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diff --git a/old/51561-0.txt b/old/51561-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9569753..0000000 --- a/old/51561-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5367 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Puritanism and Liberty (1603-1660), by -Various, Edited by Kenneth Norman Bell - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Puritanism and Liberty (1603-1660) - Third Edition - - -Author: Various - -Editor: Kenneth Norman Bell - -Release Date: March 26, 2016 [eBook #51561] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PURITANISM AND LIBERTY -(1603-1660)*** - - -E-text prepared by John Campbell and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by -Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/puritanismlibert00londiala - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). - - More information can be found at the end of the book. - - - - - -Bell's English History Source Books - -General Editors: S. E. WINBOLT, M.A., and KENNETH BELL, M.A. - -PURITANISM AND LIBERTY - - - * * * * * * - -BELL'S ENGLISH HISTORY SOURCE BOOKS. - -_Volumes now Ready._ 1_s._ _net each_. - - -=449-1066.= =The Welding of the Race.= Edited by the Rev. JOHN -WALLIS, M.A. - -=1066-1154.= =The Normans in England.= Edited by A. E. BLAND, M.A. - -=1154-1216.= =The Angevins and the Charter.= Edited by S. M. -TOYNE, M.A. - -=1216-1307.= =The Struggle for the Charter.= Edited by W. D. -ROBIESON, M.A. - -=1307-1399.= =War and Misrule.= Edited by A. A. LOCKE. - -=1399-1485.= =York and Lancaster.= Edited by W. GARMON JONES, M.A. - -=1485-1547.= =The Reformation and the Renaissance.= Edited by F. -W. BEWSHER, B.A. - -=1547-1603.= =The Age of Elizabeth.= Edited by ARUNDELL ESDAILE, -M.A. - -=1637-1688.= =The Scottish Covenanters.= Compiled by J. PRINGLE -THOMSON, M.A. - -=1660-1714.= =A Constitution in Making.= Edited by G. B. PERRETT, -M.A. - -=1714-1760.= =Walpole and Chatham.= Edited by K. A. ESDAILE. - -=1760-1801.= =American Independence and the French Revolution.= -Edited by S. E. WINBOLT, M.A. - -=1801-1815.= =England and Napoleon.= Edited by S. E. WINBOLT, M.A. - -=1815-1837.= =Peace and Reform.= Edited by A. C. W. EDWARDS, -M.A., Christ's Hospital. - -=1837-1856.= =Commercial Politics.= By R. H. GRETTON, M.A. - -=1856-1876.= =Palmerston to Disraeli.= Edited by EWING HARDING, -B.A. - -=1876-1887.= =Imperialism and Mr. Gladstone.= Edited by R. H. -GRETTON, M.A. - -=1563-1913.= =Canada.= Edited by JAMES MUNRO, Lecturer at -Edinburgh University. - -_Other volumes, covering the whole range of English History from -Roman Britain, are in active preparation, and will be issued at -short intervals._ - -LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD. - - * * * * * * - - -PURITANISM AND LIBERTY -(1603--1660) - -Compiled by - -KENNETH BELL, M.A. - -Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford - -Third Edition - - - - - - - -[Illustration: (Publisher's colophon)] - -London -G. Bell and Sons, Ltd. -1915 - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -This series of English History Source Books is intended for use -with any ordinary textbook of English History. Experience has -conclusively shown that such apparatus is a valuable--nay, an -indispensable--adjunct to the history lesson. It is capable of -two main uses: either by way of lively illustration at the close -of a lesson, or by way of inference-drawing, before the textbook -is read, at the beginning of the lesson. The kind of problems and -exercises that may be based on the documents are legion, and are -admirably illustrated in a _History of England for Schools_, Part -I., by Keatinge and Frazer, pp. 377-381. However, we have no wish -to prescribe for the teacher the manner in which he shall exercise -his craft, but simply to provide him and his pupils with materials -hitherto not readily accessible for school purposes. The very -moderate price of the books in this series should bring them within -the reach of every secondary school. Source books enable the pupil -to take a more active part than hitherto in the history lesson. Here -is the apparatus, the raw material: its use we leave to teacher and -taught. - -Our belief is that the books may profitably be used by all grades -of historical students between the standards of fourth-form boys -in secondary schools and undergraduates at Universities. What -differentiates students at one extreme from those at the other is not -so much the kind of subject-matter dealt with, as the amount they can -read into or extract from it. - -In regard to choice of subject-matter, while trying to satisfy the -natural demand for certain "stock" documents of vital importance, we -hope to introduce much fresh and novel matter. It is our intention -that the majority of the extracts should be lively in style--that -is, personal, or descriptive, or rhetorical, or even strongly -partisan--and should not so much profess to give the truth as supply -data for inference. We aim at the greatest possible variety, and lay -under contribution letters, biographies, ballads and poems, diaries, -debates, and newspaper accounts. Economics, London, municipal, and -social life generally, and local history, are represented in these -pages. - -The order of the extracts is strictly chronological, each being -numbered, titled, and dated, and its authority given. The text is -modernised, where necessary, to the extent of leaving no difficulties -in reading. - -We shall be most grateful to teachers and students who may send us -suggestions for improvement. - - S E. WINBOLT. - KENNETH BELL. - - -NOTE TO THIS VOLUME - -(1603-1660) - -I have to acknowledge, with thanks to Messrs. Longmans, Green and -Co., leave to reprint the letter to Buckingham, given on p. 25 of -this book, from the edition of the Works of Francis Bacon (edited -by Ellis Spedding and Heath); to Professor Firth and the Clarendon -Press, Oxford, leave to reprint the passage from Ludlow's "Memoirs," -given on p. 80 of this book; and to Professor Firth, leave to reprint -the passage from his edition of the "Clarke Papers," given on pp. -81-84. These passages add very greatly to any value which the book -may possess, and I am most grateful for permission to use them. - - K. N. B. - - HAMPSTEAD, - _June, 1912_. - - - - -TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - INTRODUCTION v - - 1603. COKE AND RALEIGH _State Trials_ 1 - - 1603. JAMES AT HAMPTON COURT _State Trials_ 3 - - JAMES I. ON MONARCHY _Somers' "Tracts"_ 4 - - 1605. THE VENETIAN AMBASSADOR ON - GUNPOWDER PLOT _Venetian State Papers_ 5 - - 1606. ARGUMENTS IN BATES' CASE _State Trials_ 8 - - 1609. THE ULSTER PLANTATION _Irish State Papers_ 10 - - 1615 (_circa_). RELIGION IN RURAL - ENGLAND "_Life of Richard Baxter_" 11 - - 1618. THE DECLARATION OF SPORTS _Harleian Miscellany_ 13 - - THE POSITION OF THE JUDGES _Bacon's "Essays"_ 16 - - 1620. THE VOYAGE OF THE "MAYFLOWER" _Bradford's "History of - Plymouth Plantation"_ 17 - - 1621. UNEMPLOYMENT "_Diary of Walter Yonge_" 19 - - 1621. PROTESTATION OF THE COMMONS _Rushworth, "Collections"_ 20 - - 1621. THE LORD TREASURER'S _Goodman, "Court of - DIFFICULTIES James I."_ 21 - - 1622. PROCLAMATION FOR RELIEF OF - THE POOR _Rymer, "Fœdera"_ 22 - - 1622. PROCLAMATION AGAINST WASTE - OF COIN _Rymer, "Fœdera"_ 24 - - 1623. BACON TO BUCKINGHAM _Bacon's "Letters"_ 25 - - 1623. QUEEN OF BOHEMIA'S POPULARITY _Ellis's "Original Letters"_ 26 - - 1624. BUCKINGHAM TO THE KING _Ellis's "Original Letters"_ 27 - - 1624. A VINDICATION OF NEW ENGLAND _Bradford's "History of - Plymouth Plantation"_ 25 - - 1626. IMPEACHMENT OF BUCKINGHAM _Rushworth, "Collections"_ 31 - - 1628. THE COMMONS IN TEARS _Rushworth, "Collections"_ 32 - - 1628. THE PETITION OF RIGHTS _Somers' "Tracts"_ 34 - - 1629. THE CASE OF RICHARD CHAMBERS _Rushworth, "Collections"_ 38 - - 1629. PROCLAMATION TO THE EASTLAND - COMPANY _Rymer, "Fœdera"_ 39 - - CHILLINGWORTH ON TOLERATION _"The Religion of the - Protestants"_ 41 - - 1633. THE CHURCH OF GEORGE HERBERT _Herbert's "Poems"_ 42 - - 1630-1640. HAPPY ENGLAND _Clarendon's "History of the - Rebellion"_ 43 - - 1634-1636. WENTWORTH IN IRELAND "_Strafford's Letters and - Despatches_" 47 - - 1633. LAUD TO WENTWORTH "_Works of William Laud_" 50 - - 1637. THE SHIP MONEY CASE _Rushworth, "Collections"_ 52 - - 1638. LILBURNE'S PUNISHMENT _Rushworth, "Collections"_ 53 - - 1641. STRAFFORD'S BILL OF ATTAINDER _Harleian Miscellany_ 54 - - 1641. STRAFFORD'S LAST LETTER TO - THE KING _Rushworth, "Collections"_ 55 - - 1641. THE KING'S ANSWER TO THE GRAND - REMONSTRANCE _Rushworth, "Collections"_ 57 - - "ROUNDHEADS" "_Memoirs of Colonel - Hutchinson_" 61 - - 1642. A NATIONAL FAST "_Acts and Ordinances of the - Interregnum_" 62 - - 1642. THE GOOD YEOMAN _Fuller's "Holy State"_ 63 - - 1642. EXPERIENCES OF A VOLUNTEER _Domestic State Papers_ 65 - - 1643. CROMWELL TO CRAWFORD "_Cromwell's Letters and - Speeches_" 68 - - 1643. WALLER TO HOPTON _Clarendon State Papers_ 69 - - 1644. THE WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY _R. Baillie's "Letters and - Journals"_ 70 - - 1644. MILTON ON LIBERTY _Milton's "Prose Works"_ 72 - - 1645. MONTROSE TO CHARLES I. "_Memorials of Montrose_" 75 - - 1646. CHARLES AND HENRIETTA MARIA _Camden Society's - Publications_ 79 - - 1646. CROMWELL AND LUDLOW "_Ludlow's Memoirs_" 80 - - 1647. AN ARMY DEBATE "_The Clarke Papers_" 81 - - 1647. THE AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE _British Museum Pamphlets_ 84 - - 1649. THE SENTENCE ON THE KING _Rushworth, "Collections"_ 87 - - 1649. CHARLES I.'S CHARACTER _Clarendon, "History of the - Rebellion"_ 88 - - 1649. THE DIGGERS _Whitelocke, "Memorials"_ 91 - - 1649. THE STORMING OF DROGHEDA "_Cromwell's Letters and - Speeches_" 93 - - 1651. THE NAVIGATION ACT "_Acts and Ordinances of the - Interregnum_" 95 - - 1651. HOBBES ON LIBERTY _Hobbes' "Leviathan"_ 97 - - 1652. A BATTLE WITH THE DUTCH _British Museum Pamphlets_ 99 - - 1653. CROMWELL AND THE RUMP "_Cromwell's Letters and - Speeches_" 101 - - 1653. THE INSTRUMENT OF GOVERNMENT "_Old Parliamentary - History_" 102 - - 1653. THE CHOICE OF A HUSBAND "_Dorothy Osborne's Letters_" 106 - - 1653. A PRESBYTERIAN VIEW OF THE - TRIERS "_Reliquæ Baxterianæ_" 107 - - 1643-1658. CROMWELLIAN SAYINGS "_Cromwell's Letters and - Speeches_" 109 - - 1654. GEORGE FOX THE QUAKER "_Journal of George Fox_" 115 - - 1657. KILLING NO MURDER _Harleian Miscellany_ 118 - - CHARACTER OF CROMWELL "_Warwick's Memoirs_" 119 - - - - -PURITANISM AND LIBERTY - -1603-1660 - - - - -COKE AND RALEIGH (1603). - -=Source.=--_State Trials._ Vol. ii., p. 25. - - -_Serjeant Philips._ I hope to make this so clear, as that the wit -of man shall have no colour to answer it. The matter is Treason in -the highest degree, the end to deprive the king of his crown. The -particular Treasons are these: first to raise up Rebellion, and to -effect that, to procure Money; to raise up Tumults in Scotland, by -divulging a treasonable Book against the king's right to the crown; -the purpose, to take away the life of his majesty and his issue. -My lord Cobham confesseth sir Walter to be guilty of all these -Treasons. The question is, whether he be guilty as joining with -him, or instigating of him? The course to prove this, was by lord -Cobham's Accusation. If that be true, he is guilty; if not, he is -clear. So whether Cobham say true, or Raleigh, that is the question. -Raleigh hath no answer but the shadow of as much wit, as the wit of -man can devise. He useth his bare denial; the denial of a Defendant -must not move the Jury. In the Star Chamber, or in the Chancery, for -matter of Title, if the Defendant be called in question, his denial -on his oath is no Evidence to the Court to clear him; he doth it in -_propria causa_; therefore much less in matters of Treason. Cobham's -testification against him before them, and since, hath been largely -discoursed. - -_Raleigh._ If truth be constant and constancy be in truth, why hath -he forsworn that that he hath said? You have not proved any one thing -against me by direct Proofs, but all by circumstances. - -_Coke (Attorney-General)._ Have you done? The king must have the last. - -_Raleigh._ Nay, Mr. Attorney, he which speaketh for his life, must -speak last. False repetitions and mistakings must not mar my cause. -You should speak _secundum allegata et probata_. I appeal to God and -the king in this point, whether Cobham's Accusation be sufficient to -condemn me. - -_Coke._ The king's safety and your clearing cannot agree. I protest -before God, I never knew a clearer Treason. - -_Raleigh._ I never had intelligence with Cobham since I came to the -Tower. - -_Coke._ Go to, I will lay thee upon thy back, for the confidentest -Traitor that ever came at a bar. Why should you take 8,000 crowns for -a peace? - -_Lord Cecil._ Be not so impatient, good Mr. Attorney, give him leave -to speak. - -_Coke._ If I may not be patiently heard, you will encourage Traitors, -and discourage us. I am the king's sworn servant, and must speak; If -he be guilty, he is a Traitor; if not, deliver him. - -[_Note._--Here Mr. Attorney sat down in a chafe, and would speak no -more, until the Commissioners urged and intreated him. After much -ado, he went on, and made a long repetition of all the Evidence, for -the direction of the Jury; and at the repeating of some things, sir -Walter Raleigh interrupted him, and said, he did him wrong.] - -_Coke._ Thou art the most vile and execrable Traitor that ever lived. - -_Raleigh._ You speak indiscreetly, barbarously and uncivilly. - -_Coke._ I want words sufficient to express thy viperous Treasons. - -_Raleigh._ I think you want words indeed, for you have spoken one -thing half a dozen times. - -_Coke._ Thou art an odious fellow, thy name is hateful to all the -realm of England for thy pride. - -_Raleigh._ It will go near to prove a measuring cast between you and -me, Mr. Attorney. - -_Coke._ Well, I will now make it appear to the world, that there -never lived a viler viper upon the face of the earth than thou.... - - - - -JAMES AT HAMPTON COURT (1603). - -=Source.=--_State Trials._ Vol. ii., p. 85. - - -_Dr. Reynolds._ I desire, that according to certain provincial -constitutions, the clergy may have meetings every three weeks.--1. -First in Rural Deaneries, therein to have prophesying, as archbishop -Grindall, and other bishops, desired of her late majesty.--2. That -such things as could not be resolved on there, might be referred to -the archdeacons' visitations.--3. And so to the Episcopal Synod, to -determine such points before not decided. - -_His Majesty._ If you aim at a Scottish Presbytery, it agreeth as -well with monarchy, as God and the devil. Then Jack, and Tom, and -Will, and Dick, shall meet and censure me and my council. Therefore I -reiterate my former speech, _Le Roy s'avisera_; Stay, I pray, for one -seven years, before you demand, and then if you find me grow pursy -and fat, I may, perchance, hearken unto you, for that government -will keep me in breath, and give me work enough. I shall speak of -one matter more, somewhat out of order, but it skilleth not; Dr. -Reynolds, you have often spoken for my Supremacy, and it is well: but -know you any here, or elsewhere, who like of the present government -ecclesiastical, and dislike my Supremacy? - -_Dr. Reyn._ I know none. - -_His Maj._ Why then I will tell you a tale: after that the religion -restored by king Edward the sixth, was soon overthrown by queen Mary -here in England, we in Scotland felt the effect of it. For thereupon -Mr. Knox writes to the queen regent (a virtuous and moderate lady) -telling her that she was the supreme head of the Church; and charged -her, as she would answer it at God's tribunal, to take care of Christ -his Evangil, in suppressing the Popish prelates, who withstood -the same; but how long trow you did this continue? Even till by -her authority the Popish bishops were repressed, and Knox with his -adherents, being brought in, made strong enough. Then began they -to make small account of her supremacy, when, according to that -more light, wherewith they were illuminated, they made a further -reformation of themselves. How they used the poor lady my mother, is -not unknown, and how they dealt with me in my minority. I thus apply -it. My lords, the bishops, I may [This he said putting his hand to -his hat] thank you that these men plead thus for my Supremacy. They -think they cannot make their good against you, but by appealing unto -it; but if once you were out, and they in, I know what would become -of my Supremacy, for _No Bishop, No King_. I have learned of what -cut they have been, who, preaching before me, since my coming into -England, passed over, with silence, my being Supreme Governor in -causes ecclesiastical. Well, doctor, have you anything else to say? - -_Dr. Reyn._ No more, if it please your majesty. - -_His Maj._ If this be all your party hath to say, I will make them -conform themselves, or else I will harrie them out of the land, or -else do worse. - -Thus ended the second day's Conference. - - - - -JAMES I. ON MONARCHY. - -=Source.=--Somers, _Tracts_. Vol. iii., p. 260. - - -The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings -are not only God's lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God's -throne, but even by God himself they are called gods. There be three -principal similitudes that illustrate the state of monarchy: one -taken out of the word of God; and the two other out of the grounds -of policy and philosophy. In the scriptures, kings are called gods; -and so their power, after a certain relation, compared to the divine -power. Kings are also compared to fathers of families: for a king -is truly _parens patriæ_, the politique father of his people. And, -lastly, kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of the body -of man. - -Kings are justly called gods; for that they exercise a manner or -resemblance of divine power upon earth. For, if you will consider -the attributes of God, you shall see how they agree in the person -of a king. God hath power to create or destroy, make or unmake, at -his pleasure; to give life or send death, to judge all, and not -to be judged nor accountable to none; to raise low things, and to -make high things low at his pleasure, and to God are both soul and -body due. And the like power have kings: they make and unmake their -subjects; they have power of raising and casting down; of life and -of death; judges over all their subjects, and in all causes, and -yet accountable to none but God only. They have power to exalt low -things, and abase high things and make of their subjects like men at -the chess; a pawn to take a bishop or a knight, and to cry up or down -any of their subjects, as they do their money. And to the king is due -both the affection of the soul and the service of the body of his -subjects. - - - - -THE VENETIAN AMBASSADOR ON GUNPOWDER PLOT (1605). - -=Source.=--_State Papers: Venetian, 1603-1607._ No. 442. - -_Niccolo Molin, Ambassador in England, to the Doge and Senate._ - - -The King came to London on Thursday evening, the 10th of this month, -and made all preparations for opening Parliament on Tuesday, the -15th. This would have taken place had not a most grave and important -event upset the arrangement. About six months ago a gentleman, named -Thomas Percy, relation of the Earl of Northumberland and pensioner -of the King, hired, by means of a trusty servant, some wine cellars -under the place where Parliament meets, and stored in them some -barrels of beer, the usual drink of this country, as well as wood and -coal. He said he meant to open a tavern for the use of servants who -attended their masters to Parliament. But among this beer, wood, -and coals he introduced thirty-three barrels of gunpowder, besides -four tuns, the size of Cretan hogsheads, intending to make use of it -at the right moment. About two months ago Lord Salisbury received -anonymous letters from France, warning him to be on his guard, for a -great conspiracy was being hatched by priests and Jesuits; but, as -similar information had been sent about a year ago by the English -lieger in France, no great attention was paid to these letters, and -they were attributed to the empty-headed vanity of persons who wished -to seem more conversant with affairs than became them. Finally, on -Monday last, a letter was brought by an unknown person, for it was -dark, about two o'clock of the night, to a servant of Lord Monteagle, -who was standing at the door. The unknown said, "Please give this to -your master: and tell him to reply at once, as I will come back in -half an hour for the answer to carry to my master." The servant took -the letter, and went upstairs and gave it to his master, who opened -it and found it was anonymous, nor did he recognize the hand. The -substance of the letter was this, that the writer, in return for the -favours received at various times from Lord Monteagle, had resolved -to warn him by letter that he should on no account attend Parliament -the following morning, as he valued his life, for the good party in -England had resolved to execute the will of God, which was to punish -the King ... and the Ministers for their bitter persecution employed -against the poor [Catholics] ... in such brief space ... he could -burn the letter, which he earnestly begged him to do. Lord Monteagle -read the letter, and in great astonishment took it to the Earl of -Salisbury, who at once carried it to the King, and under various -pretexts ordered a search of all the neighbouring houses to see if -arms or anything of that sort, which might furnish a clue, were -hidden there. Meantime the King read the letter, and in terrified -amaze he said, "I remember that my father died by gunpowder. I see -the letter says the blow is to be struck on a sudden. Search the -basements of the meeting-place." The Chamberlain, with three or -four attendants, went straightway to carry out this order. First -he inquired who had hired the basements; then he caused the door to -be opened and went in. He saw nothing but beer barrels, faggots and -coal. Meantime, those who had searched the neighbouring houses came -back and reported that they had found nothing of any importance, and -when the Chamberlain returned and reported that he, too, had seen -nothing but the barrels, faggots and coal this increased the alarm -and suspicions of the King, who said, "I don't like these faggots -and coal. Go back and shift all the wood and all the coal and see -what is underneath, and use all diligence to come to certainty in -the matter." The Chamberlain went back, and after shifting the wood -he found underneath some barrels of powder, and after shifting the -coal he found more barrels. In confusion he returned to the King and -told him; and orders were at once given to a certain knight to take a -company with him and to set sentinels in various posts to watch who -approached the door of the cellars. About two in the morning they saw -a man approaching with a dark lantern, but not so well closed as to -hide the light completely. The guards cunningly drew back and left -him free passage to the cellars, the door of which had been securely -fastened as it was at first. The man went in, laid a train of powder -and fitted a slow match; the powder and the tinder reached the powder -barrels. His intention was to fire the train in the morning. When he -had finished his business, as he was coming out, he was surprised by -the guard, who asked what [he was doing] at that hour at that place. -[He replied] that he had come there, as he had a fancy to see his -property. They saw a bag in his hand, and found in it little bits of -slow match, and when they turned on the light they saw the train of -powder. Thereupon they bound him and took him to the Palace, where -some of the Council were awake, waiting the issue of this affair. -The man was brought into their presence, and at once confessed that -he was servant to Thomas Percy, who had left the evening before, he -knew not where for, and was quite ignorant of these facts. He further -confessed that it was his firm resolve to have set fire to the -mine that morning while the King, Queen, Princes, Clergy, Nobility, -and Judges were met in Parliament, and thus to purge the kingdom of -perfidious heresies. His only regret was that the discovery of the -plot had frustrated its due execution, though it was certain that God -would not for long endure such injustice and iniquity. The rest in my -next despatch. - - - - -ARGUMENTS IN BATES' CASE (1606). - -ARGUMENT OF CHIEF BARON FLEMING. - -=Source.=--_State Trials._ Vol. ii., p. 389. - - -To the king is committed the government of the realm and his people; -and Bracton saith, that for his discharge of his office, God had -given to him power, the act of government, and the power to govern. -The king's power is double, ordinary and absolute, and they have -several laws and ends. That of the ordinary is for the profit -of particular subjects, for the execution of civil justice, the -determining of _meum_; and this is exercised by equity and justice -in ordinary courts, and by the civilians is nominated _jus privatum_ -and with us, common law: and these laws cannot be changed, without -parliament; and although that their form and course may be changed, -and interrupted, yet they can never be changed in substance. The -absolute power of the king is not that which is converted or executed -to private use, to the benefit of any particular person, but is -only that which is applied to the general benefit of the people, -and is _salus populi_; as the people is the body, and the king the -head; and this power is guided by the rules, which direct only at -the common law, and is most properly named Policy and Government; -and as the constitution of this body varieth with the time, so -varieth this absolute law, according to the wisdom of the king, for -the common good; and these being general rules and true as they -are, all things done within these rules are lawful. The matter in -question is material matter of state, and ought to be ruled by -the rules of policy; and if it be so, the king hath done well to -execute his extraordinary power. All customs, be they old or new, -are no other but the effects and issues of trades and commerce with -foreign nations; but all commerce and affairs with foreigners, all -wars and peace, all acceptance and admitting for current foreign -coin, all parties and treaties whatsoever, are made by the absolute -power of the king; and he who hath power of causes, hath power -also of effects. No exportation or importation can be, but at the -king's ports. They are the gates of the king, and he hath absolute -power by them to include or exclude whom he shall please; and ports -to merchants are their harbours, and repose; and for their better -security he is compelled to provide bulwarks and fortresses, and to -maintain, for the collection of his customs and duties, collectors -and customers; and for that charge it is reason, that he should -have this benefit. He is also to defend the merchants from pirates -at sea in their passage. Also, by the power of the king they are -to be relieved, if they are oppressed by foreign princes, for they -shall have his treaty, and embassage; and if he be not remedied -thereby, then _lex talionis_ shall be executed, goods for goods, -and tax for tax; and if this will not redress the matter, then war -is to be attempted for the cause of merchants. In all the king's -courts, and of other princes, the judges in them are paid by the -king, and maintained by him to do justice to the subjects, and -therefore he hath the profits of the said courts. It is reasonable -that the king should have as much power over foreigners and their -goods, as over his own subjects; and if the king cannot impose upon -foreign commodities a custom, as well as foreigners may upon their -own commodities, and upon the commodities of this land when they -come to them, then foreign states shall be enriched and the king -impoverished, and he shall not have equal profit with them; and yet -it will not be denied, but his power herein is equal with other -states. - - -MR. YELVERTON'S ARGUMENT. - -=Source.=--_State Trials._ Vol. ii., p. 482. - -For the first, it will be admitted for a rule and ground of state, -that in every commonwealth and government there be some rights of -sovereignty, _jura majestatis_, which regularly and of common right -do belong to the sovereign power of that state; unless custom, or the -provisional ordinance of that state, do otherwise dispose of them: -which sovereign power is _potestas suprema_ a power that can control -all other powers, and cannot be controlled but of itself. It will -not be denied, that the power of imposing hath so great a trust in -it, by reason of the mischiefs may grow to the common-wealth by the -abuses of it, that it hath ever been ranked among those rights of -sovereign power. Then is there no further question to be made, but -to examine where the sovereign power is in this kingdom; for there -is the right of imposition. The sovereign power is agreed to be in -the king: but in the king is a twofold power; the one is parliament, -as he is assisted with the consent of the whole state; the other out -of parliament, as he is sole, and singular, guided merely by his own -will. And if of these two powers in the king one is greater than -the other, and can direct and control the other; that is _suprema -potestas_, the sovereign power, and the other is _subordinata_. It -will then be easily proved, that the power of the king in parliament -is greater than his power out of parliament; and doth rule and -control it; for if the king make a grant by his letters patents out -of parliament, it bindeth him and his successors: he cannot revoke -it, nor any of his successors; but by his power in parliament he may -defeat and avoid it; and therefore that is the greater power. - - - - -THE ULSTER PLANTATION (1609). - -=Source.=--_State Papers; Ireland, 1608-1610._ No. 455. - -_Lords of the Council to Sir Arthur Chichester._ - - -The City of London being willing to undertake such a part as might -befit them in the project of the Plantation of Ulster, and to be -a means to reduce that savage and rebellious people to civility, -peace, religion, and obedience, and having commissioned the bearers -John Brode Goldsmill, John Monroes, Robert Treswell, painter, and -John Rowley, draper, to view of the country, and make report on -their return, Sir Arthur Chichester is to direct a supply of all -necessaries in their travel into those countries, and to aid them in -every way. And they (the Lords) have directed Sir Thomas Philips to -accompany them, whose knowledge and residence in those parts and good -affection to the cause in general, they assure themselves will be of -great use at this time; seeing there is no man that intendeth any -plantation or habitation in Ulster that ought not to be most desirous -of such neighbours as will bring trade and traffic into the ports. - - - - -RELIGION IN RURAL ENGLAND (_circa_ 1615). - -=Source.=--_The Life of the Rev. Mr. Richard Baxter._ Ed. M. -Sylvester, 1790. Pp. 1, 2. - -_Eaton Constantine, near Wrekin Hill._ - - -We lived in a country that had but little preaching at all. In the -village where I was born there were four readers successively in six -years' time, ignorant men and two of them immoral in their lives, -who were all my schoolmasters. In the village where my father lived, -there was a reader of about eighty years of age that never preached -and had two churches about twenty miles distant; his eyesight failing -him he said Common prayer without book, but for the reading of -the psalms and chapters he got a common thresher and day labourer -one year, and a tailor another year (for the Clerk could not read -well). And at last he had a kinsman of his own (the excellentest -stage player in all the country and a good gamester and good fellow) -that got orders and supplied one of his places. After him, another -younger kinsman that could write and read got orders. And at the same -time another neighbour's son that had been a while at school turned -minister, and who would needs go further than the rest, ventured to -preach (and after got a living in Staffordshire), and when he had -been a preacher about twelve or sixteen years, he was fain to give -over, it being discovered that his orders were forged by the first -ingenious stage player. And after him another neighbour's son took -orders, when he had been a while an attorney's clerk and a common -drunkard and tippled himself into so great poverty that he had no -other way to live. These were the schoolmasters of my youth (except -two of them) who read Common prayer on Sundays and holidays and -taught school and tippled on the weekdays and whipped the boys when -they were drunk, so that we changed them very often.... - -In the village where I lived the reader read the Common prayer -briefly, and the rest of the day even till dark night almost, -excepting eating time, was spent in dancing under a maypole and -a great tree, not far from my father's door, where all the town -did meet together. And though one of my father's own tenants was -the piper, he could not restrain him nor break the sport, so that -we could not read the Scriptures in our family without the great -disturbance of the tabor and pipe and noise in the street. Many -times my mind was inclined to be among them and sometimes I broke -loose from conscience and joined with them, and the more I did it -the more I was inclined to it. But when I heard them call my father -Puritan, it did much to cure me and alienate me from them, for I -considered that my father's exercise of reading the Scriptures was -better than theirs and would surely be better thought on by all men -at the last. When I heard them speak scornfully of others as Puritans -whom I never knew, I was at first apt to believe all the lies and -slanders wherewith they loaded them. But when I heard my own Father -so reproached and perceived the drunkards were the forwardest in the -reproach, I perceived that it was mere malice. For my Father never -scrupled Common prayer or Ceremonies, nor spake against Bishops, -nor ever so much as prayed but by a book or form, being not ever -acquainted then with any that did otherwise. But only for reading -Scriptures when the rest were dancing on the Lord's Day, and for -praying (by a form out of the end of the Common prayer Book) in his -house, and for reproving drunkards and swearers, and for talking -sometimes a few words of Scripture and the Life to come, he was -reviled commonly by the name of Puritan, Precisian, and Hypocrite, -and so were the godly conformable ministers that lived anywhere in -the country near us, not only by our neighbours, but by the common -talk of the vulgar rabble of all about us. By this experience I was -fully convinced that Godly People were the best, those that despised -them and lived in sin and pleasure were a malignant unhappy sort of -people; and this kept me out of their Company, except now and then -when the love of sports and play enticed me. - - - - -THE DECLARATION OF SPORTS (1618). - -=Source.=--_Harleian Miscellany._ Vol. v., p. 75. - - -Whereas, upon our return the last year out of Scotland, we did -publish our pleasure, touching the recreations of our people in -those parts, under our hand; for some causes us thereunto moving, -we have thought good to command these our directions, then given in -Lancashire (with a few words thereunto added, and most applicable to -these parts of our realms), to be published to all our subjects. - -Whereas we did justly, in our progress through Lancashire, rebuke -some Puritans and precise people, and took order, that the like -unlawful carriage should not be used by any of them hereafter, in -the prohibiting and unlawful punishing of our good people, for using -their lawful recreations and honest exercises, upon Sundays and other -holidays, after the afternoon sermon or service: we now find, that -two sorts of people, wherewith that country is much infected (we -mean Papists and Puritans) have maliciously traduced and calumniated -those our just and honourable proceedings: and therefore, lest our -reputation might, upon the one side (though innocently), have some -aspersion laid upon it; and upon the other part, our good people in -that country be misled, by the mistaking and misinterpretation of our -meaning; we have therefore thought good, hereby to clear and make our -pleasure to be manifested to all our good people in those parts. - -It is true, that at our first entry to this crown and kingdom, we -were informed (and that too truly) that our county of Lancashire -abounded more in popish recusants, than any county of England, and -thus hath still continued since, to our great regret, with little -amendment; save that now of late, in our last riding through our -said country, we find, both by the report of the judges, and of the -bishops of that diocese, that there is some amendment now daily -beginning; which is no small contentment to us. - -The report of this growing amendment amongst them made us the more -sorry, when, with our own ears, we heard the general complaint of -our people, "That they were barred from all lawful recreation and -exercise upon the Sunday's afternoon, after the ending of all divine -service"; which cannot but produce two evils: the one, the hindering -of the conversion of many, whom their priests will take occasion -hereby to vex; persuading them, that no honest mirth or recreation is -lawful, or tolerable, in our religion; which cannot but breed a great -discontentment in our people's hearts, especially of such as are, -peradventure, upon the point of turning. The other inconvenience is, -that this prohibition barreth the common and meaner sort of people -from using such exercises, as may make them bodies more able for war, -when we, or our successors shall have occasion to use them; and, in -place thereof, sets up filthy tipplings and drunkenness, and breeds -a number of idle and discontented speeches in their alehouses: for -when shall the common people have leave to exercise, if not upon the -Sundays and holidays? Seeing they must apply their labour, and win -their living in all working-days. - -Our express pleasure therefore is, that the laws of our kingdom, and -canons of our church, be as well observed in that county, as in all -other places of this our kingdom; and, on the other part, that no -lawful recreation shall be barred to our good people, which shall -not tend to the breach of our aforesaid laws, and canons of our -church: which to express more particularly, our pleasure is, that -the bishops, and all other inferior churchmen, and churchwardens -shall, for their parts, be careful and diligent, both to instruct the -ignorant, and convince and reform them that are misled in religion; -presenting them that will not conform themselves, but obstinately -stand out, to our judges and justices; whom we likewise command to -put the law in due execution against them. - -Our pleasure likewise is, that the bishop of that diocese take the -like strait order with all the Puritans and Precisians within the -same; either constraining them to conform themselves, or to leave -the county, according to the laws of our kingdom, and canons of -our church; and so to strike equally, on both hands, against the -contemners of our authority, and adversaries of our church. And -as for our good people's lawful recreation, our pleasure likewise -is, that after the end of divine service, our good people be not -disturbed, letted, or discouraged, from any lawful recreation, such -as dancing, either men or women; archery for men, leaping, vaulting, -or any such harmless recreation; nor from having of May-games, -Whitson-ales, and Morrice-dances; and the setting up of May-poles, -and other sports therewith used, so as the same be had in due and -convenient time, without impediment or neglect of divine service; -and that women shall have leave to carry rushes to the church, for -the decoring of it, according to their old custom. But, withal, we -do here account still as prohibited, all unlawful games to be used -upon Sundays only; as bear and bull baitings, interludes, and, at all -times, (in the meaner sort of people by law prohibited) bowling. - -And likewise we bar, from this benefit and liberty, all such known -Recusants, either men or women, as will abstain from coming to church -or divine service; being therefore unworthy of any lawful recreation -after the said service, that will not first come to the church and -serve God: prohibiting, in like sort, the said recreations to any -that, though conform in religion, are not present in the church, -at the service of God, before their going to the said recreations. -Our pleasure likewise is, that they to whom it belongeth in office, -shall present, and sharply punish all such as, in abuse of this our -liberty, will use these exercises before the ends of all divine -services, for that day. And we likewise straitly command, that every -person shall resort to his own parish-church to hear divine service, -and each parish by itself to use the said recreation after divine -service; prohibiting likewise any offensive weapons to be carried, or -used in the said times of recreations. - - - - -THE POSITION OF THE JUDGES. - -=Source.=--Bacon's _Essay of Judicature_. - - -Fourthly, for that which may concern the sovereign and estate. Judges -ought above all to remember the conclusion of the Twelve Tables, -"Salus populi suprema lex"; and to know that laws, except they be -in order to that end, are but things captious, and oracles not well -inspired. Therefore it is a happy thing in a state when kings and -states do often consult with judges; and again when judges do often -consult with the king and state; the one, when there is matter of -law intervement in business of state; the other, when there is -some consideration of state intervement in matter of law. For many -times the things deduced to judgment may be _meum_ and _tuum_, when -the reason and consequence thereof may trench to point of estate: -I call matter of estate, not only the parts of sovereignty, but -whatsoever introduceth any great alteration or dangerous precedent; -or concerneth manifestly any great portion of people. And let no man -weakly conceive that just laws and true policy have any antipathy; -for they are like the spirits and sinews, that one moves with the -other. Let judges also remember, that Solomon's throne was supported -by lions on both sides: let them be lions, but yet lions under the -throne; being circumspect that they do not check or oppose any points -of sovereignty. Let not judges also be so ignorant of their own -right, as to think there is not left to them, as a principal part -of their office, a wise use and application of laws. For they may -remember what the Apostle said of a greater law than theirs, "nos -scimus quia lex bona est, modo quis ea utatur legitime." - - - - -THE VOYAGE OF THE "MAYFLOWER" (1620). - -=Source.=--Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantation_. Chapter IX. - - -These troubles being blown over, and now all being compact together -in one ship, they put to sea again with a prosperous wind, which -continued diverse days together, which was some encouragement unto -them: yet according to the usual manner, many were afflicted with sea -sickness. And I may not omit here a special work of God's Providence. -There was a proud and very profane young man, one of the seamen, of a -lusty, able body, which made him the more haughty; he would always be -contemning the poor people in their sickness, and cursing them daily -with grievous execrations, and did not let to tell them that he hoped -to help to cast half of them overboard, before they came to their -journey's end, and to make merry with what they had; and if he were -by any gently reproved, he would curse and swear most bitterly. But -it pleased God before they came half seas over, to smite this young -man with a grievous disease, of which he died in a desperate manner, -and so was himself the first that was thrown overboard. Thus his -curses light on his own head; and it was an astonishment to all his -fellows, for they noted it to be the just hand of God upon him. - -After they had enjoyed fair winds and weather for a season, they were -encountered many times with cross winds, and met with many fierce -storms, with which the ship was shrewdly shaken and her upper parts -made very leaky. And one of the main beams in the midships was bowed -and cracked, which put them in some fear that the ship could not be -able to perform the voyage. So some of the chief of the company, -perceiving the mariners to fear the sufficiency of the ship, as -appeared by their mutterings, entered into serious consultation -with the master and other officers of the ship, to consider in time -of the danger; and rather to return than to cast themselves into a -desperate and inevitable peril. And truly there was great distraction -and difference of opinion among the mariners themselves; fain would -they do what could be done for their wages' sake (being now half the -seas over,) and on the other hand they were loath to hazard their -lives too desperately. But in examining of all opinions, the master -and others affirmed they knew the ship to be strong and firm under -water; and for the buckling of the main beam, there was a great iron -screw the passengers brought out of Holland, which would raise the -beam into his place; the which being done, the carpenter and master -affirmed that with a post put under it, set firm in the lower deck, -and otherways bound, he would make it sufficient. And as for the -decks and upper works, they would caulk them as well as they could, -and though with the working of the ship they would not long keep -staunch, yet there would otherwise be no great danger, if they did -not overpress her with sails. So they committed themselves to the -will of God and resolved to proceed. In sundry of these storms the -winds were so fierce and the seas so high as they could not bear a -knot of sail, but were forced to drift for diverse days together. And -in one of them as they thus lay at drift in a mighty storm, a lusty -young man (called John Howland,) coming upon some occasion above the -gratings, was, with a roll of the ship, thrown into the sea, but it -pleased God that he caught hold of the topsail halyards, which hung -overboard and ran out at length; yet he held his hold (though he was -sundry fathoms under water) till he was hauled up by the same rope to -the brim of the water, and then with a boat-hook and other means got -into the ship again, and his life saved; and though he was something -ill with it, yet he lived many years after; and became a profitable -member both in church and commonwealth. In all this voyage there died -but one of the passengers, which was William Butten, a youth, servant -to Samuel Fuller, when they drew near the coast. But to omit other -things (that I may be brief,) after long beating at sea they fell -in with that land which is called Cape Cod; the which being made and -certainly known to be it, they were not a little joyful. After some -deliberation had among themselves and with the master of the ship, -they tacked about and resolved to stand for the southward (the wind -and weather being fair) to find some place about Hudson's river for -their habitation. But after they had sailed that course about half a -day, they fell among dangerous shoals and roaring breakers, and they -were so far entangled therewith as they conceived themselves in great -danger: and the wind shrinking upon them withal, they resolved to -bear up again for the Cape, and thought themselves happy to get out -of those dangers before night overtook them, as by God's providence -they did. And the next day they got into the Cape Harbour, where they -rode in safety. - -Being thus arrived in a good harbour and brought safe to land, they -fell upon their knees and blessed the God of heaven, who had brought -them over the vast and furious ocean, and delivered them from all the -perils and miseries thereof, again to set their feet on the firm and -stable earth, their proper element. - - - - -UNEMPLOYMENT (1621). - -=Source.=--_Diary of Walter Yonge, Esq._ Camden Society's -Publications. P. 52. - - -About this time there were assembled about 400 poor people in -Wiltshire complaining in peaceable manner to the justices that they -could get no work to relieve themselves, and therefore did desire -that order might be taken for their relief: all trades are grown so -bad that there is not any employment. It is said also that the like -insurrection was in Gloucestershire, and thereupon the Lords of the -Council sent forth letters into divers shires for the setting of poor -people on work. - -It is said that merchants are enjoined to buy a quantity of clothes -weekly at Blackwel Hall in London, or otherwise they shall be -disfranchised of their liberties and freedom of merchants in London. - - - - -THE PROTESTATION OF THE COMMONS (1621). - -=Source.=--Rushworth, _Historical Collections_. Vol. i., p. 53. - - -The Commons now assembled in Parliament, being justly occasioned -thereunto, concerning sundry Liberties, Franchises, and Privileges of -Parliament, amongst others here mentioned, do make this Protestation -following: That the Liberties, Franchises, Privileges, and -Jurisdictions of Parliament are the ancient and undoubted Birthright -and Inheritance of the subjects of England; and that the arduous -and urgent affairs concerning the King, State and Defence of the -Realm, and of the Church of England, and the maintenance and making -of Laws, and redress of mischiefs and grievances which daily happen -within this Realm, are proper subjects and matter of Counsel and -Debate in Parliament; and that in the handling and proceeding of -those businesses, every Member of the House of Parliament hath, and -of right ought to have, freedom of speech to propound, treat, reason, -and bring to conclusion the same. And that the Commons in Parliament -have like liberty and freedom to treat of these matters in such order -as in their judgments shall seem fittest. And that every member of -the said House hath like freedom from all Impeachment, Imprisonment, -and Molestation (otherwise than by Censure of the House itself) -for or concerning any speaking, reasoning, or declaring of matters -touching the Parliament, or Parliament-business. And that if any of -the said members be complained of and questioned for anything done -or said in Parliament, the same is to be showed to the King by the -advice and assent of all the commons assembled in Parliament, before -the King give credence to any private information. - -_His Majesty did this present day in full assembly of his Council -and in the presence of the Judges, declare the said Protestation to -be invalid, annulled, void, and of no effect. And did further manu -sua propria take the said Protestation out of the Journal Book of the -Clerk of the Commons House of Parliament._ - - - - -THE LORD TREASURER'S DIFFICULTIES (1621). - -=Source.=--Goodman, _The Court of King James I._ Vol. ii., p. 207. -London: Richard Bentley, 1839. - -_L. Cranfield to the Duke of Buckingham._ - - -RIGHT NOBLE AND MY MOST HONOURED LORD, - -This bearer, Sir William Russell, hath lately done his Majesty good -service by lending money towards the discharge of the ships that come -from Argier, whereof I pray your Lordship to take notice and to thank -him. - -The more I look into the King's estate, the greater cause I have -to be troubled, considering the work I have to do, which is not to -reform one particular, as in the household, navy, wardrobe, etc.; but -every particular, as well of his Majesty's receipts as payments, hath -been carried with so much disadvantage to the King, as until your -Lordship see it you will not believe any men should be so careless -and unfaithful. - -I have heard his Majesty is now granting a pension. I pray your -Lordship to consider how impossible it is for me to do service if -any such thing be done, and withal whether it were not unjust to -stop pensions already granted, and at the same instant to grant new, -and what a life I should have with those whose pensions are stayed, -for whom I have now a good answer: viz., the King must and shall be -first served. I pray your lordship not only to stay the granting any -new, but to move his Majesty not to suffer any old to be exchanged -or altered from one life to another; and then, I dare assure your -Lordship, within these few months they will not be worth two years' -purchase. - -I shall not desire to live if I do not the work; and therefore, good -my Lord, be constant yourself, and be the happy means to hold the -King so. It is my gratitude to his Majesty and your lordship that -hath engaged me: otherwise there is nothing upon this earth could -have tempted me to have quit the happy estate I was in within these -fourteen days, to enter into a business so full of continual vexation -and trouble. - -I have called some men to account who have not accounted these seven -years. I doubt some will make their addresses to his Majesty or your -lordship; I pray let their answer be, his Majesty hath referred the -trust of ordering his estate to me. - -I shall shortly call for an account out of the Isle of Wight. I think -out of moneys owing by some rich lords to pay some of his Majesty's -poor servants. I will spare no person, nor forbear any course that is -just and honourable to make our great and gracious master to subsist -of his own. The pains and envy shall be mine: the honour and thanks -your lordship's. Wherefore be constant to him that loves and honours -you, and will ever rest, - - Your lordship's faithful servant and kinsman, - LIONEL CRANFIELD. - - CHELSEA, - _12th Oct., 1621_. - - - - -PROCLAMATION FOR RELIEF OF THE POOR (1622). - -=Source.=--Rymer, _Fœdera_. Vol. xvii., p. 428. - - -The King's most Excellent Majesty, having taken knowledge of the -present scarcity and dearth, of the high prices of corn and grain -throughout all parts of this kingdom, hath been pleased, by his -Proclamation lately published, to restrain the residence of the Lords -Spiritual and Temporal and of the Knights and Gentlemen of quality, -in and near the cities of London and Westminster and other cities -and towns, to return them unto their own houses and habitations in -their several countries, that all parts of the kingdom might find the -fruits and feel the comfort of their hospitality and good government, -wherein as his Majesty is well pleased with the dutiful obedience -of great numbers, that according to his royal command have left the -cities of London and Westminster and the parts adjacent, so his -Highness hath great cause to condemn the obstinacy of all such as, in -a time of such general conformity, and against so many good Examples -shall show themselves refractory to that his royal pleasure grounded -upon important reasons of justice and state, and therefore his -Majesty doth eftsoones admonish them speedily to submit themselves -to that his Royal Proclamation, or else to expect the severity of -his justice for their wilful contempt, and this his Majesty declares -to be extended, as well unto such as have repaired or shall repair -from their ordinary dwellings in the country unto their cities and -towns, as unto the cities of London and Westminster, and as well unto -widows as men of quality and estate, and to be continued not only -during the time of Christmas now instant, but in that and all other -times and seasons of this and other years until his Majesty declare -his pleasure otherwise; his Majesty intending to continue this -course hereafter for the general good of his people, yet allowing -that liberty which always hath been in terms and otherwise to repair -to London about their necessary occasions, but not to remove their -wives and families from their ordinary habitations in the country, an -innovation and abuse lately crept in and grown frequent. - -And although his Majesty is persuaded that by this way of reviving -the laudable and ancient housekeeping of this realm, the poor and -such as are most pinched in times of scarcity and want, will be -much relieved and comforted, yet that nothing may be omitted that -may tend to their succour and help, his Highness in his gracious -and princely care and providence, hath caused certain politic and -good orders heretofore made upon like occasions to be reviewed and -published; intitled, _Orders appointed by his Majesty, &c._ By -which the Justices of Peace in all Parts of the Realm are directed -to stay all ingrossers forestallers and regrators of corn, and to -direct all owners and farmers, having corn to spare, to furnish the -Markets rateably and weekly with such quantities as reasonably they -may and ought to do, and some one or more of them to be present in -the Market according to the orders, and to see divers other Articles -observed and performed tending to the prevention and remedy of this -inconvenience.... - - - - -A PROCLAMATION FOR RESTRAINT OF EXPORTATION, WASTE AND CONSUMPTION OF -COIN AND BULLION (1622). - -=Source.=--Rymer, _Fœdera_. Vol. xvii., p. 376. - - -The King's most Excellent Majesty considering the scarcity of -money and coin of late years grown within the realm, occasioned -partly by transportation thereof out of this kingdom, and partly -by the unlawful consumption thereof within the land, whereof many -unsufferable inconveniences do daily arise, and more are like to -ensue to the general hurt and damage of the whole Commonweal, if -some timely and good Statutes made in the time of his most noble -progenitors and predecessors kings of this realm, as also the -several Proclamations published by his own royal authority since the -beginning of his most happy reign, notwithstanding all of which, and -some remarkable Examples of Justice in his High Court of Star Chamber -against some principal offenders in this kind, many covetous and -greedy persons have and daily do with great boldness and contempt -continue and proceed in those unlawful and offensive courses, tending -to the exhausting of the treasure of the realm, and utter overthrow -of trade and commerce within the same. - -And therefore his Majesty in his princely wisdom and upon necessity -of state, sees it fit that from henceforth all care and diligence -in the discovery and all severity in the correction and punishment -of such delinquents without favour to any shall be used; and to the -end that all men may take notice hereof, his Majesty thinketh fit -to publish this his Proclamation, to the end that no man upon hope -of impunity presume hereafter to transgress his Majesty's laws or -this his royal commandment in that behalf; hereby straitly charging -and commanding that no person or persons alien, denizen, or other -subject of what estate quality or condition soever, do at any time -hereafter, without his Majesty's licence, transport carry or convey, -or attempt or endeavour to transport carry or convey out of this -realm any gold or silver, either in coin, plate, vessels, jewels, -goldsmiths' work, bullion or other mass, or otherwise howsoever, upon -pain of his Majesty's heavy indignation and displeasure, and of the -severest censure of his High Court of Star Chamber, and such further -pains punishments and imprisonments as by the laws and statutes of -this realm may be inflicted upon them for such their offence.... - - - - -BACON TO BUCKINGHAM (1623). - -=Source.=--_Works of Francis Bacon._ Spedding, Ellis, and Heath. Vol. -xiv., p. 423. London: Longmans, 1874. - - -_To the Marquis of Buckingham._ - -EXCELLENT LORD, - -Though I have troubled your Lordship with many letters, oftener -than I think I should (save that affection keepeth no account,) yet -upon the repair of Mr. Matthew, a gentleman so much your Lordship's -servant, and to me another myself, as your Lordship best knoweth, you -would not have thought me a man alive, except I had put a letter into -his hand, and withal by so faithful and approved a mean commended my -fortunes afresh unto your Lordship. - -My Lord, to speak my heart to your Lordship, I never felt my -misfortunes so much as now, not for that part which may concern -myself, who profit (I thank God for it) both in patience, and in -settling mine own courses. But when I look abroad, and see the times -so stirring, and so much dissimulation, falsehood, baseness and envy -in the world, and so many idle clocks going in men's heads; then it -grieveth me much, that I am not sometimes at your Lordship's elbow, -that I might give you some of the fruits of the careful advice, -modest liberty, and true information of a friend that loveth your -Lordship as I do. For though your Lordship's fortunes be above the -thunder and storms of inferior regions, yet nevertheless to hear the -wind and not to feel it will make one sleep the better. - -My good Lord, somewhat have I been and much have I read: so that few -things that concern states or greatness are new cases unto me. And -therefore I hope I may be no unprofitable servant unto your Lordship. -I remember the King was wont to make a character of me, far above -my worth, that I was not made for small matters; and your Lordship -would sometimes bring me from his Majesty that Latin sentence, -_De minimis non curat lex_: and it hath so fallen out that since -my retiring, times have been fuller of great matters than before: -wherein perhaps, if I had continued near his Majesty, he mought have -found more use of my service, if my gift lay that way. But that is -but a vain imagination of mine. True it is, that as I do not aspire -to use my talent in the King's great affairs; yet for that which may -concern your Lordship, and your fortune, no man living shall give you -a better account of faith, industry, and affection than I shall. I -must conclude with that which gave me occasion of this letter, which -is Mr. Matthew's employment to your Lordship in those parts. Wherein -I am verily persuaded your Lordship shall find him a wise and able -gentleman, and one that will bend his knowledge of the world (which -is great) to serve his Majesty, and the Prince, and in especial your -Lordship. So I rest, - - Your Lordship's most obliged and faithful servant, - FR. ST. ALBANS. - - GRAY'S INN, - _18 April, 1623_. - - - - -POPULARITY OF THE QUEEN OF BOHEMIA (1623). - -=Source.=--Ellis, _Original Letters_. London, 1824. Vol. iii., p. 118. - - -_Mr. Joseph Mead to Sir Martin Stuteville, 25th Jan., 1623._ - -... The Lieutenant of the Middle Temple played a game this Christmas -time whereat his Majesty was highly displeased. He made choice of -some thirty of the civillest and best-fashioned gentlemen of the -House to sup with him. And being at supper, took a cup of wine in one -hand, and held his sword drawn in the other, and so began a health to -the distressed Lady Elisabeth, and having drunk, kissed his sword, -and laying his hand upon it, took an oath to live and die in her -service; then delivered the cup and sword to the next, and so the -health and ceremony went round.... - - - - -THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM TO THE KING (1624). - -=Source.=--Ellis, _Original Letters_. Vol. iii., p. 146. - - -DEAR DAD, GOSSIP AND STEWARD, - -Though your baby himself had sent word what need he hath of more -jewels, yet will I by this bearer, who can make more speed than -Carlile, again acquaint your Majesty therewith, and give my poor -and saucy opinion what will be fittest more to send. Hitherto you -have been so sparing that whereas you thought to have sent him -sufficiently for his own wearing, to present his mistress, who I am -sure shall shortly now lose that title, and to lend me, that I on the -contrary have been forced to lend him. You need not ask who made me -able to do it. Sir, he hath neither chain nor hatband; and I beseech -you consider first how rich they are in jewels here, then in what a -poor equipage he came in, how he hath no other means to appear like -a King's son, how they are usefullest at such a time as this when -they may do yourself, your son, and the nation honour, and lastly -how it will neither cost nor hazard you anything. These reasons, I -hope, since you have ventured already your chiefest jewel, your son, -will serve to persuade you to let loose these more after him: first, -your best hatband; the Portingall diamond; the rest of the pendant -diamonds, to make up a necklace to give his mistress; and the best -rope of pearl; with a rich chain or two for himself to wear--or else -your Dog must want a collar; which is the ready way to put him into -it. There are many other jewels which are of so mean quality as they -deserve not that name, but will save much in your purse and serve -very well for presents. They had never so good and great an occasion -to take the air out of their boxes as at this time. God knows when -they shall have such another; and they had need some time to get -nearer the Son to continue them in their perfection. Here give me -leave humbly on my knees to give your Majesty thanks for that rich -jewel you sent me in a box by my Lord Vaughan, and give him leave to -kiss your hands from me who took the pains to draw it. My reward to -him is this, he spent his time well, which is the thing we should all -most desire; and is the glory I covet most here in your service. - - Your Majesty's most humble slave and dog, - STEENIE. - - MADRID, - _25 April, 1623_. - - -Sir, four Asses I have sent you, two he's and two she's; five camels, -two he's, two she's, with a young one; and one Elephant, which is -worth your seeing. These I have impudently begged for you. There is -a Barbary horse comes with them, I think from Watt Aston. My Lord -Bristow says he will send you more Camels. When we come ourselves -we will bring you horses and asses enough. If I may know whether -you desire Mules or not, I will bring them, or Deer of this country -either. And I will lay wait for all the rare-coloured birds that can -be heard of. But if you do not send your baby jewels enough, I'll -stop all other presents. Therefore look to it. - - - - -A VINDICATION OF NEW ENGLAND (1624). - -=Source.=--Bradford, _History of the Plymouth Plantation_. Book II. - - -With the former letter written by Mr. Shirley there were sent sundry -objections ... made by some of those that came over on their own -account and were returned home. I shall set them down here, with the -answers then made unto them and sent over at the return of this ship, -which did so confound the objectors as some confessed their fault -and others denied what they had said and ate their words, and some -others of them have since come over again and here lived. - -The first objection was diversity about Religion. Answer: We know no -such matter, for here was never any controversy or opposition (either -public or private) (to our knowledge,) since we came. - -2 _ob._ Neglect of family duties, on the Lord's Day. Ans.: We allow -no such thing, but blame it in ourselves and others; and they that -thus report it, would have showed their Christian love the more if -they had told the offenders of it, rather than thus to reproach them -behind their backs. But (to say no more) we wish themselves had given -better example. - -3 _ob._ Want of both Sacraments. Ans.: The more is our grief that our -pastor is kept from us, by whom we might enjoy them; for we used to -have the Lord's Supper every Sabbath, and baptism as often as there -was occasion of children to baptize. - -4 _ob._ Children not catechised nor taught to read. Ans.: Neither is -true; for divers take pains with their own as they can; indeed, we -have no common school for want of a fit person, or hitherto means to -maintain one, though we desire now to begin. - -5 _ob._ Many of the particular members of the plantation will not -work for the general. Ans.: This also is not wholly true; for though -some do it not willingly and others not honestly, yet all do it, and -he that doth worst gets his own food and something besides. But we -will not excuse them, but labour to reform them the best we can, or -else to quit the plantation of them. - -6 _ob._ The water is not wholesome. Ans.: If they mean, not so -wholesome as the good beer and wine in London, (which they so dearly -love,) we will not dispute with them; but else, for water, it is as -good as any in the world (for aught we know,) and it is wholesome -enough to us that can be content therewith. - -7 _ob._ The ground is barren and doth bear no grass. Ans.: it is -here as in all places, some better and some worse; and if they will -well consider their words, in England they shall not find such grass -in them as in their fields and meadows. The cattle find grass, for -they are as fat as need be; we wish we had but one for every hundred -that here is graze to keep. Indeed this objection, as some others, -are ridiculous to all here which see and know the contrary. - -8 _ob._ The fish will not take salt to keep sweet. Ans.: This is as -true as that which was written, that there is scarcely a fowl to be -seen, nor a fish to be taken. Things likely to be true in a country -where so many sail of ships come yearly for the fishing! they might -as well say, there can no ale or beer in London be kept from souring. - -9 _ob._ Many of them are thievish and steal one from another. Ans.: -Would that London had been free from that crime: then we should not -have been troubled with these here; it is well known sundry have -smarted well for it, and so are the rest like to do, if they be taken. - -10 _ob._ The country is annoyed with foxes and wolves. Ans.: So are -many other good countries too; but poison, traps and other such means -will help to destroy them. - -11 _ob._ The Dutch are planted near Hudson's River, and are likely to -overthrow the trade. Ans.: They will come and plant in these parts -also, if we and others do not, but go home and leave it to them. We -rather commend them than condemn them for it. - -12 _ob._ The people are much annoyed with mosquitoes. Ans.: They are -too delicate and unfit to begin new plantations and colonies, that -cannot endure the biting of a mosquito: we would wish such to keep at -home till at least they be mosquito proof. Yet this place is as free -as any, and experience teacheth that the more the land is tilled and -the woods cut down, the fewer there will be, and in the end scarce -any at all. - - - - -THE IMPEACHMENT OF BUCKINGHAM (1626). - -=Source.=--Rushworth, _Historical Collections_. Vol. i., p. 223. - - -I. - -The Lord Keeper by the King's command, spake next: - -... Concerning the Duke of Buckingham, his Majesty hath commanded me -to tell you that himself doth know better than any man living the -sincerity of the Duke's proceedings; with what cautions of weight and -discretion he hath been guided in his public employments from his -Majesty and his blessed Father; what enemies he hath procured at home -and abroad; what perils of his person and hazard of his estate he ran -into for the service of his Majesty, and his ever blessed Father; -and how forward he hath been in the service of this House many times -since his return from Spain. And therefore his Majesty cannot believe -that the aim is at the Duke of Buckingham, but findeth that these -Proceedings do directly wound the honour and judgment of himself -and of his Father. It is therefore his Majesty's express and final -commandment that you yield obedience unto those directions which you -have formally received, and cease this unparliamentary inquisition, -and commit unto his Majesty's care, and wisdom, and justice the -future reformation of these things which you suppose to be otherwise -than they should be.... - - -THE COMMONS' REMONSTRANCE TO THE KING - -=Source.=--Rushworth, _Historical Collections_. Vol. i., p. 245. - - -II. - -Now concerning your Majesty's servants, and namely the Duke of -Buckingham: We humbly beseech your Majesty to be informed by us your -faithful Commons, who can have no private end but your Majesty's -service, and the good of our country, that it hath been the ancient -constant and undoubted right and usage of Parliaments to question -and complain of all persons, of what degree soever, found grievous -to the Commonwealth, in abusing the power and trust committed to -them by their sovereign. A course approved not only by the examples -in your Father's days of famous memory, but by frequent precedents -in the best and most glorious reigns of your noble progenitors, -appearing both in records and histories; without which liberty -in Parliament no private man, no servant to a king, perhaps no -counsellor, without exposing himself to the hazard of great enmity -and prejudice, can be a means to call great officers in question for -their misdemeanours, but the Commonwealth might languish under their -pressures without redress. And whatsoever we shall do accordingly in -this Parliament, we doubt not but it shall redound to the honour of -the Crown, and welfare of your subjects.... - - - - -THE COMMONS IN TEARS (1628). - -=Source.=--Rushworth, _Historical Collections_. Vol. i., p. 609. - - -_Mr. Alured to Mr. Chamberlain._ - -SIR, - -Yesterday was a day of desolation among us in Parliament, and this -day we fear will be the day of our dissolution: Upon Tuesday Sir -John Eliot moved, that as we intended to furnish his Majesty with -money, we should also supply him with Counsel, which was one part -of the occasion why we were sent by the Country, and called for -by his Majesty; And since that House was the greatest Council of -the Kingdom, where, or when should His Majesty have better Council -than from thence? So he desired there might be a Declaration made -to the King of the danger wherein the Kingdom stood by the decay -and contempt of Religion, the insufficiency of his Generals, the -unfaithfulness of his Officers, the weakness of his Councils, the -exhausting of his Treasure, the death of his Men, the decay of Trade, -the loss of Shipping, the many and powerful Enemies, the few and the -poor Friends we had abroad. - -In the enumerating of which, the Chancellor of the Duchy said it was -a strange language, yet the House commanded Sir John Eliot to go -on. Then the Chancellor desired if he went on, that himself might go -out, whereupon they all bade him be gone, yet he stayed and heard -him out, and the House generally inclined to such a Declaration to -be presented in an humble and modest manner, not prescribing the -King the way, but leaving it to his Judgment for reformation. So -the next day, being Wednesday, we had a Message from his Majesty -by the Speaker that the Session should end on Wednesday, and that -therefore we should husband the time, and despatch the old businesses -without entertaining new.... The House was much affected to be so -restrained, since the House in former times had proceeded by finding -and committing John of Gaunt the King's Son and others, and of late -have meddled with, and sentenced the Lord Chancellor Bacon, and the -Lord Treasurer Cranfield. Then Sir Robert Philips spake, and mingled -his words with weeping. Mr. Prynne did the like, and Sir Edward Coke, -overcome with passion, seeing the desolation likely to ensue, was -forced to sit down when he began to speak, through the abundance of -tears, yea, the Speaker in his Speech could not refrain from weeping -and shedding of tears; besides a great many whose great griefs made -them dumb and silent, yet some bore up in that storm and encouraged -others. In the end they desired the Speaker to leave the Chair, and -Mr. Whitby was to come into it, that they might speak the freer and -the frequenter, and commanded that no man go out of the House upon -pain of going to the Tower. Then the Speaker humbly and earnestly -besought the House to give him leave to absent himself for half an -hour, presuming they did not think he did it for any ill intention; -which was instantly granted him; then upon many Debates about their -Liberties hereby infringed, and the imminent danger wherein the -Kingdom stood, Sir Edward Coke told them, he now saw God had not -accepted of their humble and moderate carriages and fair proceedings, -and the rather, because he thought they dealt not sincerely with -the King, and with the Country in making a true Representation of -the causes of all these miseries, which now he repented himself -since things were come to this pass, that he did it not sooner, and -therefore he not knowing whether ever he should speak in this House -again, would now do it freely, and there protested that the author -and cause of all those miseries was the Duke of Buckingham, which was -entertained and answered with a cheerful acclamation of the House, -as when one good Hound recovers the scent, the rest come in with a -full cry: so they pursued it, and every one came on home, and laid -the blame where they thought the fault was, and as they were Voting -it to the question whether they should name him in their intended -Remonstrance, the sole or the Principal cause of all their Miseries -at home and abroad: The Speaker having been three hours absent, and -with the King, returned with this Message; That the House should then -rise (being about eleven a clock, and no Committees should sit in the -afternoon) till to-morrow morning; What we shall expect this morning -God of Heaven knows. We shall meet timely this morning, partly for -the business sake, and partly because two days since we made an -Order, that whosoever comes in after prayers, pays twelve pence to -the poor. Sir, excuse my haste, and let us have your prayers, whereof -both you and we have here need: So in scribbling haste I rest, - - Affectionately at your service, - THOMAS ALURED. - - This 6 of June, 1628. - - - - -THE PETITION OF RIGHTS (1628). - -=Source.=--Somers, _Tracts_. Vol. iv., p. 117. - - -Whereas it is declared and enacted by a statute made in the time of -the reign of King Edward I., commonly called _Statutum de tallagio -non concedendo_, that no tallage or aid shall be laid or levied by -the King or his heirs in this realm, without the good will and assent -of the archbishops, bishops, earls, barons, knights, burgesses and -other the freemen of the commonalty of this realm; and by authority -of the Parliament holden the five and twentieth year of the reign of -King Edward III., it is decreed and enacted: that from henceforth no -person should be compelled to make any loans to the King against his -will, because such loans were against reason, and the franchise of -the land. And by other laws of this realm, it is provided, that none -should be charged by any charge or imposition called a benevolence, -nor by such like charge, by which the statutes aforementioned, -and other the good laws and statutes of this realm, your subjects -have inherited this freedom that they should not be compelled to -contribute to any tax, tallage, or other the like charge, not set by -common consent in parliament. - -Yet nevertheless of late, divers commissions directed to sundry -commissioners in several counties with instructions, have issued, by -means whereof your people have been in divers places assembled, and -required to lend certain sums of money unto your Majesty, and [some] -of them, upon their refusal so to do, have had an oath administered -unto them, not warrantable by the laws or statutes of this realm, and -have been constrained to become bound to make appearance, and give -attendance before your privy council and in other places: and others -of them have been therefore imprisoned, confined and sundry other -ways molested and disquieted. And divers other charges have been -levied upon your people in several counties, by lord lieutenants, -deputy lieutenants, commissioners for musters, justices of the peace, -and others by command of or direction from your majesty, or your -privy council, against the laws and free customs of the realm. - -And whereas by the Statute called the Great Charter of the Liberties -of England, it is declared and enacted, that no freeman may be taken -or imprisoned, or be disseised of his freehold, or liberties, or his -free customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed, -but by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. - -And in the eight and twentieth year of the reign of King Edward III., -it was declared and enacted by the authority of Parliament that no -man of what estate or condition that he be, should be put out of his -lands or tenements, nor taken, nor imprisoned, nor disherited, nor -put to death, without being brought to answer by the process of law. - -Nevertheless, against the tenour of the said statutes, and other -the good laws and statutes of your realm, to that end provided, -divers of your subjects have of late been imprisoned without any -cause shewed. And when for their deliverance they were brought -before your justices, by your Majesty's writs of _Habeas Corpus_, -there to undergo and receive as the court should order, and their -keepers commanded to certify the cause of their detainer, no cause -was certified, but that they were detained by your Majesty's special -command, signified by the lords of your privy council, and yet were -returned back to several prisons, without being charged with anything -to which they might make answer according to law. - -And whereas of late great companies of soldiers and mariners -have been dispersed into divers counties of the realm; and the -inhabitants, against their wills, have been compelled to receive -them into their houses, and there to suffer them to sojourn against -the laws and customs of this realm, and to the great grievance and -vexation of the people. - -And whereas also, by authority of Parliament in the 25th year of -Edward III. it is declared and enacted, that no man should be -forejudged of life or limb against the form of Magna Charta, and -the law of the land, and by the said great Charter and other the -laws and statutes of this your realm, no man ought to be adjudged -to death, but by the laws established in this realm, either by the -customs of the said realm, or by acts of parliament. And whereas no -offender of what kind soever is exempted from the proceedings to be -used, or punishments to be inflicted by the laws and statutes of this -your realm: Nevertheless divers commissioners under your Majesty's -great seal have issued forth, by which certain persons have been -assigned and appointed commissioners, with power and authority to -proceed within the land, according to the justice of martial law, -against such soldiers or mariners, or other dissolute persons joining -with them, as should commit any murder, robbery, felony, mutiny, -or other outrage or misdemeanour whatsoever, and by such summary -course and order, as is agreeable to martial law, and as is used in -armies in time of war, to proceed to the trial and condemnation of -such offenders, and them to cause to be executed and put to death -according to the law martial. - -By pretext whereof, some of your Majesty's subjects have been by the -said commissioners put to death, when and where, if by the laws and -statutes of the realm they had deserved death, by the same laws and -statutes also they might, and by no other ought to have been judged -and executed. - -And also sundry grievous offenders, by colour thereof claiming an -exemption, have escaped the punishments due to them by the laws and -statutes of this your realm, by reason that divers of your officers -and ministers of justice have unjustly refused or forborne to proceed -against such offenders, according to the same law and statutes, upon -pretence that the said offenders were punishable only by martial -law, and by authority of such commissioners as aforesaid. Which -commissioners and all other of like nature are wholly and directly -contrary to the said laws and statutes of this your realm. - -They do therefore humbly pray your most excellent Majesty, that -no man hereafter be compelled to make or yield any gift, or loan, -benevolence, tax, or such like charge, without common consent by -act of parliament. And that none be called to make answer, or to -take such oath, or to give attendance, or be confined, or otherwise -molested or disquieted, concerning the same or for refusal thereof. -And that no freeman, in any such manner as is before mentioned, be -imprisoned or detained. And that your majesty would be pleased to -remove the said soldiers and mariners, and that your people may not -be so burdened in time to come. And that the foresaid commissioners -for proceeding by martial law may be revoked and annulled. And that -hereafter no commissions of like nature may issue forth to any person -or persons whatsoever, to be executed as aforesaid, lest by colour -of them any of your Majesty's subjects be destroyed or put to death, -contrary to the laws and franchise of the land.... - - - - -THE CASE OF RICHARD CHAMBERS (1629). - -=Source.=--Rushworth. Vol. i., p. 672. - - -So the fine was settled to £2,000 and all (except the two Chief -Justices) concurred for a submission to be made. And accordingly a -copy of the submission was sent to the Warden of the Fleet, to show -the said Richard Chambers. - -"I, Richard Chambers of London, Merchant, do humbly acknowledge -that, whereas upon an information exhibited against me by the -King's Attorney General, I was in Easter Term last sentenced by -the Honourable Court of Star Chamber, for that in September last, -1628, being convented before the Lords and others of his Majestie's -most honourable Privy Council Board, upon some speeches then used -concerning the merchants of this kingdom, and his Majesty's well and -gracious usage of them, did then and there, in insolent contemptuous -and seditious manner, falsely and maliciously say and affirm 'That -they,' meaning the merchants, 'are in no parts of the world so -screwed and wrung as in England, and that in Turkey they have more -encouragement....' Now I, the said Richard Chambers in obedience to -the sentence of the said honourable court, do humbly confess and -acknowledge the speaking of these words aforesaid and am heartily -sorry for the same: and do humbly beseech your Lordships all to be -honourable intercessors for me to his Majesty, that he would be -graciously pleased to pardon this great error and fault so committed -by me." - -When Mr. Chambers read this draft of submission, he thus subscribed -the same. - -"All the abovesaid Contents and Submission I Richard Chambers do -utterly abhor and detest, as most unjust and false: and never to -death will acknowledge any part thereof. - - "RICH. CHAMBERS." - -Also he underwrit these Texts of Scripture to the said submission -before he returned it [eight texts, mostly from the Old Testament, on -God's care for justice and truth]. - - - - -PROCLAMATION TO THE EASTLAND COMPANY (1629). - -=Source.=--Rymer, _Fœdera_. Vol. xix., p. 129. - - -It is a greate parte of our royal care, like as it was of our royal -Father of blessed memory deceased, to maintain and increase the trade -of our marchants, and the strength of our Navy, as principal veins -and sinews for the wealth and strength of our kingdom; - -Whereas therefore the Society and Company of our Eastland Marchaunts -trading the Baltic Seas, have by the space of Fifty years at the -least, had a settled and constant possession of Trade in those -parts, and have had both the sole carrying thither of our English -commodities, and also the sole bringing in of all the Commodities of -those Countries, as namely, hemp, yarn, cable yarn, flax, potashes, -soapashes, polonia wool, cordage, eastland linen cloth, pitch, tar, -and wood, whereby our Kingdom hath been much enriched, our ships -and mariners set on work, and the honour and fame of our nation and -kingdom spread and enlarged in those parts. - -And whereas for their further encouragement the said Company have -had and enjoyed, by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of England -in the time of the late Queen Elizabeth, privileges, as well for the -sole carrying out to those countries of all our English commodities, -as also for the sole bringing in of the abovenamed commodities of -the said countries, with general prohibitions and restraints of -others not licensed and authorized, by the said Letters Patents to -traffick or trade contrary to the tenor of the same Letters Patents: -We minding the upholding and continuance of the said trade, and -not to suffer that the said Society shall sustain any violation or -diminution of their liberties and privileges, Have thought good to -ratify and publish unto all persons, as well subjects as strangers, -the said privileges and restraints, to the end that none of them -presume to attempt any thing against the same; - -And We do hereby straitly charge and command all our customers, -comptrollers, and all other our officers at the ports, and also the -farmers of our customes, and their Deputies and Wayters, that they -suffer not any broadcloath, dozens, kersies, bayes, skins, or such -like English commodities to be shipped for exportation to those -parts, nor any hemp, flax dressed or undressed, yarn, cable yarn, -cordage, potashes, sopeashes, polonia wool, eastland linen cloth, -pitch, tarr or wood, or any other commodities whatsoever of those -foreign parts and regions, wherein the said Company have used to -trade, to be landed, except only such as shall be brought in by such -as are free of the said Company; provided always that the importation -of corn and grain be left free and without restraint, any thing -herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. - -Furthermore, Whereas there hath been in auncient time divers good and -politic laws made against the shipping of merchandises in stranger's -bottoms, either inward or outward, as namely the statutes of 5 Ric. -II., 4 Hen. VII., 32 Hen. VIII., which laws of later years have -been much neglected to the great prejudice of the navigation of our -kingdom: We do straitly charge and command, that the said laws be -from henceforth duly put in execution, and that none of the said -Company, nor any other be permitted to export or import any of the -abovementioned commodities, in other than English bottoms, upon the -pains in the said Statutes contained, and upon pain of our high -indignation and displeasure, towards all our officers and ministers -which shall be found slack and remiss in procuring and assisting the -due execution of the said laws. - - - - -CHILLINGWORTH ON TOLERATION (A BROAD CHURCH VIEW). - -=Source.=--Chillingworth, _Religion of the Protestants_. Ed. 1719. P. -130. - - -Lastly: though you are apt to think yourselves such necessary -instruments for all good purposes, and that nothing can be well -done unless you do it; that no unity or constancy in religion can -be maintained, but inevitably Christendom must fall to ruin and -confusion, unless you support it; yet we that are indifferent and -impartial, and well content that God should give us his own favours, -by means of his own appointment, not of our choosing, can easily -collect out of these very words, that not the infallibility of your -or of any Church, but the _apostles and prophets, and evangelists, -&c., which Christ gave upon his ascension_, were designed by him, -for the compassing all these excellent purposes, by their preaching -while they lived, and by their writings for ever. And if they fail -hereof, the reason is not any insufficiency or invalidity in the -means, but the voluntary perverseness of the subjects they have to -deal with; who, if they would be themselves, and be content that -others should be, in the choice of their religion, the servants of -God and not of men; if they would allow, that the way to heaven is -no narrower now than Christ left it, his yoke no heavier than he -made it; that the belief of no more difficulties is required now to -salvation, than was in the primitive church; that no error is in -itself destructive, and exclusive from salvation now, which was not -then; if, instead of being zealous Papists, earnest Calvinists, rigid -Lutherans, they would become themselves, and be content that others -should be, plain and honest Christians; if all men would believe the -Scripture, and, freeing themselves from prejudice and passion, would -sincerely endeavour to find the true sense of it, and live according -to it, and require no more of others but to do so; nor denying their -communion to any that do so, would so order their public service -of God, that all which do so may, without scruple or hypocrisy, or -protestation against any part of it, join with them in it;--who doth -not see that seeing (as we suppose here, and shall prove hereafter) -all necessary truths are plainly and evidently set down in Scripture, -there would of necessity be among all men, in all things necessary, -unity of opinion? And, notwithstanding any other differences that are -or could be, unity of communion and charity and mutual toleration? -By which means, all schism and heresy would be banished the world; -and those wretched contentions which now rend and tear in pieces, not -the coat, but the members and bowels, of Christ, which mutual pride, -and tyranny, and cursing, and killing, and damning, would fain make -immortal, should speedily receive a most blessed catastrophe. - - - - -THE CHURCH OF GEORGE HERBERT (1633). - -=Source.=--George Herbert, _Poems_. Ed. 1633. P. 102. - - - I joy dear mother when I view - Thy perfect lineaments and hue, - Both sweet and bright. - Beauty in thee takes up her place - And dates her letters from thy face - When she doth write. - - A fine aspect in fit array - Neither too mean nor yet too gay - Shows who is best. - Outlandish looks may not compare, - For all they either painted are, - Or else undrest. - - She on the hills which wantonly - Allureth all in hope to be - By her preferred. - Hath kissed so long her painted shrines, - That e'en her face by kissing shines - For her reward. - - She in the valley is so shy - Of dressing, that her hair doth lie - About her ears. - While she avoids her neighbour's pride; - She wholly goes on t' other side, - And nothing wears. - - But, dearest mother, (what those miss), - The mean, thy praise and glory is, - And long may be - Blessed be God whose love it was - To double-moat thee with his grace, - And none but thee. - - - - -HAPPY ENGLAND (1630-1640). - -=Source.=--Clarendon, _History of Rebellion_. Book I., § 159. - - -Now, I must be so just as to say, that, during the whole time that -these pressures were exercised, and these new and extraordinary -ways were run, that is from the dissolution of the Parliament in -the fourth year (1629) to the beginning of this Parliament which -was above 12 years, this kingdom and all his majesty's dominions -(of the interruption in Scotland somewhat shall be said in its due -time and place), enjoyed the greatest calm, and the fullest measure -of felicity, that any people in any age, for so long time together, -have been blessed with; to the wonder and envy of all the parts of -Christendom. - -And in this comparison I am neither unmindful of, nor ungrateful -for the happy times of Queen Elisabeth, nor for those more happy -under King James. But for the former, the doubts, hazards, and -perplexities, upon a total change and alteration of religion, and -some confident attempts upon a further alteration by those who -thought not the reformation enough; the charge, trouble, and anxiety -of a long continued war (how prosperous and successful soever) even -during that Queen's whole reign; and (besides some domestic ruptures -into rebellion, frequently into treason, and besides the blemish of -an unparalleled act of blood upon the life of a crowned neighbour, -queen and ally) the fear and apprehension of what was to come (which -is one of the most unpleasant kinds of melancholy) from an unknown, -at least an unacknowledged successor to the crown, clouded much of -that prosperity then which now shines with so much splendour before -our eyes in chronicle. - -And for the other under King James (which indeed were excellent times -_bona si sua norint_), the mingling with a stranger nation, (formerly -not very gracious with this,) which was like to have more interest -of favour: the subjection to a stranger prince, whose nature and -disposition they knew not; the noise of treason, (the most prodigious -that had ever been attempted), upon his first entrance into the -kingdom: the wants of the Crown not inferior to what it hath since -felt, (I mean whilst it sat right on the head of the King,) and the -pressures upon the subject of the same nature, and no less complained -of: the absence of the prince in Spain, and the solicitude that his -highness might not be disposed in marriage to the daughter of that -kingdom; rendered the calm and tranquillity of that time less equal -and pleasant. To which may be added the prosperity and happiness of -the neighbour kingdoms, not much inferior to that of this, which, -according to the pulse of states, is a great diminution of their -health; at least their prosperity is much improved, and more visible, -by the misery and misfortunes of their neighbours. - -The happiness of the times I mentioned was enviously set off by this, -that every other kingdom, every other province were engaged, many -entangled, and some almost destroyed by the rage and fury of arms; -those which were ambitiously in contention with their neighbours -having the view and apprehensions of the miseries and desolation, -which they saw other states suffer by a civil war; whilst the -kingdoms we now lament were alone looked upon as the garden of the -world; Scotland (which was but the wilderness of that garden) in a -full, entire, undisturbed peace, which they had never seen, the rage -and barbarism (that is, the blood, for of the charity we speak not) -of their private feuds, being composed to the reverence or to the awe -of public justice; in a competency, if not in an excess of plenty, -which they had never hoped to see, and in a temper (which was the -utmost we desired and hoped to see) free from rebellion; Ireland, -which had been a sponge to draw and a gulf to swallow all that could -be spared, and all that could be got from England, merely to keep the -reputation of a kingdom, reduced to that good degree of husbandry -and government, that it not only subsisted of itself, and gave this -kingdom all that it might have expected from it; but really increased -the revenue of the crown forty or fifty thousand pounds a year, -besides much more to the people in the traffic and trade from thence; -arts and sciences fruitfully planted there; and the whole nation -beginning to be so civilized, that it was a jewel of great lustre in -the royal diadem. - -When these outworks were thus fortified and adorned, it was no -wonder if England was generally thought secure, with the advantages -of its own climate; the court in great plenty, or rather (which is -the discredit of plenty) excess, and luxury; the country rich, and, -which is more, fully enjoying the pleasure of its own wealth, and -so the easier corrupted with the pride and wantonness of it; the -Church flourishing with learned and extraordinary men, and (which -other good times wanted) supplied with oil to feed those lamps, -and the protestant religion more advanced against the Church of -Rome by writing especially (without prejudice to other useful and -godly labours) by those two books of the late lord archbishop of -Canterbury his grace, and of Mr. Chillingworth, than it had been -from the Reformation; trade increased to that degree, that we were -the exchange of Christendom, (the revenue thereof to the crown being -almost double to what it had been in the best times), and the bullion -of all other kingdoms brought to receive a stamp from the mint of -England; all foreign merchants looking upon nothing as their own, -but what they had laid up in the warehouses of this kingdom; the -royal navy, in number and equipage much above former times, very -formidable at sea; and the reputation of the greatness and power of -the King much more with foreign princes than any of his progenitors; -for those rough courses, which made him haply less loved at home, -made him more feared abroad; by how much the power of kingdoms is -more reverenced than their justice by their neighbours: and it may -be, this consideration might not be the least motive, and may not be -the worst excuse, for those councils. Lastly, for a complement of -all these blessings, they were enjoyed by and under the protection -of a king, of the most harmless disposition and the most exemplary -piety, the greatest example of sobriety, chastity, and mercy, that -any prince hath been endued with, (and God forgive those that have -not been sensible of and thankful for those endowments) and who might -have said, that which Pericles was proud of, upon his deathbed, "that -no Englishman had ever worn a black gown through his occasion." In a -word, many wise men thought it a time, wherein those two adjuncts, -which Nerva was deified for uniting, were as well reconciled as is -possible. - -But all these blessings could but enable, not compel us to be -happy: we wanted that sense, acknowledgement, and value of our own -happiness, which all but we had; and took pains to make, when we -could not find, ourselves miserable. There was in truth a strange -absence of understanding in most, and a strange perverseness of -understanding in the rest: the court full of excess, idleness, and -luxury; and the country full of pride, mutiny and discontent; every -man more troubled and perplexed at that they called the violation of -one law, than delighted or pleased with the observance of all the -rest of the Charter; never imputing the increase of their receipts, -revenue, and plenty, to the wisdom, virtue and merit of the Crown, -but objecting every little trivial imposition to the exorbitancy and -tyranny of the government; the growth of knowledge and learning being -disrelished for the infirmities of some learned men, and the increase -of grace and favour upon the Church, more repined and murmured at, -than the increase of piety and devotion in the Church, which was as -visible, acknowledged or taken notice of; whilst the indiscretion -and folly of one sermon at Whitehall was more bruited abroad and -commented upon than the wisdom, sobriety and devotion of a hundred. - - - - -WENTWORTH IN IRELAND (1634-1636). - -I. ADVICE TO PARLIAMENT. - -=Source.=--_Lord-Deputy's Speech to Both Houses of Parliament, July -15, 1634._ Knowler, _Strafford's Letters and Despatches_. London, -1739. Vol. i., pp. 289-290. - - -Chiefly beware of divisions in your counsels. For division confines -always upon ruin, leads ever to some fatal precipice or other. Divide -not between Protestant and Papist, for this meeting is merely civil, -religion not at all concerned one way or another. In this I have -endeavoured to give you satisfaction both privately and publicly, and -now I assure you again there is nothing of religion to be stirred in -this Parliament, being only assembled to settle the temporal state, -which you may now safely confide upon. For, believe me, I have a more -hallowed regard to my master's honour, than to profane his chair with -untruths, so as if, after all this, any shall again spring this doubt -amongst you, it is not to be judged to arise from hardness of belief, -but much rather from a perverse and malevolent spirit, desirous to -embroil your peaceable proceedings with party and faction. And I -trust your wisdom and temper will quickly conjure all such forth from -amongst you. - -Divide not nationally, betwixt English and Irish. The King makes no -distinction between you, reputes you all without prejudice, and that -upon safe and sure grounds, I assure myself, his good and faithful -subjects. And madness it were in you then to raise that wall of -separation amongst yourselves. If you should, you know who the old -proverb deems likest to go to the wall, and believe me England will -not prove the weakest. - -But above all, divide not between the interests of the king and -his people as if there were one being of the king and another being -of his people. This is the most mischievous principle that can be -laid in reason of state, in that which, if you watch not very well, -may the easiest mislead you. For you might as well tell me a head -might live without a body, or a body without a head, as that it is -possible for a king to be rich and happy without his people be so -likewise, or that a people can be rich and happy without the king be -so also. Most certain it is, that their well-being is individually -one and the same, their interests woven up together with so tender -and close threads, as cannot be pulled asunder without a rent in the -commonwealth. - - -II. RELIGION. - -_To Mr. Secretary Coke, Dec. 16, 1634._ Knowler, vol. i., p. 351. - -It may seem strange that this people should be so obstinately set -against their own good, and yet the reason is plain; for the Friars -and Jesuits fearing that these laws would conform them here to the -manners of England, and in time be a means to lead them on to a -conformity in religion and faith also, they catholicly oppose and -fence up every path leading to so good a purpose. And indeed I see -plainly that so long as this kingdom continues popish, they are not -a people for the crown of England to be confident of. Whereas if -they were not still distempered by the infusion of these Friars and -Jesuits, I am of belief, they would be as good and loyal to their -King as any other subjects. - - -III. COMMERCIAL POLICY. - -_Wentworth to Sir Christopher Wandesford, July 25, 1636._ Knowler, -vol. ii., p. 19. - -[A summary of his report to the King.] - -... [I informed them] that there was little or no manufacture amongst -them, but some small beginnings towards a clothing trade, which I -had and so should still discourage all I could, unless otherwise -directed by his Majesty and their Lordships, in regard it would -trench not only upon the clothing of England, being our staple -commodity, so as if they should manufacture their own wools, which -grew to very great quantities, we should not only lose the profit we -now made by indraping their wools, but his Majesty lose extremely -by his customs, and in conclusion it might be feared, they would -beat us out of the Trade itself, by underselling us, which they -were well able to do. Besides, in reason of State, so long as they -did not indrape their own wools, they must of necessity fetch their -clothing from us, and consequently in a sort depend upon us for their -livelihood, and thereby become so dependent upon this crown, as they -could not depart from us without nakedness to themselves and children. - -Yet have I endeavoured another way to set them on work, and that is -by bringing in the making and trade of linen cloth, the rather in -regard the women are all naturally bred to spinning, that the Irish -earth is apt for bearing of flax, and that this manufacture would -be in the conclusion rather a benefit than other to this kingdom. I -have therefore sent for the flax seed into Holland, being of a better -sort than we have any; and sown this year a thousand pounds worth of -it (finding by some I sowed the last year that it takes there very -well). I have sent for workmen out of the Low Countries, and forth -of France, and set up already six or seven looms, which if it please -God to bless us this year, I trust so to invite them to follow it, -when they see the great profit arising thereby, as that they shall -generally take to it and employ themselves that way, which if they -do, I am confident it will prove a mighty business, considering that -in all probability we shall be able to undersell the linen cloths of -Holland and France at least twenty in the hundred. - - -IV. HIS WEARINESS. - -_To Laud, Aug. 17, 1636, from Gawthorp._ Knowler, vol. ii., p. 26. - -I am gotten hither to a poor house I have, having been this last week -almost feasted to death at York. In truth for anything I can find -they were not ill-pleased to see me. Sure I am it much contented me -to be amongst my old acquaintance, which I would not leave for any -other affection I have, but to that which I both profess and owe -to the person of his sacred majesty. Lord! with what quietness in -myself could I live here, in comparison of that noise and labour I -meet with elsewhere; and, I protest, put up more crowns in my purse -at the year's end too. But we'll let that pass. For I am not like to -enjoy that blessed condition upon earth. And therefore my resolution -is set to endure and struggle with it so long as this crazy body will -bear it; and finally drop into the silent grave, where both all these -(which I now could, as I think, innocently delight myself in) and -myself are to be forgotten: and fare them well. - - - - -LAUD TO WENTWORTH (1633). - -=Source.=--_Works of William Laud, D.D._ Vol. vi., pp. 310-312. -Parker, Oxford, 1857. - - -MY VERY GOOD LORD, - -I heartily thank your Lordship for all your love, and for the joy -you are pleased both to conceive and express for my translation -to Canterbury; for I conceive all your expressions to me are very -hearty, and such I have hitherto found them. And now, since I am -there, (for my translation is to be on Thursday, Sept. 19th,) I must -desire your Lordship not to expect more at my hands than I shall be -able to perform, either in Church or State; and this suit of mine -hath a great deal of reason in it; for you write, that ordinary -things are far beneath that which you cannot choose but promise -yourself of me in both respects. But, my Lord, to speak freely, you -may easily promise more in either kind than I can perform. For, as -for the Church, it is so bound up in the forms of the common law, -that it is not possible for me, or for any man, to do that good which -he would, or is bound to do. For your Lordship sees, no man clearer, -that they which have gotten so much power in and over the Church, -will not let go their hold; they have, indeed, fangs with a witness, -whatsoever I was once said in passion to have. And for the State, -indeed, my Lord, I am for _Thorough_, but I see that both thick -and thin stays somebody, where I conceive it should not; and it is -impossible for me to go through alone. Besides, private ends are such -blocks in the public way, and lie so thick, that you may promise what -you will, and I must perform what I can, and no more. - -Next, my Lord, I thank you heartily for your kind wishes to me, that -God would send me many and happy days where I now am to be. Amen. I -can do little for myself, if I cannot say so; but truly, my Lord, I -look for neither: not for many, for I am in years, and have had a -troublesome life; not for happy, because I have no hope to do the -good I desire; and, besides, I doubt I shall never be able to hold -my health there one year; for instead of all the jolting which I had -over the stones between London House and Whitehall, which was almost -daily, I shall have now no exercise, but slide over in a barge to the -Court and Star Chamber; and in truth, my Lord, I speak seriously, I -have had a heaviness hang upon me ever since I was nominated to this -place, and I can give myself no account of it, unless it proceed -from an apprehension that there is more expected from me than the -craziness of these times will give me leave to do. - - * * * * * - -Now, my Lord, why may you not write, as whilom you did to the Bishop -of London? The man is the same, and the same to you; but I see you -stay for better acquaintance, and till then you will keep distance. I -perceive, also, my predecessor's awe is upon you, but I doubt I shall -never hold it long; and I was about to swear by my troth, as you do, -but I remember oaths heretofore were wont to pass under the Privy -Seal, and not the Ordinary Seal of letters. Well, wiser or not, you -must take that as you find it; but I will not write any long letters -and leave out my mirth, it is one of the recreations I have always -used with my friends, and 'tis hard leaving an old custom, neither do -I purpose to do it; though I mean to make choice of my friends, to -whom I will use it. For proof of this, I here send your Lordship some -sermon notes which I have received from Cambridge; and, certainly, if -this be your method there, you ride as much aside as ever Croxton did -towards Ireland. I wish your Lordship all health and happiness, and -so leave you to the grace of God, ever resting - - Your Lordship's very loving poor Servant, - W. CANT. ELECT. - - FULHAM, - _Sept. 9th, 1633_. - - - - -SHIP MONEY. THE KING'S CASE LAID BEFORE THE JUDGES, WITH THEIR ANSWER -(1637). - -=Source.--Rushworth.= Vol. ii., p. 355. - - -CAROLUS REX, - -When the good and safety of the kingdom in general is concerned, and -the whole kingdom in danger, whether may not the King, by writ under -the Great Seal of England, command all the subjects of our kingdom -at their charge to provide and furnish such a number of ships, with -men, victuals, and munition, and for such time as we shall think -fit for the defence and safeguard of the kingdom from such danger -and peril, and by law compel the doing thereof, in case of refusal -or refractoriness: and whether in such a case is not the King the -sole judge both of the danger, and when and how the same is to be -prevented and avoided? - - -MAY IT PLEASE YOUR MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY, - -We have, according to your Majesty's command, every man by himself, -and all of us together, taken into serious consideration the case and -question signed by your Majesty, and inclosed in your royal letter; -and we are of opinion, that when the good and safety of the kingdom -in general is concerned, and the kingdom in danger, your Majesty may, -by writ under the Great Seal of England, command all your subjects -of this your kingdom, at their charge to provide and furnish such a -number of ships, with men, victuals, and munition, and for such time -as your Majesty shall think fit for the defence and safeguard of this -kingdom from such danger and peril: and that by law your Majesty may -compel the doing thereof in case of refusal or refractoriness: and we -are also of opinion, that in such case your Majesty is the sole judge -both of the danger, and when and how the same is to be prevented and -avoided. - -[Signed by twelve Judges.] - - - - -LILBURNE'S PUNISHMENT (1638). - -=Source.=--Rushworth. Vol. ii., p. 466. - -ORDER OF THE STAR CHAMBER, APRIL 8, 1638. - - -Whereas _John Lilburne_, Prisoner in the _Fleet_, by Sentence -in _Star Chamber_, did this day suffer condign Punishment for -his several offences, by whipping at a Cart, and standing in the -_Pillory_, and (as their Lordships were this day informed) during -the time that his Body was under the said Execution, audaciously and -wickedly, not only uttered sundry scandalous and seditious Speeches, -but likewise scattered sundry Copies of seditious Books amongst the -People that beheld the said Execution, for which very thing, amongst -other offences of like nature, he had been Censured in the said -Court by the aforesaid Sentence. It was thereupon ordered by their -Lordships, that the said _Lilburne_ should be laid alone with Irons -on his Hands and Legs in the Wards of the _Fleet_, where the basest -and meanest sort of Prisoners are used to be put; and that the Warden -of the _Fleet_ take special care to hinder the resort of any Person -whatsoever unto him, and particularly that he be not supplied with -any Hand, and that he take special notice of all Letters, Writings, -and Books brought unto him, and seize and deliver the same unto their -Lordships. And take notice from time to time who they be that resort -to the said Prison to visit the said _Lilburne_, and to speak with -him, and inform the Board.... - - - - -THE BILL OF ATTAINDER AGAINST STRAFFORD (1641). - -=Source.=--_Harleian Miscellany._ Vol. iv., p. 527. - - -Whereas the Knights, Citizens and Burgesses of the House of -Commons in this present Parliament assembled, have, in the name of -themselves, and all the Commons of England, impeached Thomas Earl of -Strafford of high treason, for endeavouring to subvert the ancient -and fundamental laws and government of his Majesty's realms of -England and Ireland, and to introduce an arbitrary and tyrannical -government against law in the said kingdoms; and for exercising a -tyrannous and exorbitant power over and against the laws of the said -kingdoms, over the liberties, estates and lives of his majesty's -subjects; and likewise for having, by his own authority, commanded -the laying and assessing of soldiers upon his Majesty's subjects in -Ireland against their consents, to compel them to obey his unlawful -commands and orders, made upon paper petitions, in causes between -party and party, which accordingly was executed upon divers of his -Majesty's subjects in a warlike manner within the said realm of -Ireland, and in so doing did levy war against the King's majesty and -his liege people in that kingdom; and also for that he, upon the -unhappy dissolution of the last Parliament, did slander the House of -Commons to his Majesty and did counsel and advise his Majesty that -he was loose and absolved from rules of government, and that he had -an army in Ireland which he might employ to reduce this kingdom; -for which he deserves to undergo the pains and forfeitures of high -treason. - -And the said Earl hath been also an incendiary of the wars between -the two kingdoms of England and Scotland, all which offences have -been sufficiently proved against the said Earl upon his impeachment. - -Be it therefore enacted by the King's most excellent Majesty and -by the Lords and Commons in the present Parliament assembled and -by authority of the same, that the said Earl of Strafford for the -heinous crimes and offences aforesaid, stand and be adjudged and -attainted of high treason, and shall suffer the pain of death, and -incur the forfeitures of his goods and chattels, lands, tenements, -and hereditaments, of any estate of freehold or inheritance in the -said kingdoms of England and Ireland which the said Earl, or any -other to his use, or in trust for him, have or had, the day of the -first sitting of this present parliament or at any time since. - -Provided that no judge or judges, justice or justices whatsoever -shall adjudge or interpret any act or thing to be treason, nor hear -or determine any treason, in any other manner than he or they should -or ought to have done before the making of this act, and as if this -act had never been had or made. - - - - -STRAFFORD'S LAST LETTER TO THE KING (1641). - -=Source.=--Rushworth. Vol. iii., p. 251. - - -MAY IT PLEASE YOUR SACRED MAJESTY, - -It hath been my greatest grief, in all these troubles, to be taken -as a person which should endeavour to represent and set things amiss -between your Majesty and your people; and to give counsels tending to -the disquiet of the three kingdoms. - -Most true it is, that this (mine own private condition considered,) -had been a great madness; since, through your gracious favour I was -so provided, as not to expect, in any kind, to mind my fortune or -please my mind more, than by resting where your bounteous hands had -placed me. - -Nay, it is most mightily mistaken. For unto your majesty it is well -known, my poor and humble advice concluded still in this, that your -majesty and your people could never be happy till there was a right -understanding betwixt you and them; and that no other means were left -to effect and settle this happiness but by the counsel and assent of -your parliament; or to prevent the growing evils of this state, but -by entirely putting yourself in this last resort upon the loyalty and -good affections of your English subjects. - -Yet, such is my misfortune, that this truth findeth little credit; -yea, the contrary seemeth generally to be believed, and myself -reputed as one who endeavoured to make a separation between you and -your people. Under a heavier censure than this, I am persuaded, no -gentleman can suffer. - -Now I understand the minds of men are more and more incensed against -me, notwithstanding your Majesty hath declared that in your princely -opinion, I am not guilty of treason; nor are you satisfied in your -conscience to pass the bill. - -This bringeth me in a very great strait: there is before me the ruin -of my children and family, hitherto untouched, in all the branches -of it, with any foul crime: here are before me the many ills which -may befall your sacred person, and the whole kingdom, should yourself -and the parliament part less satisfied one with the other than is -necessary for the preservation both of king and people: here are -before me the things most valued, most feared by mortal men, life and -death. - -To say, Sir, that there hath not been a strife in me, were to make -me less man than (God knoweth) my infirmities make me. And to call a -destruction upon myself and young children, where the intentions of -my heart, at least, have been innocent of this great offence, may be -believed will find no easy consent from flesh and blood. - -But, with much sadness, I am come to a resolution of that, which I -take to be the best becoming me; and to look upon it as that which is -most principal in itself, which, doubtless, is the prosperity of your -sacred person, and the commonwealth, things infinitely before any -private man's interest. - -And therefore, in few words, as I put myself wholly upon the honour -and justice of my peers, so clearly, as to wish your majesty might -please to have spared that declaration of yours on Saturday last, -and entirely to have left me to their lordships; so now, to set -your majesty's conscience at liberty, I do most humbly beseech -your majesty, for the prevention of evils which may happen by your -refusal, to pass this bill, and by this means to remove, (praised be -God, I cannot say this accursed, but I confess) this unfortunate -thing forth of the way; towards that blessed agreement, which God, I -trust, shall ever establish between you and your subjects. - -Sir, my consent shall more acquit you herein to God, than all the -world can do besides. To a willing man there is no injury done: -and as, by God's grace, I forgive all the world with calmness and -meekness of infinite contentment to my dislodging soul: so, Sir, -to you I can give the life of this world with all the cheerfulness -imaginable, in the just acknowledgement of your exceeding favours; -and only beg that, in your goodness, you would vouchsafe to cast your -gracious regard upon my poor son and his sisters, less or more, and -no otherwise than their (in present) unfortunate father may hereafter -appear more or less guilty of his death. God long preserve your -majesty. - -Your majesty's most humble, most faithful subject and servant, - - STRAFFORD. - - TOWER, - _May 4, 1641._ - - - - -THE KING'S ANSWER TO THE GRAND REMONSTRANCE (1641). - -=Source.=--Rushworth. Vol. iv., p. 452. - - -We having received from you, soon after our return out of Scotland, -a long petition consisting of many desires of great moment, together -with a declaration of a very unusual nature annexed thereunto, we -had taken some time to consider of it, as befitted us in a matter of -that consequence, being confident that your own reason and regard -to us, as well as our express intimation by our comptroller, to -that purpose, would have restrained you from the publishing of it -till such time as you should have received our answer to it; but, -much against our expectation, finding the contrary, that the said -declaration is already abroad in print, by directions from your -House as appears by the printed copy, we must let you know that -we are very sensible of the disrespect. Notwithstanding, it is our -intention that no failing on your part shall make us fail in ours, -of giving all due satisfaction to the desires of our people in a -parliamentary way; and therefore we send you this answer to your -petition, reserving ourself in point of the declaration which we -think unparliamentary, and shall take a course to do that which we -shall think fit in prudence and honour. - -To the petition, we say that although there are divers things in the -preamble of it which we are so far from admitting that we profess we -cannot at all understand them, as of "a wicked and malignant party -prevalent in the government"; of "some of that party admitted to -our Privy Council and to other employments of trust, and nearest to -us and our children"; of "endeavours to sow among the people false -scandals and imputations, to blemish and disgrace the proceedings of -the Parliament"; all, or any of them, did we know of, we should be as -ready to remedy and punish as you to complain of, so that the prayers -of your petition are grounded upon such premises as we must in no -wise admit; yet, notwithstanding, we are pleased to give this answer -to you. - -To the first, concerning religion, consisting of several branches, we -say that, for preserving the peace and safety of this kingdom from -the design of the Popish party, we have, and will still, concur with -all the just desires of our people in a parliamentary way: that, for -the depriving of the Bishops of their votes in Parliament, we should -have you consider that their right is grounded upon the fundamental -law of the kingdom and constitution of Parliament. This we would -have you consider; but since you desire our concurrence herein in a -parliamentary way, we will give no further answer at this time. - -As for the abridging of the inordinate power of the clergy, we -conceive that the taking away of the High Commission Court hath well -moderated that; but if there continue any usurpations or excesses in -their jurisdictions, we therein neither have nor will protect them. - -Unto that clause which concerneth corruptions (as you style them) -in religion, in Church government, and in discipline, and the -removing of such unnecessary ceremonies as weak consciences might -check at: that for any illegal innovations which may have crept -in, we shall willingly concur in the removal of them: that, if our -Parliament shall advise us to call a national synod, which may duly -examine such ceremonies as give just cause of offence to any, we -shall take it into consideration, and apply ourself to give due -satisfaction therein; but we are very sorry to hear, in such general -terms, corruption in religion objected, since we are persuaded in -our consciences that no Church can be found upon the earth that -professeth the true religion with more purity of doctrine than the -Church of England doth, nor where the government and discipline are -jointly more beautified and free from superstition, than as they are -here established by law, which, by the grace of God, we will with -constancy maintain (while we live) in their purity and glory, not -only against all invasions of Popery, but also from the irreverence -of those many schismatics and separatists, wherewith of late this -kingdom and this city abounds, to the great dishonour and hazard both -of Church and State, for the suppression of whom we require your -timely aid and active assistance. - -To the second prayer of the petition, the removal and choice of -councillors, we know not any of our Council to whom the character set -forth in the petition can belong: that by those whom we had exposed -to trial, we have already given you sufficient testimony that there -is no man so near unto us in place or affection, whom we will not -leave to the justice of the law, if you shall bring a particular -charge and sufficient proofs against him; and of this we do again -assure you, but in the meantime we wish you to forbear such general -aspersions as may reflect upon all our Council, since you name none -in particular. - -That for the choice of our councillors and ministers of state, it -were to debar us that natural liberty all freemen have; and as it is -the undoubted right of the Crown of England to call such persons to -our secret counsels, to public employment and our particular service -as we shall think fit, so we are, and ever shall be, very careful to -make election of such persons in those places of trust as shall have -given good testimonies of their abilities and integrity, and against -whom there can be no just cause of exception whereon reasonably to -ground a diffidence; and to choices of this nature, we assure you -that the mediation of the nearest unto us hath always concurred. - -To the third prayer of your petition concerning Ireland, we -understand your desire of not alienating the forfeited lands thereof, -to proceed from much care and love, and likewise that it may be a -resolution very fit for us to take; but whether it be seasonable to -declare resolutions of that nature before the events of a war be -seen, that we much doubt of. Howsoever, we cannot but thank you for -this care, and your cheerful engagement for the suppression of that -rebellion; upon the speedy effecting whereof, the glory of God in the -protestant profession, the safety of the British there, our honour, -and that of the nation, so much depends; all the interests of this -kingdom being so involved in that business, we cannot but quicken -your affections therein, and shall desire you to frame your counsels, -to give such expedition to the work as the nature thereof and the -pressures in point of time require; and whereof you are put in mind -by the daily insolence and increase of those rebels. - -For conclusion, your promise to apply yourselves to such courses as -may support our royal estate with honour and plenty at home, and with -power and reputation abroad, is that which we have ever promised -ourself, both from your loyalties and affections, and also for what -we have already done, and shall daily go adding unto, for the comfort -and happiness of our people. - - - - -"ROUNDHEADS." - -=Source.=--_Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson._ Ed. Bohn. G. Bell and -Son. P. 120. - - -When puritanism grew into a faction, the zealots distinguished -themselves, both men and women, by several affectations of habit, -looks, and words, which, had it been a real forsaking of vanity, and -an embracing of sobriety in all those things, would have been most -commendable; but their quick forsaking of those things, when they -had arrived at their object, showed that they either never took them -up for conscience, or were corrupted by their prosperity to take up -those vain things they durst not practise under persecution. Among -other affected habits, few of the puritans, what degree soever they -were of, wore their hair long enough to cover their ears, and the -ministers and many others cut it close round their heads, with so -many little peaks, as was something ridiculous to behold; whereupon -Cleaveland, in his Hue and Cry after them, begins, - - "With hayre in Characters and Luggs in Text," etc. - -From this custom of wearing their hair, that name of roundhead became -the scornful term given to the whole parliament party, whose army -indeed marched out as if they had been only sent out till their hair -was grown. Two or three years after, any stranger that had seen them, -would have inquired the reason of that name. It was very ill applied -to Mr. Hutchinson, who, having naturally a very fine thickset head of -hair, kept it clean and handsome, so that it was a great ornament to -him; although the godly of those days, when he embraced their party, -would not allow him to be religious because his hair was not in their -cut, nor his words in their phrase, nor such little formalities -altogether fitted to their humour; who were, many of them, so weak as -to esteem such insignificant circumstances, rather than solid wisdom, -piety, and courage, which brought real aid and honour to their party. -But as Mr. Hutchinson chose not them, but the God they served, -and the truth and righteousness they defended, so did not their -weaknesses, censures, ingratitude, or discouraging behaviour, with -which he was abundantly exercised all his life, make him forsake them -in any thing wherein they adhered to just and honourable principles -or practices; but when they apostatized from these, none cast them -off with greater indignation, how shining soever the profession was -that gilt, not a temple of living grace, but a tomb, which only held -the carcase of religion. - - - - -A NATIONAL FAST (1642). - -=Source.=--_Acts and Ordinances of Interregnum._ Ed. by C. H. -Firth and R. S. Rait. London: Wyman and Son, 1911. Vol. i., p. 26. -September 2. - - -Whereas the distressed estate of Ireland, steeped in her own blood, -and the distracted estate of England, threatened with a cloud of -blood by the civil war, call for all possible means to appease and -avert the Wrath of God, appearing in these judgments; among which -Fasting and Prayer, having been often tried to be very effectual, -having been lately and are still enjoined; and whereas public sports -do not well agree with public calamities, nor public stage plays with -the seasons of humiliation, this being an exercise of sad and pious -solemnity, and the other being spectacles of pleasure, too commonly -expressing lascivious mirth and levity: it is therefore thought fit -and ordained, by the Lords and Commons in this parliament assembled, -that while these sad causes and set times of humiliation do continue, -public Stage Plays shall cease and be forborn, instead of which are -recommended to the people of this land, the profitable and seasonable -considerations of repentance, reconciliation and peace with God, -which probably may produce outward peace and prosperity, and bring -again times of joy and gladness to these nations. - - - - -THE GOOD YEOMAN (1642). - -=Source.=--_The Holy State_, by Thomas Fuller, 1642. P. 116. - - -Is a gentleman in ore whom the next age may see refined, and is the -wax capable of a gentle impression, when the prince shall stamp it. -Wise Solon (who accounted Tellus the Athenian the most happy man for -living privately on his own lands) would surely have pronounced the -English yeomanry a fortunate condition, living in the temperate zone -betwixt greatness and want, an estate of people almost peculiar to -England. France and Italy are like a die which hath no points betwixt -six and ace, Nobility and Peasantry. Their walls though high must -needs be hollow, wanting filling stones. Indeed Germany hath her -Boors like our Yeomen, but by a tyrannical appropriation of Nobility -to some few ancient families, their yeomen are excluded from ever -rising higher to clarify their bloods. In England the Temple of -Honour is bolted against none who have passed through the Temple of -Virtue, nor is a capacity to be gentle denied to our Yeoman, who thus -behaves himself. - -He wears Russet clothes but makes golden payment, having tin in his -buttons and silver in his pockets. If he chance to appear in clothes -above his rank, it is to grace some great man with his service, and -then he blusheth at his own bravery. Otherwise he is the surest -landmark where foreigners may take aim of the ancient English -customs; the Gentry more shooting after foreign fashions. - -In his house he is bountiful both to strangers and poor people. -Some hold when hospitality died in England, she gave her last groan -amongst the yeomen of Kent. And still at our yeoman's table you shall -have as many joints as dishes. No meat disguised with strange sauces, -no straggling joint of a sheep in the midst of a pasture of grass, -beset with salads on every side, but solid substantial food, no -servitors, (more nimble with their hands than the guests with their -teeth) take away meat before stomachs [appetites] are taken away. -Here you have that which in itself is good, made better by the store -of it and best by the welcome to it. - -He hath a great stroke in making a knight of the shire. Good reason, -for he makes a whole line in the subsidy book, where whatsoever he -is rated, he pays without any regret, not caring how much his purse -is let blood, so it be done by the advice of the physicians of the -State. He seldom goes far abroad, and his credit stretcheth farther -than his travel. He goes not to London, but _se defendo_ to save -himself of a fine being returned of a Jury, where seeing the King -once, he prays for him ever afterwards. - -In his own country he is a main man in Juries. Where if the judge -please to open his eyes in matter of Law, he needs not to be led -by the nose in matters of fact. He is very observant of the Judges -_item_, where it followeth the truth _in primis_; otherwise (though -not mutinous in a Jury) he cares not whom he displeaseth, so he -pleaseth his own conscience. He improveth his land to a double value -by his good husbandry. Some grounds that wept with water, or frowned -with thorns, by draining the one and clearing the other, he makes -both to laugh and sing with corn. By marl and limestones burnt he -bettereth his ground, and his industry worketh miracles by turning -stones into bread.... - -In time of famine he is the Joseph of the country, and keeps the -poor from starving. Then he tameth his stacks of corn, which not his -covetousness, but providence hath reserved for time of need, and -to his poor neighbours abateth somewhat of the high price of the -market. The neighbour gentry court him for his acquaintance, which he -either modestly waiveth, or thankfully accepteth, but no way greedily -desireth. He insults not the ruins of a decayed gentleman, but pities -and relieves him; and as he is called Goodman, he desires to answer -to the name and to be so indeed. - -In war, though he serveth on foot, he is ever mounted on a high -spirit; as being a slave to none and subject only to his own prince. -Innocence and independence make a brave spirit, whereas otherwise one -must ask his leave to be valiant, on whom he depends. Therefore if a -state run up all to noblemen and gentlemen, so that the husbandmen be -only mere labourers or cottagers (which one [Bacon] called but housed -beggars) it may have good cavalry, but never good bands of foot so -that their armies will be like those birds called Apodes, without -feet, always only flying on their wings of horse. Wherefore to make -good Infantry, it requireth men bred, not in a senile or indigent -fashion, but in some free and plentiful manner. Wisely therefore did -that knowing prince King Henry VII. provide laws for the increase -of his yeomanry, that his kingdom should not be like to coppice -woods, where the staddles being left too thick all runs to bushes and -briars, and there's little clean underwood. For, enacting that houses -used to husbandry should be kept up with a competent proportion of -land, he did secretly sow Hydra's teeth, whereby (according to the -poet's fiction) should rise up armed men for the service of this -kingdom. - - - - -EXPERIENCES OF A VOLUNTEER (1642).[1] - -=Source.=--_State Papers: Domestic_, 1641-1643. P. 398. - -_Nehemiah Wharton to George Willingham, Oct. 7, 1642._ - - -This day a company of knights, gentlemen, and yeomen of the county -of Hereford came to his Excellency [Essex], petitioners for strength -to be sent speedily to Hereford; and forthwith we were commanded to -draw out fifteen men out of every company in our regiments, in all -about 900, with three troops of horse and nine pieces of ordnance, -with which we marched, a forlorn hope, towards Hereford.... After -we had marched 10 miles, we came to Bromyard, the weather wet and -the way very foul. Here we got a little refreshment, and from hence -marched 10 miles further to Hereford. But [it was] very late before -we got thither; and by reason of the rain and snow, and extremity -of cold, one of our soldiers died by the way; and it is wonderful -we did not all perish, for the cowardly Cavaliers were within a few -miles of us. In this poor condition coming to Hereford, the gates -were shut against us, and for two hours we stood in dirt and water up -to the mid-leg, for the city were all Malignants, save three which -were Roundheads, and the Marquis of Hereford had sent them word the -day before that they should in no wise let us in, or if they did, we -would plunder their houses, murder their children, burn their bibles -and utterly ruinate all, and promised he would relieve them himself -with all speed, for which cause the citizens were resolved to oppose -us unto the death, and having in the City three pieces of ordnance, -charged them with stones, nails, etc., and placed them against us, -and we against them, resolving either to enter the city, or die -before it. But the Roundheads in the City, one of them an alderman -surnamed Lane, persuaded the silly Mayor, for so he is indeed, that -his Excellency and all his forces were at hand, whereupon he opened -unto us, and we entered the city at Byster's gate, but found the -doors shut, many of the people with their children fled, and had -enough to do to get a little quarter. But the poor Mayor, seeing he -was so handsomely cozened, was not a little angry, for Hereford with -all his forces, which fled from Sherborne, promised to visit them -the day following. This night though wet and weary we were fain to -guard the city.... Saturday our squadron watched at St. Owen's gate, -which day I took an opportunity to view the city, which is well -situate, and seated upon the river Wye, environed with a strong wall -better than any I have seen before, with five gates and a strong -stone bridge of six arches, surpassing Worcester. In this city is -the stateliest marketplace in the Kingdom, built with columns after -the manner of the Exchange: the Minster every way exceeding that at -Worcester; but the city in circuit not so large. The inhabitants are -totally ignorant in the ways of God and much addicted to drunkenness -and other vices, but principally to swearing, so that the children -that have scarce learned to speak do universally swear stoutly. Many -here speak Welsh. This day, our companies exercising in the fields -at Worcester, one of the Lord General's soldiers shot at random, and -with a brace of bullets shot one of his fellow-soldiers through the -head, who immediately died. Sabbath day about the time of morning -prayer, we went to the Minster, where the pipes played and the -puppets sang so sweetly that some of our soldiers could not forbear -dancing in the holy choir, whereat the Baalists were sore displeased. -The anthem ended, they fell to prayer, and prayed devoutly for -the King, the Bishops, etc.; and one of our soldiers with a loud -voice said, "What, never a bit for the Parliament?" which offended -them much more. Not satisfied with this human service, we went to -divine, and passing by found shops open and men at work, to whom we -gave some plain dehortations, and went to hear Mr. Sedgwick [the -Army Chaplain], who gave us two famous sermons, which much affected -the poor inhabitants, who wondering said they never heard the like -before. And I believe them. The Lord move your hearts to commiserate -their distresses and to send them some faithful and painful -ministers; for the revenue of the college will maintain many of them. -This even the Earl of Stamford, who is made governor of Hereford, -entered the city with a regiment of foot and some troops of horse, -and took up the Bishop's palace for his quarter and is resolved there -to abide: whereupon on Monday morning we marched towards Worcester, -and at the end of 10 miles came to Bromyard, where we quartered all -night. This day his Excellency proclaimed that all soldiers that -would set to digging should have twelve pence the day, and enter into -pay presently. Tuesday we marched to Worcester, and were received -with much joy, for the design was so desperate that our judicious -friends never looked to see us again.... - -FOOTNOTE: - -[1] Nehemiah Wharton, a Londoner who volunteered and joined the army -of Essex. He writes to his former employer, a city merchant, to whom -he had been apprenticed. - - - - -CROMWELL TO CRAWFORD (1643). - -=Source.=--Carlyle, _Cromwell's Letters and Speeches_, March 10, 1643. - - -SIR, - -The complaints you preferred to my Lord against your -Lieutenant-Colonel, both by Mr. Lee and your own Letters, have -occasioned his stay here:--my Lord being so employed, in regard of -many occasions which are upon him, that he hath not been at leisure -to hear him make his defence which, in pure justice, ought to be -granted him or any man before a judgment be passed upon him. - -During his abode here and absence from you, he hath acquainted me -what a grief it is to him to be absent from his charge, especially -now the regiment is called forth to action: and therefore, asking of -me my opinion, I advised him speedily to repair unto _you_. Surely -you are not well advised thus to turn off one so faithful to the -Cause, and so able to serve you as this man is. Give me leave to -tell you, I cannot be of your judgment; cannot understand, if a man -notorious for wickedness, for oaths, for drinking, hath as great -a share in your affection as one who fears an oath, who fears to -sin,--that this doth commend your election of men to serve as fit -instruments in this work!-- - -Ay, but the man "is an Anabaptist." Are you sure of that? Admit -he be, shall that render him incapable to serve the Public? "He -is indiscreet." It may be so, in some things: we have all human -infirmities. I tell you, if you had none but such "indiscreet men" -about you, and would be pleased to use them kindly, you would find as -good a fence to you as any you have yet chosen. - -Sir, the State, in choosing men to serve it, takes no notice of -their opinions; if they be willing faithfully to serve it,--that -satisfies. I advised you formerly to bear with men of different minds -from yourself: if you had done it when I advised you to it, I think -you would not have had so many stumbling blocks in your way. It may -be you judge otherwise; but I tell you my mind.--I desire you would -receive this man into your favour and good opinion. I believe, if -he follow my counsel, he will deserve no other but respect from you. -Take heed of being sharp, or too easily sharpened by others, against -those to whom you can object little but that they square not with -you in every opinion concerning matters of religion. If there be -any other offence to be charged upon him,--that must in a judicial -way receive determination. I know you will not think it fit my Lord -should discharge an Officer of the Field but in a regulate way. I -question whether you or I have any precedent for that. - -I have not further to trouble you:--but rest, - - Your humble servant, - OLIVER CROMWELL. - - - - -SIR WILLIAM WALLER TO SIR RALPH HOPTON (1643). - -=Source.=--_Clarendon State Papers._ Vol. ii., p. 155. - - -SIR, - -The experience I have had of your worth and the happiness I have -enjoyed in your friendship are wounding considerations to me when I -look upon this present distance between us. Certainly, my affections -to you are so unchangeable, that hostility itself cannot violate my -friendship to your person. But I must be true to the cause wherein I -serve. The old limitation _usque ad aras_, holds still; and where my -conscience is interested, all other obligations are swallowed up. I -should most gladly wait upon you, according to your desire, but that -I look upon you as engaged in that party beyond the possibility of -a retreat, and consequently uncapable of being wrought upon by any -persuasion. And I know the conference could never be so close between -us, but that it would take wind, and receive a construction to my -dishonour. That great God who is the searcher of my heart, knows with -what a sad sense I go on upon this service, and with what a perfect -hatred I detest this war without an enemy. But I look upon it as sent -from God; and that is enough to silence all passion in me. The God of -Heaven in his good time send us the blessing of peace, and in the -mean time fit us to receive it. We are both upon the stage, and must -act such parts as are assigned us in this tragedy. Let us do it in a -way of honour, and without personal animosities.... - - - - -THE WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY (1644). - -=Source.=--_Letters and Journals of R. Baillie._ Edinburgh: the -Bannatyne Club, 1823. Vol. ii., p. 117. - -_R. Baillie to (?) David Dickson in Scotland, despatched Jan. 1, -1644._ - - -REVEREND AND BELOVED BROTHER, - -... In the Grand Committee this afternoon we have finally agreed on -a draft of a letter for the churches abroad to inform them of our -condition, which shortly you will see in print. Also we have begun -one business, (very handsomely I trust,) of great consequence. In -the time of this anarchy the divisions of the people weekly do much -increase: the Independent party grows; but the Anabaptists more; -and the Antinomians most. The Independents being most able men, and -of great credit, fearing no less than banishment from their native -country if Presbyteries were erected, are watchful that no conclusion -be taken for their prejudice. It was my advice which Mr. Henderson -presently applauded, and gave me thanks for it, to eschew a public -rupture with the Independents, till we were more able for them. As -yet a Presbytery to this people is conceived to be a strange monster. -It was our good therefore to go on hand in hand, so far as we did -agree, against the common enemy: hoping that in our differences, -when we behooved to come to them, God would give us light; in the -meantime we would assay to agree upon the Directory of Worship, -wherein we expect no small help from these men, to abolish the Great -Idol of England, the Service-Book, and to erect in all the parts of -worship a full conformity to Scotland in all things worthy to be -spoken of.... This day was proposed by Mr. Solicitor, seconded by -Sir Harry Vane, my Lord Say and my Lord Wharton at our Committee and -assented to by all, that a sub-committee of five, without exclusion -of any of the committee, shall meet with us of Scotland for preparing -a Directory of Worship to be communicated to the Grand Committee -and by them to the Assembly. Also there is a paper drawn up by Mr. -Marshall, in the name of the chief men of the Assembly and the chief -of the Independents, to be communicated on Monday to the Assembly -and by their advice to be published, declaring the Assembly's mind -to settle, with all speed is possible, all the questions needful -about religion: to reform according to the word of God all abuses: -and to give to every congregation a person, as their due; whereupon -loving and pithy exhortations are framed to the people, in the name -of the men who are of the greatest credit, to wait patiently for the -Assembly's mind, and to give over that most unreasonable purpose of -their own reformations and gathering of congregations.... Further -ways are in hand, which if God bless, the Independents will either -come to us or have very few to follow them. As for the other sects, -wise men are in opinion that God's favour in this Assembly will make -them evanish. We had great need of your prayers. On Wednesday Mr. Pym -was carried from his house to Westminster on the shoulders, as the -fashion is, of the chief men of the Lower House, all the House going -in procession before him, and before them the Assembly of Divines. -Marshall had a most eloquent and pertinent funeral sermon, which we -would not hear, for funeral sermons we must have away, with the rest. -The Parliament has ordered to pay his debt, and to build him, in the -chapel of Henry VII., a most stately monument. - -... All our company, praise to God, are in good health and -cheerfulness. I must break off: for I must preach to-morrow, as also -my other colleagues. - - - - -MILTON ON LIBERTY (1644). - -=Source.=--Milton, _Prose Works_. Ed. Bohn. Vol. ii., p. 90. -_Areopagitica_, 1644. - - -Lords and commons of England, consider what nation it is whereof ye -are, and whereof ye are the governors: a nation not slow and dull, -but of a quick ingenious and piercing spirit; acute to invent, -subtile and sinewy to discourse not beneath the reach of any point -the highest that human capacity can soar to.... Now once again by -all concurrence of signs and by the general instinct of holy and -devout men, as they daily and solemnly express their thoughts, God -is decreeing to begin some new and great period in His church; even -to the reformation of reformation itself; what does He then but -reveal Himself to His servants, and as His manner is, first to His -Englishmen? I say, as His manner is, first to us, though we mark not -the method of His counsels, and are unworthy. Behold now this vast -city; a city of refuge, the mansion-house of liberty, encompassed and -surrounded with His protection: the shop of war hath not there more -anvils and hammers working, to fashion out the plates and instruments -of armed justice in defence of beleaguered truth, than there be pens -and heads there, sitting by their studious lamps, musing, searching, -revolving new notions and ideas wherewith to present, as with their -homage and their fealty, the approaching Reformation; others as fast -reading, trying all things, assenting to the force of reason and -convincement. What could a man require more from a nation so pliant -and so prone to seek after knowledge? What wants there to such a -toward and pregnant soil but wise and faithful labourers, to make a -knowing people a nation of prophets, of sages, and of worthies? We -reckon more than five months yet to harvest: there need not be five -weeks; had we but eyes to lift up, the fields are white already. -Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much -arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is -but knowledge in the making. Under these fantastic terrors of sect -and schism, we wrong the earnest and zealous thirst after knowledge -and understanding which God hath stirred up in this city. What some -lament, we rather should rejoice at, should rather praise this pious -forwardness among men, to reassure the ill-deputed care of their -religion into their own hands again. A little generous prudence, a -little forbearance of one another, and some grain of charity, might -win all these diligences to join and unite into one general and -brotherly search after truth; could we but forego this prelatical -tradition, of crowding free consciences and Christian liberties into -canons and precepts of men. I doubt not, if some great and worthy -stranger should come among us, wise to discern the mould and temper -of a people, and how to govern it, observing the high hopes and -aims, the diligent alacrity of our extended thoughts and reasonings -in the pursuance of truth and freedom, but that he would cry out -as Pyrrhus did, admiring the Roman docility and courage, "If such -were my Epirots, I would not despair the greatest design that could -be attempted to make a church or kingdom happy." Yet these are the -men cried out against for schismatics and sectaries, as if, while -the temple of the Lord was building, some cutting, some squaring -the marble, others hewing the cedars, there should be a sort of -irrational men, who could not consider there must be many schisms -and many dissections made in the quarry and in the timber, ere the -house of God can be built. And when every stone is laid artfully -together, it cannot be united into a continuity, it can but be -contiguous in this world; neither can every piece of building be of -one form; nay rather the perfection consists in this, that out of -many moderate varieties and brotherly dissimilitudes that are not -vastly disproportional, arises the goodly and the gracious symmetry -that commends the whole pile and structure.... Methinks I see in my -mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself like a strong man -after sleep and shaking her invincible locks; methinks I see her as -an eagle mewing her mighty youth, and kindling her undazzled eyes at -the full midday beam; purging and unscaling her long abused sight at -the fountain itself of heavenly radiance; while the whole noise of -timorous and flocking birds, with those also that love the twilight, -flutter about, amazed at what she means, and in their envious gabble -would prognosticate a year of sects and schisms. - -What should you do, then, should ye suppress all this flowery crop -of knowledge and new light sprung up and yet springing daily in this -city? Should ye set up an oligarchy of twenty engrossers over it, -to bring a famine upon our minds again, when we shall know nothing -but what is measured to us by their bushel? Believe it, lords and -commons! they who counsel you to such a suppressing do as good as bid -ye suppress yourselves; and I will soon show how. If it be desired to -know the immediate cause of all this free writing and free speaking, -there cannot be assigned a truer than your own mild and free and -humane government; it is the liberty, lords and commons, which your -own valorous and happy counsels have purchased us; liberty, which -is the nurse of all great arts: this it is which hath rarefied and -enlightened our spirits like the influence of Heaven; this is that -which hath enfranchised, enlarged, and lifted up our apprehensions -degrees above themselves. Ye cannot make us now less capable, less -knowing, less eagerly pursuing of the truth, unless ye first make -yourselves, that made us so, less the lovers, less the founders of -our true liberty. We cannot grow ignorant again, brutish, formal and -slavish, as ye found us: but you then must first become that which ye -cannot be, oppressive, arbitrary, and tyrannous; as they were from -whom ye have freed us. That our hearts are now more capacious, our -thoughts more erected to the search and expectation of greatest and -exactest things, is the issue of your own virtue propagated in us; ye -cannot suppress that unless ye reinforce an abrogated and merciless -law, that fathers may despatch at will their own children.... Give -me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to -conscience, above all liberties. - - - - -MONTROSE TO CHARLES I. (1645). - -=Source.=--_Memorials of Montrose._ Edinburgh: The Maitland Club, -1841. Vol. ii., p. 175. - - -MAY IT PLEASE YOUR SACRED MAJESTY:-- - -The last dispatch I sent your Majesty word by my worthy friend, and -your Majesty's brave servant, Sir William Rollock, from Kintore, near -Aberdeen, dated the 14th of September last; wherein I acquainted -your Majesty with the good success of your arms in this kingdom, and -of the battles the justice of your cause has won over your obdurate -rebel subjects. Since Sir William Rollock went I have traversed all -the north of Scotland up to Argyle's country; who durst not stay my -coming, or I should have given your Majesty a good account of him -ere now. But at last I have met with him, yesterday, to his cost; -of which your gracious Majesty be pleased to receive the following -particulars. - -After I had laid waste the whole country of Argyle, and brought -off provisions, for my army, of what could be found, I received -information that Argyle was got together with a considerable army, -made up chiefly of his own clan, and vassals and tenants, with others -of the rebels that joined him, and that he was at Inverlochy, where -he expected the Earl of Seaforth, and the sept of the Frasers, to -come up to him with all the forces they could get together. Upon this -intelligence I departed out of Argyleshire, and marched through Lorn, -Glencow, and Aber, till I came to Lochness, my design being to fall -upon Argyle before Seaforth and the Frasers could join him. My march -was through inaccessible mountains, where I could have no guides but -cow-herds, and they scarce acquainted with a place but six miles from -their own habitations. If I had been attacked but with one hundred -men in some of these passes, I must have certainly returned back, for -it would have been impossible to force my way, most of the passes -being so strait that three men could not march abreast. I was willing -to let the world see that Argyle was not the man his Highlandmen -believed him to be, and that it was possible to beat him in his -own Highlands. The difficultest march of all was over the Lochaber -mountains, which we at last surmounted, and came upon the back of the -enemy when they least expected us, having cut off some scouts we met -about four miles from Inverlochy. Our van came within view of them -about five o'clock in the afternoon, and we made a halt till our rear -was got up, which could not be done till eight at night. The rebels -took the alarm and stood to their arms, as well as we, all night, -which was moonlight, and very clear. There were some few skirmishes -between the rebels and us all the night, and with no loss on our side -but one man. By break of day I ordered my men to be ready to fall on -upon the first signal, and I understand since, by the prisoners, the -rebels did the same. A little after the sun was up, both armies met, -and the rebels fought for some time with great bravery, the prime of -the Campbells giving the first onset, as men that deserved to fight -in a better cause. Our men, having a nobler cause, did wonders, -and came immediately to push of pike, and dint of sword, after -their first firing. The rebels could not stand it, but, after some -resistance at first, began to run, whom we pursued for nine miles -together, making a great slaughter, which I would have hindered, if -possible, that I might save your Majesty's misled subjects, for well -I know your Majesty does not delight in their blood, but in their -returning to their duty. There were at least fifteen hundred killed -in the battle and the pursuit, among whom there are a great many of -the most considerable gentlemen of the name of Campbell, and some of -them nearly related to the Earl. I have saved and taken prisoners -several of them, that have acknowledged to me their fault and lay all -the blame on their Chief. Some gentlemen of the Lowlands, that had -behaved themselves bravely in the battle, when they saw all lost, -fled into the old castle, and, upon their surrender, I have treated -them honourably, and taken their parole never to bear arms against -your Majesty. - -We have of your Majesty's army about two hundred wounded, but I hope -few of them dangerously. I can hear but of four killed, and one whom -I cannot name to your Majesty but with grief of mind, Sir Thomas -Ogilvy, a son of the Earl of Airly's, of whom I writ to your Majesty -in my last. He is not yet dead, but they say he cannot possibly -live, and we give him over for dead. Your Majesty had never a truer -servant, nor there never was a braver, honester gentleman. For the -rest of the particulars of this action, I refer myself to the bearer, -Mr. Hay, whom your Majesty knows already, and therefore I need not -recommend him. - -Now, Sacred Sir, let me humbly intreat your Majesty's pardon if I -presume to write you my poor thoughts and opinion about what I heard -by a letter I received from my friends in the south, last week, as if -your Majesty was entering into a treaty with your rebel Parliament in -England. The success of your arms in Scotland does not more rejoice -my heart, as that news from England is like to break it. And whatever -come of me, I will speak my mind freely to your Majesty, for it is -not mine, but your Majesty's interest I seek. - -When I had the honour of waiting upon your Majesty last, I told you -at full length what I fully understood of the designs of your Rebel -subjects in both kingdoms, which I had occasion to know as much as -any one whatsoever; being at that time, as they thought, entirely -in their interest. Your Majesty may remember how much you said you -were convinced I was in the right in my opinion of them. I am sure -there is nothing fallen out since to make your Majesty change your -judgment in all those things I laid before your Majesty at that time. -The more your Majesty grants, the more will be asked; and I have too -much reason to know that they will not rest satisfied with less than -making your Majesty a King of straw. I hope the news I have received -about a treaty may be a mistake, and the rather that the letter -wherewith the Queen was pleased to honour me, dated the 30th of -December, mentions no such thing. Yet I know not what to make of the -intelligence I received, since it comes from Sir Robert Spottiswood, -who writes it with a great regret; and it is no wonder, considering -no man living is a more true subject to your Majesty than he. Forgive -me, Sacred Sovereign, to tell your Majesty that, in my poor opinion, -it is unworthy of a King to treat with Rebel subjects, while they -have the sword in their hands. And though God forbid I should stint -your Majesty's mercy, yet I must declare the horror I am in when I -think of a treaty, while your Majesty and they are in the field with -two armies, unless they disband, and submit themselves entirely to -your Majesty's goodness and pardon. - -As to the state of affairs in this Kingdom, the bearer will fully -inform your Majesty in every particular. And give me leave, with all -humility, to assure your Majesty that, through God's blessing, I -am in the fairest hopes of reducing this kingdom to your Majesty's -obedience. And, if the measures I have concerted with your other -loyal subjects fail me not, which they hardly can, I doubt not before -the end of this summer I shall be able to come to your Majesty's -assistance with a brave army, which, backed with the justice of your -Majesty's cause, will make the Rebels in England, as well as in -Scotland, feel the just rewards of Rebellion. Only give me leave, -after I have reduced this country to your Majesty's obedience, and -_conquered from Dan to Beersheba_, to say to your Majesty then, as -David's General did to his master, "_Come thou thyself, lest this -country be called by my name_." For in all my actions I aim only at -your Majesty's honour and interest, as becomes one that is to his -last breath, may it please your Sacred Majesty,-- - - Your Majesty's most humble, most faithful, and - most obedient Subject and Servant, - MONTROSE. - - INVERLOCHY IN LOCHABER, - _February 3rd, 1645_. - - - - -CHARLES AND HENRIETTA MARIA (1646). - -=Source.=--Camden Society's Publications. Vol. lix., p. 45. - - - NEWCASTLE, - _June 10th, 1646_. - -DEAR HEART, - -These two last weeks I heard not from thee, nor any about thee, which -hath made my present condition the more troublesome, but I expect -daily the contentment of hearing from thee. Indeed I have need of -some comfort, for I never knew what it was to be barbarously baited -before, and these five or six days last have much surpassed, in rude -pressures against my conscience, all the rest since I came to the -Scotch army; for, upon I know not what intelligence from London, -nothing must serve but my signing the covenant (the last was, my -commanding all my subjects to do it), declaring absolutely, and -without reserve, for Presbyterian government, and my receiving the -Directory in my family, with an absolute command for the rest of the -kingdom; and if I did not all this, then a present agreement must be -made with the parliament, without regard of me, for they said that -otherways they could not hope for peace or a just war. It is true -they gave me many other fair promises in case I did what they desired -(and yet for the militia they daily give ground); but I answered -them, that what they demanded was absolutely against my conscience, -which might be persuaded, but would not be forced by anything they -could speak or do. This was the sum of divers debates and papers -between us, of which I cannot now give thee an account. At last I -made them be content with another message to London, requiring an -answer to my former, with an offer to go thither upon honourable and -just conditions. Thus all I can do is but delaying of ill, which I -shall not be able to do long without assistance from thee. I cannot -but again remember thee, that there was never man so alone as I, and -therefore very much to be excused for the committing of any error, -because I have reason to suspect everything that these advised me, -and to distrust mine own single opinion, having no living soul to -help me. To conclude, all the comfort I have is in thy love and a -clear conscience. - -I know the first will not fail me, nor (by the grace of God) the -other. Only I desire thy particular help, that I should be as little -vexed as may be; for, if thou do not, I care not much for others. -I need say no more of this, nor will at this time, but that I am -eternally thine. - - CHARLES R. - - - - -CROMWELL AND LUDLOW (1646). - -=Source.=--_The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow._ Ed. C. H. Firth. Oxford, -1894. Vol. i., pp. 144, 145. - - -In the meantime I observed that another party was not idle: for, -walking one morning with Lieutenant-General Cromwell in Sir Robert -Cotton's garden, he inveighed bitterly against them, saying in a -familiar way to me, "If thy father were alive, he would let some -of them hear what they deserve," adding further "that it was a -miserable thing to serve a Parliament, to whom let a man be never -so faithful, if one pragmatical fellow amongst them rise up and -asperse him, he shall never wipe it off. Whereas," said he, "when one -serves under a general, he may do as much service, and yet be free -from all blame and envy." This text, together with the comment that -his after-actions put upon it, hath since persuaded me that he had -already conceived the design of destroying the civil authority, and -setting up of himself; and that he took that opportunity to feel my -pulse, whether I were a fit instrument to be employed by him to those -ends. But having replied to his discourse, that we ought to perform -the duty of our stations, and trust God with our honour, power, and -all that is dear to us, not permitting any such considerations to -discourage us from the prosecution of our duty, I never heard any -more from him upon that point. - - - - -AN ARMY DEBATE (1647). - -=Source.=--_Clarke Papers_, Camden Society's Publications. Vol. i., -p. 301. Putney, October 29, 1647. - -AT A MEETING OF THE OFFICERS FOR CALLING UPON GOD. - - -Part of the Debate on the Agreement of the People, First article, -"That the people of England being at this day very unequally -distributed by Counties, Cities and Boroughs for the election -of their Deputies in Parliament, ought to be more indifferently -proportioned according to the number of the inhabitants." - -_Col. Rainborough._ Really I think that the poorest he that is in -England hath a life to live as the greatest he; and therefore truly, -Sir, I think it's clear that every man that is to live under a -Government ought first by his own consent to put himself under that -Government.... - -_Commissary Ireton._ Give me leave to tell you, that if you make -this the rule I think you must fly for refuge to an absolute natural -Right, and you must deny all Civil Right.... For my part I think -it is no right at all. I think that no person hath a right to an -interest or share in the disposing or determining of the affairs of -the Kingdom, and in choosing those that shall determine what laws we -shall be ruled by here, no person hath a right to this that hath not -a permanent fixed interest in this Kingdom.... We talk of birthright. -Truly by birthright there is thus much claim. Men may justly have by -birthright, by their very being born in England, that we shall not -seclude them out of England, that we shall not refuse to give them -air and place and ground and the freedom of the highways and other -things, to live amongst us.... That I think is due to a man by birth. -But that by a man's being born here he shall have a share in that -power that shall dispose of the lands here, and of all things here, -I do not think it a sufficient ground. I am sure if we look upon ... -that which is most radical and fundamental and which if you take -away there is no man hath any land, any goods, any civil interest, -that is this; that those that choose the representors for the making -of laws by which this state and kingdom are to be governed, are the -persons who taken together do comprehend the local interest of this -kingdom: that is, the persons in whom all land lies, and those in -Corporations in whom all trading lies.... - -_Rainborough._ Truly, Sir, I am of the same opinion I was; and am -resolved to keep it till I know reason why I should not. I do think -the main cause why Almighty God gave men reason, it was, that they -should make use of that reason. Half a loaf is better than none if a -man be an hungry, yet I think there is nothing that God hath given a -man that any else can take from him. I do not find anything in the -law of God, that a Lord shall choose 20 burgesses and a gentleman -but two, and a poor man shall choose none. But I do find that all -Englishmen must be subject to English laws, and I do verily believe -that there is no man but will say that the foundation of all law lies -in the people.... - -_Ireton._ I wish we may all consider of what right you will -challenge, that all people should have right to elections. Is it by -the right of nature? By that same right of nature by which you can -say one man hath an equal right with another to the choosing of him -that shall govern him--by the same right of nature, he hath an equal -right in any goods he sees; meat, drink, clothes, to take and use -them for his sustenance. He hath a freedom to the land, to exercise -it, till it; he hath the same freedom to anything that anyone doth -account himself to have any property in.... Since you cannot plead it -by anything but the law of nature, I would fain have any man show me -their bounds, where you will end, and why you should not take away -all property? - -_Rainborough._ I wish we were all true hearted, and that we did all -carry ourselves with integrity. For my part, I think you do not -only yourselves believe that we are inclining to anarchy, but you -would make all men believe that. That there is property the Law of -God says, else why hath God made that law, "Thou shalt not steal"? -If I have no interest in the Kingdom I must suffer by all their -laws, be they right or wrong. I am a poor man, therefore I must be -oppressed.... - -_Cromwell._ I know nothing but this, that they that are the most -yielding have the greatest reason; but really, Sir, this is not right -as it should be. No man says you have a mind to anarchy, but the -consequence of this rule tends to anarchy, must end in anarchy, for -where is there any bound or limit set, if you take away this limit, -that men that have no interest but the interest of breathing, shall -have no voice in elections? Therefore I am confident on it that we -should not be so hot one with another.... - -_Rainborough._ I deny that there is property, to a Lord, to a -Gentleman, to any man more than another in the Kingdom of England. -I would fain know what we have fought for. This is the old law of -England, and that which enslaves the people of England, that they -should be bound by laws in which they have no voice at all.... - -_Mr. Sexby._ We have engaged in this Kingdom and ventured our lives, -and it was all for this: to recover our birthrights and privileges as -Englishmen, and by the arguments used there is none. There are many -thousands of us soldiers that have ventured our lives: we have had -little property in the Kingdom as to our estates; yet we have had a -birthright. It seems now, unless a man hath a fixed estate in this -Kingdom, he hath no right in this kingdom. I wonder we were so much -deceived. I shall tell you in a word my resolution. I am resolved to -give my birthright to none. I do think the poor and meaner of this -kingdom have been the means of the preservation of this kingdom.... - -_Ireton._ For my part, rather than I will make a disturbance to a -good Constitution of a kingdom wherein I may live in godliness and -honesty and peace and quietness, I will part with a great deal of -my birthright. I will part with my own property rather than I will -be the man that shall make a disturbance in the Kingdom for my -property.... - -_Rainborough._ But I would fain know what the poor soldier hath -fought for all this while? He hath fought to enslave himself, to -give power to men of riches, men of estates, to make him a perpetual -slave. We do find in all presses that go forth none must be pressed -that are freehold men. When these Gentlemen fall out among themselves -they shall press the poor scrubs to come and kill them. - -_Cromwell._ I confess I am most dissatisfied with that I heard Mr. -Sexby speak of any man here, because it did savour so much of will. -But I desire that all of us may decline that, and if we meet here -really to agree to that which is for the safety of the Kingdom, let -us not spend so much time in such debates as these are. If we think -to bring it to an issue this way I know our debates are endless, -and I think if you do desire to bring this to a result it were well -if we may but resolve upon a Committee. I say it again, if I cannot -be satisfied to go so far as these Gentlemen ... I shall freely -and willingly withdraw myself, and I hope to do it in such manner -that the Army shall see that I shall by my withdrawing satisfy the -interest of the Army, the public interest of the Kingdom, and those -ends these men aim at. - - - - -THE AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE (1647). - -=Source.=--British Museum Pamphlets. E. 412.21. - -AN AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE FOR A FIRM AND PRESENT PEACE UPON GROUNDS -OF COMMON RIGHT. - - -Having by our late labours and hazards made it appear to the world -at how high a rate we value our just freedom, and God having so far -owned our cause as to deliver the enemies thereof into our hands, we -do now hold ourselves bound in mutual duty to each other to take the -best care we can for the future to avoid both the danger of returning -into a slavish condition and the chargeable remedy of another war; -for, it cannot be imagined that so many of our countrymen would have -opposed us in this quarrel if they had understood their own good, so -may we safely promise to ourselves that, when our common rights and -liberties shall be cleared, their endeavours will be disappointed -that seek to make themselves our masters. - -Since, therefore, our former oppressions and scarce-yet-ended -troubles have been occasioned, either by want of frequent national -meetings in Council, or by rendering those meetings ineffectual, -we are fully agreed and resolved to provide that hereafter our -representatives be neither left to an uncertainty for the time nor -made useless to the ends for which they are intended. - -In order whereunto we declare:-- - - -I. - -That the people of England, being at this day very unequally -distributed by Counties, Cities, and Boroughs, ought to be -more indifferently proportioned according to the number of the -inhabitants; the circumstances whereof for number, place, and manner -are to be set down before the end of this present Parliament. - - -II. - -That, to prevent the many inconveniences apparently arising from -the long continuance of the same persons in authority, this present -Parliament be dissolved upon the last day of September which shall be -in the year of our Lord, 1648. - - -III. - -That the people do, of course, choose themselves a Parliament once -in two years, viz. upon the first Thursday in every 2d March, after -the manner as shall be prescribed before this present Parliament -end, to begin to sit upon the first Thursday in April following, at -Westminster or such other place as shall be appointed from time to -time by the preceding Representatives, and to continue till the last -day of September then next ensuing, and no longer. - - -IV. - -That the power of this, and all future Representatives of this -Nation, is inferior only to theirs who choose them, and doth extend, -without the consent or concurrence of any other person or persons, -to the enacting, altering, and repealing of laws, to the erecting -and abolishing of offices and courts, to the appointing, removing, -and calling to account magistrates and officers of all degrees, to -the making war and peace, to the treating with foreign States, and, -generally, to whatsoever is not expressly or impliedly reserved by -the represented to themselves. - -Which are as followeth. - -1. That matters of religion and the ways of God's worship are not at -all entrusted by us to any human power, because therein we cannot -remit or exceed a tittle of what our consciences dictate to be the -mind of God without wilful sin: nevertheless the public way of -instructing the nation (so it be not compulsive) is referred to their -discretion. - -2. That the matter of impresting and constraining any of us to serve -in the wars is against our freedom; and therefore we do not allow -it in our Representatives; the rather, because money (the sinews of -war), being always at their disposal, they can never want numbers of -men apt enough to engage in any just cause. - -3. That after the dissolution of this present Parliament, no person -be at any time questioned for anything said or done in reference -to the late public differences, otherwise than in execution of the -judgments of the present Representatives or House of Commons. - -4. That in all laws made or to be made every person may be bound -alike, and that no tenure, estate, charter, degree, birth, or place -do confer any exemption from the ordinary course of legal proceedings -whereunto others are subjected. - -5. That as the laws ought to be equal, so they must be good, and not -evidently destructive to the safety and well-being of the people. - -These things we declare to be our native rights, and therefore are -agreed and resolved to maintain them with our utmost possibilities -against all opposition whatsoever; being compelled thereunto not -only by the examples of our ancestors, whose blood was often spent in -vain for the recovery of their freedoms, suffering themselves through -fraudulent accommodations to be still deluded of the fruit of their -victories, but also by our own woeful experience, who, having long -expected and dearly earned the establishment of these certain rules -of government, are yet made to depend for the settlement of our peace -and freedom upon him that intended our bondage and brought a cruel -war upon us. - - - - -THE SENTENCE ON THE KING (1648-49). - -(EXCERPT.) - -=Source.=--Rushworth. Vol. vi., p. 1419. - - -Now, therefore, upon serious and mature deliberation of the premises, -and consideration had of the notoriety of the matters of fact charged -upon him as aforesaid, this Court is in judgment and conscience -satisfied that he, the said Charles Stuart, is guilty of levying -war against the said Parliament and people, and maintaining and -continuing the same; for which in the said charge he stands accused, -and by the general course of his government, counsels, and practices, -before and since this Parliament began (which have been and are -notorious and public, and the effects whereof remain abundantly -upon record) this Court is fully satisfied in their judgments and -consciences, that he has been and is guilty of the wicked design -and endeavours in the said charge set forth; and that the said war -hath been levied, maintained, and continued by him as aforesaid, in -prosecution, and for accomplishment of the said designs; and that -he hath been and is the occasioner, author and continuer of the -said unnatural, cruel, and bloody wars, and therein guilty of high -treason, and of the murders, rapines, burnings, spoils, desolations, -damage, and mischief to this nation acted and committed in the said -war, and occasioned thereby. For all which treasons and crimes this -Court doth adjudge that he, the said Charles Stuart, as a tyrant, -traitor, murderer, and public enemy to the good people of this -nation, shall be put to death by the severing of his head from his -body. - - - - -CHARLES I.'S CHARACTER (1649). - -=Source.=--Clarendon, _History of the Rebellion._ Book XI., §§ -239-243. - - -To speak first of his private qualifications as a man, before the -mention of his princely and royal virtues: he was, if ever any, -the most worthy of the title of an honest man; so great a love of -justice, that no temptation could dispose him to a wrongful action, -except it was so disguised to him that he believed it to be just. -He had a tenderness and compassion of nature, which restrained him -from ever doing a hard-hearted thing; and therefore he was so apt to -grant pardons to malefactors, that the judges of the land represented -the damage and insecurity to the public, that flowed from such his -indulgence. And then he restrained himself from pardoning either -murders or highway robberies, and quickly discerned the fruits of his -severity by a wonderful reformation of those enormities. He was very -punctual and regular in his devotions; he was never known to enter -upon his recreations or sports, though never so early in the morning, -before he had been at public prayers, so that on hunting days his -chaplains were bound to a very early attendance. He was likewise -very strict in observing the hours of his private cabinet devotions, -and was so severe an exactor of gravity and reverence in all mention -of religion, that he could never endure any light or profane word -in religion, with what sharpness of wit soever it was covered; and -though he was well pleased and delighted with reading verses made -upon any occasion, no man durst bring before him anything that was -profane or unclean. That kind of wit had never any countenance then. -He was so great an example of conjugal affection, that they that did -not imitate him in that particular did not brag of their liberty: and -he did not only permit, but direct his bishops to prosecute those -scandalous vices, in the ecclesiastical courts, against persons of -eminence and near relation to his service. - -His kingly virtues had some mixture and alloy, that hindered them -from shining in full lustre, and from producing those fruits they -should have been attended with. He was not in his nature very -bountiful, though he gave very much. This appeared more after the -Duke of Buckingham's death, after which those showers fell very -rarely: and he paused too long in giving, which made those to whom -he gave less sensible of the benefit. He kept State to the full, -which made his Court very orderly; no man presuming to be seen in a -place where he had no pretence to be. He saw and observed men long -before he received any about his person; and did not love strangers, -nor very confident men. He was a patient hearer of causes, which he -frequently accustomed himself to at the council board, and judged -very well, and was dextrous in the mediating part: so that he often -put an end to causes by persuasion, which the stubbornness of men's -humours made dilatory in courts of justice. - -He was very fearless in his person, but not very enterprising. He -had an excellent understanding, but was not confident enough of it; -which made him oftentimes change his opinion for a worse, and follow -the advice of men that did not judge so well as himself. This made -him more irresolute than the conjuncture of his affairs would admit: -if he had been of a rougher and more imperious nature he would have -found more respect and duty. And his not applying some severe cures -to approaching evils proceeded from the lenity of his nature, and -the tenderness of his conscience, which, in all cases of blood, made -him choose the softer way, and not hearken to severe counsels how -reasonably soever urged. This only restrained him from pursuing his -advantage in the first Scots expedition, when, humanly speaking, he -might have reduced that nation to the most slavish obedience that -could have been wished. But no man can say he had then many who -advised him to it, but the contrary, by a wonderful indisposition -all his council had to fighting, or any other fatigue. He was always -an immoderate lover of the Scottish nation, having not only been -born there, but educated by that people and besieged by them always, -having few English about him till he was king; and the major number -of his servants being still of that nation, who he thought could -never fail him. And among these, no man had such an ascendant over -him, as Duke Hamilton had. - -As he excelled in all other virtues, so in temperance he was so -strict, that he abhorred all debauchery to that degree, that, at a -great festival solemnity, where he once was, when very many of the -nobility of the English and Scots were entertained, being told by one -who withdrew from thence, what vast draughts of wine they drank, and -"that there was one earl who had drunk most of the rest down, and was -not himself moved or altered," the King said, "that he deserved to -be hanged," and that earl coming shortly after into the room where -his majesty was, in some gaiety, to show how unhurt he was from that -battle, the king sent one to bid him withdraw from his Majesty's -presence; nor did he in some days after appear before him. - -So many miraculous circumstances contributed to his ruin that men -might well think that heaven and earth and the stars designed it. -Though he was, from the first declension of his power, so much -betrayed by his own servants, that there were very few who remained -faithful to him, yet that treachery preceded not from any treasonable -purpose to do him any harm, but from particular animosities against -other men. And afterwards the terror all men were under of the -Parliament, and the guilt they were conscious of themselves, made -them watch all opportunities to make themselves gracious to those who -could do them good; and so they became spies upon their master, and -from one piece of knavery were hardened and confirmed to undertake -another; till at last they had no hope of preservation but by the -destruction of their master. And after all this, when a man might -reasonably believe that less than a universal defection of three -nations could not have reduced a great king to so ugly a fate, it -is most certain that, in that very hour when he was thus wickedly -murdered in the sight of the sun, he had as great a share in the -hearts and affections of his subjects in general, was as much -beloved, esteemed, and longed for by the people in general of the -three nations, as any of his predecessors had ever been. To conclude, -he was the worthiest gentleman, the best friend, the best husband, -the best father, and the best Christian, that the age in which he -lived had produced. And if he were not the best king, if he were -without some parts and qualities which have made some kings great and -happy, no other prince was ever so unhappy who was possessed of half -his virtues and endowments, and so much without any kind of vice. - - - - -THE DIGGERS (1649). - -=Source.=--Whitelocke, _Memorials_. P. 396, folio edition, 1732. - - -_April._--The Council of State had intelligence of new Levellers -at St. _Margaret's_ Hill, near _Cobham_ in _Surrey_, and at St. -_George's_ Hill, and that they digged the Ground, and sowed it with -Roots and Beans; one _Everard_, once of the Army, and who terms -himself a Prophet, is the chief of them; and they were about thirty -Men, and said that they should be shortly four thousand. - -They invited all to come in and help them, and promised them Meat, -Drink, and Clothes; they threaten to pull down Park Pales, and to lay -all open, and threaten the Neighbours that they will shortly make -them all come up to the Hills and work. - -The General sent two Troops of Horse to have account of them. - - * * * * * - -[A few days later (p. 397).] - -Everard and Winstanley, the chief of those that digged at St. -George's Hill in Surrey, came to the General and made a large -Declaration to justify their Proceedings. - -Everard said, he was of the Race of the Jews, that all the Liberties -of the People were lost by the coming in of William the Conqueror, -and that ever since, the People of God had lived under Tyranny and -Oppression worse than that of our Forefathers under the Egyptians. - -But now the time of the Deliverance was at hand, and God would bring -his People out of this Slavery, and restore them to their Freedom in -enjoying the Fruits and Benefits of the Earth. - -And that there had lately appeared to him a Vision, which bad him -arise and dig and plow the Earth, and receive the Fruits thereof, -that their Intent is to restore the Creation to its former condition. - -That as God had promised to make the barren Land fruitful, so now -what they did, was to renew the ancient Community of enjoying the -Fruits of the Earth, and to distribute the Benefit thereof to the -poor and needy, and to feed the hungry and clothe the naked. - -That they intend not to meddle with any Man's Property, nor to break -down any Pales or Inclosures; but only to meddle with what was common -and untilled, and to make it fruitful for the use of Man; that the -time will suddenly be, that all Men shall willingly come in, and give -up their Lands and Estates, and submit to this Community. - -And for those that will come in and work, they should have Meat, -Drink, and Clothes, which is all that is necessary to the Life of -Man, and that for Money there was not any need of it, nor of Clothes -more than to cover Nakedness. - -That they will not defend themselves by Arms, but will submit unto -Authority, and wait till the promised Opportunity be offered, which -they conceive to be at hand. And that as their Forefathers lived in -Tents, so it would be suitable to their Condition now to live in the -same, with more to the like Effect. - -While they were before the General they stood with their Hats on, -and being demanded the Reason thereof, they said, because he was -but their fellow Creature; being asked the meaning of that Place, -Give honour to whom honour is due, they said, their Mouths should be -stopped that gave them that Offence. - -I have set down this the more largely, because it was the beginning -of the Appearance of this Opinion; and that we might the better -understand and avoid these weak Persuasions. - - - - -THE STORMING OF DROGHEDA (OR TREDAH) (1649). - -=Source.=--Carlyle, _Letter IV.: To the Speaker_, September 17, 1649. - - -... Upon Tuesday the 10th of this instant, about five o'clock in the -evening, we began the storm; and after some hot dispute we entered, -about seven or eight hundred men; the enemy disputing it very stiffly -with us. And indeed, through the advantages of the place, and the -courage God was pleased to give the defenders, our men were forced -to retreat quite out of the breach, not without some considerable -loss; Colonel Castle being there shot in the head, whereof he -presently died; and divers other officers and men doing their duty -killed and wounded. There was a "Tenalia"[2] to flank the south -wall of the Town, between Duleek Gate and the corner Tower before -mentioned;--which our men entered, wherein they found some forty or -fifty of the Enemy, which they put to the sword. And this they held: -but it being without the Wall, and the sally-port through the Wall -into that Tenalia being choked up with some of the Enemy which were -killed in it, it proved of no use for an entrance into the Town that -way. - -Although our men that stormed the breaches were forced to recoil, as -is before expressed; yet, being encouraged to recover their loss, -they made a second attempt: wherein God was pleased so to animate -them that they got ground of the Enemy, and by the goodness of God, -forced him to quit his entrenchments. And after a very hot dispute, -the Enemy having both horse and foot, and we only foot, within the -Wall,--they gave ground, and our men became masters both of their -entrenchments and of the Church; which indeed, although they made -our entrance the more difficult, yet they proved of excellent use to -us; so that the Enemy could not now annoy us with their horse, but -thereby we had advantage to make good the ground, that so we might -let in our own horse; which accordingly was done, though with much -difficulty. - -Divers of the Enemy retreated into the Mill-Mount: a place very -strong and of difficult access; being exceedingly high, having a good -graft, and strongly palisadoed. The Governor, Sir Arthur Ashton, and -divers considerable Officers being there, our men getting up to them, -were ordered by me to put them all to the sword. And indeed, being in -the heat of action, I forbade them to spare any that were in arms in -the Town: and, I think, that night they put to the sword about 2,000 -men;--divers of the officers and soldiers being fled over the Bridge -into the other part of the Town, where about 100 of them possessed -St. Peter's Church-steeple, some the west Gate, and others a strong -Round Tower next the Gate called St. Sunday's. These being summoned -to yield to mercy, refused. Whereupon I ordered the steeple of St. -Peter's Church to be fired, when one of them was heard to say in the -midst of the flames: "God damn me, God confound me; I burn, I burn." - -The next day, the other two Towers were summoned; in one of which -was about six or seven score; but they refused to yield themselves: -and we knowing that hunger must compel them, set only good guards -to secure them from running away until their stomachs were come -down. From one of the said Towers, notwithstanding their condition, -they killed and wounded some of our men. When they submitted, their -officers were knocked on the head; and every tenth man of the -soldiers killed; and the rest shipped for the Barbadoes. The soldiers -in the other Tower were all spared, as to their lives only; and -shipped likewise for the Barbadoes. - -I am persuaded that this is a righteous judgment of God upon these -barbarous wretches, who have imbrued their hands in so much innocent -blood; and that it will tend to prevent the effusion of blood for -the future. Which are the satisfactory grounds to such actions, -which otherwise cannot but work remorse and regret. The officers and -soldiers of this Garrison were the flower of their army. And their -great expectation was, that our attempting this place would put fair -to ruin us; they being confident of the resolution of their men, and -the advantage of the place. If we had divided our force into two -quarters to have besieged the North Town and the South Town, we could -not have had such a correspondency between the two parts of our Army, -but that they might have chosen to have brought their Army, and have -fought with which part of ours they pleased,--and at the same time -have made a sally with 2,000 men upon us, and have left their walls -manned; they having in the Town the number hereafter specified, but -some say near 4,000.... - -And now give me leave to say how it comes to pass that this work -is wrought. It was set upon some of our hearts, that a great thing -should be done, not by power or might, but by the Spirit of God. -And is it not so, clearly? That which caused your men to storm so -courageously, it was the Spirit of God, who gave your men courage, -and took it away again; and gave the Enemy courage, and took it away -again; and gave your men courage again, and therewith this happy -success. And therefore it is good that God alone have all the glory. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[2] "Tenalia," a kind of advanced defensive work, which takes its -name from its resemblance, real or imaginary, to the lips of a pair -of pincers (Carlyle). - - - - -THE NAVIGATION ACT (1651). - -(EXCERPT.) - -=Source.=--_Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum._ Vol. ii., p. 559. - - -For the Increase of the Shipping and the Encouragement of the -Navigation of this Nation, which under the good Providence and -Protection of God, is so great a means of the Welfare and Safety of -this Commonwealth; Be it Enacted by this present Parliament, and the -Authority thereof, That from and after the First day of December, -One thousand six hundred fifty and one, and from thence forwards, -no Goods or Commodities whatsoever, of the Growth, Production or -Manufacture of Asia, Africa or America, or of any part thereof; or of -any Islands belonging to them, or any of them, or which are described -or laid down in the usual Maps or Cards of those places, as well of -the English Plantations as others, shall be Imported or brought into -this Commonwealth of England, or into Ireland, or any other Lands, -Islands, Plantations or Territories to this Commonwealth belonging, -or in their Possession, in any other Ship or Ships, Vessel or Vessels -whatsoever, but onely in such as do truly and without fraud belong -onely to the People of this Commonwealth, or the Plantations thereof, -as the Proprietors or right Owners thereof; and whereof the Master -and Mariners are also for the most part of them, of the People of -this Commonwealth, under the penalty of the forfeiture and loss of -all the Goods that shall be Imported contrary to this Act; as also -of the Ship (with all her Tackle, Guns and Apparel) in which the -said Goods or Commodities shall be so brought in and Imported; the -one moyety to the use of the Commonwealth, and the other moyety to -the use and behoof of any person or persons who shall seize the said -Goods or Commodities, and shall prosecute the same in any Court of -Record within this Commonwealth. - -And it is further Enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That no Goods -or Commodities of the Growth, Production or Manufacture of Europe, -or of any part thereof, shall after the First day of December, One -thousand six hundred fifty and one, be imported or brought into -this Commonwealth of England, or into Ireland, or any other Lands, -Islands, Plantations or Territories to this Commonwealth belonging, -or in their possession, in any Ship or Ships, Vessel or Vessels -whatsoever, but in such as do truly and without fraud belong onely to -the people of this Commonwealth, as the true Owners and Proprietors -thereof, and in no other, except onely such Forein Ships and Vessels -as do truly and properly belong to the people of that Countrey -or Place, of which the said Goods are the Growth, Production or -Manufactures; or to such Ports where the said Goods can onely be, or -most usually are first shipped for Transportation; And that under the -same penalty of forfeiture and loss expressed in the former Branch -of this Act, the said Forfeitures to be recovered and employed as is -therein expressed. - -And it is further Enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That no Goods -or Commodities that are of Forein Growth, Production or Manufacture, -and which are to be brought into this Commonwealth, in Shipping -belonging to the People thereof, shall be by them Shipped or brought -from any other place or places, Countrey or Countreys, but onely -from those of their said Growth, Production or Manufacture; or from -those Ports where the said Goods and Commodities can onely, or are, -or usually have been first shipped for Transportation; and from none -other Places or Countreys, under the same penalty of forfeiture and -loss expressed in the first Branch of this Act, the said Forfeitures -to be recovered and employed as is therein expressed. - - - - -HOBBES ON LIBERTY (1651). - -=Source.=--Hobbes, _Leviathan_, 1651. P. 108. - - -But as men, for the attaining of peace, and conservation of -themselves thereby, have made an Artificial Man, which we call a -Common-wealth; so also have they made Artificial Chains, called civil -laws, which they themselves, by mutual covenants, have fastened at -one end, to the lips of that man, or assembly, to whom they have -given the sovereign power; and at the other end to their own ears. -These Bonds, in their own nature but weak, may neverthelesse be made -to hold, by the danger, though not by the difficulty, of breaking -them. - -In relation to these Bonds only it is, that I am to speak now, of the -_Liberty_ of _Subjects_. For seeing there is no Common-wealth in the -world, wherein there be rules enough set down, for the regulating of -all the actions, and words of men, (as being a thing impossible:) -it followeth necessarily, that in all kinds of actions, by the laws -prætermitted, men have the Liberty of doing what their own reasons -shall suggest, for the most profitable to themselves. For if we take -Liberty in the proper sense, for corporal Liberty; that is to say, -freedom from chains and prison, it were very absurd for men to clamor -as they do, for the Liberty they so manifestly enjoy. Again, if we -take Liberty for an exemption from Laws, it is no less absurd for men -to demand, as they do, that Liberty, by which all other men may be -masters of their lives. And yet as absurd as it is, this is it they -demand; not knowing that the laws are of no power to protect them, -without a sword in the hands of a man, or men, to cause those laws to -be put in execution. The Liberty of a Subject lieth therefore only in -those things which, in regulating their actions, the Sovereign hath -prætermitted: such as is the Liberty to buy, and sell, and otherwise -contract with one another; to choose their own abode, their own -diet, their own trade of life, and institute their children as they -themselves think fit; and the like. - -Neverthelesse we are not to understand, that by such Liberty, the -Sovereign Power of life and death is either abolished or limited. For -it has been already shewn, that nothing the Sovereign Representative -can do to a Subject, on what pretence soever, can properly be called -Injustice, or Injury; because every subject is author of every act -the Sovereign doth; so that he never wanteth Right to any thing, -otherwise than as he himself is the Subject of God, and bound thereby -to observe the laws of Nature. And therefore it may, and doth often -happen in Common-wealths, that a Subject may be put to death by the -command of the Sovereign Power; and yet neither do the other wrong: -As when Jeptha caused his daughter to be sacrificed: In which, and -the like cases, he that so dieth had Liberty to do the action, for -which he is neverthelesse without injury put to death. And the same -holdeth also in a Sovereign Prince, that putteth to death an innocent -subject. For though the action be against the law of Nature, as -being contrary to Equity, (as was the killing of Uriah by David;) yet -it was not an injury to Uriah; but to God. Not to Uriah, because the -right to do what he pleased was given him by Uriah himself. And yet -to God, because David was God's Subject; and prohibited all iniquity -by the law of Nature. Which distinction David himself, when he -repented the fact, evidently confirmed, saying, _To Thee only have I -sinned_. - - - - -A BATTLE WITH THE DUTCH (1652). - -=Source.=--_An Exact and Perfect Relation of the Terrible and Bloody -Fight between the English and the Dutch Fleets in the Downs on -Wednesday, May 19, 1652._ Brit. Mus., E. 665. - -_To Mr. Richard Bostock of London, Merchant._ - - -WORTHY SIR, - -My service to you, wishing all happiness. On the 18th of May inst. -the Hollanders' fleet, consisting of 42 sail of stout ships, all -men of war, came by the Eastward, and lay by the lee of the South -Foreland, and from thence sent two of their fleet into the Downs -to Major Bourn, who was then Admiral (General Blake being absent). -The Captains of those ships, coming aboard, desired leave of him to -anchor their ships in the Downs. The Admiral asked them why they came -into our seas with their flags up, so near our Navy. They answered -they had orders not to strike their flags to any they should meet -with; whereupon the Major answered them, that within two days' time -they should know whether there was room enough for them to anchor in -or not. Yet notwithstanding this the Hollanders anchored in Dover -road, and rode there till the 19th. About two of the clock in the -afternoon, Major Bourne came out of the Downs into Dover road with -10 sail, and Col. Blake from the rest with 13 sail more: the Dutch -Fleet, seeing this, weighed anchor, and stood up to the coast of -France with their flags up, near upon two hours, and then bore up to -Gen. Blake, each ship having a man at the topmast head, as if they -intended to have struck their flags. - -When they came within shot of our Admiral, he made one shot at them -for to strike, but they refused, still coming towards him, whereupon -he made two shot more at them, and then the Hollanders gave him one -shot, still making nearer to him; and coming up to him, saluted our -Admiral with a whole volley of small shot and a broadside of gunshot, -and Col. Blake returned him the like, and bearing up after him, they -two charged three or four broadsides at each other. Thirteen of the -Hollanders gave our Admiral each of them a broadside, before any of -our ships came up to second him; then the _General of Folkestone_ -came up between the Hollanders and our Admiral, and gave them a -breathing time, and in an hour's time the ship called the _Triumph_ -came up to them and fell up into the whole fleet. - -About six of the clock at night the Dutch Admiral bore away, and -Gen. Blake after him; but Van Tromp went better than our Admiral, -insomuch that he could not come up with them, but followed them -within shot till nine of the clock, in which time the Hollanders had -so shattered our General's sails and rigging, that they had neither -sheets, tacks, nor brace, and his foresail was all torn in pieces; by -means whereof Van Tromp sailed away and all his fleet after him; only -one of our Frigates boarded one of them who had 150 in her; whereof -50 were slain and the rest wounded and taken: we also shot another -Dutch ship's mainmast overboard and took her, she having 37 guns in -her, but finding six foot of water in her hold, we only took out the -Captain and two more, and left her not able to swim, but sank shortly -afterwards.... - -Our ships are all now (God be praised) safe in the Downs, and have -brought in two Hollanders, one of them thought to be an Adviser. I -was aboard our fleet in the Downs, and there came six Hollanders that -were merchantmen within a league of our fleet, whereupon a Frigate of -ours came up to the Admiral, and asked leave to fetch them in; but -the Admiral answered that they were men about honest occasions, and -he had no order from the Council of State to meddle with them, and so -let them pass about their occasions. - -While I was aboard the Admiral, there came a Dutch man-of-war, -supposing it to be Van Tromp, but the _Speaker_ Frigate quickly -fetched him up, and brought him into our fleet. - -There were 36 of the Hollanders ships that engaged with our fleet in -the aforesaid fight, that ride about deep, every one of them being -about 1,000 or 1,500 tons, most of them pitifully torn and battered, -and many of them without either mast, sails, or flags, having lost -the company of their Admiral. - - Sir, your assured friend, - THOMAS WHITE. - - DOVER, - _May 22, 1652_. - - - - -CROMWELL AND THE RUMP (1653). - -=Source.=--Carlyle, _Cromwell's Letters and Speeches_, September 12, -1654. - - -I pressed the Parliament, as a member, to period themselves--once, -and again, and again, and ten, nay twenty times over. I told -them--for I knew it better than any one man in the Parliament could -know it, because of my manner of life which led me everywhere up and -down the nation, thereby giving me to see and know the temper and -spirits of all men, and of the best of men,--that the nation loathed -their sitting. I knew it. And, so far as I could discern, when they -were dissolved, there was not so much as the barking of a dog, or any -general or visible repining at it! You are not a few here present -that can assert this as well as myself. - -And that there was high cause for their dissolution, is most -evident; not only in regard there was a just fear of that Parliament -perpetuating themselves, but because it was their _design_. Had not -their heels been trod upon by importunities from abroad, even to -threats, I believe there never would have been thoughts of rising or -of going out of that room, to the world's end. I myself was sounded, -and by no mean persons tempted; and proposals were made to me to that -very end: that the Parliament might be thus perpetuated; that the -vacant places might be supplied by new elections;--and so continue -from generation to generation. - - - - -THE INSTRUMENT OF GOVERNMENT (1653). - -=Source.=--_Old Parliamentary History._ Vol. xx., p. 248. - -THE GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND IRELAND, -AND THE DOMINIONS THEREUNTO BELONGING. - - -I. That the supreme legislative authority of the Commonwealth -of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto -belonging, shall be and reside in one person, and the people -assembled in Parliament: the style of which person shall be the Lord -Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. - -II. That the exercise of the chief magistracy and the administration -of the government over the said countries and dominions, and the -people thereof, shall be in the Lord Protector, assisted with a -council, the number whereof shall not exceed twenty-one, nor be less -than thirteen. - - * * * * * - -IV. That the Lord Protector, the Parliament sitting, shall dispose -and order the militia and forces, both by sea and land, for the peace -and good of the three nations, by consent of Parliament; and that the -Lord Protector, with the advice and consent of the major part of the -council, shall dispose and order the militia for the ends aforesaid -in the intervals of Parliament. - -V. That the Lord Protector, by the advice aforesaid, shall direct -in all things concerning the keeping and holding of a good -correspondency with foreign kings, princes, and states; and also, -with the consent of the major part of the council, have the power of -war and peace. - -VI. That the laws shall not be altered, suspended, abrogated, or -repealed, nor any new law made, nor any tax, charge, or imposition -laid upon the people, but by common consent in Parliament, save only -as is expressed in the thirtieth article. - -VII. That there shall be a Parliament summoned to meet at Westminster -upon the third day of September, 1654, and that successively a -Parliament shall be summoned once in every third year, to be -accounted from the dissolution of the present Parliament. - -VIII. That neither the Parliament to be next summoned, nor any -successive Parliaments, shall, during the time of five months, to -be accounted from the day of their first meeting, be adjourned, -prorogued, or dissolved, without their own consent. - -IX. That as well the next as all other successive Parliaments shall -be summoned and elected in manner hereafter expressed; that is to -say, the persons to be chosen within England, Wales, the Isles of -Jersey, Guernsey, and the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, to sit and -serve in Parliament, shall be, and not exceed, the number of four -hundred. The persons to be chosen within Scotland, to sit and serve -in Parliament, shall be, and not exceed, the number of thirty; and -the persons to be chosen to sit in Parliament for Ireland shall be, -and not exceed, the number of thirty. - -[Here follows a detailed schedule of redistribution.] - -XIV. That all and every person and persons, who have aided, advised, -assisted, or abetted in any war against the Parliament, since the -first day of January, 1641 (unless they have been since in the -service of the Parliament, and given signal testimony of their good -affection thereunto), shall be disabled and incapable to be elected; -or to give any vote in the election of any members to serve in the -next Parliament, or in the three succeeding Triennial Parliaments. - - * * * * * - -XVII. That the persons who shall be elected to serve in Parliament, -shall be such (and no other than such) as are persons of known -integrity, fearing God, and of good conversation, and being of the -age of twenty-one years. - -XVIII. That all and every person and persons seised or possessed to -his own use, of any estate, real or personal, to the value of £200, -and not within the aforesaid exceptions, shall be capable to elect -members to serve in Parliament for counties. - - * * * * * - -XX. That in case writs be not issued out, as is before expressed, -but that there be a neglect therein, fifteen days after the time -wherein the same ought to be issued out by the Chancellor, Keeper, -or Commissioners of the Great Seal; that then the Parliament shall, -as often as such failure shall happen, assemble and be held at -Westminster, in the usual place, at the times prefixed. - - * * * * * - -XXIV. That all Bills agreed unto by the Parliament, shall be -presented to the Lord Protector for his consent; and in case he shall -not give his consent thereto within twenty days after they shall be -presented to him, or give satisfaction to the Parliament within the -time limited, that then, upon declaration of the Parliament that -the Lord Protector hath not consented nor given satisfaction, such -Bills shall pass into and become laws, although he shall not give -his consent thereunto; provided such Bills contain nothing in them -contrary to the matters contained in these presents. - - * * * * * - -XXVII. That a constant yearly revenue shall be raised, settled, and -established for maintaining of 10,000 horse and dragoons, and 20,000 -foot, in England, Scotland and Ireland, for the defence and security -thereof, and also for a convenient number of ships for guarding -of the seas; besides £200,000 per annum for defraying the other -necessary charges of administration of justice, and other expenses -of the Government, which revenue shall be raised by the customs, -and such other ways and means as shall be agreed upon by the Lord -Protector and the Council, and shall not be taken away or diminished, -nor the way agreed upon for raising the same altered, but by the -consent of the Lord Protector and the Parliament. - - * * * * * - -XXXII. That the office of Lord Protector over these nations shall -be elective and not hereditary; and upon the death of the Lord -Protector, another fit person shall be forthwith elected to succeed -him in the Government; which election shall be by the Council, who, -immediately upon the death of the Lord Protector, shall assemble in -the Chamber where they usually sit in Council; and, having given -notice to all their members of the cause of their assembling, shall, -being thirteen at least present, proceed to the election; and, before -they depart, the said Chamber shall elect a fit person to succeed -in the Government, and forthwith cause proclamation thereof to be -made in all the three nations as shall be requisite; and the persons -that they, or the major part of them, shall elect as aforesaid, -shall be, and shall be taken to be, Lord Protector over these -nations of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions thereto -belonging. Provided that none of the children of the late King, nor -any of his line or family, be elected to be Lord Protector or other -Chief Magistrate over these nations, or any the dominions thereto -belonging. And until the aforesaid election be past, the Council -shall take care of the Government, and administer in all things as -fully as the Lord Protector, or the Lord Protector and Council are -enabled to do. - -XXXIII. That Oliver Cromwell, Captain-General of the forces of -England, Scotland and Ireland, shall be, and is hereby declared to -be, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and -Ireland, and the dominions thereto belonging, for his life. - - * * * * * - -XXXVII. That such as profess faith in God by Jesus Christ (though -differing in judgment from the doctrine, worship or discipline -publicly held forth) shall not be restrained from, but shall be -protected in, the profession of the faith and exercise of their -religion; so as they abuse not this liberty to the civil injury of -others and to the actual disturbance of the public peace on their -parts: provided this liberty be not extended to Popery or Prelacy, -nor to such as, under the profession of Christ, hold forth and -practise licentiousness. - - - - -THE CHOICE OF A HUSBAND (SEPTEMBER, 1653). - -=Source.=--_Letters of Dorothy Osborne to Sir William Temple._ -British Museum, Add. MSS. 33,975. Letter 39. - - -There are a great many ingredients must go to the making me happy in -a husband; first, as my Cousin F. says, our humours must agree; and -to do that he must have that kind of breeding that I have had, and -used that kind of company; that is, he must not be so much a country -gentleman as to understand nothing but hawks and dogs, and be fonder -of either than of his wife; nor of the next sort of them whose aim -reaches no further than to be Justice of Peace, and once in his life -High Sheriff, who reads no books but statutes, and studies nothing -but how to make a speech interlarded with Latin that may amaze his -disagreeing poor neighbours, and fright them rather than persuade -them into quietness. He must not be a thing that began the world in -a free school, was sent from thence to the University, and is at his -furthest when he reaches the Inns of Court, has no acquaintance but -those of his form in these places, speaks the French he has picked -out of old laws, and admires nothing but the stories he has heard of -the revels that were kept there before his time. He may not be a town -gallant neither, that lives in a tavern and an ordinary, that cannot -imagine how an hour should be spent without company unless it be in -sleeping, that makes court to all the women he sees, thinks they -believe him, and laughs and is laughed at equally. Nor a travelled -Monsieur whose head is all feather inside and outside, that can talk -of nothing but dances and duels, and has courage enough to wear -slashes, when everybody else dies with cold to see him. He must not -be a fool of no sort, nor peevish, nor ill-natured, nor proud, nor -covetous, and to all this must be added that he must love me and -I him as much as we are capable of loving. Without all this, his -fortune, though never so great, would not satisfy me; and with it a -very moderate one would keep me from ever repenting my disposal.... - -I have been thinking of sending you my picture till I could come -myself; but a picture is but dull company, and that you need not; -besides I cannot tell whether it be very like me or not, though 'tis -the best I ever had drawn for me, and Mr. Lely will have it that he -never took more pains to make a good one in his life, and that was -it, I think, that spoiled it. He was condemned for making the first -that he drew of me a little worse than I, and in making this better -he has made it as unlike as t' other. He is now, I think, at my Lord -Paget's at Marlow, where I am promised he shall draw a picture of my -Lady for me--she gives it me, she says, as the greatest testimony of -her friendship to me, for by her own rule she is past the time of -having pictures taken of her. After eighteen, she says, there is no -face but decays apparently: I would fain have had her except such as -had never been beauties, for my comfort, but she would not. - - - - -A PRESBYTERIAN VIEW OF THE TRIERS (1653). - -=Source.=--Richard Baxter, _Reliquæ Baxterianæ_. Vol. i., p. 72. - - -One of the chief works which he [Cromwell] did was the purging of -the Ministry; of which I shall say somewhat more. And here I suppose -the reader to understand that the Synod of Westminster was dissolved -with the Parliament; and therefore a society of ministers with some -others were chosen by Cromwell to sit at Whitehall, under the name of -Triers, who were mostly Independents, but some sober Presbyterians -with them, and had power to try all that came for institution or -induction, and without their approbation none were admitted. This -assembly of Triers examined themselves all that were able to come up -to London, but if any were unable, or were of doubtful qualification -between worthy or unworthy, they used to refer them to some ministers -in the country where they lived, and to approve them if _they_ -approved them. - -And because this assembly of Triers is most heavily accused and -reproached by some men, I shall speak the truth of them, and suppose -my word shall be the rather taken, because most of them took me for -one of their boldest adversaries as to their opinions, and because I -was known to disown their power, insomuch that I refused to try any -under them upon their reference, except a very few, whose importunity -and necessity moved me (they being such as for their episcopal -judgment, or some such cause, the Triers were like to have rejected). -The truth is that, though their authority was null, and though some -few over busy and over rigid Independents among them were too severe -against all that were Arminians, and too particular in enquiring -after evidences of Sanctification in those whom they examined, and -somewhat too lax in their admission of unlearned and erroneous men -that favoured Antinomianism or Anabaptism; yet to give them their -due, they did abundance of good to the church. They saved many a -congregation from ignorant ungodly drunken teachers; that sort of -men that intended no more in the ministry than to say a sermon, as -readers say their Common Prayers, and so patch up a few good words -together to talk the people asleep with on Sunday; and all the rest -of the week go with them to the alehouse and harden them in their -sin. And that sort of Ministers that either preached against a holy -life, or preached as men that never were acquainted with it; all -those that used the ministry but as a common trade to live by and -were never likely to convert a soul, all these they usually rejected, -and in their stead admitted of any that were able serious Preachers, -and lived a godly life, of what tolerable opinion soever they were. -So that though they were many of them somewhat partial for the -Independents, Separatists, Fifth Monarchy men and Anabaptists, and -against the Prelatists and Arminians, yet so great was the benefit -above the hurt which they brought to the Church, that many thousands -of souls blessed God for the faithful ministers whom they let in, and -grieved when the Prelatists afterwards cast them out again. - - - - -CROMWELLIAN SAYINGS (1643-1658). - -=Source.=--Carlyle, _Cromwell's Letters and Speeches_. - - -I. _To Sir William Spring and Maurice Barrow, Esq., Cambridge, -September, 1643._ - -I had rather have a plain russet coated Captain, that knows what -he fights for, and loves what he knows, than that which you call a -gentleman and is nothing else. I honour a gentleman that is so indeed! - - -II. _To the Speaker after Naseby, June 14, 1645._ - -... Sir, this is none other but the hand of God; and to Him -alone belongs the glory, wherein none are to share with Him. The -General served you with all faithfulness and honour; and the best -commendation I can give him is, that I dare say he attributes all -to God and would rather perish than assume to himself. Which is -an honest and a thriving way:--and yet as much for bravery may be -given to him, in this action, as to a man. Honest men served you -faithfully in this action. Sir, they are trusty; I beseech you in the -name of God, not to discourage them. I wish this action may beget -thankfulness and humility in all that are concerned in it. He that -ventures his life for the liberty of his country, I wish he trust God -for the liberty of his conscience, and you for the liberty he fights -for. - - -III. _To the Speaker, September 14, 1645._ - -For being united in forms, commonly called Uniformity, every -Christian will for peace' sake study and do, as far as conscience -will permit. And for brethren, in things of the mind we look for -no compulsion, but that of light and reason. In other things, God -hath put the sword into the Parliament's hands--for the terror of -evil-doers and the praise of them that do well. - - -IV. _To the Lord Mayor of London, June 10, 1647._ - -The sum of our desires as soldiers is no other than this; -Satisfaction to our undoubted claims as soldiers; and reparation -upon those who have, to the utmost, improved all opportunities and -advantages, by false suggestions, misrepresentations and otherwise, -for the destruction of this army with a perpetual blot of ignominy -upon it. - - -V. _To Oliver St. John, September 1, 1648._ - -Remember my love to my dear brother, H. Vane. I pray he make not too -much, nor I too little, of outward dispensations:--God preserve us -all, that we, in the simplicity of our spirits, may patiently attend -upon them. Let us all be not careful what men will make of these -actings. They, will they, nill they, shall fulfil the good pleasure -of God; and we--shall serve our generations. Our rest we expect -elsewhere: that will be durable. Care we not for to-morrow, nor for -anything. - - -VI. _To Col. R. Hammond, November 25, 1648._ - -My dear Friend, let us look into Providences; surely they mean -somewhat. They hang so together: have been so constant, so clear, -unclouded. Malice, swoln malice against God's people now called -"Saints": to root out their name;--and yet they getting arms, and -therein blessed with defence and more! - - -VII. _To Mr. Speaker, September 4, 1650._ - -If there be any one that makes many poor to make a few rich, that -suits not a Commonwealth. - - -VIII. _To Lord Wharton, September 4, 1650._ - -I have known my folly do good, when affection[3] has overcome my -reason. - - -IX. _To the Little Parliament, 1653._ - -"The hand of the Lord hath done this"--it is He who hath wrought -all the salvations and deliverances we have received. For what -end! To see and know and understand together, that he hath done -and wrought all this for the good of the whole flock. Therefore I -beseech you--but I think I need not,--have a care of the whole flock! -Love the sheep, love the lambs; love all, tender all, cherish and -countenance all, in all things that are good. And if the poorest -Christian, the most mistaken Christian, shall desire to live -peaceably and quietly under you,--I say if any shall desire but to -live a life of godliness and honesty, let him be protected. - - * * * * * - -And indeed this hath been the way God dealt with us all along, to -keep things from our eyes all along, so that we have seen nothing in -all his dispensations long beforehand;--which is also a witness, in -some measure, to our integrity. - - -X. SPEECH V. _September 12, 1654_. - -Indeed that hath been one of the vanities of our contest. Every sect -saith, "O, give me liberty!" But give it to him and to his power he -will not yield it to anybody else.... - - -XI. _To the First Protectorate Parliament, January 22, 1654-55._ - -Is it ingenuous to ask liberty, and not to give it? What greater -hypocrisy than for those who were oppressed by the bishops to become -the greatest oppressors themselves so soon as their yoke was removed. -I could wish that they who call for liberty now also had not too much -of that spirit, if the power were in their hands! - -As for profane persons, blasphemers, such as preach sedition; the -contentious railers, evil speakers, who seek by evil words to corrupt -good manners, persons of loose conversation--punishment from the -Civil Magistrate ought to meet with these. Because, if they pretend -conscience; yet walking disorderly and not according but contrary to -the gospel and even to natural lights, they are judged of all. And -their sins being open make them subjects of the magistrate's sword, -who ought not to bear it in vain.--The discipline of the Army _was_ -such, that a man would not be suffered to remain there, of whom we -could take notice that he was guilty of such practices as those.... - -... And if it be my "liberty" to walk abroad in the fields, or to -take a journey, yet it is not my wisdom to do so when my house is on -fire! - - -XII. _Speech to the Major-Generals._ - -Why, truly, your great enemy is the Spaniard. He is a natural enemy. -He is naturally so, he is naturally so throughout,--by reason of that -great enmity that is in him against whatsoever is of God. - - * * * * * - -Well, your danger is as you have seen. And truly I am sorry it is so -great. But I wish it to cause no despondency;--as truly, I think it -will not: for we are Englishmen; that is one good fact. - - * * * * * - -To hang a man for six-and-eightpence, and I know not what; to hang -for a trifle and acquit murder,--is in the ministration of the -law through the ill-framing of it. I have known in my experience -abominable murders committed. And to see men lose their lives for -petty matters: this is a thing God will reckon for. - - -XIII. _To the Second Protectorate Parliament, January 23, 1657._ - -Truly, I shall in a word or two congratulate you with good _you_ are -in possession of, and in some respect, I also with you. God hath -bestowed upon you, and you are in possession of it,--Three Nations, -and all that appertains to them. Which in either a geographical, -or topical consideration, are Nations. In which also there are -places of honour and consideration, not inferior to any in the known -world,--without vanity it may be spoken. Truly God hath not made so -much soil, furnished with so many blessings, in vain! But it is a -goodly sight, if a man behold it _uno intuitu_. And therefore this is -a possession of yours, worthy of congratulation. - -This is furnished,--give me leave to say, for I believe it is -true,--with the best People in the world, possessing so much -soil. A People in civil rights,--in respect of their rights and -privileges,--very ancient and honourable. And _in_ this People, in -the midst of this People, you have, what is still more precious, a -_People_ (I know every one will hear and acknowledge it) that are to -God "as the apple of His eye,"--and He says so of them, be they many, -or be they few! But they are many. A People of the blessing of God; -a People under His safety and protection. A People calling upon the -Name of the Lord; which the Heathen do not. A People knowing God; and -a People (according to the ordinary expressions) fearing God. And you -have of this no parallel; no, not in all the world! You have in the -midst of you glorious things. - - -XIV. _April 13, 1657._ - -Truly I have, as before God, often thought that I could not tell -what my business was, nor what I was in the place I stood in, save -comparing myself to a good Constable set to keep the peace of the -parish. - - -XV. SPEECH XI. _April 13, 1657._ - -I had a very worthy friend then; and he was a very noble person, and -I know his memory is very grateful to all,--Mr. John Hampden. At my -first going out into this engagement, I saw our men were beaten at -every hand. I did indeed; and desired him that he would make some -additions to my Lord Essex's Army, of some new regiments; and I -told him I would be serviceable to him in bringing such men in as I -thought had a spirit that would do something in the work. This is -very true that I tell you; God knows I lie not. "Your troops," said -I, "are most of them old decayed serving-men, and tapsters, and such -kind of fellows; and," said I, "their troops are gentlemen's sons, -younger sons and persons of quality: do you think that the spirits of -such base and mean fellows will ever be able to encounter gentlemen, -that have honour and courage and resolution in them?" Truly I did -represent to him in this manner conscientiously; and truly I did -tell him: "You must get men of a spirit: and take it not ill what I -say,--I know you will not,--of a spirit that is likely to go as far -as gentlemen will go--or else you will be beaten still." - - -XVI. _To the Committee of Ninety-Nine, April 21, 1657._ - -But surely the Laws need to be regulated! And I must needs say, I -think it would be a sacrifice acceptable to God, upon many accounts. -And I am persuaded that it is one of the things God looks for, and -would have. I confess if any man should ask me, "Why, how would you -have it done?" I confess I do not know how. But I think verily at -the least, the delays in suits, and the excessiveness in fees, and -the costliness of suits, and those various things which I do not -know what names they bear--I hear talk of "Demurrers" and such-like -things, which I scarce know--But I say certainly, the people are -greatly suffering in this respect; they are so. - - -XVII. _To the Second Protectorate Parliament, February 4, 1658._ - -I can say in the presence of God, in comparison with whom we are but -like poor creeping ants upon the earth,--I would have been glad to -have lived under my woodside, to have kept a flock of sheep--rather -than undertake such a Government as this. But undertaking it by the -Advice and Petition of you, I did look that you who had offered it -unto me should make it good. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[3] _I.e._, passion. - - - - -GEORGE FOX THE QUAKER (1654). - -=Source.=--_Journal of George Fox._ London, 1694. Vol. i., pp. -136-138. - - -After this I went into the country, and had several Meetings, and -came to Swannington where the soldiers came again, but the Meeting -was quiet, and the Lord's power was over all, and the soldiers -did not meddle. Then I went to Leicester, and from Leicester to -Whetstone. But before the meeting began, there came about seventeen -troopers of Colonel Hacker's regiment, with his Marshal, and they -took me up before the meeting, though Friends were beginning to -gather together, for there were several Friends come out of several -parts. I told the Marshal, "He might let all the Friends go, I would -answer for them all;" whereupon he took me and let all the Friends -go; only Alexander Parker went along with me. At night they had me -before Col. Hacker and his Major, and Captains, a great company of -them; and a great deal of discourse we had about the priests, and -about meetings (for at this time there was a noise of a plot against -O. Cromwell).... Then Col. Hacker asked me again "If I would go home -and stay at home?" I told him "If I should promise him so, that would -manifest that I was guilty of something, to go home and make my home -a prison. And if I went to Meetings, they would say I broke their -Order." Therefore I told them I should go to Meetings as the Lord -should order me; and therefore could not submit to their requirings; -but I said we were a peaceable people. "Well then," said Colonel -Hacker, "I will send you to-morrow morning by six o'clock to my Lord -Protector by Captain Drury, one of his life guard." That night I was -kept a prisoner at the Marshalsea; and the next morning by the sixth -hour I was ready, and delivered to Captain Drury. I desired he would -let me speak with Col. Hacker before I went, and he had me to his -bedside. Col. Hacker at me presently again "To go home and keep no -more Meetings." I told him I could not submit to that.... "Then," -said he, "you must go before the Protector." Whereupon I kneeled -on his Bedside and besought the Lord to forgive him, for he was as -Pilate, though he would wash his hands; and when the day of his -misery and trial should come upon him, I bid him then remember what -I had said to him.... Afterwards when this Col. Hacker was in prison -in London, a day or two before he was executed, he was put in mind of -what he had done against the innocent.... - -Now was I carried up a prisoner by Captain Drury aforesaid from -Leicester.... So he brought me to London, and lodged me at the -Mermaid over against the Mews at Charing Cross. And on the way as -we travelled I was moved of the Lord to warn people at the inns and -places where I came of the day of the Lord that was coming upon -them. And William Dewsbury and Marmaduke Stor being in prison at -Northampton, he let me go and visit them. - -After Captain Drury had lodged me at the Mermaid, he left me there -and went to give the protector an account of me. And when he came to -me again, he told me the Protector did require that I should promise -not to take up a carnal sword or weapon against him or the government -as it then was, and that I should write it, in what words I saw good, -and set my hand to it. I said little in reply to Captain Drury. But -the next morning, I was moved of the Lord to write a paper "to the -Protector by the name of Oliver Cromwell," wherein I did in the -presence of God declare that I did deny the wearing and drawing of a -carnal sword, or any other outward weapon against him or any man. And -that I was sent of God to stand a witness against all violence and -against the works of Darkness, to turn the people from Darkness to -Light and to bring them from the occasion of war and fighting to the -peaceable Gospel.... When I had written what the Lord had given me to -write, I set my name to it and gave it to Captain Drury to give to O. -Cromwell, which he did. - -Then after some time Captain Drury brought me before the Protector -himself at Whitehall. It was in a morning before he was dressed.... -When I came in, I was moved to say "Peace be in this House," and I -bid him keep in the fear of God that he might receive wisdom from -him.... I spake much to him of Truth, and a great deal of Discourse -I had with him about Religion; wherein he carried himself very -moderately. But he said we quarrelled with the priests whom he called -Ministers. I said we did not quarrel with them, but they quarrelled -with me and my friends. "But," I said, "if we own the Prophets, -Christ and the Apostles, we cannot hold up such teachers, prophets -and shepherds, as the Prophets, Christ and the Apostles declared -against...." As I spake, he would several times say it was very good, -and it was truth. I told him that all Christendom (so-called) had -the Scriptures, but they wanted the power and spirit that they had -which gave forth the Scriptures.... Many more words I had with him; -but people coming in, I drew a little back. And as I was turning, he -catched me by the hand and with tears in his eyes, said "Come again -to my House, for if thou and I were but an hour of a day together, we -should be nearer one to the other," adding, that he wished me no more -ill than he did to his own soul. I told him; if he did, he wronged -his own soul. And I bid him hearken to God's voice, ... and if he -did not hear God's voice, his heart would be hardened. And he said: -it was true. Then went I out. And when Captain Drury came out after -me, he told me his Lord Protector said, I was at liberty, and might -go whither I would. Then I was brought into a great Hall where the -Protector's gentlemen were to dine, and I asked them what they did -bring me thither for. They said it was by the Protector's order that -I might dine with them. I bid them let the Protector know I would not -eat a bit of his bread nor drink a sup of his drink. When he heard -this he said: "Now I see there is a people risen and come up, that -I cannot win either with gifts, honours, offices or places: but all -other sects and people I can." But it was told him again, that we had -forsook our own and were not like to look for such things from him. - -Now I, being set at liberty, went up to the Inn again, where -Captain Drury had at first lodged me. This Captain Drury, though -he sometimes carried fairly, was an enemy to me and to truth and -opposed it ... and would scoff at trembling and call us Quakers, -as the Presbyterians and Independents had nicknamed us before. But -afterwards he came on a time and told me, that as he was lying on his -bed to rest himself in the daytime, a sudden trembling seized on him -that his joints knocked together ... and he was so shaken that he had -not strength enough to rise. But he felt the power of the Lord was -upon him and he tumbled off his bed and cried to the Lord and said, -he would never speak against the Quakers more, such as trembled at -the word of God. - - - - -KILLING NO MURDER (1657). - -(PREFACE.) - -=Source.=--_Harleian Miscellany._ Vol. IV., p. 289. - -_To His Highness Oliver Cromwell._ - - -MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HIGHNESS, - -How I have spent some hours of the leisure your Highness has been -pleased to give me, the following paper will give your Highness an -account; how you will please to interpret it, I cannot tell; but -I can with confidence say, my intention in it is to procure your -Highness that justice nobody yet does you, and to let the people see, -the longer they defer it, the greater injury they do both themselves -and you. To your Highness justly belongs the honour of dying for -the people; and it cannot choose but be an unspeakable consolation -to you, in the last moments of your life, to consider with how much -benefit to the world you are like to leave it. It is then only, my -Lord, that the title you now usurp will be truly yours: you will then -be indeed the Deliverer of your country, and free it from a bondage -little inferior to that from which Moses delivered his. You will -then be that true Reformer which you would now be thought; religion -shall then be restored, liberty asserted, and parliaments have those -privileges they have fought for. We shall then hope that other laws -will have place besides those of the sword, and justice shall be -otherwise defined than as the Will and Pleasure of the Strongest; -and we shall then hope men will keep oaths again, and not have the -necessity of being false and perfidious to preserve themselves and -to be like their rulers. All this we hope from your Highness's happy -expiration, who are the true father of your country: for while you -live, we can call nothing ours, and it is from your death that we -hope for our inheritances. Let this consideration arm and fortify -your Highness's mind against the fear of death and the terrors -of your evil conscience, that the good you will do by your death -will somewhat balance the evils of your life. And if, in the black -catalogue of high malefactors, few can be found that have lived more -to the affliction and disturbance of mankind than your Highness hath -done; yet your greatest enemies will not deny, but there are likewise -as few that have expired more to the universal benefit of mankind, -than your Highness is like to do. To hasten this great good is the -chief end of my writing this paper, and if it have the effects I hope -it will, your Highness will be quickly out of reach of men's malice -and your enemies will only be able to wound you in your memory, -which strokes you will not feel. That your Highness may speedily be -in this security, is the universal wish of your grateful country; -this is the desire and prayer of the good and of the bad, and, it -may be, is the only thing wherein all sects and factions do agree in -their devotions, and is our only Common Prayer. But amongst all that -put in their requests and supplications for your Highness's speedy -deliverance from all earthly troubles, none is more assiduous, nor -more fervent than he that (with the rest of this nation) hath the -honour to be, may it please your Highness, - - Your Highness's present slave and vassal, - W. A. - - - - -CHARACTER OF CROMWELL. - -=Source.=--_Sir Philip Warwick's Memoirs_, 1701. P. 247. - - -I have no mind to give an ill character of Cromwell; for in his -conversation towards me he was ever friendly; tho' at the latter end -of the day finding me ever incorrigible, and having some inducements -to suspect me a tamperer, he was sufficiently rigid. The first time -that ever I took notice of him, was in the very beginning of the -Parliament held in November, 1640, when I vainly thought myself a -courtly young Gentleman: (for we Courtiers valued our selves much -upon our good clothes). I came one morning into the House well clad, -and perceived a Gentleman speaking (whom I knew not) very ordinarily -apparelled; for it was a plain cloth suit, which seemed to have been -made by an ill country-tailor; his linen was plain, and not very -clean; and I remember a speck or two of blood upon his little band, -which was not much larger than his collar; his hat was without a -hat-band: his stature was of a good size, his sword stuck close to -his side, his countenance swoln and reddish, his voice sharp and -untunable, and his eloquence full of fervour; for the subject matter -would not bear much of reason; it being in behalf of a servant of -Mr. Prynne's, who had dispersed libells against the Queen for her -dancing and such innocent and courtly sports; and he aggravated the -imprisonment of this man by the Council Table unto that height, that -one would have believed the very Government itself had been in great -danger by it. I sincerely profess it lessened much my reverence unto -that great council; for he was very much hearkened unto. And yet I -lived to see this very Gentleman, whom out of no ill will to him -I thus describe,--by multiplied good successes, and by real (but -usurped) power, (having had a better tailor, and more converse among -good company)--in my own eye, when for six weeks together I was a -prisoner in his Serjeant's hands, and daily waited at Whitehall, -appear of a great and majestic deportment and comely presence. Of -him therefore I will say no more, but that verily I believe, he was -extraordinarily designed for those extraordinary things, which one -while most wickedly and facinorously he acted, and at another as -successfully and greatly performed. - - -UNWIN BROTHERS, LTD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND WOKING. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - -Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been -corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within -the text and consultation of external sources. - -Two of the internal references given in "NOTE TO THIS VOLUME" on -page vii are incorrect. "p. 82" has been changed to "p. 80", -and "pp. 83-86" to "pp. 81-84". - -Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, -and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. - -Pg viii, 'Reliquiæ Baxterianæ' replaced by 'Reliquæ Baxterianæ'. -Pg 23, 'doth esfsoones' replaced by 'doth eftsoones'. -Pg 37, 'laws and statues' replaced by 'laws and statutes'. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PURITANISM AND LIBERTY (1603-1660)*** - - -******* This file should be named 51561-0.txt or 51561-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/1/5/6/51561 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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