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diff --git a/old/51598-0.txt b/old/51598-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 55aca57..0000000 --- a/old/51598-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1570 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Shakespeare's Country, Vol. 4, -Num. 8, Serial No. 108, June 1, 1916, by William Winter - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Mentor: Shakespeare's Country, Vol. 4, Num. 8, Serial No. 108, June 1, 1916 - -Author: William Winter - -Release Date: March 29, 2016 [EBook #51598] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: SHAKESPEARE'S COUNTRY *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - - THE MENTOR 1916.06.01, No. 108, - Shakespeare’s Country - - LEARN ONE THING - EVERY DAY - - JUNE 1 1916 SERIAL NO. 108 - - THE - MENTOR - - SHAKESPEARE’S - COUNTRY - - By WILLIAM WINTER - Poet and Critic - - DEPARTMENT OF VOLUME 4 - TRAVEL NUMBER 8 - - FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY - - - - -Stratford Impressions - - -It is the everlasting glory of Stratford-upon-Avon that it was -the birthplace of Shakespeare. Situated in the heart of beautiful -Warwickshire, it nestles cosily in an atmosphere of tranquil -loveliness, and it is surrounded by everything that gentle rural -scenery can provide to soothe the mind and to nurture contentment. It -stands upon a plain, almost in the center of England, through which, -between low green hills that roll away on either side, the Avon flows, -in many capricious windings, to the Severn, and so to the sea. - -The golden glory of the setting sun burns on the gray spire of -Stratford church, and on the ancient graveyard below,--wherein -the mossy stones lean this way and that, in sweet and orderly -confusion,--and on the peaceful avenue of limes, and on the burnished -water of silver Avon. The tall, pointed, many-colored windows of the -church glint in the evening light. A cool, fragrant wind is stirring -the branches and the grass. The songbirds, calling to their mates or -sporting in the wanton pleasure of their airy life, are circling over -the church roof or hiding in little crevices of its walls. On the -vacant meadows across the river stretch away the long, level shadows of -the stately elms. - -It is an accepted tradition in Stratford-upon-Avon that the bell of the -Guild Chapel was tolled on the occasion of the death and also of the -funeral of Shakespeare. - - Sweet bell of Stratford, tolling slow, - In summer gloaming’s golden glow, - I hear and feel thy voice divine, - And all my soul responds to thine. - - As now I hear thee, even so - My Shakespeare heard thee, long ago, - When lone by Avon’s pensive stream - He wandered in his haunted dream. - -From “Shakespeare’s England,” by William Winter - - - - -[Illustration: WARWICK CASTLE, WARWICK] - - - - -Shakespeare’s Country - -WARWICK CASTLE - -Monograph Number One in The Mentor Reading Course - - -No one should come abruptly upon Stratford, the home of Shakespeare, as -Mr. Winter says. It is wiser and pleasanter to approach it gradually -by way of Warwick and Kenilworth. Both these castles have a place in -Shakespeare’s plays, and it is well worth while for the visitor to see -them. - -Warwick is a quaint old town. Its population is about 12,000, and it -lies on a hill rising from the river Avon. Far back in antiquity it was -a settlement of the Britons, and, afterward, it was occupied by the -Romans. Its present name is of Saxon origin. Many of the houses retain -their medieval appearance; and in fact two of the old gates of the town -are still standing. - -The prevailing quality of the town of Warwick is a sweet, solemn peace. -The people live there as in a gentle dream of repose. The little rows -of cottages breathe contentment; ivy embowers them, and roses cluster -about their windows. - -The Church of St. Mary at Warwick as it now stands was rebuilt after -a fire in 1694. The Lord Leicester Hospital was established by Robert -Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in 1571. He founded it for the reception of -twelve poor men. This building contains several interesting relics, one -of which is a Saxon chair said to be a thousand years old; and another -is a piece of needle-work by Amy Robsart, the heroine of Sir Walter -Scott’s novel, “Kenilworth.” - -On a commanding position overlooking the Avon rises Warwick Castle, -the ancient and stately home of the Earls of Warwick. This castle is -one of the finest and most picturesque feudal residences in England. -It probably dates from Saxon times; but the oldest part now standing -is the tall Cæsar’s Tower, 147 feet high, which was probably built -soon after the Norman conquest. In 1871 a great fire almost completely -destroyed the castle; but it was restored in the old style. The most -important event in the history of the building was its successful -defence by the Parliamentarians during the Civil War in England. - -The interior of the castle contains an interesting collection of -paintings, old armor, and other curiosities. In the Great Hall are the -sword and some other relics of the legendary Count Guy of Warwick. His -feats of arms in slaying terrible monsters are an important part of -English legend. In the Great Hall also are the mace of Richard Neville, -Earl of Warwick, who was known as “the king maker,” and the helmet -of Oliver Cromwell. This castle is noted for its famous collection -of pictures, among which are several by Rubens and Van Dyck. In the -conservatory of the castle is preserved the famous Warwick vase of -marble, which was found near Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli, in Italy, and -is attributed to the fourth century B. C. - -Nathaniel Hawthorne has put into words the very feeling that comes over -each visitor to Warwick: “We can scarcely think the scene real, so -completely do those towers, the long line of battlements, the massive -buttresses, the high-windowed walls, shape out our indistinct ideas of -the antique time.” - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4, No. 8, SERIAL No. 108 - COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: KENILWORTH CASTLE, KENILWORTH] - - - - -Shakespeare’s Country - -KENILWORTH CASTLE - -Monograph Number Two in The Mentor Reading Course - - -It was in 1575 at Kenilworth Castle that the Earl of Leicester, then a -suitor for the hand of Queen Elizabeth, entertained her and the court -at “excessive cost” as described in “Kenilworth,” by Sir Walter Scott. - -Everyone who has read the book knows that the Earl of Leicester had -secretly married Amy Robsart, the daughter of a country gentleman, and -at the same time was attempting to gain the favor of Elizabeth. When a -disclosure of the truth was about to precipitate the ruin of Leicester, -he prepared a magnificent pageant at his castle for the Queen; in -the meanwhile his follower, Varney, was to pass himself off as Amy’s -husband. - -At Kenilworth Castle, on the Queen’s first entry, “a small floating -island illuminated by a great variety of torches … made its appearance -upon the lake,” upon which, clad in silks, were the Lady of the Lake -and two nymphs waiting on her. During the several days of the Queen’s -stay “rare shews and sports were exercised.” - -The town of Kenilworth has a population of only about 5,000. The -magnificent old castle is now in ruins. It was originally founded -about 1120. In the 13th century it passed into the hands of Simon de -Montfort. Some years later it came to John of Gaunt. Later the castle -became royal property, and in 1562 Queen Elizabeth presented it to the -Earl of Leicester. He spent enormous sums of money in enlarging and -improving the building. At his death, however, it passed back into the -possession of the Crown. When Cromwell became Ruler of England he gave -the castle to some of his officers, who demolished the stately pile -for the sake of its materials. After the Restoration it passed into -the hands of the Earl of Clarendon, who still retains it. One of the -principal parts of the building remaining is Leicester’s gatehouse, now -occupied as a private dwelling. Then there is also the Norman Keep of -Cæsar’s Tower. This has massive walls fifteen or sixteen feet thick. -Merwyn’s Tower, built by John of Gaunt about 1392, may also be seen: -the “small octangular chamber” on its second floor is the one assigned -by Walter Scott to Amy Robsart. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4, No. 8, SERIAL No. 108 - COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: CHARLECOTE, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON] - - - - -Shakespeare’s Country - -CHARLECOTE - -Monograph Number Three in The Mentor Reading Course - - -The well-known tale of Shakespeare’s poaching on the preserves of -Sir Thomas Lucy and his subsequent punishment is doubted by many -authorities; yet this story has clung to the poet and has always been -associated with the house of Charlecote. - -The legend runs that Shakespeare as a gay and heedless youth stole deer -from the park at Charlecote. The fact of the matter is that there were -no deer at Charlecote at the time; but there was a warren, and this -term legally covers a preserve for other animals than hares or rabbits. -At any rate, the young poet is said to have been called up before Sir -Thomas Lucy, who was then sheriff, and prosecuted in 1585. There is -added the statement that Shakespeare aggravated the offence by writing -a silly ballad on Sir Thomas and affixing it to his gate. This gave the -Knight great offence, and Shakespeare is said to have been driven from -Stratford to London. The ballad, however, is probably a forgery. - -Shakespeare is generally supposed to have caricatured Sir Thomas Lucy -in his portrait of Justice Shallow in the second part of “Henry IV,” -and in the “Merry Wives of Windsor.” This may be true for, in the -coat-of-arms of Lucy there were three “luces”; while Slender remarks -of Robert Shallow that “the ancestors who come after him may give the -dozen white luces in their coat.” - -Sir Thomas Lucy was born on April 24, 1532. Three of his ancestors had -been sheriffs of Warwickshire and Leicestershire: and on his father’s -death in 1552 Thomas inherited the estates of Sherborne and Hampton -Lucy, in addition to Charlecote, which was rebuilt for him by John of -Padua in about 1558. In 1565 he was knighted and a few years later he -became high sheriff of the county. - -In 1558 Sir Thomas Lucy introduced into Parliament a bill for -the better preservation of game and grain; this, together with -his reputation as a preserver of game, gives some color to the -Shakespearian tradition connected with his name. He died at Charlecote -on July 7, 1600. The Charlecote estates eventually passed to the Rev. -John Hammond through his marriage with Alice Lucy, and in 1789 he -himself adopted the name of Lucy. - -Charlecote is still occupied by one of his descendants. It contains a -good collection of old paintings, antique furniture, and many objects -of Shakespearian interest. The park is now well stocked with deer. - -Charlecote Church, nearby, contains several monuments of the Lucy -family, including one to the wife of Sir Thomas Lucy with a fine -epitaph written by the Knight himself. This epitaph shows that Sheriff -Lucy could hardly have been otherwise than kind and gentle. He may have -been a severe magistrate and perhaps a haughty, disagreeable neighbor, -but in those lines there is a tone of manhood and high feeling that -wins a prompt response of sympathy. If Shakespeare stole the deer of -Sir Thomas Lucy, he received just punishment and the Knight was not to -blame. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4, No. 8, SERIAL No. 108 - COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: THE CHURCH AND THE RIVER, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON] - - - - -Shakespeare’s Country - -THE CHURCH AND THE RIVER, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON - -Monograph Number Four In The Mentor Reading Course - - -Historians may deny it, statisticians may disprove it, yet Stratford -is the heart of England, and the little Avon is in a sense the most -famous of all English rivers. It is the goal of all Shakespeare lovers. -The poet and the river are Stratford’s two claims for distinction--but -what place could ask for more? The Avon gives it a setting, the beauty -of which can never entirely pass from the mind of the beholder; -Shakespeare, the man and the poet, is to be seen and heard everywhere. - -Stratford-upon-Avon is a clean and well built little country town of -about 8,000 or 9,000 inhabitants. It has wide and pleasant streets -with numerous quaint half-timbered houses. It is a place of great -antiquity. Stratford is mentioned in a Saxon Charter of the eighth -century, and Roman coins have been found in the district showing that -it was inhabited in Roman times. Later it had some importance as -an agricultural center. In addition to this, the various trades of -weaving, glove-making, candle-making, and soap-making were carried on; -but now these have lost their importance, and the town owes its fame -almost entirely to the memory of Shakespeare, born there in 1564. Over -35,000 pilgrims annually visit Stratford. - -The River Avon, gently flowing among meadows and forests, is navigable -only for small boats. At Stratford it is crossed by a stone bridge of -fourteen arches. This was built by Sir Hugh Clopton in the reign of -Henry VII. - -On the bank of the river is the Church of the Holy Trinity. It occupies -the site of a Saxon monastery, and was probably completed in the -fifteenth century. It was greatly restored in 1890-1892 and 1898. -The central tower dates probably from the twelfth century. This is -surmounted by a lofty spire. - -The interior of the church contains many things of interest, but -those that attract the visitor most strongly are, of course, the ones -connected with Shakespeare. There is his grave, and there on the wall -above is the bust which was executed soon after his death. The stained -glass window nearby, representing the Seven Ages, was erected with the -contributions of American visitors. Near Shakespeare’s tomb are those -of his wife, Anne Hathaway, of his daughter and son-in-law, and of -Thomas Nash, the first husband of his granddaughter, Elizabeth. - -Shakespeare’s House, in which the poet was born in 1564, is now -national property. - -The Shakespeare Memorial Building, the site for which was presented to -the town of Stratford by Charles Edward Flower, stands on the banks -of the Avon a little above Trinity Church. It was erected in 1879. It -includes a Theater in which annual performances are held in April, and -occasional performances during the winter. The “Droeshout Portrait” -of Shakespeare, an authentic portrait of the dramatist, is one of -the treasures kept in this building. In the adjoining grounds is the -Shakespeare Monument presented in 1888 by the sculptor Lord Ronald -Gower. On top of the Monument is a large seated figure of the poet, and -around the base are figures of Lady Macbeth, Prince Hal, Falstaff, and -Hamlet. - -The Red Horse Hotel in Stratford contains a bedroom and a sitting-room -occupied by Washington Irving. There may still be seen the chair in -which he sat and the poker with which he meditatively stirred the fire. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4, No. 8, SERIAL No. 108 - COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: THE GUILD CHAPEL AND THE SITE OF NEW PLACE, -STRATFORD-UPON-AVON] - - - - -Shakespeare’s Country - -THE GUILD CHAPEL, AND THE SITE OF NEW PLACE, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON - -Monograph Number Five in The Mentor Reading Course - - -The earliest record of the house in which Shakespeare died at Stratford -is contained in these words of a visitor there in 1760: - -“There stood here till lately the house in which Shakespeare lived, -and a mulberry-tree of his planting; the house was large, strong and -handsome; the tree so large that it would shade the grass-plot in your -garden, which I think is more than twenty yards square, and supply the -whole town with mulberries every year. As the curiosity of this house -and tree brought much fame, and more company and profit, to the town, a -certain man, on some disgust, has pulled the house down, so as not to -leave one stone upon another, and cut the tree, and piled it as a stack -of firewood, to the great vexation, loss, and disappointment of the -inhabitants; however, an honest silversmith bought the whole stack of -wood, and makes many odd things of this wood for the curious, some of -which I hope to bring with me to town.” - -The “certain man” who pulled the house down was the Reverend Francis -Gastrell. Shakespeare bought New Place in 1597. It had been built by -Sir Hugh Clopton in 1483. After Shakespeare went to live in it we can -imagine him standing in his garden and watching the boys with their -“shining morning faces” going to the school nearby. Now, however, -nothing remains but the foundation of the house. - -Shakespeare died there on April 23, 1616. He left the house to his -daughter, Susan Hall. She lived there until 1649, and her daughter in -turn kept it until 1670. In 1753 it came into the possession of the -Reverend Francis Gastrell. Visitors annoyed him so much that he cut -down the poet’s mulberry-tree that grew in the garden, and later razed -the house to the ground. The site was purchased by money raised through -public subscription and presented to the trustees of Shakespeare’s -birthplace in 1870. Only the foundations are now visible, covered over -by wire. The great garden at the back is now a public garden, and in it -on the central lawn is a mulberry-tree, descended from the poet’s own -tree. - -Next to New Place is the house of Shakespeare’s grandson by marriage, -Thomas Nash. It has been restored so as to give it the appearance it -had in Shakespeare’s day. Thomas Nash was married to Elizabeth Hall, -Shakespeare’s only granddaughter and last surviving descendant. - -Opposite New Place stands the Guild Chapel. This is externally much the -same as in the poet’s day. It is adjoined by the old Guild Hall, where -Shakespeare may often have seen the performances of strolling players. -The upper story is the Grammar School in which he was educated. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4, No. 8, SERIAL No. 108 - COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: THE VILLAGE OF SHOTTERY--WHERE ANNE HATHAWAY LIVED] - - - - -Shakespeare’s Country - -THE VILLAGE OF SHOTTERY - -Monograph Number Six in The Mentor Reading Course - - -Tradition has always fixed the house known as Anne Hathaway’s Cottage -in Shottery as the house where Shakespeare wooed and won his bride. -There is no doubt that the house belonged to a family named Hathaway, -but whether to those from whom Anne sprang cannot be said with -certainty. - -The village of Shottery is about one mile from Stratford. It is a -prosperous little town with one or two industries and many substantial -cottages. Anne Hathaway’s Cottage stands on the outskirts. It is -a rather large building of the Elizabethan period and was once a -farmhouse. It stands today practically as it was in Shakespeare’s -time. In front of the cottage is a small garden gay with old-fashioned -flowers. - -The house itself is built of wood and plaster and covered with a -thatched roof. The interior is low-ceilinged; and the main room has -a stone floor and wide fireplace with cozy chimney corner. The house -contains an old wooden settle on which Shakespeare may often have sat, -a carved bedstead, and other relics of three hundred years ago. - -A bedroom which is said to have been that of Anne Hathaway, has a -sloping roof and contains some old pottery, chairs, and tables. - -Anne Hathaway’s Cottage was purchased for the British nation in 1892 -at a cost of about $15,000. It is now cared for by the “Shakespeare -Birthplace Trust.” - -The Hathaways had lived in Shottery for forty years prior to -Shakespeare’s marriage. At this time the poet was just eighteen, while -Anne herself was nearly twenty-six. They were married in November, 1582. - -It is not known exactly where Shakespeare and his wife lived during the -first years after their marriage. However, in 1585 he was obliged to -leave his wife and children and go to London to seek his fortune. It is -probable that Anne then returned beneath her parents’ roof. No one can -look upon this humble cottage without a thrill as he realizes that the -garret of the cottage in Shottery may often have welcomed the poet when -he came home from his labors in the great city. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4, No. 8, SERIAL No. 108 - COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -SHAKESPEARE’S COUNTRY - -By WILLIAM WINTER - -_Poet and Critic_ - -[Illustration: Warwick Castle - -Cæsar’s Tower from the Lawn] - -THE MENTOR · DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL · JUNE 1, 1916 - - _MENTOR GRAVURES_--WARWICK CASTLE · KENILWORTH CASTLE · - CHARLECOTE · THE CHURCH AND THE RIVER, STRATFORD · THE SOUTH - CHAPEL AND THE SITE OF NEW PLACE, STRATFORD · THE VILLAGE OF - SHOTTERY - - Entered at the Post-office at New York, N. Y., as second-class - matter. Copyright, 1916, by The Mentor Association, Inc. - - -The Shakespeare[1] Country, Warwickshire, is situated nearly -in the center of England, and the birthplace of Shakespeare, -Stratford-upon-Avon, is situated in the southern part of Warwickshire. -A pleasant way in which to enter the Shakespeare Country is to travel -by rail from London to Warwick, and then drive from Warwick to -Stratford. There are two roads for the drive, one twelve miles long, -the other eight. Both are agreeable; but the longer is the better, -because more can be seen by the way. The traveler is wise who lodges -for a few days at Warwick, in order to visit Warwick Castle, St. Mary’s -Church, the ancient Gates, and the hospital for twelve aged men founded -in 1571 by Queen Elizabeth’s favorite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester -(the scene of Hawthorne’s singular posthumous romance, “Dr. Grimshawe’s -Secret”), and incidentally to make excursions northward to Kenilworth -and Coventry. - - [1] There are 4,000 variations in the spelling of the name - “Shakespeare.” An entire book has been made up on the subject. - -[Illustration: CLOPTON BRIDGE, STRATFORD] - -All those places, in themselves interesting, are associated with -the Shakespeare Story, and a view of them gradually imparts to the -observer’s mind a sympathetic comprehension of the environment in -which Shakespeare was born and reared. The face of the country has, -of course, been changed since his time, because little villages, -fine villas, fertile farms, spacious parks, and blooming meadows now -exist where once there was a woodland called the Forest of Arden (the -indubitable forest, memories of which colored Shakespeare’s fancy when -he wrote “As You Like It”), extending for many miles northward and -westward from a point near Stratford and along the river Avon. Some -things survive, however, which can be seen much as the poet saw them -more than 300 years ago. - - -KENILWORTH AND WARWICK - -[Illustration: THE MILL, GUY’S CLIFF NEAR WARWICK - -The name is derived from Guy, Earl of Warwick, who once lived as a -hermit, in a cave below the house, and was buried there] - -When Shakespeare saw Kenilworth Castle he did not, indeed, see it as -it now is, a picturesque mass of ruins,--the wreck made by Cromwell’s -soldiers about 1643-45,--but as a stately structure, at once a fortress -and a palace. Warwick Castle, on the contrary, was the same imposing -structure to him that it is to the observer of today. In the modern -part of that castle now the visitor is shown a sumptuous collection -of paintings, including Van Dyck’s famous equestrian portrait of King -Charles I, and such suggestive relics as the helmet and the death-mask -of Cromwell; but those things impress the mind much less than does the -building itself. That Shakespeare entered the Castle is not known; but -that he saw it cannot be doubted, for Cæsar’s Tower--one of the older -parts of it--which dominates the region around Warwick now has been -grandly conspicuous there for more than 400 years, and in the poet’s -time it must have been familiar to all inhabitants of Warwickshire. -Kenilworth, Coventry, and Warwick figure in some of his historical -plays, and his particular knowledge of all the surroundings of -Stratford, and, indeed, of the whole of central England, through which -the Wars of the Roses raged, is manifested in those dramas. He had -ample opportunity of acquiring that knowledge. - -The first twenty-one or twenty-two years of his life were passed by him -in his native town. The next twenty-seven years he passed in London, -visiting Stratford once a year. In his closing years, from about 1613 -to his death in 1616, he dwelt in Stratford, in his house called New -Place, bought by him in 1597, where he died. The traveler who visits -the Shakespeare Country, viewing it exclusively with reference to its -associations with the poet, should bear in mind these divisions of -time. The larger part of Shakespeare’s work was done in London. It is -mostly as a youth, though a little as a veteran, that personally he is -connected with Stratford. - -[Illustration: THE RED HORSE HOTEL, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON] - -[Illustration: WASHINGTON IRVING PARLOR IN THE RED HORSE HOTEL] - - -BLACKLOW HILL AND GUY’S CLIFF - -In the course of the drive from Warwick to Stratford (either way) -the traveler passes Ganerslie Heath and Blacklow Hill, places said -to be haunted. On Blacklow Hill the corrupt Piers Gaveston, Earl -of Cornwall, unworthy favorite of that weak king, Edward II, was -beheaded, June 20, 1312, by order of Guy, tenth Earl of Warwick, whom -he had opposed and maligned, calling him “the Black Dog of Arden,” -and some of the peasantry of the neighborhood entertain to this day -an old superstitious notion that dismal bells have been heard to toll -from that hill at midnight. The scene of Gaveston’s decapitation is -marked by a monument. Another place of interest to be seen in the -course of the drive is Guy’s Cliff, a secluded residence, beside the -Avon, traditionally associated with an ancient, fabled Guy, Earl of -Warwick, who, after performing prodigies of valor, retired to that -place and lived and died a hermit. Camden, the antiquary, Shakespeare’s -contemporary, whose “Britannia” (1586) he probably knew, thus happily -describes it: - - “There have ye a shady little wood, cleere and cristall - springs, mossy bottomes and caves, medowes alwaies fresh and - greene, the river rumbling here and there among the stones with - his streame making a mild noise and gentle whispering, and - besides all this, solitary and still quietnesse, things most - grateful to the Muses.” - -[Illustration: CHARLECOTE HOUSE] - -[Illustration: STONELEIGH ABBEY - -This fine mansion, the seat of Lord Leigh, was erected in the -eighteenth century, and occupies the site of a Cistercian Abbey, of -which a gateway still remains] - - -THE BEAUTY OF SHAKESPEARE’S COUNTRY - -Those quaint words convey a just impression of the beauty of the -Shakespeare Country. Its physical aspects are charming; its inhabitants -and its products are characteristic; its historic associations are -diversified and impressive. It is entirely worth seeing for its -own sake, and it richly rewards the visitor who explores it in a -sympathetic spirit and a leisurely way. But the great glory of -Warwickshire consists in the fact that it was the birthplace of -Shakespeare; the scene of all his youthful experience, his education, -his courtship of Anne Hathaway (whose dwelling yet remains), his -marriage, the birth of his three children, his death, and his burial. - -[Illustration: THE TOWN HALL AND THE SHAKESPEARE HOTEL, -STRATFORD-UPON-AVON] - - -A VISIT TO STRATFORD - -[Illustration: A ROOM IN THE OLD GRAMMAR SCHOOL, AT STRATFORD-UPON-AVON] - -I could never forget the emotion with which my mind was thrilled when -first I took the drive from Warwick to Stratford (1877), and alighted -at the old Red Horse Hotel. The day had been one of exceptional beauty. -The long twilight had faded, and the stars were shining when that -night, for the first time, I stood at the door of the birthplace of -Shakespeare, and looked on its quaint casements and gables, its antique -porch, and the massive timbers that cross its front. I conjure up the -vision now, as I saw it then. I stand there for a long while, and feel -that I shall remember these sights forever. Then, with lingering -steps, I turn away, and, passing through a narrow, crooked lane, I walk -in the High Street, and note at the end of the prospect the illuminated -clock in a dark church-tower. A few chance-directed steps bring me to -what was New Place once, where Shakespeare died, and there again I -pause and long remain in meditation, gazing into the inclosed garden, -where, under screens of wire, are fragments of mortar and stone. -These--although I do not know it--are the remains of the foundations -of Shakespeare’s house. The night wanes, but still I walk in Stratford -streets, and by and by I am standing on the bridge that spans the Avon, -and looking down at the thick-clustered stars reflected in the dark -and silent stream. At last, under the roof of the Red Horse, I sink -into a troubled slumber, from which soon a strain of celestial music, -strong, sweet, jubilant, and splendid, awakens me in an instant, and I -start up in bed,--to find that all around me is as still as death; and -then, drowsily, far off, the bell strikes three, in that weird, grim, -lonesome church-tower which I have just seen. - -[Illustration: NEW PLACE GARDENS STRATFORD-UPON-AVON - -Where Shakespeare’s house stood] - - -THE RED HORSE HOTEL - -Many times since that first night at Stratford I have rested in the old -Red Horse, and nowhere, in a large experience of travel, have I found a -more homelike abode. It is a storied dwelling, too; for it was an inn -when Shakespeare lived. It is believed to have been known to those old -poets Michael Drayton and Ben Jonson; Betterton is said to have lodged -in it when he visited Stratford, to glean information about the great -dramatist of whose chief characters his age esteemed him the supremely -best interpreter; Garrick knew the house when he was in Stratford in -1769 to conduct the Shakespeare Jubilee; and in later years it has -harbored scores of renowned persons from every part of the world. -Washington Irving, revered as the father of American literature, was a -lodger there in 1817, and wrote about it in his companionable “Sketch -Book,” and the parlor that he then occupied has ever since borne his -name and been embellished with picture and relic commemorative of -his visit. The pilgrim loses much benefit and pleasure by carelessly -speeding through the Shakespeare Country, as many excursionists do. It -is far better to repose in the Red Horse, or some other cozy retreat, -and spend many days in rambling about the neighborhood. To the lover of -the works of Shakespeare the experience is one of the most profitable -that life affords. - -[Illustration: NEW PLACE, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON - -The last residence of Shakespeare. Only the site now remains - -From an Old Drawing] - - -STONELEIGH AND CHARLECOTE - -In driving from Warwick to Stratford the traveler obtains a distant -glimpse of Stoneleigh Abbey, one of the fine baronial homes of England, -the residence of Lord Leigh, and at a certain stile, near Charlecote -House, the carriage is halted, so that the spacious park of Charlecote -can be crossed on foot by a passenger who may wish to see the place -where, as legend has long affirmed, Shakespeare killed the deer of Sir -Thomas Lucy, thereby incurring enmity and punishment. The story lacks -proof. No deer were kept by Sir Thomas at Charlecote,--though now they -are numerous there,--but they were kept by him at Fullbrook, a park -that he owned, not very far from Charlecote, and it is not impossible -that Shakespeare and his comrades, in the wildness of frolicsome youth, -did poach upon his preserves. Tradition, in all old English country -places, has, when tested, often been found entirely worthy of credence. - - -STRATFORD OLD AND NEW - -The Stratford of the sixteenth century, though then nearly 300 years -old, was merely a village. The houses were chiefly of the one-story -kind, made of timber. The inhabitants were in number about 1,400: -indeed, the whole population of England was not so numerous as that of -London is now. If Shakespeare could revisit his old haunts, though he -would see the same green, rose-decked, and poppy-spangled countryside -that once he knew, and hear the ripple of the Avon softly flowing -between its grassy banks, he would miss many objects once familiar to -him, and he would be conscious of much change,--in many ways for the -better. Yet there are the paths in which he often trod; there is the -school in which he was taught; there is the garden of the mansion that -he once owned, and in which he died and there is the ancient church -that enshrines his tomb. - -[Illustration: THOMAS NASH’S HOUSE, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON - -Nash was the husband of Shakespeare’s only granddaughter. The house -stands next to New Place] - -The Birthplace, as it is now designated, is a two-story cottage made -of timber and plaster, with dormer windows in its sloping, attic roof. -It was originally a finer house than most of its neighbors. Its age -is unknown. John Shakespeare, William’s father, bought it in 1556 -and occupied it till his death, in 1601, when it became William’s -property by inheritance. By him it was bequeathed to his sister, Joan, -Mrs. William Hart. It has passed through many ownerships and has been -materially changed; but parts of it remain as originally they were, -particularly the room on the ground floor, in which there is a large -fireplace, with seats in the brick chimney jambs, and also the one -immediately above it, the best room in the house, in which, according -to ancient tradition, the poet was born. In that room there is a chair, -of the sixteenth century. - -[Illustration: ROOM IN WHICH, ACCORDING TO TRADITION, SHAKESPEARE WAS -BORN] - -The original window remains, a threefold casement, containing sixty -panes of glass, on which many visitors have scratched their names -with diamonds. No writing, on window or walls, is permitted now; but -in earlier times it was allowed, and it was customary. Sir Walter -Scott scratched his name on the window,--“W. Scott.” Byron wrote on -the ceiling, which is low, as also did Thackeray. Byron’s name has -disappeared. Dickens wrote on one of the walls. The names of many -actors, including those of Edmund Kean and Edwin Booth, are inscribed -on the chimney-jamb at the right of the fireplace. Booth was specially -requested to write his name there, “high up.” That jamb is called “The -Actors’ Pillar.” - -The Birthplace was purchased for the nation in 1847--the American -museum and circus manager P. T. Barnum having alarmed England by -proposing to buy and remove it to America. New Place and Anne -Hathaway’s Cottage, at Shottery, about a mile west of Stratford, have -since then been purchased, and those properties are now administered as -a trust for the public. - -[Illustration: THE HOME OF SHAKESPEARE’S MOTHER - -The Mary Arden Cottage at Wilmcote, a little village near Stratford] - -New Place, the finest mansion in the town when Shakespeare bought it, -was destroyed in 1759 by order of Rev. Thomas Gastrell, its owner at -that time, who had been annoyed by many visitors, thronging to see his -house and to sit under a mulberry tree in his garden, believed to have -been planted and reared by Shakespeare. The tree was cut down by Mr. -Gastrell; but a reputed “grandson” of it is growing there now. Nothing -remains of the building except its foundation, long buried, but later -exhumed, and now carefully preserved. The house was situated directly -opposite the Guild Chapel, a relic of the thirteenth century, and one -of the most venerable and pictorial of the towered churches of England. -Shakespeare hired two sittings in that church, and when he lived in New -Place he must have seen it almost continually. Next to the church is -the Grammar School, established in 1482, which there is every reason to -believe he attended in his boyhood. The building has been tastefully -“restored” to its original condition: the schoolroom has not been -altered. - - -ANNE HATHAWAY’S COTTAGE - -[Illustration: ANNE HATHAWAY’S COTTAGE, SHOTTERY: FROM THE BROOK.] - -The Hathaway Cottage, to which the flower-bordered path is an ancient -“right of way,” through gardens and meadows that Shakespeare must -often have traversed, is an exceptionally fine specimen of the -timber-crossed, thatch-roofed dwelling of the Tudor period. It stands -in a large garden, is shaded by tall trees, and is prettily clad with -woodbine, ivy, wild roses, and maiden’s blush. In one of the upper -chambers a large, antique, carved four-post bedstead is shown, as -having been used by Anne Hathaway. It is possible that William and Anne -lived in that cottage immediately after their marriage, which occurred -in 1582. He was eighteen, she was twenty-six. The bond (a document -required in those days to obtain authorization of wedlock) is preserved -and may be inspected in the Edgar Tower at Worcester, where I saw it in -1889. The actual record of their marriage is supposed to have perished -in a fire (before 1600) which, consuming the church of Ludington, a -village near Shottery, destroyed the registers of that parish. - -[Illustration: From an Old Drawing - -THE HOUSE IN WHICH SHAKESPEARE WAS BORN - -At Stratford-upon-Avon] - -[Illustration: From an Old Drawing - -THE JUBILEE BOOTH - -At Stratford-upon-Avon] - -[Illustration: From an Old Drawing - -THE BEAR GARDEN AND THE GLOBE THEATER IN LONDON - -The first named at the extreme left of the picture and the second at -the extreme right] - -Shakespeare was poor, when (1585) he went to London, and I venture the -conjecture that when he returned to Stratford he found his wife and -children dwelling at either the Hathaway Cottage or the home of his -friends Hamnet and Judith Sadler, after whom his latest born children, -Hamnet and Judith, twins, were named. The Hathaway Cottage seems -vitally associated with him, as is still another old timbered house, -the home of his mother, Mary Arden, which may be seen on the outskirts -of the village of Wilmcote, situated about four miles northwest of -Stratford,--an easy, pleasant walk. - -[Illustration: THE AVENUE TO THE CHURCH - -Stratford-upon-Avon] - - -THE COUNTRY ROUND ABOUT - -Indeed, there is scarce an end to the variety of pleasant walks -feasible in the Shakespeare Country, and I have found it specially -suggestive of agreeable thoughts and feelings to stroll in many -directions and for many miles around Stratford, and to fancy the -presence of Shakespeare himself rambling, as probably his custom was, -over all the countryside. How else could he have gained the minute -knowledge that is manifested in his plays of Warwickshire names, -localities, characters, customs, and the many peculiarities of foliage -and flower that distinguish the Warwickshire clime? The “palm” that -_Orlando_ finds in the Forest of Arden in “As You Like It” is not -an oriental palm, but a tree so named that grows now and has always -grown on the banks of the Avon. “Christopher Sly, of Burton Heath” and -“Marian Hacket, the fat ale-wife of Wincot” are types of Warwickshire -peasantry, which no doubt Shakespeare saw. Barton Heath and Wincot are -places not distant from his home. - -To trace the course of Shakespeare from his birth to his death, is to -gain knowledge and wisdom. It is wisely written by the poet Tennyson -that “Things seen are mightier than things heard.” - - -SUPPLEMENTARY READING - - SHAKESPEARE’S ENGLAND _By William Winter_ - A most interesting and beautifully illustrated book. - - HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS IN SHAKESPEARE’S COUNTRY _By W. H. Hutton_ - With numerous illustrations by Edmund H. New. - - THE WARWICKSHIRE AVON _By A. T. Quiller-Couch_ - Illustrated by Alfred Parsons. - - SHAKESPEARE’S TOWN AND TIME _By H. S. Ward and C. W. B. Ward_ - - SHAKESPEARE’S LONDON _By T. F. Ordish_ - - SHAKESPEARE’S LOVE STORY _By A. B. McMahon_ - - RELIQUES OF STRATFORD-UPON-AVON _Compiled by A. E. Way_ - - SEEN AND UNSEEN AT STRATFORD-UPON-AVON _By W. D. Howells_ - - SHAKESPEARE AND STRATFORD _By H. C. Shelley_ - -⁂ Information concerning the above books may be had on application to -the Editor of the Mentor. - - - - -THE OPEN LETTER - - -[Illustration: STRATFORD ON AVON - -Reproduced from W. H. Hutton’s “Highways and Byways in -Shakespeare’s Country.” Published by The MacMillan Co.] - -The saying goes in theatrical circles that Shakespeare “doesn’t pay.” -And yet the editions of Shakespeare outnumber those of any other book -except the Bible, and many new editions appear each season. It seems -then that though we read Shakespeare we do not go to see his plays -performed. Apparently it pays a publisher to place Shakespeare on the -shelf, but it does not pay a producer to place him on the stage. - - * * * * * - -I cannot accept this statement without qualification, for I have known -years--not far back--when Shakespeare was a regular and profitable -feature of the stage. My knowledge of Shakespeare on the stage began -with Edwin Booth, Lawrence Barrett, Henry Irving, John McCullough, -Salvini and the famous women, Modjeska, Ellen Terry, and others who -were their associates in dramatic art. In recent years I have listened -to Mantell, Mansfield, Sothern and Marlowe. I have seen some of these -players many times in their favorite roles. I am sure that there are -few modern plays compelling enough in interest to draw one to see them -more than a half dozen times. But it was a common thing a few years ago -to hear people say that they had seen Booth or Irving a dozen times in -a single role. - -In those days Shakespeare was played not only with profit by the great -stars, but by stock-companies as well. Augustin Daly, during several -successive, and successful, years produced the Comedies with his strong -company. And these were not gala performances. They were steady going -attractions. In reckoning stage successes today, we consider a run of -100 nights a matter for celebration. In his time, Edwin Booth played -“Hamlet” for 100 nights in succession in one New York theater, and -Irving played “The Merchant of Venice” for the greater part of a whole -season. Runs of a single play of Shakespeare for several weeks were not -uncommon. - -But still they say today that Shakespeare on the stage does not pay. -That means, of course, that we folks of today do not go to hear -Shakespeare. Why don’t we go? We did when Booth, Barrett, Irving and -Salvini played. And if Henry Irving should bring us today a production -of The Merchant of Venice such as he made familiar to the theater-goers -of his time, Shakespeare would pay again. If we do not go to hear -Shakespeare played it is because we want Shakespeare only when it is -produced and played _as well as Shakespeare reads_. When a man of -genius and imagination gives us Shakespeare as “big as we find him in -his plays,” we will surely go to hear him on the stage today--as our -parents did in former days, and as we did yesterday. - -[Illustration: W. D. Moffat - -EDITOR] - - - - -THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - - -ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POPULAR INTEREST IN ART, -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, HISTORY, NATURE, AND TRAVEL - -CONTRIBUTORS--PROF. JOHN C. VAN DYKE, HAMILTON W. MABIE, PROF. ALBERT -BUSHNELL HART, REAR ADMIRAL ROBERT E. PEARY, WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, -DWIGHT L. ELMENDORF, HENRY T. FINCK, WILLIAM WINTER, ESTHER SINGLETON, -PROF. G. W. 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