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diff --git a/old/51369-8.txt b/old/51369-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8a3ef09..0000000 --- a/old/51369-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14050 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's A Queen of Tears, vol. 2 of 2, by William Henry Wilkins - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: A Queen of Tears, vol. 2 of 2 - Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway and Princess - of Great Britain and Ireland - -Author: William Henry Wilkins - -Release Date: March 5, 2016 [EBook #51369] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A QUEEN OF TEARS, VOL. 2 OF 2 *** - - - - -Produced by Emmanuel Ackerman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - -A QUEEN OF TEARS - - - - - _BY THE SAME AUTHOR._ - - THE LOVE OF - AN UNCROWNED QUEEN: - - SOPHIE DOROTHEA, CONSORT OF GEORGE I., - AND HER CORRESPONDENCE WITH PHILIP - CHRISTOPHER, COUNT KONIGSMARCK. - - NEW AND REVISED EDITION. - - _With 24 Portraits and Illustrations._ - - _8vo., 12s. 6d. net._ - - LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO., - - LONDON, NEW YORK AND BOMBAY. - -[Illustration: - -_Queen Matilda in the uniform of Colonel of the Holstein Regiment of -Guards._ - -_After the painting by Als, 1770._] - - - - -A QUEEN OF TEARS - -CAROLINE MATILDA, QUEEN OF -DENMARK AND NORWAY AND -PRINCESS OF GREAT BRITAIN -AND IRELAND - - -BY - -W. H. WILKINS -_M.A._, _F.S.A._ - -_Author of "The Love of an Uncrowned Queen," and -"Caroline the Illustrious, Queen Consort of George II."_ - - -WITH ILLUSTRATIONS - - -IN TWO VOLUMES - -VOL. II. - - -LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. -39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON -NEW YORK AND BOMBAY -1904 - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - CONTENTS v - - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii - - CHAPTER I. - THE TURN OF THE TIDE 1 - - CHAPTER II. - THE GATHERING STORM 23 - - CHAPTER III. - THE MASKED BALL 45 - - CHAPTER IV. - THE PALACE REVOLUTION 63 - - CHAPTER V. - THE TRIUMPH OF THE QUEEN-DOWAGER 88 - - CHAPTER VI. - "A DAUGHTER OF ENGLAND" 110 - - CHAPTER VII. - THE IMPRISONED QUEEN 129 - - CHAPTER VIII. - THE DIVORCE OF THE QUEEN 149 - - CHAPTER IX. - THE TRIALS OF STRUENSEE AND BRANDT 177 - - CHAPTER X. - THE EXECUTIONS 196 - - CHAPTER XI. - THE RELEASE OF THE QUEEN 216 - - CHAPTER XII. - REFUGE AT CELLE 239 - - CHAPTER XIII. - THE RESTORATION PLOT 268 - - CHAPTER XIV. - THE DEATH OF THE QUEEN 295 - - CHAPTER XV. - RETRIBUTION 315 - - APPENDIX. - LIST OF AUTHORITIES 327 - - INDEX 331 - - CATALOG - - TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - QUEEN MATILDA IN THE UNIFORM OF COLONEL OF THE - HOLSTEIN REGIMENT OF GUARDS. (_Photogravure._) - _From a Painting by Als, 1770_ _Frontispiece_ - - THE ROSENBORG CASTLE, COPENHAGEN _Facing page_ 6 - - STRUENSEE. _From the Painting by Jens Juel, 1771, now - in the possession of Count Bille-Brahe_ " " 20 - - ENEVOLD BRANDT. _From a Miniature at Frederiksborg_ " " 38 - - QUEEN JULIANA MARIA, STEP-MOTHER OF CHRISTIAN VII. - _From the Painting by Clemens_ " " 54 - - KING CHRISTIAN VII.'S NOTE TO QUEEN MATILDA INFORMING - HER OF HER ARREST " " 74 - - THE ROOM IN WHICH QUEEN MATILDA WAS IMPRISONED - AT KRONBORG _Page_ 85 - - COUNT BERNSTORFF _Facing page_ 96 - - FREDERICK, HEREDITARY PRINCE OF DENMARK, STEP-BROTHER - OF CHRISTIAN VII. " " 108 - - THE COURTYARD OF THE CASTLE AT KRONBORG. _From - an Engraving_ " " 130 - - RÖSKILDE CATHEDRAL, WHERE THE KINGS AND QUEENS - OF DENMARK ARE BURIED " " 150 - - THE GREAT COURT OF FREDERIKSBORG PALACE. _From - a Painting by Heinrich Hansen_ " " 172 - - THE DOCKS, COPENHAGEN, _TEMP. 1770_ " " 184 - - THE MARKET PLACE AND TOWN HALL, COPENHAGEN, - _TEMP. 1770_ " " 184 - - STRUENSEE IN HIS DUNGEON. _From a Contemporary Print_ " " 198 - - SIR ROBERT MURRAY KEITH, K.C.B " " 218 - - A VIEW OF ELSINORE, SHOWING THE CASTLE OF KRONBORG. - _From the Drawing by C. F. Christensen_ " " 234 - - THE CASTLE OF CELLE: THE APARTMENTS OF QUEEN - MATILDA WERE IN THE TOWER " " 246 - - QUEEN MATILDA. _From the Painting formerly at Celle_ " " 256 - - AUGUSTA, PRINCESS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND DUCHESS - OF BRUNSWICK, SISTER OF QUEEN MATILDA. _From - the Painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds_ " " 266 - - LOUISE AUGUSTA, PRINCESS OF DENMARK AND DUCHESS - OF AUGUSTENBURG, DAUGHTER OF QUEEN MATILDA " " 284 - - THE CHURCH AT CELLE, WHERE QUEEN MATILDA IS - BURIED. _From a Photograph_ " " 300 - - THE MEMORIAL ERECTED TO QUEEN MATILDA IN THE - FRENCH GARDEN OF CELLE " " 312 - - FREDERICK, CROWN PRINCE OF DENMARK (AFTERWARDS - KING FREDERICK VI.), SON OF QUEEN MATILDA " " 324 - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -THE TURN OF THE TIDE. - -1771. - - -Struensee had now reached the highest pinnacle of power, but no -sooner did he gain it than the whole edifice, which he had reared -with consummate care, began to tremble and to rock; it threatened -to collapse into ruins and involve in destruction not only the man -who built it, but those who had aided him in the task. The winter of -1770-1771 had been a very severe one in Denmark, and the harvest of -the summer that followed was very bad. In the country there was great -distress, and in Copenhagen trade languished, largely in consequence -of the new order of things at court, which had caused so many of the -nobles to shut up their town houses and retire to their estates. The -clergy did not hesitate to say that the bad harvest and the stagnation -of trade were judgments of heaven upon the wickedness in high places. -The nobles declared that until the kingdom were rid of Struensee and -his minions, things would inevitably go from bad to worse. In every -class there was discontent; the people were sullen and ripe for revolt; -the navy was disaffected, and the army was on the verge of mutiny. -All around were heard mutterings of a coming storm. But Struensee, -intoxicated by success, would not heed, and so long as he was sure of -himself no one dared to dispossess him. - -The rats were already leaving the sinking ship. Rantzau was the first -to break away; he had never forgiven either Struensee or the Queen for -having so inadequately (as he considered) rewarded his services. He had -expected a more prominent post in the Government, and failing this had -demanded that his debts, which were very heavy, should be paid. But to -his amazement and anger, Struensee had refused. Rantzau was jealous of -the Privy Cabinet Minister for having arrogated to himself all power -and all authority. He could not forget that this upstart favourite, -this ex-doctor, had been a creature of his own making, employed by -him not so long ago for base purposes, and he hated and despised him -with a bitterness proverbial when thieves fall out. Rantzau had often -traversed the dark and slippery paths of intrigue, and, finding that -nothing more was to be got from the party in power, he resolved to -traverse them once again. Not being burdened with consistency, this -time they led him in the direction of the exiled Bernstorff, whom -he had been instrumental in overthrowing. It seemed to him that if -Bernstorff would but return to Copenhagen, supported as he was by the -powerful influence of Russia and England, and the whole body of the -Danish nobility, Struensee would surely be overthrown. But Bernstorff, -though he lamented the evil days that had fallen upon Denmark, refused -to have anything to do with a scheme in which Rantzau was concerned. -"He knows," said Bernstorff, "that I cannot trust him, and I would -rather remain here in exile than return to office through his means." - -Rantzau then determined on another plan; he shook the dust of the -Struensee administration off his feet; he took formal leave of the -King and Queen while they were at Hirschholm, and ostentatiously went -to live in retirement. This was only a preparatory move, for he now -determined to gain the confidence of the Queen-Dowager and her party, -to which he felt he naturally belonged. After all he was the inheritor -of a great and an ancient name, and his family was one of the most -considerable in the kingdom. His place was rather with the nobles, who -were his equals, than in filling a subordinate position in the councils -of a mountebank minister. The Queen-Dowager, like Bernstorff, listened -to all that Rantzau had to say, but, unlike Bernstorff, she did not -repulse him. On the other hand, she refused to commit herself to any -definite plan, for she knew well the character of Rantzau as a liar -and traitor. He was the very man to carry out some desperate attempt, -but Juliana Maria had not yet made up her mind whether her cause would -be better won by waiting or by a _coup d'état_. At present she was -inclined to agree with Catherine of Russia, who repeatedly said that -if Struensee had rope enough he would hang himself before long, and so -save others the trouble. - -Osten also had differences with Struensee, which at one time he carried -to the point of sending in his resignation.[1] But he was "told that -his services in the post he now filled could not be dispensed with, -that he was not only useful but necessary, and that he might be assured -his remonstrances would always have their weight".[2] So Osten, -though he hated and despised Struensee quite as much as Rantzau did, -consented to remain, and, wily diplomatist that he was, performed the -difficult task of running with the hare and hunting with the hounds. -For he saw more clearly than any one that the present administration -could not last long, and he therefore determined, while taking all he -could get from Struensee, to put himself in the right with the other -side, so that when Struensee's ship went down in the tempest, he would -ride on the crest of the wave. To this end he paid assiduous court to -the English and Russian envoys, though careful to keep on good terms -with those of France and Sweden. He also managed to convey to the -Queen-Dowager and her party the idea that he wished them well, and that -he only remained in his present post under protest, for the good of the -country. - -[1] Gunning's despatch, Copenhagen, June 15, 1771. - -[2] _Ibid._ - -General Gahler, the minister for war, was also disaffected, and had -frequent quarrels with Struensee on matters connected with the army. -But Gahler was too deeply committed to Struensee's policy to make -any course possible to him except that of resignation. And Gahler was -reluctant to resign, not only because he was a poor man and loved the -emoluments of office, but also because his wife was a great friend -of the Queen, and one of the ladies of her household. Both Osten and -Gahler from time to time remonstrated with the arbitrary minister -on the wanton way in which he stirred up public feeling against his -administration, and counselled more conciliatory policy; but Struensee -would not hear. - -Even Brandt, whom Struensee trusted absolutely, and whom he had loaded -with benefits, was jealous and discontented, and ready at any moment -to betray his friend if thereby he could benefit himself. Brandt was -greatly dissatisfied with his position, though Reverdil had relieved -him of his most onerous duties, and said with regard to some reproaches -he had received from the Queen, "that alone is hell". He made so many -complaints to Struensee that the Minister requested him to formulate -them in writing. Brandt then addressed him a lengthy letter in which he -complained bitterly of Struensee's interference in his department at -the court, which, he declared, rendered him contemptible in the eyes -of all. He told Struensee that his was a reign of terror. "No despot -ever arrogated such power as yourself, or exercised it in such a way. -The King's pages and domestics tremble at the slightest occurrence: all -are seized with terror; they talk, they eat, they drink, but tremble as -they do so. Fear has seized on all who surround the Minister, even on -the Queen, who no longer has a will of her own, not even in the choice -of her dresses and their colour." He also complained that Struensee -compelled him to play cards with the King and Queen, with the result -that he lost heavily, and his salary was thereby quite insufficient. He -therefore requested permission to leave the Danish court, and resign -all his offices in consideration of the yearly pension of five thousand -dollars a year. With this handsome annuity he proposed to live in Paris -and enjoy himself. He also asked for estates in Denmark to sustain his -dignity as count. His letter ended with a covert threat that if his -requests were not granted it was possible that he might be drawn into -a plot against Struensee, or put an end to an intolerable position by -"poison or steel".[3] - -[3] This letter is still preserved in the archives of Copenhagen. It is -not worth while quoting it in full. - -[Illustration: THE ROSENBORG CASTLE, COPENHAGEN.] - -This letter was not only very insolent, but also incoherent, and -showed every sign of an unbalanced mind. Yet Struensee, who apparently -cherished a peculiar tenderness for Brandt, treated the epistle quite -seriously, and instead of dismissing him from court, as he might well -have done, he replied in a lengthy document which almost assumed the -importance of a state paper. He traced the whole of Brandt's discontent -to his amour with Countess Holstein, whom he disliked and distrusted. -He justified his interference in court matters on the ground that -Countess Holstein and Brandt together had introduced changes which -were displeasing to the Queen, and with respect to the Queen's dresses -he wrote: "The Queen, though a lady, is not angry with me when I -recommend retrenchment in respect to her wardrobe." With regard to -Brandt's losses at cards, he replied that loo was the only game the -King and Queen liked, and therefore it was impossible to change it, -and if Brandt and Countess Holstein did not understand the game and -consequently lost, he recommended them either to learn it better or put -on more moderate stakes. He took no notice of Brandt's demand for a -pension, but he declared that neither for him, nor for himself, would -he ask the King to grant estates to maintain their new dignities. -Brandt received Struensee's letter with secret anger and disgust. The -minister's evident wish to conciliate him he regarded as a sign of -weakness, and he immediately began to plot against his friend. - -Thus it will be seen that Struensee's colleagues were all false to -him, and were only waiting an opportunity to betray him. The Queen -still clung to him with blind infatuation, and lived in a fool's -paradise, though her court was honeycombed with intrigues and she was -surrounded with spies and enemies. Even her waiting women were leagued -against her. They sanded the floor of the passage from Struensee's -chamber to the Queen's at night, that they might see the traces of his -footsteps in the morning; they put wax in the lock, and listened at -the keyhole; they laid traps at every turn, and the unconscious Queen -fell readily into them. All these evidences of her indiscretion were -carefully noted, and communicated to the Queen-Dowager at Fredensborg. -In Copenhagen and in the country the discontent daily grew greater, -and the boldness of Struensee's enemies more and more manifest. In -giving freedom to the press he had forged a terrible weapon for his own -undoing, and papers and pamphlets continually teemed with attacks on -the hated minister. Threatening and abusive letters reached him daily, -coarse and scurrilous attacks were placarded on the walls of the royal -palaces, and even thrown into the gardens at Hirschholm, that the Queen -and Struensee might see them on their daily walks. - -When such efforts were made to fan the embers of popular discontent, -it is no wonder that they soon burst into a flame. The first outbreak -came in this wise. An inglorious and expensive naval war against the -Dey of Algiers, inherited from the Bernstorff administration, was -still being prosecuted, and Struensee had ordered new ships to be -constructed, and sent to Norway for sailors to man them. Such was the -maladministration of the navy department that the work proceeded very -slowly, and the Norwegian sailors who had been brought to Copenhagen -wandered about in idleness, waiting for the vessels to be finished. The -Government, with manifest injustice, would neither give these sailors -their pay nor allow them to return to their homes. The only effect of -their remonstrances was that the dockyard men were ordered to work on -Sundays so that the vessels might be finished sooner. The dockyard men -asked for double pay if they worked on Sundays, and this being refused, -they struck off work altogether, and joined the ranks of the unemployed -sailors, who had been waiting eight weeks for their pay, and were -almost starving. The Norwegians had always taken kindly to the theory -of the absolute power of the King. Their political creed was very -simple: first, that the King could do no wrong, and secondly, that he -must be blindly obeyed. It therefore followed naturally that, if an act -of injustice like the present one were committed, it must be committed -by the King's subordinates, and not by himself, and he had only to -know to set matters right. Having petitioned the Government repeatedly -without receiving any redress, they determined to take matters in their -own hands. Early in September a body of Norwegian sailors, to the -number of two hundred, set out from Copenhagen for Hirschholm with the -resolution of laying their grievance before the King in person, in the -confident hope that they would thus obtain redress. - -When the sailors drew near to Hirschholm the wildest rumours spread -through the court, and the greatest panic prevailed. It was thought -to be an insurrection, and the mutineers were reported to be swarming -out from Copenhagen to seize the King and Queen, loot the palace, -and murder the Minister. The guard was called out and the gates -were barred, and a courier despatched to Copenhagen for a troop of -dragoons. At the first sound of alarm the King and Queen, Struensee, -Brandt, and the whole court, fled by a back door across the gardens to -Sophienburg, about two miles distant. Here they halted for a space, -while the Queen and Struensee seriously debated whether they should -continue their flight to Elsinore, and seek refuge behind the stout -walls of the ancient fortress of Kronborg. Eventually they resolved -first to despatch an aide-de-camp back to Hirschholm to reconnoitre, -and to parley with the supposed insurgents. The aide-de-camp, who was -a naval officer, met the malcontents outside the palace gates, and was -surprised to see no mutineers, but only a body of Norwegian sailors, -whose sufferings and deprivations were clearly marked upon their -countenances. He asked them what they wanted. "We wish to speak with -our little father, the King," was the reply; "he will hear us and help -us." The aide-de-camp galloped back with this message to Sophienburg, -but Struensee thought it was a trap, and made the officer return and -say that the King was out hunting. - -The sailors replied that they did not believe it, and prepared to -force their way into the palace that they might see the King face to -face; the guard, which had now been reinforced by a troop of dragoons, -tried to drive them back. The sailors, whose intentions had been quite -peaceful, now laid hands on their knives, and declared that they -would defend themselves if the soldiers attacked them. Fortunately -the aide-de-camp was a man of resource, and resolved to act on his -own initiative and avoid bloodshed; he saw that the men were not -insurgents. He made a feint to go back and presently came out of the -palace again and announced that he had a message to them from the King. -His Majesty commanded him to say that if his loyal sailors would return -quietly, he would see justice done to them. With this the sailors -professed themselves to be content, and they walked back to Copenhagen -as peacefully as they had come. The promise was kept, and more than -kept, for the sailors, on their return to Copenhagen, were treated with -spirits, temporarily appeased by a payment on account, and all their -arrears were settled a few days later. The aide-de-camp had gone again -to Sophienburg and told Struensee that this was the only way to pacify -them, and a courier had been sent in haste from Hirschholm to the -admiralty at Copenhagen to order these things to be done, for Struensee -was by this time frightened into promising anything and everything. - -When the sailors had gone and quiet was restored, Struensee was -persuaded to return to Hirschholm, but only after great difficulty; -the guard round the palace was doubled, and the dragoons patrolled all -night, for Struensee greatly feared that the sailors would shortly -return more furious and better armed. The Queen, who was determined, -whatever happened, not to abandon her favourite, ordered that her -horses should be kept saddled and in readiness, so that at the first -sign of tumult she might fly with him and the King to Kronborg. She -went to bed in disorder, had her riding-habit laid in readiness by -the side of the bed, and in the middle of the night rose to have her -jewellery packed up. Struensee was in abject terror all night, and -would not go to bed at all. With the morning light came reflection -and renewed courage, and then the court was ashamed of the panic it -had shown, and did the best to conceal it; but the news travelled to -Copenhagen. - -The way in which Struensee had capitulated to the demand of the -Norwegian sailors on the first hint of tumult led other bodies of men, -whose claims were less just, to have their demands redressed in a -similar way. Therefore, a fortnight later a body of some hundred and -twenty silk-weavers proceeded on foot from Copenhagen to Hirschholm -to complain that they were starving because the royal silk factories -had been closed. Again the alarmed minister yielded, and orders were -given that work in the factories should be continued, at least until -the silk-weavers could obtain other employment. These demonstrations -roused the fear that others would follow, and the guard at Hirschholm -was increased, and soldiers were now posted round the palace and the -gardens day and night. For the first time in the history of the nation -the King of Denmark lived in a state of siege for fear of his own -people. - -Keith wrote home on the subject of the recent disturbances: "The -general discontent here seems to gain strength daily, and the impunity -which attended the tumultuous appearances of the Norwegian sailors at -Hirschholm has encouraged the popular clamours (which are no more -restrained by the nature of this Government) to break out in such -indecent representations and publications as even threaten rebellion.... - -"I pray Heaven that all lawless attempts may meet with the punishment -they deserve, and I sincerely trust they will. But if, unfortunately, -it should happen that the populace is ever stirred up to signalise -their resentment against its principal objects, the Counts Struensee -and Brandt, your Lordship will not be surprised if the vengeance of a -Danish mob should become cruel and sanguinary."[4] - -[4] Keith's despatch, Copenhagen, September 25, 1771. - -The "indecent representations and publications" became so bad that -Struensee was provoked into revoking his former edict and issuing -a rescript to the effect that, as the press had so grossly abused -the liberty granted to it by foul and unjustifiable attacks on the -Government, it would again be placed under strict censorship. This -edict had the effect of stopping the direct attacks upon Struensee -in the papers; but the scribblers soon found a way of evading the -censorship by attacking their foe indirectly, and bitter pasquinades -were issued, of which, though no names were mentioned, every one -understood the drift. For instance, one of the leading publications, -_The Magazine of Periodical Literature_, propounded the following -questions for solution: "Is it possible that a woman's lover can be -her husband's sincere friend and faithful adviser?" and again: "If the -husband accepts him as his confidant, what consequences will result -for all three, and for the children?" The answers to these questions -contained the fiercest and most scurrilous attacks on the Queen and -Struensee, under the cover of general and abstract statements. - -The alarm which the Norwegian sailors had caused Struensee was followed -by the discovery of a plot against his life which increased his terror. -There were about five thousand men employed in the Government dockyards -at Copenhagen as ship-builders and labourers of every description. -These men were also dissatisfied at the changes which had lately been -introduced into the naval department, and their attitude for some time -had been sullen and mutinous. To punish them for their discontent -Struensee had excluded them from the festivities on the King's last -birthday, but now, fearing another outbreak, more formidable than -that of the Norwegian sailors, he swung round to the other extreme, -and determined to give these dockyard men a feast of conciliation in -the grounds of Frederiksberg to compensate them for the loss of their -perquisites on the King's birthday. September 29 was the day chosen for -the _fête_, and it was announced that the King and Queen, the Privy -Cabinet Minister and all the court would drive over from Hirschholm to -honour the gathering with their presence. The _corps diplomatique_ were -invited to meet their Majesties, and a detachment of the new Flying -Body Guard was told off to form the royal escort. - -The _fête_ was favoured with fine weather, and the day was observed -as a day of gala; the dockyard men, with their wives and children, and -drums beating and banners flying, went in procession to the gardens -of Frederiksberg, where they were lavishly regaled. Oxen were roasted -whole, and sheep, pigs, geese, ducks and fowls were also roasted and -distributed. Thirty tuns of beer were broached, a quart of rum was -given to each man, a pipe of tobacco and a day's wages. After dinner -there were games, dancing and music. All day long the revellers waited -for the coming of the King and Queen, but they waited in vain. - -In the morning, at Hirschholm, the King and Queen made themselves -ready and were about to start, when a rumour reached the palace that -a plot had been formed to assassinate Struensee at the festival. -Immediately all was confusion. The King and Queen retired to their -apartments, and Struensee summoned Brandt and Falckenskjold to a -hurried conference. Falckenskjold urged Struensee to treat the rumour -as baseless, go to the festival and present an unmoved front to the -people. This display of personal courage would do more than anything -else to give the lie to the rumours of his cowardice at Hirschholm, -and now that he was forewarned he could be safely guarded. Nothing -would induce Struensee to go; he shuddered at the slightest hint of -assassination. Falckenskjold then advised him cynically, as he was so -much afraid, to be more careful in the future how he stirred up his -enemies, or he might find himself not only dismissed from office and -disgraced, but dragged to the scaffold on a charge of high treason. -Struensee said such a charge was impossible, as he had done nothing -without the consent of the King. "Well, at any rate see that your -papers are in order," said Falckenskjold significantly. "My papers are -arranged," Struensee replied; "on that account I have nothing to fear, -if my enemies will only behave fairly in other respects." Brandt also -joined in urging Struensee to modify some of his more objectionable -measures, and attempt to conciliate his enemies. But Struensee, though -he trembled at the mere hint of personal violence, was obstinate as to -this. "No," he said emphatically; "I will withdraw nothing which in my -belief promotes the welfare of the state." "The time will come," said -Brandt emphatically, "when you will _have_ to yield." Struensee went -to see the Queen, and shortly after a message came countermanding all -orders, as neither the King nor the Queen would attend the festival. - -The dockyard men were much disappointed at the non-appearance of their -Majesties, and their disappointment was changed to indignation when -they learned that it was fear which kept them at Hirschholm. It seemed -incredible that the King of Denmark should distrust his own people. -The King, in point of fact, did not distrust them; he showed himself -quite indifferent whether he went to Frederiksberg or stayed at home; -it was Struensee who feared for himself, and the Queen who feared for -her favourite. The proceedings at Frederiksberg passed off without any -disturbance, though the dockyard men jestingly remarked that the ox -sacrificed for them was not the ox they had been promised--an allusion -to Struensee's corpulence. Struensee probably showed discretion in -keeping away from the festival, for there was a deep-laid plot to -capture him, alive or dead, when he mingled with the crowd.[5] - -[5] In 1774 Baron Bülow gave Mr. Wraxall a detailed account of the plot -to murder Struensee and his partisans on this occasion.--Wraxall's -_Posthumous Memoirs_. - -The terror and irresolution displayed by Struensee were quite foreign -to the character before conceived of him both by friends and foes. -"I have begun to see his character in a different light from that -in which it appeared formerly,"[6] writes Keith; and again: "It has -been whispered about that, upon the late disturbances, he betrayed -some unexpected signs of personal fear, and the natural result of -this suspicion is to loosen the attachment of the persons whom he -has trusted, and to diminish that awe which is necessary for the -maintenance of his unbounded authority."[7] - -[6] Keith's despatch, Copenhagen, September, 1771. - -[7] _Ibid._ - -Struensee's cowardice, now twice proved, dealt a fatal blow to his -prestige: the man of iron had feet of clay; the despotic minister, -"the man mountain," whose reign, according to Brandt, was based on the -terror he inspired, was himself stricken with craven fears. It seemed -inconceivable that a man who had dared everything, and braved every -risk to gain power, should, the moment he reached the goal of his -ambition, reveal himself a poltroon. For two years Struensee had shown -an unmoved front to the threats of his enemies; for two years he had -carried his life in his hand; but now the mere hint of insurrection, -or assassination, made him tremble and cower behind the skirts of the -Queen. This inconsistency has never been satisfactorily explained in -any of the books written on Struensee and his administration. His -admirers pass it over as lightly as possible. His enemies say that it -reveals the man in his true colours as a sorry rogue; but this theory -will not hold, for the courage and resource which Struensee showed all -through his career until the last few months give it the lie. The key -to the mystery is probably to be found in physical causes. - -Struensee was still a young man as statesmen go; he was only -thirty-four years of age--an age when most men are entering upon the -prime and full vigour of their manhood--and he came of a healthy stock; -but the herculean labours of the last two years had told upon him. No -man could overthrow ministers, reform public offices, formulate a new -code of laws, and change the whole policy of a kingdom without feeling -the strain. For two years Struensee had been working at high pressure, -toiling early and late. He left little or nothing to subordinates; his -eagle eye was everywhere, and not a detail escaped him, either in the -Government or in the court. He was a glutton for work, and gathered to -himself every department of the administration. No step could be taken -without his approval; no change, however slight, effected until it had -first been submitted to him. We have seen how Osten complained that -Struensee meddled in his department; we have seen how Brandt complained -that even the comedies and dances, the colour and shape of the Queen's -dresses, had to receive the dictator's approval. It was not humanly -possible that any man, even though he were a "beyond-man," could work -at this pitch for any length of time. He could not do justice to -matters of high policy and government, and supervise every petty detail -of a court; either one or the other must suffer, and with Struensee -the more important, in the long run, went to the wall. He lost his -sense of the proportion of things, and became burdened with a mass of -detail. It was not only the work which suffered, but the man himself; -overstrained, he lost his balance, overwrought, he lost his nerve. To -this must be ascribed the fatal errors which characterised the last few -months of his administration. To this and his self-indulgence. - -It was almost impossible that a man could work at so high a pressure -without injury; it could only be possible if he took the greatest heed -of himself, carefully guarded his bodily health, and led a regular -and abstemious life. Two of Struensee's greatest contemporaries, -who achieved most in the world, Frederick the Great and Catherine -the Great, were careful to lead simple, abstemious lives;[8] but -Struensee was by nature a voluptuary, and he lived the life of the -senses as well as the life of the intellect. In early years he had -to check this tendency to some extent, for he lacked the means to -purchase his pleasures; but when, by an extraordinary turn of fortune's -wheel, he found himself raised from obscurity to power, from poverty -to affluence, with the exchequer of a kingdom at his disposal, and -unlimited means whereby to gratify every wish, he gave full rein to -his appetites. He was a gourmand; the dishes which came to the royal -table were made to tickle his palate, and what he did not like was not -served, for this mighty minister even superintended the cuisine, and -took a pleasure therein. Rich food called for rare vintages, and the -choicest wines in the royal cellar were at Struensee's disposal. He -did not stint himself either with food or drink; he was a wine-bibber -as well as a glutton, and habitually ate and drank more than was -good for him. All his life he had been a scoffer at morality, and -now he deliberately made use of his opportunities to practise what -he preached. In fine, when he was not at work, his time was spent in -the gratification of carnal pleasures. He never took any real rest; a -few hours' sleep, generally not begun until long after midnight, were -all he allowed himself, and the moment his eyes opened he was at work -again. The result of this excess, both in work and pleasure, was a -nervous breakdown; he became corpulent and flabby, his physical and -mental health was shattered, and he was no longer able to keep that -firm grasp upon affairs which the position he had arrogated to himself -demanded from the man at the helm. He relaxed his hold, and the ship -of state, which he had built with so much care, began to drift rapidly -and surely towards destruction. In the royal archives at Copenhagen -may be seen many specimens of Struensee's signature which he inscribed -upon documents during his brief rule, and in the last months of his -administration this signature is no longer bold and firm, but wavering -and disjointed, as though written with a trembling hand. This was -accounted for at the time by the statement that Struensee had hurt his -wrist in a heavy fall from his horse, while riding with the Queen at -Hirschholm towards the end of September. But the cause probably lay -deeper than that, and the trembling signature was an evidence of the -rapidly failing powers of the man, who, until he showed fear at the -arrival of the handful of sailors at Hirschholm, had been considered -almost superhuman. - -[8] Catherine the Great, of course, broke her rule in one respect, but -then she was an exception of all rules. - -[Illustration: STRUENSEE. - -_From the Painting by Jens Juel, 1771, now in the possession of Count -Bille-Brahe._] - -This theory of physical collapse also explains much that is otherwise -inexplicable in the closing days of Struensee's career. When, by -royal decree, he had arrogated to himself the kingly authority, and -wielded without let or hindrance absolute power, it was thought that -he would use this power to complete the work he had begun, and to -revolutionise the whole political government of the kingdoms. But, to -the astonishment of all, Struensee did nothing; the power lay idle in -hands that seemed half-paralysed, or only showed intermittent signs -that it existed by some feeble revocation of previous acts, as, for -instance, the re-imposition of the censorship of the press. - -As Keith wrote: "It would seem as if the genius of the Prime Minister -had wasted itself by the hasty strides he made to gain the summit of -power. Daily experience shows us that he has formed no steady plan -either with regard to the interior affairs of Denmark or her foreign -connections. From such a man it was natural to expect that the most -decisive and even headlong acts would distinguish an administration -of which he had the sole direction; instead of which, the business -accumulates in every department of the state, and only a few desultory -steps have been taken, which lead to no important or permanent -consequences."[9] - -[9] Keith's despatch, Copenhagen, September 20, 1771. - -To the same cause must be attributed the apathy with which Struensee -regarded the treachery of his followers, and the increased activity -of his enemies. Though beset by dangers on every side, he disregarded -alike warnings and entreaties, and drifted on to his doom. It is true -that this indifference was broken by spasms of unreasoning panic; but -the moment the threatened peril had passed he fell back into apathy -again. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -THE GATHERING STORM. - -1771. - - -The Queen's love for Struensee was not lessened by the discovery that -her idol had feet of clay, but she lost some of her blind faith in his -power to mould all things to his will. She once told her ladies that -"If a woman truly loved a man, she ought to follow him, even though -it were to hell"; it seemed likely that her words would before long -be put to the test. During those autumn days at Hirschholm, when the -popular discontent seethed to the very doors of the palace, the Queen -came out of her fool's paradise and realised that she and her favourite -were living on a volcano that might at any moment erupt and overwhelm -them. She frequently discussed with her court, half in jest and half -in earnest, what they should do when the catastrophe came. Once at -the royal table the Queen laughingly suggested to her friends the -advisability of all taking flight together, and each began to consider -what he, or she, would do to gain a livelihood in exile. The Queen, who -had a very sweet voice, and played on the harpsichord, said she would -turn singer, for she was sure by that means she would never starve. -Struensee said he would take a lonely farm, and devote himself to -agriculture and the consolations of philosophy. Brandt said he should -turn his dramatic talents to use, and become the acting manager of a -theatre. "And as for you, my fair lady," he said to one of the Queen's -ladies, probably Madame Gahler, "with your peerless form, you need do -nothing, but simply sit as a model for artists." The lady winced, and -the rest of the company laughed, for it was known, though she was very -beautiful, that she had a defect in her figure, which she was at great -pains to conceal. Despite this levity in public, they were all secretly -uneasy, and brooded much over the situation in private. Except the -Queen, who thought only of Struensee, each one sought how he might save -himself--if necessary at the expense of his fellows. - -Struensee was thrown into a fresh panic by the appearance of a placard -setting a price upon his head, which was posted up by night in the -principal street of Copenhagen, and ran:-- - -"As the traitor Struensee continues to ill-treat our beloved King, to -mock his faithful subjects, and to seize with force and injustice more -and more of the royal authority, which the Danish people have entrusted -to their King alone, this Struensee and his adherents are hereby -declared outlawed. The man who puts an end to this traitor's life shall -receive five hundred dollars reward, his name kept secret, and a royal -pardon granted him."[10] - -[10] Translated from the original document now preserved in the royal -archives at Copenhagen. - -According to Keith this placard was probably a hoax, but it had a -dire effect upon Struensee. "A paper," Keith writes, "was fixed up in -the public squares of this city, setting a price upon his head, and -this stratagem--for I can only look upon it as such--had like to have -produced a very strange effect, as I am assured for some days he was -preparing to leave Denmark, and that the appearance of fifty men in a -threatening manner would have decided his flight."[11] But Keith was -far more prejudiced against Struensee than Gunning was, and he may have -exaggerated. - -[11] Keith's despatch, Copenhagen, November 18, 1771. - -Struensee at this time certainly considered the possibility of flight; -he spoke to Reverdil on the subject, and declared that he was only -prevented by his devotion to the Queen, who, if he deserted her, would -again become the victim of intrigue. But probably Brandt's reasoning -weighed more with him. "Whither would you go," said Brandt, "where you -would be Prime Minister and favourite of a Queen?" Whither indeed? -Struensee's enemies sought to frighten him into resignation. But they -little knew their man. He would cling to office and power until they -were wrenched from his grasp. Thinking himself secure behind the -shelter of the Queen he did not heed the plots of the Queen-Dowager and -the nobles against his authority. What he dreaded was assassination, -or an insurrection of the people. Keith, a foreigner, took something -of the same view: "The persons who are most incensed against this -Ministry," he wrote, "seem both by their principles and their timidity -inclined to pursue their ends by dark and secret methods, and if they -are to succeed at all, it must be by seizing a moment of popular frenzy -and striking their blow all at once."[12] Brandt, though he counselled -Struensee to stay, was really very uneasy at the aspect of affairs: "I -wish all this would come to an end," he said one day to Falckenskjold, -"for I have a foreboding that this regime will soon be overthrown." -"You will fare badly if it is," replied Falckenskjold. "Oh," said -Brandt, "I have studied law, and shall be able to take care of myself." - -[12] Keith's despatch, Copenhagen, September, 1771. - -It was a pity that Brandt's knowledge of law did not prevent him from -committing an act which the law of Denmark punished with death, and -which, in any case, was cowardly and brutal. Allusion has been made -to the fact that the King and Brandt frequently quarrelled, and, -though, since the arrival of Reverdil, Brandt was relieved of some -of his more onerous duties, he was still on bad terms with the King. -One morning at the Queen's _déjeuner_, the King, who rarely joined in -the conversation, suddenly, without provocation, shouted across the -table to Brandt: "You deserve a good thrashing, and I will give you -one. I am speaking to you, Count. Do you hear?" The incident created -an unpleasant sensation among the company, but Brandt, with his usual -presence of mind, ignored the affront, and turned the conversation to -other channels. After breakfast Struensee and the Queen took the King -aside, and rebuked him sharply, but the King only said: "Brandt is a -coward if he refuses to fight with me." He also told Brandt he was a -cur, and afraid to accept his challenge. It had always been one of -the King's manias, even in his comparatively sane years, to try his -strength with his attendants. He had frequently fought with Holck and -Warnstedt, and also with Moranti, the negro boy, and they had consented -to act on the defensive at his request, with the result that he was -always permitted to come off conqueror. The game was a perilous one -for the other combatant, for the King sometimes hit hard; on the other -hand, the law of Denmark made it an offence punishable with death for -any man to strike the King's sacred person. - -Brandt had never yet fought with the King, for he had a love of a whole -skin, and shirked this disagreeable pastime; but now, goaded by the -King's insults, he determined to give him a lesson in manners. Apart -from his dislike of the King, his self-esteem was wounded by having -been insulted before the Queen, Countess Holstein and the other ladies, -and he resolved to be avenged. That he acted on a set plan is shown -by the fact that he hid a whip in a piano in the ante-chamber of the -King's room the day before he carried his design into execution. In the -evening of the following day, when Reverdil was absent, Brandt took the -whip from the piano, hid it under his coat, and went into the King's -apartment, where he found the semi-imbecile monarch playing with the -two boys who were his constant companions. Having turned Moranti and -the other boy out, Brandt locked the door, and then told the King, who -by this time was somewhat frightened, that he had come to fight with -him according to his wish, and asked him to take his choice of pistols -or swords. The King, who had not contemplated a duel, but a scramble, -said he would fight with his fists. Brandt agreed, and the struggle -began; but the King soon found that this particular adversary had not -come to act on the defensive, but the offensive. Brandt, who was much -the stronger of the two, for the King was weak and ailing, made use of -his strength without stint, and, rage urging him on, he first beat his -royal master unmercifully with his fists, and then thrashed him with -the whip until Christian cried for quarter. Brandt, when he had beaten -him until he could beat no longer, granted the request, and then left -the room, leaving the King much bruised and frightened. - -After he had put his dress in order, Brandt proceeded to the Queen's -apartments, and joined the company at the card tables as if nothing -had happened. When the game was over, he told Struensee what he had -done. The Minister said he was glad to hear it; it would give them -peace from the King in future; but he cautioned Brandt to say nothing -about it. But the next day rumours of what had taken place were all -over the palace. The King's valet had found his master bruised and -weeping, and Moranti and the other boy had heard sounds of the scuffle. -Reports of the affray travelled to Copenhagen, and aroused general -indignation. Apart from the cowardly brutality of the attack, it was -deemed a monstrous thing that a man should raise his hand against the -Lord's anointed. Juliana Maria affected to find in it a confirmation -of her worst fears, and colour was given to the reports that the King -was systematically ill-treated, and his life was in danger. It was -said that the Queen and Struensee not only approved, but encouraged -this attack upon the King, and Brandt's appointment shortly after as -master of the wardrobe to the King, conferring on him the title of -"Excellency," was regarded as a proof of this. Without doubt, Brandt's -promotion was ill-timed, but the Queen had nothing to do with it. -Struensee granted these favours to Brandt in order to bind him more -closely to the court which he desired to leave. - -Struensee, under panic from recent disturbances, had shown himself more -conciliatory, and promised to consider the possibility of re-appointing -the Council of State. He had also been induced, by Falckenskjold's -advice, to make the court pay more civility to the Queen-Dowager and -Prince Frederick, and occasionally the King and Queen invited them -to Hirschholm. But when the threatened danger seemed to pass away, -and nothing more happened, he regained his confidence, and became as -unyielding and overbearing as before. The Queen-Dowager and Prince -Frederick received fresh affronts; the idea of reviving the council was -dropped, and the dictator already considered the advisability of new -and more aggressive measures. Several more officials of high rank were -dismissed, and Struensee's favourites put in their places. He learned -nothing from the past; although he was told that the Queen-Dowager and -Prince Frederick would put themselves at the head of a party with a -view of overthrowing him, he took no heed, and merely replied: "The -purity of my views is my protection."[13] The man was drunk with -self-conceit. - -[13] _Mémoires de Falckenskjold._ - -Meanwhile alarming rumours reached the Court of St. James's of the -state of affairs in Denmark, and grave fears were entertained for the -safety of the King's sister, who seemed blindly rushing to her ruin. -Keith's despatches with reference to the late disturbances were laid -before the King, who took serious counsel with his mother as to what -could be done to save Matilda from the peril that threatened her, and -to preserve the honour of his house. George III. had remonstrated with -his sister in vain; of late he had heard nothing from her, and the -last communication he received from her was to the effect that, if he -wrote again, his letters must be sent through Struensee, which, under -the circumstances, was little short of an insult. The King, at least, -so regarded it, and for some time could not bring himself to write to -his sister, if his letters were delivered through such a medium. In -the meantime Lord Suffolk was commanded to send Keith the following -despatch:-- - -"Your own delicacy and sentiment must have suggested the wish that the -critical state of things at the court where you reside may affect the -Queen of Denmark as little as possible. Your desire, therefore, to mark -your regard for her Majesty will be gratified by the instructions I now -give you, to endeavour most assiduously to prevent the disagreeable -incidents, which, if I am rightly informed, her Majesty is exposed -to in the present moment. You are already directed upon large public -considerations to promote upon all proper occasions of interference the -return of Mr. Bernstorff to lead in the administration, and I am happy -to understand that, at the same time, no minister is more inclined to -support the united interests of Great Britain and Russia, and there is -none more likely than Mr. Bernstorff to preserve that respect for the -King's sister, which, amidst the revenge and violence of party rage, -might, on a change of ministers, be too little attended to, or perhaps -even violated. If, therefore, Mr. Bernstorff should meet with success, -and owe it, as probably would be the case, in great measure to your -good offices and interposition, he cannot but be gratefully disposed to -acknowledge so important a service, and he cannot acknowledge it more -essentially than by giving full scope to his well-known attachment to -the King's (George III.'s) person and family, and by providing for the -honour and security of his royal mistress, in case they are liable to -danger from the unhappy condition of the country."[14] - -[14] Lord Suffolk's despatch to Keith, London, November 1, 1771. - -But the return of Bernstorff was of all things the most difficult to -effect at that juncture. He was living in exile, he was not in the -secret councils of the Queen-Dowager, who alone could head, with any -hope of success, a revolution against Struensee, and he had already -refused Rantzau's overtures. All this, of course, was unknown to the -court of St. James's, though most of it was known to Keith. The King -of England had not realised that his envoy had absolutely no influence -in the affairs of Denmark. All this, and much more, Keith strove to -explain in a despatch which he wrote in reply to Lord Suffolk's. He -reviewed the situation in much the same way as Gunning had done before -him:-- - -"I found, upon my arrival in this country," he wrote, "that the whole -weight of government had, with the King's consent, devolved upon his -Royal Consort. Mr. Struensee was already (I must add, unhappily) in -possession of that unlimited confidence on the part of her Danish -Majesty which has given him a dictatorial sway in every department -of government.... The genius of Count Struensee, though active, -enterprising and extensive, appears to be deficient in point of -judgment and resolution. His temper is fiery, suspicious and unfeeling; -his cunning and address have been conspicuous in the attainment of -power; his discernment and fairness in the exercise of it have fallen -short of the expectation of those who were least partial to him. His -morals are founded upon this single principle--that a man's duties -begin and end with himself, and in this life. The wickedness of avowing -openly a tenet so profligate and dangerous can only be equalled by -the ingratitude with which he has acted up to it, in his haughty and -imperious behaviour to the Person (the Queen) who, with unwearied -perseverance, continues to heap upon him all possible obligations. It -is almost unnecessary to add that he is arrogant in prosperity and -timid in danger." - -Keith described again in detail the disturbances of the autumn, and -went on to say:-- - -"During that period, my most anxious attention was continually turned -to the painful situation of the Queen of Denmark, whose partiality -for Count Struensee seemed to gather strength from opposition. The -circumstances were truly alarming; yet, after weighing them maturely, -I had the heartfelt comfort to think that the removal of the Minister, -by whatever means effected, would soon restore her Majesty to the -affection of the nation, and re-establish her legal authority. If any -dangerous crisis had taken place, I was firmly determined to offer my -services to her Majesty in the best manner they could be employed for -the security of her person and dignity, and I trusted to my conscience -and to the humanity of my gracious Sovereign (George III.) for the -justification of the steps which my dutiful attachment to the Royal -Family might in such a moment have suggested. But, my Lord, it was -indispensably necessary that I should wait for the approach of such a -crisis before I declared to her Majesty my earnest intentions, as the -Prime Minister had from the first day excluded me (together with all my -colleagues) from the possibility of access to her Majesty.... It may -appear extraordinary that in the five months I have passed in Denmark I -have not had the honour of exchanging ten sentences with the Queen." - -Keith then referred again to the terrors of Struensee, and the -precautions which had been taken to guard the palace of Hirschholm. He -related how for a short time Struensee appeared to be more amenable -to advice, but, on the passing of danger, he had again resumed his -overbearing manner; and added: "I am now fully persuaded that he must -again be driven to extremity before he yields any share of power -to those ministers who were formerly accustomed to treat him as a -mean inferior, and whose late expulsion had been a result of all his -efforts." With reference to the return of Bernstorff, he pointed out -that the Queen had a prejudice against the ex-minister on account of -his supposed wish to exclude her from the regency; but he did not -consider this objection insuperable, and wrote: "If Mr. Struensee -can ever be brought to recall Count Bernstorff, the Queen will not -oppose it. If Mr. Struensee quits the helm, or is forced from it, -there is but one set of men to whom her Majesty can have recourse (the -nobility), and, amongst them, almost every voice is in favour of Count -Bernstorff.... I shall endeavour most assiduously to prevent every -disagreeable incident, to which her Danish Majesty may be exposed by -the violence of party rage. This seems at present (November 18) much -abated, and I have had the satisfaction to observe that its greatest -fury has at all times been principally levelled at the person of the -Prime Minister.... How sorry am I, my Lord, that I dare not look for -a nearer and more pleasing hope for his dismission than the prospect -of his wearing out the patience and generosity of his powerful -protectress!"[15] - -[15] Keith's despatch, Copenhagen, November 18, 1771. - -So matters stood up to the end of November. A truce seemed to be -declared. The court remained at Hirschholm (it was said because -Struensee dared not enter the capital), and, his fears being now to a -great extent allayed, the days passed as before in a round of amusement. - -Hirschholm in the late autumn was damp and unhealthy, but still the -court lingered, and it was not until the end of November that a -move was made. Even then the King and Queen did not proceed to the -Christiansborg Palace, but went to Frederiksberg. At Frederiksberg -there was a court every Monday, but these courts were very sparsely -attended; the King, it was noticed, spoke to no one, and moved like -an automaton; the Queen looked anxious and ill. Sometimes Struensee -and the Queen went a-hawking; sometimes the King and Queen drove into -Copenhagen to attend the French plays or the opera; but the citizens -saw with astonishment that their Majesties now never drove into their -capital city without their coach being guarded by forty dragoons -with drawn sabres. At Frederiksberg, too, most elaborate military -arrangements were made for the security of the court. A squadron of -dragoons was quartered in an out-building, and there was not only a -mounted guard day and night round the palace, but the surrounding -country was patrolled by soldiers. The dread of assassination was ever -present with Struensee, and though he would not alter his methods of -government, he took the most elaborate precautions for his personal -safety, and all these precautions were on his behalf. - -In addition to the guarding of Frederiksberg, he gave orders to the -commandant of the troops in Copenhagen, an officer whom he had himself -appointed, to have everything in readiness to maintain order by force -in the event of a rising or tumult. Copenhagen looked like a city in -a state of siege. The heaviest guns in the arsenal were planted on -the walls in front of the guard-house, and at the town gates. The -guns on the walls were turned round, and pointed at the city every -evening after sunset; the soldiers had their cartridges served out -to them, and patrolled the streets at all hours; even loaded cannon -were placed in front of the palace, and any one who wished to enter to -transact business was escorted in and out by two soldiers. All these -extraordinary precautions were carried out with the knowledge and -consent of the Queen; but the King was not consulted; he was surprised -to find himself living in a state of siege, and asked Struensee, in -alarm, what was the meaning of it all. Struensee, who knew well how to -trade on the fears of the King, replied that it was done for the better -protection of the King's royal person, for his subjects were rebellious -and disaffected, and it was feared that, if not checked, there would be -a revolution, like that which took place in Russia a few years before. -He even hinted that the King might meet with the same fate as the -unhappy Emperor Peter III., who was assassinated. Christian was greatly -frightened on hearing this. "My God!" he exclaimed, "what harm have I -done, that my dear and faithful subjects should hate me so?" - -This display of armed force still more enraged the populace against the -favourite. The pointing of loaded cannon was regarded as an attempt -to over-awe the people by force, and a report was spread abroad -that Struensee intended to disarm the corps of burghers, or citizen -soldiers, who were charged with the keeping of the city. The colonel -commanding the burghers declared that if his men were deprived of their -muskets, they would defend their King, if need be, with paving stones. -Without doubt, these military preparations hastened the impending -crisis, for the Queen-Dowager and her adherents imagined they were -really directed against them. The whole kingdom was seething with -rebellion, and tumults sooner or later were inevitable. Yet, even now, -at the eleventh hour, the worst might have been averted, had it not -been for the incredible foolhardiness of Struensee. He had offended -every class and every interest; he could only hope to maintain his rule -by force. For this the army was absolutely necessary; but, by a wanton -act of provocation, Struensee aroused the army against him. - -The ill-feeling which had been stirred up by the disbandment of the -Horse Guards in the summer had to some extent subsided. The officers -of the Household Cavalry, who were most of them wealthy and of noble -birth, had been extremely arrogant, and the other officers, both of the -army and navy, were not ill-pleased to see their pride humbled by their -privileges being taken away. But Struensee, who cherished a hatred -against all the guards, now resolved to disband even the battalion of -Foot Guards, and merge the officers and men into other regiments, on -the pretext that the existence of any favoured regiment was injurious -to the discipline of the rest of the army. Falckenskjold first opposed -this design, but, as Struensee was determined, he reluctantly yielded -the point, and the Privy Cabinet Minister sent an order, signed with -his own hand, to the war department for the regiment to be disbanded -forthwith. But General Gahler, who was the head of this department, -called his colleagues together, and they declared they could not act -without an order signed by the King in person, as they considered -Struensee's decree extremely dangerous, and likely to lead to mutiny. -Struensee was at first very indignant at this demur, but, finding -Gahler resolute, he had to give way, and he obtained an order signed by -the King. This he forwarded to the war department, who, in duty bound, -immediately yielded. - -[Illustration: ENEVOLD BRANDT. - -_From a Miniature at Frederiksborg._] - -The next day, December 24, Christmas Eve, when the guards were drawn -up in line, the King's order for their disbandment and incorporation -was read to them, and they were commanded to hand their colours over to -the officers who were present from other regiments. The men refused, -and when they saw their colours being taken away, they rushed forward -in a body, and dragged them back by force, shouting: "They are our -colours; we will part from them only with our lives." The men were now -in a state of mutiny. Their officers had withdrawn, unwilling to risk -a contest with the authorities; so a non-commissioned officer assumed -the command, and led the insurgents. They marched to the Christiansborg -Palace, broke the gate open, drove away the guard stationed there, and -took their places. Some of them were hindered from entering the palace -by the other troops, who attempted to take them prisoners. The result -was a free fight, and in the course of it one of the guardsmen was -killed, and several soldiers were wounded. Copenhagen was in a state of -riot. Meanwhile Falckenskjold hurried to Frederiksberg with the news -of the mutiny. Once more Struensee was thrown into unreasoning panic, -and quite unable to act. Brandt and Bülow, the Queen's Master of the -Horse, hurried to the Christiansborg, and endeavoured to appease the -rebellious guards, but without success. The categorical reply was: "We -must remain guards, or have our discharge. We will not be merged into -other regiments." It should be mentioned that they were picked men, and -drawn from a superior class; they ranked with non-commissioned officers -in other regiments, and such punishments as flogging could not be -inflicted on them. The envoys returned to Frederiksberg with the news -of their ill-success, and the terror of Struensee increased. - -The guards now had a council of war, and it was resolved that a party -of them should march to Frederiksberg, and request an interview with -the King in person, as the Norwegian sailors had done. When the party -set out, they found the western gate of the city closed and held -against them; but at the northern gate the officer of the guard allowed -them to pass. On the road to Frederiksberg they met the King driving, -a postilion and an equerry formed his only escort, and Reverdil was -alone with him in the carriage. The soldiers, who had no grievance -against the King, formed into line and saluted him, and Christian, from -whom the knowledge of the mutiny had been carefully kept, returned -the salute. When the guards reached Frederiksberg, Struensee's fears -deepened into panic. As at Hirschholm, hurried preparations were made -for flight, and orders were given to reinforce the palace guard. The -whole of the army sympathised with the guards, and it may be doubted -whether the soldiers would have resisted their comrades by force of -arms. Fortunately, one of the officers of the guards had hurried -before them to Frederiksberg to protest against extremities; he was -now sent out by Struensee to parley with them in the King's name. The -men repeated their demand: they must remain guards, or receive their -discharge. The officer went back to the palace, and pretended to see -the King, in reality, he saw only Struensee. Presently he returned to -inform the mutineers that the King did not wish to keep any men in his -service against their will, and they were therefore discharged, and -were at liberty to go where they pleased. The detachment thereupon -returned to Christiansborg to report to their comrades, but these -refused to trust a verbal statement, and requested that a written -discharge should be handed to each man before they surrendered the -palace. - -General Gahler, who had disapproved of Struensee's action throughout, -and now feared there would be bloodshed, on hearing this went to -Frederiksberg, and insisted that a written discharge for the whole body -must be made out, duly signed and sealed by Struensee himself. This -he brought back to the guards; but the men, imagining there was some -deception, took exception to the form of the order, and the fact that -the King had not signed it. When this was reported to him, Struensee -lost patience, and threatened to storm the Christiansborg if the -mutineers were not removed before midnight--a most imprudent threat, -and one practically impossible to carry out, for the Queen-Dowager and -Prince Frederick were occupying their apartments in the Christiansborg -at the time, and no doubt secretly abetting the mutineers. Moreover, -the whole of Copenhagen sided with the guards. Citizens sent in -provisions, wines and spirits, in order that they might keep their -Christmas in a festive manner; the sailors sent word that they would -help the mutineers if the matter came to a crisis, and the gunners -secretly conveyed to them the news that they would receive them into -the arsenal and join them. Midnight struck, and still the mutineers -held the palace. Struensee, finding his threat had no weight, then -veered round to the other extreme, and was soon hastily filling up the -required number of printed discharges, which were taken to the King to -be signed one by one. - -In the morning--Christmas morning--glad news came to the mutinous -guards. All their demands were complied with, and more than complied -with; a separate discharge, signed by the King, was presented to every -guardsman, and a promise that three dollars would be paid him, and -any advance he owed would be wiped off. So on Christmas morning the -disbanded guards marched out of the Christiansborg, which they had -occupied for twenty-four hours, and the danger was averted. The city -continued in a great state of excitement all day, and some street -fights took place, but nothing of importance. The King and Queen drove -into Copenhagen to attend divine service at the royal chapel, as this -was Christmas Day, and the fact was considered significant, for now -they rarely went to church. Another concession was made to public -opinion, for the following Sunday evening they were not present at the -French play, as was usually the case. - -Unfortunately, these attempts at conciliation, trifling though they -were, came too late. The people had now made up their minds about -Struensee; he was a coward and a bully, who would yield everything -to violence, and nothing to reason. They had found him out; he was a -lath painted to look like iron. His wanton attack upon the guards and -subsequent capitulation filled the cup of his transgressions to the -brim. It was said that at this time Keith thought fit to intervene. -Hoping to shield his Sovereign's sister from the danger which -threatened her, he saw Struensee privately, and offered him a sum of -money to quit the country. If this be true (and no hint of it appears -in Keith's despatches), it had no result, for Struensee still clung to -his post. Rantzau, also, who had not quite settled his terms with the -Queen-Dowager, and, true to his character, was ready to sell either -side for the higher price, also saw Struensee, through the medium of -the Swedish minister, and urged him to resign, or at least to reverse -his whole system of policy; but Struensee would not listen, probably -because Rantzau wanted money, and he did not wish to give it him. Still -Rantzau did not desist; he went to Falckenskjold, and told him as much -as he dared of a conspiracy against Struensee, and offered to help -to detect it for a pecuniary consideration. Falckenskjold heard him -coldly, and merely said: "In that case, you should address your remarks -to Struensee himself." "He will not listen to me," said Rantzau, and -turned away. From that moment Struensee's luck turned away from him -too. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -THE MASKED BALL. - -1772. - - -On January 8, 1772, the King and Queen returned to the Christiansborg -after an absence from their capital of seven months. It required some -courage to enter a city on the verge of insurrection, but the court -could not remain away from Copenhagen for ever, and Struensee at last -came to the conclusion that it would be better to put on a bold front, -and meet his enemies on their own ground. Extraordinary precautions -were taken to ensure his personal safety, and that of the King and -Queen. They entered Copenhagen as though it were a hostile city. -Keith thus describes the entry: "The court returned to Copenhagen on -Wednesday, and the apprehensions of the Prime Minister are still very -visible by the warlike parade with which the court is surrounded. -Dragoons are posted on the market places, and patrols in the streets, -and twelve pieces of cannon are kept constantly loaded in the arsenal. -The entrance into the French play-house is lined with soldiers, and -their Majesties in going from the palace to the opera-house, though the -distance is not above three hundred yards, are escorted by an officer -and thirty-six dragoons. Notwithstanding all these precautions, I see -no reason to apprehend the smallest danger to the persons of their -Majesties, and am willing to hope that the popular discontent may soon -subside, if the Minister does not blow up the flame by some new act of -violence."[16] - -[16] Keith's despatch, January 11, 1772. - -There was certainly no danger to the King. The people regarded him as -a prisoner in the hands of the unscrupulous Minister, and their desire -was to deliver him from that bondage. The Queen was only in danger -because of her blind attachment to Struensee. If he could be removed, -or induced to resign quietly, all would be forgiven her, for her youth, -her inexperience and her infatuation aroused pity rather than anger in -the breast of the multitude. But, as Struensee's accomplice, she shared -in his unpopularity, and the wrath of the Queen-Dowager and the clergy -was especially directed against her. Matilda had no fear for herself; -all her fears were for the man whom she still loved with unreasoning -adoration; she trembled lest he might be forced to leave her, or fall -a victim to the vengeance of his enemies. During the dangers and -alarms of the last six months, she alone remained true to him; the -hatred of his enemies, the treachery of his friends, the warnings and -remonstrances of those who wished her well, made no difference. His -craven fears, the revelation that her hero was but a coward after -all, even the ingratitude and brutal rudeness with which he sometimes -treated her, forgetting the respect due to her as Queen and woman, -forgetting the sacrifices she had made for him, and the benefits she -had rained upon him--all this did not make any change in her devotion; -she still loved him without wavering or shadow of turning. Even now, -when the popular execration was at its height, she bravely stood by his -side, willing to share the odium excited by his misdeeds. Though all -should fail him, she would remain. - -The day of the return to Copenhagen there was a ball at the -Christiansborg Palace; on the following Saturday there was the -performance of a French play at the royal theatre; on the following -Monday there was a court. On all these occasions the Queen, heedless -of murmurings and averted looks, appeared with Struensee by her side, -as though to support him by her presence. Indeed, she sought by many a -sign and token to show to all the world that, however hated and shunned -he might be, her trust and confidence in him were unbroken; and he, -craven and selfish voluptuary that he was, set his trembling lips, and -sought to shelter himself from the popular vengeance behind the refuge -of her robe. - -It was at this time--the eleventh hour--that George III. made one more -effort to save his sister. Mastering his pride, he wrote to her yet -another letter, urging her for the good of her adopted country, for her -own personal safety, and for the honour of the royal house from which -she sprang, to send away the hated favourite, and recall Bernstorff. -So anxious was the King of England that this letter should reach his -sister that he overcame his repugnance to Struensee sufficiently to -command Keith to deliver it to the Queen through Struensee's hands, -according to her wishes.[17] The letter was duly delivered, but before -an answer could be returned it was too late. - -[17] "I have the honour to enclose a letter from his Majesty to the -Queen of Denmark, which I am commanded to direct you to deliver to -Count Struensee for him to convey to her Danish Majesty, and you will -observe the same mode of conveyance for all the King's private letters -to the Queen of Denmark. You are to take the earliest opportunity to -acquaint Mr. Osten privately that this mode is adopted at the express -desire of the Queen of Denmark."--Suffolk to Keith, January 9, 1772. - -The contents of the King's letter of course are not known, but that -the gist of it was probably that given above may be gathered from Lord -Suffolk's previous communication to the English envoy at Copenhagen. - -The continued favour shown by the Queen to Struensee, the close -guarding of the royal palaces, the display of military force in the -city, and the disbanding of the guards, who were regarded in a special -sense the bodyguard of the monarch, all lent confirmation to the rumour -that a _coup d'état_ was imminent--that Struensee meant to seize the -person of the King, depose him, or otherwise make away with him, marry -the Queen, and proclaim himself Regent, or Protector of the King. -Moreover, it was whispered that he had become acquainted with the -Queen-Dowager's intrigues against his authority, and was contemplating -the arrest of Juliana Maria and her son. This rumour, to which the -military preparations gave colour, was told the Queen-Dowager by -interested persons, with a view to forcing her at last to act. Juliana -Maria was an imperious, hard, intriguing woman. From the first she -had disliked Matilda, and wished her ill, but there is no evidence to -show that she would have headed a revolution against her had she not -been driven into it by force of circumstances. That the Queen-Dowager -desired and plotted the overthrow of Struensee was natural and -excusable. He had treated herself and her son with marked disrespect; -he had privately insulted and publicly affronted them. His reforms both -in church and state were entirely opposed to her views; his intrigue -with Queen Matilda she considered dishonouring to the royal house, and -his influence over the King harmful to the monarch and the nation. -Juliana Maria and her son represented the old regime and were naturally -looked up to at a crisis; in any event, she would have been forced into -opposition to the existing state of affairs. - -But Juliana Maria was above all things cautious. She was fully alive to -the peril of provoking the powerful minister and the reigning Queen, -who, holding, as they did, the King's authority, were omnipotent. -The Queen-Dowager had been anxious to bring about the dismissal of -Struensee by peaceful and constitutional means; but these had failed; -neither warnings nor threats would make him quit his post. Moreover, -she distrusted Rantzau, who headed the conspiracy against him. She -was averse from violent measures, which, if unsuccessful, would -assuredly involve both her and her son in ruin. Therefore, though she -had been cognisant of the growth of the conspiracy against Struensee -for many months--though she had conferred with the conspirators, and -secretly encouraged them--yet up to the present she had hesitated to -take action. Even the mutiny of the guards, when the mutineers were -shut up in the palace with her, had not moved her to make the decisive -step. It was not until information was brought her of a threatened -_coup d'état_, and the probable imprisonment of herself and her son, -that she determined to hold back no longer. Rantzau, who knew well -the Queen-Dowager's reluctance to commit herself, finally secured her -adhesion to the conspiracy by means of a forged paper, which contained -a full account of Struensee's supposed _coup d'état_. A copy of this -plan, which never existed in the original, was given by Rantzau to -Peter Suhm, the Danish historiographer royal, who stood high in the -opinion of the Queen-Dowager. According to it January 28 was the day -fixed for the King's abdication, the appointment of the Queen as Regent -and Struensee as Protector. Suhm at once took the document to Juliana -Maria, and urged her to immediate action. There was no time to be lost, -he told her, for the man who meditated usurping the regal power would -not long hesitate before committing a further crime. The assassination -of the King would assure him of the couch of the Queen, and the -Crown Prince, either imprisoned, or succumbing to the rigours of his -treatment, would make way for the fruit of this intercourse. For this -motive and no other had Struensee revoked the law which prohibited a -repudiated wife from marrying the accomplice of her infidelity. The man -who had abolished the Council of State would repeal, if need be, the -Salic law, which had hitherto prevailed in Denmark. The Queen-Dowager -was fully persuaded by this document; she resolved to call a meeting -of the conspirators, and nip Struensee's alleged plot in the bud. The -situation, she agreed, was desperate, and admitted of no delay. - -These conspirators included Rantzau, who has already been spoken of at -length. Prince Frederick, the King's brother, who, being weak in body -and not very strong in mind, was entirely under the control of his -mother. Ove Guldberg, Prince Frederick's private secretary, who had -acted as a means of communication between the other conspirators and -the Queen-Dowager, and finally won her over to the plot. He was a man -of great ability, a born intriguer, and exceedingly cautious; Juliana -Maria placed implicit confidence in him, and was confident that he -would not embark on a desperate enterprise of this kind unless it was -sure of success. - -Two prominent officers also joined. One was Colonel Köller, who -commanded a regiment of infantry, a bold, rough soldier, brave as a -lion, and strong as Hercules--a desperado, of whom Struensee said: "He -looks as if he had no mother, but was brought into the world by a man." -The other was General Hans Henrik Eickstedt, who commanded the regiment -of Zealand dragoons, which had now taken the place of the discharged -guards, and did duty at the palace of Christiansborg. Eickstedt was not -a man of any special ability, but he was honourable and trustworthy, -which is more than could be said of most of the other conspirators. He -honestly believed that Struensee's overthrow, by whatever means, was -necessary for the salvation of Denmark, and, when he learned that the -Queen-Dowager had thrown her ægis over the conspiracy, he joined it -without asking any questions; otherwise the character of some of the -conspirators might have made him pause. - -The last of these active conspirators was Beringskjold, who had much -experience in intrigue. He had played the part of Danish spy at St. -Petersburg, where he made the acquaintance of Rantzau, and, like him, -took part in the conspiracy which resulted in the deposition and -murder of Peter III. Beringskjold later came back to Denmark and got -into pecuniary difficulties. It was at this time that he renewed his -acquaintance with Rantzau, who, seeing in him the tool for his purpose, -made him acquainted with the plot against Struensee, which Beringskjold -eagerly joined. He was especially useful in maturing the conspiracy, -for his spying proclivities and Russian experiences were invaluable in -such an undertaking. It was he who insisted that the Queen-Dowager must -take an active part in the conspiracy, for he well knew that without -her it would stand no chance of success. Beringskjold also knew that no -revolution could be carried through without the aid of the army, and -it was he who won over Eickstedt and Köller. - -A subordinate conspirator was Jessen, an ex-valet of Frederick V. -He was now a prosperous wine merchant in Copenhagen, and was much -esteemed by the Queen-Dowager, who knew him as a tried and faithful -servant. Jessen was employed as a medium between Juliana Maria and -Guldberg at Fredensborg and the other conspirators in Copenhagen. He -informed her of the state of feeling in the capital, and circulated -rumours detrimental to Struensee and Queen Matilda. He sent reports of -the progress of the plot to Fredensborg, addressing his letters, for -greater security, under cover to the Queen-Dowager's waiting woman. -When Juliana Maria returned to Copenhagen and took up her residence at -the Christiansborg, it was Jessen who arranged the secret meetings of -her party. They were held at the house of a well-known clergyman named -Abildgaard, rector of the Holmenskirke. The house was close to the -palace, and had entrances from two different streets. - -Here, when the Queen-Dowager at last determined to act, a meeting -of the conspirators was summoned and the details of the plot were -arranged. It was decided to seize Queen Matilda, Struensee, Brandt -and their adherents, obtain possession of the King and force him to -proclaim a new Government. Once get possession of the King and the rest -would be easy, for Christian VII. could be made to sign any papers -the conspirators might require, and as absolute monarch his orders -would be implicitly obeyed. To this end Jessen produced a plan of the -Christiansborg Palace, showing the King's apartments, the Queen's, and -the private staircases that led from her rooms to those of the King and -Struensee; the situation of Brandt's apartments, and of others whom it -was resolved to arrest. The conspirators decided to strike their blow -on the night of January 16-17(1772). On that evening a masked ball was -to be given at the palace, and in the consequent bustle and confusion -it would be easy for the conspirators to come and go, and communicate -with each other, without being noticed. Moreover, on that night Köller -and his Holstein regiment had the guard at the palace, together with a -troop of Zealand dragoons under the command of Eickstedt. Therefore the -whole military charge of the palace would be under the control of two -of the conspirators, and the inmates would be at their mercy. - -[Illustration: QUEEN JULIANA MARIA, STEP-MOTHER OF CHRISTIAN VII. - -_From the Painting by Clemens._] - -The night of January 16 came at last. In accordance with their recent -policy of showing a bold front to their enemies, the Queen and -Struensee had arranged the masked ball, the first given since the -return of the court to Copenhagen, on a scale of unusual magnificence. -The royal hospitality on this occasion was almost unlimited, for all -the nine ranks of society, who by any pretext could attend court, were -invited. This in itself was a proof of Struensee's false sense of -security, for, at a time when the city was seething with sedition, to -give a masked ball to which practically every one was admitted was to -lay himself open to the danger of assassination. The ball was held -in the royal theatre of the Christiansborg Palace, which had lately, -under Brandt's supervision, been elaborately redecorated. Crystal -chandeliers sparkled with thousands of lights, and the boxes round the -theatre were gorgeous with new gilding and purple silken hangings. The -auditorium was on this occasion raised level with the stage, so that -the whole formed one large hall for the dancers. The band was placed -at the back of the stage, and the wings were converted into bowers of -plants and flowers, lit with coloured lamps. - -The King and Queen, with Struensee, Brandt, and all their court, -entered the theatre at ten o'clock, and dancing immediately began. The -King, who no longer danced, retired to the royal box where card-tables -were arranged, and played quadrille with General and Madame Gahler, and -Justice Struensee, brother of the Prime Minister. The Queen, who was -magnificently dressed[18] and wore splendid jewels, danced continually, -and seemed in high spirits. Every one remarked on her beauty and -vivacity. The Queen-Dowager never attended masked balls, so that her -absence called forth no comment; but Prince Frederick, contrary to -his usual custom (for he was generally waiting on these occasions to -receive their Majesties), was more than an hour late, and when he at -last arrived, his flushed face and nervous air revealed his agitation. -But the Queen, who thought that his unpunctuality accounted for his -nervousness, rallied him playfully and said: "You are very late, -brother. What have you been doing?" "I have had some business to attend -to, Madam," he replied in confusion, as he bowed over her extended -hand. "It seems to me," said the Queen gaily, "that you would do better -to think of your pleasure than your business on the evening of a ball." -The Prince stammered some reply, which the Queen did not heed; she -dismissed him good-humouredly, and resumed her dancing. - -[18] The dress the Queen is said to have worn at this ball--of rich -white silk, brocaded with pink roses--is still preserved in the Guelph -Family Museum at Herrenhausen. It was sent to Hanover after her death. - -Several of the conspirators were present to disarm suspicion, including -Köller and Guldberg, who strolled about as though nothing was -impending. Presently Köller sat down to cards in one of the boxes, and -played in the most unconcerned manner possible. When Struensee went -up to him and said: "Are you not going to dance?" Köller replied with -covert insolence: "Not yet. My hour to dance will arrive presently." -As usual at the court entertainments, Struensee, after the Queen, was -the most prominent figure. Richly clad in silk and velvet, and with -the Order of Matilda on his breast, he played the part of host in all -but name. Whatever might be the feeling outside the palace walls, -within there appeared no hint of his waning power; he was still the -all-powerful minister, flattered, courted and caressed. The Queen -hung on his lightest word, and a servile crowd of courtiers and -place-hunters courted his smile or trembled at his frown. He was the -centre of the glittering scene, and, though there were few present who -did not secretly hate or fear him, all rendered him outward honour, and -many envied him his good fortune. - -Though the ball was brilliant and largely attended, the company was -hardly what one might expect to find at the court of a reigning -monarch. The bearers of some of the oldest and proudest names in -Denmark were absent; and their places were taken by well-to-do citizens -of Copenhagen and their wives. A few of the foreign ambassadors were -present, including the English envoy, General Keith. He probably -attended in pursuance of his determination to be at hand to help and -defend his King's sister, in case of need. Keith feared some outbreak -of violence, which would place the Queen in personal danger. He does -not seem to have had the slightest inkling of the organised plot -against her honour and her life. He was not ignorant, of course, of -the dislike with which the Queen-Dowager and her son, representing -the nobility, the clergy and the upper classes generally, viewed the -Struensee regime, for which Matilda was largely responsible; but he -thought they would act, if they acted at all, in a constitutional -manner, by promoting the recall of Bernstorff, and the overthrow of the -favourite. - -The evening was not to pass without another display of Struensee's -insolence, and a further affront to Prince Frederick. The favourite -supped in the royal box with the King and Queen, but the King's -brother was not admitted, and had to get his supper at a buffet, like -the meanest of the guests. The insult was premeditated, for Reverdil -tells us that he heard of it the day before, and interceded for the -Prince in vain. The Prince probably did not mind, for he knew that the -favourite's hour had struck. But for Struensee, as he feasted at the -King's table, there was no writing on the wall to forewarn him of his -doom. - -The King left the ballroom soon after midnight, and retired to his -apartments; the Queen remained dancing for some time longer. The -company unmasked after supper, and the fun became fast and furious; -the ceremony usual at court entertainments was absent here, and all -etiquette and restraint were banished. The Queen mingled freely with -her guests, and enjoyed herself so much that it was nearly three -o'clock before she retired. Her withdrawal was the signal for the -company to depart, and soon the ballroom was deserted and in darkness. - -The Countess Holstein had invited a few of her intimate friends, -including Struensee, Brandt and two ladies, to come to her apartments -after the ball. But one of the ladies, Baroness Schimmelmann, excused -herself on the plea of a severe headache, and the other lady, Baroness -Bülow, was unwilling to go alone, and therefore the party fell through. -Had the Countess Holstein's party taken place, as by the merest chance -it did not, it would probably have upset the plans of the conspirators, -or at least rendered them more difficult to carry out, for the -principal men marked down for prey would have been gathered together in -one room, and would have resisted or tried to escape. - -The stars in their courses seemed to be fighting for the Queen-Dowager, -for this evening also the conspiracy had been on the brink of failure -owing to the vacillation of Rantzau. This traitor, whose only wish -was to get his debts paid, had no more faith in the promises of the -Queen-Dowager than in those of Struensee (though the event proved that -he was wrong), and at the eleventh hour considered that the enterprise -was too hazardous. He therefore resolved to be on the safe side, and -reveal the whole conspiracy. To this end, about eight o'clock in the -evening, before the ball, he drove secretly to the house of Struensee's -brother. But the Justice had gone out to dinner, and Rantzau therefore -left a message with the servant, bidding him be sure to tell his -master, directly he came home, that Count Rantzau desired a visit from -him immediately on a matter of great importance. Justice Struensee -returned soon after, and the servant gave him the message, but he knew -the excitable character of Rantzau, and said: "The visit will keep -until to-morrow morning. The Count is always in a fuss about trifles." -He therefore went on to the ball, where he played cards with the King. - -Rantzau, meanwhile, wondered why the Justice did not come, and worked -himself up to a state of great alarm. He would not go to the ball, but -wrapped his feet in flannel, went to bed and sent Köller word that a -violent attack of gout prevented him from keeping his appointment in -the Queen-Dowager's apartments as agreed. The other conspirators were -much disturbed by the message, for they feared treachery. Beringskjold -was sent to persuade the Count to come, and when Rantzau pointed to -his feet, he suggested a sedan chair. Still Rantzau made excuses. Then -Köller, who knew the manner of man with whom he had to deal, sent word -to say that if he did not come forthwith he would have him fetched -thither by grenadiers. The threat was effectual, and Rantzau, finding -that Struensee's brother did not appear, yielded, and was carried to -the Christiansborg in a sedan chair. When there, he regained his feet, -and became in a short space of time miraculously better. - -Köller early quitted the masquerade, where he only showed himself -for a short time to disarm suspicion, and had a hurried conference -with Eickstedt in another part of the palace. The two officers, each -possessed of an order signed by the Queen-Dowager and Prince Frederick, -then separated--Köller to look after the garrison, and Eickstedt -the palace guard. Eickstedt went to the guard-room and summoned the -officers of the guard. The proceedings were conducted with the greatest -secrecy, and, when the officers had all arrived, Eickstedt lit a -candle, which he placed under the table, so that no one might see the -assembly from without. By this dim light he read an order, signed -by the Queen-Dowager and Prince Frederick, to the effect that, the -King being surrounded by bad people, and his royal person in danger, -his loving brother and stepmother hereby commanded Colonels Köller -and Eickstedt to seize that same night Counts Struensee and Brandt, -and several other persons named, and to place them under arrest. The -Queen-Dowager and Prince Frederick had not the slightest right to -command the troops; the document was, in fact, a usurpation of the -royal authority; but that was a matter which concerned Eickstedt and -Köller. The subordinate officers, who, in common with the whole army, -hated Struensee, were only too glad to carry the order into effect, -the responsibility resting not with them, but with the Queen-Dowager -and their commanders. After they had all sworn obedience, Eickstedt -gave them their orders. When all was ready, they were to advance at -half-past three o'clock, or as soon as the ball was quite over, occupy -all the doors of the palace, and allow none to go in or go out. They -were at first to try to stop them politely, and if that failed, to use -force. A picket of dragoons, with their horses bitted and saddled, were -also to be in readiness. - -At the same time Köller went the round of the garrison, collected all -the officers on duty, and read to them a similar order. The aid of the -garrison was requested in case of need. The officers of the city guard -promised obedience, and returned to their several posts. - -Everything was at last in readiness. Except in the Queen-Dowager's -apartments, the whole palace was perfectly quiet. The lights were put -out; the last of the revellers had gone home; the King and Queen, -Struensee and Brandt, and the rest of the court had retired to their -apartments, and were, most of them, asleep. Within and without the -palace was held by armed men; the net was so closely drawn that there -was no possibility of the prey escaping. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -THE PALACE REVOLUTION. - -1772. - - -At four o'clock in the morning the little group of conspirators -assembled in the apartments of the Queen-Dowager. They were eight in -all--Juliana Maria, Prince Frederick, Guldberg, Rantzau, Eickstedt, -Köller, Beringskjold and Jessen--not, at first sight, a powerful list -to effect a revolution; but they had the army at their command, and -the whole nation at their back. Moreover, some, at least, of them were -sustained by the high consciousness that they were doing a righteous -work, and the others were desperate men, who had all to gain and -nothing to lose. Guldberg rehearsed to each one of the conspirators his -separate duty, that nothing might be forgotten. Then, at the request of -the Queen-Dowager, all knelt down, and a prayer was offered, invoking -the Divine blessing on the undertaking.[19] - -[19] The following account of the palace revolution is based on several -authorities: some are favourable to the Queen, others against her. -They more or less agree on the main facts, which are those set forth -in this chapter, though they conflict as to details. Among them may be -mentioned the _Memoirs_ of Falckenskjold, Köller-Banner and Reverdil, -all of whom played a part in the affair; _Mémoires de mon Temps_, by -Prince Charles of Hesse (privately printed), the Private Journal of N. -W. Wraxall, who claims to have based his narrative on the statements of -Bülow and Le Texier, the _Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir R. Murray -Keith_, and sundry depositions made at the Queen's trial. There are a -great many other accounts in printed books, but they are nearly all -based on these sources. - -When they rose from their knees, all the conspirators, guided by Jessen -and headed by the Queen-Dowager, went silently along the dark passages -to the apartments of the King. In the ante-chamber they found the -King's valet fast asleep. They roused him, and told him they wished -to see his Majesty immediately. Seeing the Queen-Dowager and Prince -Frederick, the valet was willing to obey without demur; but the main -door of the King's bed-chamber was locked from within, and they were -therefore obliged to go round by the secret staircase. The valet went -in front to guide them, and immediately behind him came Guldberg, -carrying a candle. The others followed in single line, and soon found -themselves in Christian's bedroom. - -The King awoke with a start, and, seeing in the dim light the room full -of men, cried out in terror. The Queen-Dowager approached the bed, -and said in reassuring accents: "Your Majesty, my dear son, be not -afraid. We are not come hither as enemies, but as your true friends. -We have come----" Here Juliana Maria broke down, and her voice was -stifled by her sobs. Rantzau, who had agreed to explain the plan to -the King, hung back. But Köller thrust him forward, and then he told -the King that his Majesty's brother and stepmother had come to deliver -him and the country from the hated yoke of Struensee. By this time -the Queen-Dowager had recovered her nerve, and, embracing her stepson, -she repeated what Rantzau had said with ample detail. The King, who -was almost fainting with excitement and terror, demanded a glass of -water, and, when he had drunk it, asked if the commandant of the palace -guard were present. Eickstedt stepped forward, and confirmed what the -Queen-Dowager and Rantzau had said, and added that the people were in a -state of revolt, for a plot was being carried out to depose the King, -in which Struensee and the Queen were concerned. When the King heard -the Queen's name, he refused to believe that she had anything to do -with it, and said the story must be a mistake. But the Queen-Dowager -assured him that Matilda was privy to it, and told him the whole of -the supposed plot against his royal authority and person. Guldberg -confirmed the Queen-Dowager's statement in every particular, and -declared there was no time to be lost. - -The bewildered King, at last half-convinced, asked what was to be done. -Rantzau then pulled out of his pocket two written orders, and asked him -to sign them. By the first, Eickstedt was made commander-in-chief, and -by the second, Eickstedt and Köller were vested with full powers to -take all measures necessary for the safety of the King and the country. -Thus the obedience of the army would be assured. When Christian read -these orders, he feared a conflict between the people and the military, -for he exclaimed: "My God! this will mean rivers of blood." But -Rantzau, who by this time had regained his assurance, replied: "Be -of good cheer, your Majesty. With God's help, I take everything upon -myself, and will as far as possible prevent bloodshed." The King sat up -in bed and signed the two orders; Prince Frederick counter-signed them. - -Eickstedt took the first and immediately left the room; he placed -himself at the head of the picket of dragoons waiting below, and rode -to the garrison to inform the officers on duty of his new appointment -as commander-in-chief. He promptly strengthened the palace guard, had -all the gates of the city closed, and bade the garrison hold itself in -readiness for any event. - -Köller also took his order, and with the others retired to an -ante-chamber, as the King had expressed a wish to get up. By the time -Christian was dressed, he was quite convinced that Struensee had -plotted against his life, and he was as eager to sign orders as he had -at first been reluctant. First of all Juliana Maria impressed upon him -that it was necessary to convey the Queen to some place where she could -not work any further mischief, and the King, after some hesitation, -wrote and signed an almost incoherent message to his consort:-- - -_J'ai trouvé à propos de vous envoïer à Cronbourg, comme vôtre conduite -m'y oblige. J'en suis très faché, je n'en suis pas la cause, et je vous -souhaite un repentir sincére._[20] - -[20] In his agitation the King dated it 17th Jan., 1771. - -The King then signed orders, drawn up by Guldberg, for the arrest of -Struensee, Brandt and fifteen other persons. He did this with alacrity, -and seemed delighted at asserting his authority, and the prospect of -being freed from the dominion of Struensee and Brandt. The orders which -concerned Queen Matilda he copied out himself in full from Guldberg's -drafts; the others he merely signed. The orders concerning the Queen -included the order to Rantzau to arrest her, the order to the head of -the royal stables to make ready the coaches to convey her to Kronborg, -and an order to the commandant of Kronborg to keep her in close -confinement. These important matters settled, Juliana Maria persuaded -Christian to remove to Prince Frederick's apartments in another part -of the palace. She had much more for him to do, and she was fearful of -interruption. For hours the King remained in his brother's apartments, -signing orders, which were to give him, as he thought, freedom and -authority, but which were really only forging the links of new chains, -and transferring him from the comparatively mild rule of Struensee and -Matilda to the strict keeping of the Queen-Dowager. - -Meanwhile, in different parts of the palace the King's orders were -being carried out without delay. On quitting the King's apartments, -Köller went to perform his task of arresting Struensee, accompanied by -two or three officers of the palace guard and several soldiers. That -Köller feared resistance may be gathered from the fact that he made -the senior officer promise him, in the event of his being killed, -to shoot Struensee dead. Köller had a bitter hatred of Struensee, -dating, it was said, a long while back, when the doctor had seduced the -object of Köller's affections. He had solicited the task of arresting -Struensee, and now went to fulfil it with an eagerness born of revenge. - -The door of the outer room of Struensee's apartments was firmly locked, -and his favourite valet slept within. The youth was aroused (as he -afterwards said from dreams of ill-omen) by the noise of men trying to -force the door. On asking who was there, he was commanded to open in -the King's name, under pain of instant death. Taken by surprise, the -valet had no time to give his master warning to escape by the private -staircase, which led to the apartments of the Queen, but he hurriedly -secreted certain jewels and papers, and threw open the door. There he -saw Köller, holding a wax taper and dressed in full uniform, and his -companions. Two soldiers pointed pistols at the valet's head, and a -third directed one to his breast. "Have you woke the Count?" Köller -whispered, and, on the trembling youth replying in the negative, Köller -made him give up the key of Struensee's bedroom, which was also locked. -The door was opened as silently as possible, and Köller, with a drawn -sword in his hand, entered the room, followed by three officers. - -The voluptuary had furnished his chamber with great luxury. The walls -were hung with rich figured damask, the mirrors were of the purest -glass, and the washing service was of wrought silver. The bed was -canopied with purple velvet and gold, and the canopy was shaped in the -form of a royal crown. The carpet was of velvet pile, and the room -was scented with costly perfumes. Struensee was sleeping heavily--so -heavily that neither the light of the taper nor the entrance of Köller -roused him. He was sleeping with his head on his arm, and the book with -which he had read himself to sleep had fallen to the floor. - -For a moment Köller stood and looked down on his victim; then he shook -him roughly by the shoulder, and Struensee awoke to the horror of the -situation. He sprang up in the bed, and shouted: "In God's name, what -is this?" Köller answered roughly: "I have orders to arrest you. Get up -at once and come with me." "Do you know who I am," said the omnipotent -minister of an hour ago haughtily, "that you dare to command me thus?" -"Yes," said Köller with a laugh; "I know who you are well enough. You -are the King's prisoner." Struensee then demanded to see the warrant -for his arrest, but as Köller did not yet possess this, he replied -shortly that the warrant was with the King, but he would be answerable -with his head that he was carrying out the King's orders. Struensee -still refused to move; but Köller thrust his sword point against his -breast, and said: "I have orders to take you either dead or alive. -Which shall it be?" Struensee, shivering with terror, sank back on the -bed, and asked for time to think; but Köller told him he must come -at once. Struensee then asked that his valet might bring him a cup of -chocolate, but Köller refused this also. "You will at least allow me -to dress myself?" said Struensee. Köller said he would give him two -minutes to do so; but he would not suffer either Struensee or the valet -to go into the next room for clothes. Struensee was therefore obliged -to hurry into the clothes he had worn at the ball, and which lay, where -he had thrown them off, on a chair by the bed--breeches of pink silk -and a coat and waistcoat of light blue velvet--gay attire especially -ill-suited for his melancholy journey. - -Struensee's hands were bound, and he was hurried down to the -guard-room, where his legs were bound as well. Here he waited a few -minutes, guarded by soldiers with drawn swords and loaded pistols, -until the coach was brought round to the door. He was thrust into it, -followed by Köller, and driven under a strong escort to the citadel. On -the way he groaned: "My God, what crime have I committed?"--to which -his companion vouchsafed no answer. When he got out of the coach he -asked that something might be given to the driver, who was one of the -royal coachmen. Köller handed the man a dollar, for which he thanked -him, but said in Danish, with a vindictive look at Struensee: "I would -gladly have done it for nothing." There was hardly a menial in the -King's household who would not rejoice over the favourite's fall. - -Struensee was led into the presence of the commandant of the citadel, -and formally delivered over to him by Köller. By this time he had -regained something of his self-possession, and said to the commandant, -whom he knew well: "I suppose this visit is totally unexpected by you?" -"Not at all," replied the discourteous officer; "I have been expecting -to see you here for a long time." The prisoner was then marched to a -small cell, which had previously been occupied by a notorious pirate. -On entering this gloomy chamber, Struensee, who had expected to be -treated as a state prisoner, with every comfort, if not luxury, started -back and said: "Where is my valet?" "I have not seen any valet," said -the jailor shortly. "But where are my things?" "I have not seen them -either." "Bring me my furs. It is cold here. I have no wish to be -frozen to death." But the man did not move. As there was nothing but -a wooden stool and pallet bed, Struensee asked for a sofa. "There are -no sofas here," said the man, and backed up his words by a coarse -insult. Struensee then lost his self-command, burst out into raving -and cursing, and tried to dash out his brains against the wall, but -the jailor held him back. When the commandant was informed of the -prisoner's refractory conduct, he ordered him to be fettered hand and -foot, which was promptly done. This hurt Struensee's pride more than -all the other treatment, and he broke down and wept, exclaiming: "I am -treated _en canaille_!" Certainly it was a change from the bed of down -and the purple velvet hangings of an hour ago. - -Brandt was arrested at the same time as Struensee. Colonel Sames, -formerly commandant of Copenhagen, who had been deprived of his post -by Struensee, accompanied by a guard, went to his apartments, but they -found the door locked. For some time Brandt refused to answer, but -on Sames threatening to break the door down unless it were opened, -he at last turned the key and met his opponents, ready dressed and -with a drawn sword. When the soldiers advanced to disarm him, he made -no resistance, but said: "This must be a mistake. I have committed -no offence for which I can be arrested." Sames told him it was no -mistake, but that he was acting on the King's order, and it would be -better for him to yield. Brandt, who was perfectly self-controlled, -said: "Very well, I will follow you quietly." He was taken down to the -guard-room, put into a coach, and conveyed to the citadel, immediately -following Struensee. When he entered the presence of the commandant, -he said gaily: "I must apologise, sir, for paying you a visit at so -early an hour." "Not at all," replied the commandant, with elaborate -politeness; "my only grief is that you have not come before." While -some formalities were being gone through, Brandt hummed a tune with an -air of unconcern, and looking round him, said: "Upon my word, these are -mighty fine quarters you have in this castle!" To which the commandant -replied: "Yes, and in a minute you will have an opportunity of seeing -even finer ones." - -Brandt was presently conducted to his cell, which was even worse than -Struensee's, and on entering it he said good-humouredly to the jailor: -"On my word, the commandant spoke truth!" Brandt bore his privations -with firmness, and presently pulled a flute from his pocket and amused -himself by playing it. He altogether showed much greater courage and -self-control than the miserable Struensee, who did nothing but weep and -bemoan his fate. - -The arrest of Struensee's principal confederates quickly followed. -Falckenskjold was placed under arrest at the barracks. Justice -Struensee and Professor Berger were conveyed to the citadel: General -Gahler and his wife were arrested in bed; the lady jumped out of bed -in her nightdress, and tried to escape by the back-stairs, but she was -captured and removed with her husband to the citadel. Several others, -including Bülow and Reverdil, were placed under "house arrest," that -is to say, they were confined to their houses, and had sentries posted -over them. The servants of Struensee and Brandt were imprisoned in the -Blue Tower. The morning dawned before all these imprisonments were -carried out. The new rulers had reason to congratulate themselves that -everything had been effected without bloodshed. - -Meanwhile the most dramatic scene of the palace revolution was enacted -in the Queen's apartments of the Christiansborg. Upon retiring from -the ball Queen Matilda went to see her infant daughter, and it was -nearly four o'clock before she retired to rest. Even then she did -not sleep, for the noise made by Köller in arresting Struensee, whose -apartments were beneath, was indistinctly heard by the Queen. But she -imagined it was due to the party which she understood was to be held -in Countess Holstein's rooms; she thought it had now been transferred -to Struensee's. She therefore sent one of her servants down to request -them to be less noisy in their revels. The woman went, but did not -return; and, as the noise ceased, the Queen thought no more about it, -and presently fell asleep. - -About half an hour later Matilda was aroused by the entrance of one -of her women, white and trembling, who said that a number of men -were without demanding to see her immediately in the King's name. In -a moment the Queen suspected danger, and her first thought was to -warn her lover. She sprang out of bed, and, with nothing on but her -nightrobe, rushed barefooted into the next room, with the idea of -gaining the secret staircase which led to Struensee's apartments. - -In the ante-chamber the first object that greeted her eyes was Rantzau, -seated in a chair and twirling his moustachios: he was dressed in full -uniform, and had thrown over his shoulders a scarlet cloak lined with -fur. At the Queen's entrance he rose and bowed with great ceremony, -evidently delighting in his part, of which any honest man would have -been ashamed. In the ante-chamber beyond were several soldiers and -frightened women. When the Queen saw Rantzau, she remembered her -undress, and cried: "_Eloignez-vous, Monsieur le Comte, pour l'amour -de Dieu, car je ne suis pas présentable!_" But, as Rantzau did not -move, she ran back to her chamber, and threw on some more clothes; the -delay was fatal to her. - -[Illustration: KING CHRISTIAN VII.'S NOTE TO QUEEN MATILDA INFORMING -HER OF HER ARREST.] - -When she came forth again she found the room full of armed men, and -the officer in command opposed her passage. She haughtily ordered him -to let her pass, saying that his head would answer for it if he did -not. Rantzau retorted that his head would answer for it if he did. -The officer, in evident distress, said: "Madame, I only do my duty, -and obey the orders of my King." The Queen then turned to the door, -behind which was a staircase leading down to Struensee's apartments. -But the door was closed and a soldier posted before it. "Where is -Count Struensee?" she demanded; "I wish to see him." "Madame," said -Rantzau with elaborate irony, "there is no Count Struensee any more, -nor can your Majesty see him." The Queen advanced boldly towards him, -and demanded his authority for these insults. Rantzau handed her the -King's message. She read it through without displaying any alarm, and -then threw it contemptuously on the ground.[21] "Ha!" she cried, "in -this I recognise treachery, but not the King." Amazed at the Queen's -fearless air, Rantzau for the moment changed his tone, and implored -her to submit quietly to the King's orders. "Orders!" she exclaimed, -"orders about which he knows nothing--which have been extorted from him -by terror! No, the Queen does not obey such orders." Rantzau then said -that nothing remained for him but to do his duty, which admitted of no -delay. "I am the Queen; I will obey no orders except from the King's -own lips," she replied. "Let me go to him! I must, and will, see him!" -She knew that if she could only gain access to the King she was safe, -for she could make him rescind the order and so confound her enemies. -Full of this thought she advanced to the door of the ante-chamber, -where two soldiers stood with crossed muskets to bar her progress. The -Queen imperiously commanded them to let her pass, whereupon both men -fell on their knees, and one said in Danish: "Our heads are answerable -if we allow your Majesty to pass." But, despite Rantzau's exhortations, -neither man cared to lay hands on the Queen, and she stepped over their -muskets and ran along the corridor to the King's apartments. They were -closed, and, though she beat her hands upon the door, no answer was -returned, for, fearing some such scene, the Queen-Dowager had, only -a few minutes before, conveyed the King to the apartments of Prince -Frederick. The corridor led nowhere else, and failing to gain entrance, -the Queen, hardly knowing what she did, went back to her ante-room. - -[21] Rantzau picked the paper up and put it in his pocket. It was -found a year or two after his death among his papers at Oppendorft -(the estate that came to him through his wife), and has since been -preserved. - -Rantzau now addressed her in the language of menace. Perhaps some -memory of the homage he had paid her at Ascheberg, when she was at the -zenith of her power, flashed across the Queen. "Villain!" she cried, -"is this the language that you dare to address to me? Go, basest of -men! Leave my presence!" These words only infuriated Rantzau the -more, but he was crippled with gout, and could not grapple with the -infuriated young Queen himself, so he turned to the soldiers, and gave -them orders to use force. Still the soldiers hesitated. Then an officer -stepped forward and touched the Queen on the arm with the intention of -leading her back to her chamber. But half beside herself she rushed to -the window, threw it open and seemed about to throw herself out. The -officer seized her round the waist, and held her back; though no man -dared to lay hands on the Queen, it was necessary to defend her against -herself. The Queen shrieked for help and struggled wildly; she was -strong and rendered desperate by fear and indignation. A lieutenant had -to be called forward, but the Queen resisted him as well, though her -clothes were partly torn off her in the struggle. At last her strength -failed her, and she was dragged away from the window in a half-fainting -condition. The officers, who had showed great repugnance to their task, -and had used no more force than was absolutely necessary, now carried -the Queen back to her chamber, and laid her on the bed, where her -women, frightened and weeping, crowded around her, and plied her with -restoratives. - -Rantzau, who had watched this unseemly spectacle without emotion, nay, -with positive zest, now sent a messenger to Osten, and asked him to -come and induce the Queen to yield quietly. Although he had threatened -to remove her by force, it was not easy to carry out his threat, for -the soldiers would not offer violence to the person of the Queen, nor -would public opinion, if it came to be known, tolerate it. Rantzau, who -was alternately a bully and a coward, had no wish to put himself in -an awkward position. He therefore did the wisest thing in sending for -the foreign minister. Osten, who at the first tidings of Struensee's -arrest, had hastened to the Christiansborg, was in the Queen-Dowager's -apartments, making his terms with her. This astute diplomatist, though -he plotted for the overthrow of Struensee, and was aware of all the -facts of the conspiracy, had refrained from taking active part in it -until its success was assured. Now that the King had thrown himself -into the arms of the Queen-Dowager, and Struensee and Brandt were in -prison, he no longer hesitated, but hastened to pay his court to the -winning side. He came at once, on receipt of Rantzau's message. He -realised quite as much as Juliana Maria that the revolution could only -be carried out thoroughly by Matilda's removal. She had gained great -ascendency over the King, and, if she saw him, that ascendency would be -renewed; if she were separated from him, he would speedily forget her. -Therefore, it was above all things necessary that the King and Queen -should be kept apart. - -In a short time Queen Matilda became more composed, and even recovered -sufficiently to dress herself with the aid of her women. When Osten -entered her chamber, he found her sitting at the side of the bed, -weeping. All defiance had faded away; she only felt herself a betrayed -and cruelly injured woman. Osten came to her in the guise of a friend. -He had been a colleague of Struensee's, and had never outwardly broken -with him, and the Queen had confidence in his skill and judgment. -She therefore listened to him, when he persuaded her that more would -be gained by complying with the King's orders, at this time, than by -resisting them. He hinted that her sojourn at Kronborg would only be -for a time, and by-and-by the King's humour would change. Moreover, -the people were in a state of revolt against the Queen's authority, -and it was necessary for Matilda's safety that she should be removed -from Copenhagen to the shelter of Kronborg. "What have I done to the -people?" the Queen asked. "I know that a good many changes have taken -place, but I have done my utmost to further the welfare of the King -and country according to my conscience." Osten merely replied with -quiet insistence that she had herself contemplated flight to Kronborg -at the time of the tumult of the Norwegian sailors at Hirschholm. -Believing the man to be her friend, the Queen yielded to his advice. -"I have done nothing; the King will be just," she said. She signified -her willingness to go, provided that her children accompanied her. -Here again difficulties were raised, but the Queen was firm, and -said she would not budge a step unless her children went with her. -Finally, a compromise was arrived at; Osten made her understand that -the Crown Prince must not be removed, but she might take the little -Princess, whom she was herself nursing. This being settled, the Queen's -preparations for departure were hurriedly made, and Fräulein Mösting, -one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, was ordered to go with her, and -one of her bed-chamber women. - -The bleak January morning was still dark when Matilda, dressed for the -journey, carrying her child in her arms and followed by two of her -women, came out of her bedroom, and signified her readiness to start. -Rantzau, who was still sitting in the ante-chamber, waiting, rose, -and pointing to his gouty foot, said with covert insolence: "You see, -Madam, that my feet fail me; but my arms are free, and I offer one -to your Majesty to conduct you to your coach." But she repulsed him -with scorn, and exclaimed: "Away with you, traitor! I loathe you!" She -walked alone down the stairs to the coaches, which were waiting in the -back-yard of the palace. She entered one, but refused to part with the -little Princess, whom she placed upon her knees. Fräulein Mösting sat -by the Queen's side, and the opposite seat was occupied by an officer -with his sword drawn. In the second coach followed the bed-chamber -woman, the nurse of the Princess Louise Augusta, and some absolutely -necessary luggage. The coaches were guarded by an escort of thirty -dragoons, and the cavalcade clattered at a sharp trot through the -streets of the still sleeping city, and was soon outside the gates of -Copenhagen. - -The first part of the journey was in darkness, but, as the day broke, -the Queen looked out on the frost-bound roads and the dreary country -over which she was hurrying. She had ample time for reflection, and -bitter her reflections must have been. A few hours before she had been -Queen, vested, it seemed, with unlimited power, and the centre of a -brilliant court; now she was a prisoner, stripped of all her power, and -nearly all the semblance of her rank--a fugitive, she believed herself -to be, fleeing from the vengeance of her people. Yet even now, in this -supreme moment of her desolation, her thoughts were not of herself, but -of the man who had brought her to such a pass. The road passed by the -grounds of Hirschholm, the scene of many happy days, and the memory of -them must have deepened the Queen's dejection; but she said nothing, -and throughout the long and tedious journey uttered no word, but sat -motionless, the image of despair. - -Kronborg, whither the royal prisoner was being hurried, was a gloomy -fortress erected by Frederick II. in the latter part of the sixteenth -century, and restored, after a fire, by Christian IV., nearly eighty -years later. It had changed little with the flight of centuries, and -remains much the same to-day. Built strongly of rough-hewn stone, which -has taken on itself the colour of the rocks around, the massive and -imposing castle springs directly from the sea, on the extreme point of -land between the Cattegat and the narrowest part of the Sound, which -separates Denmark from Sweden. Its massive walls, turrets and gables -frown down upon the little town of Helsingor at its base.[22] Tradition -says that deep down in its casemates slumbers Holgar Danske ("the -Dane"), who will rise and come forth when his country is in peril.[23] -He might have come forth in 1772, for Denmark was never in greater -peril than on the eve of the palace revolution. - -[22] Helsingor, or Elsinore, now a busy town, is the scene of -Shakespeare's play, "Hamlet, Prince of Denmark," and, on "the platform -before the castle of Elsinore"--in other words, the flagged battlements -of Kronborg--the ghost of "Hamlet" appeared. Local tradition also -points out "the grave of Hamlet" and "the spring of Ophelia," both, of -course, legendary. Hamlet, in fact, never visited Elsinore, but was -born and lived in Jutland. But Shakespeare shows a curious knowledge of -Elsinore and Kronborg, and some light has been thrown on this subject -by the discovery among the archives of Elsinore of a manuscript, which -shows that in 1585 a wooden theatre, in which a troop of English -comedians had been acting, was burned down. The names of the actors are -given. Nearly all of them have been proved to belong to Shakespeare's -company, though the name of the poet is not among them. A monument is -now being erected to Shakespeare at Kronborg, to which Queen Alexandra -has contributed. - -[23] A well-known character in Hans Andersen's fairy-tales. Two -fragments of stone in the dungeons beneath Kronborg are still shown; -one is said to serve as Holgar Danske's pillow, and the other as his -table. - -Kronborg was distant some twenty-four miles from Copenhagen, and the -journey was covered in less than three hours. The day had broken when -the melancholy cavalcade clattered through the street of Helsingor, and -pulled up under the storm-beaten walls of Kronborg. At the outermost -gate the officer in command of the Queen's escort produced the King's -letter to the commandant, which gave his consort into his charge, and -ordered her to be kept a strict prisoner. The commandant of Kronborg -must have been much surprised at this communication, but he was a stern -soldier, not given to questioning, and he obeyed his instructions to -the letter. The outer gate was thrown open, and the little procession -passed over the drawbridge, which spanned the green water of the moat, -to the guard-house, where the escort from Copenhagen remained. The -soldiers of the fortress then took charge of the two coaches, and they -wound their way up the incline under the castle walls. They crossed -another drawbridge, spanning a deep, dry ditch, and passed through the -rough-hewn, tunnel-like entrance of stone, and out into the gloomy -courtyard of the castle--a place where it would seem the sun never -shines. Here the Queen, still carrying her child in her arms, alighted, -and was hurried to a doorway on the left of the courtyard, up the -winding stone stairs, and through a large room into the chamber set -apart for her. This was a low, circular apartment in a tower, not more -than ten feet high, and very small, with four windows, iron-barred, -looking out upon the sea. The grey waves broke directly beneath the -windows, and were separated from the walls only by a strip of rampart, -on which cannon were placed.[24] - -[24] The traveller De Flaux, who visited Kronborg about 1850, thus -wrote of the room: "In a tower is a small oval room, the windows of -which are still lined with iron bars. It was here that the Queen -was confined. I was shown the _prie-dieu_ used by this unfortunate -princess. It was on the faded velvet that covered it that she rested -her beautiful head. Who knows whether the spots on it were not produced -by the tears of despair she shed?" [Du Danemark.] - -I was at Kronborg in 1902. The Queen's room is now destitute of any -furniture, but the iron bars guarding the windows are still there. I -looked through them at the sea beneath. It was a grey, windy day; the -waves were lead-coloured and flecked with white, and overhead were -drifting masses of cloud. On such a scene Queen Matilda must have often -gazed during the five months of her captivity. - -The unhappy Queen looked round the narrow walls of this room, which was -almost a cell, with astonishment not unmixed with indignation. She had -hardly realised until now that she was a prisoner, for the crafty Osten -had conveyed to her the idea that she was going to Kronborg more for -her own safety than as a captive. But the iron-barred windows, and the -guard outside her door, brought home to her her unfortunate condition. -At least she, the daughter of kings, the wife of a king, and the -mother of a king to be, had the right to be treated with the respect -due to her rank and dignity. Whatever offences were charged against -her nothing was yet proved. Even if she were a prisoner, she was at -least a state prisoner, and though her liberty might be curtailed, -every effort should have been made to study as far as possible her -comfort and convenience. But locked into this little room, barely -furnished and without a fire, she found herself treated more like a -common criminal than the reigning Queen, and when she protested against -these indignities, the commandant told her that he was only obeying -his strict orders. The Queen, whose spirit was for the moment broken -by fatigue and excitement, and who was nearly frozen from the cold of -the long journey, sank down upon the pallet bed, and burst into bitter -weeping. Her women endeavoured in vain to comfort her, and it was only -at last, when they reminded her of her child, that she was roused from -the abandonment of her grief. "You are here too, dear innocent!" she -exclaimed. "In that case, your poor mother is not utterly desolate." - -[Illustration: THE ROOM IN WHICH QUEEN MATILDA WAS IMPRISONED AT -KRONBORG.] - -For two days the Queen remained inconsolable, and did little but sit -in a state of stupor, looking out upon the waves; nor could she be -prevailed upon to take any rest, or food, or even to lie down upon the -bed. It was true that the food offered her was such that she could not -eat it, unless compelled by the pangs of hunger, for she was given at -first the same food as that served out to the common prisoners. In -these first days it was a wonder that she did not die of hunger and -cold. It was a bitter winter, violent gales blew across the sea, and -the wind shrieked and raged around the castle walls; but there was no -way of warming the little room in which the Queen was confined. In -her hurried departure from Copenhagen she had brought with her very -few clothes. No others were sent her, and she had hardly the things -necessary to clothe herself with propriety, or protect herself against -the severity of the weather. She was not allowed to pass the threshold -of her room, not even to the large room beyond, where there was a fire. -This room was occupied by soldiers, who acted as her jailors, and the -women who passed in and out of the Queen's room were liable to be -searched. - -This treatment of the Queen, for which there was no excuse, must be -traced directly to Juliana Maria; it was she who caused instructions -to be sent to the commandant as to how he was to treat his royal -prisoner. The King was too indifferent to trouble one way or another, -and the commandant would not have dared to inflict such indignities -on the King's consort unless he had received strict orders to do so -from those in authority--nor would he have wished to do so. Later the -Queen acquitted him from all responsibility in this respect. After the -first few days, when she had recovered from the shock of recent events, -Queen Matilda accepted her imprisonment more patiently, and bore her -hardships with a dignity and fortitude which enforced respect even -from her jailors, and proved that she was no unworthy daughter of the -illustrious house from which she sprang. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -THE TRIUMPH OF THE QUEEN-DOWAGER. - -1772. - - -When day dawned on January 17, the citizens of Copenhagen awoke to the -fact that the hated rule of Struensee was gone for ever. The constant -driving through the streets during the night had attracted little -attention, for the noise was thought to arise from the guests returning -from the ball at the palace; but when morning came, and the streets -were seen to be full of soldiers, the people realised that something -unusual had happened. First there came a rumour of a fresh outrage on -the part of Struensee, and of an attempt to assassinate the King. But -swift on the heels of this came the truth: the King, with the aid of -the Queen-Dowager and his brother, had asserted himself; the favourite -and his colleagues were in prison, and Queen Matilda had been conveyed -to Kronborg. During the silent hours of the night a revolution had been -effected, and the mob, like all mobs, shouted on the winning side. The -news ran like wildfire round Copenhagen, and soon every one was in the -streets. On all sides were heard shouts of "Long live King Christian -VII.!" and many cheers were raised for the Queen-Dowager and Prince -Frederick. The people converged towards the Christiansborg Palace, and -completely filled the space in front of it, shouting and cheering. - -At ten o'clock in the morning the King, who, until now, had been busy -signing orders of arrest, and sanctioning appointments of others to -fill the place of those arrested, appeared upon the balcony, with his -brother by his side, while the Queen-Dowager, more modest, showed -herself at the window in an undress. Their appearance was greeted -with deafening shouts by the crowd, to which the King and the Prince -responded by bows, and Juliana Maria by waving her handkerchief. The -enthusiasm grew more and more, until at last the King joined in the -cheers of his people. The Queen-Dowager had not miscalculated her -forces: without doubt the people were on her side. - -The citizens now began to deck their houses with flags and bunting, and -everywhere kept high holiday. Even the heavens seemed to rejoice at the -downfall of the hated administration, for the sun came out, and shone -with a brilliance that had not been known in January in Copenhagen for -years. About noon the gates of the Christiansborg Palace were thrown -open, and the King, splendidly dressed, with his brother seated by -his side, drove forth in a state coach drawn by eight white horses to -show himself to his people. For the first time for months the King -dispensed with all escort, and, except for the running footmen and -postilions, the royal coach was unattended. The King drove through -all the principal streets. The crowd was so great that it was with -difficulty the coach could make way, and the people pressed and surged -around it, and in their enthusiasm wanted to take out the horses and -drag the coach themselves. The women especially were wild with delight, -and waved their handkerchiefs frantically; some even pulled off their -headgear, and waved it in the air, the better to testify their joy -at seeing their beloved Sovereign safe and sound, and freed from his -hated guardians. The King, however, when the novelty of the situation -was over, relapsed into his usual apathy, and did not respond to the -greeting of his loving subjects, but kept his window up, and stared -through it indifferently at the crowd; but Prince Frederick, who was -usually undemonstrative, had let the window down on his side of the -coach, and bowed and smiled incessantly. - -The King held a court in the afternoon at the palace, and was supported -on one side by the Queen-Dowager and on the other by his brother. The -court was crowded, and by a very different class of people to those who -had appeared during the brief reign of Struensee. Many of the nobility, -who had heard the glad news, hurried into Copenhagen to personally -offer their congratulations to the three royal personages on the -overthrow of the detested German Junto. All the Queen-Dowager's party, -all the principal clergy, and all who had taken part in the conspiracy, -directly or indirectly, were present; and many more who knew of it, -but held aloof until it was an accomplished fact, were now eager to -pay their court. The King remained only a short time, and left the -Queen-Dowager and Prince Frederick to receive the rest of the company, -and they did with right good will, rejoicing in their new-found dignity -and importance. It was their hour of triumph, and the inauguration of -the clique which governed Denmark for the next twelve years. - -In the evening the three royal personages drove to the opera through -cheering crowds, and when they entered their box the whole house rose -in enthusiasm. Their return to the palace was a triumphal procession, -the people forming their guard as before. At night the city was -illuminated; every house displayed lights in its windows, and bonfires -were kindled in the streets. Salvoes of artillery were fired from the -ramparts, and rockets were sent up. The whole population seemed mad -with joy. So great was the illumination that the sky was lit up for -miles around. At far-off Kronborg Queen Matilda, peering through her -iron bars, saw the light in the sky over towards the capital, and asked -what it meant. She was told that it was Copenhagen rejoicing over her -downfall.[25] - -[25] _Mémoires de Reverdil._ - -The popular rejoicings were marred by gross excesses, though -considering the excited state of public opinion it is a wonder that -more were not committed. Some of the lowest characters had turned -into the streets, and the sailors and dockyard men, who especially -hated Struensee, were drunk with wine and excitement. The mob, not -content with bonfires, soon showed signs of rioting. They broke into -the house of one of Struensee's supporters and wrecked it, carried -off the furniture, and smashed the windows. In the cellar there was -a large stock of spirits. The rioters broke the casks open, drank -what they would, and upset the rest, with the result that they waded -up to their ankles in liquor. Inflamed by drink they next attacked -other houses. The police, unable to check the riot, which had grown -to dangerous proportions, applied to Eickstedt for soldiers to aid -them. But the Queen-Dowager was unwilling to call out the military, -as she thought a conflict might bring about bloodshed and so damp the -popular enthusiasm. Therefore, instead of soldiers, Prince Frederick's -chamberlain was sent to the scene of disturbance, with instructions -to thank the people for the rejoicings they had manifested on the -King's deliverance from his enemies, and a promise that the King would -especially remember the sailors (who were among the most tumultuous -of the rioters), if they would now go quietly home. But the mob had -by this time got out of hand, and either did not, or would not, -listen. They rushed towards the royal stables, with the intention of -smashing Struensee's coach, but were prevented by the palace guard. -They then endeavoured to wreck the house of the chief of the police, -but being foiled in this attempt also, they began to plunder the -_mont-de-pieté_. At this point the soldiers had to be called out, and -they succeeded in dispersing the rioters without bloodshed. Next day -the streets were patrolled by the burgher guard, and in the afternoon -heralds rode round the city, and at certain points read a message from -the King, in which he thanked his loyal people for their enthusiasm, -but regretted that their zeal had got the better of their discretion. -He forbade any further plundering or excesses under heavy penalties. -After this the people gradually quieted down, but it was a week before -the patrol could be removed. - -Meanwhile the Queen-Dowager was occupied in distributing honours among -her adherents. The arch-conspirator, Rantzau, at last received the -reward of his intrigues. He was made General-in-Chief of the infantry, -and a Knight of the Elephant, and his debts were paid in full from the -royal treasury. It may be that the part he had played in the arrest -of Matilda, and the callousness and insolence he had shown to the -unfortunate Queen, quickened the sense of Juliana Maria's gratitude; -for she rewarded him promptly and handsomely. Eickstedt and Köller -were promoted to be full generals, and decorated with the order of -the Dannebrog. Köller, who was a Pomeranian by birth, was offered -naturalisation, with the name of Banner, an extinct Danish noble -family. Köller accepted, saying that he intended henceforth to devote -his life to Denmark, and was known from this time as Köller-Banner. -He was also given a court appointment as aide-de-camp to the King, -with apartments in the royal palace. Beringskjold was appointed Grand -Chamberlain, and received a pension of two thousand dollars, and a -further present of forty thousand dollars paid down. His elder son was -appointed a court page, and the younger was promised a captaincy. All -the officers of the palace guard who had done duty on the eventful -night were promoted a step. Major Carstenskjold, who had conducted -Matilda to Kronborg with his drawn sabre and forty dragoons, was made -a lieutenant-colonel. Colonel Sames, who had arrested Brandt, received -a present of ten thousand dollars. Jessen was created a councillor of -justice, and received a gift of two thousand dollars. Rewards were also -given to minor personages. - -The only one of the conspirators who received no reward, though he -was in reality the chief among them, was Guldberg, who declared that -the success of the enterprise was sufficient reward for him, and -he required neither money nor titles.[26] Guldberg was sure of his -influence with the Queen-Dowager; he knew, too, that his apparent -disinterestedness would carry weight with the people, and so strengthen -his position. He had reserved for himself the power behind the throne, -and he filled in the new government something of the place that -Struensee had filled in the old. That is to say, he had great influence -over the Queen-Dowager; he was the indispensable man, he directed the -policy, and no appointments were made of which he did not approve. But -unlike Struensee he conducted himself with infinite tact and discretion. - -[26] He later took the name of Hoegh-Guldberg, and became a minister of -state. - -As the Struensee administration had been destroyed root and branch, -it was necessary to make several new appointments to carry on the -government of the country. The first care of the Queen-Dowager was -to appoint some one to act as the King's keeper--some one who would -guard him well--for Christian VII.'s formal consent was absolutely -necessary for every step she took. The King was now in so weak-minded a -condition, and so easily influenced, that any one who had possession of -him could make him sign any order he would. All the same Juliana Maria -had some difficulty in getting the King to consent to a new guardian, -or "personal attendant," as he was called, to take Brandt's place. A -long list of names was submitted to him, but he refused them one by -one until at last, when the Queen-Dowager mentioned Osten's name, the -King said: "Yes, I will have him." But Osten did not care to exchange -his influential post as minister of foreign affairs for that of the -King's companion, and declined the honour. So Köller-Banner, who was a -great favourite of the Queen-Dowager, was appointed to the office. The -Queen-Dowager was anxious to win the support of the old Danish nobility -to the new Government. Therefore, Count Otto Thott and Councillor -Schack-Rathlou, who had been dismissed by Struensee, were invited to -take part again in the business of state. Bernstorff's recall was -urged by a powerful section, but Osten and Rantzau both opposed it -violently, for they feared the return of this upright and conscientious -man.[27] Guldberg, too, was afraid that a statesman of Bernstorff's -eminence would prove a rival to his ambition. The Queen-Dowager also -did not wish to recall Bernstorff, because of his well-known devotion -to the royal house of England. She feared that he would interfere on -behalf of Matilda, of whom she was very jealous. She determined to make -her feel the full weight of her vengeance. - -[27] In spite of this opposition in time Bernstorff might have come -back, but his health was failing, and he died in the autumn of 1772, at -the age of sixty years, at Grabow. - -[Illustration: COUNT BERNSTORFF.] - -The bitter feeling against Struensee seemed to increase as the days -went by, and on every side were heard cries for vengeance. On January -19, the first Sunday after the revolution, _Te Deums_ were sung in -all the churches of Copenhagen; and throughout the kingdom, wherever -the news had penetrated, there was a thanksgiving to Almighty God for -the overthrow of the godless Government. The clergy, who had been -especially hostile to Struensee, and done much to bring about his -fall, did not hesitate to improve the occasion from their pulpits, and -spoke of "the fearful vengeance of the Lord" which had fallen upon -wickedness in high places. Nor did they spare in their condemnation -the unfortunate Matilda, but likened her to Rahab and to Jezebel, and -urged their congregations to hate and execrate her name. The celebrated -Dr. Münter, who had often come into conflict with the Queen and -Struensee in the days of their power, preached in the royal chapel of -the Christiansborg Palace before the King, the Queen-Dowager, Prince -Frederick and the court, and took for his text St. Matthew, chapter -viii., verses 1-13. His sermon was nothing but a violent diatribe -against the fallen minister, more especially for his policy in granting -toleration in matters of religion. "Godless men ruled over us," cried -the preacher, "and openly defied God. They, to whom nothing was sacred -either in heaven or earth, despised and mocked the national faith. Yet, -while they were meditating violent measures to secure their power for -ever, the vengeance of the Lord fell upon them." So on for many pages, -concluding with: "Our King is once more ours; we are again his people." -The eloquence of the preacher so moved the Queen-Dowager that she shed -tears. - -The fanaticism of the clergy was only equalled by the fury of the -press. That the journals of Copenhagen, which were more or less -subsidised, should indulge in violent language was only to be expected, -but the most eminent writers of the time joined in the cry, including -the historian Suhm, a man who was a Dane of Danes, and who had already -urged the Queen-Dowager to action. This learned man published an open -letter to the King, which was sold in pamphlet form throughout the -kingdom. Like many other professors, Suhm was only admirable when he -confined himself to the subjects which he professed, and the moment -he quitted the realm of history for contemporary politics he became -unfortunate and of no account. His open letter out-Müntered Münter in -the violence of its abuse and the fulsomeness of its adulation. "Long -enough," runs the pamphlet, "had religion and virtue been trampled -under foot; long enough had honesty and integrity been thrust aside. A -disgraceful mob of _canaille_ had seized the person of the King, and -rendered access to him impossible for every honourable man. The country -swam in tears; the Danish land became a name of shame; the rich were -plundered; the sun of the royal house was dimmed, and every department -of the Government was given up to unscrupulous robbers, blasphemers -and enemies of humanity." After recounting at great length the danger -to which the nation had been brought by the "monster Struensee," the -pamphlet burst forth into an eloquent exhortation to Danes to arise and -defend their heritage. It called on all to rally to the standard of the -Queen-Dowager and her son, who had delivered the King and the country -from imminent peril. "Who would not praise and esteem that dangerous -but honourable night?" wrote Suhm. "Future Homers and Virgils will sing -its praises, and so long as there are any Danish and Norwegian heroes -left in the world the glory of Juliana Maria and Frederick will endure. -Heaven and earth shall pass away, but their glory shall not pass away." -This precious pamphlet was greeted with praise from the highest to the -lowest in the land. Suhm soon issued a second exhortation addressed: -"To my Countrymen--Danes, Norwegians and Holsteiners," in which he -demanded vengeance upon Struensee. Such vengeance, he declared, was -imperatively demanded for the honour of Denmark, for "all the nations -of Europe would regard a people that suffered itself to be governed by -a Struensee as a vile, cowardly people". Suhm's example was followed -by a number of anonymous scribblers, who flooded town and country -with pamphlets calling aloud for the blood of the fallen minister. -So unanimous were these pamphlets, and with such regularity did they -appear, that it provoked the suspicion that the new Government had -some hand in thus inflaming public opinion against its enemies. Not -only were Struensee, Brandt and their colleagues denounced by every -conceivable epithet, but the name of the Queen, who, though imprisoned, -was still the reigning Queen, was dragged into these effusions, and -covered with dishonour. Everything was done to foment the public rage -against her, and "Justice against Matilda" was shouted by hirelings in -the streets. - -Before matters had reached this pitch, Keith had intervened on behalf -of the imprisoned Queen. It was unfortunate that Matilda, at the -time of her arrest, had not demanded to see the English minister, -and thrown herself on his protection as a princess of Great Britain. -But the thought did not cross her mind, for though Keith was anxious -and willing to help her, the Queen, in her madness for Struensee, -had rejected both the assistance and advice that had been offered -by her brother of England, and had treated his representative with -reserve. But Keith, we see by his despatches, realised the situation, -and cherished no feeling of resentment. He felt for the Queen nothing -but chivalrous pity, and determined, if possible, to shield her from -the consequences of her rashness and indiscretion. To this end he had -attended the masked ball, where he saw the Queen radiant and happy, -with no thought of the mine about to explode beneath her feet. - -In the morning of January 17 Keith heard with astonishment and alarm -of the Queen-Dowager's conspiracy, and that the Queen, abandoned by -the King, had been conveyed a prisoner to the castle of Kronborg. -Rumours were current that she was in imminent peril, and that it was -proposed to execute her before the sun went down. With characteristic -determination Keith lost not a moment in acting on behalf of the Queen. -He hastened through the crowded streets to the Christiansborg Palace, -and demanded instant audience of the King. This was denied him, and -so was his request that he might be admitted to the presence of the -Queen-Dowager or her son. Nothing daunted, Keith demanded an immediate -interview with Osten, who still acted as minister of foreign affairs. -Osten, who well knew the nature of Keith's errand, tried at first to -put him off with excuses, but the envoy would not be denied, and at -last almost forced his way into Osten's cabinet, where he found him -in council with some of the other conspirators. In answer to the -envoy's inquiry, "Where is the Queen?" Osten replied that his Majesty -had found it necessary to remove his royal consort to the fortress of -Kronborg, where she would be detained until the King further signified -his pleasure, and the grave charges against her of conspiracy against -the King's authority and infidelity to his bed had been disproved. -Keith, under these circumstances, could do nothing but lodge a protest, -and demand that the Queen, as a princess of Great Britain, should -be treated with all the respect and consideration which her birth -demanded, and that, as Queen of Denmark, any proceedings against her -should follow the regular and constitutional rule of that country. -He referred to the rumours that were current of foul play, and said -that he held the Danish Government responsible for her safety, and -warned them that the King, his master, would undoubtedly declare war -against Denmark if a hair of her head were touched. After delivering -this ultimatum, Keith left the Christiansborg Palace, returned to his -own house, and wrote a long despatch to England, detailing all that -had occurred, and what he had said and done. He asked for instructions -as to how he was to proceed with regard to the new Government and the -imprisoned Queen. This done, he shut himself up in his house until the -answer should arrive.[28] - -[28] _Memoirs of Sir R. Murray Keith_, vol. i. It is impossible to -quote this despatch of Keith's, as it has been destroyed. The last -available despatch of Keith's is previous to the catastrophe, and -thenceforward, until after the Queen's divorce, all the despatches -relating to the Queen are abstracted from those preserved in the State -Paper Office in London. These despatches were destroyed by order of -King George III. There is no trace either of the despatches sent by -Keith to England at this period, or of those from England to Keith, -beyond an order, later, that Keith was to bring them to England. - -The popular rejoicings came to an end within a week of the palace -revolution, but the court festivities were continued some time longer. -The King frequently drove about the city in company with his brother, -and, as the ground was covered with snow, he often appeared in a -sleigh. The Queen-Dowager also showed herself in public on every -possible occasion, in marked contrast to her previous habits of rigid -seclusion. She now occupied at Frederiksberg the apartments of the -imprisoned Queen, but at the Christiansborg she retained her former -suite. Within a week of Matilda's disgrace a state banquet and ball -were held at the Christiansborg, at which the Queen-Dowager took -the place of the reigning Queen. The King's twenty-third birthday, -January 29, was celebrated all over the kingdom with great rejoicing, -and Copenhagen was decorated and illuminated in honour of the event. -In the evening the King, attended by a very large suite, witnessed -the performance at the palace theatre of two new French vaudevilles. -With a singular lack of good taste, the titles of these pieces were -"_L'Ambitieux_," and "_L'Indiscret_," and, as might be judged, they -abounded in allusions to Struensee and scarcely veiled insults of the -imprisoned Queen, who only a few days before had been the centre of -the court festivities. After the play there was a grand supper in the -knights' hall, to which the foreign envoys, ministers, and the most -distinguished of the nobility were invited. The English envoy was -absent. - -The object of all these court festivities was to persuade the public -that the King shared in the universal joy. There is reason, however, to -believe that after the first few days of excitement were past, the King -began to realise that he had bettered his condition very little by the -change. He was glad to be rid of Brandt and Struensee, especially of -Brandt, but he missed the Queen, who was always kind and lively, and no -doubt if he could have seen her he would have forgiven her on the spot. -The Queen-Dowager was fully aware of this danger, and determined at all -hazards to prevent it. Already she was beginning to feel some of the -anxieties of power. Popularity is a very fleeting thing, and there were -signs that the popularity of the new Government would be ephemeral; the -recent riots of the mob, which were comparatively unchecked, had given -them a taste for similar excesses. The court lived in continual dread -of further disturbance. - -A ludicrous instance of this occurred at the theatre some few days -after the revolution, when the court was at the French play. Owing -to the house being inconveniently crowded, some slight disturbance -took place in the cheaper seats. Immediately a rumour flew round the -theatre that a riot had broken out in the city, Struensee and Brandt -had escaped from prison, and the mob were setting fire to houses -and plundering everywhere. The news ran like wildfire through the -audience, and in an incredibly short space of time a scene of panic -prevailed. Every one began to make for the doors, with the result that -the confusion became worse confounded. The King was the first to take -fright, and rushed from his box, with wild looks, followed by the -Hereditary Prince. The Queen-Dowager tried in vain to detain them, -and when they were gone she was so much overcome that she fainted. A -curious crowd had collected outside the theatre, and it was not until -some time that order was restored, and the whole affair discovered to -be a hoax. But the Queen-Dowager was not reassured, and the result of -this panic was seen in a series of police regulations for the better -preservation of the public peace. The city gates, which had been left -open, were again locked at night; masters were ordered to keep their -apprentices at home after dark, and public houses were ordered to be -closed at ten o'clock. - -The first step taken by the Queen-Dowager was to re-establish the -Council of State, which had been abolished by Struensee. It consisted -of Prince Frederick and the following members: Count Thott, Count -Rantzau, Councillor Schack-Rathlou, Admiral Rommeling, General -Eickstedt and Count Osten. All resolutions were discussed by the -Council of State before they received the royal assent, and the net -result of the new regulations was to take the power out of the -King's hands, and vest it in the Council, for the King's signature -was deprived of all force and validity except in council. The members -of the Council of State received in their patents the titles of -Ministers of State and Excellencies. Count Thott acted as president of -the Council in the absence of the King, and received a salary of six -thousand dollars--the other members five thousand dollars. Guldberg, -who really drew up the plan of the Council with the Queen-Dowager, and -afterwards the instructions, was not at first a member, but for all -that he was the most influential man in the Government. He and the -Queen-Dowager worked in concert, and they ruled the situation. It was -said that Juliana Maria at first entertained the idea of deposing the -King, and placing her son upon the throne, but Guldberg opposed it, and -pointed out that such a step would surely be followed by a protest from -the nation and from the foreign powers, with England at their head. - -The Queen-Dowager therefore continued to play the rôle of one who had -only come forward with the greatest reluctance because her action was -urgently needed for the salvation of the King and country. This was the -line she took in a conversation with Reverdil, who was set at liberty a -few days after his arrest by her orders, and summoned to her presence. -When Reverdil entered the room, she apologised for his arrest, and -said it was a mistake, and contrary to her orders. She continued: "I -only wish I could have spared the others, but the Queen had forgotten -everything she owed to her sex, her birth and her rank. Even so, my son -and I would have refrained from interference had not her irregularities -affected the Government. The whole kingdom was upset, and going fast -to ruin. God supported me through it all; I felt neither alarm nor -terror."[29] - -[29] _Mémoires de Reverdil._ - -The Queen-Dowager felt well disposed towards Reverdil, who had more -than once remonstrated with Struensee on the disrespect shown by him -and his minions to her and Prince Frederick. She would probably have -reinstated him in his post, but Osten and Rantzau disliked him. They -feared he might gain an influence over the King, or enter a plea of -mercy for the prisoners, or suggest to the Queen-Dowager the recall -of Bernstorff, or induce her to summon Prince Charles of Hesse to -court--both of whom disliked them. So Osten saw Reverdil and worked -upon his fears. He advised him for his own sake to leave the court, -and the honest Swiss needed no second warning, but within a week shook -the dust of Copenhagen off his feet, and so disappears from this -history.[30] - -[30] After leaving Copenhagen, Reverdil lived for some time at Nyon, -and afterwards at Lausanne. He maintained a correspondence with -Prince Charles of Hesse, and lived on friendly terms with a number of -distinguished personages, including Necker, Garnier, Mesdames Necker -and De Stael, and Voltaire, who said of him: "On peut avoir autant -d'esprit que Reverdil, mais pas davantage." Reverdil lived to an -advanced age, and died in 1808 at Geneva. - -The next step of the Queen-Dowager's Government was the appointment of -a commission of inquiry to conduct the investigation of Struensee, -Brandt, and the ten other prisoners, and send them for trial. This -Commission consisted of eight high officials, to whom a ninth was -eventually added. They were all known to be enemies of Struensee and -his system of government. The Commission was appointed in January, -and made it its first duty to search the houses of the prisoners, -and examine all their papers. For the purpose of taking evidence -the Commission sat daily at the Christiansborg Palace, but either -because the commissioners were uncertain how to proceed, or because of -conflicting counsels, five weeks passed before the examination of the -principal prisoners began. Every one knew that the trial was a foregone -conclusion. Keith wrote to his father before it took place: "Count -Struensee is loaded with irons, and, which is worse, with guilt, in a -common prison in the citadel. Without knowing either the particulars -of the accusations against him, or the proofs, I believe I may venture -to say that he will soon finish his wild career by the hands of the -executioner. The treatment of Count Brandt in the prison, and the race -he has run, bear so near an affinity to those of Struensee that it may -be presumed his doom will be similar."[31] - -[31] Sir R. M. Keith to Mr. Keith, February 9, 1772.--_Memoirs and -Correspondence of Sir Robert Murray Keith._ - -Struensee and Brandt were kept confined closely to their cells, and -treated with hardship and ignominy, which would have broken the spirits -of far stronger men than they, who had been rendered soft by luxury -and self-indulgence. The day after their arrival at the citadel iron -chains were specially forged for them. These chains weighed eighteen -pounds each, and were fastened on the right hand and on the left -leg, and thence, with the length of three yards, to the wall. They -wore them day and night and never took them off. Struensee felt this -indignity bitterly, and made pitiful efforts to conceal his fetters. -Curiously enough, the smith who forged them and fastened them upon him -was a prisoner who only a year before had been in chains himself, and -then had begged Struensee for alms and his liberty. The minister had -contemptuously tossed him some pence, but refused to set him free, -saying: "You do not wear your chains on account of your virtues." When -the man, therefore, fettered Struensee to the wall, he reminded him of -the incident by saying: "Your Excellency, I do not put this chain on -you on account of your virtues."[32] - -[32] _Gespräch im Reiche der Todten_ (a pamphlet). - -Most of the severities inflicted on the prisoners, and especially those -on Struensee, seem rather to have been dictated from a fear that they -would attempt to commit suicide, and not in any vindictive spirit. -Neither of the prisoners was entrusted with knives and forks, but the -jailors cut up their food and carried it to their mouths. Struensee at -first tried to starve himself, but after three days the commandant sent -him word that he was to eat and drink, otherwise he would be thrashed -until his appetite returned. His buttons were cut off his clothes, -because he had swallowed two of them; his shoe-buckles were removed, -and when he tried to dash his head against the wall he was made to wear -an iron cap. Brandt escaped both the strait-waistcoat and the iron cap, -for he showed no disposition to take his life; on the contrary, he was -always cheerful, and bore his fate with a fortitude which shamed the -wretched Struensee. - -[Illustration: FREDERICK, HEREDITARY PRINCE OF DENMARK, STEP-BROTHER OF -CHRISTIAN VII.] - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -"A DAUGHTER OF ENGLAND." - -1772. - - -The ill-news from Denmark travelled to England in an incredibly short -space of time, considering how slow and difficult was the transmission -of news in the eighteenth century. Though nothing definite was -known, the air was full of rumours, and the gossips of the clubs -and coffee-houses were much exercised over the fate of the Queen of -Denmark. The greatest care had been taken to prevent any whisper of -the current scandal at the court of Denmark reaching the ears of the -English people. The less reputable members of the Opposition, it was -thought, would be sure to use the intrigue between the Queen and -Struensee as another weapon against the King and the Government. So -long back as December 20, 1771, we find Keith writing to Lord Suffolk -a private letter detailing the case of one Ball, an English naval -surgeon, who had offered his services in aid of the Danish expedition -against Algiers. Struensee, who hated every one English, had dismissed -his application with scant courtesy, and in revenge Ball had written an -angry letter to Struensee, threatening to expose his conduct. Keith -continues: "I can hardly suppose that Count Struensee will deign to -send an answer to this letter, but, as Mr. Ball has picked up here a -number of scandalous stories which might make a figure in a catch-penny -pamphlet, I think it my duty to let your Lordship know what may be the -possible consequence of his revenging his disappointment by appearing -in print. If the Minister was the only person whose name might be mixed -up in this altercation, I should be less anxious. Perhaps the Danish -envoy in London may obtain for Mr. Ball some additional gratuity which -will put an end to the dispute."[33] - -[33] Keith's despatch, Copenhagen, December 20, 1771. - -Whether Ball was muzzled or not there is no record to tell, but the -events at the Danish court having culminated in the catastrophe of -January 16, it was only a question of time for the scandal to be -bruited abroad in every court in Europe, and in England too. As early -as January 23 a London newspaper created great excitement by the -following paragraph: "It is affirmed by letters from the continent that -a royal princess is certainly detained in a tower, inaccessible to -every creature, except such as are appointed to attend her, but that an -absolute silence is imposed throughout the kingdom on this subject."[34] - -[34] _General Evening Post_, January 23, 1772. - -A few days later Keith's despatch arrived from Copenhagen, containing a -full account of the revolution there, and the arrest and imprisonment -of the Queen. Lord Suffolk, the foreign secretary, immediately -hastened with it to the King, who was about to hold a levee. George -III., who had already heard evil rumours, was so much overcome by this -confirmation of them that he immediately put off the levee, and the -royal family were thrown into grief and humiliation. Queen Charlotte -was highly indignant with her sister-in-law, and went into closest -retirement, declaring that she was ashamed to appear in public. The -Princess of Brunswick, Matilda's sister, who was staying in London at -the time, wept bitterly. The Princess-Dowager of Wales was seriously -ill, and the Princess of Brunswick thought that it was better that her -mother should not be told; but the King said: "My mother _will_ know -everything"; and therefore he went to her directly, and acquainted her -with the contents of Keith's despatch. - -The Princess-Dowager was overwhelmed with affliction at the news of -this last family disgrace. She had seen it coming for some time, and -made every effort to recall her daughter from the error of her ways; -but her remonstrances were unheeded, and her advice neglected, and now -the ruin which she had foretold had fallen upon the Queen of Denmark. -Only a few months before the Princess-Dowager had been annoyed beyond -measure by the marriage of her youngest son, Henry Duke of Cumberland, -with Mrs. Horton, a beautiful and designing widow,[35] and she had -broken off all communication with him in consequence. Her other son, -the Duke of Gloucester, who had contracted a similar marriage, soon -to be publicly avowed, had added to her anxieties by a dangerous -illness. Her eldest daughter, the Princess of Brunswick, was unhappy -in her matrimonial relations. Therefore it is no wonder that the proud -Princess's patience gave way under this last disgrace. In the first -moments of her grief and anger she turned her face to the wall and -prayed for death, and forbade her children and her servants evermore -to mention to her the name of Matilda, who, she declared, had ceased -to be her daughter. Well might Walpole write: "Such an accumulated -succession of mortifications has rarely fallen on a royal family in so -short a space. They seem to have inherited the unpropitious star of the -Stuarts, from whom they are descended, as well as their crown."[36] - -[35] The Duchess of Cumberland was the widow of Andrew Horton of -Catton, and the daughter of Simon Lord Irnham, afterwards Earl of -Carhampton. The marriage took place privately on October 2, 1771, at -the Hon. Mrs. Horton's house in Hertford Street, Mayfair. The King, -when apprised of the fact, immediately manifested his displeasure by -publishing a notice in the _London Gazette_ to the effect that such -persons as might choose to wait upon the Duke and the new Duchess would -no longer be received at St. James's. This marriage was the immediate -cause of the passing of the Royal Marriage Act, which made such -marriages (if contracted without the consent of the reigning sovereign) -in future illegal. - -[36] Walpole's _Reign of George III._, vol. iv. - -The dishonour of her youngest daughter, coming on the top of all -her other mortifications, proved too much even for the indomitable -spirit of the Princess-Dowager, and without doubt hastened her death. -In any case the end could not have been long delayed, for she was -dying of cancer, and her sufferings the last year of her life had -been agonising. Yet to the end she would not admit that she was ill, -and bore her pains, like her sorrows, in stern silence. George III., -whose pride was deeply wounded by these family scandals, which brought -discredit on the throne and the dynasty, greatly sympathised with -his mother. Doubtless he took counsel with her as to how he was to -act to save his sister Matilda from the worst consequences of her -indiscretion, but at first he seems to have done nothing. Perhaps this -inaction was due to his great anxiety concerning his mother's health. -He had always been devoted to her, and was now unremitting in his -attentions. He visited her every evening at eight o'clock, and remained -some hours; but though the Princess was gradually sinking before his -eyes, even he did not dare to hint to her that the end was near. - -The night before she died the King was so anxious that he anticipated -his visit by an hour, pretending that he had mistaken the time, and he -brought with him Queen Charlotte. Even then, with the hand of death -upon her, the Princess-Dowager rose up and dressed as usual to receive -her son and daughter-in-law. She made not the slightest allusion to her -state of health, though she kept them in conversation for four hours on -other topics. On their rising to take their leave, she said that she -should pass a quiet night. The King, who feared she might die at any -moment, did not return home, but, unknown to his mother, remained at -Carlton House. The Princess-Dowager fought hard for life the first part -of the night, but towards morning it became evident even to herself -that the end was imminent. She asked her physician how long she had to -live. He hesitated. "No matter," she said, "for I have nothing to say, -nothing to do, nothing to leave."[37] An hour later she was dead. She -died so suddenly that the King, although he was resting in an adjoining -room, was not in time to be with his mother when she breathed her last. -He gained her bedside immediately after, took her hand, kissed it, and -burst into tears. - -[37] Mrs. Carter's _Letters_, vol. iv. - -The Princess-Dowager of Wales died in the fifty-third year of her age, -at six o'clock in the morning, on February 8, 1772, not long after the -terrible news had arrived from Denmark. She therefore died without -hearing again of her daughter Matilda. "The calmness and composure of -her death," wrote Bishop Newton, her domestic chaplain, "were further -proofs and attestations of the goodness of her life; and she died, as -she lived, beloved and lamented most by those who knew her best."[38] -No sooner was this princess, who was cruelly abused all her life, -dead, than the papers were filled with praise of her virtues. "Never -was a more amiable, a more innocent, or a more benevolent princess," -wrote one, and this was the theme, with variations, of the rest. -Without endorsing all this eulogy, it must be admitted that the -Princess-Dowager of Wales was in many ways a princess high above the -average. Few women have been more harshly judged, and none on so little -evidence. Insult and calumny followed her to the grave. A few days -before she died a scandalous libel appeared, and the disgrace of the -daughter was seized on as a weapon to attack once more the mother. An -indecent scribbler, who signed himself "Atticus," wrote in the _Public -Advertiser_ of the revolution at Copenhagen as follows:-- - -"The day was fixed: _a Favourite fell_. Methinks I hear the Earl of -Bute whisper to his poor affrighted soul, and every corner of his -hiding places murmur these expressions: 'God bless us! A known and -established Favourite ruined in a single night by a near neighbour--the -frenzy may reach this country, and I am undone. Englishmen too are -haters of favourites and Scotchmen. Those old rascally Whig families, -whose power and virtues seem almost lost, may reunite. In the meantime, -I must do something--a lucky thought occurs to me. I'll fill the minds -of the people with prejudices against those haughty Danes. Bradshaw -Dyson shall bribe the printers to suppress any contradictory reports. -Englishmen are always ready to vindicate injured virtue at any expense; -therefore nothing shall be heard but the _honour of the King's -sister_!'" - -[38] _Bishop Newton's Life of Himself_, vol. i. - -Thus, even when the poor woman lay dying, the old prejudice was -revived. Then, as for a quarter of a century before, the pivot on which -all this slander turned was the precise nature of the friendship -between the Princess and Lord Bute--a matter which surely concerned no -one except themselves. Her arch-maligner, Horace Walpole, put the worst -construction on this intimacy, and her political enemies endorsed his -verdict. But Walpole hated the Princess-Dowager, because she refused to -recognise in any way the marriage of his favourite niece to the Duke -of Gloucester. The evil construction placed upon the friendship, as -Lord Chesterfield said, "was founded on mere conjectures". The whole -life of the Princess-Dowager--the decorum of her conduct, the order and -regularity of her household, her strict principles, the reticence of -her character, and the coldness of her temperament--give it the lie. -The eighteenth century, with its gross pleasures and low ideals, could -not understand a disinterested friendship between a man and a woman, -and, not understanding, condemned it. Yet there is much to show that -this friendship was of that high order of affection which eliminates -all thought of self or sex. It lasted for long years; it was marked -by complete trust and confidence on the woman's side, by loyalty and -chivalry on the man's. It never wavered through good report or ill; -opposition and insult served to strengthen it, and it was broken only -by death. There must have been something very noble in the woman who -won such allegiance, and in the man who rendered it. - -The news from Copenhagen created an extraordinary sensation in -London. The ladies were whispering all sorts of naughtiness behind -their fans concerning Queen Matilda and Struensee; the gossips in the -coffee-houses were retailing fresh bits of scandal every day, and the -politicians were betting on the possibilities of a war with Denmark. -Public opinion at first seemed to be on the side of the young Queen. -Some of the papers already demanded that a fleet should be sent to -Denmark to vindicate the honour of the British Princess, who was -generally spoken of as the "Royal Innocent". The following may be -quoted as a specimen of these effusions:-- - -"Recollect the manner in which that lady [Queen Matilda] was educated, -and that, when delivered into the hands of her husband she was in the -full possession of every virtue. All the graces were in her; she knew -nothing but what was good. Can it then, with any degree of reason, be -concluded that in so short a time the lady could forget every virtuous -precept, and abandon herself to infamy? My dear countrymen, it cannot -be, and until we have a certainty of guilt, believe it not, though an -angel from Copenhagen should affirm it."[39] - -[39] _General Evening Post_, February 8, 1772. - -The popular curiosity was heightened by the profound secrecy observed -by the court and government. So far, nothing definite was known; the -King and his ministers were naturally silent. The illness and death -of his mother had hindered the King from taking action on Keith's -despatch, and while he was hesitating, another communication arrived -from Copenhagen. This was a letter addressed by that wily diplomatist, -Osten, to the Danish envoy in London, Baron Dieden, with instructions -that he was to communicate its contents to Lord Suffolk at once. This -letter threw a different complexion on the affair to that of Keith's -despatch. It assumed the guilt of the Queen, and urged that the King -of Denmark was only within his rights in removing his consort from -the contaminating presence of her favourite. The matter, Osten urged, -was of so delicate and personal a nature that it could not be treated -properly by ministers or envoys. The King of Denmark, when he had -recovered from the affliction into which the knowledge of his consort's -infidelity had plunged him, would write to his brother of England with -his own hand, and he trusted that his Britannic Majesty would suspend -judgment until then. A few days later Dieden received another despatch -from Osten, enclosing a sealed letter from Christian VII. to George -III., and the Danish envoy delivered this letter into the King's hands -at once. This letter, which no doubt Christian had been induced to copy -by the dictation of the Queen-Dowager and her advisers, took the same -line as Osten's despatch, though of course it was written in a more -intimate and confidential tone, not only as between brother monarchs, -but near relatives. - -George III., who was already prejudiced against his sister by the way -in which she had slighted his advice, and ignored his remonstrances, -was not averse from dealing with the difficulty in this way. Though he -greatly disliked his cousin, the King of Denmark, and knew the insults -and cruelties which had been heaped upon his unhappy sister, yet, as -he was of a most moral and domestic nature, he could not find in them -any justification for her conduct, and he regarded her offence, if -proved, with horror. Osten's representations were so plausible that -the King, when he received Christian VII.'s letter, replied to it in -no unyielding spirit; he reserved his judgment, but demanded that -his sister should be treated fairly, and every possible respect and -indulgence be shown to her. He would not go behind his envoy's back, -in the manner suggested by Osten, for he rightly judged that Keith, -being on the spot, would be thoroughly informed of the situation. -He therefore gave his letter to Suffolk to transmit to Keith, with -instructions that he was to have a personal audience of the King -forthwith, and to deliver it into his hands. At the same time Lord -Suffolk wrote a despatch to Keith asking for fuller information, and -conveying to him in a special manner his Sovereign's approbation of his -conduct. - -Keith all this time had remained shut up in his house, in Copenhagen, -awaiting instructions from England, and unable, until he received -them, to do anything on behalf of the unhappy Queen. The answer to his -despatch did not arrive for nearly a month. When at last it came, "in -the shape of a sealed square packet, it was placed in Colonel Keith's -hands, and they trembled, and he shook all over as he cut the strings. -The parcel flew open, and the Order of the Bath fell at his feet. The -insignia had been enclosed by the King's own hands, with a despatch -commanding him to invest himself forthwith, and appear at the Danish -court."[40] What instructions the despatch contained will never be -known; but that George III. entirely approved of the way in which his -representative had acted is shown by a letter which Lord Suffolk wrote -at the same time to Keith's father:-- - -"I cannot deny myself the satisfaction of acquainting you with the -eminent merit of your son, his Majesty's minister at Copenhagen, and -the honourable testimony his Majesty has been pleased to give of his -approbation by conferring on him the Order of the Bath. The ability, -spirit and dignity with which Sir Robert Keith has conducted himself -in a very delicate and difficult position has induced his Majesty -to accompany the honour he bestows with very particular marks of -distinction."[41] - -[40] _Memoirs of Sir Robert Murray Keith._ - -[41] Lord Suffolk, secretary of state for foreign affairs, to R. Keith, -Esq., February 28, 1772. - -Fortified with these marks of his Sovereign's approval, and armed with -the King's letter, Keith, for the first time for many weeks, emerged -from his house, and proceeded to the Christiansborg Palace, where he -demanded a private audience of the King of Denmark. The audience was -promised on the morrow, but when Keith again repaired to the palace, -and was conducted to the ante-chamber of the King's apartments, he -was astonished at seeing, instead of the King, Osten and some of the -newly appointed ministers, who informed him that, his Majesty not being -well, they had been charged to receive the envoy's communication, -and convey it to the King. Keith replied with some indignation that -his orders were to deliver his letter into the King's own hands, and -he did not understand why his Danish Majesty, after he had consented -to give him audience, should refer him to his ministers. But the -ministers only politely expressed their regret, and said they were -acting under the King's orders. The whole scene of course was planned -by the Queen-Dowager, who had her own reasons for keeping the English -envoy away from the King, as she was determined at all hazards that -Matilda should be deposed and disgraced. Keith, who realised that there -was something behind, and saw the futility of further remonstrance, -reluctantly surrendered the letter; but he added that he should not -fail to inform his Sovereign of the way in which he had been treated. -He moreover said that his royal master's letter was a private one to -the King, but that he himself had authority to state to the ministers -that, if the Queen of Denmark were not treated with all the respect -due to her birth and rank, her royal brother of England would not fail -to resent it in a manner that would make Denmark tremble. He then -withdrew. - -Keith must have written a very strongly worded despatch to Lord -Suffolk, exposing the trickery of the Danish court, and probably -hinting at the Queen's danger, for though the despatches which passed -between him and Suffolk at this time are missing, we know that they -became graver and more serious in tone. The relations between the two -countries seemed likely to be broken off, for the Danish envoy in -England, Dieden, followed Keith's example, and shut himself up in his -house until he should receive instructions. When these instructions -came, they could not have been satisfactory, for when the Danish envoy -next appeared at court, George III. pointedly ignored him, which the -minister resented by standing out of the circle, and laughing and -talking with the Prussian minister, whose master also had a dispute -with England at this time. Moreover, the Prussian minister had given -offence to the King by talking too freely about the scandal at the -Danish court. On one occasion he asked a court official with a sneer: -"What has become of your Queen of Denmark?"--to which the Englishman -made quick reply: "Apparently she is at Spandau with your Princess of -Prussia"--a princess who had been divorced for adultery. - -The secrecy which still reigned over everything concerning the King's -sister, and the dilatory nature of the negotiations, led to much -unfavourable comment in England. The mystery of the Queen of Denmark -continued to be the only topic of discussion, both in public and -private. Notwithstanding all precautions, well-informed people formed a -very shrewd idea of what had taken place at Copenhagen. For instance, -on February 28, 1772, Mrs. Carter wrote to Mrs. Vesey: "I have very -little intelligence to send you from Denmark, as there is a profound -silence at St. James's on this subject. You know that the unhappy -young Queen is imprisoned in a castle dashed by the waves, where she -is kept in very strict confinement. I am persuaded you would think it -an alleviation of her misfortunes if I could tell you it is the very -castle once haunted by Hamlet's ghost, but of this I have no positive -assurance, though, as it is at Elsinur, I think such an imagination as -yours and mine may fairly enough make out the rest. In the letter that -the King of Denmark wrote to ours, he only mentioned in general terms -that the Queen had behaved in a manner which obliged him to imprison -her, but that from regard to his Majesty her life should be safe."[42] - -[42] Mrs. Carter's _Letters_, vol. iv. - -The thought that the young and beautiful Queen--a British princess--was -ill-treated and imprisoned, and possibly even in danger of her -life, and her brother would not interpose on her behalf, created an -extraordinary sensation, and the Opposition, thinking any stick good -enough wherewith to belabour the King and his ministers, did not fail -to turn the situation to account. It formed the subject of one of the -most powerful letters of Junius, who made a terrific onslaught on both -the King and the Prime Minister, Lord North, from which we take the -following extracts:-- - - - "MY LORD, - - "I have waited with a degree of impatience natural to a man - who wishes well to his country for your lordship's ministerial - interposition on behalf of an injured Princess of England, the - Queen-Consort of Denmark.... An insignificant Northern Potentate - is honoured by a matrimonial alliance with the King of England's - sister. A confused rumour prevails, that she has been false to his - bed; the tale spreads; a particular man is pointed out as the object - of her licentious affections. Our hopeful Ministry are, however, - quite silent: despatches, indeed, are sent off to Copenhagen, but - the contents of those despatches are so profound a secret, that with - me it almost amounts to a question whether you [Lord North] yourself - know anything of the matter.... In private life the honour of a - sister is deemed an affair of infinite consequence to a brother. A - man of sentiment is anxious to convince his friends and neighbours - that the breath of slander hath traduced her virtue; and he seizes, - with avidity, every extenuating circumstance that can contribute - to extenuate her offence, or demonstrate her innocence beyond the - possibility of cavil. Is our pious Monarch cast in a different mould - from that of his people? Or is he taught to believe that the opinion - of his subjects has no manner of relation to his own felicity? Are - _you_, my Lord, [North] quite devoid of feeling? Have you no warm - blood that flows round your heart, that gives your frame a thrilling - soft sensation, and makes your bosom glow with affections ornamental - to man as a social creature? For shame, my Lord! However wrong you - act, you must know better; you must be conscious that the people - have a right to be informed of every transaction which concerns - the welfare of the state. They are part of a mighty empire, which - flourishes only as their happiness is promoted; they have a kind - of claim in every person belonging to the royal lineage. How then - can they possibly remain neuter, and see their Princess imprisoned - by banditti and northern Vandals?... There is a barbarous ferocity - which still clings to the inhabitants of the north, and renders - their government subject to perpetual convulsions; but the Danes, I - fancy, will be found the only people in our times who have dared to - proceed to extremities that alarmed Europe, nay, dared to imprison an - English princess without giving even the shadow of a public reason - for their conduct.... The present Machiavelian Dowager Julia may - send the young Queen's soul to Heaven in a night, and through the - shameless remissness of you, Lord North, as Prime Minister of this - unhappy country, the public may remain ignorant of every circumstance - relative to the murder. Be not, however, deceived: the blood of - our Sovereign's sister shall not be suffered to cry in vain for - vengeance: it _shall_ be heard, it _shall_ be revenged, and, what is - still more, it shall besprinkle Lord North, and thus affix a stigma - on his forehead, which shall make him wander, like another Cain, - accursed through the world."[43] - -[43] This letter, signed "Junius," appeared in the _Gentleman's -Magazine_, March 3, 1772. - -This attack naturally called forth a counter-attack, and before long -the guilt, or innocence, of the King's sister was as hotly debated -in the public press as in the clubs and coffee-houses. But neither -the thunders of Junius, nor the shrill cries of those who took the -opposite view, made any difference to Lord North, and the nature of -the negotiations which were going on between England and Denmark -remained as much a mystery as ever. When pressed in Parliament on the -subject, the Prime Minister contented himself with answering, with his -usual air of frankness, that, unless expressly ordered to do so by the -House, he would not reveal so delicate a matter, and in this he was -supported by the good sense of the House, which had no wish to see the -disgrace of the King's sister form a subject of debate within the walls -of Parliament. Moreover, at this stage it was not a question which -concerned ministers, but the King, and the blame for what followed -must be laid not on their shoulders, but on his. George III. believed -his sister guilty, and did not weigh sufficiently the extenuating -circumstances, which, whether guilty or innocent, could be urged in her -favour. He did not act at first with that firmness which the situation -undoubtedly demanded. The Queen-Dowager of Denmark and her advisers -believed the King of England to be luke-warm, and consequently -proceeded against his unhappy sister with every circumstance of cruelty -and malevolence. If even her brother would not defend her, Matilda was -indeed abandoned to the vengeance of her enemies. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -THE IMPRISONED QUEEN. - -1772. - - -All this time the unfortunate Matilda remained at Kronborg, with -no consolation except that she was permitted to retain the infant -princess. She was still very closely guarded, but after Keith's -spirited protest, the rigours of her imprisonment were slightly abated. -Some clothes and other necessaries were sent her from Copenhagen, and -by way of keeping up the fiction that she was treated with the respect -due to her birth and rank, her suite was increased, and two gentlemen -of the bed-chamber and two maids-of-honour were sent to Kronborg. -Their duties must have been light, for, confined as the Queen was to -one small chamber, they could rarely have seen their mistress during -the first months of her sojourn in the fortress. But their presence at -Kronborg was a device of the Queen-Dowager to throw dust in the eyes -of the English and other courts, for the misfortunes of Matilda were -now the subject of conversation in every court in Europe. Moreover, -the persons sent to Kronborg were all, as Juliana Maria well knew, -personally disliked by the young Queen, and they went rather in the -capacity of spies than servants of her household. As it afterwards -appeared at her trial, even the women who waited on the Queen were -really spies, and her most casual expressions and trifling actions -were distorted by these menials into evidence against her. Matilda was -allowed no communication with the outer world, and she asked her maid, -a woman named Arnsberg, what had become of Struensee. The woman told -her he was imprisoned in the citadel. The Queen wept, and asked: "Is -he in chains? Has he food to eat? Does he know that I am imprisoned -here?" These questions, natural enough under the circumstances, were -duly noted by the treacherous woman, and afterwards put in as evidence -against the Queen at her trial. - -When the first shock was over Matilda bore her imprisonment with -fortitude. Her youth and strong constitution were in her favour, -and she kept well, notwithstanding her deprivations. We find Keith -writing a month after the Queen's imprisonment: "The Queen of Denmark -enjoys perfect health in Hamlet's castle. I wish the punishment of her -cruellest _enemies_, the late Minister, Struensee, and his associates, -were over, that the heat of party might subside, and her Majesty's -situation be altered for the better."[44] - -[44] Keith's letter to his father, February 14, 1772. - -[Illustration: THE COURTYARD OF THE CASTLE OF KRONBORG. - -_From an Engraving._] - -In her lonely prison Matilda had ample time for reflection. She -reviewed the events of the past few months and her present situation, -and she saw, now that it was too late, that the advice and -remonstrances of her mother and brother had been given in all good -faith. She saw, too, that any hope of deliverance must come from -England, and that she could expect nothing from her imbecile husband -and the relentless Queen-Dowager and her adherents. For weeks she was -kept uncertain of the fate that awaited her; her attendants either -would not, or could not, give her any information on this head, and -she lived in constant dread of assassination. In her anxiety and alarm -she is said to have written impassioned appeals from Kronborg to Keith -in Copenhagen, and to her brother George III., throwing herself on the -protection of Great Britain.[45] Without accepting the genuineness of -any particular letter, it is certain that the Queen managed to enter -into communication with Keith, though he was not permitted to see her. -Keith had great difficulty with Osten, who spoke fair to his face but -granted nothing. - -[45] These letters were first published in the English papers early in -April, 1772, and the fact that they so appeared is sufficient to cast -grave doubts upon their genuineness. It is most unlikely that such -letters would have been allowed to pass out of safe keeping. On the -contrary, the greatest care was taken that every letter and despatch -to England bearing on the Queen's case should be kept secret, and they -were afterwards destroyed by order of George III. - -In the middle of February the news of the death of the Princess-Dowager -of Wales reached Copenhagen, and Keith made some attempt to break the -distressing intelligence to the imprisoned Queen by word of mouth. -But here, too, he was foiled by Osten, who would only suffer the -intelligence to be communicated to the Queen in a formal letter. -Matilda was greatly distressed at her mother's death, for she knew -that she had lost not only her mother, but also a protectress, whose -influence with the King of England was all-powerful. To her grief must -also have been added a sense of remorse, for she had parted with her -mother in anger; she knew, too, how the Princess's proud spirit must -have been abased by the news of her misfortunes, and this probably -hastened her death. Yet, even so, Matilda could not forget the man who -had brought her to this miserable pass; she hardly thought of herself; -all her anxiety was for him and his safety. That he had brought her to -shame and ruin made no difference to her love; all her prayers and all -her thoughts were of him. Her love was now but a memory, but it was one -she cherished dearer than life itself. - -Probably it was the knowledge of this impenitent condition (for -everything Matilda said or did was reported through spies) that made -Juliana Maria provide spiritual consolation for the hapless captive. -The Queen-Dowager was a fanatical woman, who had no charity but much -bigotry; it is possible, therefore, that she may have been sincere in -her wish to "convert" Matilda. At least, that is the only excuse that -can be offered for the insults which were heaped upon the unfortunate -young Queen in the name of religion. Acting on the instructions of -the Queen-Dowager, the commandant of Kronborg every Sunday morning -compelled his royal prisoner to come out of her small room, where -at least she had the refuge of seclusion, and marched her over the -rough stones of the courtyard to the chapel of the fortress.[46] -There, seated in a pew with a guard on either side, and the ladies -and gentlemen of her household (who put in an appearance on these -occasions) behind her, the poor Queen was thundered at ferociously -by the garrison preacher, one Chemnitz, who, also acting under -instructions, preached at her for an hour together, and hurled at her -head the fiercest insults from the safe shelter of his pulpit. For -instance, on one Sunday he chose as his text: "And the people shall -take them, and bring them to their place: and the house of Israel -shall possess them in the land of the Lord for servants and handmaids: -and they shall take them captives, whose captives they were; and they -shall rule over their oppressors" (Isa. xiv. 2). On alternate Sundays -another preacher, named Hansen, took up the parable, and was even more -violent than his colleague. On one occasion he hurled at the Queen -the following text: "Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel, and thy -garments like him that treadeth in the winefat?" (Isa. lxiii. 2), and -then proceeded to draw a parallel between the hapless prisoner and the -scarlet woman. What added to the indignity of these cruel insults was -the fact that they were addressed to the Queen in the presence of the -other prisoners, many of them common criminals, and in the face of the -rough soldiers of the fortress. But the exhortations of these Boanerges -fell on deaf ears, so far as the Queen was concerned. It was noticed -that she went very white, but she otherwise showed no sign of emotion. -She left the chapel as she had entered it, with her head held haughtily -erect, and a dignified air. Though naturally the most kind-hearted and -unassuming of women, this royal daughter of England could summon all -her dignity to her aid when she chose, and look every inch a queen. -It was impossible to humiliate Matilda; nor were these the methods to -win her from the error of her ways. When the preachers sought to gain -admittance to her cell, she absolutely refused to see them, and showed -so much determination that they dared not force their way into her -presence. She might be dragged to the chapel and publicly pilloried, -that she suffered under protest; but the men who had so insulted her -she positively declined to receive, and all exhortations and threats -were unavailing. But though the insults of the preachers failed to -shake Matilda's composure, her enemies, of whom Juliana Maria was the -chief, had at last obtained a document by which they hoped to humble -her proud head to the dust. - -[46] The chapel is a handsome building, with a vaulted stone roof, and -a gallery running round it. The walls are elaborately painted, and -pulpit and stalls adorned with wood-carving by German masters. The -chapel was restored in 1843, but, except for the pews, it presents much -the same appearance as it did in Matilda's day. It is now used as a -garrison chapel, for Kronborg is no longer a prison. - -By the third week of February the commissioners appointed to collect -evidence against the state prisoners at Copenhagen had concluded their -investigations, and were ready to examine the two principal offenders, -preliminary to sending them to trial. Struensee was taken first. He -had now been in close confinement five weeks; the heavy irons, the -rough treatment and the mental anxiety had told upon his health, -already failing before he went to prison. It was a feeble, broken -man, very different to the arrogant minister of former days, who was -dragged forth from his dungeon to be interrogated before the Commission -on February 20. Extraordinary precautions were taken to guard the -prisoner. The examination took place within the walls of the citadel, -though in another part of the fortress--the house of the commandant. -The two gates of the citadel were closed the whole day, and in the city -the garrison and burgher guard were patrolled in readiness for any -outbreak. At ten o'clock Struensee was taken across the yard of the -citadel in the commandant's coach, under the guard of an officer and -six men, to the hall of examination. As the morning was very cold he -was permitted to wear his fur coat, and before he was brought into the -room where the Commission was sitting, his fetters were taken off. He -trembled violently while his chains were being removed, but this may -have been due to physical causes, for he had worn them day and night -for five weeks, and they were very heavy. He could scarcely stand, so -he was allowed to sit in an armchair when he confronted his enemies. - -Notwithstanding his weak condition, Struensee astonished the -commissioners by his calmness, and the collected way in which he -answered their questions. He declared that all the orders he had given -to the military during the last weeks of his administration were -precautions to ensure the public safety, and he scouted the idea of his -alleged plot against the person and authority of the King, of which, -indeed, no vestige of proof existed. The first day his examination -lasted nearly eight hours, from ten o'clock in the morning until two, -and again from half-past four in the afternoon until seven o'clock -in the evening. At the close Struensee was again put in irons, and -conducted back to his dungeon. - -The next morning he was brought forth again, and examined from -ten o'clock until two. At none of these sittings did the prisoner -inculpate himself in the slightest degree. At the third examination -he was closely questioned with regard to his intimacy with the Queen, -but he made no confession, and, on the contrary, declared that -his relations with her were innocent. It is said that one of the -commission, Councillor Braem, having spoken roughly to the prisoner -because he would not admit his guilt, Struensee calmly told him to -imitate his tranquillity, and added that the affair surely concerned -him more than anybody else. Incensed by this calmness Braem threatened -him with torture, and said that instruments were ready in the next -room which would tear the truth from the most obstinate criminal. -Struensee replied that he had already spoken the truth, and he did not -fear torture.[47] The third examination closed at half-past two on -the second day without any admissions having been extorted from the -prisoner. In the interval the commissioners conferred together, and -determined to change their tactics. - -[47] According to Reverdil, it is doubtful whether Struensee was -threatened with torture, or, if he were, Braem exceeded his functions. -In any case, the threat was an idle one, for the instruments were not -prepared. - -So far they had told Struensee nothing of what had happened to -Queen Matilda, but thought to entrap him by leaving him in complete -ignorance of the details of the palace revolution. At a loss to explain -Struensee's calmness, they now shrewdly guessed that he was counting on -the protection of the young Queen. It was remembered that he had often -boasted, in the hour of his prosperity, that no harm could come to him, -for the Queen was absolutely identified with all his measures, and to -attack him would be to attack her too; she was his shield against his -enemies. He never dreamed that they would dare to attack her, for she -had absolute ascendency over the King, and moreover was the sister of a -powerful reigning monarch, who would assuredly defend her from peril, -or at least would use all his influence to prevent a scandal for the -honour of his house. When, therefore, the prisoner was again summoned -before his examiners, they told him without more ado that, if he were -trusting to the protection of the Queen, he was trusting to a broken -reed: the Queen herself was arrested and imprisoned, and would shortly -be put upon her trial, with the consent of the King of England, who, -equally with his Danish Majesty, viewed with abhorrence the guilty -connection between her and Struensee. He might therefore as well make a -clean breast of it, for everything would assuredly become known. - -The effect produced on the prisoner's shattered nerves by this -revelation was all that his enemies hoped; Struensee was completely -overcome, and broke down at once. So confidently had he counted on -the Queen's protection that, now he learned she was in the same -plight as himself, all his firmness forsook him; he burst into tears -and lamentations, and begged to be allowed to retire to regain his -composure. But the commissioners were careful not to allow this -opportunity to pass; they pressed home their advantage with renewed -questions and threats, even holding out hopes of mercy if he would tell -the truth. Before long Struensee, instead of "lying like a gentleman," -confessed without reserve that his familiarity with the Queen had been -carried to the furthest limit. The commissioners did not conceal their -exultation; this base confession did more than anything else to brand -the man before them as a profligate adventurer. - -Some extenuation might be urged for Struensee if in a moment of -terror and confusion he had been taken off his guard and blurted out -the truth, or if on consideration he had recalled his words; but -his subsequent conduct leaves no room for this extenuation. There is -no doubt that he thought, by dragging the Queen (now that she could -no longer protect him) into the mud with himself, he would save his -shameful life. He probably argued that a public trial would be avoided -for the honour of the royal houses of Denmark and England, the affair -would be hushed up, and he would be allowed to escape with banishment. -It is more than probable that his crafty examiners held out this -inducement for the wretched man to confess everything. Struensee needed -little encouragement, for, having once embarked upon his story, he -seemed to take a positive pleasure in telling the most unnecessary -details. He evidently thought that the more deeply he incriminated -the Queen, the better chance he would have of saving his life. Not -content with this, the pitiful coward threw all the blame upon her--an -inexperienced woman fourteen years younger than himself, who loved him -to her destruction, who had showered benefits upon him, and to whom he -owed everything. It was the old story, "_The woman tempted me_." - -There is no need to quote in full here the confession of this wretched -man. He not only made it once but repeated it with ample details four -days later; these details were marked by a total absence of reticence, -and even decency. According to this confession--and it must be -remembered that the man who made it was a liar as well as a coward--the -intimate relations between the Queen and himself began in the spring -of 1770, not long before the tour in Holstein. The Queen first gave -him marks of her affection at a masquerade; he strove to check the -intimacy, and afterwards to break it off, but without success. He even -quoted the rudeness and lack of respect with which it was notorious he -had frequently treated the Queen to prove the truth of his statement. -He declared that he had been obliged to continue the intimacy lest he -should lose his mistress's confidence--that he was thus "placed in the -alternative of ruining his fortunes, or succumbing to the will of the -Queen". This shameful confession Struensee signed. - -Having now got all they wanted, the commissioners dismissed Struensee -to his dungeon until they should have further need of him. The traitor -retired well pleased with himself. Hope sprang once more within his -breast, and this was fostered by several indulgences now shown to him. -He was allowed to be shaved, his diet was made fuller, and he was given -wine. His valet was permitted to attend him under strict order of -silence. The man, who was devoted to his master, brought with him the -silver toilet bowls and perfume bottles--they were suffered to remain -in the cell, mute testimony of the change from effeminate luxury to -sordid misery. - -Armed with Struensee's confession, the Government at last felt equal to -dealing with the imprisoned Queen. Hitherto they had been in difficulty -how to proceed. From the beginning of her incarceration the Queen, on -being told whereof she was accused, had passionately demanded a fair -trial. She was now informed that she would receive it. - -On March 8, 1772, a fortnight after Struensee's confession, a special -commission, acting in the King's name (though he was probably ignorant -of the proceedings, or at any rate indifferent to them), arrived -at Kronborg--nominally for the purpose of examining the Queen, in -reality to extort from her by fair means or foul a confirmation of -the confession made by Struensee. It was imperative that her enemies -should obtain it, for it would justify the Queen's treatment to the -English Government, which, owing to the exertions of Keith, was -becoming unpleasantly troublesome in its demands. It is said that Keith -had contrived by some means to secretly warn the imprisoned Queen of -the impending arrival of the commissioners, so that she should not be -taken by surprise. He advised her that she should receive them with -calmness, and treat them as subjects who had come to pay court to their -Queen; when they began to interrogate her, she would do well to say -that she had no answer to give them; she could not recognise their -right to question her, as she recognised no superior, or judge, but her -lord the King, to whom alone she would account for her actions. But -unfortunately Keith knew nothing of Struensee's confession. - -The commission consisted of two members of the Council of State--Count -Otto Thott and Councillor Schack-Rathlou[48]--who were well known -to the Queen in the days of her prosperity, and two members -of the committee of investigation who had examined Struensee, -Baron Juell-Wind, a judge of the Supreme Court, and Stampe, the -Attorney-General. These four men, it is scarcely necessary to say, had -been opponents of the Struensee administration. As the Queen's room -was too small to admit all these men, some of whom could hardly have -stood upright in it, the commission sat in the large hall adjoining, -generally used for the guard--a room with a painted ceiling and -pictures of Danish worthies around the walls. There, when they had -arranged themselves at a table, with pens, ink and paper, her Majesty -was informed that they awaited her pleasure. - -[48] Joachim Otto Schack-Rathlou, Minister of State (1728-1800). - -The Queen did not respond immediately to the summons, but first -robed herself with care. Presently she entered the room, followed -by her women. She acknowledged with a bow the salutations of the -commissioners, who rose at her entrance, and then, passing to a chair, -waved to them to be seated. She was very pale, but otherwise her -bearing showed majestic dignity and composure. The commissioners, who -had expected to find her broken down by weeks of solitary suffering and -suspense, were astonished at this reception, and for a moment knew not -how to proceed. Schack-Rathlou, who owed the Queen a grudge for the -part which he unjustly believed she had played against him, undertook -to begin the examination. For some time this proved fruitless. The -commissioners found the Queen armed at all points: she admitted -nothing, denied their right to question her, and, when she answered -under protest, her replies were of the briefest. Though she was -examined and cross-examined by the four men, two of whom were eminent -lawyers, she showed neither confusion nor hesitation. It was evident -that the Queen could not be made to incriminate herself by fair means; -therefore the commissioners resolved to resort to foul ones. They could -not threaten her with torture, so they determined to surprise her in -the same way as Struensee had been surprised, and throw her off her -guard. - -Schack-Rathlou, who acted as president of the commission, therefore -told the Queen that, as she would admit nothing of her own free will, -it was their duty to inform her that they held damning evidence of -her guilt. Thereupon he produced Struensee's confession, and read it -aloud. For the first time during the examination the Queen showed -signs of emotion; she flushed either with shame or anger at the -scandalous accusations, but she listened without interruption to the -end. Then, when Schack-Rathlou put the formal question to her, she -denied everything with passionate indignation, and declared that it was -impossible that Struensee could have made such shameful statements, the -document must be a forgery. For answer, Schack-Rathlou held the paper -up before the Queen, that she might read with her own eyes Struensee's -signature. The Queen took a hasty glance, and recognising the -well-known characters, she uttered an exclamation of horror, fell back -in her chair, and covered her face with her hands. The commissioners -had trapped their victim at last. - -Presently Schack-Rathlou leaned across the table, and said -significantly: "If Struensee's confession be not true, Madam, then -there is no death cruel enough for this monster, who has dared to -compromise you to such an extent." At these words Matilda let her hands -fall from her face, and gazed with startled eyes at her merciless -accusers. All her self-possession had fled, and for the moment she was -utterly unnerved. She understood the covert menace only too well: by -thus maligning the reigning Queen he was liable to death by the law of -Denmark, and death the most barbarous and degrading. She still loved -this man; even his shameful betrayal of her had not weakened her love. -It had probably been extorted from him by trickery and torture; in any -case, she refused to judge him. He had brought all the happiness she -had known into her life; if he now brought shame and ruin, she would -forgive him for the sake of the happiness that was gone. She had sworn -never to abandon him, and should she now, because of one false step, -throw him to the wolves? No! She would save him, even though it cost -her her honour and her crown. - -These thoughts flashed through the Queen's brain as she confronted -her judges. Then she gripped with her hands the arms of her chair, -and, leaning forward, said: "But if I were to avow these words of -Struensee to be true, could I save his life by doing so?" The lie was -ready: "Surely, Madam," said Schack-Rathlou, "that would be adduced -in his favour, and would quite alter the situation. You have only to -sign this." So saying, he spread out a document already prepared, -which the commissioners had brought with them. In it the Queen was -made to confirm Struensee's confession. The unhappy Queen glanced at -it hurriedly. "Ah, well! I will sign," she said. She seized the pen -which Schack-Rathlou thrust into her hand, and wrote her signature to a -document that would ruin her for ever. She had hardly done so when she -fell back fainting.[49] - -[49] According to _Falckenskjold's Memoirs_ and the _Authentische -Aufklärungen_, the Queen nearly fainted after writing the first -two syllables--"Caro--," but Schack-Rathlou seized her hand, and, -guiding it, added the remainder, "--line Matilda". This story bears a -remarkable resemblance to one related of Matilda's ancestress, Mary -Queen of Scots, when forced to sign her abdication in the castle of -Lochleven. Unfortunately for the truth of it, the document which the -Queen signed is still preserved in the royal archives of Copenhagen, -and the signature shows no sign of a break. - -When the Queen recovered, the commissioners had gone, and with them the -fatal document; only the women who spied upon her remained, and the -guards who had come to conduct her back to her chamber. When Matilda -reached it, she threw herself on her pallet, and, clasping the little -Princess in her arms, gave way to unavailing lamentation. It is stated -by some authorities that the threat of taking her child away from her -was also used by the commissioners to extort her signature, and the -promise was made that, if she avowed her guilt, the child would remain. -This promise, if given, like all others, was subsequently falsified; -but at the time it must have carried with it every appearance of -probability, for the Queen, by admitting her guilt, also cast a slur -upon the legitimacy of her child. Now that it was too late, she -regretted the precipitation with which she had signed the paper. Her -enemies' eagerness to induce her to sign showed her clearly how she -had erred: she ought to have demanded time for reflection, or insisted -on adequate guarantees. She had signed away her crown, her honour, her -children, perhaps her life, and it might be all in vain. - -The commissioners, who had succeeded almost beyond their hopes, -hastened back to Copenhagen to lay before the Queen-Dowager the -crowning evidence of Matilda's guilt. Juliana Maria was overjoyed: her -enemy was delivered into her hands; nay, she had delivered herself. In -this paper she found a full justification for all that she had done, -and a complete answer to the remonstrances of the English envoy and his -master. Keith, it is said, at first refused to believe the evidence of -his eyes, and then fell back on the argument that the Queen's signature -had been wrung from her either by force or fraud. He realised that -she had committed an irretrievable mistake. For the Queen-consort to -be unfaithful to her husband's bed was, by the law of Denmark, high -treason, and as such punishable with death. Questions of high treason -were, as a rule, solved by the King alone; the _Lex Regia_ expressly -prohibited the judges from trying such matters. But in this case the -King could not be trusted; he probably had no wish to divorce his -Queen, whether she were guilty or not guilty--much less to punish her -with imprisonment or death; he regarded offences against morality with -a lenient eye, and he had positively forced his unhappy consort into -temptation. So he was not consulted. - -The Queen-Dowager took counsel with her legal advisers, with the result -that an old statute was raked up (Section 3 of the Code of Christian -V.), and a special commission, consisting of no less than thirty-five -members, who formed a supreme court, was appointed to try the case of -the King against the Queen. The court was composed of representatives -of every class: five clergy, the Bishop of Zealand and four clerical -assessors; four members of the Council of State, Counts Thott, Osten, -Councillor Schack-Rathlou and Admiral Rommeling; the members of the -commission who had examined Struensee; the judges of the Supreme Court -not members of the commission; two officers of the army; two of the -navy; several councillors of state; and one representative of the civic -authority. The court was thus composed of some of the most eminent men -in Denmark, and representative of both the church and state. Some of -them were creatures of the Queen-Dowager, and pledged to carry out her -wishes, many were upright and honourable men, but all were hostile to -the Struensee administration, which had been carried on in the name of -the Queen. - -The English envoy offered no protest to this trial, though he must -have known that the judges were men prejudiced against the Queen, -and the sentence of divorce was already virtually determined upon. -But the blame for this inaction does not rest with Keith; he had -received no instructions from the King of England, to whom Matilda's -confession had been communicated with the least possible delay by the -Danish Government. George III. held that, primarily, the question was -one between husband and wife, and if his sister had forgotten her -duty as a wife and a queen, her husband was justified in putting her -away. Hence he offered no objection to the divorce proceedings which -followed, though they were conducted from first to last with the utmost -unfairness. True, he entered a plea for a fair trial, but he must have -known that, surrounded as his sister was with enemies, a fair trial -was impossible. If George III. had entered a vigorous protest at this -juncture, the trial would never have been allowed to go forward, and -a painful scandal, discreditable alike to the royal houses of England -and Denmark, might have been hushed up. Moreover, decided action at the -outset would have rendered unnecessary the crisis which brought England -and Denmark to the verge of war a few months later. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -THE DIVORCE OF THE QUEEN. - -1772. - - -The trial of the Queen began on March 14, in the great hall of the -Court of Exchequer at Copenhagen. The whole of the commissioners were -present, and the proceedings were vested with every possible solemnity. -The court was opened by prayer, offered by the aged Bishop of Zealand, -who had officiated at the Queen's marriage five and a half years -before. The judges who formed part of the commission were formally -released from their oath of allegiance to the King during the trial, -that they might judge of the matter between Christian and his consort -in the same way as they would that between any ordinary man and wife. - -Bang, a lawyer of the Court of Exchequer, undertook the King's cause, -and Uhldahl, an eloquent advocate of the Supreme Court, was appointed -to defend the Queen. He was not chosen by Matilda, but by her enemies, -with the object of throwing dust in the eyes of the world. A demand had -been made that the Queen should receive a fair trial, and as a proof -of its fairness Juliana Maria was able to point to the fact that the -most eloquent advocate in Denmark had been retained for the Queen's -defence. The device was clever, but transparent. Though the trial was -that of the King against the Queen, neither of these exalted personages -put in an appearance: the King was probably ignorant of what was going -on; the Queen, who might reasonably have expected to be present at her -own trial, was not given the option of attending. Nothing would have -induced the Queen-Dowager to permit Matilda to return to Copenhagen, -even as a prisoner. Her youth, her beauty, her misfortunes, might have -hastened a reaction in her favour, and, moreover, it was even possible -that she might by some means have effected a meeting with the King, -and such a meeting would have been fatal to all the plans. The King -would probably have forgiven her straight away, and taken her back as -his reigning Queen. Therefore, the Queen-Dowager determined to keep -Matilda safely shut up at Kronborg until she could remove her to a more -distant fortress--that of Aalborg in Jutland, a most desolate spot. -The fact that, so early as February 8, or more than a month before the -trial opened, commissioners had been sent to Aalborg to inspect the -castle with a view to its occupation by the young Queen, is sufficient -to prove that the whole trial was a farce, since her sentence and -punishment had been determined before it began. - -[Illustration: RÖSKILDE CATHEDRAL, WHERE THE KINGS AND QUEENS OF -DENMARK ARE BURIED.] - -The first week of the trial was occupied in preliminaries, such as -taking the depositions of witnesses. These witnesses were many in -number. The most prominent of them was Fräulein von Eyben, who had -been maid of honour to the Queen. This woman, whose virtue was by no -means above suspicion, had been thrust upon the Queen by Holck after -the dismissal of Madame Plessen. The Queen had never liked von Eyben, -and when she became mistress of her own household, she dismissed her. -That she was wise in doing so was shown by the fact that this woman -now came forward with detailed accounts of the traps she had set to -convict the Queen of a guilty intimacy with Struensee. Her evidence -was categorical, but it was given with so much animus that it would -have been regarded as prejudiced by any unbiassed judges. The other -witnesses were all of the kind common in divorce courts--servants, -maids, footmen, and the like--all of whom a few dollars would buy to -swear anything. Such evidence is tainted at the source, and no judge -ought to be influenced by it. Matilda was always the most generous and -indulgent of mistresses; yet these menials, who had been treated with -every kindness, now turned and gave evidence against her--the usual -kind of evidence, such as listening at doors, peeping through keyholes, -strewing sand on the floor, turning out lamps or lighting them, and -other details of a more particular nature, unfit to be related here. -Suffice it to say that the dear secrets of the Queen's unhappy love -were profaned by the coarse lips of these hirelings. - -The depositions of these witnesses are still preserved in a small iron -box in the secret archives of Copenhagen. For many years they were -missing, but about twenty years ago the box was found, and opened in -the presence of the chief of the archives, the Prussian minister then -at Copenhagen, and Prince Hans of Glucksburg, a brother of the present -King of Denmark, Christian IX. The papers were examined and sorted, -put back in the box again, and passed into the safe keeping of the -secret archives, where they have since remained. The papers include not -only the depositions of witnesses, but also some letters of the Queen. -Yet, curiously enough, a few of these depositions were published in a -pamphlet by Jenssen-Tusch[50] some years before the existence of the -box was known to the authorities. Wittich afterwards repeated these -quotations with great force against the Queen.[51] The great bulk of -these papers have never been published, and it may be hoped never -will be, for their publication would only gratify prurient curiosity. -If such evidence be admitted, then all possibility of the Queen's -innocence is at an end; but the question will always remain how far -these witnesses, mostly drawn from the lowest class, were suborned to -testify against their mistress. - -[50] G. F. von Jenssen-Tusch, _Die Verschwörung gegen die Königin -Caroline Mathilde und die Grafen Struensee und Brandt_ (Leipzig, 1864). - -[51] K. Wittich, _Struensee_ (Leipzig, 1879). - -On March 24, before the whole assembly of the commissioners, Bang, the -King's advocate, submitted his indictment of Queen Matilda. It was a -lengthy document, prepared with great care. The beginning sounds the -keynote of the whole:-- - -"Only the command of my King could induce me to speak against the -Queen, and it is with a sense of the deepest humility, and with horror -and grief, that I proceed to investigate the conduct of Queen Caroline -Matilda, and submit the proofs that she has broken her marriage vow. I -am compelled to indict her Majesty on these counts, because above all -others the King's marriage bed must be kept pure and undefiled. As a -husband the King can demand this right, and he is bound to assert it -for the honour of his royal house, and the welfare of his nation. As a -husband the King can demand this right given him by the marriage vow; -as the head of his royal house he is bound to guard the supremacy, -antiquity, honour and purity of the Danish royal family. The virtues -of this exalted family are known to the whole world; but if a foreign -stock were grafted on the royal stem, and the offspring of lackeys came -to bear the name of the King, the antiquity of this exalted family -would cease, its supremacy weaken, its respect be lost, its honour -abased, and its purity sullied.... Hence his Majesty, as husband of his -wife, as first of his race, and as King of his people, has appointed -this commission. His personal right, the honour of his house, and the -security of the nation simultaneously demand that the justice and -loyalty which animate this commission should, in accordance with the -law of God, the law of nature, and the law of this country, dissolve -the marriage tie which binds Christian VII. to her Majesty, Caroline -Matilda." - -Bang then proceeded to submit his evidence. It may be divided into five -heads. - -First and foremost, there was the confession of Struensee on February -21, a confession which he repeated subsequently on February 24 with the -fullest details, and signed with his own hand. - -Secondly, there was the Queen's confirmation of this document, which -she signed at Kronborg on March 9. By doing so she admitted that she -had broken her marriage vow, and so forfeited her rights as wife and -queen. - -But since it might be argued that these confessions were extorted by -threat, torture or other unfair means, the evidence of other persons -was submitted. Moreover, according to the law of Denmark, it was not -alone sufficient that the accused persons should confess their guilt, -as for divers reasons, known to themselves, they might not be speaking -the truth. The advocate, therefore, proceeded to quote the evidence -of a great number of witnesses, who had been previously examined by -the commission. This evidence went to show that so long ago as the -winter of 1769 and the beginning of 1770 the Queen's bed-chamber women -and sundry lackeys formed suspicions that there was something wrong -between Struensee and the Queen. They therefore spied on the Queen's -movements, and set a trap for Struensee, with the result that their -suspicions were confirmed. After taking counsel together, these women, -"with quaking hearts and tear-laden eyes," approached the Queen, who, -seeing them thus disturbed, asked them kindly what was the matter. -They then, instead of telling her they had spied, said there were evil -rumours about the court concerning herself and Struensee, that the -Queen-Dowager was aware of them, and threatened to bring the matter -before the Council of State. They affected to believe that the rumours -were unfounded, but wished the Queen to be more careful. The Queen -apparently neither admitted nor denied anything; at that time she was -ill, and Struensee was the medical attendant sent her by the King, but -she said that she would consult him about it, and perhaps if she did -not see him so often the rumours would die out. But after the Queen had -consulted Struensee, she changed her tone, and said to her women: "Do -you know that any woman who speaks in such a way about the Queen can be -punished by the loss of her tongue?" - -At this point the evidence of the lady-in-waiting, von Eyben, was -taken, who said that what the Queen had denied to her women she had -confessed to her. She found her mistress one day weeping and in great -distress, and on asking what was the matter, the Queen told her of the -whole affair, confessed that she was guilty, and said that Struensee -had advised her to bribe the women, which she refused to do. - -Then came the deposition of Professor Berger, now under arrest, who -said that, though he had no positive evidence, the intimacy between the -Queen and Struensee had appeared to him most suspicious. Struensee -behaved towards the Queen with a familiarity that was improper, -considering their relative positions. - -The evidence of Brandt was also taken. Brandt declared that Struensee -had confided to him the intrigue, but his confidence was unnecessary, -as every word and look which passed between the Queen and Struensee -showed that they were deeply attached to one another. Sometimes they -quarrelled, and the Queen was very jealous of Struensee, but they -always became reconciled again, and were better friends than before. -Struensee's apartments at Christiansborg, Frederiksberg and Hirschholm -were so arranged that he could go from them to the Queen's rooms -unnoticed. - -There remained a great deal of servants' gossip, such as the Queen's -conversations with her women. Thus, for instance, the Queen's words, -that if a woman loved a man, she should follow the object of her -devotion to the gallows or the wheel, if need be, or even down to hell -itself, were repeated here with additions. One of the maids objected, -and said that there were few men worthy of such sacrifices; what was -a woman to do if her lover proved unfaithful? The Queen replied that -in her case she would either go mad or kill herself. She envied her -waiting-women their good fortune in being able to marry whom they -would, and said she had been married once against her will, but if she -ever had the good fortune to become a widow, she would marry the next -time whom she pleased, even if he were a private person, and she had -to leave the country and abandon her crown in consequence. The fact -that she asked for Struensee, and tried to rush to his room at the time -of her arrest, was noted against her; also her tears and lamentations -at Kronborg, and the inquiries she had made after him. It was also put -in as evidence that she always wore a miniature of Struensee, that she -took it with her to Kronborg, and kept it at night under her pillow -for fear any one should take it from her. Finally, several presents -that the Queen had given Struensee were put in as evidence against her, -though they were of no particular value. A great deal was made out of a -blue enamelled heart which the Queen had brought with her from England, -and afterwards gave to Struensee as the pledge of their friendship. -Having duly noted all this and a great deal more, Bang wound up his -indictment by demanding a verdict in the name of the King to this -effect:-- - -"That in accordance with the law of Denmark set forth in the sixth -section of the third book of the code of Christian V., her Majesty -Caroline Matilda shall now be declared guilty of having broken her -marriage vow, and that it be forthwith dissolved, so as not to prevent -his Majesty the King, if he will, from contracting a new alliance." - -The indictment of Bang was neither very able nor very convincing, -and, except for the Queen's admission of Struensee's confession, the -evidence which he adduced was hardly worthy of credence. It was all -of the nature of circumstantial evidence, and there was no direct -proof of the Queen's guilt; on the contrary, it was in her favour -that notwithstanding every effort of cajolery, bribery and threat had -been employed to procure evidence against the Queen, no better result -could be obtained than this hotch-potch of servants' gossip and vague -suppositions. It may be doubted whether any ordinary court of law would -pass sentence on such evidence; but the judges of the unfortunate -Matilda had been appointed not to execute justice, but to carry out -the behests of her enemies. Their minds were already made up as to the -verdict before they entered the court. Still, to maintain an appearance -of fairness before the world, they announced their willingness to -hear the Queen's defence, and offered no objection when the Queen's -advocate, Uhldahl, requested an adjournment of the court for a week, so -that he might have time to submit Bang's indictment to the Queen, and -consult with her concerning the defence to be offered. The court was -then adjourned until April 2. - -In the interval Uhldahl went to Kronborg, and took with him Bang's -indictment. He had several audiences of the Queen, who was now more -mistress of her emotions, and they went through the charges against her -point by point. The Queen was moved to indignation at the revelations -of the treachery of those whom she had trusted, and she was aghast -at the unfairness with which some of her most innocent actions were -distorted into proofs of her guilt. Blinded as she had been by her -love for Struensee, the Queen now realised for the first time what -her conduct must have looked like to the eyes of other people. Still, -even admitting her lack of discretion to the fullest extent, a great -deal of the evidence submitted against her was both unfair and untrue. -Unfortunately, the damning testimony of her own confession remained, -and not all her tears could wash out the signature which she had so -incautiously written. It was therefore resolved to fall back on the -strict letter of the Danish law, which did not permit the confession -of an accused person to be put in as evidence, and treated it as null -and void. The Queen, it is true, admitted that appearances were against -her, but she pleaded that she was not guilty of the worst offence. -The intimacy between herself and Struensee had been carried beyond -the bounds of discretion and propriety, considering their relative -positions, but it was not wicked. For the rest, she threw herself -upon the mercy of the King, who in any case would have to confirm the -sentence of her judges. The Queen's forlorn condition, her youth, her -tears, her prayers, her evident goodness of heart, moved even her -advocate to pity, prejudiced though he was against her, and hired for -the purpose of conniving at her destruction. He drew up his defence -with her, and threw into the work so much heart that when he left -his client it became a very different document to that which he had -contemplated at first. - -On Uhldahl's return to Copenhagen the second session was held on April -2, and the advocate then submitted his defence.[52] - -[52] The original draft of Uhldahl's defence of Queen Matilda is still -among the heirlooms of the Uhldahl family. A copy of this celebrated -document, in Danish, is preserved in the royal archives in Copenhagen. -The above is a translation of that copy. - -"It is with unfeigned emotion that I rise to fulfil the duty which the -well-being of the Queen as well as the command of the King have imposed -upon me. - -"The rank of these exalted personages, the importance and far-reaching -consequences of this trial, the intense desire I have to do my duty, -and the fear that I may not be able to do it as I wish, add to my -anxiety, and justify my regret at seeing the Queen compelled to lay -aside her purple, come down from her throne, and, like the meanest -of women, seek the protection of the law. Could any more affecting -illustration of the insecurity of human happiness possibly be imagined? -She in whose veins flows the blood of so many kings is suspected of -having dishonoured her illustrious ancestry. She, who gave her lord -the King her hand and heart, stands accused by the man who at that -time swore to be her protector. She who, when she came among us, by -the unanimous verdict of the nation, was regarded as the mother of her -people, is now tried by the men who in that day would have shed their -blood in her defence. Thus unhappy is Queen Caroline Matilda, and she -alone among all the queens of Denmark. In the bloom of her youth, and -dowered with every gift to ensure happiness, she finds herself to-day -standing on the brink of an abyss, down which her honour, her dignity, -her peace of mind, may be cast. In one day she may lose her husband, -her children and her throne, and yet be compelled to survive the loss. -Suspected, accused, in danger of living a life of wretchedness for long -years to come--can anything be more heart-rending than her position? -Thus the Queen regards her situation, and thus she depicted it to me -when I had the honour of waiting upon her, in the following words:-- - -"'I should utterly despair had not my intentions been always for -the welfare of the King and the country. If I have possibly acted -incautiously, my youth, my sex and my rank must plead in my favour. -I never believed myself exposed to suspicion, and, even though my -confession appears to confirm my guilt, I know myself to be perfectly -innocent. I understand that the law requires me to be tried: my consort -has granted me this much; I hope he will also, through the mouth of his -judges, acknowledge that I have not made myself unworthy of him.' - -"I repeat her Majesty's words exactly as she uttered them. How I wish -that I could reproduce the emotion with which they were spoken--the -frankness that carried conviction, the trembling voice which pleaded -for pity! This last, indeed, no one can refuse her without outraging -every sentiment of humanity. - -"Chief among the charges brought against the Queen is that she has been -false to the vows and duties imposed upon her by her marriage with -the King her husband. It has been well urged that the King's bed must -remain unsullied in the interests of his own honour, and the honour -and prosperity of his country. These truths all will admit, but they -are so far from affecting the Queen that she demands the strictest -investigation; she believes that she has not acted contrary to them. -The more exalted her duties, the more exacting her obligations, the -more terrible are the consequences of any infraction of them. The -more familiar the two parties were, the clearer must be the evidence -that the Queen has really committed a sin. How will the honour of the -King and his royal family be better promoted--by proving the Queen -guilty, or by showing her innocence? Has the Queen never known and -fulfilled what she owed to herself, her husband and his people? Is it -not admitted that, up to the time, at all events, when the accusations -begin, she had proved herself a tender mother, an affectionate wife, -and a worthy Queen? Can it be credited that her Majesty could so easily -have forgotten herself? Can it be that she, who up to that day sought -delight in modesty, virtue, respect of the King, and affection of the -country, banished all these noble feelings from her heart in a single -moment? - -"Advocate Bang in the King's name submitted three varieties of proofs -against the Queen--Count Struensee's confession, her Majesty's -statement, and (as he knew that neither of these was sufficient) the -evidence of witnesses. - -"Undoubtedly Count Struensee on February 21 and 24, as the documents -show, made statements of the most insulting nature against her Majesty. -He forgot the reverence due to his Queen, and through unfounded alarm, -or confusion of mind, or the hope of saving himself by implicating -the Queen in his affair, or for other reasons, he made these absurd -allegations, which can only injure himself. For what belief can be -given to the statement that he, if the Queen thought him worthy of her -confidence, should have been so daring as to abuse it in so scandalous -a manner, or that the Queen would have tolerated it? The honour of a -private person, much more that of a queen, could not be affected by -such a statement. And how improbable it is that such a state of affairs -should have gone on at court for two whole years under the nose of the -King, and under the eyes of so many spies. The accusation is made by a -prisoner not on his oath, and is utterly destitute of probability. - -"Advocate Bang admits that Count Struensee's declaration is in itself -no evidence against the Queen. Hence he tries to confirm it, partly -by the acknowledgment which the Queen made on March 9 as to the -correctness of Struensee's declaration, partly through her admission -that she had broken her marriage vows, and hence lost her marriage -rights. This he wishes to be regarded as proof. Certainly, in all civil -causes confession is the most complete form of proof, but in criminal -actions, and those such as we are now trying, the law of Denmark -utterly rejects this evidence when it says: 'It is not sufficient that -the accused person should herself confess it, but the accuser must -legally bring the accused before the court, and properly prove the -offence'. - -"Other proofs therefore are necessary, and since it is the King's -wish that the law should be strictly followed in this action, and -judgment be founded on the evidence submitted, it follows that the -Queen must have a claim to this benefit as much as the meanest of her -subjects....[53] - -[53] Here follows an argument to show that the Queen could not be -convicted on her own confession, or on the confession of Struensee, -as the Danish code demanded that the evidence must be given by two -persons, who agreed as to the facts as well as the motives. - -"I now pass to the third class of proofs, which consist of the evidence -of persons summoned by the prosecution as witnesses. Her Majesty has -commanded me to declare that she does not desire them to be recalled -and examined by me, but I have her commands to investigate the nature -of this evidence, and what it goes to prove. - -"It is worthy of note that not one of the witnesses examined alleges -any other foundation for his, or her, first suspicion against the Queen -than common gossip ['town-scandal'] which they had heard. It was not -until this gossip became universal that it was mentioned to the Queen. -As most of the witnesses were constantly about the Queen's person, and -yet found no reason for believing anything wrong in her intercourse -with Struensee, it is clear that the conduct of the Queen must have -been irreproachable up to this time. Every one knows that rumour is -a lying jade; scandal is often founded on nothing, and through its -propagation alone acquires credibility. But however false the slander -may be, it leaves behind it, after once being uttered, a suspicion, -which places the conduct of the person slandered in a new and different -light. Words and actions before regarded as innocent are henceforth -seriously weighed, and if anything equivocal is detected, the slander -is regarded as confirmed. Thus it is with the witnesses in this case, -for though, prior to hearing the rumour, they did not suspect the -Queen, no sooner had they heard it than they imagined evidence against -her at every point." - -Uhldahl then proceeded to subject the evidence of the witnesses to -analysis, with a view of showing how contradictory and worthless most -of it was. - -Summing up all this testimony, Uhldahl said: "If we now ask if there -are any _facts_ in the evidence of the witnesses to prove that an -extreme and improper intimacy existed between the Queen and Struensee, -the answer must be: 'There are none.' That the Queen showed the Count -marks of favour and confidence cannot be denied, but no one ever saw -or heard that these went beyond the limits of honour. No witness is -able to say positively that the Queen has broken the vows she made -to her consort, nor can any adduce a single fact which would prove -the certainty of her guilt. Indeed, one of the witnesses on whom the -prosecution most relies, the maid Bruhn, is constrained to admit 'that -she never witnessed any impropriety on the part of the Queen'. Regarded -generally, all the witnesses appeal to their own suppositions. They say -they _thought_ that Struensee was a long time with the Queen, because -they were not summoned: they _imagined_ that the Queen and Struensee -were guilty because they were on familiar terms. But these conjectures -had their origin in rumour, and in the power which rumour possesses -to stimulate the imagination. It is chiefly the favour shown by her -Majesty to Count Struensee that roused the suspicions of witnesses, -and caused them to draw such conclusions. It is said that he was -constantly about the Queen, and in her company. But was he not also -about the King? And must not the Queen's confidence in him necessarily -result from the confidence with which the King honoured him? As her -justification of this, the Queen appeals to her consort's action, and -points to the striking proofs of the King's favour to Struensee--the -offices with which the King entrusted him, and the rank to which the -King raised him. There can be no doubt that he sought to acquire the -Queen's confidence in the same way as he had gained the King's. The -loyalty which he always showed to the King, the attention he paid to -the Queen when she was ill, the devotion which he seemed to entertain -for them both, maintained an uninterrupted harmony between their -Majesties. Above all else, the King's will was law to the Queen, -and this above all else made her believe that she could freely give -Struensee her confidence without danger. His offices as Secretary -to the Queen, and Privy Cabinet Minister to the King, required his -constant presence. Hence it is not surprising that he acquired a -greater share of the Queen's favour than any other man.... - -"I pass over all the rest of the evidence as things which are partly -unimportant, partly irrelevant, or too improper to be answered. It -is sufficient to say that no proof that her Majesty has broken her -marriage vow can be derived from any of these witnesses, if we examine -their evidence singly. The law requires the truthful evidence of -witnesses, not all kinds of self-invented conclusions. If it were -otherwise, her Majesty's rank and dignity, which ought to shield her -from such danger, would be the very things to cause her ruin. - -"I hope that I have now proved the innocence of the Queen. Her Majesty -assumes that her consort only desires her justification, and she feels -assured of the discretion and impartiality of her judges. Therefore -she awaits confidently the decision demanded by her honour, the King's -dignity, and the welfare of the land. I venture in her Majesty's name -to submit-- - -"That her Majesty Queen Caroline Matilda be acquitted from his Majesty -the King's accusation in this matter." - -Uhldahl's defence was clever and ingenious, but it lacked the stamp -of sincerity which carries conviction. His omission to cross-examine -the witnesses, though he ascribes this to the wish of the Queen (who -could have had no voice in the matter, and was entirely in the hands -of her counsel), was the course probably dictated by her enemies. If -these witnesses had been taken singly, and subjected to a searching -cross-examination, they would probably have contradicted each other, -and broken down one by one. Moreover, Uhldahl was fighting for the -Queen with one arm tied behind his back. In any divorce court, if a -husband petitions against his wife, his conduct, as well as hers, is -liable to investigation, and if it can be shown that he is as guilty, -or guiltier, than she, or that he has connived at her indiscretion, his -petition falls to the ground. But this line of defence was forbidden -to Uhldahl: he dared not say a word against the King, though he could -have shown that the King had from the first been guilty of the grossest -infidelity and cruelty towards his Queen--that he had outraged her -every sentiment of religion and virtue, that he had often told her to -do as she pleased, that he had repeatedly thrust temptation in her way, -and when at last she yielded, or seemed to yield, to it, he had not -only acquiesced in this condition of things, but at first, at any rate, -actively encouraged and abetted it. These facts--and they were all of -them notorious, and perfectly well known to the Queen's judges and -accusers--were not allowed to be pleaded in her favour. - -Reverdil, who had an intimate knowledge of the facts, who had been with -the King when Matilda first came to Denmark, who had been dismissed -from court because he protested against the insults heaped upon her, -who had been recalled three years later, when the intimacy between the -Queen and Struensee was at its height, and who, much though he pitied -her, believed her to be guilty, has supplied the arguments in her -favour which were omitted by Uhldahl. He thus arraigns the King:-- - -"Is it not true, Sir, that from the very day of your marriage up to the -moment when the faction, now dominant, seized on you and your ministers -some weeks ago, you had not the slightest regard for the marriage tie, -and all this time you had declared to the Queen that you dispensed with -her fidelity? Have you not invited all your successive favourites to -tempt her? [_a lui faire la cour_]. Have you not said and proved in a -thousand ways that her affection was wearisome to you, and that your -greatest misery was to perform your duties to her? Your commissioners -have had the effrontery to ask the Queen and Struensee who were their -accomplices. In prison and in irons the accused have had the generosity -to be silent for your sake; but what they have not done your conscience -itself must do, and proclaim to you that you have been her real seducer. - -"Do you remember, Sir, the moment when this Princess, whom they wish -to make you condemn to-day, was confided to your love and generosity? -The English sent her without any adviser, without a single companion -to your shores. Little more than a child, she had all the grace, -the innocence and the _naïveté_ of childhood, while her mind was -more enlightened and mature than you could have expected; you were -astonished at it. All hearts went out to meet her; her affability and -kindness captivated all classes of the nation. When you were wicked -enough to give yourself up to a frivolous and reckless favourite -[Holck], and to vile companions who led you into libertinism, she -found herself neglected, and you showed yourself more than indifferent -to her. She loved you; she was silent, and maintained her serenity -in public; she only wept in private with her chief lady [Madame de -Plessen], whom you, yourself, had appointed as her _confidante_. -Before long you grudged her even this poor consolation, and the -lady, whose only crime was that her conduct and principles were too -correct for your taste, was dismissed with the most signal marks of -disgrace. Madame von der Lühe, who took her place, was the sister -of your favourite. No doubt you supposed that this lady would show -as much levity, and have as few principles, as her brother; but she -disappointed your expectations. Therefore, without actually disgracing -her, you replaced her by ladies whose reputation was the most equivocal -in the kingdom. What more could the most consummate corrupter have -done? This very man, with whom the Queen is accused for having shown -weakness, you, yourself, forced upon her after she had first repulsed -him. It was in the hope of avoiding the _tracasseries_ with which your -favourites annoyed her that she was at last induced to _lier_ herself -with the man who offered his services to bring you nearer her. It was -you who broke down all the barriers which separated her from him, who -diminished the distance between them, who desired to bring about what -to-day is called your 'dishonour,' who excused, nay, tolerated, this -_liaison_, and who, up to January 17 last, even talked of it as a good -joke. - -"Your cause is inseparable from that of your wife, and even though the -whole world should condemn her, you ought, if not from natural equity, -at least from self-respect, to revoke that condemnation."[54] - -[54] _Mémoires de Reverdil_, pp. 403-406. - - * * * * * - -Uhldahl made his defence on April 2. The court then adjourned, and -after taking four days to consider the verdict, delivered judgment. -The verdict was to the effect that Queen Matilda had been found guilty -of having broken her marriage vow, and the marriage between her and -King Christian VII. was therefore dissolved, and the King was free -to make another alliance, if it should seem good to him. The Queen's -sentence would depend upon the King's pleasure. The court at the same -time declared that the Princess Louise Augusta was legitimate, and was -entitled to all the honours due to the daughter of the King. Thus the -verdict was contradictory, for if the Queen were guilty with Struensee, -it followed almost surely (though not necessarily for certain) that the -Princess was not legitimate, for the intimacy between the Queen and -Struensee was declared by the evidence, upon which the judges pretended -to found their verdict, to have begun more than a year before the birth -of the Princess, and to have gone on continuously ever since. - -The exact reasons which led to this extraordinary verdict being -promulgated will probably never be known, but during the four days that -elapsed between Uhldahl's defence and the judgment, violent disputes -and intrigues were being waged at the Christiansborg Palace. According -to some, the Queen-Dowager not only fiercely insisted upon the divorce, -but also the bastardising of both the Queen's children (though why -the Crown Prince it is difficult to say), and so making way for the -succession of her son to the throne, but was prevented from having -her way by the remonstrances of Guldberg. According to others, it was -Rantzau and Osten who wished these drastic measures, and Juliana Maria -who interposed on behalf of the Queen's children. Be this as it may, -it is certain that Matilda's enemies were divided in their opinions; -and even at this early hour there seems to have been a slight reaction -in favour of the young Queen. The situation was also complicated by -the interference of Keith, who, though he had received no instructions -to prevent the divorce of the Queen, yet, now that the trial was -over, and had shown itself to be manifestly unfair, entered vigorous -protests on behalf of the King of England's sister--protests which he -backed by menaces. Several of the Queen-Dowager's advisers took fright; -perhaps, too, they had some secret pity for the young Queen, for -they urged that it was not wise to enrage the King of England too far. -The result was a compromise: the Queen was declared to be guilty, but -her daughter was declared to be legitimate. - -[Illustration: THE GREAT COURT OF FREDERIKSBORG PALACE. - -_From a Painting by Heinrich Hansen._] - -Doubtless in consequence of the remonstrances of the English envoy, -the proceedings of the court were kept secret, and the sentence of -divorce was not published--at least, not through the medium of the -press. But a royal rescript was sent to the governors of the provinces -and the viceroy of the duchies, in which the King stated that he had -repudiated his Queen after a solemn inquiry, in order to vindicate the -honour of his house, and from motives of public welfare. The verdict -was also communicated to the foreign envoys for transmission to their -various courts. This was done in a theatrical manner. The court -assumed mourning, and the _corps diplomatique_ were summoned to the -Christiansborg Palace and proceeded thither, also in mourning. But the -King did not appear. The Grand Chamberlain of the court announced to -them the verdict, and said that the King had no longer a consort, and -there was no longer a Queen. At the same time an order was issued to -omit the Queen's name from the public prayers. Henceforth she was to be -considered as dead in law. - -Uhldahl saw the Queen the day after the decision of the court, and told -her of the judgment. According to him she merely answered: "I thought -as much. But what will become of Struensee?" And when he replied that -Struensee would certainly be sentenced to death, "she cried and shook -all over". She bewailed the fact that it was she who was the cause of -his misfortunes. "The Queen would have sacrificed everything to save -him; she thought nothing of herself." Despite his base confession, -which she was forced at last to believe he had made, she forgave him -everything. Several times she bade Uhldahl to tell Struensee that -she forgave him. "When you see him," she said, "tell him that I am -not angry with him for the wrong he has done me."[55] Her love was -boundless. - -[55] _Christian VII. og Caroline Mathilde_, by Chr. Blangstrup, -Copenhagen. - -The unfortunate Matilda was formally acquainted with the sentence of -divorce on April 9, when Baron Juell-Wind, one of her judges, went to -Kronborg by order of the Council of State, and read to the Queen the -verdict of the court in the presence of the commandant of Kronborg. The -Queen, who had been prepared by Uhldahl, heard the sentence without -emotion, but was greatly distressed at the thought that it might -involve separation from her child. She did not ask, and did not seem to -care, what her fate would be, but she was informed that it would depend -upon the King's pleasure. - -Her punishment indeed was still under debate, and was being discussed -as hotly at the Christiansborg Palace as the verdict of divorce had -been. The Queen had been unfaithful to the King's bed; therefore she -had been found guilty of high treason; therefore, urged some, she was -worthy of death. The other alternative was perpetual imprisonment, and -this seems to have been seriously considered, for the preparations -at the fortress of Aalborg--a storm-beaten town at the extreme edge -of Jutland--were pushed on with all speed. In theory, the last three -months Matilda had been residing at one of her husband's country -palaces, for Kronborg was a royal palace as well as a fortress; she -was now to be stripped of every appurtenance of her rank, and sent to -Aalborg. Once there she would probably have died mysteriously. - -But Keith, who had interfered to prevent the Queen from being publicly -disgraced, now interfered again, with even more determination, to -mitigate her punishment. He could not prevent the divorce, but he could -prevent the punishment. The King, the Grand Chamberlain had informed -the foreign ministers, had no longer a consort; Denmark had no longer -a Queen; Matilda was dead in law. This declaration gave Keith his -opportunity. Though, he argued, it might please the King of Denmark -to declare that Matilda was no longer his wife or his queen, it must -be remembered that she was still a princess of Great Britain, and -the sister of the King of England. Since the King, her consort, had -repudiated her, it followed that the King, her brother, became her -guardian, and her interests and future welfare were his care. By the -sentence of divorce she had passed entirely out of the jurisdiction of -Denmark to that of her native country; she became an English subject, -and as an English subject was free as air. Osten shuffled and changed -his ground from day to day, but Keith became more and more insistent, -and his tone grew more and more menacing. He sent home the most urgent -despatches, describing the unfairness of the Queen's trial, and the -danger she was in through the malice of her enemies. In default of -particular instructions, he could do nothing but threaten in general -terms; but his intervention secured a respite. The Queen remained at -Kronborg; her punishment was still undecided, and her fate uncertain. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - -THE TRIALS OF STRUENSEE AND BRANDT. - -1772. - - -The Queen's case being ended, it was resolved to proceed without delay -against the other prisoners, and chief among these were Struensee and -Brandt. Struensee was tried first. The day of his trial was originally -fixed for April 10, the day after the sentence of her divorce had been -communicated to the Queen at Kronborg, but, as the advocate appointed -to prosecute Struensee was not quite ready with his brief, the trial -was deferred for eleven days. - -Struensee had now been in prison more than three months, and had -ample time for reflection. Seven weeks had passed since his shameful -confession compromising the Queen, but he made no sign of recanting -it; on the contrary, he imagined that it would tell in his favour. -Struensee was now a broken man; the signs of premature decay, which -first made themselves manifest in the days of his prosperity, had, -since his imprisonment, developed with great rapidity. He had shown -himself unable to bear prosperity; he was even less able to cope with -adversity. Every now and then a flash of the old Struensee would assert -itself, but for the most part he was a feeble creature who brooded day -after day in his dungeon, and bore but little resemblance to the once -imperious minister. All Struensee's thoughts were now concentrated on -a craven desire for life--life at any cost--and to this end he offered -up in sacrifice not only the woman who had done everything for him, -but all the principles and ideals which had guided him throughout his -career. - -The Queen-Dowager, who had affected so much concern for the welfare of -Queen Matilda's soul, was equally interested in the soul of Struensee. -Perhaps she thought that spiritual terrors might induce him to amplify -his already too detailed confession. From the first days of his -imprisonment Struensee had been urged to see a clergyman, but had -always refused. After his confession of adultery with Matilda, which -was taken as a sign of grace, the Queen-Dowager insisted that he should -receive a ghostly counsellor, even against his will. To that end she -appointed Dr. Münter as the fittest instrument to effect Struensee's -conversion. The choice of Dr. Münter was of course designed. He was -the most fanatical and violent of all the preachers in Copenhagen, and -had shown himself a bitter opponent of Struensee and the Queen. He had -denounced them from the pulpit in the days of their prosperity, and -from the same sanctuary he had savagely gloated over them in the days -of their ruin. It was a refinement of cruelty, therefore, to send him, -of all others, to the miserable prisoner now. - -Münter entered upon his task with alacrity. He took a professional -pride in his work, and apparently felt much as a doctor would feel -who had before him a difficult case; if he could effect a cure, it -would be a great triumph for him. But, apart from this, there is no -doubt that Münter was perfectly sincere. By nature a bigot, and by -education narrow-minded, he had all the thoroughness born of that same -narrowness. To him it was all-important that he should save Struensee's -soul: the greater the sinner, the greater would be his salvation. -Therefore, Münter set to work to make Struensee confess everything, -heedless, or oblivious, of the fact that, while he was labouring -to effect the miserable man's conversion, he was (by repeating his -confessions) helping his enemies to complete his ruin.[56] - -[56] Münter wrote a full and particular account of his efforts, -entitled, _Narrative of the Conversion and Death of Count Struensee_, -by Dr. Münter. This book was translated into the English by the Rev. -Thomas Rennell: Rivingtons, 1824. It contains long and (to me) not very -edifying conversations on religion which are alleged to have taken -place between Struensee and the divine. But since these are matters -on which people take different views, it is only fair to say that Sir -James Mackintosh awards the _Narrative_ high praise as a "perfect -model of the manner in which a person circumstanced like Struensee -ought to be treated by a kind and considerate minister of religion" -(_Misc. Works_, vol. ii.). To support this view he suggests that "as -Dr. Münter's _Narrative_ was published under the eye of the Queen's -oppressors, they might have caused the confessions of Struensee to -be inserted in it by their own agents without the consent, perhaps -without the knowledge, of Münter". But even he is fain to admit that -the "internal evidence" does not favour this preposterous hypothesis. -The confessions extorted by Münter from Struensee were used not only -against the wretched man, but to the prejudice of the Queen. - -Münter paid his first visit to Struensee on March 1. The prisoner, who -had been told that he must see the man, whom he had always regarded as -his enemy, did so under protest, and received the preacher in gloomy -silence, and with a look that showed his contempt. But Münter--we are -quoting his own version of the interview--so far from overwhelming the -prisoner with reproaches or exhortations, greeted him in a cordial and -sympathetic manner, and told him that he wished to make his visits -both pleasant and useful. Struensee, who had not seen a friendly face -for months, was disarmed by Münter's manner, and offered him his -hand. The latter then opened the conversation by saying that he hoped -if he said anything displeasing to Struensee by mistake the latter -would overlook it. "Oh, you may say what you please," answered the -prisoner indifferently. Münter then began his exhortations with the -warning: "If you desire to receive comfort from me, your only friend -on earth, do not hug that mistaken idea of dying like a philosophic -hero." Struensee answered, not very truthfully: "In all my adversities -I have shown firmness of mind, and therefore I hope I shall not die -like a hypocrite." Then followed a long and animated conversation, in -which Münter bore the leading part. Struensee now and then ventured to -advance arguments which were knocked down like ninepins by the nimble -divine. Struensee, though the son of a clergyman, had in his youth -become a freethinker, and had always remained so. He was saturated with -German rationalism, and by every act and utterance had shown himself -to be a confirmed unbeliever in Christianity. It is therefore very -unlikely that a man of Struensee's calibre would be convinced by such -arguments as Münter adduced--at least, by those which he states he -adduced in his book.[57] But Struensee clung to life; he knew that -Münter was a power in the land, and he thought that, if he allowed him -to effect his conversion, he would make a friend who would probably -save him from death. In this first conversation he admitted that he -was afraid of death: "He wished to live, even though it were with less -happiness than he now enjoyed in his prison." But he would not seem -to yield all at once. "My views, which are opposed to yours, are so -strongly woven into my mind; I have so many arguments in favour of -them; I have made so many observations from physic and anatomy that -confirm them, that I think it will be impossible for me to renounce my -principles. This, however, I promise: I will not wilfully oppose your -efforts to enlighten me, but rather wish, as far as lies in my power, -to agree with you." - -[57] I should be the last to say that such changes are not possible. I -only wish to suggest that in Struensee's case the motives which led him -to yield to Münter's arguments were not sincere. - -On the second visit Struensee showed himself to be a little more -yielding, though he said his mind was neither composed nor serene -enough to examine into the nature of Münter's arguments. Struensee -wept when he thought of the trouble he had brought upon his friends; -he had no tears for the woman whom he had betrayed. Münter exhorted -him to acknowledge his errors and crimes, and search his former life, -in order to qualify himself for God's mercy. "God," said Münter, "has -given you an uncommon understanding, and, I believe, a good natural -disposition of heart, but through voluptuousness, ambition and levity -you have corrupted yourself." Struensee was flattered by this view of -his character, and admitted unctuously that voluptuousness had been -his chief passion, and had contributed most to his moral depravity. -After seven conferences Münter gave Struensee a letter from his father, -which he had for some time carried in his pocket, awaiting a favourable -opportunity to deliver. The letter was a long and affecting one. It -assumed Struensee's guilt as a matter of no doubt, and worthy of the -worst punishment; it lamented that he had not remained a doctor--that -his ambition had led him into all these crimes: now nothing would bring -his afflicted parents comfort but the knowledge of his conversion. This -letter affected Struensee much, and so did another one from his mother, -written in the same strain. - -There is no need to trace this process step by step. Suffice it to say -that after twenty-one days of exhortation, when his trial was drawing -near, Struensee was so far converted as to declare to Münter: "I should -be guilty of the greatest folly if I did not embrace Christianity -with joy, when its arguments are so convincing, and when it breathes -such a spirit of general benevolence. Its effects on my heart are -too strong"--and so forth. In the days that followed Struensee -often expatiated on the advantages of the Christian religion, and -even advised Münter as to the best way of spreading the truths of -Christianity among the people. He suggested the distribution of tracts, -which does not seem very novel. So zealous was he that he even drew -up, in consultation with Münter, a long description of his conversion. -The document shows undoubted signs that the man's brain had weakened; -it is in parts so confused as to be almost unintelligible. But such as -it was, it sufficed for Münter, who was overjoyed at the thought that -he had snatched this brand from the burning. Yet Struensee, though -he expressed repentance for his sins, showed neither repentance nor -remorse for his most grievous one--his betrayal of the woman to whom -he owed everything. Recantation of this base treachery would have -done more to rehabilitate Struensee in the eyes of the world than any -number of maudlin confessions detailing his conversion, and it would -have been quite as effective for the object which, it is to be feared, -the newly-made convert had in view. Struensee's conversion availed -nothing with his merciless enemies; on the contrary, his confessions -of weakness and guilt made their task easier. Münter's good-will also -availed him nothing; the fanatical divine was only interested in saving -his soul; he cared nothing what became of his body. Thus the wretched -criminal sacrificed both his Queen and his convictions, and in either -case the sacrifice was vain. - -Struensee's trial began on April 21, and Wivet, who had received the -King's orders to prosecute him, opened his indictment in a speech -of almost incredible coarseness and ferocity. In his attack, Wivet -exceeded the bounds of common decency, though there is no doubt that he -voiced the malevolent hatred which was felt against Struensee, not only -in the breasts of his judges, but among all classes in the kingdom. -Apart from his undoubted offences, which surely were heavy enough, -Wivet twitted Struensee with his low birth, his complaisance as a -doctor, his ignorance of the Danish language, his errors in etiquette, -his fondness for eating and drinking, his corpulence, his unbelieving -views, and other peculiarities, forgetting that invective of this kind -proved nothing. - -[Illustration: THE DOCKS, COPENHAGEN, _TEMP._ 1770.] - -[Illustration: THE MARKET PLACE AND TOWN HALL, COPENHAGEN, _TEMP._ -1770.] - -The substance of the accusation against Struensee was catalogued under -nine heads. - -First: His adultery with the Queen. This was based almost wholly on -Struensee's own confession and its confirmation by the Queen, and thus -the very deed which Struensee signed in the hope of saving his life -was brought forward as the head and front of the evidence against him. -Fräulein von Eyben's deposition, and Brandt's and Berger's depositions -were also read, but the evidence of the other witnesses in the Queen's -divorce was not put forward at all. - -With reference to the testimony of Fräulein von Eyben, the advocate -said he produced it "not in order to prove what is already sufficiently -proved, but only to point out how Struensee strove always to be -present at places when there was an opportunity for him to obtain -what he desired, and how the indifference with which he was at first -regarded by the Person [the Queen] whose confidence he afterwards -gained, proves that it was not he who was tempted, but that his -superhuman impudence, his bold, crafty and villainous conduct were -so powerful that he at last obtained that which virtue and education -would never otherwise have granted, and therefore he is the more -criminal because he effected the ruin of another in order to gain -honour himself". This shows what even the Queen's enemies thought of -Struensee's baseness in trying to shield himself behind the pitiful -plea that the Queen tempted him. His prosecutors did quite right in -scouting such a plea, which, so far from extenuating him, only added to -his infamy. - -Secondly: Struensee's complicity in Brandt's ill-treatment of the King. - -Thirdly: The harshness with which he had treated the Crown Prince, "so -that it seems as if it had been his sole intention to remove the Crown -Prince from the world, or at least to bring him up so that he would be -incapable of reigning." - -Fourthly: His usurpation of the royal authority by issuing decrees -instead of the King, and attaching his own signature to these decrees. - -Fifthly: His suppression and dismissal of the Guards, which was -declared to be without the consent of the King. - -Sixthly: His peculations from the Treasury. It was stated that -Struensee had not only taken large sums of money for himself, but -for his brother, for Falckenskjold, for the Countess Holstein, for -the Queen, and for Brandt. The Queen's grant from the Treasury was -10,000 dollars, not a very large sum, and one to which she was surely -entitled, as the grant was signed by the King. But the same paper -contained grants of money to Brandt, Struensee and Falckenskjold--a -grant of 60,000 to Brandt, 60,000 to Struensee and 2,000 to -Falckenskjold, a total of 122,000 dollars. It was said that the -document which the King signed contained only a grant of 10,000 dollars -to the Queen, and 6,000 each to Brandt and Struensee; but Struensee -added a nought to the donations to himself and Brandt, and wrote in -2,000 dollars for Falckenskjold, so that he tampered with the document -to the extent of forgery. The King now protested that he had never made -such a grant. - -Seventhly: Struensee had sold, with the Queen's consent, a "bouquet" -of precious stones, although this was one of the crown jewels and an -heirloom. - -Eighthly: He had given orders that all letters addressed to the King -should be brought to him, and he opened them, and thus kept the King in -ignorance of what was going on. - -Ninthly: He had so arranged the military in Copenhagen in the month of -December that everything pointed to hostile intentions on his part, -probably directed against the King and the people. - -These were the principal charges brought against Struensee by Wivet; -but, the advocate said: "To reckon up all the crimes committed by him -would be a useless task, the more so when we reflect that the accused -has only one head, and that, when that is lost by one of these crimes, -to enumerate the other offences would be superfluous." He therefore -demanded that Struensee should be found guilty of high treason, and -suffer death with ignominy. - -The next day Uhldahl, who had defended the Queen, also undertook the -defence of Struensee. The defence was lukewarm--so lukewarm that it -could hardly be called a defence at all. The only time when Uhldahl -waxed eloquent was when he reproved Wivet for his brutal attacks on the -accused, and here it is probable that professional jealousy had to do -with his warmth, rather than interest in his client. The chief count -in the indictment against Struensee--his alleged adultery with the -Queen--Uhldahl kept to the last, and here he offered no defence, for -the prisoner had recanted in nowise his confession, but on the contrary -made it the ground of a craven cry for mercy. To quote Uhldahl:-- - -"He throws himself at his Majesty's feet, and implores his mercy for -the crime against his Majesty's person [adultery with the Queen] first -maintained by the Fiscal-General Wivet, but till now unalluded to by -him. It is the only thing in which he knows he has consciously sinned -against his King, but he confesses with contrition that this crime is -too great for him to expect forgiveness of it. If, however, regard for -human weakness, a truly penitent feeling of his error, the deepest -grief at it, the tears with which he laments it, and the prayers which -he devotes to the welfare of the King and his royal family, deserve -any compassion, he will not be found unworthy of it. In all the other -charges made against him, he believes that the law and his innocence -will defend him, and for this reason he can expect an acquittal, but -for the first point (which he admits) he seeks refuge in the King's -mercy alone." - -Thus it will be seen, even in his advocate's defence, Struensee, though -denying all the other charges against him, reaffirmed his adultery with -the Queen, and on the strength of that admission threw himself on the -King's mercy. The only satisfactory thing about this sordid business is -that mercy was not granted to him. - -Wivet replied, but Uhldahl waived his right of answering him again, and -thus saying the last word in favour of the prisoner. The two advocates -had in fact played into each other's hands; the first inflamed -the prejudices of the judges, already sufficiently prejudiced, by -malevolent details, the second by scandalously neglecting his duty, and -putting in a defence hardly worthy of the name. - -Struensee became aware of how the advocate appointed to defend him had -given him away, and so he resolved to make a defence of his own, which -was certainly abler and more to the point. He wrote a long document, -containing an elaborate review of, and apology for, his administration, -answering his indictment at every point except one--his intimacy -with the Queen; on that alone he kept silence. This document offers a -remarkable contrast to the rambling and incoherent effusion in which he -gave an account of his conversion. One can only suppose that his heart -was in the one and not in the other. In both cases he might have spared -himself the trouble, for neither his conversion nor his apology availed -him anything. - -Brandt's trial followed immediately on that of Struensee. His treatment -in prison had been the same as that of his fellow-malefactor. After -his examination he, too, was granted certain indulgences, and an -eminent divine was appointed to look after his soul. Brandt's spiritual -adviser was Hee, Dean of the Navy Church. Hee was more of a scholar -than Münter, and less of a bigot; moreover, he had the instincts of -a gentleman, which Münter had not, as was shown by the insults he -heaped upon the unfortunate young Queen. These considerations perhaps -hindered him in his work, for Hee's "conversion" of Brandt was not -so successful as Münter's conversion of Struensee. Brandt received -Hee courteously, conversed with him freely, and appeared to be much -affected by his arguments; but it may be doubted whether they made any -real impression on him, for Brandt, like Struensee, was a convinced -freethinker, and, moreover, suffered from an incurable levity of -temperament. But, like Struensee, he was anxious to save his life, -and to this end he was quite ready to be converted by Hee or any -one else. Even so, Brandt's conversion did not seem to extend much -beyond Deism; but that may have been due to his converter, for Hee -was not nearly so orthodox a Christian as Münter. Brandt was very -emotional, and frequently burst into tears when Hee reproved him for -the wickedness of his former life, but as soon as the preacher's back -was turned he relapsed into his old levity. This being reported to Hee, -he reprimanded the prisoner, and gave him several religious books to -read, such as Hervey's _Meditations_. Brandt then became very quiet, -and his conduct was reported as being most edifying. In fact, he seems -rather to have overdone his part, for he would sometimes take up his -chains and kiss them, and exclaim: "When I thought myself free I was -really a slave to my passions; and now that I am a prisoner, truth and -grace have set me at liberty." He also denounced Voltaire, whom he had -met on his travels, and his teaching with great vehemence, and, as for -Struensee, he said that he was "a man without any religion, who, from -his infancy, according to his own admission, never had the slightest -idea or sentiment of piety about him". Shortly after this denunciation -Struensee sent to inform Brandt that he had "found salvation" and he -was praying that he too might repent him of his sins. Whereupon Brandt, -not to be outdone in hypocrisy, replied that "he greatly rejoiced to -hear of Struensee's conversion. For his own part, he found comfort only -in religion, and from his heart forgave Struensee for all he had done -to draw him into his misfortunes." - -But Brandt's pious sentiments and edifying behaviour availed him -nothing at his trial. Wivet, who had prosecuted Struensee, also -prosecuted Brandt; and Bang, who had prosecuted the Queen, was now -appointed to conduct Brandt's defence. Brandt was indicted on three -counts. - -First: That he had deliberately committed a gross attack on the person -of the King--an awful deed, declared his prosecutor. "In the words of -David: 'How wast thou not afraid to stretch forth thine hand to destroy -the Lord's anointed?... Thy blood be upon thy head.'"[58] - -[58] 2 Sam. i. 14, 16. - -Secondly: That he was an accomplice to the improper intimacy which -Struensee had with the Queen. - -Thirdly: That he joined Struensee in robbing the Treasury, and was an -accomplice to the forged document, whereby he received sixty thousand -dollars. - -He was also, in a greater or lesser degree, an accomplice in all the -offences committed by Struensee. On these grounds Wivet asked for -sentence of death. - -Wivet handed in this indictment to the judges the same day as the -indictment of Struensee. Two days later Bang delivered a half-hearted -defence, which may be summarised thus:-- - -First: Though Brandt fought with the King, he did so at the King's own -command--that he only fought in self-defence, and left off directly the -King wished him to do so. He had voluntarily inflicted no injury on -his Majesty, and the account given by the prosecution of the affray was -very much exaggerated. - -Secondly: He was in no sense an accomplice of the intrigue between -Struensee and the Queen. Though he felt morally convinced that improper -intercourse took place, he had no absolute proof of it, and he could -not take any steps in the matter without such proof. Moreover, it would -have been as much as his life was worth to have said anything.[59] - -[59] This does not tally with his assertion that Struensee had confided -in him. - -Thirdly: If Struensee had committed a forgery, that did not affect -Brandt, as he was ignorant of the matter. The grants which had been -given him were given with the approval of the King, and, though he -received large sums, yet he had to play cards daily with the King and -Queen, at which he lost heavily. - -Thus it will be seen that Brandt's defence, though it actually denied -none of the charges, gave a plausible explanation of them all. Brandt -does not seem to have realised his danger, nor to have imagined that -anything he had done, or left undone, could be considered worthy of -death. In addition to his defence, he sent a memorial to his judges, -and a letter to the King, in which he begged to be allowed to go away, -and end his days quietly in Holstein. The letter to the King is lost; -but the memorial to the judges remains, and is written in such a spirit -of levity that it suggests doubt as to the writer's sanity. Of course -it was unavailing. - -The legal farce was now drawing swiftly to a close. On April 25 the -judges assembled at the Christiansborg Palace to deliver judgment on -both cases. The judgments were very long and argumentative. There is no -need to give them at length; to do so would be merely to recapitulate -in other words the arguments brought forward by the prosecution. In -Struensee's sentence the chief count against him--his alleged adultery -with the Queen--was summed up in a few words: "He has already been -convicted of it" (presumably by the Queen's sentence), "and has himself -confessed it: he has thereby committed a terrible crime, which involves -in an eminent degree an assault on the King's supremacy, or high -treason, and according to the law deserves the penalty of death". The -rest of the judgment, which occupied some thirty pages, dealt in detail -with the other offences alleged against him, and condemned him on every -count. - -"Therefore," the judgment concluded, "as it is clear that Count -Struensee in more than one way, and in more than one respect, has not -only himself committed the crime of high treason in an extreme degree, -but has participated in similar crimes with others; and that, further, -his whole administration was a chain of violence and selfishness, which -he ever sought to attain in a disgraceful and criminal manner; and as -he also displayed contempt of religion, morality and good manners, -not only by word and deed, but also through public regulations,--the -following sentence is passed on him, according to the words of Article -I. of Chapter 4 of Book 6 of the Danish law:-- - -"Count John Frederick Struensee shall, as a well-deserved punishment -for himself, and as an example and warning for others of like mind, -have forfeited honour, life and property, and be degraded from his -dignity of count and all other honours which have been conferred on -him; his coat of arms shall be broken by the executioner; his right -hand shall be cut off while he is alive, and then his head; his body -quartered and broken on the wheel, but his head and hand shall be stuck -on a pole. - -"Given by the Commission at the Christiansborg Palace, this 25th day of -April, 1772." - -Here follow the signatures of the nine judges, headed by that of Baron -Juell-Wind, and ending with that of Guldberg. - -Brandt's sentence was delivered at the same time. It contained no -direct allusion to the Queen, and was a long, rambling and confused -document. Finally, it declared that, by his treacherous and audacious -assault on the person of the King, he had committed an act of high -treason, which deserved the punishment of death, according to the same -article of the Danish law as that quoted in the case of Struensee. -Therefore:-- - -"Count Enevold Brandt shall have forfeited honour, life and property, -and be degraded from his dignity of count and all other honours -conferred on him; his coat of arms shall be broken by the executioner -on the scaffold, his right hand cut off while he is still alive, then -his head; his body quartered and exposed on the wheel, but his head and -hand stuck on a pole. - -"Given by the Commission at the Christiansborg Palace, this 25th day of -April, 1772." - -The judgments were immediately published in the Danish journals. -Thence they found their way into foreign newspapers, and were by them -adversely criticised, not so much on account of the punishment, as for -the extraordinary and diffuse way in which the judgments were written. -In Denmark they were received with enthusiasm by the great majority of -the people, but there was a minority growing up which regarded them -more dubiously, and was disposed to criticise. The Government, however, -determined to allow little time for criticism or reaction, and resolved -to carry the sentences into effect at the earliest possible moment, -before any change took place in public opinion. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - -THE EXECUTIONS. - -1772. - - -The prisoners were told of their fate on Friday, April 25, immediately -after the sentences were pronounced. Uhldahl and Bang went to the -citadel to inform their respective clients of the judgment against -them, and to hand them a copy of their sentences. - -Uhldahl, who had undertaken the defence of Struensee with a very -ill-grace, entered the condemned man's cell and curtly said: "Good -Count, I bring you bad news," and then, without a word of sympathy, -he handed Struensee a copy of his sentence. Struensee, who had shown -craven fear at intervals during his imprisonment, now read the document -which condemned him to a barbarous and ignominious death with an -unmoved air, and when he had perused it to the end, he handed it -without a word to Dr. Münter, who was with him at the time. Apparently -only the sentence, and not the judgment, was handed to the condemned -man, for Struensee asked his advocate if he were condemned on all the -counts in his indictment, to which Uhldahl answered in the affirmative. -"Even on that concerning the education of the Crown Prince?" asked -Struensee. "Even on that," replied Uhldahl briefly. Struensee said -that, if he had had any children of his own, he should have reared them -in exactly the same way--to which Uhldahl made no reply. "And what is -Brandt's fate?" asked Struensee. "His sentence is exactly the same -as yours." "But could his counsel do nothing to save him?" demanded -Struensee. "He said everything that could be urged in his favour; but -Count Brandt had too much laid to his charge." The thought of Brandt's -fate moved Struensee far more than his own; but he soon regained his -composure, and resolved to petition the King, who had not yet signed -the sentences, for mercy. - -When Struensee and Münter were left alone, the latter lamented the -barbarities of the sentence, but Struensee assured him they mattered -little. He still held the same ground--that is to say, he admitted his -guilt so far as the Queen was concerned, but maintained his innocence -of all the other charges against him, even the one of having forged -the document that gave him money from the Treasury, which must have -been true. But he admitted that his intrigue with the Queen made -him liable to the extremest punishment of the law. "My judges," he -said, "had the law before them, and therefore they could not decide -otherwise. I confess my crime is great; I have violated the majesty -of the King." Even now, when the sentence had robbed him of almost -his last hope, and he was face to face with a hideous death, this -wretched man had no word of remorse or grief for the ruin, misery -and suffering he had brought upon the Queen. Uhldahl had given him -Matilda's pathetic message--that she forgave him everything he had -said and done against her, even the shameful confession by which he -had striven to shield himself at her expense. Struensee received the -message without emotion, and even with sullen indifference; he was -so much engrossed with his own fate that he had no thought to spare -for the Queen. Perhaps he thought it was a device of the Evil One to -lure him away from the contemplation of his soul. However much we may -suspect the motives which first led Struensee to his conversion, there -is no doubt that he was sincerely zealous for his spiritual well-being -at the last. The long months of solitary confinement, the ceaseless -exhortations and prayers of the fervent Münter, the near approach of -death, perhaps, too, some echo from the pious home in which he had -been reared, combined to detach Struensee's thoughts from the world -and to concentrate them on his soul. He had reached that point which -counts earth's sufferings as little in comparison with the problems -of eternity. The worldling, who had once thought of nothing but his -material advancement, was now equally ambitious for his spiritual -welfare. In his pursuit of the one he was as selfish and as absorbed as -he had been in pursuit of the other. The motive had changed, but the -man was the same. - -[Illustration: STRUENSEE IN HIS DUNGEON. - -_From a Contemporary Print._] - -Brandt had also received a copy of his sentence from Bang, and, like -Struensee, immediately petitioned the King for mercy. It was generally -expected that the royal clemency would be exercised in his case. The -judges who tried the case had no option but to pass sentence, but -some of them had hoped that the extreme penalty of the law would be -mitigated. It was the King's business to sign the sentences, but the -question of whether he should, or should not, confirm them was first -discussed by the Council of State before the documents were sent to -the King to sign. In the council itself there were voices on the -side of mercy, especially for Brandt, but Rantzau and Osten, the two -members of the council who had been familiar friends of the condemned -men, absolutely opposed the idea of any mercy being shown to either -of them. Yet there is no doubt that, if strict justice had been meted -out, Rantzau, at least, would have been lying under the same sentence. -Perhaps it was this thought which made him of all the council the most -implacable and unyielding: dead men could tell no tales, and until -both Struensee and Brandt were dead, Rantzau would not feel safe. So -the council, at any rate by a majority, reported that the King should -confirm the sentences. - -All effort was not at an end, for Guldberg, the most influential of -the judges who had condemned Struensee and Brandt, had an audience -of Juliana Maria, and implored a mitigation of the punishment, or at -least that Brandt's life should be spared. But Juliana Maria showed -herself inflexible, and the vindictive side of her nature asserted -itself without disguise. Brandt as well as Struensee had inflicted many -slights upon her and her son; therefore he, too, should die. Guldberg, -who had supposed his influence over the Queen-Dowager was all-powerful, -as indeed it was on most points, was unable to move her in this, -and might as well have pleaded to a rock. After a long and violent -altercation he withdrew worsted, and until the executions were over -he remained in strict retirement. Whatever may be said of the others, -Guldberg, at any rate, washed his hands of the blood of the condemned -men. - -It may be doubted, however, if Juliana Maria, even if she had been -otherwise minded, could have saved Brandt's life, for the King, though -easily led in many respects, showed remarkable obstinacy in this. Some -of his ministers suggested to him that it would be generous of him to -pardon Brandt, as the chief offence was one against his royal person; -but the King at once showed the greatest repugnance to pardon. He hated -Brandt much more than he hated Struensee; he had never forgiven him -the assault, and the mere mention of his name was sufficient to fill -him with rage. He positively declared that he would not sign either of -the sentences unless he signed both, and, as no one wished Struensee -to escape, the ministers gave way. The King signed both sentences, and -displayed a savage joy when he heard that they were to be carried out -without delay. In the evening he dined in public and went in state to -the Italian opera. - -On Friday, April 25, the prisoners were told of their sentences, and -on Saturday they were informed that the King had signed them, and -all hope was over. Their execution would take place on the Monday -following. Both prisoners received the news with composure, though -Struensee was much affected when he heard that every effort to save -Brandt's life had failed, and commented indignantly on the injustice of -his sentence. Münter, who brought him the fatal news, greatly lamented -that the barbarous and needless cruelties of the sentence had not been -abolished. Struensee exhorted his friend and confessor to maintain his -firmness, and said he would dispense with his services at the last -if the sight would be too much for him. But to this Münter would not -listen. "I shall suffer much more," said Struensee, "if I see that -you suffer too. Therefore, speak to me on the scaffold as little as -you can. I will summon all my strength; I will turn my thoughts to -Jesus, my Deliverer; I will not take formal leave of you, for that -would unman me." As to the brutal indignities of his death, he said: -"I am far above all this, and I hope my friend Brandt feels the same. -Here in this world, since I am on the point of leaving it, neither -honour nor infamy can affect me any more. It is equally the same to -me, after death, whether my body rots under the ground or in the open -air--whether it serves to feed the worms or the birds. God will know -how to preserve those particles which on the resurrection day will -constitute my glorified body. It is not my all which is to be exposed -upon the wheel. Thank God, I am now well assured that this flesh is not -my whole being." - -Struensee wrote three letters--one to Brandt's brother, in which he -bewailed having been the innocent cause of bringing "our dear Enevold -to this pass"; another to Rantzau, saying he forgave him as he hoped to -be forgiven, and exhorting him to turn to religion; and the third to -Madam von Berkentin of Pinneberg, the lady who had first recommended -Struensee to influential personages, and thus unwittingly had laid -the foundation of his future greatness and of his future ruin. To his -brother, Justice Struensee, who was also a prisoner, the condemned man -sent a message of farewell through Münter. But to the Queen he sent -neither word of remembrance nor prayer for forgiveness for the wrong -he had done her. In this respect, at least, it would seem Struensee's -conversion was not complete. - -When Hee brought Brandt the news that his execution was determined -upon, he displayed a firmness and dignity hardly to be expected from -one of his volatile temperament. He indulged in no pious aspirations -after the manner of Struensee, but said quietly that he submitted to -the will of God. - -For the next two days Copenhagen was filled with subdued excitement. -On Sunday, the day before the execution, the places of public resort -were closed, but the citizens gathered together in little groups at the -corners of the streets, and spoke in hushed accents of the tragedy of -to-morrow. Meanwhile, the Government was taking every step to hurry -forward the executions and preserve public order. Soldiers were already -guarding a large field outside the eastern gate of Copenhagen, where -a scaffold, eight yards long, eight yards broad and twenty-seven feet -high, was being erected. Other soldiers were posted on the gallows-hill -a little distance to the west, where two poles were planted, and four -wheels tied to posts. The Government had some difficulty in finding -carpenters to build the scaffold, as the men had a superstition -about it; many of them refused, and were at last coerced by threats. -No wheelwright would supply the wheels on which the remains of the -wretched men were to be exposed, so at last they were taken from old -carriages in the royal stables. Though the work was pressed forward -with all speed, the scaffold was only completed a few hours before the -execution, which was arranged to take place early in the morning of -Monday, April 28. - -All the night before crowds of people were moving towards the eastern -gate, and at the first break of dawn large bodies of troops marched -to the place of execution, and were drawn up in a large square around -the scaffold. Others formed a guard along the route from the citadel, -and everywhere the posts were doubled. When all preparations were -complete, the eastern gate of the city was thrown open, and huge -crowds surged towards the fatal field, or pressed against the soldiers -who guarded the route along which the condemned men were to journey -from the citadel to the scaffold. Everywhere was a sea of countless -heads. Upwards of thirty thousand persons, including women and little -children, were gathered around the scaffold alone--some animated by a -lust for blood and vengeance, but most of them by that morbid curiosity -and love of the horrible common to all mobs in all ages of the world. - -At a very early hour the two clergymen went to the condemned men to -comfort and attend them in their last moments. When Münter entered -Struensee's cell, he found him reading Schegel's _Sermons on the -Passion of Christ_. The unhappy man was already dressed. His jailors -had given him, as if in mockery, the clothes he had worn at the -masquerade ball the night of his arrest, and in which he had been -hurried to prison--a blue cut-velvet coat and pink silk breeches. For -the first time for many months his chains were taken off. Struensee -greeted Münter calmly, and together they conversed on religious matters -until the cell door opened and the dread summons came. - -Dean Hee found Brandt brave and even cheerful. He, too, had been -unchained from the wall, and was enjoying his brief spell of -comparative freedom by walking up and down the room. Brandt, also, was -vested in the clothes he had brought with him to the citadel--a green -court dress richly embroidered with gold. He told Hee that he was not -afraid to die, and seemed only anxious that the ordeal should be over. -He asked him if he had seen any one executed before, and how far he -ought to bare his neck and arm to the headsman's axe. Presently the -summons came for him too. - -Both the condemned men were marched out to the large hall of the -citadel, where they were again fettered by a chain attached to their -left hand and right foot. As the morning was cold, they were allowed to -wear their fur pelisses. In this attire they entered the coaches drawn -up in the courtyard of the citadel. Brandt occupied the first coach, -Struensee the second. On one side of each of the prisoners sat an -officer with a drawn sword, on the other the clergyman; opposite them -were placed two sergeants. The two coaches were guarded by two hundred -infantry soldiers with fixed bayonets, and an equal number of dragoons -with drawn sabres. In a third coach were seated the Fiscal-General, -Wivet, and the King's bailiff, and facing them was the deputy-bailiff, -holding the two tin shields on which the arms of the Counts were -painted, which were to be broken in the sight of the people. - -At half-past eight the bell began to toll from the tower of the -citadel. The gates were thrown open, and the melancholy procession -emerged, and began its slow progress to the place of execution. Though -the streets were thronged, and every window, balcony and housetop was -filled with spectators, the condemned men passed along their last -journey in silence--a silence only broken by the tramp of the soldiers' -and horses' feet. The morning was dull and cold, and a slight mist -hung over the Sound. When the procession reached its destination, -the Fiscal-General and the King's bailiff and his deputy-bailiff -mounted the scaffold, where the executioner, masked, and two stalwart -assistants, also masked, awaited their victims, surrounded by the -dread emblems of their hideous office. The large scaffold, which was -twenty-seven feet in height, rose far above the heads of the soldiers -who guarded it and the vast crowd beyond. All could see what took place -there, even from a far distance, for this platform and the figures upon -it were clearly silhouetted against the morning sky. - -Brandt was the first of the condemned men to mount the flight of wooden -stairs to the scaffold--a task made more difficult from the fact that -he was chained hand and foot. He was closely followed by Dean Hee, -who exhorted him to firmness the whole time. Arrived on the scaffold, -Brandt turned to the clergyman, and assured him that he had no fear, -and his mind was quite composed. The worthy divine, however, continued -to encourage him with these words: "Son, be of good cheer, for thy -sins are forgiven thee." Brandt throughout behaved with heroism. When -his fetters were struck off the King's bailiff stepped forward to read -his sentence; he listened quietly to the end, and then protested his -innocence. The deputy-bailiff held up to Brandt the tin shield, and -formally asked him if it were his coat of arms painted thereon. Brandt -merely nodded in answer, and the bailiff swung the shield into the air -and broke it, with the words: - -"This is not done in vain, but as a just punishment." Hee then began -to recite in a loud voice the prayer for the dying, and when it was -over he put to the condemned man the usual questions, to which Brandt -answered again that he was sorry for what he had done wrong, but he -left all to God, and was not afraid to die. Hee then gave him his -blessing, and, taking him by the hand, delivered him over to the -executioner. - -When the headsman approached to assist the prisoner in undressing, -Brandt exclaimed firmly: "Stand back, and do not dare to touch me!" He -undressed alone; he let his fur pelisse fall, took off his hat, removed -his coat and waistcoat, bared his neck, and rolled up the shirt sleeve -of his right arm. In this he suffered the executioner to help him, for -he was afraid he might not roll it up sufficiently. Brandt then knelt -down, laid his head on one block, and stretched out his right hand -on another, and smaller one, hard by. While he was in this position, -Hee whispered some last words of comfort, and then stood back. As the -clergyman was reciting: "O Christ, in Thee I live, in Thee I die! O -Lamb of God that takest away the sins of the world, have mercy!" the -executioner stepped forward, and with two well-directed blows completed -his dread task. - -Immediately the execution was over the assistants advanced to perform -the most horrible part of the sentence, and wreak the last indignities. -They stripped the body, laid it on a block, disembowelled it, and -split it into four quarters with an axe. Each part was then let down -by a rope into a cart standing below, with the other remains; the head -was held up on a pole, and shown to the multitude; then that, too, -was let down into the cart, and lastly the right hand. After this the -scaffold was strewn with fresh sand, the axes were roughly cleaned, and -everything made ready for the next victim. - -Brandt's execution had taken nearly half an hour. During the whole of -this horrible scene Struensee sat in his coach, which was drawn up near -the scaffold, with Pastor Münter by his side. Münter, who showed much -more emotion than his penitent, had ordered the coach to be turned -round in such a way that they should not see Brandt's execution. But -Struensee's eyes had wandered to the block, and he said to Münter: -"I have already seen it," and then added: "We will look up again to -heaven." In this position he and his comforter remained while the last -indignities were being wrought upon Brandt's poor body, and together -they prayed until Struensee was informed that his turn had come. - -Struensee became deadly pale, but otherwise retained his composure, -and, getting out of the coach, he saluted the guard on either side. -Some favoured personages had been allowed inside the square made by -the soldiers. Many of these Struensee had known in the days of his -triumph, and as he passed, led by Münter, he bowed to them also. But, -as he approached the scaffold, his fortitude began to give way, and it -was with difficulty that he mounted the fifteen steps which led to -the top. When he reached the summit, Münter repeated in a low voice -the comforting words: "He that believeth in Me, though he were dead, -yet shall he live." Then came the same formalities as in the case of -Brandt: Struensee's fetters were knocked off, the King's confirmation -of the sentence was read, and his coat of arms was broken. Then Münter, -having prayed according to the melancholy ritual, solemnly asked -Struensee if he repented of his sins and died in the true faith of a -Christian. - -Struensee having answered these questions in the affirmative, Münter -laid his hand upon his head, and said with deep emotion: "Go in peace -whither God calls you. His grace be with you." He then handed him over -to the executioner. - -Struensee took off his fur pelisse and his hat. He would fain have -undressed himself alone, but his trembling hands refused to do the -work, and he was obliged to let the executioner help him. When his -coat and waistcoat had been taken off, he produced a handkerchief to -bind his eyes; but the executioner assured him that it would not be -necessary, and took it away. He further removed his shirt, so that -nothing might hinder the fall of the axe. Struensee then, with half his -body bare, went with faltering steps to the block, which still reeked -with the blood of Brandt. Here he reeled and would have fallen, but the -headsman assisted him to kneel, and, with some difficulty, placed his -head and hand in the right position. As the executioner raised his axe -in the air to cut off the right hand, Münter recited: "Remember Christ -crucified, who died, but is risen again." The blow fell before the -words were finished, and the right hand lay severed on the scaffold. -But the victim was seized with violent convulsions, with the result -that the executioner's second blow, which was intended to behead him, -failed. The wretched man sprang up spasmodically, but the assistants -seized him by the hair, and held him down to the block by force. The -executioner struck again, and this time with deadly effect; but even -then it was not a clean blow, and a part of the neck had to be severed. - -The same revolting indignities were committed on Struensee's corpse -as on that of Brandt; it is unnecessary to repeat them. When all was -over, the mangled remains of both men were thrown into a cart and were -conveyed through the city to the gallows-hill outside the western gate. -The heads were stuck on poles, the quarters were exposed on the wheels, -and the hands nailed on a piece of board. Thus was left all that was -mortal of Struensee and Brandt--an awful warning that all might see.[60] - -[60] Archdeacon Coxe, who visited Copenhagen in 1775, states in his -_Travels_ that he saw Struensee's and Brandt's skulls still exposed -on the gallows-hill. There they remained for some years. Wraxall says -that Struensee's skull was eventually stolen by four English sailors -belonging to a Russian man-of-war. - -From her watch-tower afar off, the Queen-Dowager witnessed the -execution of the men whom she deemed her greatest enemies. Early in -the morning Juliana Maria mounted to a tower on the eastern side -of the Christiansborg Palace, and there through a strong telescope -gloated over this judicial murder. The keen interest she took in -every revolting detail revealed the depth of her vindictiveness. When -Brandt's execution was over, and Struensee mounted the steps to the -scaffold, she clapped her hands triumphantly and exclaimed: "Now comes -the fat one!" So great was her satisfaction that, it is said, she -momentarily forgot her caution, and declared the only thing that marred -her joy was the thought that Matilda's corpse was not thrown into the -cart with those of her accomplices. When the cart moved away, the -Queen-Dowager, fearful lest she should lose any detail of the tragedy, -ran down from the tower to the apartments which she occupied on the -upper floor of the palace, and from the windows, which commanded a view -of the gallows-hill to the west, she saw the last ignominy wrought on -the remains of her victims. In after years the Queen-Dowager always -lived in these unpretending rooms of the Christiansborg, though at -Frederiksberg and the other palaces she took possession of Matilda's -apartments. Suhm, the historian, says that he once expressed surprise -that she should still live in little rooms up many stairs, when all the -palace was at her disposal, and Juliana Maria replied: "These rooms are -dearer to me than my most splendid apartments elsewhere, for from the -windows I saw the remains of my bitterest foes exposed on the wheel." -From her windows, too, for many years after, she could see the skulls -of Struensee and Brandt withering on the poles.[61] - -[61] The statement that the Queen-Dowager witnessed the execution -from a tower of the Christiansborg Palace is controverted by some on -the ground that it would not be possible for her to see it from this -point. Certainly it would not be possible to-day, owing to the growth -of Copenhagen, and the many houses and other buildings which have been -erected, but in 1772 there were comparatively few buildings between the -Christiansborg Palace and the scene of the execution, so it was quite -possible for the Queen-Dowager to view the gallows through a telescope. - -Against this statement of Suhm's is to be set one of Münter's. It does -not necessarily conflict, but it shows how capable the Queen-Dowager -was of acting a part. If she forgot herself for a moment on the tower -of the Christiansborg, she quickly recovered her self-command, and -behaved with her usual decorum. She sent for Münter, ostensibly to -thank him for having effected Struensee's conversion, in reality to -extract from him all the mental agonies of her victims' last moments, -and thus further gratify her lust for vengeance. Münter expatiated on -Struensee's conversion, and gave her full particulars of his terror -and sufferings at the last. The Queen-Dowager affected to be moved to -tears, and said: "I feel sorry for the unhappy man. I have examined -myself whether in all I have done against him I have been animated by -any feeling of personal enmity, and my conscience acquits me." She -gave Münter a valuable snuff-box of rock-crystal, as a small token -of her appreciation of his labours on behalf of Struensee's soul. To -Hee she also sent a snuff-box, but it was only of porcelain. Whether -this was to mark her sense of the greater thoroughness of Struensee's -conversion, or whether it showed that she was not so much interested -in Brandt as Struensee, it is impossible to say. Nor did her rewards -end here. That both she and the ministers looked upon these clergymen -as accomplices in bringing Struensee and Brandt to their death is -shown from the fact that, when a commission of inquiry was appointed -to consider "in what manner the persons employed in convicting the -prisoners of state should be rewarded," this commission allotted to -Münter and Hee three hundred dollars each. But Juliana Maria was of a -different opinion, and judged it more proper to make them presents.[62] - -[62] Münter afterwards was appointed Bishop of Zealand. - -The executions of Struensee and Brandt brought about a revulsion in -public feeling. It was felt that the national honour was satisfied, and -the time had come to temper justice with mercy. The Queen-Dowager's -party were quick to note the change. Fearful of the least breath of -popular displeasure, they now swung round from barbarity to leniency. -Those placed under "house arrest" were set free, and the ten prisoners -of state imprisoned in the citadel, were treated, for the most part, -with leniency. Madame Gahler, Colonel Hesselberg, Admiral Hansel, -Councillor Stürtz, Lieutenant Aböe, and Councillor Willebrandt, since -no evidence could be produced against them, were released after an -imprisonment of four and a half months, and were all banished from -the capital. Professor Berger, the physician, who had been accused -of poisoning, or drugging, the King, was also set free, and banished -to Aalborg, in northern Jutland. It was found, after a searching -examination, that the medicines he had given the King were quite -innocuous. - -Three state prisoners still remained--General Gahler, Colonel -Falckenskjold and Justice Struensee. Gahler was dismissed from the -King's service, and all his appointments, and was banished from -Copenhagen. But on the understanding that the ruined soldier would -neither speak nor write of public affairs, the King, by an act of -special clemency, granted him a pension of five hundred dollars, and -the same to his wife. Justice Struensee was also released, but ordered -to quit the country immediately. This clemency, so different from what -had been shown to his brother, was due to the interposition of the King -of Prussia, who had kept Struensee's position as professor of medicine -at Liegnitz open for him, and with whom he was a favourite. Justice -Struensee eventually became a Minister of State in Prussia. - -Falckenskjold, who was considered the worst of all the offenders after -Struensee and Brandt, was stripped of all his employments and honours, -and condemned to be imprisoned for life in the fortress of Munkholm. -Falckenskjold remained at Munkholm for four years, where he suffered -many hardships; but in 1776, through the intercession of Prince -Frederick, he was set at liberty, on the condition that he would never -return to Danish territory. After the revolution of 1784, when Queen -Matilda's son assumed the regency, the penalties against him were -repealed; he was allowed to return to Copenhagen for a time to look -after his affairs, and later was promoted to the rank of major-general. -He never again took active part in Danish politics, but retired to -Lausanne, where he found such friends as Gibbon and Reverdil. There -he wrote his _Memoirs_, which were largely directed to proving the -innocence of Queen Matilda, and there he died in 1820 at the age of -eighty-two years. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - -THE RELEASE OF THE QUEEN. - -1772. - - -During the weeks occupied by the trials of Struensee and Brandt, Keith -had been untiring in his efforts on behalf of Queen Matilda, and wrung -from her enemies one concession after another. As the result of his -insistence, the Queen was no longer confined in one small room, but -was permitted to use the large dining-hall outside it and the other -apartments adjoining. She was also allowed to go out and take the -air on the ramparts and the leads of the castle. Her food was better -served, and she was waited on with some ceremony by her household. The -preachers in the fortress chapel were no longer instructed to hurl -insults at the Queen, and when she attended divine service there was -nothing to remind her of her misfortunes, beyond the omission of her -name from the liturgy. The little Princess was still allowed to remain -with her. This indulgence was probably due to the fact that the child -was ill of the measles, and it might have cost the infant her life to -take her away at this time from the Queen, who most devotedly nursed -her day and night, and found in the child her only consolation. Keith -wrote of this incident: "A more tender mother than this Queen never -was born in the world." - -Queen Matilda had now been imprisoned at Kronborg several months, and -by the gentleness and dignity with which she bore her sorrows she -won the respect and devotion of her jailors. Her natural kindness of -heart showed itself even under these distressing circumstances; she -made inquiries concerning the other prisoners who were detained in the -fortress, and, as soon as greater freedom was allowed her, did what -she could to alleviate their lot. From the little money she possessed, -she gave sums from time to time to buy them comforts, and, when her -dinner was served to her properly, she put aside two dishes from her -table every day, with orders that they should be given to certain -prisoners whom she had singled out for compassion. One of these was -a Danish officer, who had been confined for many years in a small -cell on suspicion of having entered into a treasonable correspondence -with Sweden. The commandant of Kronborg remonstrated with the Queen, -and asked her to bestow her little bounty on some other, lest her -kindness should be construed into a condonation of the prisoner's -heinous offence. The Queen declined, and quoted the following line of -Voltaire's: "_Il suffit qu'il soit homme, et qu'il soit malheureux_." - -The Queen in her prison heard of the tragic death of Struensee and -Brandt. According to one account she swooned with grief and horror, -and when she rallied spoke no word. According to another she -received the news with emotion, and exclaimed to Fräulein Mösting, -her maid-of-honour: "Unhappy men; they have paid dearly for their -devotion to the King and their zeal in my service." These words, it -must be admitted, do not show overwhelming grief for the death of the -man who but a short time before had been dearer to her than all the -world. Perhaps his shameful confession, and the way he had received -her message of forgiveness, influenced her in spite of herself. She -forgave him the wrong he had done her; she uttered no word of reproach; -she showed the deepest pity for his sufferings and horror at his fate; -but it was impossible that she could feel quite the same towards him -as she had done. Perhaps, too, long months of solitary confinement had -brought reflection, and the death of her mother, and the thought of -her children, whom she dearly loved, had aroused her to a higher sense -of her duties; and her eyes, no longer blinded by passion, saw clearly -in what she had failed. Certain it is that Matilda's character was -purified and ennobled by suffering. - -After the sentence of divorce was pronounced, Keith had insisted upon -seeing the Queen. For some time this request was refused, or rather he -was always put off on one pretext or another. But Keith clamoured in -season and out of season at the doors of the Christiansborg, and became -so threatening that at last the crafty Osten and the vindictive Juliana -Maria had to give way, and most unwillingly gave leave to the English -envoy to visit his Sovereign's sister. But this permission does not -seem to have been granted until after the execution of Struensee and -Brandt. - -[Illustration: SIR ROBERT MURRAY KEITH, K.C.B.] - -Unfortunately, there exists no account of the first interview at -Kronborg between Queen Matilda and Keith; the despatches which the -English envoy wrote home at this time have all been destroyed. But we -can imagine what it must have been. In the days when Struensee was -in the ascendant, the young Queen was hardly permitted to see her -brother's representative--much less to have any conversation with him. -She was taught to look on him rather as an enemy than a friend, and -an enemy he undoubtedly was to Struensee and his administration. But, -freed from that baneful influence, she realised that the Englishman -was her only friend, and, if help came at all, it must come from -England, her native land, which, in the days of her brief madness, -she had forgotten. Now she clung to Keith as her friend and champion; -she placed herself unreservedly in his hands; she spoke to him quite -freely, and besought him to save her from the malice of her enemies. -But it needed neither her tears nor her prayers to urge this brave -soldier to fight for his King's sister; indeed, in her defence he was -more zealous than the King himself. He sent home a copy of the sentence -against the Queen, and a full account of her trial, pointing out its -obvious unfairness, the suborned and perjured nature of the evidence, -and the way the Queen's so-called confession had been extorted from her -under false pretences. It is said that George III. had these papers -submitted to some of the first law officers of the crown, and they -reported that the evidence was insufficient to prove the Queen guilty, -and, even where it might be believed, it was only of a presumptive -and inconclusive nature. On the strength of this report George III. -determined to give his sister the benefit of the doubt. Moved by the -despatches in which Keith eloquently portrayed the young Queen's -privations and sufferings and the danger to which she was exposed from -the fury and malice of her enemies, George III. sent instructions to -his envoy to peremptorily demand that Matilda should be set at liberty -forthwith, and handed over to his keeping. - -On receipt of this despatch Keith lost no time in acquainting the -Danish Government with its contents; but the Queen-Dowager and her -adherents demurred. Every preparation had been made to remove the -unfortunate young Queen to Aalborg--a lonely fortress on the extreme -edge of Jutland, and to keep her there in perpetual imprisonment. -And to Aalborg, they informed Keith, she would shortly be conducted. -Matilda had a presentiment that if she once went to Aalborg she would -never leave it alive. The only link that bound her to Denmark was her -children; apart from them, she had nothing there, and her one wish was -to leave it for ever, and return to the country which gave her birth. -But, though Keith stormed and protested, the Danish Government showed -no signs of yielding. Perhaps they trusted to the alleged lukewarmness -of the King of England, and believed that he would not force matters -to extremities. Keith wrote home a strongly worded despatch, saying -that it was absolutely necessary for the English Government to take -prompt and vigorous measures if this daughter of England were to be set -free. He also pointed out the bad effect it would have upon British -influence in Europe if, at such a moment, England did not show herself -as good as her word. On receipt of this despatch, George III. no longer -hesitated and took the vigorous measures he ought to have taken long -before; his own honour and the honour of England alike demanded that -the Queen should not be abandoned to her fate. He commanded Keith -to inform the Danish Government that, unless they at once agreed to -deliver the Queen to his keeping, the English minister would present -his letters of recall, a state of war would be declared between England -and Denmark, and a fleet would be despatched to bombard Copenhagen. -And, in order to follow up his words with action, orders were sent to -the Admiralty for the fitting out of a strong fleet, and though no -directions were given as to where it was to sail, it was universally -thought to be destined for Denmark. The Danish envoy in London thought -so too, for he wrote to Copenhagen in great alarm. He said that -the King of England was really roused at last, he referred to his -well-known obstinacy, and urged the Danish Government to yield to his -demands. - -In England the fate of the Queen of Denmark, which for so many months -had hung in the balance, was followed with close attention, and when -rumours came of the fitting out of the fleet, the public excitement -was wrought to the highest pitch. The Opposition, which had first -championed the cause of Matilda with more zeal than discretion, now -turned against her, and denounced the Government in the strongest terms -for bringing about a war between two friendly nations for a worthless -woman. The vilest pamphlets suddenly flooded the streets. To quote a -journal of the day: "Yesterday, in some parts of the city, men were -crying about printed papers, containing the most scandalous rumours, -and impudent reflections on the Queen of Denmark. The worst prostitute -that ever Covent Garden produced could not have had more gross abuse -bestowed on her."[63] - -[63] _General Evening Post_, April 30, 1772. - -Fortunately, for all concerned, the crisis was averted. When Keith, -on receipt of the King of England's orders, presented himself at the -Christiansborg Palace and delivered his ultimatum, panic struck the -hearts of the Queen-Dowager and her adherents, and this panic was -heightened by the news, conveyed to them by the Danish envoy in London, -that a fleet was fitted out and ready to sail. The Queen-Dowager did -not yield her victim without a struggle, she hated Matilda more than -Struensee and all his accomplices put together, but she was overborne -by the remonstrances of the rest, who knew that to precipitate a -conflict with England at this juncture would assuredly prove their -ruin. Whatever the issue of the struggle (and there was not much doubt -about that), the Danish people would never forgive the Government for -involving them in a ruinous war on such a pretext. Moreover, there was -a revulsion of feeling in favour of the young Queen, and, since the -death of Struensee, sympathy with her had been gaining ground daily. -It really would be safer, urged some, to get her out of the country -than to keep her shut up at Aalborg, for her adherents would always -be plotting to obtain her release. These considerations weighed even -with Juliana Maria, and made her see virtue in necessity. Keith, who -had noted these signs of weakness and divided counsels, pushed his -advantage, and with such success that he gained every point, and more -than every point, that George III. demanded. Not only did the Danish -Government agree to deliver Matilda to the King of England's keeping, -but they further promised that the sentence of divorce should not be -officially published, that they would do all they could to hush up the -scandal, that she should be permitted to retain her title of Queen, -and that they would pay a yearly allowance towards her maintenance in -another country. The Queen was not only to be set free, but to be set -free with honour. On only one point they would not yield: they would -not allow her to say good-bye to her son, or to take her daughter -with her. By the finding of the judges the Princess was the King of -Denmark's child, and therefore he was her proper guardian. - -As Keith had no instructions on this point, he was powerless to -insist upon it; but it was with a glad heart that he sat down to -write his despatch, which informed his King that every point had been -gained--that his demands had been complied with, and war would be -averted. - -The English Government received Keith's despatch with a great sense of -relief. The King, now his blood was up, would undoubtedly have insisted -upon the fleet sailing, and many complications would have ensued. The -Government were by no means sure that they would have the nation at -their back in declaring war on such a pretext. The whole story of the -Queen of Denmark's errors would have become common property; the King -of Prussia, who was in close alliance with Denmark, and whose Queen -was the sister of Juliana Maria, would probably have marched an army -into Hanover if Copenhagen had been bombarded, and a new war would -have been kindled in the north of Europe. Therefore, both the King -and the Government had every reason to congratulate themselves that -these difficulties had been avoided, and it was resolved to promote -Keith as a reward for the successful way in which he had conducted the -negotiations. Lord Suffolk wrote to Keith the following despatches:-- - - - "ST. JAMES'S, _May 1, 1772_. - - "SIR, - - "Your despatches by King the messenger have already been - acknowledged; those by Pearson were received on Wednesday afternoon, - and I now answer both together. - - "His Majesty's entire approbation of your conduct continues to the - last moment of your success, and his satisfaction has in no part of - it been more complete than in the manner in which you have stated, - urged and obtained the liberty of his sister, and the care you have - taken to distinguish between a claim of right and the subjects of - negotiation, and to prevent the mixture of stipulations with a demand - is perfectly agreeable with your instructions. - - "The national object of procuring the liberty of a daughter of - England confined in Denmark after her connection with Denmark was - dissolved is now obtained. For this alone an armament was prepared, - and therefore, as soon as the acquiescence of the court of Copenhagen - was known, the preparations were suspended, that the mercantile and - marine interests of this kingdom might be affected no longer than was - necessary by the expectation of a war. - - "Instead of a hostile armament, two frigates and a sloop of war are - now ordered to Elsinore. One of them is already in the Downs--the - others will repair thither immediately: and, as soon as wind permits, - they will proceed to their destination. I enclose to you an account - of them, which you may transfer to Monsieur Ostein [Count Osten] - ministerially, referring at the same time to the assurance of these - pacific proceedings. - - "The compliance of the Danish court with his Majesty's demand, - however forced, is still a compliance. Their continuing, unasked, - the style of Queen and other concessions, and the attainment of the - national object, accompanying each other, his Majesty would think - it improper to interrupt the national intercourse from any personal - or domestic consideration. You will therefore inform Monsieur - Ostein that his Majesty intends to have a minister at the court of - Copenhagen, the explanation you may give of this suspension of former - directions and his determinations being left to your own discretion. - - "You will not be that minister. His Majesty will have occasion for - your services in a more eligible situation, and, as soon as you have - discharged your duty to the Queen of Denmark by attending her to - Stade, you will return home, either on board his Majesty's ship which - conveyed you thither, or, if the passage by sea is disagreeable to - you, by land, with the least possible delay. - - "I am, with great truth and regard, Sir, - - "Your most obedient and humble servant, - - "SUFFOLK."[64] - -[64] _Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir R. Murray Keith_, vol. i. - - - "ST. JAMES'S, _May 1, 1772_. - - "For your own information, I enclose a list of the ships which were - intended to enforce the demand for the Queen of Denmark's liberty, if - it had been refused. Those from Plymouth would have been sailed if - the countermand had been a few hours later than it was. The others - were just ready to proceed to the Downs, and the whole fleet would - probably have by this time been on their way to Copenhagen, under the - command of Sir Charles Hardy. - - "I am, etc., - - "SUFFOLK."[65] - -[65] _Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir R. Murray Keith_, vol. i. - -The public curiosity in London, which had been keenly aroused by -the news that a fleet was being hastily fitted out for the Baltic, -was no less excited when the preparations were suddenly stopped by -a counter-order, sent to Portsmouth on April 22. Though no official -information was vouchsafed, people shrewdly guessed the truth. Horace -Walpole gives a fair idea of the gossip which was floating about -London:-- - -"The King, as Lord Hertford told me, had certainly ordered the fleet to -sail; and a near relation of Lord North told me that the latter had not -been acquainted with that intention. Lord Mansfield, therefore, who had -now got the King's ear, or Lord Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, -must have been consulted. The latter, though I should think he would -not approve of it, was capable of flattering the King's wishes; -Lord Mansfield assuredly would. The destination was changed on the -arrival of a courier from Denmark, who brought word that the Queen was -repudiated, and, I suppose, a promise that her life would be spared, -for though the Danes had thirty ships and the best seamen next to ours, -and though we were sending but ten ships against them, the governing -party were alarmed, probably from not being sure that their nation was -with them."[66] - -[66] Walpole, _Journals of the Reign of George III._ - -Again: "They gave her [the Queen of Denmark] the title of Countess of -Aalborg, and condemned her to be shut up in the castle of that name. -The King of England had certainly known her story two years before; -a clerk in the secretary's office, having opened a letter that came -with the account,[67] told me he had seen it before the secretary -gave it to the King. It was now believed that this intelligence had -occasioned the Princess of Wales to make an extraordinary journey to -Germany, where she saw her daughter, though to no purpose. Princess -Amelia told Lord Hertford on the 26th [April] ... that Queen Matilda -had a very high spirit, and that she believed the Danes would consent -to let her go to Hanover. 'But she will not be let go thither,' added -the Princess, meaning that the Queen's brother, Prince Charles of -Mecklenburg, commanded there, 'or to Zell, but she will not go thither' -[another of the Queen's brothers was there]; 'perhaps she _may_ go to -Lüneburg.'"[68] - -[67] The account of the Queen's alleged intrigue with Struensee. - -[68] Walpole, _Journals of the Reign of George III._, vol. i. - -Queen Matilda's destination had been determined by her brother before -her release was assured. Matilda had herself petitioned that she -might be allowed to return to England, and live the rest of her life -among her own people; but this natural request was refused. The King -at first was inclined to grant it, and, if the Princess-Dowager of -Wales had been alive, no doubt it would have been granted. But Queen -Charlotte, who had always shown the greatest jealousy of the King's -sisters, and had quarrelled fiercely with the Princess of Brunswick, -displayed the bitterest animus against the unfortunate Matilda, who -surely could have given her no cause of offence, for she had left -England when a child of fifteen. It is probable that the King's harsh -judgment of his sister, and his slowness to intervene on her behalf, -were instigated by Queen Charlotte, who now shrilly opposed the idea of -Matilda returning to England. Her rigid virtue rose in arms at the bare -suggestion of such a thing; she declared that she would not receive -her sister-in-law; that her presence at court would be an insult; that -she would contaminate the young princesses, her daughters, and be to -them a bad example. Queen Charlotte had her way, for the King did not -venture to stand up against the tempest of her virtuous indignation. He -then thought of sending his sister to Hanover; there were three empty -palaces there, and his Hanoverian subjects would be sure to receive her -kindly. But Queen Charlotte opposed that too: Hanover was too gay a -place, she said, for one who ought to hide her head from all the world; -and at her instigation her brother, Prince Charles of Mecklenburg, who -commanded there, raised objections also. The idea of sending Matilda to -Lüneburg was out of the question, for there was no house there, and it -was too near the frontier of Denmark. So at last the King decided upon -Celle as the most suitable place for his sister to find a refuge. True, -Prince Ernest of Mecklenburg-Strelitz commanded the garrison, another -of the Queen's brothers (Queen Charlotte provided for all her needy -relatives at the expense of her adopted country), but he was young -and unmarried, and offered no objection. On the contrary, he looked -forward to the advent of the Queen as a break in the monotony of Celle. -To Celle, therefore, it was determined she should go. - -Celle was an old town in the King's Hanoverian dominions, about twenty -miles north of Hanover. It was formerly the capital of the Dukes of -Brunswick-Lüneburg, and the town was dominated by the magnificent -castle where they formerly held their court.[69] The last Duke of -Celle was George William, brother of Ernest Augustus, first Elector of -Hanover and the father of George I. of England. George I., then the -Hereditary Prince of Hanover, married his cousin, the only daughter -of the Duke of Celle, the unfortunate Sophie Dorothea. At Duke George -William's death he became, through his marriage, possessed of the -dukedom of Celle, which was merged into the electorate of Hanover. -Since the death of Duke George William in 1705, there had no longer -been a court at Celle, and the importance of the town had waned, while -that of its rival, Hanover, had increased, though Celle still remained -a seat of justice, and a garrison was quartered there. The castle as -a place of residence needed many things to make it habitable. George -III. now gave orders that it was to be thoroughly repaired, and a suite -of apartments re-decorated and furnished for his sister, and rooms -prepared for the accommodation of her household. - -[69] The ancestors of the royal families of England, Germany (Prussia) -and Hanover all lived at Celle. - -Keith carried to the imprisoned Queen the tidings of her deliverance -early in May. It was with feelings of triumph and gladness that he -hastened to Kronborg to inform her of his success, and the King of -England's plans for her future welfare. As he wrote to his sister: "To -demand the liberty of a captive Queen, and to escort her to a land of -freedom is truly such a commencement of my chivalry as savours strongly -of the romantic. You will easily judge of the warmth of your brother's -zeal in the execution of a commission so well adapted to his genius. -Can you figure to yourself what he must have felt in passing through -the vaulted entrance of Hamlet's castle to carry to an afflicted and -injured princess these welcome proofs of fraternal affection and -liberty restored?"[70] His emotion was reciprocated, for, when Keith -came into the Queen's chamber and told her the glad news, she burst -into grateful tears, embraced him, and called him her deliverer. The -gallant soldier could have had no better reward. - -[70] _Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir R. Murray Keith_, vol. i. - -It was Keith's duty and pleasure now to inform the Queen that she was -no longer to consider herself a prisoner, but was merely residing in -the King of Denmark's palace of Kronborg until such time as the English -squadron should arrive to escort her to her brother's Hanoverian -dominions with every mark of honour and respect. He also told her of -the other concessions he had obtained for her; he had wrung almost -everything from her enemies except a proclamation of her innocence. On -this delicate subject the Queen is stated to have said that she found -some consolation in the thought that time would clear her character. "I -am young; I may, therefore, perhaps live," said she, "to see Denmark -disabused with respect to my conduct; whereas my poor mother, one -of the best women that ever lived, died while the load of obloquy -was heavy upon her, and went to her grave without the pleasure of a -vindicated character."[71] Throughout her imprisonment at Kronborg -Matilda had worn black--"in mourning," she said, "for her murdered -reputation". - -[71] _General Evening Post_, May 14, 1772. - -Though Keith brought to Matilda the news of her deliverance early -in May, it was not until the end of that month that the Queen left -Kronborg. During that time she saw the English envoy almost every day, -though he, too, like herself, was making preparations for departure. -She was no longer treated as a prisoner, but rendered all the honour -due to her rank, and she was free to wander within the outer walls of -the fortress as she pleased--a very large space. The Queen's favourite -walk was on the ramparts in front of the castle, where she would often -pace for hours together, straining her eyes across the grey waters of -the sea to catch the first glimpse of the British squadron which was -to take her away from Denmark. She declared that until she beheld the -British flag she would not feel herself safe. The Queen-Dowager was -now quite as anxious to get Matilda out of Denmark as she was to go, -and to this end agreed to almost everything suggested by Keith, and in -some respects even went beyond his suggestions. Matilda had a great -many jewels, which were not the property of the Danish crown, but her -own. Some of them she had brought with her from England; others had -been given her by the King, her husband; some she had purchased with -her own money. All of these had been seized by Juliana Maria, together -with the Queen's clothes and her personal possessions. When Matilda was -first sent to Kronborg she had little or nothing beyond the clothes she -wore, but little by little, grudgingly, things had been sent her. Now -the Queen-Dowager volunteered to send Matilda the jewels which King -Christian had given her; but the wronged wife rejected the offer with -disdain. She would take no favour she said; she wished to have nothing -to remind her of the husband who had repudiated her, or the country -which had treated her so cruelly; as a British princess she would -retain none of the trappings of her Danish slavery. The question formed -a subject of despatches, and Lord Suffolk wrote to Keith as follows: -"His Majesty does not see any objection to his sister receiving the -jewels you mention, which were formerly given, and are now intended -to be delivered to her. Her Danish Majesty will thereby only retain a -property, not accept a present. There seems no occasion for rejecting -the attention voluntarily offered; but, if the Queen of Denmark is very -averse from the proposition, his Majesty does not wish to control -her inclination." The Queen _was_ very averse, and so the offer was -rejected. But Matilda requested that her personal trinkets which she -had brought from England, and her books, clothing and other things, -left scattered about in the King of Denmark's palaces, should be packed -up and sent to her new home at Celle. We shall see how that order was -carried out later. - -On May 27 the Queen's longing eyes were gladdened by the sight of the -English squadron rounding the point off Elsinore. The Queen was at -dinner when the guns at Kronborg saluted and the English ships answered -back. She immediately ran out on the ramparts, and wept with joy at -the sight of the British flag. Yet it was with mingled feelings that -she beheld it, for the vessels which were to carry her away to liberty -were also to carry her away from the child whom she dearly loved. -The squadron consisted of the _Southampton_ (Captain Macbride), the -_Seaford_ (Captain Davis), and the _Cruiser_ (Captain Cummings). Keith, -who had now said good-bye to Copenhagen to his great satisfaction, and -had handed over the affairs of the legation to his secretary, was at -Kronborg when the ships anchored off Elsinore. He at once went down to -the harbour to meet Captain Macbride, and conduct him to the castle to -have audience of the Queen. - -[Illustration: A VIEW OF ELSINORE, SHOWING THE CASTLE OF KRONBORG. - -_From the Drawing by C. F. Christensen._] - -The Queen received Captain Macbride very graciously, and conversed with -him a few minutes. When he asked her when it would please her to -sail, she exclaimed: "Ah, my dear children!" and, putting her hands to -her face, abruptly quitted the room. Later she sent Captain Macbride -a message, asking him to forgive her emotion, and appointing two days -later, May 30, as the date of her departure. - -When it was known that the British squadron was anchored off Elsinore, -great excitement prevailed at the Danish court. By way of speeding the -parting guest, perhaps also to spy upon her, a deputation of noblemen -was sent from Copenhagen by the Queen-Dowager to formally wait upon -Matilda and wish her a pleasant voyage. Queen Matilda received the -deputation with quiet dignity, and said the day would come when the -King would know that he had been betrayed and deceived, but, for -herself, she henceforth lived only for her children. - -On the day appointed by the Queen for her departure, a lady from the -Danish court arrived at Kronborg in one of the royal coaches, with an -escort, to take charge of the Princess Louise Augusta. The Queen was -agonised at parting from the infant, who had been her sole consolation -in the dreary months of her captivity, and whom she had nursed at the -breast. She even thought her liberty purchased at too dear a price. -The hope that this child would be allowed to remain with her had been -one of the inducements which led her to sign the damning paper called -her confession. It must have been a bitter thought to her that she had -signed away her honour in vain, and the babe for whom she made this -supreme sacrifice was to be torn from her arms. For a long time the -Queen held her child to her breast, and wept over it, showering on it -caresses and endearing words. The lady who had come to take charge -of the infant, and all who witnessed the parting, were hardly less -affected; but the scene could not be prolonged for ever. Pleadings -and remonstrances were unavailing, and the women had almost to use -force to take the little princess from her mother's arms. At last the -heart-broken Queen yielded her infant, and cried wildly, "Let me away, -for I now possess nothing here!" - -By this time it was six o'clock in the evening. Everything was ready -for the Queen's departure, and Captain Macbride and Sir Robert Keith -had been waiting at the castle all the afternoon to escort the Queen on -board. At last she was ready to leave. It was arranged that the Queen -should be attended as far as Stade by Count and Countess Holstein, -Fräulein Mösting and a page. Of her other Danish attendants the Queen -now took farewell, and many of them were moved to tears. She also bade -adieu to the commandant of Kronborg and his wife, and exonerated them -from all blame for the deprivations she had suffered. She thanked the -commandant for what he had done directly he was allowed to ameliorate -the rigours of her captivity; to his wife she gave a gold snuff-box as -a souvenir. Nor did she forget the poor prisoners, for whom she left a -sum of money. Though she came to Kronborg a prisoner she left it as a -Queen, and a Queen to whom full honours were paid. The guard presented -arms and an escort was drawn up in the courtyard; the Queen descended -the stone stairs up which she had been hurried five months before, and -entered her coach. The commandant accompanied her to the outermost gate -of the fortress, where he took his leave. Thence it was only a few -yards to the harbour, where a Danish royal barge was waiting to row the -Queen out to the English squadron. - -Immediately the Queen and her suite stepped on board H.M.S. -_Southampton_ the royal standard of England was unfurled, and the -cannon of Kronborg and of the Danish guardship in the Sound fired -a salute of twenty-one guns. The anchors were weighed immediately, -and the little English squadron set sail up the Cattegat, for it was -decided to go round Jutland, and so avoid Copenhagen. It was a fine -summer's night, and the Queen remained on deck, her eyes fixed on the -vanishing fortress (her child was to remain there until the morrow, -when she was to be taken to Copenhagen); nor could she be persuaded to -go below until darkness intercepted her view. As there was little wind -during the night the vessels made small headway. At the first break of -dawn the Queen was on deck again, and to her satisfaction found that -she could still catch a glimpse of the towers of Kronborg, which she -watched until they faded from her view. - -Owing to contrary winds the voyage to Stade took several days. The -Queen is said to have beguiled her voyage by writing a long poem -beginning:-- - - At length from sceptred care and deadly state, - From galling censure and ill-omened hate, - From the vain grandeur where I lately shone, - From Kronborg's prison and from Denmark's throne - I go.[72] - -[72] This poem was found among Sir R. M. Keith's papers after his -death, headed: "Written at sea by the Queen of Denmark on her passage -to Stade, 1772." But the writing was not that of the Queen, and, as -Matilda had no gift for literary composition, it is doubtful whether it -is genuine. I therefore only quote the first five lines. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - -REFUGE AT CELLE. - -1772-1774. - - -The English squadron arrived at Stade, a seaport town on the mouth -of the Elbe, then in the electorate of Hanover, on June 5. Matilda -was received with all the honour due to her rank as Queen of Denmark -and Princess of Great Britain. Two highly placed Hanoverian officials -rowed out to the flagship, and formally welcomed her to her brother's -dominions. The Queen landed shortly afterwards from a royal barge. -Here the Hanoverian ladies and gentlemen who were to form her new -household awaited her, and here her small Danish suite took their -leave, preparatory to returning to Copenhagen by land. The Queen gave -Count Holstein a diamond solitaire and similar souvenirs to the others. -She also recommended Captain Macbride and the other officers for -promotion through the envoy.[73] A large crowd had assembled to witness -the Queen disembark, by whom she was greeted with great enthusiasm. -There was a very general idea that she had been hardly used, and her -brother's Hanoverians were enthusiastic in her defence. The Queen was -treated with honour: she was lodged in the principal house at Stade, -and attended by her suite, which was composed of the Dowager Baroness -d'Ompteda, chief lady of her court, two other ladies-in-waiting, two -chamberlains, three pages and a number of servants. Sir Robert Keith -acted as minister in attendance. - -[73] Lord Sandwich's despatch, June 28, 1772. - -The Queen remained at Stade two days, and then travelled by way of -Harburg to Göhrde, a distance of thirty miles, where she was to remain -until the castle of Celle was ready for her reception. Göhrde had -formerly been a hunting-box of the Dukes of Celle. It was a long, low, -unpretending house of brick and timber, and the accommodation was so -limited that most of the suite had to be lodged in cottages hard by. -Göhrde was situated in the midst of a forest, far removed from any -town, and the Queen was more separated from the outer world there than -she had been at Kronborg.[74] At Göhrde Sir Robert Keith took leave of -the Queen, who parted from him with many expressions of gratitude and -good-will. He went, in accordance with his instructions, to England, to -give the King a full and particular account of the late revolution in -Denmark, and to say all that he could in the Queen's favour. - -[74] The house at Göhrde is still standing, and is sometimes used -as a hunting-box by the German Emperor, who as King of Prussia has -appropriated it, together with all the other palaces of the King of -Hanover--except Herrenhausen--which remains the private property of the -Duke of Cumberland. - -Matilda remained at Göhrde throughout the summer, and the quiet did -much to refresh her weary mind after the exciting scenes she had -gone through. In her loneliness the Queen turned to the consolations -of religion; the pastor of Lüneburg often visited her, and once a -week conducted divine service for her and the household. In August -Matilda received a visit from her sister Augusta, Hereditary Princess -of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who came with her husband, and stayed four -days. Matilda was overjoyed to see her sister again. They had not met -since the days of their youth in England, but they had corresponded -regularly. Through good report and evil the Princess of Brunswick had -stood by her young sister, and she now determined to see as much as -possible of her in the future, which would be comparatively easy, as -Brunswick was only a few hours' journey from Celle. She had nothing -but sympathy for Matilda, and indignation at her wrongs. Together, no -doubt, they went over the whole miserable story of the unhappy marriage -in Denmark; here, too, they probably recalled the memories of their -childhood in England. The Princess of Brunswick, who had lately come -from London, also gave her sister much information concerning George -III. and Queen Charlotte, which enabled her to understand better -the state of affairs at the English court. The Prince of Brunswick, -gallant soldier that he was, also championed the cause of his young -sister-in-law, and his visit to her at this time was a proof to all -the world that he believed her to be an injured woman. His visit was -the more significant from the fact that he was a nephew of Matilda's -greatest enemy, Juliana Maria, who was by birth a princess of -Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. The Princess of Brunswick and her husband did -not always get on very happily together, for the Princess resented her -husband's many amours. Their visit to Göhrde, therefore, was regarded -not only as evidence of their friendship for the unfortunate Queen, but -as proof that harmony was restored between them. - -Though the preparations at Celle were pushed forward with all speed, -it was late in October before everything was ready in the castle for -the Queen's reception. The honest townsfolk of Celle were prepared to -give their King's sister the heartiest of welcomes. There had been -no court at the castle for nearly seventy years, and they were proud -that its ancient glories were to be in part revived; moreover, they -sympathised with the sorrows of the young Queen, were indignant at her -wrongs, and firmly believed her to be the innocent victim of a court -plot. When, therefore, after four months' residence at Göhrde, Matilda -fixed October 20 for her entry to Celle, the magistrates and burgesses -determined to give her a right royal reception. A public holiday was -proclaimed; the streets of the quaint little town, which contain some -fine specimens of north German architecture, were gaily decorated, and -odes of welcome, both in prose and verse, were prepared. Prince Ernest -of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen Charlotte's brother, and commandant of -the garrison, heartily supported the efforts of the townspeople, and -for weeks nothing was talked of but the entry of Queen Matilda.[75] - -[75] The following particulars of the Queen's entry are taken from -contemporary newspapers and the town registers of Celle. - -The day of October 20 dawned beautifully fine. The town was bright with -the sunshine of late autumn; the royal standard floated proudly on -the castle tower, and soldiers paraded the streets. There was such an -influx of visitors to Celle from the surrounding villages that every -house was filled to overflowing, and there was no more accommodation to -be had at the inns. At an early hour the townsfolk assembled under arms -at the headquarters of the local militia. Each citizen wore red and -white ribbons in his hat, and a rosette of the same in his buttonhole. -A procession was formed, and headed by the chief officials, the "Four -Men," the townsfolk, with banners flying and music playing, marched -to the market-place. Here, after refreshing themselves and generally -making merry, they proceeded to line the route to the castle. At the -west gate of the town twenty-eight of the most notable burgesses, "clad -in blue velveteen and mounted on horses magnificently caparisoned," -awaited the arrival of the Queen, and then, since her coming was -delayed, they marched out about a quarter of a mile from the town to -meet her. After they had waited a long time, a courier dashed up and -informed them that her Majesty was approaching. A few minutes later the -Queen's coach came in sight, followed by the other coaches containing -her suite. One of the chief merchants, deputed by the rest, then rode -towards the royal carriage, and when the Queen commanded a halt, he -offered her on bended knee the following greeting:-- - - To us returns the sun of golden days. - "God save the Queen!" shall be our song. - Thou comest laden with a blessing - For which our hearts have hungered long. - ---and so on for many verses. The Queen received the address most -graciously. Then the escort of burgesses formed up, and the procession -moved towards the western gate. The Queen's coach was drawn by six -horses from the royal stables at Celle, ridden by postilions in -liveries of scarlet and gold. An escort of cavalry formed the rear of -the procession. At the west gate the Queen again halted, and Würning, -the senior of the "Four Men," read to the Queen an ode written on white -satin, beginning:-- - - Through us, O Queen, Celle utters her rejoicing, - By us doth seek her joy to celebrate, - That thou, O Majesty, hast come among us, - And hast not scorned our lowly gate. - -The Queen again signified her liveliest satisfaction, and when the -reading of the ode was over, she passed through the gates, and a -flourish of trumpets announced her Majesty's entry into the town. -From this point the procession could only make its way slowly, for -although the route was lined with burgesses, and the Queen's coach -was escorted by cavalry, the people pressed through and surrounded -the carriage, all anxious to get a view of the Queen. "Nor would she -have any turned away, but bowed and smiled from side to side without -intermission, and showed in the most unmistakable manner her lively -satisfaction and pleasure." Indeed, the Queen is said to have exclaimed -with joyful gratitude: "Thank God! my brother's subjects do not believe -me guilty." Slowly Matilda made her way past the town hall, where the -members of the corporation were drawn up and the commandant of the town -had stationed his regiment, towards the castle. She passed over the -drawbridge, and a second later entered her new home. She was received -at the main entrance by Prince Ernest of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who -conducted her up the grand staircase to her apartments. - -The Queen rested a while, and took some refreshment; but after supper, -seeing that the town was illuminated in her honour, she announced her -intention of going out to view the illuminations, and accompanied by -her suite, she made a tour of the streets on foot, commenting with -unaffected delight at the devices on the houses. It was ten o'clock -before the Queen returned to the castle, tired out with the pleasant -excitements of the day. She declared that it did her heart good to -come among so kind and devoted a people, who had striven to outvie -one another in rendering her honour. Of a truth, after the harshness -and averted looks she had encountered everywhere in Denmark the last -two years, the warm-hearted greeting must have come as a balm to the -youthful Queen. From that hour she took the townsfolk of Celle to her -heart, and they took her to theirs. Even to this day the traditions of -her goodness and amiability linger in the little town. - -George III. handsomely supplemented his sister's allowance from -Denmark, and though her means did not allow of magnificence or display, -she had amply sufficient for her needs, in the quiet and secluded life -which her brother wished her to lead. Matilda was royally lodged in the -castle of Celle, and had no reason to complain of her quarters. The -castle was at that time strongly fortified and surrounded by a moat, -which perhaps gave rise to the absurd report, circulated in England, -that she was a prisoner in a few small rooms of a gloomy fortress. -Nothing could be further from the truth. - -[Illustration: THE CASTLE OF CELLE: THE APARTMENTS OF QUEEN MATILDA -WERE IN THE TOWER.] - - * * * * * - -I was last at Celle in 1902, and visited the castle especially to see -the apartments occupied by the Queen of Denmark. The following notes -written at the time may be of interest:-- - -The castle of Celle is a huge building, partly in late Gothic and -partly in the Renaissance style. It is built round a quadrangle, and -the apartments used by Queen Matilda occupy the whole of the south -side. The largest room is a long gallery, where her household and -guests were wont to assemble. This gallery is a long, low, handsome -room, hung with pictures on one wall, and pierced by many windows on -another. At one end of the gallery is the dining-room, at the other the -Queen's favourite sitting-room or boudoir. This is an octagon-shaped -room in the south-west tower of the castle, and lighted by four large -windows overlooking the beautiful schloss garden, and giving a glimpse -through the trees of the silvery Aller. The walls of this room are -lined with a sort of canvas, on which are painted bright birds of -paradise and flowers. The castellan declared that the wall-covering -and hangings were unchanged since the Queen's day, and were put up by -order of George III. for his sister. Before 1866 Matilda's apartments -were used by the Queen of Hanover; they are now occupied by the Regent -of Brunswick on his rare visits to Celle. The octagon room leads to -the Queen's bedroom, a large apartment with walls lined with the same -material, on which are painted bright flowers. The windows look over -some noble beech-trees. From this a few wooden steps lead down to the -garde-robe (dressing-room), and following the winding staircase down, -we are confronted by a stout door. Opening this, we emerge directly on -the western, or royal, gallery of the beautiful little chapel. In this -gallery is the closed pew wherein Matilda used to sit during divine -service--a pew not unlike an opera-box, cushioned and carpeted, and -with diamond-paned glass windows. At the back is a fresco representing -the denial of Christ by Peter. The pew directly faced the altar, and -from it Matilda must often have gazed at the beautiful triptych painted -by Martin Vos of Antwerp. The centre panel represents the Crucifixion, -and George William, the last Duke of Celle, and his wife, Eléonore -d'Olbreuse (not very saintly personages by the way), are painted in the -wings of the triptych, kneeling on either side of the central panel in -attitudes of adoration. Sometimes, to hear the preacher better, Matilda -moved round to the south gallery, immediately facing the pulpit, where -she also occupied a lattice-windowed pew. Here, on one of the panes, -local tradition has it that she wrote with a diamond the following -words in German: "The fear of God is over all things, and will guide me -both in the present and in the future." The writing may still be seen, -scratched on the pane, but, unfortunately for the legend, it bears no -resemblance to the well-known writing of the Queen, though it is always -shown as hers.[76] - -[76] This chapel (and indeed the whole castle) is full of memories -of the great house of Guelph. It is a gem of its kind, exquisitely -proportioned and richly decorated, and was restored by the late King of -Hanover, George V., "the Blind King," shortly before he was robbed of -his kingdom by Prussia. A fresco, representing the King kneeling, in -the armour of a Christian warrior, his hands clasped in prayer, and his -beautiful face turned towards the altar, occupies the north wall of the -chancel. - - * * * * * - -A few days after Queen Matilda arrived at Celle she received a visit -from Keith, who had spent the summer in England. After reaching London -and reporting himself at the foreign office, Keith was commanded to the -palace, where the Sovereign gave him audience. He was about to kneel -when George III. took him by both his hands, and said: "No, no, Keith; -it is not thus we receive our friends," and then expressed to him in -the warmest terms his satisfaction at the way in which he had exerted -himself on Queen Matilda's behalf. He soon received well-deserved -promotion from the King, who appointed him ambassador at Vienna, a post -formerly filled by his father. Keith was now on his way to take up his -duties at Vienna. In conformance with instructions, he travelled round -by way of Celle to see the Queen in her new home, and report concerning -her to the King. - -Before Keith left England Lord Suffolk wrote him a private letter in -which he said: "_You cannot be too minute and ample on all points of -your mission to Zell_. A thousand little circumstances which would of -course be passed over on other occasions will be interesting upon this, -and I think I may venture to assure you that the more conformable your -accounts are to this hint the better they will please."[77] - -[77] Letter of Lord Suffolk to Sir R. M. Keith, October 11, -1772.--_Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir R. Murray Keith_, vol. i. The -italics are Suffolk's. - -This goes to show that George III., who had been reproached with -indifference to his sister, now took a particular interest in her -welfare, and was anxious to do everything to make her situation as -comfortable and happy as circumstances admitted. This is further borne -out in the letter which Keith wrote to Lord Suffolk, which gives so -authentic and particular account of the Queen at Celle that it is worth -quoting in full:-- - - - "CELLE, _November 2, 1772_. - - "MY LORD, - - "I arrived here on October 31, late in the evening, and next day had - the honour of delivering the King's letter to her Danish Majesty, - whom I found in perfect health, and without any remains of pain from - her late accident. In two very long audiences, which her Majesty - was pleased to grant me, I endeavoured to execute with the utmost - punctuality his Majesty's command, and shall now lay before your - Lordship all the lights those audiences afforded me, relative to - the Queen's wishes and intentions. I cannot enter upon that subject - without previously assuring your Lordship that the Queen received - those repeated proofs of his Majesty's _fraternal affection and - friendship_, which my order contained, with the warmest expressions - of gratitude and sensibility, and that nothing could be more frank - and explicit than her answers to a great number of questions, which - she permitted me to ask upon any subject that arose. - - "In regard to Denmark, the Queen declares that, in the present - situation of that court, she has not a wish for any correspondence or - connection there, beyond what immediately concerns the welfare and - education of her children. That she never has written a single letter - to Denmark since she left it, or received one from thence. That the - only person belonging to that kingdom from whom she hears lives in - Holstein, and is not connected with the court.[78] - -[78] A letter of Queen Matilda's which she wrote from Celle to a -member of the Struensee family in Holstein has recently come to light. -Unfortunately, I cannot quote it, but it is only of interest as showing -that she maintained friendly relations with the family of Struensee -after his death. - - "The Queen having expressed great anxiety with respect to the false - impressions which may be instilled into the minds of her children, - particularly regarding herself, I thought it my duty to say that such - impressions, however cruelly intended, could not, at the tender age - of her Majesty's children, nor for some years to come, take so deep - a root as not to be entirely effaced by more candid instructors, and - the dictates of filial duty, when reason and reflection shall break - in upon their minds. The Queen seemed willing to lay hold of that - hope, yet could not help bursting into tears when she mentioned the - danger of losing the affections of her children. - - "Her Majesty appears very desirous to communicate directly to her - royal brother all her views and wishes in the most confidential - manner; hoping to obtain in return his Majesty's advice and - directions, which she intends implicitly to follow. She said that in - matters of so private and domestic a nature, it would give her much - greater pleasure to learn his Majesty's intentions upon every point - _from his own pen_, than through the channel of any of his electoral - servants. - - "It gave me great satisfaction to find her Majesty in very good - spirits, and so much pleased with the palace at Zell, the apartments - of which are very spacious and handsomely furnished. She _wishes - to have an apartment fitted up in the palace for her sister, the - Princess of Brunswick_, as she thinks that the etiquette of this - country does not permit that Princess, in her visits to Zell, to be - lodged _out of the palace_, without great impropriety. Her Majesty - said that she intended to write herself to the King on this head. - - "The Queen told me that the very enterprising and dangerous part - which Queen Juliana has acted in Denmark had created greater - astonishment in Brunswick (where the abilities and character of that - Princess are known) than, perhaps, in any other city of Europe. - - "Her Majesty talked to me of several late incidents at the court of - Denmark, but without appearing to take much concern in them. She - mentioned, with a smile, some of the paltry things which had been - sent as a part of her baggage from Denmark, adding, that this new - instance of their meanness had not surprised her. But the Princess of - Brunswick, who happened to be present when the baggage was opened, - expressed her indignation at that treatment in such strong terms, - that she (the Queen) could not help taking notice of it in her - letters to the King. - - "She made me understand that a small collection of English books - would be very agreeable to her; leaving the choice of them entirely - to the King. - - "Her Majesty more than once expressed how much she considered herself - obliged to the King's ministers for the zeal they had shown in the - whole of the late unhappy transactions relating to Denmark and - to herself. She is particularly sensible of the great share your - Lordship had in all those affairs; and has commanded me to convey to - your Lordship her acknowledgments for that constant attention to her - honour and interests, which she is persuaded the King will look upon - as an additional mark of your Lordship's dutiful attachment to his - royal person and family. - - "It only remains that I should beg your forgiveness for the great - length to which I have swelled this letter. The only excuse I can - offer arises from my ardent desire to execute the King's orders with - the utmost possible precision. - - "I am, etc., etc., - - "R. M. KEITH."[79] - -[79] _Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir R. Murray Keith_, vol. i. - -Keith remained at Celle only a few days. Then he took leave of the -Queen whose cause he had championed so doughtily, and proceeded to -Vienna. He never saw her again.[80] - -[80] Keith remained at Vienna for many years, and retired from the -diplomatic service in 1789. He became a Privy Councillor and Member of -Parliament. He died at Hammersmith in 1795, aged sixty-four. - -George III. tried in every way to shield his sister's reputation, and -to prevent any details of the scandal reaching England. "The King of -England," wrote Suffolk some months after the Queen's arrival at Celle, -"has repeatedly received assurances that no part of those proceedings -which affected the Queen of Denmark should ever be made public."[81] -Woodford, who had succeeded Keith at Copenhagen as Minister-Resident, -received strict orders to do all in his power to prevent the -dissemination of scandalous publications. There were a great many. -The year of the Queen's arrival at Celle, Woodford writes to England -of "a most injurious libel," in manuscript, being circulated against -the Queen, and suspects it is a piece of malice on the part of Count -Rantzau.[82] Again, he writes of the circulation of a paper containing -the "most detestable part of Struensee's deposition".[83] A whole -case of these papers was seized at the Custom House, and owing to the -protests of the English minister, Count Osten ordered all copies to be -suppressed and the sale forbidden under heavy penalties. Woodford later -had a conversation with Count Andreas Bernstorff[84] (who had succeeded -Osten at the Foreign Office) on the subject, and reported: "The Danish -Minister said it could never be forgotten that the Queen of Denmark -was mother of the Prince Royal, the King's sister, and a daughter of -England, which were too important considerations not to engage him -to be vigilant and active against everything that could in the most -distant manner reflect upon the late melancholy and unfortunate -transaction."[85] - -[81] Suffolk's despatch to Woodford at Copenhagen, December 15, 1772. - -[82] Woodford's despatch, Copenhagen, December 2, 1772. - -[83] _Ibid._, December 8 and 29, 1772. - -[84] Andreas Peter Bernstorff, nephew and successor of the famous -minister, who became foreign minister on the disgrace of Osten in 1773 -and resigned in 1780. He was recalled by the Crown Prince when Regent, -afterwards Frederick VI. - -[85] Woodford's despatch, May 1, 1773. - -Queen Matilda was exceedingly touched by the way in which she was -received by the townsfolk of Celle, and as the days went by she more -than confirmed the first impressions they had formed of her, and won -the affection of all the inhabitants from the highest to the lowest. -Celle now, as then, is a quiet little town, with quaint old houses and -irregular streets, and no description could convey a complete idea of -its homelike charm. The houses are not built with the magnificence -of those of Lübeck or Brunswick, whose style they resemble, but on a -more modest scale. Most of the old houses date from the sixteenth and -seventeenth centuries, with high-pitched, red-tiled roofs, and with -huge wooden beams built into the walls, and the intervening spaces -filled up with brickwork or clay. Here a window, there a doorway -or gable-end, calls up the glamour of the past. The outside walls -of the old houses are often painted with figures, vines, grapes, -oak-leaves, and so forth, while the beams, sills, ties and other -woodwork are enriched with carvings showing quaint devices, or texts or -mottoes--sometimes humorous and sometimes pious.[86] - -[86] The town of Celle has altered very little since Matilda's day. -It has grown towards the south, and is now the seat of the higher -provincial tribunal of the province of Hanover. The town has nearly -twenty thousand inhabitants. - -The Queen walked almost daily about the town, generally attended by -only one lady. She went freely in and out among the people, making -purchases in the shops, visiting the poor and sick, comforting them -with kind words and deeds, and taking a sympathetic interest in -everything that concerned them. In her intercourse with the townsfolk -of Celle she showed herself opposed to all pride and etiquette, and -did her best to bridge over the gulf which separated the classes even -more in the eighteenth century than to-day. It was known that she had -her sorrows, but she never complained, and conducted herself with a -gentle kindness which won all with whom she came into contact. She -found great consolation in the society of her former friend, Madame de -Plessen, who, soon after she had been banished from Copenhagen, took -a house at Celle, and who now renewed her friendship with her young -mistress. Matilda never rode, fond though she was of that exercise, -and though horses in the royal stables were at her disposal. But she -drove occasionally in the country around Celle, which was not very -interesting, being for the most part a flat plain varied by clumps -of birches, firs and patches of heather. Her farthest excursion was -to Hanover, whither she went at long intervals on visits of some -ceremony.[87] - -[87] Malortie II., _Beiträge zur Geschichte des -Braunschweig-Lüneburgischen Hauses und Hoses_. - -[Illustration: QUEEN MATILDA. - -_From the Painting formerly at Celle._] - -The Queen's favourite walk was in the French garden outside the -town--so-called because it was planned out after the fashion Le Nôtre -had set at Versailles. The paths ran in straight lines between -avenues of lime-trees and clipped hedges, something after the manner of -Herrenhausen, but smaller. The French garden was public to the town, -and in her walks there Matilda made many friends. She often conversed -with the townsfolk, walking there, with such affability that they were -speedily put at their ease, and became convinced that the Queen's -friendliness was not feigned, but true and natural. She was especially -fond of children, and rarely passed them without a kind word; almost -every day the school children were able to tell their parents that the -"good Queen," as she was everywhere called, had talked to them. She -often invited children to a little party at the castle, where all sorts -of things were done to give them pleasure; sometimes she would go to -the parents of quite poor children in the town and ask them to spare -her their little ones for a few hours. - -The Queen was never so happy as in the society of children, and her -great grief was her forced separation from her own; she was never heard -to regret the loss of her throne or the brilliant life of courts, but -she frequently bewailed the loss of her children. Juliana Maria was -determined to prevent every means of communication between the exiled -Queen and her children, and for good reason. The secretary at the -British Legation writes of her "apprehension" that the Crown Prince -"might one day revenge the injurious treatment his royal mother had -undergone".[88] It was with much difficulty that Matilda at last -obtained from Copenhagen a picture of her little son. She hung it -in her bedroom, immediately facing her bed, and often gazed at it -longingly. Once when she was repeating some verses to the picture, she -was surprised by the Baroness d'Ompteda. The Queen repeated the lines, -which she said she had altered to suit her sad case:-- - - Eh! qui donc, comme moi, gouterait la douceur - De t'appeller mon fils, d'être chère à ton coeur! - Toi, qu'on arrache aux bras d'une mère sensible, - Qui ne pleure que toi, dans ce destin terrible.[89] - -[88] J. J. Haber's despatch, November 27, 1773. - -[89] - - Ah! who, like me, could taste the joy divine, - My lovely babe! to mix thy soul with mine! - Torn from my breast, I weep alone for thee - Amidst the griefs which Heaven dispensed to me. - - -The Queen often wept when she thought of her children, and this, -indeed, was the only point on which she refused to be comforted. -Maternal love was very strong in Matilda's heart. She took into the -castle a motherless little girl of four years old, named Sophie von -Benningsen, so that she might give her a mother's care and training. - -To provide the Queen with some diversion the theatre in the castle -was fitted up, and a company of players came from Hanover at regular -intervals, and gave representations there. To these entertainments -the Queen would invite the principal people in Celle, and she always -attended, and occupied the ducal box--the same box from which her -great-grandmother, Sophie Dorothea, had smiled across the courtiers -to Königsmarck a hundred years before. Great care was taken that -there should be nothing in the plays which could even remotely -resemble the Queen's sad history; to this end comedies were always -acted, and tragedies were forbidden. Nevertheless, once, when some -children appeared on the stage, the Queen was overcome by emotion, and -hurriedly left her box. It was a long time before she could recover -her self-control, and she walked about the gardens, notwithstanding -that the night was rough and windy, until she regained it. After this -incident no more children figured in the plays at Celle. - -One day of the Queen's life at Celle very much resembled another, and -in that it had no history it might be regarded as happy, though the -shadow of sadness brooded over all. She rose early--between seven -and eight--and, if the weather permitted, took a little walk in the -gardens of the castle, or by the side of the Aller. Some mornings she -would breakfast in the gardens, at others return to the castle. After -breakfast she would dress herself for the day, and appear in her little -circle for an hour. Then often she would go out again, either for a -drive, or for a walk in the French garden, and come back to dinner at -the castle about two o'clock. She dined with all her household, seated -at the head of the table, and conversation was generally brisk and -lively. After dinner she would retire to her own apartments, and read, -or do some needlework, or play on the harpsichord, and sing to it, -for she was an accomplished musician. Later, she would again go for -a walk in the garden, if the weather was fine. Then she dressed for -the evening, and joined the circle of her court at eight, when supper -was served. To this meal guests were frequently invited from the town, -such as Prince Ernest of Mecklenburg-Strelitz or Madame de Plessen, -the colonel of the regiment, or some of the neighbouring nobility and -gentry. After supper there would be music, or cards, or conversation -in the long gallery; sometimes there was a performance in the theatre. -At eleven the Queen would retire to her apartments, and the company -broke up. She did not always retire to bed at once, for she was fond of -astronomy, and on fine nights would repair to the tower of the castle, -where there was a telescope, and gaze for a long time at the starry -heavens; sometimes she would recite some poetry. Her favourite poem was -a hymn of Gellert's, which began:-- - - _Nie will ich dem zu schaden suchen,_ - _Der mir zu schaden sucht._ - _Nie will ich meinem Feinde fluchen,_ - _Wenn er aus Hass mir flucht._[90] - -[90] - - Never will I try to harm - Him who does me wrong, etc. - - -She was regular in her attendance at public worship; every Sunday -found her in the chapel, attended by her household. The service, which -was after the Lutheran ritual, was conducted by her chaplain, Pastor -Lehzen. On rare occasions she attended the church in the town. Every -now and then she gave little parties at the castle--on the occasion -of her own birthday, or that of members of her suite. In a letter -(July 24, 1773) to her chief lady, Baroness d'Ompteda, who was then -absent for a few weeks, taking the waters of Prymont, the Queen wrote: -"Madame de Plessen, having wished to celebrate my birthday, gave an -illumination in the garden; but the wind was so strong that the bonfire -would not burn, so she gave it yesterday evening, when the weather was -more favourable. I was there, and went to see the illuminations, which -were everywhere good. The whole of the town was illuminated."[91] One -or two more letters, of no particular importance, addressed by the -Queen to the Baroness d'Ompteda, have been found. Some slight signs of -weariness are evident. She laments that she is unable to send any news; -"but you know Celle," she writes, "and therefore will understand".[92] -Her life was undoubtedly monotonous, but it seems to have been fairly -happy, and she enjoyed the visits of her sister, the Princess of -Brunswick, who frequently posted over to Celle for a few days. These -visits were the pleasantest distractions of Matilda's life. - -[91] N. Falck, _Neues Staatsbürgerliche's Magazin_, Band i., Schleswig, -1883, S. 623. - -[92] _Ibid._, S. 624. - -One John Moore, who was a travelling companion of the Duke of Hamilton, -came with the Duke to Celle in the summer of 1773 on the way from -Hanover, and afterwards published a volume of his travels, in which -appears the following account:--[93] - -[93] _A View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland and -Germany_, by John Moore, London, 1779. - -"Before dinner I went with the Duke to the castle, where we remained -till late in the evening. There was a concert of music between dinner -and supper, and the Queen seemed in better spirits than could have been -expected.... - -"The apartments are spacious and convenient, and now handsomely -furnished. The _entourage_ of the court--the Queen's maids-of-honour -and other attendants--have a very genteel appearance, and retain the -most respectful attachment to their ill-fated mistress. - -"The few days we remained at Zell were spent entirely at court, where -everything seemed to be arranged in the style of the other small -German courts, and nothing wanting to render the Queen's situation -as comfortable as circumstances would admit. But by far her greatest -consolation is the company and conversation of her sister; some degree -of satisfaction appears in her countenance while the Princess remains -at Zell, but the moment she goes away, the Queen, as we are informed, -becomes a prey to dejection and despondency. The Princess exerts -herself to prevent this, and devotes to her sister all the time she can -spare from the duties she owes to her own family. Unlike those who take -the first pretext of breaking connections which can no longer be of -advantage, this humane Princess has displayed even more attachment to -her sister since her misfortunes than she ever did while the Queen was -in the meridian of her prosperity. - -"The youth, the agreeable countenance and obliging manners of the -Queen have conciliated the minds of every one in this country. Though -she was in perfect health and appeared cheerful, yet, convinced that -her gaiety was assumed and the effect of a strong effort, I felt an -impression of melancholy which it was not in my power to overcome all -the time we remained at Zell." - -So matters remained at Celle for nearly two years, and then there came -excitement into Matilda's quiet life. - -In September, 1774, a young Englishman, named Wraxall, of good -Somersetshire family, arrived at Celle. Wraxall was an active, -ambitious and enterprising youth, and the fact that he was not rich -warned him that he must do something. He therefore resolved to win fame -and money by authorship, and to this end set out to make a tour in -northern Europe, then comparatively little known. He travelled through -Denmark, Sweden and a little of Russia, and came back by way of north -Germany to Hamburg. The recent events in Copenhagen (for they were then -recent) had excited an extraordinary amount of interest in England, and -Wraxall resolved to be the first to give a really full and particular -account of what had happened there two years before. So he went to -Copenhagen on a voyage of inquiry, and when he was there kept his -eyes and ears well open, with the result that he gleaned a great many -details of the palace revolution. On his return to Hamburg, as he was -so near, he thought he would go to Celle, and pay his respects to the -unfortunate heroine of the Danish revolution of 1772, and thus make his -contemplated book more complete. To this end he travelled to Celle, and -presented himself to Baron Seckendorf, the Queen's chamberlain, and -stated his wishes. Seckendorf submitted his name to the Queen, who, -always accessible, said that it would give her pleasure to receive Mr. -Wraxall, whom she understood to be a young Englishman of birth and -education. The Princess of Brunswick, who was staying with her sister -at the time, and who was above all things anxious to amuse her, also -thought that the company of a travelled and agreeable Englishman would -be a welcome diversion. Therefore Baron Seckendorf informed Wraxall -that the Queen would receive him. He described the audience in his -private journal:-- - -"_Monday, September 19_:-- - -"I went at half-past one to the castle of Zell. Mr. Seckendorf -introduced me to the _Grande Maîtresse_ of her Highness the Princess -of Brunswick. The Princess herself entered in about a quarter of an -hour; she gave me her hand to kiss, and began conversation with me -directly. It was interrupted by the Queen's entrance, to whom I was -presented with the same ceremony. Her Majesty and the Princess kept -me in constant talk before and after dinner. We talked of Denmark, of -Prince Frederick, his intended marriage, etc. 'He was a youth,' said -she [the Queen], 'unknown while I was there.' Hirschholm, she said, was -her favourite palace. 'But tell me,' said the Princess, 'about the -Queen-Mother; she is my aunt, but no matter. Say what you will; you -may be free. And for the King, how is he?' I very frankly expressed my -sentiments. The Queen asked me a thousand questions about the court -of Russia, Sweden, my travels, etc. The Queen asked me also about her -children, the Prince in particular; I told her how they dressed him -now. I assured her I had been taken for a spy in Copenhagen.... Her -Majesty was very gay, and seemed in no way a prey to melancholy; she -was very fat for so young a woman. She asked me my age; I told her. -'You are then,' said she, 'exactly as old as I am; we were born in -the same year.' Her features are pretty, and her teeth very small, -even and white. She resembles his Majesty [George III.] infinitely in -face, but the Princess said not so strongly as she. I don't think so, -and told her Royal Highness so; her Majesty appealed to one of her -maids-of-honour, who agreed in opinion with me. The Queen was dressed -in a Barré-coloured gown, or at least an orange-red so very nearly -resembling it that I could not distinguish the difference. I asked -her how many languages she spoke. 'Five,' she said--'Danish, English, -French, German and Italian.' - -"The Princess [of Brunswick] is much thinner in face, but not a great -deal less in her person; she wants the Queen of Denmark's teeth, -but has a very good complexion. She talked to me about the Duchess -of Glo'ster--if I had seen her, if I knew her. 'She is a very fine -woman,' she added, 'even now.' Mrs. C ... was mentioned. 'She was a -prodigious favourite,' I remarked, 'of the Duke of York.' She replied -with a smile: 'For the moment!' She did me the honour to ask me to take -Brunswick in my way next summer, or whenever I visited Germany again. -She said she might and should have mistaken me for a Frenchman. 'You -don't take that for a compliment, do you?' the Queen observed. Indeed, -no; I was too proud of my country. Macaronis formed a part of our -conversation. 'It is all over now,' I said; 'the word is quite extinct -in England.' 'But tell me,' said her Majesty, 'tell me ingenuously, -were you not a bit of a one while it lasted?' I assured her not. I took -my leave soon after dinner. - -"_Tuesday, September 20_:-- - -"About ten o'clock I went to the Hôtel de Ville, where at this time -the shops of the merchants who come to the fair of Zell are held. Her -Majesty the Queen and her sister the Princess were there. I had the -honour to talk with them nearly an hour; we conversed in English most -familiarly on fifty subjects--the Grand Duke of Russia, the Empress, -the peace between Russia and Turkey, my travels, Dantzig, formed the -chief articles. I showed her Majesty my medals of the Empress of Russia -and some other things. She was dressed quite _à l'Anglaise_--a white -bonnet, a pale-pink night-gown a gauze handkerchief, with a little -locket on her bosom. Her face is very handsome; they are his Majesty's -features, but all softened and harmonised. Pity she is so large in -her person. The Princess was quite English all over--a black hat over -her eyes and a common night-gown with a black apron." - -The next day Wraxall took his leave of Celle, well pleased with his -visit, and proceeded to Hamburg, where he intended to take ship for -England. But at Hamburg something happened which upset all his plans, -and for a short time linked his fortunes closely with those of Queen -Matilda. - -[Illustration: AUGUSTA, PRINCESS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND DUCHESS OF -BRUNSWICK, SISTER OF QUEEN MATILDA. - -_From the Painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds._] - - - - -CHAPTER XIII.[94] - -THE RESTORATION PLOT. - -1774-1775. - -[94] This chapter is based upon Sir N. Wraxall's _Posthumous Memoirs_, -vol. i., where a more detailed narrative will be found. - - -Altona, then a town in Danish territory, was only half a mile from the -free city of Hamburg, and at the time of Wraxall's visit was thronged -with partisans of the deposed Queen. Many of them had been exiled -from Copenhagen after the palace revolution of 1772; several belonged -to the Danish nobility, and chief among these was Baron Bülow, who -had formerly held the post of Master of the Horse to Queen Matilda. -Owing to the unpopularity of the Queen-Dowager's rule at Copenhagen, -their numbers were increasing daily, and already a plan was under -consideration to effect another palace revolution, abolish Juliana -Maria and her adherents, and restore Matilda. But so far the plan -existed on paper only; no steps had been taken to carry it into effect. - -Things had not gone well with the Danish Government at Copenhagen -since Matilda had sailed from Kronborg more than two years before. -The Queen-Dowager quickly found that it was one thing to seize power -and another to maintain it; her spell of popularity was brief, and -before long she became the most hated woman in Denmark, not always -very justly, for according to her lights she seems honestly to have -tried to do her duty. Before long the conspirators who, under her, -had effected the palace revolution fell out among themselves, and the -Government was split into two factions, with Rantzau and Köller-Banner -on one side, Eickstedt and Guldberg on the other, and Osten trimming -between the two. It was not long before the Guldberg faction triumphed. -Rantzau was compelled to resign all his offices, and dismissed with -a pension to his estates in Holstein, but, as he showed a desire to -return to Copenhagen, he was eventually exiled.[95] Osten was banished -to Jutland, where he was living in retirement.[96] Köller-Banner was in -disgrace, and dismissed from his posts on a suspicion of treasonable -correspondence with the French and Swedish envoys. The Queen-Dowager -tried to recall him, for he was a favourite with her, and succeeded -for a time; but he was eventually overthrown.[97] Thus retribution had -fallen on some of Matilda's chief enemies, and though others, like -Eickstedt and Beringskjold, remained, their authority was shaken, and -the whole power had insensibly passed into the hands of Guldberg, who -acquired the unbounded confidence of the Queen-Dowager. Guldberg was -very clever, and a far more cautious man than Struensee, though he -did not possess either his genius or his aspirations. The first step -of the new Government had been to establish the old _régime_, and to -abolish all the reforms brought in by Struensee,[98] and place the -power once more in the hands of the privileged classes. But the people, -having once tasted the sweets of liberty, did not take kindly to the -re-imposition of their former yoke, and the Government grew daily more -unpopular. Much though they had disliked Struensee, they had approved -of many of his reforms: it was not so much what he did, as the way he -did it, to which they objected. - -[95] Rantzau went to the south of France. He died in 1789, in his -seventy-second year. - -[96] A few years later Osten was recalled, and appointed President of -the Supreme Court in Copenhagen, but he fell again with Juliana Maria's -Government, and died in 1797 at the age of eighty years. - -[97] Köller-Banner died at Altona in 1811. - -[98] The only one that remains of Struensee's institutions to this day -is the foundling hospital, which was so bitterly attacked at the time -of its foundation. - -The King, who was theoretically the source of all power, was tightly -held in the grasp of the Queen-Dowager, whom he had now come to hate -quite as much as he used to hate Struensee and Brandt. But he was -powerless to free himself from this thraldom, though at times he showed -flashes of insubordination. For instance, in one of his comparatively -lucid intervals he signed a state paper as follows: "Christian VII. by -the grace of God King of Denmark, etc., in company with Juliana Maria -by the grace of the devil." He often lamented the loss of Matilda, -whom he said he had been forced to divorce against his will, and -wished her back again. He had probably discovered that this annoyed -the Queen-Dowager more than anything else, and so he spoke of his wife -in the most affectionate terms. Of his divorce he said it was the -only one on record effected when neither of the parties wished it. In -the popular mind, too, a strong reaction had set in in favour of the -exiled Queen. She had always been kind and affable to the people, and -she was credited with whatever was beneficial to them in Struensee's -legislation. The picture of her torn from her children and forced -to live in exile powerfully appealed to the public imagination, and -now that Struensee was out of the way her popularity returned with -threefold force. Her sufferings and sorrows were attributed to the -vindictiveness of the Queen-Dowager; all Matilda's shortcomings were -forgiven on the score of her youth and inexperience; it was declared -that she was the innocent victim of a cruel plot, and she gradually -became vested in the eyes of the people with the attributes of a -saint and a martyr. The Queen-Dowager was aware of this and sought -to win over the malcontents. "The suspected partisans and friends of -the unfortunate [Queen] have many of them been caressed this winter," -writes Woodford, "and some have received places."[99] But her efforts -did not meet with great success. Those of the Danish nobility who -favoured Matilda's cause were aware of the popular feeling, and did -their utmost to encourage it, for they counted on the young Queen's -personality as their most powerful weapon to overthrow the Guldberg -ministry and the domination of Juliana Maria. - -[99] Woodford's despatch, Copenhagen, July 18, 1773. - -Such, then, was the state of affairs in Denmark when Wraxall arrived -at Hamburg after his visit to Matilda at Celle. The opera, the theatre -and all public amusements were at Hamburg; it consequently offered -great attractions to the Danish families at Altona, and many of them -were constantly to be found in the places of amusement at Hamburg, and -in the houses of its wealthy citizens. Wraxall dined with Hanbury, -the English consul, on September 28, and among the company present -were several Danes, including Baroness Bülow, Baron and Baroness -Schimmelmann and M. le Texier, who had been treasurer to Christian -VII. during his tour in England. He also saw at the opera the next -night the beautiful Countess Holstein, who had taken refuge in Altona. -He says: "I examined her through my glass. She is doubtless pretty, -though not in my opinion so divinely fair as fame says. Her history at -Hirschholm is well known. There was no gallantry, I thought, marked -in her features, though it is said she certainly has that quality in -her constitution. I thought of the unhappy Brandt as I looked at her." -Wraxall was well received by several of the first families at Hamburg, -and one night, when he was supping at the house of a brother-in-law of -Le Texier, where several of the Danish nobility were present, he spoke -of his recent visit to Celle, and expressed himself strongly in favour -of Queen Matilda, and spoke of his eagerness to avenge her wrongs. He -was a young man of mercurial temperament, and had probably supped too -freely, but his words made an impression on the Danes who were present. - -A few days later Le Texier called upon Wraxall, and with an air of -secrecy asked him if he really meant what he said the other evening, -and whether he would be willing to serve the Queen of Denmark, because, -in that case, he could put him in the way of doing so. Wraxall was -momentarily overcome with astonishment at being taken at his word, but -he soon recovered himself, and declared with all the enthusiasm of -youth that he was willing to risk his life, if need be, for the sake of -the young Queen. Le Texier within the next few days introduced him to -the eldest son of Baron Schimmelmann, and then to Baron Bülow. These -two were the leaders of a project to restore the Queen. So far they -had not been able to communicate with Matilda, for though Celle was -only eighty miles distant from Hamburg and Altona, they were surrounded -by spies from the court of Copenhagen, who reported every movement -they made. At Celle, too, there were spies, who would assuredly have -reported the arrival of any Dane there. Wraxall, therefore, a young -Englishman travelling apparently for his pleasure, was the very -agent they wanted to open up communications with the Queen. Baron -Bülow having sworn Wraxall to secrecy, unfolded at some length the -plan which had been formed, and bade him acquaint the Queen with it -verbally, since they were afraid to put anything on paper. He gave -Wraxall his seal as his credentials to prove to the Queen that he came -from Bülow. Wraxall was instructed to go to Celle and tell the Queen -that a numerous and powerful party were anxious to restore her to the -throne, and were willing to incur the dangers of such an enterprise if -she on her part would agree to the following conditions:-- - -First: She must assure them of her willingness to return to Denmark and -take up the reins of government, which the King was incapacitated from -holding in his own hands. - -Secondly: She must co-operate with, and assist, her adherents in every -way in her power. - -Thirdly: She must endeavour to induce her brother, the King of England, -to extend his powerful protection and assistance to the enterprise. - -This last condition was adjudged the most important, for according to -Woodford, who followed Keith at Copenhagen, the idea which discouraged -the partisans and well-wishers of the unfortunate Queen was that: "His -Majesty is too offended ever to permit his royal sister to return again -to this country."[100] - -[100] Woodford's despatch to Suffolk, Copenhagen, October 17, 1772. - -Thus authorised and instructed, Wraxall set out from Hamburg on the -evening of October 8, and by travelling all night reached Celle -the evening of the following day. He learned to his regret that -the Princess of Brunswick was still at the castle, for Bülow and -his friends had warned him that she was not to be trusted in this -matter, as she was the niece by marriage of Juliana Maria; also they -feared that Matilda might confide in her sister too freely. Wraxall, -therefore, determined to say that he had come back from Hamburg to -Celle as the bearer of a letter from Mr. Matthews, the British minister -there, to the Queen. The letter, it need scarcely be said, was not from -Matthews, but from Wraxall, in which he informed the Queen, without -mentioning names, of the proposed plan for her restoration. On the -first page of the letter he wrote a warning, in which he entreated -the Queen to consider what followed as secret, and to be especially -careful not to arouse the suspicions of the Princess of Brunswick. -The following morning Wraxall waited upon the Queen's chamberlain, -Baron Seckendorf, and told him he had a letter for her Majesty from -the English minister at Hamburg, relative to a company of travelling -comedians whom he understood the Queen wished to act at Celle, and -he would like to deliver it into her own hands. Seckendorf shortly -returned with a message from the Queen, saying that she would be -pleased to see Mr. Wraxall at dinner at two o'clock the same day. At -that hour he presented himself at the castle, and awaited the Queen -with her household in the long gallery. Presently the Queen and the -Princess of Brunswick came together out of the Queen's apartments, and -the Queen, advancing towards Wraxall, said: "I am glad to see you here -again. I understand that you have a letter for me from Mr. Matthews." -Wraxall presented it, and the Queen withdrew to the window to break -the seals. The Princess of Brunswick also welcomed Wraxall cordially, -and he tried to keep her in conversation while the Queen was glancing -over her letter. He noticed the Queen start when she read the first -lines, and she hastily put the paper into her pocket, her face showing -considerable agitation, but as dinner was announced at that moment her -confusion did not attract attention. What followed had better be told -in Wraxall's own words:-- - -"At table Caroline Matilda recovered herself, and conversed with her -usual freedom and gaiety. The Queen and Princess were seated in two -state chairs, separated nearly five feet from each other. When the -dessert was brought the Queen, unable any longer to restrain her -curiosity and impatience, took the letter from her pocket, and, placing -it in her lap, perused it from the beginning to the end; from time -to time she raised her eyes, and took part in the conversation. The -distance at which she was from the Princess of Brunswick rendered it -impossible for the letter to be overlooked." After taking coffee the -Queen and the Princess withdrew, and Wraxall returned to the little inn -where he lodged. - -A few hours later Wraxall received a visit from Seckendorf, who -told him that the Queen had informed him of the whole business, and -had sent him as her confidential agent. She was fully alive to the -necessity of caution, and she therefore feared she would not be able -to receive Wraxall in private audience while her sister was there, -as the Princess scarcely quitted her for a moment, but if he would -send his credentials through Seckendorf she would communicate with -him further. Wraxall then gave to Seckendorf Bülow's signet-ring, and -acquainted him with the names of those from whom he came. The following -day Seckendorf came back with the Queen's answer, which he delivered -verbally. It was to the following effect: That the Queen, as she was -living under the protection of her brother, the King of England, could -not commit herself to any plan without first obtaining his consent -and approbation. That, if she consulted only her own happiness and -peace of mind, she would never return to Copenhagen, but her duties -as a mother and a queen compelled her to overlook the wrongs she had -suffered, and resume her station in Denmark if a proper opportunity -offered. That, as far as she herself was concerned, she agreed to the -propositions made by the Danish nobility if it could be proved to her -that they were sufficiently numerous and powerful to carry out their -plans with any hope of success; on this point she desired they would -give her more information. She would then write as strongly as possible -to the King of England, and ask him to lend his assistance towards her -restoration. She returned Bülow's seal, which she had enclosed in an -envelope addressed in her own handwriting to Baron Bülow, and sealed -with one of her own seals; she had also written her initials "C. M." on -the envelope, but beyond this she wrote nothing. - -Armed with this Wraxall left Celle the following day, and returned to -Hamburg where he reported his progress to Baron Bülow (who met him -at a retired spot on the ramparts) and gave him back his seal. Bülow -immediately recognised the Queen's handwriting on the envelope, which -was Wraxall's credential, and, when he had learned all that had passed, -he said he would communicate with his associates, and inform Wraxall -again. - -Wraxall remained at Hamburg a week, and then received instructions to -return to Celle. His message to Queen Matilda, as before, was only -verbal, though he was authorised to put it on paper when he reached -Celle. It was to the following effect: The Danish nobility thanked the -Queen for her gracious reply to their communication, and were quite -satisfied with it. With regard to her request for further information, -Baron Bülow, in addition to himself and Baron Schimmelmann the younger, -was empowered to answer for the Viceroy of Norway, who would secure -that kingdom and its capital, Christiania, for the Queen; for Baron -Schimmelmann the elder, who, though he refused to take any active -part in the enterprise, or to risk by any overt act his safety and -vast fortune, was sincerely attached to the cause; for the Governor -of Glückstadt, one of the most important fortresses in Holstein, who -was disposed to aid the Queen; for certain officers in Rendsburg, -the key of Schleswig, which would open its gates (as the party had -secret adherents in the garrison, who would declare themselves on -the Queen's side) when the moment arrived; and for numerous friends -who, he declared, were powerful in the army, the navy, the guards, in -the metropolis, and even about the person of the King himself. For -the rest, the Queen's friends entreated her to be content with the -assurances of the Baron Bülow, their spokesman, and not ask for a -list of all the names, which would be dangerous. They also urged her -to write to the King of England as soon as possible, and ask him not -only whether he would approve of the plan to restore his sister, but -if he would grant some pecuniary assistance towards it. During the -forthcoming winter they would prepare everything to carry out their -plans, and strike the blow in the spring, as soon as the two Belts -should be free of ice. - -Fortified with this message, Wraxall again went to Celle, entering the -town this time _incognito_, and lodging under an assumed name in a -little inn in the suburbs. He communicated immediately with Seckendorf, -who came to him the following morning, informed him the Princess of -Brunswick was no longer at Celle, and took his letters and messages to -deliver to the Queen. A few hours later Seckendorf came back, and told -Wraxall to go immediately to the French garden outside the town, where -the Queen would meet him. Wraxall repaired thither without delay, -and a few minutes later the Queen drove up in a coach. She sent away -her carriage and all her attendants except one lady, who discreetly -retired to a pavilion. The Queen gave Wraxall an hour's interview. -During the greater part of the time they paced up and down between the -avenue of limes in a secluded part of the garden. The Queen spoke quite -unreservedly. She said that she was satisfied with the names mentioned, -and, for the rest, she would trust the good faith of Baron Bülow. That -she would write to the King of England with great earnestness, and ask -him to send a minister to Copenhagen, friendly to her restoration, and -also to help the cause with money; for herself, she regretted that she -could not contribute, owing to her limited income, which only sufficed -for her needs, and she had no jewels, as everything had been robbed -from her when she left Denmark. That she was quite willing for her part -to visit her friends in disguise, but she was convinced that the King -her brother would never permit her to do so. "Still," she added, "could -I come, or did I come disguised, nobody would know me, as I am much -altered since I was in Denmark." This was true, as the Queen since her -residence at Celle had become very stout. She determined that Wraxall -should go to London to endeavour to obtain an audience of the King, -and the Queen gave him very minute instructions as to how he was to -behave. "You must," she said, "go very quietly to work with my brother. -If you manage with address, he will favour the attempt, but it will -be tacitly, not openly." When the conversation was ended the Queen -took Wraxall to the summer-house, where her lady was waiting, and a -dessert of fruit was laid; here he took his leave. The Queen mentioned -during the audience that no less than three emissaries from Copenhagen -had reached her since she came to Celle, but as they were all either -suspicious or worthless she refused to have anything to say to them. - -Acting on the Queen's commands and the instructions of Bülow, Wraxall -started the following day for England, _via_ Osnabrück; he arrived -in London on November 15. The Queen had told him to go first either -to Lord Suffolk or to the Baron von Lichtenstein, grand marshal of -the court of Hanover, then in London, who was highly esteemed by the -King, and who had shown her much kindness: she had written to them -both. Wraxall first called on Lord Suffolk in Downing Street, but that -nobleman either would not, or could not, see him, urging in excuse -that he was ill with the gout. So Wraxall repaired to Lichtenstein's -lodgings in Pall Mall, where he was more fortunate. He gave -Lichtenstein the Queen's letter, and the Hanoverian promised that he -would try to find an opportunity to put the matter before the King; but -he advised Wraxall not to call again on Lord Suffolk until he had seen -the King. He then asked Wraxall several questions, which the latter -answered to the best of his ability, and gave him the fullest account -possible of the project, and of everybody connected with it. - -Three days later Lichtenstein saw Wraxall again, and told him that he -had talked to the King at "Queen's House" on the subject, and that -the King had given him positive injunctions that Wraxall was not -to see Lord Suffolk, but to consider Lichtenstein the sole medium -through which all communications were to pass to the King. The King -was at present considering the Queen's letter, and until he had -considered it he did not think fit to grant Wraxall an audience; but -he commanded him to put on paper a full and complete account of the -project, including the names of every one connected with it directly -or indirectly. Wraxall thereupon drew up another long document, -which was duly transmitted to the King through Lichtenstein, and on -December 5 he received the King's answer through the same medium. -George III. was very cautious: he gave a general approval of the plan -to effect the Queen's restoration, but he refused to lend any direct -assistance; he therefore declined to advance any money at present, and -finally he would not be induced by any entreaties of the Queen, or -by any supplications of the Danish nobility, to affix his signature -to any paper promising aid, or expressing general approbation. This -unsatisfactory reply Wraxall transmitted to Bülow by cipher at -Hamburg, and he also wrote to the Queen through Baron Seckendorf. From -Seckendorf he received an answer on January 3, 1775, expressing the -Queen's satisfaction with the King's approval, though regretting the -qualifications which accompanied it. On January 20 he received an -answer from Bülow, in which he adjured Wraxall to return to Hamburg -as soon as possible, with the King's approbation authenticated in -whatever way might be practicable. He added that his friends were -busily preparing everything to strike the decisive blow, and they were -sanguine of success. These letters Wraxall at once communicated to -Lichtenstein, who submitted them to the King. On February 2 Wraxall -received through Lichtenstein a letter from the King to his sister, and -a paper containing four articles, which the Baron drew up in Wraxall's -presence, and affixed his seal and signature to them--so empowered by -the King. These articles ran as follows:-- - -"First: His Britannic Majesty gives his consent and approval to the -plan concerted by the adherents of his sister, the Queen of Denmark, -for restoring her to the throne. - -"Secondly: His Majesty insists that in the execution of it no blood be -spilled, nor any measures of severity exercised towards the personal -administration in Denmark, except such as are indispensable to maintain -the counter-revolution. - -"Thirdly: His Britannic Majesty guarantees the repayment of all the -money advanced or expended in a necessary prosecution of the Queen of -Denmark's revolution. - -"Fourthly: His Britannic Majesty will authorise and empower his -resident at the court of Copenhagen to declare in the most public -manner, as soon as the revolution in favour of the Queen is -accomplished, that the King of Great Britain approves of it, and will -maintain it against all opposition." - -[Illustration: LOUISE AUGUSTA, PRINCESS OF DENMARK AND DUCHESS OF -AUGUSTENBURG, DAUGHTER OF QUEEN MATILDA.] - -Lichtenstein told Wraxall that it was the King's pleasure that he -should first go to Celle to deliver the letter to the Queen, and show -her the articles signed by Lichtenstein; then, after he had seen -the Queen, he was to proceed to her Danish adherents at Hamburg. -Accordingly, Wraxall left London on February 3, 1775, and after a -long and troublesome journey arrived at Celle a fortnight later, on -February 17.[101] He entered the town as before under an assumed name, -and went to an obscure inn. The next morning he received a visit from -Seckendorf, who received him with pleasure, and told him that the Queen -was most impatient to see him, and would give him an audience that -afternoon. "When you hear the palace clock strike four," Seckendorf -said, "set out from the inn on foot for the castle. Mantel, the Queen's -valet, will wait to receive you, and conduct you to her." Accordingly, -Wraxall gave Seckendorf his despatches, and went to the castle at the -hour named. Mantel was waiting for him, and admitted him through a side -door, probably in the western wing. He was led through a great number -of rooms to a small apartment, and there left alone; at the end of it -were stairs leading to the Queen's chamber.[102] A minute later the -Queen came into the room, and welcomed Wraxall most graciously. Their -interview is best told in his own words:-- - - "We conversed till about ten minutes past six entirely alone, and - in the most unreservedly undisguised manner. Her Majesty made me - the recital of her reign--of the revolution--of her own conduct on - that fatal night when she lost her crown. I listened in silence and - astonishment. What a recapitulation did she not make me! Her words - are for ever engraven on my heart; I could repeat her story almost - verbatim. I know what scarce any other man on earth can know. I must - own her unreserve, her goodness, her minute detail of circumstances - the most concealed in their nature, my situation quite alone with - her, superadded to some consciousness still more affecting, made me - more than once forget I was talking to a queen. She was dressed in a - brown silk polonaise, trimmed with green silk, her hair powdered, a - locket on her bosom. Her under-lip is too large, but her teeth are - fine, and that family violence in speaking becomes her; her nose - is finely shaped, and her eyes are eloquent; she is thinner in the - face than she was last October. She showed me his Majesty's letters - to her, and permitted me to carry an extract from one away with me. - She was obliged to leave me soon after six, which otherwise she - seemed in no way inclined to do. Her talents are very good, and in - mimicry she excels; her specimen of Prince Frederick of Denmark was - excellent." - -[101] In his private journal Wraxall gives a long account of the -hardships of this journey, but, as they concern himself rather than the -Queen of Denmark, I omit them here. - -[102] I have seen this room--a small, dark apartment. It was the -garde-robe (or dressing-room), and is on the way from the Queen's -bedroom and the chapel. - -After another interview with Seckendorf Wraxall was conducted out of -the castle as secretly as he came. The next day he went to Hamburg, -where, after an inclement journey, he arrived on February 21. At -Hamburg he remained three weeks, and saw a good deal of Baron Bülow, -to whom he communicated the result of his visit to England and -many messages from Queen Matilda. The articles drawn up and signed -by Lichtenstein on behalf of George III., which Wraxall had first -submitted to Matilda, he now handed to Bülow, who received them with -mingled feelings. The first two articles he wholly approved, but he -regretted that George III. would not advance any pecuniary assistance -and still more he lamented the fourth article, which promised that the -English envoy at Copenhagen would only support and avow the revolution -_after_ it had been effected, instead of avowing it while it was -actually in progress. - -Bülow forwarded the articles to his confederates in Copenhagen, and -also had many consultations with his friends at Altona. It was not -until March 14 that he received an answer from Copenhagen, which was -much as Bülow had anticipated: all the conspirators objected to the -fourth article, and all agreed that it would be well to get the King -of England to reconsider his decision on that point. What they asked -was that the British envoy should come forward at the time they were -effecting the counter-revolution, and publicly avow it on behalf of the -King, his master. Bülow therefore resolved that a letter to the King of -England should be drawn up to this effect, and Wraxall should convey it -to London. - -On March 20 Bülow gave Wraxall the letter to the King. His instructions -were that he should take this document first to Celle, submit it to the -Queen, and ask her to enclose it in a letter written by herself to the -King of England, in which she would urge their plea by every means in -her power. Wraxall was also to acquaint the Queen with the plan of the -revolution, which was now settled, and was as follows: On the day fixed -certain of the conspirators would repair to the palace, obtain access -to the King (Christian VII.), and induce, or compel, him to affix his -name to documents already drawn up. These documents would include an -order to the Queen-Dowager to retire to her own apartment until the -King's further pleasure were known, and to Prince Frederick to remove -to one of the country palaces--probably that of Frederiksborg. At -the same time, by virtue of a similar order, the ministers would be -dismissed, or arrested, and a messenger sent off to Celle to invite the -Queen to return to Denmark to resume her proper rank and authority. -That their measures would be so well concerted and so rapidly executed -as to produce the counter-revolution in a space of a few hours. That -they trusted, therefore, Queen Matilda on her part would repair with -all possible expedition to Copenhagen. A proper escort, becoming her -dignity, would be formed to accompany her from Altona through the -Danish territories, and her adherents calculated that she might, with -despatch, reach Copenhagen in four days from the time of her quitting -Celle, if no extraordinary impediment arose in her crossing the two -Belts. Her presence in the capital of Denmark would animate the courage -of her friends, cover her enemies with consternation, and complete the -counter-revolution. - -Wraxall arrived at Celle on March 22 with the same secrecy as on -former occasions. As the Princess of Brunswick was at the castle he -was unable to see the Queen for two days, and then he was taken to the -Queen secretly on the night of Friday, March 24, and had an audience -with her after the Princess of Brunswick had retired to rest. It was a -dark and stormy night when Wraxall set out from his lodgings, and he -waited for some little time at the entrance of the drawbridge over the -moat, sheltering himself as well as he could from the wind and rain. -At last Mantel came, and led him in silence over the drawbridge, under -the portico, and into the courtyard of the castle, and thence by a -side door up a private staircase and along a corridor into the Queen's -library or boudoir. "Two candles were burning," says Wraxall, "and the -book-cases were thrown open, as it was uncertain at what hour the Queen -would come to me." He waited some time alone, and then Mantel brought -him a note from Seckendorf, saying that the Queen was in the Princess -of Brunswick's apartments, and would come directly she had retired. As -this was his last interview, it had better be told in his own words:-- - - "I had scarcely perused the note when I heard the Queen's footstep - on the staircase; a moment afterwards she entered the room. She was - charmingly dressed, though without diamonds; she had on a crimson - satin sacque and her hair dressed. I drew a chair, and entreated her - to allow me to stand and receive her commands while she was seated, - but she declined it, and we both stood the whole time. Our interview - lasted about two hours. It was a quarter past eleven when I asked - her Majesty if I should retire, and she signified her pleasure that - I should. She approved of the letter drawn up by the Danish nobility - to the King of Great Britain, as well as the request contained in - it, which she confessed to be natural and just, though she doubted - his Britannic Majesty's consent to it. 'I will, however,' she - added, 'write to my brother the letter requested before I go to bed - to-night, enforcing as far as I am able the petition of the nobility. - You shall receive it from Baron Seckendorf to-morrow morning, and at - the same time that of the Danish nobility shall be returned to you.' - - "Her Majesty ordered me to assure Baron von Bülow by letter that she - was satisfied with all I communicated to her on his part, and that - she should be ready on the shortest notice to mount on horseback in - men's clothes, in order more expeditiously to reach Copenhagen, there - to encounter every difficulty with her friends." - -The Queen thanked Wraxall very warmly for his zeal in her service, and -said she would commend him to the King her brother, who, she doubted -not, would recompense him properly. She told him to write to her freely -from England, and then bade him adieu. "When the Queen was about to -withdraw," says Wraxall, "she opened the door, but held it a few -minutes in her hand as if she had something to say; she then retired." -He was conducted from the castle as secretly as he had entered it, and -the next morning left Celle on his way to England. - -Wraxall arrived in London on April 5, and at once went to -Lichtenstein's lodgings, but to his dismay found that the Baron had -gone to Hanover ten days previously. He had, however, left him a -letter, directing him to wait upon Herr von Hinuber, the Hanoverian -_Chargé d'Affaires_. Accordingly Wraxall went to Hinuber, who told him -he had "the King's directions to take from Mr. Wraxall any letters -he might have, and send them immediately to the King at the 'Queen's -House'". Wraxall therefore gave him two packets addressed to the King, -one from Queen Matilda, and the other from her Danish adherents. He -also added a letter from himself, in which he again prayed the King to -give him a private audience. - -To these letters George III. returned no reply, and Wraxall, after -waiting a fortnight in London, wrote to Baron Bülow telling him how -matters stood, and asking for instructions; he also wrote to the Queen -at Celle. Then followed another interval of silence. It was not until -May 10 that Wraxall received a letter from Bülow, in which he informed -him that the state of affairs at Copenhagen was extremely critical, -and he could not give him further directions until the return of Baron -Schimmelmann the younger, who had gone to Copenhagen. In the meantime -he besought him not to leave London, either for Celle or Hamburg, -unless he received instructions from George III. - -But no word came from the King, and, while Wraxall was waiting, the -London journals announced the death of the Queen of Denmark, which had -taken place on May 11 at Celle. - -This was the first intimation Wraxall received of the melancholy -event, and he was quite overcome, for it meant not only the loss of -the Queen, for whom he felt a chivalrous devotion, but the death-blow -to all his hopes of reward and promotion. On May 25 Wraxall received -a letter from Seckendorf, in which he lamented the loss of a kind and -gracious mistress at a moment when they had hoped her troubles were -nearing an end. The letter also informed him of an important fact, -namely, that George III. had written to Queen Matilda an answer to -the letter in which she urged the request of the Danish nobility that -the English envoy at Copenhagen should avow the revolution while it -was in progress. Whether the King refused her prayer, or granted it, -will never be known, for the letter arrived at Celle when Matilda was -either dying or dead, and it was returned to the King unopened. The -probability is that he refused, and preferred to send his refusal to -her direct rather than through the agency of Wraxall. The fact that he -declined to see Wraxall, or recognise him in any way, goes to show that -he regarded the plot with very dubious approval. Of the existence of -the plot there is no doubt, but Wraxall's version of it, and especially -of the part he played, needs some corroborative evidence. This is -afforded by a confidential letter which George III. wrote some years -later to Lord North, in answer to Wraxall's repeated demands that some -reward should be given him for the services he had rendered to the -King's sister. The letter (dated February 9, 1781) ran as follows:-- - -"You may settle with Mr. Wraxall, member for Hinton, in any just -demands he may have. Undoubtedly he was sent over by the discontented -nobility of Denmark previous to the death of the late Queen, my sister, -with a plan for getting her back to Copenhagen, which was introduced to -me with a letter from her. Her death and my delicate situation, having -consented to her retiring to my German dominions, prevented me from -entering eagerly into this proposal."[103] - -[103] Stanhope's _History of England_, 3rd edition, 1853, vol. vii., -Appendix xxxii. Further corroborative evidence has been furnished by -the publication of some letters of Bülow, in which he mentions that he -employed Wraxall as his agent in the plot to restore the Queen. - -Wraxall considered himself very shabbily treated by George III., who -turned a deaf ear to his demands for years. It was not until 1781, when -Wraxall had won a seat in the House of Commons, and with it a useful -vote to the Government, that the Prime Minister, Lord North, gave him, -on behalf of the King, a thousand guineas for his services to the Queen -of Denmark, together with the promise of a seat at the Board of Green -Cloth. Wraxall's support was purchased for a time, but two years later, -when he gave a vote against the Government, he forfeited all chance of -further favours from the King, and the promised appointment vanished -for ever. But a thousand guineas was surely a sufficient reward for a -young and unknown man, admittedly in quest of adventure, who did little -but carry a few letters between Hamburg, Celle and London, and it was -rather for Baron Bülow and the Queen's adherents, whose agent he was, -to reward him than for George III. - -Shortly after the Queen's death Wraxall states that he received a -letter from Bülow, who said that the revolution was on the point of -fruition when the ill news from Celle came to scatter consternation -among Matilda's adherents. It would seem, therefore, that Bülow and -his friends would have proceeded with their plan whether George III. -had granted their request or not. It is idle to speculate whether -they would have succeeded in their undertaking. All things were -possible in Denmark at that time to those who could seize the person -of the King. But it must be remembered that Christian VII. was closely -guarded. Moreover, there is no evidence to show that the conspirators -had the army on their side, and, without the help of the army, though -they might have effected a revolution, they would have been unable to -maintain it. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - -THE DEATH OF THE QUEEN. - -1775. - - -We last saw the Queen with her hand on the door, as she bade farewell -to Wraxall and wished him God-speed on his journey. "She never perhaps -looked more engaging," he wrote later, "than on that night, in that -attitude and in that dress. Her countenance, animated with the prospect -of her approaching emancipation from Zell--which was in fact only a -refuge and an exile--and anticipating her restoration to the throne -of Denmark, was lighted up with smiles, and she appeared to be in the -highest health. Yet, if futurity could have been unveiled to us, we -should have seen behind the door, which she held in her hands, the -'fell anatomy,'[104] as 'Constance' calls him, already raising his dart -to strike her. Within seven weeks of that day she yielded her last -breath."[105] - -[104] - - Then with a passion would I shake the world - And rouse from sleep that fell anatomy. - - _King John_, Act III., Scene iv. - - -[105] Wraxall's _Posthumous Memoirs_, vol. i. - -Queen Matilda's end was tragically sudden--so sudden as to call forth -the wildest rumours of foul play. A report was current in Celle that -the Queen was poisoned at the instigation of her deadly enemy, Juliana -Maria, acting through the agency of a negro, named Mephisto, who was -cook at the castle. It was said that he first gave a poisoned cup of -chocolate to a young page in the Queen's household, and seeing that it -worked with fatal effect, he poisoned the Queen in the same way. The -death of the Queen at the moment when their plans were nearing fruition -doubtless seemed suspicious to her Danish adherents who spread this -report, which was firmly believed by the common people in Copenhagen -and Celle. But the evidence of her physicians,[106] who sent a detailed -account of the Queen's last illness and death to George III., leaves no -doubt that she died from natural causes. - -[106] Leyser, a physician of Celle, and Zimmermann, a physician of -Hanover. - -Like all the children of Frederick Prince of Wales (except Augusta -of Brunswick and possibly George III.), Matilda was not of a strong -constitution. The climate of Denmark never agreed with her, and the -awful experiences she had gone through at Copenhagen shattered her -health. She was naturally of a plethoric habit of body, and though in -Denmark she had kept this tendency in check by continual exercise, such -as riding, walking and dancing--harmless amusements which her enemies -urged as offences against her--in her five months' imprisonment at -Kronborg she could take no exercise at all, and afterwards at Celle -she voluntarily gave up riding and dancing lest she should call forth -unkindly comment. The result was she became exceedingly stout--in -so young a woman much too stout for health. She had always lived an -active life, and the forced inaction to which she was condemned at -Celle was very bad for her, and the dulness and monotony weighed on her -spirits. Moreover, during the last few months, she had been leading a -life of suppressed excitement; the thought of her possible restoration -continually agitated her, and one day she would be greatly elated, and -another day correspondingly depressed. All this told upon her strength, -and rendered her the more susceptible to illness, should any come her -way. - -In the spring of 1775 (in fact, while Wraxall was there) an epidemic -called indifferently "military fever" or "the purples" had spread to a -great extent in Celle, and there were many deaths. Queen Matilda was -accustomed to walk freely about the town, and she therefore may have -exposed herself to infection; but she does not seem to have taken any -harm from the epidemic until after the death of her page. This boy, who -died on May 5, was a great favourite with the Queen; she felt his death -very much, and insisted on going to see him when he was lying dead in -one of the rooms of the castle. Her ladies tried to dissuade her, but -she would go, and either then, or at some other time, she caught the -infection. On coming back from the page's room she learned that the -little girl, Sophie von Benningsen, whom she had adopted, was also down -with the fever. The Queen, very much depressed, went for a walk in the -French garden, and when she came back she was so tired that she could -scarcely mount the steps of the castle. She dined as usual with her -court, but ate scarcely anything, and after dinner felt too unwell to -play cards and withdrew to her chamber. - -The next morning, after a bad night, she complained of a sore throat -and chill. Her physician, Dr. Leyser, was called in, and compelled -her to remain in bed. Towards evening her condition showed a slight -improvement, but the next day symptoms so alarming appeared that Leyser -sent for Dr. Zimmermann, a celebrated physician at Hanover. The Queen -seemed to have a presentiment of death, for she said to Leyser: "You -have twice helped me through a dangerous illness since October, but -this time I shall die." The doctors affected a cheerfulness which they -were far from feeling, for the Queen's condition grew worse every hour, -and the fever became very violent. Prayers were offered for her in the -churches; she was deeply touched when her women told her that the whole -of Celle was praying for her, and even the Jewish community had offered -up supplications on her behalf. - -The dying Queen was eager to avail herself of the consolations of -religion; Pastor Lehzen, her chaplain, prayed by her bedside, and read, -at her request, her favourite hymns and some verses from the Bible. -She went towards death without fear, indeed she seemed to welcome it. -Her sufferings were agonising, but through them all she manifested a -marvellous patience and fortitude. The Queen kept her senses to the -last, and almost with her dying breath expressed her forgiveness of -her enemies. Her last thought was of others; she inquired after the -little girl, Sophie, and when the doctor told her that the child was -out of danger, she whispered: "Then I die soothed," and fell quietly -asleep. In this sleep she died. The good pastor, who was praying by the -Queen's bedside when her spirit fled, thus described the end: "I never -witnessed so easy a passing; death seemed to lose all its terrors. The -words of Holy Writ: 'O Death, where is thy sting?' were literally true -in her case. She fell asleep like a tired wayfarer." - -Queen Matilda died on the evening of May 11, 1775, at ten minutes past -eleven, at the age of twenty-three years and nine months. - - * * * * * - -This "Queen of Tears" was married at fifteen; she died at twenty-three. -What unhappiness, what tragedy, what pathos were crowded in those brief -eight years! If she erred, she suffered greatly--imprisonment, exile, -the loss of her children, her crown, her honour--surely it was enough! -To those who are inclined to judge her harshly, the thought of her -youth and her sorrows will surely stay their judgment. We would fain -leave them to plead for her, without entering again on the oft-debated -question of how far she erred in her great love for the man who showed -himself altogether unworthy of the sacrifices she made for him. But her -indiscreet champions have unwittingly done her memory more harm than -good by claiming for her, throughout her troubled life at the Danish -court, what she never claimed--absolute innocence in thought, word and -deed. They rest their contention on evidence which we would gladly -accept if we could. But alas! it does not bear the test of critical -investigation. - -Nearly a hundred years after Matilda's death (in 1864) one of her many -apologists, Sir Lascelles Wraxall, grandson of the Nathaniel Wraxall -who had acted as agent in the plot for her restoration, published a -letter which he said had been given him by her daughter the Duchess of -Augustenburg, who had been allowed to take a copy of it by the King -of Hanover from the original document preserved in the Hanoverian -archives.[107] This letter purported to be written by the Queen when -she was on her deathbed to her brother George III., and proclaimed her -innocence. The Duchess of Augustenburg was the Princess Louise Augusta -of Denmark, the infant daughter taken from Matilda's arms at Kronborg, -the Princess whose birth occasioned so much scandalous rumour. She, -therefore (though formally recognised as the daughter of Christian -VII.), was interested in the question of her mother's innocence, and, -coming from such hands, the genuineness of the letter at first sight -would seem to be, as Wraxall says, "incontestable". The letter ran -as follows:-- - -[107] Wraxall was apparently unaware that this letter had already -appeared in print--in the _Times_ of January 27, 1852. - - - "SIRE, - - "In the most solemn hour of my life I turn to you, my royal brother, - to express my heart's thanks for all the kindness you have shown me - during my whole life, and especially in my misfortune. - - "I die willingly, for nothing holds me back--neither my youth, nor - the pleasures which might await me, near or remote. How could life - possess any charms for me, who am separated from all those I love--my - husband, my children and my relatives? I, who am myself a queen and - of royal blood, have lived the most wretched life, and stand before - the world an example that neither crown nor sceptre affords any - protection against misfortune! - - "But I die innocent--I write this with a trembling hand and feeling - death imminent--I am innocent. Oh, that it might please the Almighty - to convince the world after my death that I did not deserve any - of the frightful accusations by which the calumnies of my enemies - stained my character, wounded my heart, traduced my honour and - trampled on my dignity. - - "Sire, believe your dying sister, a queen and even more, a Christian, - who would gaze with terror on the other world if her last confession - were a falsehood. I die willingly, for the unhappy bless the tomb. - But more than all else, and even than death, it pains me that not - one of all those I loved in life is standing by my dying bed to grant - me a last consolation by a pressure of the hand, or a glance of - compassion, to close my eyes in death. - - "Still, I am not alone. God, the sole witness of my innocence, is - looking down on my bed of agony; my guardian angel is hovering over - me, and will soon guide me to the spot where I shall be able to pray - for my friends, and also for my persecutors. - - "Farewell, then, my royal brother! May Heaven bless you--my - husband--my children--England--Denmark--and the whole world. Permit - my corpse to rest in the vault of my parents, and now the last, - unspeakably sad farewell from your unfortunate - - "CAROLINE MATILDA." - -[Illustration: THE CHURCH AT CELLE, WHERE QUEEN MATILDA IS BURIED. - -_From a Photograph._] - -If this document were genuine, it would go far to prove the innocence -of the Queen, for it must be remembered that the evidence against her, -even at its worst, was presumptive only, and it is unlikely, from all -we know of the genuine piety of her later years that she would have -faced death with a lie on her lips. But after patient inquiry nothing -can be found to prove its genuineness. The most convincing proof, of -course, would be the existence of the original letter in the Queen's -well-known handwriting; but no such letter exists in the Hanoverian -archives; nor does it exist among the Guelph domestic papers, which -the King of Hanover took with him into exile after the war of 1866. -While there was still a king in Hanover the late Mr. Heneage Jesse[108] -applied to the Hanoverian officials for information concerning this -letter, and received the following reply from Baron von Malortie, -minister and chamberlain to the King: "In the royal Hanoverian archives -there is not the letter alluded to of the late Queen Caroline Matilda -of Denmark. Solely the royal museum contains a _printed_ copy of a -letter pretending to be written by the said late Queen on her deathbed -to her royal brother, George III. of Great Britain, and it is presumed -that the Duchess of Augustenburg was permitted by the late King, Ernest -Augustus' Majesty, to take a copy of this printed copy, now in the -family museum." He then went on to say that all the officials of the -Hanoverian archives were strongly of the opinion that the Queen "never -did write, nor could write, on her deathbed such a letter, and that -the pretended letter of her Majesty is nothing but the work of one of -her friends in England, written after her death and then translated. -The history of her Majesty's last illness and of her death is here -well known, and excludes almost the possibility of her writing and -forwarding such a letter to her royal brother."[109] - -[108] Author of the _Memoirs of the Life and Reign of King George III_. - -[109] Jesse's _Memoirs and Life of George III_., 1867, vol. ii. - -There still remains the theory put forward by some--that the Queen, in -writing this letter, protested her innocence only in general terms, -and she may have been referring to the charges made against her of -plotting with Struensee to poison or depose her husband, of which she -certainly was innocent. But this theory is untenable from another plea -put forward by the Queen's defenders, and which perhaps deserves more -respectful consideration than the letter. Some years after the Queen's -death Falckenskjold published his _Memoirs_, and in them we find the -following statement:-- - -"In 1780 I had an opportunity at Hanover of forming the acquaintance of -M. Roques, pastor of the French Protestant Church at Celle. One day I -spoke to him about Queen Caroline Matilda. - -"'I was summoned almost daily by that Princess,' he said to me, 'either -to read or converse with her, and most frequently to obtain information -relative to the poor of my parish. I visited her more constantly during -the last days of her life, and I was with her a little before she drew -her last breath. Although very weak, she retained her presence of -mind. After I had recited the prayers for the dying, she said to me in -a voice that seemed to become more animated: "_Monsieur Roques, I am -about to appear before God. I protest that I am innocent of the crimes -imputed against me, and that I was never faithless to my husband_.'" - -"M. Roques added that the Queen had never before spoken to him, even -indirectly, of the accusations brought against her. - -"I wrote down on the same day (March 7, 1780) what M. Roques said -to me, as coming from a man distinguished by his integrity of -character."[110] - -[110] _Mémoires de M. Falckenskjold_, Officier Général dans le service -de S. M. Danoise. - -If Falckenskjold is to be believed, this, it must be admitted, is -remarkable evidence; but in his _Memoirs_ he can be more than once -convicted of misstatements, and, at best, this one rests on second-hand -information obtained five years after the Queen's death. It was Pastor -Lehzen, and not Pastor Roques, who attended the Queen in her illness, -and he published afterwards an edifying account of her last moments, -which contained no statement of this nature.[111] As Lehzen was the -Queen's chaplain throughout her residence at Celle, and rector of -the principal church there, it seems more likely that she would have -confided in him than in the minister of the French Protestant chapel, -whom she only saw from time to time in connection with little deeds of -beneficence to the poor among his congregation. - -[111] Lehzen's _Die Letzten Stunden der Königin von Danemark_. - -It is not necessary to invest Matilda with the halo of a saint to feel -sympathy for her sorrows and pity for her fate. She loved greatly and -suffered greatly for her love. Let it rest there. - - * * * * * - -"Our good Queen is no more," announced Pastor Lehzen, as he came from -her deathbed to the long gallery, where the whole of the late Queen's -household, some fifty in number, were assembled. There was not one of -them who did not hear the words without a sense of personal loss, for -there was not one, even the meanest, to whom the Queen had not endeared -herself by some kind word or deed. The castle was filled with weeping -and lamentation. The ill news was quickly communicated to the town, and -every house became a house of mourning, for during her residence at -Celle Matilda had endeared herself alike to the highest and the lowest, -and was spoken of by all as their "_lieben und guten Königin_" (their -beloved and good Queen). - -Owing to the danger of infection the Queen's funeral took place -within fifty hours of her death. It was found impossible to delay her -obsequies until the King's instructions could be received from England, -and therefore at midnight on May 13 the Queen was interred in the -burial vault of the Dukes of Celle in the old church. - -The grand marshal of the court of Hanover, Baron von Lichtenstein, took -charge of the funeral arrangements. The Queen's coffin was carried on -a hearse, drawn by six horses, from the castle to the church under -an escort of soldiers, and the route was guarded by soldiers bearing -torches, and lined with rows of weeping people, all clad in black. The -Queen's household, headed by Baron Seckendorf, her chamberlain, and -the Baroness Dowager d'Ompteda, her chief lady-in-waiting, followed on -foot. The church was crowded with the chief people of Celle, including -Prince Ernest of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Madame de Plessen. The simple -service was conducted by Pastor Lehzen, and the coffin was lowered to -the ducal vaults.[112] - -[112] Though the funeral was quite private, the expenses were very -heavy, amounting to some £3,000. They were defrayed, by order of George -III., by the privy purse. - -The Sunday after the Queen's death mourning services were held in the -churches of Celle. At the town church, where she was buried, Pastor -Lehzen concluded his sermon with the following words:-- - -"She endeavoured to win the love of every one, even of the humblest, -and the many tears shed for her prove that she succeeded in her -endeavour. Those who were nearest her person testify how she strove in -a higher strength to exercise the most difficult of Christian virtues -[forgiveness of her enemies], and that not from a lofty, worldly pride, -but from reasons set forth for us by the Pattern of all virtues. The -last steps of her life were taken with submissive surrender to the will -of God, with trust and hope. O God! we thank Thee for Thy grace, and -for its blessed working; we honour, we extol, we praise the same, and -offer to Thee our most hearty thanks for all the goodness wrought in -this immortalised soul. May she now enjoy the rest, the reward, the -bliss of the perfected just! May a blessing rest on her royal children, -such as this loving mother sought for them so often from Thee, O God, -with many tears! Lighten the sorrow which the news of this unexpected -and grievous event will cause to the hearts of our gracious King and -Queen [George III. and Charlotte], and for the blessing of the world, -and of this country in particular, bring their Majesties to their full -term of happy years, and permit them to see their royal house flourish -and prosper. Look upon those who are nearest to the deceased Princess, -and mourn a Queen who was always full of graciousness and gentleness. -Console them in Thy mercy and loving providence, and teach them that -Thy counsel is very wonderful, and wise and tender. And thou, Celle, -overcome by the death which leaves thee forlorn, look up through -thy tears to God! Honour Him with childlike trust, and pray Him to -compensate your loss by manifestations of His mercy in other ways, and -by granting a long and happy life to our gracious King." - -It was thought that the ducal vault of Celle would prove only a -temporary resting-place for the Queen, and, in accordance with her -expressed wish, her remains would be removed to England to rest in -Westminster Abbey beside those of her father and mother. But George -III. did not see his way to grant this last request, and all that is -mortal of Matilda remains at Celle to this day. On one side of her -George William, the last Duke of Celle, and his consort, Eléonore -d'Olbreuse, sleep their last sleep; on the other is the plain leaden -coffin of their unfortunate daughter, Sophie Dorothea, whose troubled -life in many ways closely resembled that of her great-granddaughter -Matilda. - -I visited this vault a few years ago. Queen Matilda's coffin is easily -found, as it is the only wooden (mahogany) one there. It is of -extraordinary breadth--almost as broad as long--and at the head is the -following inscription in Latin: _Here are deposited the mortal remains -of Caroline Matilda, Princess of Great Britain and Brunswick-Lüneburg, -Queen of Denmark and Norway. Born July 22, 1751, died May 11, 1775._ -A few faded wreaths were lying near the coffin; many of these -were deposited many years after her death by pilgrims to her last -resting-place; but I was assured that some of them had been there since -the funeral. The vault is now closed. - -When the news of Queen Matilda's death reached England general mourning -for three weeks was commanded for the King's sister, and court mourning -for six weeks. Among the few English friends who knew her profound -sorrow was felt at the early death of this unfortunate daughter of -England. On May 24 a deputation of the House of Lords and a deputation -of the House of Commons waited on the King at St. James's, and -presented addresses of condolence on the Queen of Denmark's death. To -each George III. replied: "The King returns his thanks to the House for -the concern they have expressed for the great loss which has happened -to his family by the death of his sister, the Queen of Denmark." -The few thousand pounds the Queen left behind her, and her personal -effects, George III. committed to the charge of the regency of Hanover, -with orders to guard the property for her children until they came of -age, and Baron Seckendorf was entrusted with the administration of the -Queen's estate. - -The news of the Queen's death travelled to Copenhagen as quickly as to -London, and completed the revulsion of feeling in her favour. She was -henceforth regarded by the people as a saint and martyr, who had been -sacrificed to the intrigues of the Queen-Dowager, and the unpopularity -of Juliana Maria and her Government was greatly increased. The -Queen-Dowager could not conceal her satisfaction at Matilda's death. -The English envoy relates how the Danish court received the news. -Writing on May 20 he says:-- - -"An estafette from Madame Schimmelmann brought the melancholy news from -Hamburg to Count Bernstorff very early yesterday morning, and I had -the grief to receive the confirmation of it soon after by the post.... -Orders were given yesterday, as I am positively assured, to put the -Prince and Princess Royal into the deepest mourning worn here for a -mother, and I am likewise further assured that Count Bernstorff was -the adviser of that measure. But as consistency is not to be expected -here, he could not prevent the Royal Family's appearing at the play on -Wednesday and yesterday evenings, and what was worse, their assisting -on Thursday night at a ball in dominoes at the theatre, where they -made the King of Denmark dance, though they had ordered young Schack -to acquaint him on Wednesday with the circumstance he was in, with -which he was most [deeply] affected. And yesterday at Court (where I -was not) his countenance and manner were such as startled the Foreign -Ministers who approached him. The Prince Royal did not see company. -And to-day they all went to dine out of town, the King assisting at -the launching of two frigates, which resolution was taken suddenly at -twelve o'clock. They say they will wait till I, or M. Reiche, notify -the Queen of Denmark's death, in his Majesty's name."[113] - -[113] De Laval's despatch, Copenhagen, May 20, 1775. - -In accordance with this resolution no notice was taken of the event -by the Danish court, nor was any mourning donned, until George III. -sent a letter to the King notifying the death of Queen Matilda. -This notification was formally delivered by the English envoy at -the Christiansborg Palace the day when a court ball was appointed. -The Queen-Dowager so far forgot her discretion, or was so blind to -decency, that she did not order the ball to be postponed, and the -court danced merrily the evening of the day that the Queen's death was -notified at Copenhagen. But the next morning the Danish court went into -mourning--not as for the Queen of Denmark (for the Queen was considered -politically to have died three years before), but as for a foreign -princess who was connected with the Danish royal house--as a princess -of Great Britain Caroline Matilda was first cousin to Christian VII. -This court mourning lasted for four weeks--the usual time--and the -only concession seems to have been that the late Queen's children, -the Crown Prince Frederick and his sister, Princess Louise Augusta, -remained in mourning for a longer period. - -It is said that George III., to whom the news of the court ball was -communicated, deeply resented the affront offered by the Danish court -not only to his dead sister but to him. No trace of this appears in -the official despatches. On the contrary, we find, soon after this -wanton insult to the Queen's memory, a despatch from England, saying -that "the King hoped the Queen's death would make no difference to the -good relations existing between the two courts".[114] George III. was -not a man to allow personal considerations to stand in the way of what -he considered to be public good, and he had recently obtained a pledge -from the Danish Government to the effect that they would not offer any -help, direct or indirect, to the American colonists, recently goaded -into revolt. A sister's memory was nothing to the King in comparison -with the prosecution of an unrighteous war which he believed to be -righteous. - -[114] Lord Suffolk's despatch to De Laval, St. James's, June 9, 1775. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: THE MEMORIAL ERECTED TO QUEEN MATILDA IN THE FRENCH -GARDEN OF CELLE.] - -It was only in little Celle, among the people who had known and loved -her the last years of her brief life, that the memory of Matilda was -treasured and held sacred. Soon after the funeral a public meeting -was held at Celle and attended by the principal burgesses of the town -and the leading noblemen of the principality of Lüneburg, and after -resolutions had been passed lamenting her death, it was resolved to -petition George III. for permission to erect a monument to her memory. -In this petition it was stated: "Our only object is to raise a lasting -proof of the general affection and respect with which we regarded the -great and noble qualities of her Majesty Queen Matilda, and, by a -permanent memorial of the grief for her death felt by all true subjects -of your Majesty, to give an opportunity to our remotest descendants to -cherish with silent respect the memory of the best and most amiable of -queens." The petition was graciously received by George III., and he -willingly granted his permission. - -A monument of grey marble was sculptured by Professor Oeser of Leipzig, -and erected in the French garden of Celle--the garden of which she had -been so fond--and stands to this day. A medallion of the Queen, as she -appeared in the last year of her life, is carved upon an urn, which is -upborne by allegorical figures of truth, maternal love, charity and -mercy--the virtues by which the Queen was pre-eminently known; and an -inscription runs round the pedestal setting forth her name and titles -and the dates of her birth and death. This handsome monument stands -out in bold relief against a background of sycamores, and looks across -the trim gardens to an avenue of ancient limes--the very trees, maybe, -under which Queen Matilda paced with Wraxall a few months before her -death. - -I saw it first on a June evening five years ago. At the base of the -monument blue forget-me-nots were planted, and red and white roses -clambered up the low railing around it--a touching testimony to the -fact that the Queen is not yet forgotten in Celle, and the memory of -her good deeds is still living in the hearts of the people. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - -RETRIBUTION. - -1784. - - -Nine years passed, after the death of Queen Matilda, before retribution -overcame Juliana Maria for the part she had played in compassing her -ruin. By that time all the conspirators who had taken part in the -palace revolution of 1772 had been banished or disgraced, except two, -Eickstedt and Guldberg, and of these the latter was by far the more -powerful. The sex of the Queen-Dowager did not permit her to preside -in person over the Council of State; her son, the Hereditary Prince -Frederick, who was a puppet in the hands of his mother, nominally -presided, but he was there only as a matter of form. Guldberg in -reality presided, and behind Guldberg was Juliana Maria, for she ruled -entirely through him. The mental condition of Christian VII. made it -impossible for him to take any part in the government, though he still -reigned in theory. The whole of the regal power was transferred from -his hands to those of Juliana Maria and her other self, Guldberg, who -eventually filled the post of Privy Cabinet Secretary to the King, and -acted in many ways as Struensee had done. - -Their rule was not successful. The one measure to be placed to their -credit was a law passed in 1776, which decreed that only natives -of the kingdom could hold office, though the King had the power of -naturalising deserving foreigners. In home affairs the Government -became more and more unpopular. The democratic reforms instituted by -Struensee were nearly all repealed: the orthodox clergy were gratified -by the reintroduction of public penance for sexual sins, the nobility -and landowners by the restoration of serfdom. The result of this -legislation was that the peasants were more oppressed than before, the -taxes grew heavier, and the old abuses flourished again vigorously. The -foreign policy of Denmark was to lean more and more towards Prussia. -The King of Prussia had, by means of his relative Juliana Maria, -acquired great influence over the foreign policy of Denmark, and under -his direction it grew hostile to England. The Danish Government was -weak and vacillating in foreign affairs, and its administration of -home affairs was feeble and corrupt. As the years went by, it became -greatly discredited, and the Queen-Dowager, who was regarded, rightly -or wrongly, as the cause of this loss of national _prestige_, became -more and more hated. Indeed, so unpopular was the Government of Queen -Juliana Maria that the wonder was it lasted so long; it only endured -because no strong man arose to overthrow it. - -The hopes of the Danish nation were centred in the Crown Prince -Frederick, the son of Queen Matilda. At one time there was a design to -set both him and his sister aside,[115] but the Queen-Dowager and her -friends were afraid the nation would not suffer it. The Crown Prince -grew up under the care of Eickstedt, and his education was entrusted to -a learned professor named Sporon. Taking their cue, no doubt, from the -Queen-Dowager, the ministers treated the heir to the throne with scant -deference or respect: he was tyrannised over by Eickstedt, neglected by -Sporon and insulted by Guldberg. By the _Lex Regia_ he came of age at -fourteen, but the policy of the Queen-Dowager was to keep him in the -background as much as possible, and he was not confirmed until he had -reached his seventeenth year. Reports were spread abroad that he was -afflicted with the same mental imbecility as his father. Nothing could -be more untrue, for the Crown Prince was endowed not only with sound -sense and a firm will, but a strong constitution. He was about his -father's height, his complexion was fair, and his hair so flaxen as to -be almost white. In face he much resembled his mother, and it was said -that he cherished her memory. - -[115] Woodford's despatch, Copenhagen, December 5, 1772. - -The Crown Prince showed his character soon after he attained his -legal majority, for though only a lad of fourteen, he expressed -strong dissatisfaction concerning the cabinet orders reintroduced by -Guldberg--the same kind of cabinet orders as had cost Struensee his -head--and protested. Guldberg sent an insulting message in reply to -the Crown Prince's protest, and Eickstedt forced the young Prince -to make an apology. Frederick's remonstrance was ill-timed, and it -was probably the cause of his confirmation being delayed for three -years. But Guldberg's insult had the effect of determining him to -overthrow his domination and that of the Queen-Dowager at the earliest -opportunity. To this end he carried on a secret correspondence with -Bernstorff (who had resigned office in 1780 because of the French -and Prussian policy of the Queen-Dowager) and other opponents of the -Guldberg ministry, including Schack-Rathlou and Reventlow. - -At last, on April 4, 1784, the Crown Prince was confirmed in the royal -chapel of the Christiansborg Palace, and before the confirmation his -public examination took place in the presence of the foreign ministers -and the court. This examination effectually dispelled the rumours which -had been industriously spread concerning the young Prince's mental -abilities, for he answered clearly and directly the questions put to -him, and spoke with a firmness which carried dismay to the hearts of -the Queen-Dowager and her supporters. - -The confirmation of the Crown Prince was followed, as a matter of -course, by his admission to the Council of State, and this took place -on April 14, 1784. As it was an occasion of some ceremony, the King -himself occupied the presidential chair; the Crown Prince was seated on -his right, and Prince Frederick, the King's brother, on his left. The -Queen-Dowager had taken the precaution of appointing two new members -of the Council of State, her creatures, who were sworn to carry out -her wishes, and outvote any proposals of the Crown Prince. The first -business of the meeting, therefore, was the swearing in of these two -new members, and of Count Rosencrone, another nominee. When the three -men advanced to sign the oath and formally take their seats, the Crown -Prince rose and begged the King to command them to wait until he made -a proposition. The King bowed assent--he was in the habit of assenting -to every proposal--and before any one could interpose, the Crown Prince -produced a memorandum which he read from beginning to end. It proved to -be a most revolutionary document: he requested his father to dissolve -the present cabinet, to recall two of his own supporters--Rosenkrantz -and Bernstorff--to the Council of State, and to appoint two others, -also his supporters--Huth and Stampe--thus giving him a majority in -the Council. The Crown Prince then laid the memorandum before the King -for signature, and, dipping a pen in the ink, placed it in the King's -hand. At that moment Prince Frederick, who, with the other members of -the Council, had been taken by surprise, recovered his self-possession, -and attempted to snatch the paper away from the King, who was about to -sign it, but the Crown Prince intervened and held it fast. One of the -newly appointed members of the Council, Rosencrone, entered a protest, -and said: "Your Royal Highness, you must know that His Majesty cannot -sign such a paper without due consideration." The Crown Prince turned -to Rosencrone with an air of great dignity. "It is not your place, -sir," said he, "to advise the King, but mine--I am heir to the throne, -and, as such, responsible only to the nation." To the astonishment of -all, Guldberg remained silent, and, taking advantage of the momentary -hesitation, the Crown Prince obtained his father's signature to the -document, and further got him to write "approved" across the corner. He -put the paper into his pocket. - -The imbecile King, who was greatly frightened at this scene, took -advantage of the pause to run out of the council chamber to his -apartments. Prince Frederick, foiled in obtaining the paper, resolved -at least to secure the King, and ran after him with all speed, bolting -the door from the outside when he left the room. - -The Crown Prince at once assumed the presidency of the council, and, -turning to four Privy Councillors--Moltke, Guldberg, Stemen and -Rosencrone--declared that the King no longer required their services. -At the same time he announced the dismissal of three other members -of the Government. He then broke up the meeting, and endeavoured to -follow his father, but finding the door locked which led to the King's -apartments, he went round another way. Here, too, he found the door -barred against him. He declared that he would have it broken down by -force, and had given orders for this to be done when the door opened -and Prince Frederick appeared, leading the King by the arm, with the -intention of conducting him to the Queen-Dowager's apartments. The -Crown Prince sprang forward, and, seizing the King by the other arm, -endeavoured to draw him back, assuring him that nothing would be done -without his sanction, and that he only wished to secure the King's -honour and the welfare of the country. The feeble monarch seemed -inclined to stay with his son rather than go with his brother, and this -so incensed the Prince Frederick that he seized the Crown Prince by -the collar, and endeavoured to drag him away from the King by force. -But the younger man was the stronger, and clutching his father with -his left hand, he used his right so energetically against his uncle -that Prince Frederick was obliged to let go. At that moment the Crown -Prince was reinforced by his page, and between them they drove Prince -Frederick down the corridor, and shut the door on him. The King, who -had been almost pulled asunder by the excited combatants, ran back to -his apartments, whither he was followed a few minutes later by his son, -who now had his father in his safe keeping. - -Thus was effected the palace revolution of April 14, 1784--a revolution -which overthrew not only the Government, but the Queen-Dowager and -her son. Its success or its failure turned on the result of this -undignified struggle for the possession of the King's person, -for if Prince Frederick had succeeded in carrying the King to the -Queen-Dowager's apartments, the recently signed ordinance would have -been revoked, and steps would have been taken to prevent a repetition -of the Crown Prince's efforts to assert himself. - -The Queen-Dowager's rage when her son told her what had occurred in -the Council of State, and that the King was now in the keeping of the -Crown Prince, may be better imagined than described. She vowed and -protested that she would never submit to the power being thus snatched -from her hands; she wished to go to the King at once, but was told -that the Crown Prince and his friends would surely not admit her. -She threatened to summon the palace guard to take the King away by -force, but she was told that the Crown Prince had taken the precaution -to secure the good-will not only of the palace guard, but, through -commander-in-chief, of the whole army, and she was, in fact, already a -prisoner. Then at last Juliana Maria realised that she was outwitted, -and her reign was over for ever. The bitterness of her defeat was -intensified by the thought that it had been effected by the son of the -woman whom she had imprisoned and driven into exile. - -The Crown Prince was proclaimed Regent the same day amid scenes of -the greatest enthusiasm. In the afternoon he walked alone through the -principal streets of Copenhagen; there was no guard, and the crowds -which filled the streets everywhere made room for him to pass, and -welcomed him with shouts and acclamations. As he said, the Danish -people were his guard, and when he returned three hours later to the -Christiansborg Palace, he had firmly riveted his hold on the affections -of his future subjects. - -The Crown Prince behaved, as his mother would have done if she had been -restored to the throne, with magnanimity: there was no bloodshed, and -he treated even his bitterest enemies with great clemency. The rule of -Juliana Maria was at an end, and henceforth neither she nor her son -had the slightest influence in affairs of state. But the Crown Prince -treated them both with every respect and courtesy: they were permitted -to retain their apartments at the Christiansborg Palace,[116] and the -palace of Fredensborg was made over for the use of Juliana Maria. She -lived in retirement until her death, which took place in 1796, at the -age of sixty-seven years. Until the last she was pursued by popular -execration, and even after her death, until comparatively recent time, -it was the habit of many of the Danish peasants to spit on her tomb at -Röskilde as a mark of their undying hatred. - -[116] In 1794 they were driven out by the great fire which destroyed -the Christiansborg, but apartments were found for them in the -Amalienborg. - -Her son, Prince Frederick, who had neither his mother's abilities nor -her evil traits of character, had not the energy to meddle in affairs -of state, and spent the rest of his days in promoting the arts and -sciences. He died in 1805. He had married in 1774 Sophia Frederika, -a princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, by whom he had two sons and two -daughters.[117] His elder son succeeded to the throne of Denmark in -1839 as King Christian VIII.[118] - -[117] The younger of these daughters was the grandmother of Queen -Alexandra. - -[118] He died in 1848, and was succeeded by his son Frederick VII., -who, dying in 1863 without issue, was succeeded by the present King of -Denmark, Christian IX. - -Of Queen Matilda's two children little remains to be said. Her -daughter, Louise Augusta, grew up a very beautiful and accomplished -princess, who in wit and affability strongly recalled her mother, -and between her and her brother there existed the fondest ties of -attachment. She married the Duke of Augustenburg, and died in 1843, at -the age of seventy-two. The daughter of this Princess, Caroline Amalie, -married, as her second husband, Prince Christian Frederick, son of the -Hereditary Prince Frederick (who, on the death of his cousin, Frederick -VI., without male issue, became Christian VIII.), and thus the rival -races of Juliana Maria and Matilda were united. Queen Caroline Amalie -survived her husband for many years, and died in 1881, aged eighty-five -years. - -[Illustration: FREDERICK, CROWN PRINCE OF DENMARK (AFTERWARDS KING -FREDERICK VI.), SON OF QUEEN MATILDA.] - -Queen Matilda's son, who, after a long regency, became, in 1808 (on -the death of his father, Christian VII., at the age of fifty-nine), -Frederick VI., was a liberal and enlightened prince; yet neither -his regency nor his reign was very successful. When Regent he -made repeated efforts to obtain the hand of an English princess in -marriage, one of the many daughters of George III.; but the King of -England, who had taken a violent dislike to Denmark after its cruel -treatment of his unfortunate sister, would not listen to the proposal. -The heir to the Danish monarchy, thus repulsed, married Marie Sophie -Frederika, a princess of Hesse-Cassel, who bore him two daughters, -Caroline, who married the Hereditary Prince Ferdinand, and Vilhelmine -Marie, who married Prince Frederick Carl Christian. His self-love was -deeply wounded by the way in which his overtures had been spurned -by his uncle, George III., and henceforth his foreign policy became -anti-English, and he threw in his lot with France. To this may be -traced directly, or indirectly, many of the disasters that overcame -Denmark during the reign of Frederick VI.--the naval engagement of -1801, wherein the English attacked Copenhagen and forced the Danes to -abandon it, the second attack by the British on Copenhagen, and its -bombardment in 1807, which resulted in the surrender of the whole of -the Danish and Norwegian fleets, and, in 1814, through the alliance of -Denmark and France against Great Britain and Sweden, the loss of Norway -to Denmark. - -These disasters naturally engendered a feeling of bitterness on the -part of the brave Danes towards the English for a time, but this -feeling has long since passed away, and the two nations, whose history -is intimately connected, and who are akin in race and sympathy, -are now united in the bond of friendship--a bond which has been -immeasurably strengthened by the auspicious union which has given to -us the most beautiful Queen and the most beloved Queen-Consort that -England has ever known. - - -THE END. - - - - -APPENDIX. - -LIST OF AUTHORITIES. - - -UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS. - - The despatches of Walter Titley [1764-68], British Envoy - Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen. State - Paper Office, London. - - The despatches of G. Cosby [1764-65], Assistant Envoy at Copenhagen. - State Paper Office, London. - - The despatches of Sir Robert Gunning [1766-71], Minister Resident - and afterwards Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at - Copenhagen. State Paper Office, London. - - The despatches of Sir R. Murray Keith [1771-72], Envoy Extraordinary - and Minister Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen. State Paper Office, - London. - - The despatches of W. Woodford [1770-73], Minister Resident - at Hamburg, afterwards Envoy Extraordinary and Minister - Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen. - - Sundry despatches written from the Foreign Office in London by the - Earl of Sandwich and the Earl of Suffolk to the British Ministers - at Copenhagen during the years 1764-73, specified elsewhere. State - Paper Office, London. - - Sundry documents from the Royal Archives, Copenhagen, and the town - archives of Celle, specified elsewhere. - - -PRINTED BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, ETC. - - _Mémoires de Reverdil: Struensee et la cour de Copenhague_ (1760-72). - Paris, 1858. - - _Mémoires de mon Temps_: par S. H. le Landgrave Charles, Prince de - Hesse. [Printed by order of Frederick VII., King of Denmark, for - private circulation.] - - _Mémoires de M. Falckenskjold_, Officier Général dans le service de - S. M. Danoise. - - _Memoiren von Köller-Banner._ - - _Christian VII. og Caroline Mathilde_, by Chr. Blangstrup. Copenhagen. - - _Die Verschwörung gegen die Königin Caroline Mathilde und die Grafen - Struensee und Brandt_, by G. F. von Jenssen-Tusch. Leipsig, 1864. - - _Struensee_, by K. Wittich. Leipsig, 1879. - - _Authentische Aufklärungen über die Geschichte der Grafen Struensee - und Brandt_, 1788. [This book purports to be written by a Dutch - officer, and was translated into English 1790. The author has - evidently had access to first-rate authorities, but a good deal of - the book must be received with caution.] - - _Charlotte Dorothea Biehl's Breve von Christian VII._ Edited by L. - Bobé. Copenhagen, 1902. - - Höst's _Grev Struensee og hans Ministerium_. Copenhagen, 1824. - - _Beiträge zur Geschichte de Braunschweig-Lüneburgischen Hauses und - Hoses_, by C. E. von Malortie. Hanover, 1860. - - _Die Struensee und Brandtische Kriminalsache_ [pamphlet]. Amsterdam, - 1773. - - _Leben, Begebenheiten und unglückliches Ende der beiden Grafen - Struensee und Brandt_, 1772 [pamphlet]. - - _Gespräch im Reiche der Todten._ Copenhagen, 1773 [pamphlet]. - - _Die Letzten Stunden der Königin von Danemark_ [pamphlet]. Hanover, - 1776. - - N. Falck, _Neues Staatsbürgerliche's Magazin_. Schleswig, 1833. - - _Narrative of the Conversion and Death of Count Struensee_, by the - Rev. Dr. Münter [translated by the Rev. T. Rennell, 1825]. - - _Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir R. Murray Keith_, vol. i., 1849. - - _Life of Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark_, by Sir C. F. Lascelles - Wraxall, 1864. [This book is valuable for its extracts from - N. W. Wraxall's private journal with reference to the Queen's - restoration.] - - N. W. Wraxall's _Posthumous Memoirs of his own Times_, vol. i. - - N. W. Wraxall's _Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin_, etc., vol. i. - - _Northern Courts_, by John Brown, 1818. [This book contains curious - information, but a great deal of it is unauthenticated.] - - _Memoirs of an Unfortunate Queen, interspersed with letters written - by Herself to several of her Illustrious Relatives and Friends._ - 1776. [Most of these letters are evidently spurious and the Memoirs - are untrustworthy.] - - _Histoire de Danemark_, trad. by E. Beauvois. Copenhagen, 1878. - - _Danemark_, by De Flaux. - - _History of Denmark_, etc., Dunham. - - Bubb Dodington's _Diary_, edition 1784. - - Mrs. Carter's _Letters_. - - Lady Hervey's _Letters_. - - Northcote's _Memoirs of Sir J. Reynolds_, vol. i. - - Walpole's _Reign of George III._ - - Walpole's _Letters_, edition 1857. - - Archdeacon Coxe's _Travels in Poland, Russia and Denmark_, vol. v. - - Cunningham's _Handbook of London_. - - Stanhope's _History of England_, vol. vii., 1853. - - Wright's _England under the House of Hanover_, vol. i. - - _The Georgian Era_, 1832. - - Jesse's _Memoirs of George III._, 1867. - - _La Reine Caroline Mathilde_, by G. B. de Lagrèze. Paris, 1837. - - Adolphus's _History of England from the Accession of George III._, - 1802. - - _George III., his Court and Family_, 1820. - - Gibbon's _Letters to Lord Sheffield_, Misc. Works, edition 1837. - - _A View of Society and Manners in Germany_, etc., by John Moore, 1779. - - Also the following papers from the years 1751-1775:-- - - _The London Gazette_, _The Annual Register_, _The Gentleman's - Magazine_, _General Evening Post_, _The Leyden Gazette_, _The - Gazetteer_, _The Public Advertiser_, etc. - - - - -INDEX. - - - Aalborg, ii., 175, 220. - - Aböe, Lieutenant, liberated, ii., 213. - - Alexandra, Queen, descent from Queen Louise, i., 53 _n._ - - Amelia, Princess, presides over the court of George II., i., 23; - her unamiable character, 24; - entertains Christian VII., 160. - - "Art of Passau," i., 62. - - Ascheberg, i., 238. - - - Ball, Mr., naval surgeon, ii., 110. - - Bang, Councillor, ii., 149; - his indictment of the Queen, 152; - defends Count Brandt, 191. - - Benthaken, Anna Catherine, i., 136. - - Benzon dismissed, i., 292. - - Berger, Professor, arrested, ii., 73; - liberated, 214. - - Beringskjold, ii., 52; - made Grand Chamberlain, 94. - - Berkentin, Count, i., 56. - - Berkentin, Madame, i., 143, 198. - - Bernstorff, Count, his career, i., 46 _n._; - slighted, 234; - dismissed, 256; - his character, 257. - - Bolingbroke, Lord, i., 8. - - Boothby, Lady Mary, i., 88. - - Bothmar, the Danish envoy at the court of St. James's, i., 46. - - Bothmar, Baron, brother of the Danish envoy, i., 46. - - Brandt, Count Enevold, i., 128; - banished, 148; - recalled to court, 232; - Master of the Revels, 321; - made a Count, 335; - and Struensee, ii., 6; - thrashes the King, 28; - arrested, 72; - loaded with chains, 108; - his trial, 189; - condemned to death, 194; - his execution, 202. - - Brunswick, Augusta Duchess of, her birth, i., 3; - character, 21; - hatred of Lord Bute, 42; - her marriage, 43; - her sympathy for her sister Queen Matilda, ii., 241. - - Brunswick, Prince Charles William Ferdinand, his marriage to Princess - Augusta, i., 43; - champions the cause of Queen Matilda, ii., 241. - - Bülow, Baron von, ii., 268; - conferences with Wraxall, 273. - - Bülow, Baroness von, i., 253. - - Bute, John, Earl of, i., 26; - and the Princess of Wales, 27; - character, 28; - Prime Minister, 39; - in exile, 156. - - - Carlton House, i., 19. - - Caroline, Princess, ii., 325. - - Caroline, Queen, her death, i., 3. - - Caroline Amalie, Princess, ii., 324. - - Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway, her birth and - parentage, i., 1-18; - baptised at Leicester House, 17; - childhood at Kew, 20; - her accomplishments, 20; - reared in strict seclusion by her mother, 32; - first public appearance, 38; - betrothed to Prince Christian of Denmark, 48; - her reluctance to the Danish match, 84; - her marriage portion, 85; - married by proxy, 87; - leaves for Denmark, 87; - reaches Rotterdam, 90; - received by her husband at Röskilde, 96; - public entry into Copenhagen, 98; - her marriage, 102; - festivities at Copenhagen, 103; - disappointed in her husband, 109; - crowned and anointed, 119; - embittered against the King, 125; - swayed by Madame de Plessen, 127; - treated cruelly by the King, 135; - birth of her son Frederick VI., 138; - loss to her of Madame de Plessen, 144; - resides at Frederiksborg, 176; - reconciliation to the King, 182; - illness, 191; - attended by Struensee, 208; - takes him into favour, 210; - her ascendency over the King, 218; - Struensee her evil genius, 219; - their intrigue, 222; - friendly relations with the King, 224; - rides in male attire, 225; - tour through Schleswig and Holstein, 229; - visits Count Rantzau at Ascheberg, 238; - meets her mother at Lüneburg, 248; - returns to Copenhagen, 251; - at Hirschholm, 252; - her sympathy with the poor, 297; - disregard of public opinion, 303; - treatment of her son, 307; - Order of Matilda established, 320; - bitter feeling towards her, 328; - delivered of a daughter, 331; - child named Louise Augusta, 334; - gives a masked ball, ii., 54; - the palace revolution, 63; - a prisoner in the hands of the conspirators, 73; - conveyed to Kronborg, 80; - her treatment there, 84, 129; - bitter feeling against her, 96; - examined by the Commissioners, 141; - confession of guilt, 145; - her trial, 149; - defence of Uhldahl, 159; - marriage dissolved, 171; - visited by Keith, 219; - freedom demanded by George III., 220; - English squadron arrives at Kronborg, 234; - parts with Princess Louise Augusta, 235; - goes on board H.M.S. _Southampton_, 237; - resides at Göhrde, 240; - entry into Celle, 243; - visited by Keith, 248; - life at Celle, 255; - Wraxall introduced to her, 264; - popular reaction in her favour, 271; - important conversations with Wraxall, 275; - her sudden death, 295; - details of her illness and death, 296; - evidences of her innocence, 300; - letter to her brother George III., 301; - and pastor Roques, 304; - her funeral at Celle, 306; - looked upon as a saint and martyr in Denmark, 310; - how the news of her death was received there, 310; - monument erected at Celle, 313. - - Carstenskjold, Major, ii., 94. - - "Catherine of the Gaiters," i., 136; - great influence over the King, 146; - her shamelessness, 147; - sent out of the country, 148. - - Catherine the Great, and Matilda, i., 265; - her favourites, 268; - resents the appointment of Rantzau, 269; - becomes Empress, 274. - - Celle, entry of Matilda into, ii., 243; - described, 255. - - Celle Castle, ii., 230; - description of, 246. - - Charlotte, Princess of Mecklenburg, her marriage to George III., i., - 381; - great animus against Matilda, ii., 228. - - Charlotte Amelia, Princess, i., 77. - - Chemnitz, a preacher, ii., 133. - - Chesterfield, Lord, i., 8. - - Christian V., i., 284. - - Christian VI., i., 285. - - Christian VII., i., 52; - training, 56; - keeps bad company, 58; - character, 60; - betrothal to Matilda, 63; - confirmed, 64; - proclaimed King, 68; - his first Council, 70; - dismisses Moltke, 74; - his distaste for work, 75; - fond of practical jokes, 76; - named "The Northern Scamp," 78; - receives Matilda at Röskilde, 96; - their marriage, 102; - passion for display, 114; - introduces masquerades, 115; - crowned and anointed, 119; - his dissipation and folly, 127; - nocturnal expeditions, 129; - tours through Holstein, 131; - cruelty to the Queen, 135; - birth of his son Frederick VI., 138; - his _liaison_ with "Catherine of the Gaiters," 146; - visits England and France, 150; - lands in England, 152; - popularity in London, 158; - tours in the provinces, 162; - entertained by the city of London, 165; - low dissipation in London, 168; - gives a masked ball, 171; - goes to Paris, 174; - returns to Copenhagen, 175; - improvement in his conduct, 182; - infatuation for Holck, 190; - mental and physical deterioration, 191; - royal tour through Schleswig and Holstein, 229; - visits Count Rantzau at Ascheberg, 238; - returns to Copenhagen, 251; - at Hirschholm, 252; - court manners there, 253; - and the Council of State, 286; - abolishes certain religious festivals, 290; - mental state, 315; - virtual abdication in favour of Struensee, 333; - his vagaries, 351; - at Frederiksberg, ii., 35; - in the hands of the conspirators, 64; - appears in public, 89; - arraigned by Reverdil, 169; - Queen divorced, 171; - hates the Queen-Dowager, 270; - his death, 324. - - Christian VIII., ii., 324. - - Christian Frederick, Prince, ii., 324. - - Christiansborg Palace, i., 59; - masked ball at, 116. - - Chudleigh, Miss, i., 27. - - Cliveden, i., 19. - - Coke, Lady Mary, i., 133. - - Copenhagen, civic government of, i., 295; - foundling hospital established, 299; - rejoicings at fall of Struensee, ii., 89; - riotous scenes, 92. - - Cosby, i., 62. - - Council of Conferences, i., 287. - - Council of State, i., 280; - decree abolishing, 281; - its origin, 285; - re-established, ii., 104. - - Cricket introduced into England, i., 13. - - Cromartie, Lady, i., 5. - - Cumberland, Henry Frederick Duke of, i., 22; - a dissipated youth, 245; - marries Mrs. Horton, ii., 112. - - Cumberland, William Augustus Duke of, i., 5. - - - "Danish Fly," headdress, i., 158. - - Danneskjold-Samsöe, Count Frederick, i., 73. - - Denmark, court of, i., 106; - state of foreign affairs, 113; - and Russia, 265; - strained relations between, 273; - reform in administration of justice, 295; - serfdom in, 296; - illegitimacy in, 298; - marriage laws in, 300; - discontent in, ii., 1. - - Devonshire, Duke of, i., 39. - - Dodington, Bubb, at Kew, i., 7; - character, 29; - the confidant of the Princess of Wales, 30. - - - Eickstedt, Hans Henrik von, ii., 51; - made a general, 93. - - Elizabeth, Princess, i., 22; - her death, 32. - - Elsinore. _See_ Helsingor. - - Essex, Charlotte, Countess of, i., 133. - - Eyben, Fräulein von, Queen's lady-in-waiting, i., 143, 223; - dismissed, 233; - evidence at the trial of the Queen, 251. - - - Falckenskjold, Colonel, i., 260; - mission to Russian court, 278; - arrested, ii., 73; - sent to the fortress of Munkholm, 214; - dies at Lausanne, 215. - - Filosofow, i., 141, 214; - insults Struensee, 216; - recalled, 269. - - "Flying Bodyguard," the, i., 326. - - Foot Guards disbanded by Struensee, ii., 38; - their mutinous conduct, 39. - - Fredensborg Castle, i., 67. - - Frederick III., i., 284. - - Frederick V., i., 44; - marriage with Juliana Maria of Brunswick, 53; - becomes a drunkard, 54; - his death, 68; - and the Council of State, 285. - - Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark, his birth, i., 138; - his course of education, 307; - treated with little respect, ii., 317; - his confirmation, 318; - in the Council of State, 319; - effects the overthrow of the Ministry, 320; - proclaimed regent, 322; - becomes king, 324; - his marriage and children, 325; - disasters to Denmark during his reign, 325. - - Frederick, Prince, son of the Queen-Dowager Juliana Maria, ii., 323; - his death and family, 324. - - Frederiksberg Palace, i., 67 _n._ - - Frederiksborg, i., 176. - - Frederiks-Kirke in Copenhagen, i., 323. - - - Gabel, Madame, i., 207. - - Gahler, General, i., 241; - appointed to the War Department, 259; - and Struensee, ii., 4; - arrested, 73; - banished, 214. - - Gahler, Madame von, i., 253; - arrested, ii., 73; - liberated, 213. - - George II. and his son Frederick, i., 2; - his court, 23; - death and burial, 33, 34. - - George III., his birth, i., 4; - created Prince of Wales, 16; - becomes king, 35; - his marriage, 38; - dislike to Christian VII., 154; - writes to Matilda about Bernstorff, 258; - his attitude to the divorce trial, ii., 148; - demands the Queen to be set at liberty, 220; - assents to the articles in favour of the revolution to restore the - Queen, 283; - and Wraxall's claims for reward, 292. - - Gloucester, William Henry Duke of, i., 22; - visits Copenhagen, 184; - his character, 185; - marries Lady Waldegrave, 186; - festivities in Copenhagen in honour of his visit, 187; - the Danish king's opinion of him, 189. - - Goblet, wedding, i., 101 _n._ - - Göhrde, ii., 240. - - Goodrich, Sir John, i., 137 _n._ - - Gottorp Castle, i., 230. - - Guldberg, Ove, ii., 51; - his great influence, 94; - all-powerful, 269. - - Gunning, Sir Robert, i., 80; - on Madame de Plessen, 140; - his opinion of Count Osten, 276; - on Struensee, 338. - - - Hamburg and the partisans of the Queen, ii., 268. - - Hansel, Admiral, liberated, ii., 213. - - Hansen, a preacher, ii., 133. - - Hayter, Dr., Bishop of Norwich, i., 17. - - Hee, Dean, and Brandt, ii., 189. - - Helsingor, ii., 82 _n._ - - Hesse, Prince Charles of, i., 74, 230; - in exile, 148; - on Struensee, 232. - - Hesse, Frederick Landgrave of, i., 75. - - Hesse, Mary Princess of, i., 75. - - Hesselberg, Colonel, liberated, ii., 213. - - Hinuber, ii., 290. - - Hirschholm Palace, i., 60; - description of, 252; - razed to the ground, 253 _n._ - - Holck, Conrad Count, account of, i., 128; - treats the Queen with scant respect, 130; - influence over the King, 136; - offer of marriage refused by Lady Bel Stanhope, 161; - disgraceful evening amusements in London, 168; - marriage to Count Laurvig's daughter, 190; - his influence undermined by Struensee, 203; - dismissed, 233. - - Holck, Gustavus, a page, i., 233. - - Holstein, Count, dismissed from office, i., 233; - attends the Queen to Stade, ii., 236. - - Holstein, Countess, i., 253; ii., 272. - - Household Cavalry abolished, i., 324. - - - Illegitimacy in Denmark, i., 298. - - - Jessen, ii., 53, 94. - - Juell-Wind, Baron, ii., 142. - - Juliana Maria, Queen-Dowager, i., 53, 76; - her character, 54; - at Fredensborg, 305; - rarely invited to court, 306; - an imperious, intriguing woman, ii., 49; - joins conspiracy against Struensee, 50; - treatment of the Queen, 86; - distributes honours, 93; - her appointments to office, 95; - takes the place of the Queen, 102; - re-establishes the Council of State, 104; - witnesses the execution of Struensee and Brandt, 210; - the most hated woman in Denmark, 269; - state of affairs in Denmark, 315; - her rage at the overthrow of the Guldberg Ministry, 322; - her rule at an end, 323. - - Junius on Queen Matilda, ii., 124. - - Justice, reform in administration of, i., 295. - - - Keith, Sir Robert Murray, i., 341; - reception at the court of Denmark, 344; - his opinion of Struensee, ii., 32; - intervenes on behalf of the Queen, 99; - receives the Order of the Bath, 121; - protests in favour of the Queen, 172; - visits the Queen, 219; - tells her she was no longer a prisoner, 231; - takes leave of the Queen, 240; - appointed ambassador to Vienna, 249; - letter regarding Queen Matilda, 250; - his death, 253. - - Kew House, i., 6. - - Kirchoff, John, and Sperling, i., 58; - pensioned, 78. - - Köller-Banner, joins in a conspiracy against Struensee, ii., 51; - arrests Struensee, 67; - made a general and known henceforth as Köller-Banner, 93; - his death, 269 _n._ - - Kronborg, a gloomy fortress, ii., 81; - chapel at, 133 _n._ - - - Lehzen, Pastor, ii., 260, 298; - attends the Queen in her last illness, 305; - funeral sermon, 307. - - Leicester House, i., 4; - high play at, 6. - - Lennox, Lady Sarah, i., 37. - - _Lex Regia_, i., 282. - - Leyser, Dr., ii., 298. - - Lichtenstein, Baron von, interviews with Wraxall concerning the - Queen, ii., 281. - - Lottery, royal Danish, i., 323. - - Louisa Anne, Princess, i., 22; - her death, 145. - - Louise, Queen of Denmark, i., 45; - death and character, 52. - - Louise Augusta, Princess, i., 334; - declared legitimate, ii., 171; - separated from her mother, 235; - marries the Duke of Augustenburg, 324. - - Lühe, Madame von der, the Queen's lady-in-waiting, i., 143, 223; - dismissed, 233. - - Lüneburg, i., 248. - - Luttichau, Chamberlain, dismissed, i., 233. - - - Malzahn, i., 273. - - Marie Sophie Frederika, Princess, marries Frederick VI., ii., 325. - - Marriage laws in Denmark, i., 300. - - Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince Ernest, ii., 229. - - Moltke, Count, i., 55; - dismissed, 74. - - Moltke, Count, son of the Prime Minister, dismissed, i., 292. - - _Monthly Journal for Instruction and Amusement_, i., 196. - - Moore, John, at Celle, ii., 261. - - Münter, Dr., sermon against the royal amusements, i., 117; - his sermon against Struensee, ii., 97; - and Struensee's conversion, 178; - attends Struensee to the scaffold, 208; - rewarded by the Queen-Dowager, 212. - - - Newcastle, Duke of, i., 39. - - Nielsen, a Lutheran clergyman, i., 57. - - Norfolk House, St. James's Square, i., 3. - - - Oeder, Professor, i., 291. - - Oeser, Professor, sculptor, ii., 313. - - Ompteda, Baroness d', ii., 240, 258, 261. - - Order of Matilda, i., 320. - - Osten, Count von, i., 273; - appointed to the Foreign Office, 276; - his hatred of Struensee, ii., 4; - banished to Jutland, 269. - - - Park Place, i., 19. - - Plessen, Madame de, lady-in-waiting, i., 91; - her political intrigues, 113; - guides the Queen in all things, 125; - suddenly dismissed, 141; - settles at Celle, 144; - her character, 144; - at Celle, ii., 256; - celebrates the Queen's birthday, 261. - - Press censorship abolished, i., 296. - - - Rantzau-Ascheberg, Count Schack Karl, i., 197; - his career, 235; - receives the King and Queen at Ascheberg, 238; - retires from office, ii., 3; - remonstrates with Struensee, 43; - heads the conspiracy against Struensee, 49; - his intention to betray the conspiracy, 59; - pretends a fit of the gout, 60; - surprises the King in bed, 64; - attempts to arrest the Queen, 75; - the resistance he meets with, 76; - honours conferred on him, 93; - exiled, 269. - - Reventlow, Count, tutor of Prince Christian, i., 56; - his severity, 57; - dismissed, 141; - his bitter feeling against the Queen, 263. - - Reverdil, his career, i., 59; - dismissed, 147; - recalled, 347; - describes the court at Hirschholm, 354; - arrested, ii., 73; - set at liberty, 105; - dies at Geneva, 106 _n._; - his arraignment of the King, 169. - - Reynolds, Sir Joshua, paints Matilda's portrait, i., 84. - - Rich, Sir Robert, i., 22. - - Richmond, Duchess of, i., 133. - - Roques, M., pastor, ii., 304. - - Rosenborg Palace, i., 326 _n._ - - Röskilde, i., 95 _n._ - - Russia, interference in Danish affairs, i., 265. - - - St. Petersburg, foundling hospital in, i., 299 _n._ - - Saldern, a semi-barbarian, i., 141; - dismisses Madame de Plessen, 142. - - Salt tax abolished, i., 296. - - Sames, Colonel, ii., 94. - - Schack-Rathlou, Councillor, ii., 95, 141. - - Schimmelmann, Baron, i., 141 _n._; - his revolutionary project, ii., 273. - - Seckendorf, Baron, acts as confidential agent between the Queen and - Wraxall, ii., 275. - - Serfdom in Denmark, i., 296. - - Söhlenthal, Baron, i., 198. - - Sophia Frederika, Princess, ii., 324. - - Sophia Magdalena, Queen-Dowager, i., 55; - fond of the King, 76; - her death, 226. - - Sperling, page of the chamber, his vicious character, i., 58; - encourages the King in vice, 78; - superseded in the King's favour, 130; - dismissed, 142. - - Stade, seaport, ii., 239. - - Stampe, H., ii., 142. - - Struensee, Adam, i., 193; - appointed a preacher at Altona, 195; - receives preferment in the Duchy of Holstein, 196. - - Struensee, Charles Augustus, appointed to office, i., 291; - arrested, ii., 73; - banished, 214. - - Struensee, John Frederick, i., 151; - his parentage, 193; - goes to Altona, 195; - as a writer, 196; - travelling physician to Christian VII., 199; - appointed his surgeon-in-ordinary, 202; - attends Matilda in her illness, 208; - his appearance and manner, 213; - inoculates the Crown Prince, 217; - given the title of Conferenzath, 218; - the Queen's evil genius, 219; - with the King and Queen in Schleswig and Holstein, 229; - recalls Brandt to court, 232; - his foreign policy, 250; - all-powerful favourite, 253; - at the head of affairs, 261; - keynote of his foreign policy, 265; - his ignorance of forms of etiquette, 271; - as Master of Requests, 280; - abolishes the Council of State, 281; - and the Danish nobility, 288; - and the clergy, 290; - a great reformer, 293; - his principal reforms, 294; - abolishes the Household Cavalry, 324; - appointed Privy Cabinet Minister, 332; - made a count, 335; - his coat of arms, 336; - his colleagues all false to him, ii., 2; - and the Norwegian sailors, 8; - plot against his life, 14; - his cowardice, 17; - dread of assassination, 36; - disbands the Foot Guards, 38; - their mutinous conduct, 39; - Rantzau heads conspiracy against him, 49; - the palace revolution, 63; - taken prisoner by the conspirators, 68; - conveyed to the citadel, 70; - bitter feeling against him, 96; - loaded with chains, 107; - examined by Commissioners, 135; - confession of guilt, 138; - conversion by Dr. Münter, 179; - his trial, 184; - condemned to death, 193; - his execution and horrible death, 202; - head stuck on a pole, 210. - - Stürtz, Councillor, liberated, ii., 213. - - Suhm the historian urges the Queen-Dowager into a conspiracy, ii., - 97; - his hatred of Struensee, 98. - - Syon House, entertainment at, i., 159. - - - Texier, M. le, proposes to Wraxall a project for restoring the Queen, - ii., 273. - - Thott, Count Otto, takes office, ii., 95; - president of the council, 105; - commissioned to examine the Queen, 141. - - Titley, Walter, his career, i., 45 _n._ - - Traventhal Castle, i., 233. - - - Uhldahl, Commissioner, ii., 149; - defends the Queen, 159; - defends Struensee, 187. - - - Vilhelmine Marie, Princess, ii., 325. - - - Waldegrave, Dowager-Countess, i., 185; - marries the Duke of Gloucester, 186. - - Wales, Augusta Princess of, her marriage, i., 2; - life at Kew, 6; - left a widow, 12; - treated kindly by the King, 15; - her children, 18, 22; - dislike to the Duke of Cumberland, 23; - leads a retired life, 25; - and Lord Bute, 27; - and Bubb Dodington, 30; - her character, 31, 115; - influence over her son George III., 36; - dislike to Christian VII., 157; - visits Brunswick, 244; - her unpopularity, 246; - meets Matilda at Lüneburg, 248; - they part in anger, 249; - her troubles and death, ii., 113. - - Wales, Frederick Prince of, an account of, i., 1; - arrives in England, 2; - his marriage, 3; - in open opposition to the King, 4; - life at Kew, 6; - his friendship with Bolingbroke, 8; - as an author, 9; - his patriotism, 10; - death and character, 12; - buried in Westminster Abbey, 16; - his children, 18, 22. - - Walmoden, Madame de, Countess of Yarmouth, i., 24. - - Walpole, Horace, on Christian VII., i., 163. - - Walpole, Sir Robert, i., 22. - - Warnstedt, Chamberlain, dismissed, i., 292. - - Whitefield, George, sermon on Matilda's marriage, i., 89. - - Willebrandt, Councillor, liberated, ii., 213. - - Wivet, Fiscal-General, receives the King's orders to prosecute - Struensee, ii., 184; - his charges against Count Brandt, 191. - - Wraxall, Sir N. W., notice of, ii., 263; - visits Celle, 263; - introduced to Queen Matilda, 264; - proceeds to Hamburg, 267; - becomes an agent in the conspiracy to restore the Queen, 273; - his communications with the Queen, 275; - leaves for England, 281; - communicates with George III., 282; - articles in favour of the revolution assented to by George III., - 283; - returns to Celle, 284; - interviews with the Queen, 285; - returns to London and delivers his letters to Hinuber, 290; - learns the news of the Queen's death, 291; - receives 1,000 guineas for his services, 293. - - Wyndham, Sir William, i., 8. - - - Yarmouth, Countess of. _See_ Walmoden. - - York, Edward Duke of, i., 22; - his career and death, 132. - - - Zell. _See_ Celle. - - -THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS LIMITED - - - - - _New and Cheaper Edition. 8vo., 12s. 6d. net - With Frontispiece and other Illustrations_ - - Caroline the Illustrious - - Queen-Consort of George II. and sometime Queen-Regent - - _A Study of her Life and Time_ - - - BY - W. H. WILKINS, M.A., F.S.A. - AUTHOR OF "THE LOVE OF AN UNCROWNED QUEEN" - -_In the Preface of this book the Author remarks that it is -characteristic of the way in which historians have neglected the House -of Hanover that no life with any claim to completeness has yet been -written of Caroline of Ansbach, Queen-Consort of George the Second, -and four times Queen-Regent. Yet, in his opinion, she was by far -the greatest of our Queens-Consort, and wielded more authority over -political affairs than any of our Queens-Regnant, with the exception -of Elizabeth and, in quite another sense, Victoria. The ten years of -George the Second's reign until her death would, Mr. Wilkins thinks, -be more properly called "The Reign of Queen Caroline," since for that -period she governed England with Walpole. And during those years the -great principles of civil and religious liberty, which were then bound -up with the maintenance of the Hanoverian dynasty upon the throne, were -firmly established in England._ - -_LITERATURE._--"The book will sustain Mr. Wilkins's reputation as a -student and exponent of history." - -_PALL MALL GAZETTE._--"A book brimful of highly interesting and -entertaining matter." - -_SCOTSMAN._--"As a vivacious chronicle of those events which constitute -the trimmings and the embroideries of serious history, Mr. Wilkins's -work will rank as one of the most entertaining books on an interesting -period." - -_NOTTINGHAM DAILY GUARDIAN._--"The author's descriptions of life at -Court during both reigns, and of such episodes as the rising of 1715 -and the quarrel between George I. and his son, are full of vivid -reading, and his sketches of Walpole, Bolingbroke, and other leading -politicians are both adequate and fair." - -_DAILY NEWS._--"The sketches of Court life and manners in the -days of the first two Georges furnish the reader with abundant -entertainment.... Mr. W. H. Wilkins may be congratulated upon the -discovery of one illustrious Princess who, though she filled for a -considerable period a very conspicuous and on the whole a worthy -position in the annals of this country, has somehow escaped due -biographical honours." - -The "BARON DE BOOK WORMS" IN _PUNCH_.--"Brilliantly written, with -every incident dramatically given, and with every important character -duly weighed and valued, there is not a dull page in the entire work. -It is, indeed, one of the most interesting, as it is one of the most -delightful, of books, sparkling with the romance of real life that has -engrossed the Baron's attentions this many a day. Those who have a -lively recollection of _The Love of an Uncrowned Queen_ will be in no -way disappointed with this new work by the same author." - - LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. - 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON - NEW YORK AND BOMBAY - - - - -_Classified Catalogue_ - -OF WORKS IN - -GENERAL LITERATURE - - -PUBLISHED BY - - LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. - 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, E.C. - 91 AND 93 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, AND 32 HORNBY ROAD, BOMBAY - - -CONTENTS. - - PAGE - - _BADMINTON LIBRARY (THE)_ 12 - - BIOGRAPHY, PERSONAL MEMOIRS, &c. 9 - - CHILDREN'S BOOKS 32 - - CLASSICAL LITERATURE, TRANSLATIONS, ETC. 22 - - COOKERY, DOMESTIC MANAGEMENT, &c. 36 - - EVOLUTION, ANTHROPOLOGY, &c. 21 - - FICTION, HUMOUR, &c. 25 - - FINE ARTS (THE) AND MUSIC 36 - - _FUR, FEATHER AND FIN SERIES_ 15 - - HISTORY, POLITICS, POLITY, POLITICAL MEMOIRS, &c. 3 - - LANGUAGE, HISTORY AND SCIENCE OF 20 - - LOGIC, RHETORIC, PSYCHOLOGY, &c. 17 - - MENTAL, MORAL, AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 17 - - MISCELLANEOUS AND CRITICAL WORKS 38 - - POETRY AND THE DRAMA 23 - - POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ECONOMICS 20 - - POPULAR SCIENCE 30 - - RELIGION, THE SCIENCE OF 21 - - _SILVER LIBRARY (THE)_ 33 - - SPORT AND PASTIME 12 - - _STONYHURST PHILOSOPHICAL SERIES_ 19 - - TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE, THE COLONIES, &c. 11 - - WORKS OF REFERENCE 31 - - -INDEX OF AUTHORS AND EDITORS. - - _Page_ - - Abbott (Evelyn), 3, 19, 22 - ---- (J. H. M.), 3 - ---- (T. K.), 17, 18 - ---- (E. A.), 17 - Acland (A. H. D.), 3 - Acton (Eliza), 36 - Adelborg (O.), 32 - Æschylus, 22 - Albemarle (Earl of), 13 - Alcock (C. W.), 15 - Allen (Grant), 30 - Allgood (G.), 3 - Alverstone (Lord), 15 - Angwin (M. C.), 36 - Annandale (N.), 21 - Anstey (F.), 25 - Aristophanes, 22 - Aristotle, 17 - Arnold (Sir Edwin), 11, 23 - ---- (Dr. T.), 3 - Ashbourne (Lord), 3 - Ashby (H.), 36 - Ashley (W. J.), 3, 20 - Atkinson (J. J.), 21 - Avebury (Lord), 21 - Ayre (Rev. J.), 31 - - Bacon, 9, 17 - Bagehot (W.), 9, 20, 38 - Bagwell (R.), 3 - Bailey (H. C.), 25 - Baillie (A. F.), 3 - Bain (Alexander), 17 - Baker (J. H.), 38 - ---- (Sir S. W.), 11, 12 - Baldwin (C. S.), 17 - Balfour (A. J.), 13, 21 - Ball (John), 11 - Banks (M. M.), 24 - Baring-Gould (Rev. S.), 21, 38 - Barnett (S. A. and H.), 20 - Baynes (T. S.), 38 - Beaconsfield (Earl of), 25 - Beaufort (Duke of), 12, 13, 14 - Becker (W. A.), 22 - Beesly (A. H.), 9 - Bell (Mrs. Hugh), 23 - Bent (J. Theodore), 11 - Besant (Sir Walter), 3 - Bickerdyke (J.), 14, 15 - Bird (G.), 23 - Blackburne (J. H.), 15 - Bland (Mrs. Hubert), 24 - Blount (Sir E.), 9 - Boase (Rev. C. W.), 6 - Boedder (Rev. B.), 19 - Bonnell (H. H.), 38 - Booth (A. J.), 38 - Bottome (P.), 25 - Bowen (W. E.), 9 - Brassey (Lady), 11 - Bright (Rev. J. F.), 3 - Broadfoot (Major W.), 13 - Brooks (H. J.), 17 - Brough (J.), 17 - Brown (A. F.), 32 - Bruce (R. I.), 3 - Buckland (Jas.), 32 - Buckle (H. T.), 3 - Bull (T.), 36 - Burke (U. R.), 3 - Burne-Jones (Sir E.), 36 - Burns (C. L.), 36 - Burrows (Montagu), 6 - - Campbell (Rev. Lewis), 21 - Casserly (G.), 3 - Chesney (Sir G.), 3 - Childe-Pemberton (W. S.), 9 - Chisholm (G. C.), 31 - Cholmondeley-Pennell (H.), 13 - Christie (R. C.), 38 - Churchill (Winston S.), 4, 25 - Cicero, 22 - Clarke (Rev. R. F.), 19 - Climenson (E. J.), 10 - Clodd (Edward), 21, 30 - Clutterbuck (W. J.), 12 - Cochrane (A.), 23 - Cockerell (C. R.), 11 - Colenso (R. J.), 36 - Conington (John), 23 - Conybeare (Rev. W. J.) & Howson (Dean), 33 - Coolidge (W. A. B.), 11 - Corbett (Julian S.), 4 - Coutts (W.), 22 - Cox (Harding), 13 - Crake (Rev. A. D.), 32 - Crawford (J. H.), 25 - Creed (S.), 25 - Creighton (Bishop), 4, 6, 9 - Cross (A. L.), 5 - Crozier (J. B.), 9, 17 - Cutts (Rev. E. L.), 6 - - Dabney (J. P.), 23 - Dale (L.), 4 - Dallinger (F. W.), 5 - Dauglish (M. G.), 9 - Davenport (A.), 25 - Davidson (A. M. C.), 22 - ---- (W. L.), 17, 20, 21 - Davies (J. F.), 22 - Dent (C. T.), 14 - De Salis (Mrs.), 36 - De Tocqueville (A.), 4 - Devas (C. S.), 19, 20 - Dewey (D. R.), 20 - Dickinson (W. H.), 38 - Dougall (L.), 25 - Dowden (E.), 40 - Doyle (Sir A. Conan), 25 - Du Bois (W. E. B.), 5 - Dunbar (Mary F.), 25 - Dyson (E.), 26 - - Ellis (J. H.), 15 - ---- (R. L.), 17 - Erasmus, 9 - Evans (Sir John), 38 - - Falkiner (C. L.), 4 - Farrar (Dean), 20, 26 - Fite (W.), 17 - Fitzmaurice (Lord E.), 4 - Folkard (H. C.), 15 - Ford (H.), 16 - Fountain (P.), 11 - Fowler (Edith H.), 26 - Francis (Francis), 16 - Francis (M. E.), 26 - Freeman (Edward A.), 6 - Fremantle (T. F.), 16 - Frost (G.), 38 - Froude (James A.), 4, 9, 11, 26 - Fuller (F. W.), 5 - Furneaux (W.), 30 - - Gardiner (Samuel R.), 5 - Gathorne-Hardy (Hon. A. E.), 15, 16 - Geikie (Rev. Cunningham), 38 - Gibson (C. H.), 17 - Gilkes (A. H.), 38 - Gleig (Rev. G. R.), 10 - Graham (A.), 5 - ---- (P. A.), 15, 16 - ---- (G. F.), 20 - Granby (Marquess of), 15 - Grant (Sir A.), 17 - Graves (R. P.), 9 - ---- (A. F.), 23 - Green (T. Hill), 17, 18 - Greene (E. B.), 5 - Greville (C. C. F.), 5 - Grose (T. H.), 18 - Gross (C.), 5 - Grove (Lady), 11 - ---- (Mrs. Lilly), 13 - Gurnhill (J.), 18 - Gwilt (J.), 31 - - Haggard (H. Rider), 11, 26, 27, 38 - Halliwell-Phillipps (J.), 10 - Hamilton (Col. H. B.), 5 - Hamlin (A. D. F.), 36 - Harding (S. B.), 5 - Hardwick (A. A.), 11 - Harmsworth (A. C.), 13, 14 - Harte (Bret), 27 - Harting (J. E.), 15 - Hartwig (G.), 30 - Hassall (A.), 8 - Haweis (H. R.), 9, 36 - Head (Mrs.), 37 - Heath (D. D.), 17 - Heathcote (J. M.), 14 - ---- (C. G.), 14 - ---- (N.), 11 - Helmholtz (Hermann von), 30 - Henderson (Lieut.-Col. G. F. R.), 9 - Henry (W.), 14 - Henty (G. A.), 32 - Higgins (Mrs. N.), 9 - Hill (Mabel), 5 - ---- (S. C.), 5 - Hillier (G. Lacy), 13 - Hime (H. W. L.), 22 - Hodgson (Shadworth), 18 - Hoenig (F.), 38 - Hoffmann (J.), 30 - Hogan (J. F.), 9 - Holmes (R. R.), 10 - Homer, 22 - Hope (Anthony), 27 - Horace, 22 - Houston (D. F.), 5 - Howard (Lady Mabel), 27 - Howitt (W.), 11 - Hudson (W. H.), 30 - Huish (M. B.), 37 - Hullah (J.), 37 - Hume (David), 18 - ---- (M. A. S.), 3 - Hunt (Rev. W.), 6 - Hunter (Sir W.), 6 - Hutchinson (Horace G.), 13, 16, 27, 38 - - Ingelow (Jean), 23 - Ingram (T. D.), 6 - - James (W.), 18, 21 - Jameson (Mrs. Anna), 37 - Jefferies (Richard), 38 - Jekyll (Gertrude), 38 - Jerome (Jerome K.), 27 - Johnson (J. & J. H.), 39 - Jones (H. Bence), 31 - Joyce (P. W.), 6, 27, 39 - Justinian, 18 - - Kant (I.), 18 - Kaye (Sir J. W.), 6 - Keary (C. F.), 23 - Kelly (E.), 18 - Kielmansegge (F.), 9 - Killick (Rev. A. H.), 18 - Kitchin (Dr. G. W.), 6 - Knight (E. F.), 11, 14 - Köstlin (J.), 10 - Kristeller (P.), 37 - - Ladd (G. T.), 18 - Lang (Andrew), 6, 13, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 39 - Lapsley (G. T.), 5 - Laurie (S. S.), 6 - Lawrence (F. W.), 20 - Lear (H. L. Sidney), 36 - Lecky (W. E. H.), 6, 18, 23 - Lees (J. A.), 12 - Leighton (J. A.), 21 - Leslie (T. E. Cliffe), 20 - Lieven (Princess), 6 - Lillie (A.), 16 - Lindley (J.), 31 - Locock (C. D.), 16 - Lodge (H. C.), 6 - Loftie (Rev. W. J.), 6 - Longman (C. J.), 12, 16 - ---- (F. W.), 16 - ---- (G. H.), 13, 15 - ---- (Mrs. C. J.), 37 - Lowell (A. L.), 6 - Lucian, 22 - Lutoslawski (W.), 18 - Lyall (Edna), 27, 32 - Lynch (G.), 6 - ---- (H. F. B.), 12 - Lytton (Earl of), 24 - - Macaulay (Lord), 6, 7, 10, 24 - Macdonald (Dr. G.), 24 - Macfarren (Sir G. A.), 37 - Mackail (J. 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