and -one-half asses, but later worth about four cents. In naming large -sums the Romans spoke of “so many times a hundred thousand sestertii” -(_centēna mīlia sēstertium_). - -=sevērē= [=sevērus=], adv., sup. =sevērissimē=; _strictly_, _severely_. - -=sevērissimē=, see =sevērē=. - -=sevēritās, ātis= [=sevērus=], f., _strictness_, _severity_, -_sternness_. - -=sevērus, a, um=, adj., _serious_, _strict_, _harsh_. - -=Sevērus, ī=, m., 1. _(L.) Septimius Sevērus_, Roman emperor 193-211 -A.D. 2. _(Flavius Valerius) Sevērus_, Roman emperor 306-307 A.D. - -=sex=, indecl. num. adj., _six_. - -=Sex.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Sextus=. - -=sexāgenārius, a, um= [=sexāgintā=], num. adj., _belonging to sixty_; -=māior sexāgenāriō=, _older than sixty years_. - -=sexāgēsimus, a, um= [=sexāgintā=], num. adj., _sixtieth_. - -=sexāgintā= [=sex=], indecl. num. adj., _sixty_. - -=sexcentēsimus, a, um= [=sexcentī=], num. adj., _six hundredth_. - -=sexcentī, ae, a= [=sex + centum=], num. adj., _six hundred_. - -=sexdecim= or =sēdecim= [=sex= + =decem=], indecl. num. adj., _sixteen_. - -=sexiēs= [=sex=], num. adv., _six times_. - -=Sextus, ī=, m., _Sextus Chaeronēnsis_, a teacher of Antoninus Pius. - -=sextus, a, um= [=sex=], num. adj., _sixth_. - -=sī=, conj., _if whether_; =quod sī=, _but if_. - -=sīc=, adv., _so_, _thus_; =sīc … ut=, _just as_. - -=Sicilia, ae=, f., _the island of Sicily_. - -=Siculī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Sicily_. - -=sīcut= [=sīc= + =ut=], adv., _just as_. - -=sīdō, ere, --, --=, _to seat one’s self_, _sit down_. =con--cōnsīdō, -ere, sēdī, sessus=, _to sit down_; _settle_, _encamp_, _take a -position_. - -=sīgnificō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=sīgnum= + =faciō=], _to make signs_, -_show_; _point out_, _indicate_. - -=sīgnum, ī=, n., _sign_, _signal_; _military_ _standard_, _ensign_; -_statue_, _image_. - -=Sīlānus, ī=, m., a celebrated Roman family. 1. _D. Iūnius Sīlānus_, -consul 62 B.C. 2. _M. Iūnius Sīlānus_, consul 109 B.C. - -=Silvānus, ī=, m., a Roman who revolted in Gaul during the reign of the -emperor Constantius. - -=Silvia=, see =Rhēa=. - -=similis, e=, adj., sup. =simillimus=; _like_, _similar_. - -=simul=, adv., _at the same time_; =simul atque= or =ac=, _as soon as_. - -=sine=, prep. with abl., _without_. - -=Singara, ae=, f., a city in Mesopotamia, on the Tigris. - -=singulāris, e= [=singulī=], adj., _one by one_, _single_, -_individual_; _remarkable_, _singular_, _unparalleled_. - -=singulī, ae, a=, adj., _one at a time_, _one apiece_, _single_. - -=sinister, tra, trum=, adj., _left_. - -=sinō, ere, sīvī, situs=, _to put_, _place_; _permit_, _let._ -=dē--dēsinō, ere, sīvī (iī), situs=, _to cease_, _stop_. - -=Sinōpē, ēs=, f., a city in Paphlagonia, on the Black Sea. - -=Sipylus, ī=, m., a mountain in Lydia. - -=Sirmium, ī=, n., a city in Lower Pannonia. - -=*sistō, ere, stitī, status=, _to cause to stand_, _place_, _set_; -_stand_. =con--cōnsistō, ere, stitī, --=, _to stand_, _take position_ -(of an army); _stop_, _halt_; _be firm_, _endure_, _continue_. -=ex--exsistō, ere, stitī, --=, _to make come out_; _appear_, _arise_, -_project_, _exist_. =re--resistō, ere, stitī, --=, _to oppose_, -_withstand_, _resist_. - -=situs, a, um= [orig. part. of =sinō=], adj., _placed_, _situate_, -_lying_. - -=Smyrna, ae=, f., one of the most flourishing and important sea-ports -of Asia Minor. - -=socer, erī=, m., _father-in-law_. - -=sociālis, e= [=socius=], adj., _social_. - -=socius, ī=, m., _a comrade_, _ally_, _confederate_. - -=sōcordia, ae=, f., _dullness_, _carelessness_; _laziness_, _indolence_. - -=sōl, sōlis=, m., _the sun_; =Sōl, Sōlis=, m., _the Sun-god_. - -=sōlitūdō, inis= [=sōlus=], f., _loneliness_; _lonely place_, -_wilderness_. - -=sollers, ertis=, adj., _skillful_, _expert_. - -=sollicitō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=sollicitus=, _agitated_], _to urge_, -_incite_, _tempt_, _solicit_. - -=sollicitūdō, inis= [=sollicitus=, _agitated_], f., _uneasiness of -mind_, _care_, _anxiety_. - -=solum, ī=, n., _the ground_, _soil_. - -=sōlum= [=sōlus=], adv., _only_. - -=sōlus, a, um=, gen. =sōlīus=, dat. =sōlī=, adj., _only_, _alone_. - -=solvō, ere, solvī, solūtus=, _to loose_; _set sail_; _annul_; _pay_; -_unseal_, _open_. - -=Sophanēnē, ēs=, f., or _Sophene_, a division of Armenia Maior. - -=soror, ōris=, f., _a sister_. - -=Sp.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Spurius=. - -=Spartacus, ī=, m., a Roman gladiator who led an insurrection of -gladiators and slaves, 73 B.C. - -=spatiōsus, a, um= [=spatium=, _space_], adj., _roomy_, _of great -extent_, _ample_, _extensive_. - -=*speciō, ere, spēxī, --=, (obsolete), _to look_. =ad--adspiciō, ere, -spēxī, spectus=, _to look at_, _examine_, _inspect_. =con--cōnspiciō, -ere, spēxī, spectus=, _to catch sight of_, _spy_; _see_. - -=spectāculum, ī= [=spectō=, _to look at_], n., _a show_, _spectacle_. - -=spectō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =*speciō=], _to look at_, _watch_, -_behold_. =ex--exspectō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to look out for_, _wait -for_, _await_. - -=speculātor, ōris=, m., _a spy_. - -=spēs, eī=, f., _hope_, _expectation_. - -=spolium, ī=, n., _spoil_, _booty_. - -=spondeō, ēre, spopondī, spōnsus=, _to promise_. =re--respondeō, ēre, -ī, spōnsus=, _to answer_, _reply_; _correspond to_, _agree with_. - -=sponte= [abl. of =spōns=, obs.], f., _voluntarily_; with =meā, tuā=, -or =suā=, _of my_, _your_, or _his own free will_. - -=stadium, ī=, n., _a stade_, _stadium_, _furlong_, 606¾ English feet; -_a course for foot races_; _race course_; _Stadium_, the race course -built by Domitian. - -=statim= [=stō=], adv., _instantly_, _at once_. - -=statiō, ōnis= [=stō=], f., _a picket_, _guard_. - -=statīvus, a, um= [=stō=], adj., _permanent_, _stationary_; =castra -statīva=, _a permanent camp_. - -=statua, ae= [=stō=], _a statue_, _image_. - -=*statuō, ere, ī, ūtus= [=stō=], _to cause to stand_, _set up_, -_place_; _determine_; _determine on_; _arrange_, _appoint_. -=con--cōnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to set up_, _erect_; _set in order_, -_organize_; _arrange_, _appoint_; _resolve_. =dē--dēstituō, ere, ī, -ūtus=, _to set down_, _deposit_. =in--īnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to set -in place_, _arrange_; _found_, _establish_; _determine_, _undertake_, -_begin_; _train_, _teach_. =prō--prōstituō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to set -forth in public_, _expose_; _dishonor_, _prostitute_, _offer for sale_. -=re--restituō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to set up again_, _replace_, _restore_, -_reinstate_; _repair_, _remedy_, _save_. - -=status, ūs= [=stō=], m., _state_, _position_, _rank_. - -=stella, ae=, f., _a star_. - -=stercus, oris=, n., _dung_, _excrement_, _manure_. - -=sternō, ere, strāvī, strātus=, _to lay low_, _scatter_; _pave_. - -=stilus, ī=, m., _stilus_, _pen_. - -=stīpendiārius, a, um= [=stīpendium=], adj., _tributary_, _paying -tribute_. - -=stīpendium, ī= [=stips=, _gift_ + =pendō=], n., _a payment_; _salary, -pay; campaign_. - -=stīpes, itis=, m., _a log_, _stock_, _post_, _trunk_. - -=*stō, āre, stetī, status=, _to stand_, _take the part of_, _stand -firm_; _continue_. =ad--astō, āre, stitī, --=, _to stand at_, _be at -hand_. =in--īnstō, āre, stitī, statūrus=, _to draw near_, _be present_; -_press on_, _pursue_. =prae--praestō, āre, stitī, stitus=, _to show_; -_bestow_, _supply_; _surpass_; _be preferable_; _do_, _perform_. - -=Stoicus, a=, um, adj., _Stoic_. - -=stolidē=, adv., _stupidly_, _stolidly_. - -=strangulō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to strangle_, _throttle_, _kill_. - -=Stratonīcē, ēs=, f., a city in Caria in Asia Minor. - -=strēnuē= [=strēnuus=], adv., sup. =strēnuissimē=, _vigorously_. - -=strēnuissimē=, see =strēnuē=. - -=strēnuus, a, um=, adj., _brisk_, _active_, _vigorous_. - -=strictim=, adv., _superficially_, _summarily_, _briefly_. - -=studeō, ēre, uī, --=, _to be eager_, _take pains about_, _pay -attention to_; _wish_, _try_; _favor_. - -=studiōsē= [=studiōsus=, _eager_], adv., _eagerly_, _zealously_. - -=studium, ī= [=studeō=], n., _zeal_, _enthusiasm_; _desire_, _pursuit_, -_study_; _good wil_l, _affection_. - -=stuprō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=stuprum=], _to debauch_, _dishonor_. - -=stuprum, ī=, n., _debauchery_, _defilement_, _dishonor_. - -=suādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsus=, _to advise_, _urge_, _exhort_. - -=sub=, prep. with acc., _under_, _towards_, _until_, _after_; with -abl., _under_, _beneath_, _at the foot of_, _close to_; _in the reign -of_. - -=subiciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=subigō=, see =agō=. - -=subitō= [=subitus=], adv., _suddenly_. - -=subitus, a, um= [=subeō=], adj., _sudden_, _unexpected_. - -=subiugō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=sub= + =iugum=], _to bring under the yoke_; -_subject_, _subjugate_. - -=sublātus=, see =tollō=. - -=submoveō=, see =moveō=. - -=subtīlis, e=, adj., _nice_, _precise_, _accurate_, _subtle_. - -=suburbānus, a, um= [=urbs=], adj., _near the city_, _suburban_. - -=subveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=succēdō=, see =cēdō=. - -=successor, ōris= [=succēdō=], m., _a follower_, _successor_. - -=successus, ūs= [=succēdō=], m., _favorable outcome_, _success_. - -=sūdor, ōris= [=sūdō=, to sweat], m., _sweat_; _fatigue_. - -=Suessa, ae=, f., _Suessa Pōmētia_, a city of the Volsci, in Latium. - -=Suēvī, ōrum=, pl. m., a confederacy of German tribes. - -=Suēvia, ae=, f., _Suēvia_, the land of the Suevi, modern Bavaria and -Wurtemberg. - -=suī=, gen., =sibi=, dat., =sē= (=sēsē=), acc. and abl., reflex. pron., -sing. and pl., _himself_, _herself_, _itself_, _themselves_. - -=Sulla, ae=, m., _L. Cornēlius Sulla_, surnamed Felix, consul 88 B.C. - -=Sulpicius, ī=, m., 1. _C. Sulpicius_, dictator 304 B.C. 2. _P. -Sulpicius_, consul 279 B.C. 3. _P. Sulpicius_, consul 211 B.C. See -=Rūfus=. - -=sum, esse, fuī, futūrus=, _to be_, _exist_, _live_; with gen., -_belonging to_, _be a part of_; _be true_, _be so_; _happen_, _take -place_; with dat., _have_, _possess_. - -=ab--absum, esse, āfuī, --=, _to be away_ or _absent_, _be far from_; -=prope abesse=, _to be at no great distance_, _be near_. =in--īnsum, -īnesse, īnfuī, --=, _to be in_ or _on_; _belong to_. =inter--intersum, -esse, fuī, --=, _to be present at_, _take part in_. =prae--praesum, -praeesse, fuī, --=, _to be over_ or _before_; _rule_, _govern_, _be -in command of_. =prō--prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, --=, _to benefit_, -_profit_, _aid_. =super--supersum, esse, fuī, --=, _to be over and -above_, _remain_; _survive_, _outlive_. - -=summus=, see =superus=. - -=sumō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus=, _to use up_, _spend_. - -=con--cōnsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus=, _to use up_; _devour_, _waste_; -_destroy_; _spend_, _pass_; _use_, _employ_. - -=re--resūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus=, _to take up again_, _take back_, -_resume_. - -=sūmptus, ūs= [=sūmō=], m., _outlay_, _expense_. - -=supellex or supellectilis, is=, f., _household stuff_, _furniture_. - -=super=, prep. with acc., _over_, _above_, _upon_, _in addition to_; -with abl., _over_, _above_, _upon_, _on_; _about_, _of_, _concerning_. - -=superbia, ae= [=superbus=], f., _haughtiness_, _pride_. - -=superbus, a, um=, adj., _haughty_, _proud_, _august_. - -=superfluus, a, um= [=super= + =fluō=], adj., _running over_, -_superfluous_; _unnecessary_. - -=superior=, see =superus=. - -=superō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=super=], _to pass over_ or _around_, -_overcome_, _conquer_; _survive_. - -=supersum=, see =sum=. - -=superus, a, um= [=super=], adj., _above_, _on high_; comp. =superior, -ius=, _upper_, _higher_, _earlier_, _superior_; _victorious_; _elder_; -sup. =summus, a, um=, _highest_, _chief_, _utmost_. - -=superveniō=, see =veniō=. - -=supplicium, ī= [=supplex=, _a suppliant_], n., _punishment_, -_execution_, _torture_. - -=suprā=, adv. and prep. with acc., _above_, _over_, _before_, _on_. - -=Surēna, ae=, m., a general of the Parthians who defeated Crassus in 54 -B.C. - -=suscipiō=, see =capiō=. - -=suspectus, a, um= [orig. part. of =suspiciō=], adj., _mistrusted_, -_suspected_. - -=suspīciō, ōnis= [=suspiciō=, _to suspect_], f., _distrust_, -_suspicion_. - -=sustineō=, see =teneō=. - -=sustulī=, see =tollō=. - -=Sutrinī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Sutrium_, a city in -Etruria in Italy. - -=suus, a, um= [=suī=], pron. adj., _his own_, _her own_, _its own_, -_their own_; _his_, _her_, _its_, _their_; as subst., =suī, ōrum=, pl. -m., _his (their) friends_, _followers_, _soldiers_ or _fellow-citizens_. - -=Symiasera, ae=, f., the mother of Heliogabalus. - -=Syphāx, ācis=, m., a king of Numidia. - -=Syrācūsānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Syracuse_, a Greek city -in Sicily. - -=Syrācūsānus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Syracuse_; =urbs Syrācūsāna=, -_the city of Syracuse_. - -=Syria, ae=, f., _Syria_, a country of Asia, on the eastern coast of -the Mediterranean Sea. - -=Syriacus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Syria_, _Syrian_; =Syriacum -bellum=, _Syro-Aetolian war_, 192-189 B.C. - - -T. - -=T.=, abbreviation of the praenomen =Titus=. - -=tabula, ae=, f., _a board_, _plank_; _picture_ (sc. =pīcta=, -_painted_); _writing tablet_; _record_, _list_. - -=Tacitus, ī=, m., _(M. Claudius) Tacitus_, Roman emperor 275-276 A.D. - -=Taifalī, ōrum=, pl. m., a tribe of Dacia. - -=talentum, ī=, n., _a talent_, a Greek money measure worth about $1100. - -=tālis, e=, adj., _such, of such a kind_; =tālis … qualis=, _such … as_. - -=tam=, adv., _to such a degree_, _so much_, _as much, so_; =tam … -quam=, _as … so_, _not only … but also_. - -=tamen=, adv., _yet_, _still_, _for all that_, _all the same_, -_however_, _nevertheless_. - -=tamquam=, adv. and conj., _as_, _as if_, _as though_. - -=tandem=, adv., _at length_, _at last_, _finally_. - -=*tangō, ere, tetigī, tāctus=, _to touch_; _reach to_. =ad--attingō, -ere, tigī, tāctus=, _to border on_, _touch_, _attain_. =con--contingō, -ere, tigī, tāctus=, _to touch_, _reach_; _occur_, _happen to_. - -=tantum= [=tantus=], adv., _so much_ (and no more), _only_, _merely_. - -=tantus, a, um=, adj., _so great_, _such_. - -=Tarentīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Tarentum_. - -=Tarentum, ī=, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of -Italy. - -=Tarquinius, ī=, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have -come from Etruria. 1. _(L.) Tarquinius Prīscus_, the fifth king of -Rome, 616-578 B.C. 2. _L. Tarquinius Superbus_, the son of Priscus, -the last king of Rome, 534-510 B.C. 3. _(Sextus) Tarquinius_, son of -(2). 4. _(L.) Tarquinius Collātīnus_, cousin of (3), and husband of -Lucretia, consul 509 B.C. - -=Tarracō, ōnis=, f., a city in Spain. - -=Tarsus, ī=, f., a city in Cilicia in Asia Minor. - -=Tauromenītānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Tauromenium_, a city -on the eastern coast of Sicily. - -=Taurus, ī=, m., a mountain range in Asia Minor. - -=taxō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =tangō=], _to touch sharply_, -_harass_, _vex_. - -=tēctōrium, ī= [=tegō=, _to cover_] n., _a covering_, _cover_; -_plastering_. - -=Telesīnus, ī=, m., _Pontius Telesīnus_, commander of the Samnites in -the war against Sulla. See Notes, p. 162. - -=temeritās, ātis= [=temerē=, _rashly_], f., _rashness_, _heedlessness_, -_temerity_. - -=tempestās, ātis= [=tempus=], f., _point of time_, _period of time_; -_storm_, _tempest_. - -=templum, ī=, n., _a sacred spot_; _temple_. - -=temptō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =tendō=], _to touch_, _handle_; -_try_, _attempt_; _sound_, _try to win over_. - -=tempus, oris=, n., _time_, _period_, _season_; _opportunity_, -_occasion_. - -=tenāx, ācis= [=teneō=], adj., _holding fast_, _tenacious_; _firm_, -_steadfast_, _persistent_. - -=tendō, ere, tetendī, tentus=, and =tēnsus=, _to spread out_, -_stretch_; =īnsidiās tendere=, _to lay a trap for_, _plot against_. - -=con--contendō, ere, ī, tentus=, _to stretch_; _exert one’s self_, -_strive_, _insist_; _hasten_, _march quickly_. =ob(s)--ostendō, ere, ī, -tentus=, _to stretch out_, _show_; _produce_, _furnish_; _disclose_, -_make known_. - -=teneō, ēre, uī, tentus=, _to hold_, _keep_, _possess_; _maintain_, -_guard_, _defend_; _seize_. =ab--abstineō, ēre, uī, tentus=, _to -hold back or from_; _keep aloof from_; _refrain from_, _abstain_. -=con--contineō, ēre, uī, tentus=, _to hold_, _keep_, _contain_; -_restrain_, _rule_, _curb_. =ob--obtineō, ēre, uī, tentus=, _to hold_, -_possess_; _rule_, _govern_. =re--retineō, ēre, uī, tentus=, _to hold_ -or _keep_ (back); _retain_, _detain_. =sub(s)--sustineō, ēre, uī, -tentus=, _to hold up_, _support_, _sustain_; _bear_, _endure_, _hold in -check_, _restrain_. - -=ter=, num. adv., _three times_. - -=Terentius, ī=, m., see =Varrō=. - -=tergum, ī=, n., _the back_; =tergum vertere=, _to flee_. - -=terminus, ī=, n., _the end_, _boundary_. - -=terra, ae=, f., _the earth_; _land_; _territory_, _country_. - -=terrester, tris, tre= [=terra=], adj., _of the earth_ or _land_. - -=terribilis, e= [=terreō=], adj., _frightful_, _dreadful_. - -=territōrium, ī= [=terra=], n., _a territory_, _domain_. - -=terror, ōris= [=terreō=], m., _fear_, _terror_. - -=tertiō= [=tertius=], num. adv., _the third time_. - -=tertius, a, um= [cf. =trēs=], num. adj., third. - -=Tervingī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people of Dacia. - -=testāmentum, ī= [=testis=, _a witness_], n., _a will_, _testament_. - -=Tetricus, ī=, m., _(C. Pesuvius) Tetricus_, one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=Teutobodus, ī=, m., a leader of the Cimbri. - -=Teutonēs, um=, pl. m., _the Teutonēs_, a Germanic people which with -the Cimbri invaded Italy, but were defeated by Marius, 102 B.C. - -=Theodōra, ae=, f., the wife of Constantius. - -=thermae, ārum=, pl. f., _warm baths_. - -=Thessalia, ae=, f., _Thessaly_, a large district in the northeastern -part of Greece. - -=Thessalonīca, ae=, f., a city in Macedonia. - -=Thrācia, ae=, f., _Thrace_, a large district in the southeastern part -of Europe, between the Aegean Sea, Macedonia, and the Black Sea. - -=Tiberis, is=, m., the river Tiber. - -=Tiberius, ī=, m., _Tiberius (Claudius Nerō)_, Roman emperor 14-37 A.D. - -=Tigrānēs, is=, m., king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithradates, 96-56 -B.C. - -=Tigrānocerta, ae=, f., the capital city of Armenia Maior. - -=Tigris, idis=, m., _the Tigris_, a river in Mesopotamia. - -=timeō, ēre, uī, --=, _to fear_, _be anxious_. - -=timor, ōris= [=timeō=], m., _fear_, _a cause of fear_. - -=tīrō, ōnis=, m., _a recruit_; _beginner_. - -=Titūrius, ī=, m., see =Sabīnus=. - -=Titus, ī=, m., _T. Flavius Sabīnus Vespasiānus_, Roman emperor 79-81 -A.D. - -=toga, ae=, f., the toga, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans. - -=togātus, a, um= [=toga=], adj., _clad in the toga_; _in peaceful -garb_, _unarmed_. - -=tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātus=, _to lift_, _raise_, _take up_; -_remove_, _abolish_. - -=Tolumnius, ī=, m., _(Lar) Tolumnius_, leader of the Veientes. - -=Tomī, ōrum=, pl. m., a city in Lower Moesia. - -=Torquātus, ī=, m., 1. _(T.) Mānlius Torquātus_, dictator 353 B.C. 2. -_T. Mānlius Torquātus_, consul 235 B.C. - -=torquis, is=, m., _a twisted collar_, _necklace_. - -=tot=, indecl. adj., _so many_. - -=tōtus, a, um=, gen. =tōtīus=, dat. =tōtī=, adj., _all_, _all the_, -_the whole_, _entire_. - -=tractō, āre, āvī, ātus= [freq. of =trahō=], _to treat_. - -=trāctus, ūs= [=trahō=], m., _a stretch_, _tract_. - -=trādō=, see =dō=. - -=tragicus, a, um= [=tragoedia=], adj., of _tragedy_, _tragic_. - -=tragoedia, ae=, f., _tragedy_. - -=trahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus=, _to draw_, _drag_; _detain_. -=con--contrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus=, _to draw together_, _collect_, -_assemble_. =dē--dētrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus=, _to draw_ or _strip -off_, _remove_; _drag_. =dis--distrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus=, _to pull -asunder_, _part_, _separate_. =ex--extrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus=, _to -draw_ or _pull out_; _prolong_, _waste_. - -=prō--prōtrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, trāctus=, _to draw forth_, _bring -forward_, _produce_; _discover_, _disclose_. - -=trāiciō=, see =*iaciō=. - -=Trāiānus, ī=, m., _(M.) Ulpius Crīnītus Trāiānus_, Roman emperor -98-117 A.D. - -=tranquillē= [=tranquillus=], adv., _calmly_, _tranquilly_. - -=Tranquillīna, ae=, the wife of the emperor Gordianus. - -=tranquillitās, ātis= [=tranquillus=], f., _calmness_, _stillness_; -=Tranquillitās, ātis= (as title of emperor), _Serene Highness_. - -=tranquillus, a, um=, adj., _calm_, _peaceful_, _tranquil_. - -=trāns=, prep. with acc., _across_, _beyond_, _over_. - -=trānsalpīnus, a, um= [=trāns= + =Alpēs=], adj., _across the Alps_, -_transalpine_. - -=trānseō=, see =eō=. - -=trānsferō=, see =ferō=. - -=trānsfuga, ae= [=trānsfugiō=, _to flee over_], m., _a deserter_. - -=trānsgredior=, see =*gradior=. - -=trānsigō=, see =agō=. - -=trānsitōrius, a, um= [=trānseō=], adj., _adapted for passing through_, -_having a passage way_; =forum Trānsitōrium=. - -=trānsmarīnus, a, um= [=trāns= + =mare=], adj., _beyond the sea_. - -=Trebelliānus, ī=, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=Trebia, ae=, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, where the second battle of -the Second Punic War was fought. - -=trecentēsimus, a, um= [=trecentī=], num. adj., _three hundredth_. - -=trecentī, ae, a= [=trēs= + =centum=], num. adj., _three hundred_. - -=Tremellius, ī=, m., a Roman quaestor who conquered Pseudoperses. - -=trēs, tria=, num. adj., _three_. - -=Triballī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Thracian people of Lower Moesia. - -=tribūnus, ī= [=tribus=], m., _chief of a tribe_, _tribune_; =tribūnus -mīlitum= or =mīlitāris=, _military tribune_, _captain_, one of the -minor officers of a legion, six in number; =tribūnus plēbis=, _tribune -of the people_, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in -494 B.C. to protect the plebeians from the patricians. Ten tribunes -were elected annually. Their persons were sacred. - -=tribuō, ere, ī, ūtus= [=tribus=], _to assign_, _grant_, _give_. -=dis--distribuō, ere, ī, ūtus=, _to divide_, _distribute_, _apportion_. - -=tribus, ūs= [cf. =trēs=], f., _a tribe_ (orig. a third part of the -people). - -=tribūtum, ī= [=tribuō=], n., _a tax_, _tribute_. - -=trīcēsimus, a, um= [=trīgintā=], num. adj., _thirtieth_. - -=trīciēs= [=trīgintā=], num. adv., _thirty times_. - -=Tricipitīnus, ī=, m., Sp. Lucrētius Tricipitīnus, consul 509 B.C. - -=trīclīnium, ī=, n., a couch for three persons reclining at meals, _a -dinner sofa_. - -=trīduum, ī= [=trēs= + =diēs=], n., _the space of three days_, _three -days_. - -=triennium, ī= [=trēs= + =annus=], n., _the space of three years_, -_three years_. - -=trīgintā=, indecl. num. adj., _thirty_. - -=Tripolitānus, a, um=, adj., _belonging to Tripolis_; =tripolitāna -prōvincia=, _the province of Tripolis_, in northern Africa. - -=trīstis, e=, adj., _sad_, _sorrowful_; _stern_, _strict_, _severe_. - -=trīticum, ī=, n., _wheat_. - -=triumphō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to celebrate a triumph_. - -=triumphus, ī=, m., _a triumph_, a splendid procession in which the -victorious general entered the city accompanied by his soldiers and -the spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed around the -Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and up to the -temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. - -=Trōia, ae=, f., _Troy_, a city in the northwestern part of Asia Minor, -renowned for its ten years’ siege by the Greeks. - -=trux, trucis=, adj., _wild_, _savage_, _stern_. - -=tū, tuī=, pl. =vōs, vestrūm= or =vestrī=, pers. pron., _thou_, _you_. - -=tueor, ērī, tūtus= or =tuitus sum=, _to look at_, _watch_; _defend_, -_protect_. - -=in--intueor, ērī, itus sum=, _to look closely at_ or _upon_, _gaze at_. - -=Tugurīnī=, or =Tigurīnī, ōrum=, pl. m., a Helvetian people who invaded -Italy with the Cimbri and Teutones. - -=Tullius, ī=, m., _Servius Tullius_, the sixth king of Rome, 578-534 -B.C. - -=Tullus, ī=, m., see =Hostīlius=. - -=tum=, adv., _then_, _at that time_; _thereupon_. - -=tumultuor, ārī, ātus sum= [=tumultus=], _to make a disturbance_, -_riot_. - -=tumultus, ūs=, m., _a disturbance_, _uproar_; _rebellion_, _riot_. - -=tumulus, ī= [=tumeō=, _to swell_], m., _a hillock_, _mound_, _hill_. - -=tunc=, adv., _then_, _at that time_; _accordingly_, _thereupon_. - -=turbō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=turba=, _a crowd_], _to disturb_, _confuse_. - -=turpis, e=, adj., _ugly_; _base_, _dishonorable_. - -=turris, is=, f., _a tower_. - -=Tuscī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the Etruscans_, inhabitants of Etruria. - -=Tuscia, ae=, f., _Etruria_, a division of central Italy. - -=Tusculum, ī=, n., an old town in Latium, about ten miles southeast of -Rome. - -=tūtor, ōris= [=tueor=], m., _a guardian_, _tutor_. - -=tūtus, a, um= [=tueor=], adj., _safe_. - -=tuus, a, um= [=tū=], pron. adj., _your_, _yours_. - -=tyrannicus, a, um= [=tyrannus=], adj., _tyrannical_. - -=tyrannis, idis= [=tyrannus=], f., _the sway of a tyrant_, _arbitrary -power_, _despotic rule_. - -=tyrannus, ī=, m., _a ruler_, _tyrant_. - - -U. - -=ubi=, adv., _where_, _when_; =ubi prīmum=, _as soon as_. - -=ubicumque=, adv., _wherever_. - -=ubīque= [=ubi= + =que=], adv., _anywhere_. - -=ūllus, a, um=, gen. =ūllīus=, dat. =ūllī=, adj., _any_. - -=Ulpiānus, ī=, m., _(Domitius) Ulpiānus_, a celebrated Roman jurist. - -=Ulpius, ī=, m., see =Trāiānus=. - -=ulterior, ius=, gen. =ōris= [=ultrā=], adj., _further_, _remoter_; -sup. =ultimus=, _farthest_, _last_, _utmost_, _greatest_. - -=ultiō, ōnis= [=ulcīscor=, _to avenge_], f., _revenge_. - -=ultrā=, prep. with acc., _on the further side_, _beyond_. - -=umquam=, adv., _at any time_, _ever_; usually with a negative. - -=ūndecimus, a, um= [=ūndecim=, _eleven_], num. adj., _eleventh_. - -=unguentum, ī= [=unguō=, _to anoint_], n., _ointment_, _unguent_, -_perfume_. - -=unguis, is=, m., _a nail_, _hoof_, _claw_. - -=ūnicē= [=ūnicus=], adv., _alone_, _singly_, _uniquely_. - -=ūnicus, a, um= [=ūnus=], adj., _only_, _sole_, _single_; _uncommon_. - -=ūniversus, a, um= [=ūnus= + =*vertō=], adj., _all in one_, _whole_, -_entire_. - -=ūnus, a, um=, gen. =ūnīus=, dat. =ūnī=, adj., _one_, _only_, _sole_, -_alone_. - -=urbs, urbis, f.=, _a city_; _The City_ (Rome). - -=urna, ae= [=ūrō=, _to burn_], f., _a vessel_, urn (of baked clay). - -=Uscudama, ae, f.=, a city in Thrace. - -=ūsque=, adv., _all the way_, _right on_, _continuously_, _even_. - -=ūsūrpō, āre, āvi, ātus= [=ūsus= + =rapiō=], _to make use of_, _enjoy_; -_usurp_. - -=ūsus, ūs= [=ūtor=], m., _use_, _employment_; _experience_, _training_; -_profit_, _advantage_, _convenience_. - -=ūsus, a, um=, see =ūtor=. - -=ut=, adv., interrog., _how?_ _in what way?_ rel., _as_, _just as_; -_since_, _seeing that_; =ut … ita=, _just as … so_. - -=ut=, conj., (1) with ind., _when_; ut =prīmum=, _as soon as_; (2) with -subj. of purpose, _in order that_, _that_; _of result_, _so that_, -_that_. - -=uterque, traque, trumque= [=uter= + =que=], adj., _each_ (of two), -_both_. - -=ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum=, _to make use of_, _employ_; _enjoy_; _have_, -_possess_; _associate with_, _be intimate with_. - -=utrimque= [=uterque=], adv., _from_ or _on both sides_, _on either -hand_. - -=uxor, ōris=, f., _a wife_. - -=uxōrius, a, um= [=uxor=], adj., _of a wife_. - - -V. - -=V.= ＝ 5. - -=vacuus, a, um= [=vacō=, _to be empty_], adj., _empty_, _unoccupied_. - -=*vādō, ere, --, --=, _to go_, _rush_. =ex--ēvādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus=, -_to go forth_ or _away_; _get away_, _escape_; _get to be_, _become_. -=in--invādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus=, _to enter_; _attack_; _seize_, _take -possession of._. - -=vagor, ārī, ātus sum=, _to wander_. - -=Valēns, entis=, m., 1. _(F.) Valēns_, consul 96 A.D. 2. _Valēns_, -emperor of the East, 364-378 A.D. - -=Valeria, ae=, f., daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius. - -=Valeriānus=, ī, m., 1. _(P.) Licinius Valeriānus_, Roman emperor -253-260 A.D. 2. _(P.) Licinius Valeriānus_, son of (1). - -=Valerius, ī=, m., the name of a Roman gens. See =Corvīnus=, -=Laevīnus=, =Messāla=, =Pūblicola=. - -=valētūdō, inis= [=valeō=, _to be well_], f., _health_ (good or bad), -_sickness_, _weakness_. - -=validus, a, um= [=valeō=, _to be wel_l], adj., _strong_, _healthy_, -_effective_. - -=vallum, ī=, n., _stockade_, _rampart_, _wall_. - -=Vandalī, ōrum=, pl. m., _Vandals_, a confederacy of German peoples -that invaded Italy in the fifth century A.D.. - -=variē= [=varius=], adv., _variously_. - -=varius, a, um=, adj., _diverse_, _various_. - -=Varrō, ōnis=, m., 1. _M. (Terentius) Varrō_, a legate of Pompey in -Spain, where he was defeated by Caesar. 2. _P. (C.) Terentius Varrō_, -consul 219 and 216 B.C. - -=Varroniānus=, ī, consul 363 A.D. - -=Vārus, ī=, m., _Q. Vārus_, one of the leaders of the Pompeian party at -the battle of Thapsus. - -=vās, vāsis= (pl. =vāsa, ōrum=), n., _a vessel_, _dish_. - -=vāstitās, ātis= [=vāstō=], f., _devastation_. - -=vāstō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to lay waste_, _devastate_, _destroy_. - -=Vatia, ae=, m., _P. Servilius Vatia_, surnamed Isauricus, consul 79 -B.C. - -=Vēcta, ae=, f., an island off the southern coast of England, now the -Isle of Wight. - -=vehementer= [=vehemēns=, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly_, _seriously_, -_severely_; _exceedingly_. - -=vehiculum, ī= [=vehō=], n., _a vehicle_, _carriage_. - -=vehō, ere, vexī, vectus=, _to bear_, _carry_, _convey_; in pass. with -=nāvī= or =equō=, _to sail_, _ride_. =ex--ēvehō, ere, vexī, vectus=, -_to lift_, _raise_, _elevate_. =in--invehō, ere, vexī, vectus=, _to -carry in_ or _to_; in pass., _ride into_, _sail into_. =re--revehō, -ere, vexī, vectus=, _to carry back_, _bring back_, _return_. - -=Vēientānī, ōrum=, pl. m., _the inhabitants of Vēiī_. - -=Vēientēs, ium=, pl. m., _the people of Vēiī_. - -=Vēiī, ōrum=, pl. m., _Vēiī_, a powerful town in Etruria, about twelve -miles from Rome. - -=vel= [old imperative of =volō=], adv. and conj., _even_; or, _or -else_; =vel … vel=, _either … or_. - -=vēnditiō, ōnis= [=vēndō=], f., _an auction sale_, _auction_. - -=vēndō, ere, didī, ditus= [contr. from =venumdō=], _to sell_. - -=venēnum, ī=, n., _poison_. - -=venerābilis, e= [=veneror=], adj., _venerable_, _reverend_. - -=venerātiō, ōnis= [=veneror=], f., _veneration_, _reverence_. - -=veneror, ārī, ātus sum=, _to worship_, _revere_, _respect_, _honor_. - -=Venetia, ae=, f., a district at the head of the Adriatic Sea. - -=venia, ae=, f., _favor_, _grace_, _kindness_. - -=veniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come_, _go_. =con--conveniō, īre, -vēnī, ventus=, _to come together_, _assemble_; _be agreed upon_, _be -suitable_. =ex--ēveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to turn out_, _come to -pass_. =in--inveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come upon_, _find_, -_discover_. =inter--interveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come upon_, -_appear_, _intervene_. =per--perveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come -to_, _reach_; _penetrate_, _attain to_. =prae--praeveniō, īre, vēnī, -ventus=, _to come before_, _get start of_, _anticipate_, _outstrip_. -=sub--subveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come to help_, _aid_, _assist_. -=super--superveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus=, _to come to the rescue_, -_arrive_; _surpass_. - -=venter, tris=, m., _the stomach_; _appetite_. - -=Ventidius, ī=, m., see =Bassus=. - -=verberō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=verber=, _lash_], _to whip_, _scourge_, -_beat_. - -=vērē= [=vērus=, _true_], adv., _truly_, _really_. - -=vereor, ērī, itus sum=, _to fear_, _dread_, _respect_. - -=Vergiliānus, a, um=, adj., _Vergilian_; =Vergiliānus versus=, a verse -from the Aeneid of Vergil. - -=Vērōna, ae=, f., an important town in Cisalpine Gaul. - -=*vertō, ere, ī, versus=, _to turn_, _change_; in pass., _turn about_, -_return_. =ab--āvertō, ere, ī, versus=, _to turn away_ or _aside_, -_avert_, _divert_. =con--convertō, ere, ī, versus=, _to turn round_, -_change_; _turn_, _direct_; _divert_, _misuse_. =ex--ēvertō, ere, ī, -versus=, _to overturn_, _destroy_, _ruin_. =re--revertor, ī, revertī= -or (less often) =reversus sum=, _to return_; _revert_, _recur_. - -=versus, ūs= [=vertō=], m., _a line_, _verse_. - -=vērum= [=vērus=, _true_], adv., _truly_, _certainly_; _but_. - -=Vērus, ī=, m., see =Antōnīnus=. - -=Vespasiānus, ī=, m., _(T. Flavius) Vespasiānus_, Roman emperor 70-79 -A.D. - -=vespera, ae=, f., _evening_. - -=vespillo, ōnis=, m., _a corpse bearer_. - -=Vestālis, e=, adj., pertaining to the goddess Vesta. - -=vester, tra, trum=, pron. adj., _your_, _yours_; =Vestra= (as title of -emperor), “_Your Serene Highness._” - -=vestis, is=, f., _clothing_, _garments_; _a robe_. - -=vetō, āre, uī, itus=, _not allow_, _forbid_. - -=Vetraniō, ōnis=, m., a commander of the legions in Illyria who was -proclaimed emperor by the troops. - -=Vettius, ī=, m., _T. Vettius_, a leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war. - -=Veturia, ae=, f., the mother of Coriolanus. - -=Veturius, ī=, m., _T. Veturius_, consul 321 B.C. - -=Vetus, eris=, m., consul with Valens, 96 A.D. - -=vetus, eris=, adj., _old_, _aged_; _of a former time_, _ancient_. - -=via, ae=, f., _a way_, _road_, _journey_; _passage_. - -(=Vibulānus, ī=), m., _C. Fabius (Vibulānus)_, consul for the third -time 479 B.C. His praenomen is generally given as Kaeso. - -=vīcēsimus, a, um= [=vīgintī=], num. adj., _twentieth_. - -=vīcīnus, a, um= [=vīcus=], adj., _near_, _neighboring_. - -=vicissim= [=vicis=, _alternation_], adv., _in turn_. - -=Victoalī, ōrum=, pl. m., a West Gothic people. - -=victor, ōris= [=vincō=], m., _a conqueror_; as adj., _victorious_. - -=victōria, ae= [=vincō=], f., _victory_. - -=Victorīnus, ī=, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants. - -=victrīx, icis= [=vincō=], f., _a victress_, _a female conqueror_; as -adj., _victorious_. - -=vīcus, ī=, m., _a town_, _village_. - -=videō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus=, _to see_, _perceive_, _understand_; in -pass., _seem_. =in--invideō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus=, _to look askance at_, -_envy_. - -=vīgintī=, indecl. num. adj., _twenty_. - -=vīlis, e=, adj., _cheap_, _common_, _worthless_. - -=vīlissimē=, see =vīliter=. - -=vīliter= [=vīlis=], adv., sup. =vīlissimē=; _at a low price_, -_cheaply_. - -=vīlla, ae=, f., _a country house_, _farm_, _villa_. - -=Viminācium, ī=, n., a town in Upper Moesia. - -=Vīminālis, e= [=vīmen=, _an osier_], adj., _of osiers_; as subst., -=Vīminālis, is=, m. (sc. =collis=), _the Viminal Hill_, one of the -seven hills of Rome. - -=vinciō, īre, vinxī, vinctus=, _to bind_, _fetter_. - -=vincō, ere, vīcī, victus=, _to conquer_, _defeat_; _surpass_; -intrans., _prevail_. =con--convincō, ere, vīcī, victus=, _to overcome_; -_convict_, _refute_; _expose_. =dē--dēvincō, ere, vīcī, victus=, _to -conquer completely_, _subdue_. - -=Vindelicī, ōrum=, pl. m., a people dwelling in the Roman province of -Vindelicia, south of the Danube. - -=vindicō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=vīs= + =dīcō=], _to claim_; _liberate_; -_avenge_, _take vengeance on_. - -=vīnea, ae=, f., _a plantation of vines_, _vineyard_; _vine_. - -=vir, virī=, m., _a man_; _hero_; _husband_. - -=vīrēs=, see =vīs=. - -=virga, ae=, f., _a rod_. - -=Virgīnius, ī=, m., 1. _L. (T.) Virgīnius_, consul 479 B.C. 2. _(L.) -Virgīnius_, father of Virginia, a maiden whose attempted enslavement by -Appius Claudius led to the overthrow of the decemvirs; consul 449 B.C. - -=virgō, inis=, f., _a young girl_, _maiden_, _virgin_. - -=Viriāthus, ī=, m., a celebrated Lusitanian chief who maintained a -separate command against the Romans for several years. - -=viridis, e=, adj., _green_, _fresh_, _new_. - -=Viridomarus, ī=, m., a leader of the Gauls who was slain by Marcellus. - -=virītim= [=vir=], adv., _man by man_, _separately_, _individually_. - -=virtūs, ūtis= [=vir=], f., _manliness_, _valor_; _goodness_; _virtue_. - -=vīs=, gen. and dat. wanting, acc. =vim=, abl. =vī=, f., _strength_, -_force_; _hostile force_, _violence_; _quantity_, _number_; pl. -=vīrēs=, _energy_, _vigor_, _resources_; =vim facere=, _to use -violence_. - -=Viscellīnus, ī=, m., _Sp. Cassius (Viscellīnus)_, the first master of -the horse at Rome. - -=vīta, ae= [=vīvō=], f., _life_, _conduct_. - -=Vitellius, ī=, m., 1. _(A.) Vitellius_, Roman emperor, 69 A.D. 2. -_(L.) Vitellius_, brother of (1). - -=vitiō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=vitium=], _to make faulty_, _taint_, -_corrupt_, _defile_, _dishonor_. - -=vitiōsus, a, um= [=vitium=], adj., _full of faults_, _faulty_; -_wicked_, _depraved_. - -=vitium, ī=, n., _a fault_, _vice_. - -=vīvō, ere, vīxī, --=, _to live_. - -=vīvus, a, um= [=vīvō=], adj., _living_, _alive_. - -=vix=, adv., _with difficulty_, _hardly_, _scarcely_. - -=vocō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=vōx=], _to call_, _summon_; _rouse_; _name_. -=ex--ēvocō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to call out_, _summon_. =prō--prōvocō, -āre, āvī, ātus=, _to challenge_. =re--revocō, āre, āvī, ātus=, _to -recall_, _recover_. - -=volō, velle, voluī, --=, _to be willing_, _wish_. =magis--mālō, mālle, -māluī, --=, _to wish_, _rather_, _prefer_. =nē--nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ---=, _to be unwilling_, _not to wish_, _not to want_. - -=Volscī, ōrum=, pl. m., an ancient tribe living in the south of Latium. - -=Volumnia, ae=, f., the wife of Coriolanus. - -=voluntārius, a, um= [=voluntās=], adj., _of free will_, _voluntary_. - -=voluntās, ātis= [=volō=], f., _will_, _desire_, _inclination_. - -=Volusiānus, ī=, m., son of the emperor Gallus. His father conferred -the title of Caesar upon him in 251 A.D. and Augustus in 252 A.D. - -=voracitās, ātis=, f., _greediness_, _ravenousness_. - -=vōx, vōcis=, f., _voice_, _sound_, _tone_; _cry_, _call_; _saying_, -_speech_. - -=vulnerō, āre, āvī, ātus= [=vulnus=], _to wound_, _hurt_, _injure_. - -=vulnus, eris=, n., _a wound_; _blow_, _misfortune_. - -=Vulsō, ōnis=, m., _L. Mānlius Vulsō_, consul 256 B.C. - -=vultus, ūs=, m., _the expression of the face_, _features_, -_countenance_. - - -X. - -=X.= ＝ 10. - -=Xanthippus, ī,= m., a Lacedaemonian who commanded the Carthaginians -against the Romans under Regulus. - -=Xerxēs, is,= m., a king of the Persians who was conquered by Alexander -Severus. - - -Z. - -=Zēnobia, ae,= f., queen of Palmyra. - - - - -REFERENCES TO HARKNESS’ NEW LATIN GRAMMARS (1898) - - - P. 7. N. 1. 600, II. - 2. 417. - 3. 489. - 4. 444. - 5. 590. - 6. 598. - - P. 8. N. 1. 483. - 2. 429. - 3. 485, 2. - 4. 238. - - P. 9. N. 1. 442. - 2. 425, 4. - - P. 10. N. 1. 428, 2. - 2. 646. - 3. 568. - 4. 564, II. - - P. 11. N. 1. 462. - 2. 418. - - P. 12. N. 1. 507, 4. - 2. 570; 550. - 3. 440, 2. - 4. 628. - - P. 13. N. 1. 638, 3. - 2. 579. - - P. 14. N. 1. 440, 3. - 2. 598. - 3. 238. - 4. 428, 2. - - P. 15. N. 1. 463. - 2. 426, 3. - - P. 16. N. 1. 487. - - P. 17. N. 1. 479, 3. - 2. 468. - 3. 591, 1. - 4. 425, 4, N. - - P. 18. N. 1. 564, I. - 2. 456, 2. - 3. 238; 588, II. - 4. 473, 3. - - P. 19. N. 1. 411. - - P. 20. N. 1. 652. - 2. 476. - 3. 475. - 4. 629. - 5. 480. - - P. 21. N. 1. 646. - 2. 643. - - P. 22. N. 1. 462, 3. - 2. 568. - - P. 23. N. 1. 440, 3. - 2. 434. - 3. 485, 2. - - P. 25. N. 1. 426, 1. - 2. 135. - 3. 448, 1. - 4. 643, 3. - - P. 27. N. 1. 628. - 2. 440, 3. - - P. 28. N. 1. 628. - 2. 473, 1. - - P. 29. N. 1. 434. - 2. 426, 3. - 3. 485, 3. - - P. 30. N. 1. 630. - - P. 31. N. 1. 425, 2. - - P. 32. N. 1. 488, 2. - 2. 440, 2. - 3. 475. - 4. 473, 3. - - P. 33. N. 1. 483. - 2. 639. - - P. 34. N. 1. 476. - 2. 429. - - P. 35. N. 1. 603, 2. - 2. 642. - - P. 36. N. 1. 643. - 2. 417. - - P. 37. N. 1. 567. - 2. 433. - 3. 489. - 4. 485, 2. - - P. 38. N. 1. 636, 1. - 2. 531. - 3. 480. - - P. 39. N. 1. 564, III. - 2. 425, 4, N. - 3. 447. - - P. 40. N. 1. 439. - 2. 440, 2. - 3. 628. - - P. 41. N. 1. 467. - - P. 42. N. 1. 479, 3. - 2. 639. - 3. 440, 2. - - P. 43. N. 1. 475, 3. - - P. 44. N. 1. 588, II. - - P. 45. N. 1. 598. - 2. 600, II. - 3. 426, 3. - - P. 46. N. 1. 533. - 2. 567. - - P. 47. N. 1. 462. - 2. 425, 2. - 3. 430. - 4. 444. - 5. 570. - - P. 48. N. 1. 638, 3. - 2. 571, 3. - 3. 475. - 4. 463. - 5. 649, II. - - P. 49. N. 1. 442. - 2. 533. - - P. 50. N. 1. 462, 3. - 2. 418. - - P. 51. N. 1. 434. - - P. 52. N. 1. 442. - - P. 54. N. 1. 626. - - P. 55. N. 1. 440, 2. - 2. 444. - - P. 56. N. 1. 440, 3. - 2. 427. - 3. 588, II. - 4. 434. - 5. 426, 6. - - P. 57. N. 1. 568, 7. - 2. 628. - - P. 58. N. 1. 630. - 2. 417. - 3. 426, 1. - 4. 473, 2. - 5. 570. - - P. 59. N. 1. 621. - 2. 392. - - P. 60. 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N. 1. 591, 1. - 2. 598. - - P. 94. N. 1. 476, 1. - - P. 95. N. 1. 584. - - P. 96. N. 1. 479, 2. - 2. 238. - - P. 98. N. 1. 430, 1. - - P. 99. N. 1. 481. - 2. 591, 1. - 3. 579. - - P. 100. N. 1. 434. - - P. 101. N. 1. 456, 3. - - TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & CO., NORWOOD, MASS. - - - - - =Cicero’s Laelius De Amicitia= - - EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES - - BY JOHN K. LORD, Ph.D. - - Professor of Latin, Dartmouth College - - Revised Edition - - Flexible cloth, 12mo, 109 pages - - Price, 70 cents - - =In this Revised Edition= of Cicero’s Laelius the editor’s aim - in preparing the notes has been to furnish all explanations - that seem necessary for the clear understanding of points of - grammar, history, biography, and ancient customs occurring in - the book. 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